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[ "His skin was naturally light but had been tanned from a long time in the desert." ]

[ "The man's skin remained light despite many years spent in the desert.", "Players chasing after the ball in this final cup match", "I would perform them maybe twice a day but not anymore.", "lady is carrying tea.", "I'm not going to confess.", "A person is in the air.", "A boy is in an office building." ]

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[ "Shangluo Shangluo () is a prefecture-level city in southeastern Shaanxi province, People's Republic of China, bordering Henan to the northeast and Hubei to the southeast. Part of the Shannan region of the province, it is located in the eastern part of the Qin Mountains (Qin Ling). The name, \"Shangluo\", comes from Han Dynasty when four famous people were settled in Shang Mountain to avoid war and famine.", "Mianyang Mianyang () is the second largest prefecture-level city of Sichuan province in Southwest China. Its population was 5.45 million in 2015 covering an area of 20281 km² consisting of Jiangyou, a county-level city, six counties and two urban districts. Its built-up (\"or metro\") area was home to 1,722,133 inhabitants including the city proper of Mianyang (\"two urban districts\") and An County largely being conurbated as urbanisation sprawls. In 2006, Mianyang was ranked as China's third \"most suitable city for living\" by \"China Daily\", after coastal cities Dalian and Xiamen., but it has since dropped out of the top 10." ]

[ "Dingxi Dingxi () is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Gansu province, People's Republic of China.", "Duyun Duyun () is the capital of Qiannan Buyei and Miao Autonomous Prefecture in Guizhou province in the People's Republic of China.", "Luohe Luohe (; postal: Loho) is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, China. It is surrounded by the cities of Xuchang, Zhoukou, Zhumadian and Pingdingshan on its north, east, south and west respectively.", "Shangdu County Shangdu County (Mongolian: ᠱᠠᠩᠳᠤ ᠰᠢᠶᠠᠨ \"Šaŋdu siyan\", Шанду шянь; ) is a county of south-central Inner Mongolia, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of Ulanqab City and has an area of 4353 km2 , and in 2004 had about 330,000 inhabitants.", "Shizuishan Shizuishan () is a prefecture-level city and is the northernmost and, by population, the second-largest (after the regional capital of Yinchuan) city in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and is bordered on all sides except the south by Inner Mongolia. It also sits on the western (left) bank of the Yellow River.", "Qionglai City Qionglai () is a county-level city under the jurisdiction of Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, People's Republic of China. It is located around 60 km from downtown Chengdu. The city is located on the western edge of the Sichuan Basin and in the foothills of the Qionglai Mountains that bound the basin from the west, and is bordered by the prefecture-level city of Ya'an to the west.", "Yichang Yichang (; old postal name 'Ichang') is a prefecture-level city located in western Hubei province, China. It is the second largest city in the province after the capital, Wuhan. The Three Gorges Dam is located within its administrative area, in Yiling District.", "Danfeng County Danfeng County () is a county of Shangluo, Shaanxi, China, has an area of 2,438 square kilometers and a population of 300,000 as of 2004.", "Neijiang Neijiang (; Sichuanese Pinyin: Nuijiang; Sichuanese pronunciation: ; ) is a prefecture-level city in the southeast of Sichuan province, People's Republic of China. It is located on the Tuo River and is a transportation and food-processing center.", "Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture () is an autonomous prefecture in southeastern Yunnan province, People's Republic of China, and the easternmost prefecture-level division of the province. It borders Baise, Guangxi to the east, Vietnam's Hà Giang Province to the south for 438 km , Honghe Hani and Yi Autonomous Prefecture to the west, and Qujing to the north.", "Liaocheng Liaocheng (), also known as the Water City, is a prefecture-level city in western Shandong province, China. It borders the provincial capital of Jinan to the southeast, Dezhou to the northeast, Tai'an to the south, and the provinces of Hebei and Henan to the west. The Grand Canal flows through the city center. Its population was 5,789,863 at the 2010 census whom 1,229,768 lived in the built-up area made up of Donchangfu district, even though large parts remain rural.", "Mianyang Normal University Mianyang Normal University (MNU; 绵阳师范学院) is a teacher's college located in Mianyang, Sichuan, China", "Xinyi, Guangdong Xinyi, formerly romanized as Sunyi, is a county-level city in Guangdong Province, China. It is administered as part of the prefecture-level city of Maoming in the southwestern corner of the province. It has a population of 913,708 people.", "Gujiao Gujiao () is a county-level city in Shanxi province, People's Republic of China. It is administered by the prefecture-level city Taiyuan. Gujiao's population in 1990 stood at 173,022. Its estimated current population is 210,000.", "Lantian County Lantian County () is under the administration of Xi'an, the capital of Shaanxi province, China. It is the easternmost and second-most spacious (after Zhouzhi County) of the 13 county-level divisions of Xi'an. The county borders the prefecture-level cities of Weinan to the northeast and Shangluo to the southeast, Lintong District to the north, Chang'an District to the west, and Baqiao District to the northwest.", "Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County Jingzhou ( \"\"Jingzhou Miao and Dong Autonomous County\"\", ; usually referred to as \"\"Jingzhou County\"\", ) is an autonomous county of Miao and Dong peoples in Hunan Province, China, the county is under the administration of Huaihua Prefecture-level City. It was known as \"Jing County\" (), renamed to the present name on February 19, 1987.", "Jinghuapu Township Jinghuapu Township () is an rural township in Ningxiang City, Hunan Province, China. It is surrounded by Meitanba Town on the west, Yuejiaqiao Town on the north, Shuangjiangkou Town on the east, and Baimaqiao Subdistrict and Chengjiao Subdistrict on the south. As of the 2000 census it had a population of 31,569 and an area of 65.8 km2 .", "Hua Prefecture (Shaanxi) Huazhou or Hua Prefecture was a \"zhou\" (prefecture) in imperial China seated in modern Hua County, Shaanxi, China. It existed (intermittently) from 554 to 1913. Through history it was also known by other names, including Tai Prefecture (685–705, 760–762), Huayin Commandery (742–758) and Dexing Prefecture (897–900).", "Pingxiang Pingxiang () is a medium-sized prefecture-level city located in western Jiangxi province, People's Republic of China.", "Shao Prefecture Shaozhou or Shao Prefecture (邵州) was a \"zhou\" (prefecture) in imperial China centering on modern Shaoyang, Hunan, China. It existed (intermittently) from 636 to 1225." ]

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[ "Computers control functions at many utilities, including coordination of telecommunications, the power grid, nuclear power plants, and valve opening and closing in water and gas networks. The Internet is a potential attack vector for such machines if connected, but the Stuxnet worm demonstrated that even equipment controlled by computers not connected to the Internet can be vulnerable to physical damage caused by malicious commands sent to industrial equipment (in that case uranium enrichment centrifuges) which are infected via removable media. In 2014, the Computer Emergency Readiness Team, a division of the Department of Homeland Security, investigated 79 hacking incidents at energy companies." ]

[ "On March 15, 1915,:8 Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a 230-acre (0.9-km²) converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood. Studio management became the third facet of Universal's operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists. Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in small towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns and serials.", "Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term \"physicalism\" is preferred over \"materialism\" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.", "Season nine premiered on January 12, 2010. The upheaval at the judging panel continued. Ellen DeGeneres joined as a judge to replace Paula Abdul at the start of Hollywood Week.", "The restoration of power to the patriciate was only temporary. After a period of unrest with repeated violent clashes such as the Züriputsch of 1839, civil war (the Sonderbundskrieg) broke out in 1847 when some Catholic cantons tried to set up a separate alliance (the Sonderbund). The war lasted for less than a month, causing fewer than 100 casualties, most of which were through friendly fire. Yet however minor the Sonderbundskrieg appears compared with other European riots and wars in the 19th century, it nevertheless had a major impact on both the psychology and the society of the Swiss and of Switzerland.", "In the early 21st century, Republican voters control most of the state, especially in the more rural and suburban areas outside of the cities; Democratic strength is mostly confined to the urban cores of the four major cities, and is particularly strong in the cities of Nashville and Memphis. The latter area includes a large African-American population. Historically, Republicans had their greatest strength in East Tennessee before the 1960s. Tennessee's 1st and 2nd congressional districts, based in the Tri-Cities and Knoxville, respectively, are among the few historically Republican districts in the South. Those districts' residents supported the Union over the Confederacy during the Civil War; they identified with the GOP after the war and have stayed with that party ever since. The 1st has been in Republican hands continuously since 1881, and Republicans (or their antecedents) have held it for all but four years since 1859. The 2nd has been held continuously by Republicans or their antecedents since 1859.", "When the Federal Reserve makes a purchase, it credits the seller's reserve account (with the Federal Reserve). This money is not transferred from any existing funds—it is at this point that the Federal Reserve has created new high-powered money. Commercial banks can freely withdraw in cash any excess reserves from their reserve account at the Federal Reserve. To fulfill those requests, the Federal Reserve places an order for printed money from the U.S. Treasury Department. The Treasury Department in turn sends these requests to the Bureau of Engraving and Printing (to print new dollar bills) and the Bureau of the Mint (to stamp the coins).", "Smyth, convinced that his self-baptism was invalid, applied with the Mennonites for membership. He died while waiting for membership, and some of his followers became Mennonites. Thomas Helwys and others kept their baptism and their Baptist commitments. The modern Baptist denomination is an outgrowth of Smyth's movement. Baptists rejected the name Anabaptist when they were called that by opponents in derision. McBeth writes that as late as the 18th century, many Baptists referred to themselves as \"the Christians commonly—though falsely—called Anabaptists.\"" ]

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[ "Iveta Benešová Iveta Benešová (] ) (formerly Melzer, Czech: Melzerová ; born 1 February 1983) is a Czech former professional tennis player. She began playing tennis at age of 7 and turned professional in 1998 in Prague. She has won two WTA Tour events and one Grand Slam in mixed doubles partnering with Jürgen Melzer at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships. On 14 September 2012 she married Jürgen Melzer and adopted his family name. She announced her retirement from professional tennis via her Facebook page 13/08/2014. In 2015, she divorced Melzer and reverted to using her maiden name.", "Heather Watson Heather Miriam Watson (born 19 May 1992) is a British tennis player and a Wimbledon Mixed Doubles Champion. She is a former British No.1 and current British No. 2 behind Johanna Konta." ]

[ "1970 Women's British Open Squash Championship The 1970 Women's Open Squash Championships was held at the BP Club in Sydenham, London from 13–18 February 1970.Heather McKay (née Blundell) won her ninth consecutive title defeating Marcia Roche in the final.", "2010 Monterrey Open – Doubles Nathalie Dechy and Mara Santangelo won the tournament in 2009, but Dechy retired from tennis later in the year and Santangelo chose to not participate this year.Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová won in the final 3–6, 6–4, [10–8] against Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Vania King.", "Petra Kvitová Petra Kvitová (] ; born 8 March 1990) is a Czech professional tennis player. Known for her powerful left-handed groundstrokes and variety, Kvitová turned professional in 2006 and has won 20 career singles titles, including two Grand Slam titles at Wimbledon. She is also an Olympic medalist, capturing the bronze medal at the 2016 Rio Olympics. She reached her career-high ranking of world no. 2 on 31 October 2011 and as of 18 September 2017, is ranked world no. 14 by the Women's Tennis Association (WTA). As such, Kvitová is the current second highest-ranked Czech and the second highest-ranked left-handed player in the WTA behind Karolína Plíšková and Germany's Angelique Kerber, respectively.", "2015 J&T Banka Prague Open – Singles Heather Watson was the defending champion, but lost to Polona Hercog in the first round.", "1989 Virginia Slims Championships The 1989 Virginia Slims Championships were the nineteenth WTA Tour Championships, the annual tennis tournament for the best female tennis players in singles on the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the 19th edition of the tournament and was held from November 13 through November 19, 1989 in Madison Square Garden in New York City, United States. First-seeded Steffi Graf won the singles title, her second at the event after 1987, and earned $125,000 first-prize money.", "2011 Monterrey Open – Doubles Iveta Benešová and Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová successfully defended their last year's title, defeating Anna-Lena Grönefeld and Vania King 6–7(8), 6–2, [10–6] in the final.", "1973 Women's British Open Squash Championship The 1973 Women's Open Squash Championships was held at the BP Club in Lower Sydenham, London from 2–8 March 1973. Heather McKay (née Blundell) won her twelfth consecutive title defeating Cecilie Fleming in the final. The final match lasted just sixteen minutes as McKay once again continued to easily outplay all opposition.", "Daniela Hantuchová Daniela Hantuchová (] ; born 23 April 1983) is a retired tennis player from Slovakia. She turned professional in 1999 and had her breakthrough year in 2002, when she won her first WTA tournament, the Indian Wells Masters, defeating Martina Hingis in the final and becoming the lowest-ranked player to ever win the tournament. She also reached the quarterfinals of that year's Wimbledon Championship and US Open, ending the year in the top 10. She was part of the Slovak team that won the 2002 Fed Cup and the 2005 Hopman Cup.", "International Championship The International Championship is a professional ranking snooker tournament. The reigning champion is Mark Selby.", "2015 Dow Corning Tennis Classic – Singles Heather Watson was the defending champion, but chose not to participate.", "2001 Bausch & Lomb Championships The 2001 Bausch & Lomb Championships was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor clay courts at the Amelia Island Plantation on Amelia Island, Florida in the United States and was part of Tier II of the 2001 WTA Tour. The tournament ran from April 9 through April 15, 2001. Amélie Mauresmo won the singles title.", "1989 Virginia Slims of Arizona The 1989 Virginia Slims of Arizona was a women's tennis tournament played on outdoor hard courts in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States and was part of the Category 2 tier of the 1989 WTA Tour. It was the fourth edition of the tournament and was held from September 12 through September 18, 1989. First-seeded Conchita Martínez won the singles title and earned $17,000 first-prize money.", "1999 Australian Open – Women's Singles The 1999 Australian Open – Women's Singles was the women's singles event of the eighty-seventh edition of the Australian Open, the first Grand Slam of the year and the most prestigious tournament in the Asia-Pacific and the Southern Hemisphere. Martina Hingis was the two-time defending champion, and she successfully defended her title by defeating unseeded Amélie Mauresmo, 6–2, 6–3, in the final. With this win, she joined Margaret Court, Evonne Goolagong, Steffi Graf and Monica Seles as the only women to have won three consecutive Australian Open titles. Hingis also became the only woman to have won three consecutive Australian Open titles in singles and doubles simultaneously.", "1968 Women's British Open Squash Championship The 1968 Women's Open Squash Championships was held at the Lansdowne Club and Royal Aero Club in London from 16–22 February 1968.Heather McKay (née Blundell) won her seventh consecutive title defeating Bev Johnson in the final.", "2006 Bausch & Lomb Championships – Doubles The Women's Doubles Tournament at the 2006 Bausch & Lomb Championships took place between 3 April and 9 April on outdoor green clay courts in Amelia Island, Florida, USA. Shinobu Asagoe and Katarina Srebotnik won the title, defeating Liezel Huber and Sania Mirza in the final.", "1962 Women's British Open Squash Championship The 1962 Women's Open Squash Championships was held at the Lansdowne Club and Royal Aero Club in London from 18–24 February 1962. Heather Blundell won her first title defeating Fran Marshall in the final.", "2016 Rogers Cup – Women's Doubles Bethanie Mattek-Sands and Lucie Šafářová were the defending champions, but decided not to compete together. Mattek-Sands played alongside Heather Watson, but lost in the quarterfinals to Andreja Klepač and Katarina Srebotnik. Šafářová teamed up with Tímea Babos, but lost in the first round to Kateryna Bondarenko and Olga Savchuk.", "2016 Mallorca Open – Singles Caroline Garcia won the title, defeating Anastasija Sevastova in the final, 6–3, 6–4.", "Walel Watson Walel Watson (born July 17, 1984) is an American mixed martial artist who competes in the bantamweight division.", "Aneta Vignerová Aneta Vignerová (born 27 October 1987) is a beauty queen who won Miss Czech Republic as a 21-year-old and represented her country in Miss World 2009 in Johannesburg." ]

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[ "Two men are indoors." ]

[ "Two people are mowing the lawn.", "Adrin picked the blade up from the ground with his quivering hands.", "A group of people are watching an opera.", "A woman standing in a cafeteria holding some netting.", "The man is sitting on the grass.", "People wearing blue hats were listening.", "The Comptroller General of the United States can exclude attestation engagements." ]

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[ "Fat Joe\nAlbamu ya kwanza ya Fat Joe ilikuwa inaitwa Represent, ilitoka mnamo mwaka wa 1993, ikafuatiwa na Jealous One's Envy ya mwaka wa 1995. Kutoka mwaka wa 1998 hadi 2006, alisaini mkataba na studio ya Atlantic Records, na akafanikiwa kutoa albamu nne akiwa katika studio hiyo. Albamu hizo ni kama vile Don Cartagena (1998), Jealous Ones Still Envy (J.O.S.E.) kunako mwaka wa 2001, Loyalty (2002) na All or Nothing ya mwaka wa 2005.[1]" ]

[ "Hugh Masekela\nAkiwa na umri wa miaka ishirini Masekela alikuwa akitumbuiza muziki ya aina tofauti, hasa ya Jazz; Bebop; Funk na Afrobeat wakati huo alikuwa na kundi la \"Jazz Epistles\"; kundi hilo lilikuwa na wasanii maarufu kama mpiga kinanda mahiri Abdillah Ibrahim. Mwaka 1960 Masekela alikwenda London, Uingereza ambako alijiunga na shule ya muziki ya Guildhall School of Music na baadaye alikwenda New York, Marekani ambako alisoma katika mji wa Manhattan. Mwaka 1962 alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza iitwayo Trumpet Africa. Miaka miwili baadaye alitoa nyingine iitwayo The Americanisation of Ooga Booga ambayo ilitamba mpaka kushika chati, hasa baada ya kupigwa na kituo kimoja cha radio cha mjini California.", "Ujamaa\nMuziki wa hip hop nchini Tanzania ulipata msukumo kutokana na mawazo na mandhari ya Ujamaa. Mwaka 1967, baada ya Rais Nyerere kuanzisha itikadi mpya ya siasa, ambayo aliahidi itawakomboa Watanzania kutoka ubeberu wa kimataifa, ilitelekezwa na wanasiasa wa Tanzania, kanuni za Ujamaa zilifufuliwa tena kupitia \"njia isiyotarajiwa: Wanamuziki wa Rap na wasanii wa hip hop katika mitaa ya Tanzania[10].", "Machozi Jasho na Damu\nJay ameenda mbali zaidi katika albamu hii kwa kuenzi muziki wa hip hop ya Tanzania kwa kuelezea mengi tangu muziki huu unaanza katika miaka ya 1980 na 1990 mwanzoni. Katika \"Tathmini\" anaelezea jinsi walivyopata tabu katika kuanzishwa kwa muziki huu katika Tanganyika ya Kijamaa.", "Patrick Balisidya\nVilevile Balisidya alikuwa kiongozi wa Bendi ya shuleni kwake Dodoma Secondary School. Ambapo kutoka hapo alijiunga na Chuo cha Ufundi , na baada ya kumaliza mafunzo alifanya kazi hiyo kwa muda na 1967 akawa tayari anapiga muziki Dar Es Salaam Jazz Band. Kufikia mwaka 1970 Patrick alikuwa ameanzisha kikosi chake mwenyewe Afro70, kikiwa na mtindo wake Afrosa. \nAlikuwa mbunifu katika muziki wake, na kwa muda mrefu alikwepa sana kuingia katika wimbi la kufuata mapigo ya Kikongo kitu ambacho hata wakati huo bendi nyingi zilikifanya, japokuwa kukutana na Franco wakati alipofanya moja ya ziara zake nchini humu kulimfanya abadili mtindo kwa kipindi kifupi na katika nyimbo moja wapo aliiga kabisa solo la Franco alilolipiga kwenye wimbo wake Georgette. Afro70 iliwakilisha wanamuziki wa Tanzania katika maonyesho ya mtu mweusi Lagos, Nigeria (FESTAC Festival 1977). ", "Jay Moe\nJuma Mohamed Mchopanga (amezaliwa tar. 27 Novemba 1978) ni rapa wa muziki wa hip hop kutoka nchini Tanzania. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Jay Moe. Pia anajulikana kwa vibao vyake mashuhuri kama vile Bishoo, Jua na Mvua, Kama Unataka Demu, Maisha ya Boding, Stori Tatu Tofauti, na Sihitaji aliyofanya na Lord Eyez wa Nako 2 Nako. Jay Moe ni mmoja kati ya waanzilishi wa kundi la muziki wa hip hop na rap maarufu kama Wateule. Pia anafahamika zaidi kwa kuimba maneno magumu na yenye vina vitata, sana-sana ni yeye na Fid Q.", "Onyi Papa Jey\nOnyi Papa Jey alianza kucheza orutu akiwa katika shule ya msingi. Alilazamika kukatiza masomo yake katika shule ya sekondari ya Tonga kwa kukosa karo. Alijunga na bendi ya Tony Nyadundo mwaka wa 1999 na kutumbuiza naye mwaka wa 2002. Baadaye,alijiumga na kundi la wachezaji wa kitamaduni wa Nyamolo kwa muda. Pia,aliongoza bendi ya Langasta Stars mjini Eldoret kwa kipindi cha mwaka mmoja. Baadaye,alizuru pamoja na Jack Nyadundo (kakake mkubwa Tony Nyadundo) nchini Kenya na Tanzania. Akiwa Tanzania ,aliunda bendi za Super Suba na Koleko Newface. Aliondoka Tanzania baada ya miaka mitatu na kujiunga tena na kundi la wachezaji wa kitamaduni la Nyamolo kabla ya kujitenga kivyake.", "Sean Combs\nMwaka 1992 Combs aliingia mkataba na Hartford, Connecticut kuchezea mziki \"Big Balla\" Sledge kuanza katika studio Hartford kwa jiji bila kurekodiwa vipaji, aitwaye rekodi ya Hip Hart . Jozi alikuwa na ubunifu wa tofauti juu ya matumizi ya vipaji na hatimaye kupasuliwa. Katika taarifa kwa gazeti la Rolling Stone , JC alisema, \"Sean na mimi tutabakia kama marafiki, si karibu kama tulivyokuwa awali. Kukosana kwetu ambapo inayohusiana na biashara kwa sababu tuliona mbili tofauti kabisa vägar. Nilitaka kuendesha kushoto na kwenda njia ya Def Jam na msingi wake wa wasanii na Puffy [Puff Daddy] alitaka haki kuendesha biashara kama kawaida. kukosana huko kulikua kwa kupendeza. Rekodi ya Hip Hart Beat siku moja itakuwa imenenepa. Sisi ni karibu sasa. \"", "Get It Poppin\n\"Get It Poppin'\" ni wimbo wa rapa Fat Joe akimshirikisha rapa wa po - Nelly na umetoka mnamo mwaka 2005. Wimbo umetolewa ukiwa kama wimbo wa pili kutoka katika albamu yake ya All or Nothing, ya kwanza yake ilikuwa \"So Much More,\" na kuthubutu kushika nafasi ya 9 katika chati za Billboard. Video yake yaonekana watu wakiwa katika kumbi ya starehe ya usiku na Nelly anaonekana wakiwa kifua wazi huku akiwa anachezacheza na Fat Joe. Waliouza sura katika video alikuwa T.I., Ying Yang Twins, Boyz N Da Hood, na Layzie Bone.", "P. Funk\nP-Funk alikwenda kimasomo ya Mlio (sound) engineering kwa miezi 18 pale Amsterdam, Netherland kabla ajaingia kwenye kutayarisha muziki. Alikuwa anajua kitu anachotaka kufanya. Mwaka 1995 akiwa na vifaa vyake vichache alianzisha kampuni yake ya kurekodi muziki nyumbani kwake. Na ni katika kipindi hicho hicho neno ’Bongo’lilipokuwa linatawala katika misemo ya kiswahili cha mitaani na lilikuwa linaelezea hali halisi ya maisha ya Dar es Salaam na ndio kipindi hicho album ya Bongo ilipozinduliwa. \nAkiwa bado ni mtayarishaji muziki mdogo, amefanikiwa kupata umaarufu mkubwa katika fani ya muziki na hasa katika milipuko ya nyimbo zenye ladha ya Bongo. ", "Mos Def\nAkiwa na Talib Kweli, ameanza kundi la Black Star, kundi ambalo limetoa albamu ilkiyokwenda kwa jina la \"Black Star\" mnamo mwaka wa 1998. Alikuwa chachu kubwa wa hip hop chipukizi wa miaka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 wakati yupo na studio ya Rawkus Records.", "Fat Joe\nJoseph Antonio Cartagena (amezaliwa 19 Agosti, 1970) ni rapa wa Kimarekani mwenyewe asili ya Puerto Rico na Kikuba. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii kama Fat Joe. Fat Joe amesaini mkataba wa kurekodi na studio ya Imperial Records.", "Inspector Haroun\nHaroun alianza kazi muziki mnamo miaka ya 1990 na amefanya kazi kadhaa kipindi cha nyuma na wanamuziki wengine tofauti kabla ya kujiunga na Tmk Wanaume Halisi. Alitoa nyimbo ya kwanza mwaka 1998, 'Mauzauza', akiwa na Luteni Karama kwenye kundi la Gangwe Mobb. Baada ya hapo wakatoa nyingine mwaka 2000 'Mtu Be,' kisha wakatoa Wimbo wa 'Mtoto wa Geti Kali' ulimpatia umaarufu mkubwa. Aliutoa wimbo huu peke yake ingawa alikuwa bado yupo katika kundi la Gangwe Mobb.", "Mafumu Bilali\nMafumu Bilal Bombenga al-maarufu Super Sax ni mwanamuziki maarufu wa muziki wa dansi kutoka jijini Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. \nAfrican Beat ilianzishwa mwaka 1998, baada ya Mafumu Bilali Bombenga kujiengua kutoka katika bendi ya African Stars ambayo nayo ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka 1994 kwenye Hoteli ya Bahari Beach, jijini Dar es Salaam, huku yeye akiwa ndiye muanzilishi.\nBombenga anakumbuka kuwa, wakati akiwa na African Stars ambayo hata jina lake alilibuni yeye, walitamba na vibao kama ‘Sakatu Sakatu’, ‘Mayanga’, ‘Maya’, ‘Afrika’ na ‘Dance Dance’.\nBaadhi ya wanamuziki waliokuwa wakiunda kundi hilo la African Stars linalojulikana zaidi hivi sasa kama ‘Twanga Pepeta’, ni Bob Gady, Andy Swebe, Alfa Nyuki, Palmena Mahalu, Pamela pamoja na Kayumbu ‘Amigolas’.\nHistoria kamili ya kimuziki ya Mafumu, inaanzia mwaka 1972 nilipojiunga na bendi ya Morogoro Jazz Band, wakati huo akitokea jeshini Makutupola.\nMwaka 1973 alijiunga na Western Jazz Band alioshiriki nao kupiga Saxophone, kwenye vibao kadhaa vya bendi hiyo, vikiwamo ‘Hakika’, ‘Kazi ni Kazi’ na ‘Sadaka’, kabla ya mwaka 1978 kutimkia Dar International.\nPamoja na kupuliza kiustadi Saxophone pamoja na kuimba kwenye nyimbo kemkemu, zikiwamo ‘Mayasa’ na ‘Zuena’, lakini pia Bombenga alishiriki kucharaza gitaa la Solo katika kibao Vicky.\nMwaka 1979 alibeba mabegi na kutua Vijana Jazz Band alikotunga kibao \"Taabu\" na pia kushiriki kukiimba, huku kadhalika akipuliza Saxophone kwenye vibao kama Chiku na Matata Ndani ya Nyumba.\nMwaka 1980 alihamia Maquis ambapo alitesa kwa kupuliza Saxophone kwenye vibao viiingi, baadhi yake ni Zoa, Sina Ndugu, Noel pamoja na Maige.\nAlikaa Maquis hadi mwaka 1984 alipochomoka tena na kuhamia Bima Lee alikokutana na wakali kama Jerry Nashon Dudumizi, Shaaban Dede Super Motisha, Joseph Mulenga Spoiller.\nMwaka 1985 Bombenga alikuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa bendi ya MK Group Ngoma za Maghorofani, kabla ya mwaka 1986 kuwa tena mmoja wa waanzilishi wa Tancut Almas ya Iringa.\nMwaka 1987 alirejea tena MK Group ambapo nyimbo yake ya kwanza kupuliza Saxophone awamu hii ya pili ilikuwa ni ‘Utakuja Kuanguka Kwenye Matope’.\nMwaka 1989, kaka yake Adam Kinguti alirudi nchini akitokea Sudan alipokuwa akifanyakazi kwenye ofisi za ubalozi, wakaanzisha Bicco Stars na yeye kushiriki kupuliza Saxophone kwenye vibao kadhaa kama vile; Magret Mage, Wapangaji na Kisamvu.\nMwaka 1991 alitoka Bicco akiwa na mpapasaji kinanda mahiri wa kike ambaye kwa sasa ni marehemu, Asia Daruweshi, baada ya kutokea hali ya kutoelewana kati yake na Kinguti, wakaanzisha Zanzibar Sound.\nAkiwa na Zanzibar Sound, walipata mkataba katika Hoteli ya Mount Meru, Arusha na mwaka mmoja baadaye mwanamuziki mwenzao kwenye bendi hiyo, Kanku Kerry alipata mkataba Japan wakaondoka naye kwa sharti la sasa kujiita Kilimanjaro Connection.\nWalizunguka nchi nyingi za bara la Asia wakiwa na Kilimanjaro Connection, waliporudi mwaka 1994 alijitoa na baadaye kidogo Asia naye alijitoa na kurudisha upya bendi yake ya Zanzibar Sound na kurejea mkataba wake Bahari Beach Hotel.\nBombenga wakati huu akabaki bila bendi, ambapo muda si muda Asia alipata kazi nchini Bahrain na kumuachia Bombenga mkataba wa Bahari Beach.\nBaada ya kuona ameachiwa mkataba wakati hana bendi, Bombenga ndipo alipomfuata Baraka Msirwa na kumuomba vyombo vya muziki ambapo alimpa kwavile havikuwa na kazi kutokana na kufa kwa bendi za MK Group, MK Beat na MK Sound zilizokuwa zikivitumia.\nHicho ndio kilikuwa chanzo cha bendi ya African Stars aliyoibuni mwenyewe hadi jina, iliyomletea uhasama mkubwa na dada yangu Asha Baraka baada ya kujitoa Bombenga.\nMafumu ni mtoto wa tano katika familia ya mzee Bilali Mafumu, aliyepata elimu yake ya msingi katika shule ya H.H Agakhan, Kigoma ambako alifaulu na kujiunga na shule ya sekondari Kazima, Tabora alisoma hadi kidato cha nne.\nBaada ya kumaliza elimu ya sekondari, Bombenga aliyesoma shule moja ya sekondari na mbunge wa Tabora, Ismail Aden Rage, anasema kuwa 1972 alijiunga na JKT kwa mujibu wa sheria ya enzi hizo, alikojifunza kuimba na kupuliza Saxophone.\nAnaishi Vingunguti, jijini Dar es Salaam na familia yake ambayo ni mkewe na watoto saba.\nKwa upande wa warithi, Bombenga ana wanawe wawili wanaoonekana kufuata vema nyayo zake, ambao ni Feruzi (22) anayepapasa kinanda na Aziza (19) ambaye ni mwimbaji. \nBombenga mwenye miaka 40 katika muziki na aliyejifunza mengi kupitia sanaa hiyo, anavutiwa na waimbaji; [[Isha Mashauzi, Nasseeb Abdul [[Diamond]], [[Flora Mbasha]] na [[Hassan Bitchuka]].", "Sean Combs\nMwaka 1993, baada ya kupigwa kalamu Uptown, Combs alianzishaRekodi ya Bad Boy , [12] miezi kadha baadaye rapa Notorious BIGalijiunga pamoja naye. Wote Notorious BIG na Craig Mack haraka waliimba wimbo mmoja , ikifuatiwa na vile vile mafanikio mengine, hasa wimbo wa BIG Ready to Die. [11] Combs alianza kupiga watu wengi sahihi zaidi Bad Boy, pamoja na Carl Thomas, Faith Evans, Baba MC, 112 na Jumla, kama vile huzalisha kwa Jodeci, Mary J. Blige, Usher, Lil 'Kim, TLC, Mariah Carey, Boyz II Men, SWV, Aretha Franklin, na wengine, na kutengeneza Hitmen, na timu ya inhouse ya kuunda ngoma.", "2Face Idibia\nMafanikio yake makuu katika IMT yalikuwa katika utunzi wa wimbo wa kipindi cha redio maarufu iliyoitwa GB Fan Club katika Enugu State Broadcasting Services (ESBS) mwaka 1996. Baadaye alihamia Lagos na alijiunga na mwenzake kutoka IMT aitwaye BlackFace kuunda Plantashun Boyz [1] Alianza kujiita \"2Face\" mwaka 1996. \"Jina yangu inahusu tu nje na ndani: wakati mnionapo ninyi huona nje lakini wakati mnapopata kunijua, mtaweza kuona ndani\" alisema katika mahojiano na BBC.", "Kassim Mapili\nBaada ya hapo ndipo Kassim Mapili akatua katika jiji la Dar es Salaam na kujiunga na Kilwa Jazz Band iliyokuwa ikiongozwa na Ahmed Kipande. Kama ilivyokuwa sera ya wakati ule ya kuanzisha vikundi vya sanaa katika sehemu za kazi, Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa (JKT) nalo likaanzisha bendi na Mzee Mapili alikuwa mmoja ya waanzilishi wa bendi ya JKT Kimbunga Stereo mwaka 1965. Polisi nayo pia ikaanzisha bendi na Mzee Mapili akajiunga na Police Jazz Band, 15 Desemba 1965. Mzee Mapili ndiye aliyekuwa mwalimu wa bendi ya kwanza ya wanawake nchini Women Jazz Band iliyoanzishwa mwishoni mwa mwaka 1965.", "Eazy-E\nKwa kazi zake za uuzaji wa dawa za kulevya, zilikuwa zikimpa faida sana na akaamua kutumia faida zake kwa kuanzisha studio ya kurekodia mzuiki huo. Studio ilikwenda kwa jina la Ruthless Records. Pale Ruthless ilipo msajiri Dr. Dre na Ice Cube wakatunga nyimbo ya \"Boyz-n-the-Hood\", kisha Wright akaanzisha kundi liliokwenda kwa jina la N.W.A, kundi likaunganisha marapa wengi kama Dr. Dre na Ice Cube kisha baadaye akaongezeka DJ Yella na Arabian Prince. Siku za mbeleni studio ya Ruthless ikatoa albamu ya kwanza ya N.W.A (1987), N.W.A na mwaka uliofuata wakatoa Straight Outta Compton (1988), na baada ya mwezi mmoja Eazy-E akatoa albamu yake binafsi iliyokwenda kwa jina la Eazy-Duz-It.", "Mangwair\nKatika ngazi ya familia, yeye ni mtoto wa mwisho (kwa baba akiwa mtoto wa 10) - na (kwa mama akiwa mtoto wa 6). Albert alifariki dunia mnamo tar. 28 Mei katika mwaka wa 2013 kwa hicho kinachoaminiwa kwamba alizidisha kipimo cha dawa za kulevya huko nchini Afrika Kusini. Ngwair ameacha mtoto mmoja.\nNgwair alikuwa akiishi jijini Dar es Salaam, Tanzania ambako alikokutana na mtayarishaji mahiri wa mziki P. Funk Majani na kuanza kufanya naye kazi. Hiyo ilikuwa ni mwaka 2003 ambapo alitoa kibao cha kwanza kiitwacho 'Ghetto Langu,' wimbo uliompatia umaarufu mkubwa sana. ", "Taff B.\nHapo 2010 Hassan JN, alijaribu kumwambia Haule kama kipindi cha muziki wa zamani wa hip hop katika redio yake. Lakini hakuweza kwa kipindi hiko, akachomoa mpango huo wa kuwa mwendesha kipindi. Katika harakati zake za kupiga soga juu ya muziki na vijana ambao wengi wamezaliwa miaka ya 1990 hawajui wapi ulipotoka, ndipo alipoamua kuzikusanya na kutunza nyimbo za miaka ya 1990 na nyingine za miaka ya 2001-2006 ya miziki ya kibongo tayari kwa ajili ya kipindi cha Bongo Radio. Pia amekusanya Sehemu kubwa ya nyimbo hizo alikuwa anatumiwa na DJ Steve B kwa mfumo wa CD ama data files. Mwaka wa 2012 Hassan alikamkumbusha nia yake yeye ya kufanya kipindi, kwa vile tayari alikuwa ana vitendea kazi, hakuwa na budi kulianzishwa gurudumu hilo mnamo Disemba 2012. Mpaka leo bado anapiga kipindi hiko. Mwaka uliofuata, yaani, 2013, akajiunganisha na wasanii wengine wengi tu ili aweze kupata nyimbo za miaka ya 1990 ikiwa ni pamoja na Meneja wa kundi la vijana toka Arusha Xplastaz Jumanne Thomas ili kukuza maktaba yake. Pia amekusanya miziki ya Hip-hop, R&B, Reggea, Taarabu, Zilipendwa pamoja na aina nyingi tofauti. Hadi sasa kipindi kinafanyika kila siku ya Jumatatu kuzirusha katika izaa zake katika mitandao ya kuhifadhia sauti. Tangu aanza kazi hii, amekuwa wa kwanza kutaka kuwa na kila wimbo wa miaka ya 1990 ukiachia mbali Dola Soul na Jumanne Thomas.", "Mariah Carey\nKufuatia kuachana na Mottola mwaka 1997, Carey alianza kuingiza vionjo vya hip hop katika albamu zake, na kufanikiwa kwa wastani. Umaarufu wake aulianza kuisha baada ya kuondoka Columbia mwaka 2001. Baadae alisaini mkataba na studio ya Virgin Records lakini baadae aliachishwa kutoka katika studio hizo, hii ikiwa ni baada ya kupata matatizo ya akili yaliyotangazwa katika vyombo mbalimbali vya habari, lakini pia ikiwa ni baada ya filamu yake ya Giltter kushindwa kufanya vizuri. Mwaka 2002 Carey alisaini mkataba na studio ya Island Records na baada ya kupata matokeo mabaya katika kipindi cha nyuma, hatimaye alirejea katika chati ya muziki wa pop,. hii ikiwa ni mwaka 2005.[2][3].", "Jokate Mwegelo\nAlishirikishwa katika wimbo wa Japo Nafasi wa Cpwaa akiwa na A.Y. katika wimbo wa Kings and Queen, na Amani, kutoka Kenya. Mwaaka wa 2013, alitoa wimbo wake akiwa na Lucci, uliyoitwa 'Kaka na Dada.[16][17] Mwaka wa 2015m, akadondosha wimbo wake mwingine uliyoitwa Leo akiwa na mwimbaji mwingine kutoka nchini Nigeria maarufu kama Ice Prince.[18]", "Lil Boosie\nHatch alikulia katika kitongoji maskini wa Baton Rouge, na baba yake hakuwepo kutoka utoto wake. Aliucheza mpira wa kikapu wakati yeye alihudhuria chuo cha upili lakini aliishia kufukuzwa kwa kulanguzi madawa ya kulevya, hivyo Hatch aliamua kuwa rapa. Yeye alifanya kazi na rapa wa C-Loc na kundi lake 'Concentration Camp' na akafanya mwondoko wake wa kwanza katika albamu ya Loc ya tano, \"It's a Gamble\" mwaka 2000. Muda mfupi baadaye, Hatch iliyotolewa albamu yake \"For My Thugz\" kama Lil Boosie mwaka 2003. Boosie alijiunga kuongezeka studio Trill Entertainment ambayo ilikuwa ikiungwa mkono na marehemu PIMP C wa UGK. Mara baadaye, Trill kwa kipekee alitolewa katika albamu \"For My Thugz.\" Baadaye, Boosie alijiunga na wanastudio wenzake Webbie, juu ya Albamu \"Stories\" na \"Gangsta Ghetto Musik.\" Wimbo mkuu wa Boosie , \"Bad Azz,\" ulitolewa mwaka 2006. Uliunganishwa na wimbo wa kipekee \"Zoom\" akimshirikisha Yung Joc. Mwaka 2007, Boosie na Webbie waliungana katika kuuim ba tena wimbo\"Wipe Me Down\" na rapa Foxx. \"Streetz iz Mine,\" tepu yenye nyimbo kochokocho na DJ Drama, ilitolewa mwaka 2008, na katika mwaka huo alionekana na wimbo wake wa kipekee\"Independent\" na Webbie na alikuwa miongoni mwa rapa kadhaa walioshirikishwa katika \"Out Here Grindin\" na mwimbaji DJ Khaled. na \"[6]\" kutolewa mwaka 2009. \"Better Believe It\", akishirikiana Webbie na Young Jeezy, ni wimbo wa kwanza wa kipekee alipojiunga na \"Superbad\" .", "Tanga (mji)\nKati ya klabu hizi kulikuweko na klabu iliyoitwa Young Nyamwezi, kama jina lake lilivyo ilikuwa ni klabu ya vijana kutoka Unyamwezini. Hatimaye mwaka 1955 klabu hii ilianzisha bendi yake iliyoitwa Young Nyamwezi Band, bendi hii ilikuja kukua na baada ya Uhuru ilibadili jina na kuitwa Jamhuri Jazz Band. Hakika kwa vijana waliokuwa wapenzi wa muziki miaka ya 60 na 70 ilikuwa lazima uifahamu Jamhuri Jazz Band, muziki wake, au kwa lugha ya enzi zile, ‘vibao’ vyake vilijulikana Afrika ya Mashariki nzima. Bendi hii ilikuwa ikibadili mitindo ya upigaji wake na kupiga katika mitindo ya ‘Toyota’ na hatimaye ‘Dondola’. Aliyekuja kumiliki bendi hii, ambayo wapenzi wake pia waliita JJB alikuwa Joseph Bagabuje, kulikuwa hata maelezo wakati fulani kuwa JJB ilikuwa kifupi cha Joseph Jazz Band na si Jamhuri Jazz band. Kama ilivyokuwa kawaida ya bendi za wakati ule Jamhuri Jazz Band ilisafiri sana na kufanya maonyesho katika kila kona ya nchi yetu, jambo hilo pamoja na kuwa bendi hii ilirekodi na kutoa santuri kupitia kampuni za kurekodi za Kenya na pia kurekodi nyimbo zake katika radio ya Taifa uliifanya bendi hii kuwa maarufu sana.", "Master Jay\nMnamo mwaka 1996 Master Jay aliamua kujishulisha kabisa na maswala ya Utengezaji wa muziki kwa kuamua kuanzisha rasmi studio yake aliyoipa jina lake la \"Mj Production\" japokuwa babake alikuwa haja ridhia hilo. Baadae akatoa wimbo wa kundi la Kwanza Unit na baada ya muda kidogo tena akatoa nyimbo ya kundi la 4 Crews Flavour, baada ya hapo ndipo mzee wake alipoanza kuoynesha moyo na kuanza kukubali Anachofanya na hii ilinipa moyo wa kufanya kazi kwa bidii zaidi.", "Muziki wa Tanzania\nLebo ya Galotone ya Afrika Kusini pia ilisambaza santuri ambazo ziliingiza staili za Jive katika nchi hii, kwa miaka mingi vijana walikuwa na vikundi wakicheza jive, na bendi kadhaa ziliiga upigaji wa jive ukiambatana na upigaji wa filimbi kumuiga mwanamuziki Spokes Mashiyane. Magitaa ya umeme kwa bendi za muziki wa dansi yalianza kutumiwa kati ya mwaka 1957 na 1959, Dar Jazz tena hutajwa kama bendi ya kwanza ya muziki wa dansi kuanza kutumia gitaa hilo, ikifuatiwa na Western Jazz na bendi nyinginezo.", "Akon\nAlbamu yake ya kwanza, 'Trouble' ilitolewa Juni tarehe 29, 2004. Albamu hii ina nyimbo kama \"Locked Up\" na \"Lonely\", \"Belly Dancer (Bananza)\", \"Pot of Gold\", na \"Ghetto.\" Albamu hii ndiyo iliyokuwa ya kwanza kutolewa na kampuni yake mpya ya kurekodi ya Konvict Music. Msukumo wa kuimba wimbo wake wa kwanza ulitokana na miaka mitatu aliyokaa kwenye jela kwa sababu ya 'kuiba'. Wimbo wa \"Locked Up\" uliorodheshwa kwa nyimbo 10 bora nchini Marekani na tano bora nchini Uingereza. \"Wimbo wa \"Ghetto\" ulivuma kwenye redio wakati ulipochanaganywa upya na DJ Green Lantern na kujumuisha mistari kutoka wasanii 2Pac na The Notorious B.I.G.", "Mase\nMason Durell Betha (amezaliwa 27 Agosti 1973), anafahamika zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii Mase (mara nyingi kama Ma $ e), awali inajulikana kama Murda Ma $ e, ni rapa wa Marekani, mtunzi, mwimbaji apendwaye kwenye runinga na msemaji. Yeye alikuwa msanii tarehe Sean \"Diddy\" Combs alikuwa na rekodi ya nyimbo za kisasa Bad Boy studio wakati wa miaka ya 1990. Yeye iliyotolewa albamu mbili katika Bad Boy,zinazojulikana mno \"Harlem World\" na jaribio , \"Double Up.\" Yeye alistaafu mwakani 1999, tu kurudi muziki mwaka 2004 na albamu \"Welcome Back.\" Mwakani 2005, alijaribu kutia mkataba na Rekodi ya G-Unit.", "Foxy Brown\nBaada ya 2001, aliendelea kurekodi mistari kwa ajili yake mwenyewe na wasanii wengine lakini hajatoa albamu yoyote ile; ametoka katika studio ya Def Jam mnamo 2003, hivyo basi inapeleka kughairishwa kwa kutolewa kwa albamu yake ya pili ya \"Ill Na Na 2\". Hata hivyo, alirudi katika studio hiyo mnamo Januari 2005 baada ya Jay-Z kuwa Rais na CEO wa Def Jam na kuingia mkataba upya na kuanza kazi ya albamu yake mpya iliyoitwa \"Black Roses\". \nMnamo Desemba 2005, akaanza kusumbuliwa na matatizo ya kutosikia, ambapo ilipelekea kusimama kwa kazi zake hadi kiangazi kilichofuata, miazi michache baada ya kufanyiwa upasuaji. Albamu yake ya nne, ambayo awali ikuwa kandamseto, ilitolewa mnamo mwezi wa Mei 2008 ikiwa fuatiwa na machelewesho kedede yaliyotokana na kifungo cha jela kilichosababishwa na ukorofi wake Brown.", "Angelique Kidjo\nKidjo ameanzisha mfuko uitwao Batonga (Kwa kiing: Batonga Foundation) ni mfuko ambao unatoa elimu ya juu ya sekondari kwa wasichana kwa lengo la kuwapa mwongozo wa maisha katika kuibadilisha Afrika. \nMfuko pia unakubali ufadhili wa wanafunzi, kujenga shule za sekondari, kuongeza uhandikishaji zaidi, kuboresha viwango vya ufundishaji, kukimu uenezaji wa shule, kusaidia mipango endelevu katika elimu, kutafuta njia ya mbadala ya elimu na kiuwakilisha katika jumuiya kuwa kama ndio kutambua thamani ya elimu kwa wasichana.Kidjo pia aliwahi urekodi nyimbo nyingi tu kwa ajili ya filamu mbalimbali.\nOctave RFI (1992) \nPrix Afrique en Creation (1992) \nDanish Music Awards: Mwimbaji bora wa kike (1995) \nKora Music Awards: Mwimaji bora kike wa Afrika(1997) \nMobo Awards (2002) \nGrammy uteuzi ukiwemo na nyimbo bora ya Video ya mwaka 1995 na Albamu bora ya Dunia kwa mwaka wa 1999, 2003 na 2005.", "Tha Trademarc\nMarc Predka (aliyezaliwa 21 Aprili 1975), ambaye anajilikana kwa jina la kisanii kama Tha Trademarc, ni mwanamuziki wa Rap kutoka Marekani. Mara ya kwanza kujulikana kwa umaarufu ilikuwa wakati yeye na binamu yake wa kwanza mwanamiereka wa WWE John Cena walishirikiana mnamo 2005 kutoa albamu You Can't See Me[1]. Pia anaonekana katika video za nyimbo , ‘’Bad Bad Man’’ na ‘’Right Now’’ ambazo amefanya na John Cena. Leo hii yeye hufanya kazi katika kitengo cha elimu ya waiosjiweza katika Shule ya Maynard kule Maynard, Massachusetts.", "Gang Starr\nKundi lilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1986 na Guru (kisha baadaye akajakujulikana kama Keithy E. The Guru) na DJ 1,2 B-Down (pia anajulikana kama Mike Dee) na watayarishaji kadhaa, kama vile Donald D, J.V. Johnson au DJ Mark the 45 King naye alisaidia kuanzishwa kwa kundi hili. Mnamo 1987 na 1988, Gang Starr wakatoa single ya kwanza iliyofanyika katika studio za Wild Pitch label.", "Ahmed Kipande\nAhmed Mohamed Kipande ni kati ya wanamuziki ambao wameacha jina kubwa kutokana na mchango wake katika maendeleo ya muziki wa Tanzania.\nKipande alizaliwa Kilwa Kivinje mwaka 1937, alianza shule 1946 huko huko Kilwa Kivinje na baada ya darasa la nne akahamia Dar es Salaam ambako aliendelea shule ambayo baadae iliitwa Uhuru Boys mpaka alipomaliza darasa la nane.\nAlipoanza kazi alianzisha kundi la muziki lililokuwa likitumia vyombo vya asili , baadaye akaanzisha bendi rasmi ya muziki aliyoiita Home Boys. Ujuzi wa muziki wa Kipande ulianza kujulikana rasmi 1955 wakati alipoweza kushika nafasi ya pili katika mashindano ya kupiga gitaa yaliyofanyika mtaa wa Kichwele, mbele ya viongozi wa Kikoloni. Kipande alipata zawadi ya shilingi 15 kwa kuwa wa pili. Mwaka 1958 aliachana na bendi ya Home Boys na kuanzisha Kilwa Jazz Band akiwa na wanamuziki watano tu. ", "Burning Spear\nBurning Spear alikuwa awali katika kundi la Rodney, jina lake alipewa na Jomo Kenyatta, Waziri Mkuu wa kwanza na Rais wa Kenya, na awali walikuwa pamoja na mwimbaji Rupert Willington, na ilikuwa kundi hili lililoingia majaribio mnamo mwaka 1969, na kumbukumbu ya kwanza ilikuwa \"Door Peep\". Punde si punde walikuwa wameungwa na mwimbaji Delroy Hinds (ndugu wa Justin Hinds). Kundi hilo la watatu lilirekodi nyimbo kadhaa zaidi kwa Dodd, na albamu mbili, kabla ya kuhamia kufanya kazi na Jack Ruby mwaka 1975. Wimbo wao wa kwanza na Ruby, \"Marcus Garvey\", awali lilikuwa na lengo la wimbo wa kipekee wa redio ya Ruby Ocho Rios lakini ilitolewa kama wimbo wa umma maana ulipendwa sana na watu, kupata umaarufu wa haraka, na ulikuwa umefuatiliwa na wimbo mwingine uliofanikiwa uitwao \"Slavery Days\". Hizi rekodi zilifanywa na muungano wa bendi iitwayo The Black Disciples, ambayo ilikuwa na watu kama Earl \"Chinna\" Smith, Valentine Chin, Robbie Shakespeare na Leroy Wallace. Kikundi hiki kilifanya kazi na Ruby kutayarisha albamu yake ya tatu, \"Marcus Garvey\" (1976), ambayo ilikuwa na mafanikio ya mara moja na ilimpatia ushirikisho na Island Records ili wapate kufikia watu wengi zaidi. Kisiwa walibadilisha baadhi ya nyimbo, na hili liliwakasirisha mashabiki na kikundi chenyewe, na lilimfanya Rodney kuanzisha studio yake mwenyewe chini ya jina la Spear ambapo angekuwa na udhibiti kamili, ingawa matokeo mengine yangefuatiwa na Island kwa mfano albamu yake ya kuiga \"(Garvey's Ghost)\" na \"Man in the Hills\". Mwishoni mwa mwaka 1976, Rodney alijitenga kutoka kwa Ruby na wanakikundi Willington na Hinds, na kutoka wakati huo alitumia jina Burning Spear mwenyewe peke yake. \"Dry and Heavy\" ilifuata mwaka 1977, aliyotayarisha mwenyewe lakini bado akiwa katika Island, na wakati huu alikuwa na mashabiki kadhaa katika Uingereza, yeye kutumbuiza katika London mwaka na wanachama wa bendi la Aswad wakimwunga mkono kwa onyesho katika Rainbow Theatre, ambayo ilirekodiwa na kutolewa \"papo hapo!\" Aswad pia walimwunga mkono katika albamu yake iliyofuatia, \"Social Living\" (1978), ambayo pia ilifanywa na Sly Dunbar na Rico Rodriguez. Toleo la kuiga la albamu hiyo \"Living Dub\" (1979), ilikuwa imechanganywa na Sylvan Morris. Profaili yake iliinuliwa juu zaidi na tokeo lake katika filamu \"Rockers,\" alipocheza \"Jah no Dead\".", "Michael Jackson\nAkiwa pamoja na ndugu zake, Jackson amefanya uongozi wa uimbaji kwa mara ya kwanza akiwa kama mwanachama mdogo kabisa katika kundi la The Jackson 5 mnamo mwaka wa 1964. Ameanza kazi ya usanii wa kujitegemea kunako mwaka wa 1971. Albamu yake ya mwaka wa 1982 \"Thriller\" imebaki kuwa albamu yenye mauzo bora kwa muda wote. Mchango waka katika utengenezaji wa muziki wa video umeinua kutoka katika hali ya kawaida hadi katika hali ya kisanii zaidi: video zake kama vile \"Billie Jean\", \"Beat It\" na \" Thriller\" inamfanya kuwa msanii Mmarekani Mweusi wa kwanza kupata kupigiwa nyimbo yake sana kwenye MTV. Jackson ameipa umaarufu baadhi ya maunja ya kudansi, kama vile robot na moonwalk. Staili ya muziki wake, staili ya sauti yake na zile koregrafia zilitambulika vizazi kwa vizazi, kirangi na hata katika mipaka ya kitamaduni.", "Bongo Flava\nAsili ya mwanzo kabisa na jinsi \"Bongo flava\" ilivyoanzishwa nchini Tanzania ni kutokana na Taji Liundi akiwa kama kiini cha hadithi hii. Kifupi hakuna asili bila yeye. Taji Liundi pia anajulikana kama Master T, mwasisi, mwanzilishi na vilevile mtayarishaji wa kipindi cha Dj Show alishaanza kupiga nyimbo za wasanii wa ndani tangu mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1994. Mike Mhagama baadaye akajiunga na kipindi akiwa chini ya ukufunzi wa Master T. Aliendelea na kutangaza kipindi hicho peke yake hata baada ya Master T kuondoka Radio One mnamo 1996.", "Taff B.\nKwa upande wa muziki, alianza kujishuhulisha nao tangu 1993 - 2002. Hapo awali kwenye 1993 alikuwa akijirusha na ndugu yake Nigga Jay ambaye alikuwa na kundi zima la Pyscho Tak ambalo lilikuwa likiongozwa na Badi Sangu. Pia alikuwa na ukaribu na kaka yake mkubwa ambaye ni Julius Haule almaarufu kama Mr Teacher. Mwaka wa 1995-96 waliunda Kundi la KNT Squad ambalo lilikuwa na wasanii watatu, \"K\" Killa B, \"N\" Nigga J na \"T'\" Taff B. Walifanikiwa kurekodi wimbo mmoja ulioitwa \"Right Stuff\" bahati mbaya huu wimbo walipoteza nakala yake kuu ya kuhifadhia. Mwaka 1997 yeye na Jay wakaunda Underground Shadow Warriors. na Killa B akaunda kundi la mtaani kwao Kimara lililoitwa Imeditaiton Kingdom. Jay na Taff walibahatika kupanda katika majukwaa kibao ikiwa ni pamoja na Korean Culture, Pool Side na kumbi nyingine chungu mzima. 1997 wakarekodi wimbo mmoja ambao Jay alishiriki kwenye kiitikio na kifungio ulioitwa \"Rap ndo Yenyewe\" katika studio za Soundcrafters chini ya Producer Henrico. 1998 wakarekodi Fascinating Rhymes ambao ulitayarishwa na Papa Luv aka Dj Boniluv. Mwaka 2000 akarekodi Dereva Mchovu na ndugu yake upande wa mama kwa Master Jay na Boaz Kapaya almaarufu Diz K. Mdundo wa dereva Mchovu uliandaliwa na Prof Ludigo hapo hapo kwa Master Jay wakati Mdundo wa \"Ndugu upande wa mama\" ulitayarishwa na John Mahundi. Diz K na Taff B walirekodi nyimbo hizo mbili muda mmoja na kundi la Hard Blasters. Wakati huo walikuwa wanarekodi albamu yao ya Funga Kazi. Prof Jay alikuwa ndio kajiunga rasmi 1999 na HBC baada ya Chuzi Limekubali kufanya vizuri sana katika vituo vya Radio. Wimbo wa mwisho ambao Taff B aliweza kurekodi akiwa Tanzania ulikuwa ni Bado \"Nakutesa Remix\" ya Soggy Doggy Anter katika studio ya Bongo Records kabla ya kuondokea na kuelekea nchini Marekani mnamo Disemba, 2000. Akiwa nchini Marekani, amefanya kazi nyingi sana na mtayarishaji John Mahundi baye pia ni binamu yake wa damu. Bahati mbaya, kazi nyingi zilipotea baada ya kompyuta yake kuharibika ghafla. Alitengenza kama nyimbo 30 hivi na wasanii mbalimbali. Ambazo zimebaki kama mfano-awali hazizidi hata 10 katika Maktaba yake.", "Bongo Flava\nBongo Flava ni jina badala la muziki wa Hip hop ya Tanzania. Mtindo huu ulianzishwa kwenye miaka ya 1990, hasa ukiwa kama mwigo au utokanaji wa hip hop kutoka Marekani, ikiwa na ongezeko la athira ya muziki wa reggae, R&B, afrobeat, dancehall, na mitindo ya asili ya Kitanzania kama vile taarab na dansi, muunganiko ambao umeunda mtindo wa pekee wa muziki.[1] Mashairi kawaida huwa kwa lugha ya Kiswahili au Kiingereza.", "Jungle Brothers\nThe Jungle Brothers ni jina la kutaja kundi la muziki wa hip hop kutoka nchini Marekani. Hawa hutazamiwa kama waazilishi wa hip hop yenye mchanganyiko wa jazz na kuwa kama kundi la kwanza la hip hop kutumia muziki wa house katika hali ya hip-hop na kumtumia mtayarishaji wa muziki huo katika kazi zao. Kundi lilianza kutumbuiza katikati mwa miaka ya 1980 na wakafanikiwa kutoa albamu yao ya kwanza, \"Straight Out the Jungle\", mnamo mwezi wa Julai 1988. Kwa mtindo wa kutengeneza biti na mashairi yenye asili ya Kiafrika, kina Jungle Brothers wakawa maarufu mno na punde wakaungana na kundi lenye athira kubwa katika hip hop la Native Tongues. Wanachama wa awali unaunganishwa na Michael Small (Mike Gee), Nathaniel Hall (Afrika Baby Bam, kwa heshima ya Afrika Bambaataa) na Sammy Burwell (DJ Sammy B). Sammy B aliondoka kundini baada ya kundi kutoa \"Raw Deluxe\" in Mei 1997.", "Papa Wemba\nKatika dunia ya muziki ilihodhi Kikongo wakati huo na Franco Luambo na bendi yake ya ajabu TPOK Jazz, bendi ya TPOK Jazz, bendi ya Tabu Ley Rochereau Afrisa, na kisha makundi mapya ya muziki kama Les Grands Maquisards, Le Trio Madjesi, na hata bendi ndogo kama Bella-Bella, Thu ZAINA na Empire Bakuba, vijana na wenye vipaji Papa Wemba (akijulikana kama Jules Presley Shungu Wembadio), alikuwa mmoja wa vikosi vya kuendesha kwamba 1973 alifanya Zaiko Langa Langa kujulikana kama kundi maarufu, akishirikiana na waimbaji kama \"Chouchouna\" (Papa Wemba), \"Eluzam\" na \"Mbeya Mbeya\" (Evoloko Lay Lay), \"BP ya Munu\" na \"Zania\" (Mavuela Somo).", "Omarion\nMnamo Desemba 2007, Omarion iliyotolewa mradi wake wa tatu, jitihada sambamba rapa Bow Wow, anastahili \"Face Off\" Mtayarishaji Jermaine Dupri alipendekeza awali ya ushirikiano, ambayo inapatikana albamu na sehemu mbili ya maandishi yaitwayo \"The Road To Platinum\". Hii ilikuwa ni BET kufuatia maalum kurekodi na uendelezaji wa mradi huo. Wimbo wa kipekee wa kwanza uliotolewa ulikuwa umeandikwa na mwanamziki The-Dream, unaoitwa \"Girlfriend\". Wimbo wa pili sampuli ya LL Cool J \"Going Back To Cali\" na ulikuwa unajulikana kama \"Hey Baby\". \"Face Off\" iliingia rasmi albamu chati za \"Marekani\" 200 ifikapo namba kumi, ilikuwa albamu ya rapu namba moja katika ya Marekani na albamu ya nyimbo za mahaba namba mbili . Yeye pia ilitoa kitabu cha tawasifu yake chenye jina \"O\" mwaka 2004. Ni ilitolewa kwa niaba ya MTV.", "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit\nBeti asilia ya kwanza inajulikana kutokana na chanzo chake \"Ujerumani juu ya yote\" (\"Deutschland, Deutschland über alles\") lakini baada ya maarifa ya utaifa mkali katika karne ya 20 uliopeleka nchi katika vita kuu mbili Wajerumani wengi hawapendi tena beti hii hivyo haitumiki tena.\nJoseph Haydn alitunga muziki hii kwa heshima ya Kaisari Franz wa Austria na Dola Takatifu la Kiroma likawa wimbo la taifa la Austria hadi mwisho wa ufalme mwaka 1918.", "Muziki kwenye miaka ya 1990\nIle miaka ya mwanzoni mwa 1990 ilitawaliwa na marapa wa kike, kama vile Queen Latifah na kundi la muziki wa hip hop linaloendeshwa na wasanii watatu Salt-n-Pepa. Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 tumeona kuibuka kwa marapa wengi wa kike walioingia huko East Coast hip hop, kukiwa na kutolewa kwa albamu ya kwanza ya Lil' Kim (na \"Hard Core\") na Foxy Brown (na albamu yake ya \"Ill Na Na\"), hasa kwa kuzidi kwao kujionesha maungo yao na mistari yenye miropoko ya haja.", "Tedd Josiah\nTedd Josiah (amezaliwa 1970) ni mtayarishaji wa muziki kutoka Kenya. Alianza kama mwanamuziki, kwanza kwa muda mfupi akiwa na kundi \"Ebony Affair\" kabla ya kutengeneza kundi jipya, \"Hart\" mwaka 1993. Kundi lenyewe liltupiliwa mbali mwaka 1995 na alijiunga na \"Sync\" Yosia \"Studios Sound\" kama mtayarishaji. Mwaka wa 1999 aliondoka \"Sync Studios Sound\" na kuunda \"Audio Vault Studios\" Ilibadilishwa jina hadi \"Blu Zebra\" mwaka 2002.", "Jua Cali\nAlikuwa mwanafunzi katika shule ya msingi ya Ainsworth darasa la 1 hadi la 6 shule ya vijana ya Shepherds, Buruburu darasa la 6 hadi la 8; shule ya upili ya Jamuhuri na kisha Taasisi ya mafunzo ya viwandani ya Kenya Christian ###K#C#I#T#I Eastleigh## alikotunukiwa shahada ya ##diploma## ya teknologia ya mazulio# Katika hiyo taasisi, alishiriki katika mchezo wa ##mpira wa vikapu##, akiwa na matumaini ya kujiunga na timu ya kitaifa ya mpira wa vikapu ya ##Kenya### Hakuwahi kuweza kujiunga na hiyo timu, akisingizia urefu# Alianza mambo ya muziki kwa kujiunga na bendi ya ‘Sita Futi’ akiwa kama mwimbaji# Sita Futi ilisambaratika tu mara ilipoanzishwa, wengi wakizielekeza talanta zao za muziki kwingineko# Calif Records ilianza wakati Jua Cali na rafikiye wa utotoni ##Clemo## walipoungana na kubuni alama ya kipekee ya kurekodi , huku ikitia fora na kujulikana katika nyanja zote za muziki wa ##Afrika Mashariki### Wasanii wa Calif Records walikuwa mstari wa mbele katika orodha ya muziki na usanii# Calif Records pia ilibuni mtindo wa muziki wa ##Genge### Jua Cali humtaja kakake Chris na mamaye mzazi kama watu waliomtia moyo maishani#", "Back in Business\nBack in Business ni albamu ya marejeo kutoka kwa kundi zima la muziki wa hip hop la EPMD, ambalo limevunjia kwa matatizo ya kibinafsi mnamo mwaka wa 1992. Baada ya kutoa albamu nne zenye mafanikio baina ya 1988 na 1992 (zote kati ya hizo zilihesabiwa kuwa za hali ya juu), lakini hao wakarudi tena ulingoni na kitu kipya chenye mafanikio. Kibao kikali cha \"Da Joint\" kimepata kuwa kibao chao kikali cha pili kuingia kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100 kwa mwaka wa 1997.", "Zavara Mponjika\nBiashara alisimama mtu mmoja anaitwa Samuel, DJ alikuwa Tikko (jamaa mwenye asili ya Kihindi). Mchujo ulienda wakabaki watu 15 kisha wakaanza harakati kutafuta jina la kundi na Chief akaona Kwanza ikiwa ndiyo mara ya kwanza watu wanakutana na kutengeneza kundi la namna hiyo heri iwe Kwanza Unit. Alitoa jina linalofanana kiasi na siku kuu maarufu ya Waafrika wanaoshi Marekani maarufu kama Kwanzaa. Alipendezewa na zile nguzo saba za siku kuu hiyo na kuona bora kutumia jina hilo (pia Rhymson ni mwanahistoria).\nBaada ya maazimio, huyo mtu wa kuitwa Tikko haraka kaenda kuchongesha mafulana na watu walikuwa na hamasa ya juu hakuna mfanowe. Tikko ndiye hasa aliyekuwa anawaletea rekodi za kigeni wakati huo kwa sababu yeye kuna kipindi alikuwa anasoma mjini Londo, Uingereza. Baba yake Tikko alikuwa anamiliki kampuni ya uchanpishaji wakati huo ilikuwa inaitwa \"Impreasions\". Jambo hili liliwaleta pamoja vijana ili waweze kupaza sauti yao katika jamii. Kila mtu alikuwa hodari katika nafasi yake. Awali walianza kwa kuimba kwa lugha ya kigeni, lakini polepole walianza kubadili mundo na kuja kwa Kiswahili. Mtu aliyeonekana kusapoti na kufanya vizuri katika Kiswahili wakati wa zama za mpito alikuwa Fresh G.  wa Tribe X alilokuwa nae Eazy B mbaya sana wa michano nae wakati huo. Inasemekana Eazy B alikuwa na floo za ajabu na uwezo wa kutunga mashairi makali yenye ujumbe mzito hakuna mfano. Mwingine D-Ray B (jina la kuzaliwa Raymond Mutagahywa - huyu wengi wanamsahau mno). Alikuwa mwandishi mzuri mno. Akina Othman Njaidi. Mwaka wa 1992, kundi likazinduliwa rasmi katika ukumbi wa Korean Cultural Center huku likiwa na usajili kamili. Na ni miongoni mwa makundi ya awali kabisa kusajiliwa rasmi - na usajili wao hadi leo uko hai pale BASATA. Vilvile Kwanza Unit ndiyo kundi la kwanza kwenda Unguja na kutumbuiza hip hop. Wao walitoa hamasa kwa vijana wa Unguja katika kujihusisha na hip-hop. Ajabu iliyoje, mlezi wa kundi hili wakati huo alikuwa Horice Kolimba. Aliwaunga mkono kwa kila hali.", "Machozi Jasho na Damu\nHalkadhalika ame-enzi kazi ya mwanzilishi halisi wa rap ya Kiswahili nchini Tanzania bwana Edward Mtui (maarufu kama Fresh XE) kwa kuchukua kiitikio chake cha \"Piga Makofi\" ambacho kilimpelekea ashinde tuzo ya Yo Rap Bonanza katika miaka ya 1980, lakini hakutoa nyimbo. Jay anatungia wimbo kiitikio hicho na ndani yake anataja wale wote walioifikisha hip hop ya Tanzania hapa kwa kuwataja. ", "Dknob\nDknob alianza rasmi shughuri za muziki kunako mwaka wa 1998, ni baada ya kuvutiwa sana na albamu ya marehemu Tupac na Big Small au Notorious Big. Ilipofika mwaka wa 2000, Dknob alirekodi nyimbo ya Kibongo Stance ambayo pia ilishirikisha baadhi ya wasanii mbalimbali akiwemo G-Pozz, Pig Black, Dknob mwenywe na wengine kibao.", "Muziki kwenye miaka ya 1990\nWasanii wa R&B kama vile Janet Jackson, Michael Jackson, Whitey Houston na Mariah Carey ni miongoni mwa wasanii waliouza vyema kwa muda wote, na hasa katika miaka ya 1990 waliileta Contemporary R&B katika jukwaa la ulimwengu.\nAlbamu ya Dr. Dre ya mwaka wa 1992 The Chronic ilitoa mwongozo mkuu wa gangsta rap. Kufuatia mafanikio makubwa waliyopata Death Row Records, West Coast hip hop ilitingisha sana hip hop mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, pamoja na The Notorious B.I.G. kwa upande wa East Coast. Hip hop ikawa moja kati ya mtindo uliofanya mauzo bab-kubwa ilivyofika katikati mwa miaka ya 1990.", "Muziki wa dansi\nDansi ilianza kwanza kama klabu ambapo watu walialikana kuja kucheza aina mbalimbali za muziki wa kizungu mtindo maarufu unaojulikana kama ballroom dancing. Aina hizi za klabu zilianzia Mombasa na kuingia nchini kupitia Tanga na kisha kuletwa Dar Es Salaam na klab iliyokuwa maarufu Tanga iliyoitwa Tanga Young Comrades Club, klabu nyingine ilianzishwa ikaitwa New Generation Club ambayo ilianzisha matawi miji mbalimbali. Klabu hizi ndizo zilizozaa bendi za dansi. Inaonekana Dar Es Salaam ndio ilikuwa ya kwanza kuwa na bendi yake African Association Jazz Band, ambapo wanamuziki wengine waliihama na kuanzisha Dar Es Salaam Jazz Band, hiki kilikuwa kipindi kati ya miaka 1930 na 1940, kwenye 1950 kulikuwa na bendi maarufu Bagamoyo iliyoitwa Lucky Star jazz band ambayo ilikuwa na urafiki na Dar Jazz.", "Don Cartagena\nDon Cartagena ni jina la kutaja albamu ya tatu ya msanii wa muziki wa hip hop Fat Joe. Hii ni albamu yake ya kwanza tangu kuingia mkataba na studio ya Atlantic Records. Vilevile ni albamu yake ya kwanza kushirikisha wasanii wa hip hop mchanganyiko. Wasanii hao ni pamoja na Nas, Big Pun, Jadakiss, Raekwon, Terror Squad, Diddy, na Layzie Bone. Don Cartagena iliingia nafasi ya #7 kwenye chati za Billboard 200 ikiwa na mauzo ya nakala 40,000. Albamu ilitunukiwa Dhahabu kwa mauzo ya nakala takriban 500,000 huko nchini Marekani.", "Alek Wek\nWEK aligunduliwak sokoni mjini London mwaka wa 1995 katika Crystal Palace, kusini mwa London, na mmoja wa Models 1 . Aliweza kupokea usikivu mara ya kwanza wakati yeye alionekana katika katika filamu ya wimbo \"GoldenEye\" na Tina Turner, mwaka wa 1995 na kutoka hapo aliingia ulimwengu wa fashoni kama mmoja mifano bora. Alitia sahihi na Ford Models mwaka wa 1996 na alitokeza katika filamu ya wimbo \"Got 'Til It's Gone\" ulioimbwa na Janet Jackson mwaka huo. Aliteuliwa \"Mtindo wa Mwaka\" mwaka wa 1997 na MTV.", "Pat Alger\nAlger alihudhuria chuo cha Georgia Tech akisomea sanaa ya Ujenzi lakini akaamua kujishughulisha zaidi na kutunga nyimbo. Alianza kama mtumbuizaji wa nyimbo za kikale katika klabu. .. Alianza kazi yake ya kutunga na kuimba nyimbo akishirikiana na Happy na Artie Traum kama mwanachama wa kundi la Woodstock Mountains Revue.Kundi hili lilishirikisha ndugu wa Trauma, John Herald na Maria Muldaur miongoni mwa wengine. Baadhi ya nyimbo alizozitunga wakati huu ni \"Old Time Music\" na \"Southern Crescent Line.\". Mnamo 198o alikuwa na ufanisi wake wa kwanza kama mtunzi wakati when Livingston Taylor alikuwa na kibao kilichovuma kutoka \"First Time Love\". Kati ya 1984 na 1988 alizuru na Everly Brothers nchini Marekani na bara Uropa. .. Baadaye alishirikiana na Nanci Griffith na wakaandika nyimbo za Griffith \"Once In A Very Blue Moon\" na \"Lone Star State of Mind.\". Baadhi ya nyimbo zake pia zimefanya na by Kathy Mattea kama vile \"Goin' Gone\", \"She Came From Fort Worth\" na \"A Few Good Things Remain.\" Aliandika baadhi ya hit #1 za Garth Brooks kama \"Unanswered Prayers\", \"What She's Doing Now\", \"The Thunder Rolls\" na \"That Summer\". Pia alitunga vibao kwa Hal Ketchum uitwao \"Small Town Saturday Night,\" kwa Trisha Yearwood, \"Like We Never Had A Broken Heart,\" kwa Don Williams, \"True Love\", na kwa Mark Collie, \"Calloused Hands.\" Miaka hii yote, tunzi zake zimerekodiwa na kutolewa na wasanii wengi akiwemo Peter, Paul and Mary, Dolly Parton, Lyle Lovett, Brenda Lee na Crystal Gayle. . Amerekodi albamu tatu za solo katika miiaka ya 1990 akishirikisha usaidizi kutoka kwa Griffith, Lovett, Mattea na Yearwood..", "Kanye West\nAlbamu zake zote tatu zilipata tuzo kadhaa, umaarufu,[2][3][4] na mafanikio ya kibiashara. West pia anamiliki studio yake mwenyewe iitwayo GOOD Music.[5] Wazazi wa West walitarikiana wakati akiwa na umri wa miaka mitatu, kisha yeye na mama yake wakaamia zao mjini Chicago, Illinois. Alijiandikisha katika Chuo Kikuu cha Chicago lakini baadaye aliacha kujiendeleza na masuala yake ya kazi za muziki.", "Muziki wa dansi\nMuziki ulianzishwa kunako miaka ya 1920-1930, zikiwa na mandhari ya muziki wa \"soukous\" kutoka Kongo-Kinshasa, kwa kweli zilipendeka kote Afrika ya Mashariki. Katika Dar es Salaam, bendi nyingi zilifuatisha bendi za Kongo. Punde kwa punde, zingine ziliendeleza kuanzisha mitindo mipya, kwa mfano Dar es Salaam Jazz Band, Morogoro Jazz na Tabora Jazz.", "Ty Dolla Sign\nAlianza kazi yake ya muziki mwaka 2007 kama mpiga gitaa. Mwaka 2010 alitoa wimbo wake wa kwanza iliyojulikana kama Toot It and Boot It chini ya produza Def Jam Recordings.", "Naughty by Nature\nKibao chao cha kwanza Naughty by Nature kuwa maarufu ni wimbo ulioitwa \"O.P.P.,\" ambacho kilichukua samapuli ya kibao cha Jackson 5, \"ABC\", na kilitolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1991 kutoka katika albamu yao yenye-jina-sawa na lao, \"Naughty by Nature\". Wimbo ulifikia nafasi ya #6 kwenye chati za Billboard Hot 100 , ina-kifanya kuwa moja kati ya vibao vilivyopata mafanikio katika historia ya nyimbo za rap kufikia kiwango hicho. Wimbo umepata kujuliakana sana katika tamaduni mashuhuri, kwa kutajwa kwenye vipindi vya TV na filamu kama vile \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\", \"Malibu's Most Wanted\", \"Monk\", na \"The Office\". \"O.P.P.\" pia imepata sifa za juu mno, kwa kutajwa kuwa moja kati ya single bora 100 za rap za muda wote mnamo 1998 na jarida la \"The Source\", and being ranked the 20th best single of the 90s by \"Spin\" magazine ", "Franco Luambo Makiadi\nFrançois Luambo Luanzo Makiadi (6 Julai 1938 – 12 Oktoba 1989) alikuwa mtu mashuhuri wa karne ya ishirini katika muziki wa Kikongo na muziki wa Afrika kwa ujumla. Hasa huitwa Franco Luambo au, kifupi, Franco.Alijulikana sana kwa uwezo wake wa kuumiliki muziki wa rumba. Alipewa jina la utani kama \"Mchawi wa Gitaa\" hasa kwa juhudi zake ya upigaji wa gitaa. Akiwa kama mwanzilishi wa bendi ya muziki wa jazz OK Jazz, huhesabiwa kama moja kati ya waanzilishi muziki wa Kikongo wa kisasa.", "Mzungu Kichaa\nBaadaye akaenda zake nchini Uingereza kusomea masuala ya Utamaduni wa Muziki na Anthropolojia. Baada ya kumaliza elimu ya masomo ya Kiafrika, akarudi tena katika shughuli zake za muziki, na kuanzisha kundi lililoitwa Effigong mnamo 2006. Mwaka wa 2008, kaamua kuwa msanii wa kujitegemea hadi kufanikiwa kutoa albamu yake ya kwanza kunako mwaka wa 2009 katika studio ya kujitegemea iliyoitwa Caravan Records.[3]", "Professor Jay\nJay na HBC walitoa albamu ya kwanza iitwayo 'Funaga Kazi' mwaka 2000. Albamu hiyo inaaminika kwamba ilileta mapinduzi makubwa sana ya muziki wa Hip Hop nchini Tanzania. Albamu hii yenye ujumbe mzito ina nyimbo kama 'Chemsha Bongo' na 'Mamsapu' ambazo zilichangia kufanya muziki wa 'Bongo Flava' kuwa wa kila rika na kupewa heshima. Kabla ya hapo muziki huo ulionekana kuwa ni muziki wa wahuni.", "Muziki kwenye miaka ya 1990\nAlbamu ya Jackson yenye-jina-lake \"janet.\" (1993), ambayo imekuja baada ya mkataba wake wa malioni-ya-dola-kihistoria aliofanya na Virgin Records, imeuza zaidi ya nakala milioni kumi dunia nzima. Houston, Boyz II Men na Carey walirekodi vibao kadhaa vilivyoshika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye chati za \"Billboard\" Hot 100, ikiwa ni pamoja na \"Exhale (Shoop Shoop)\", \"One Sweet Day\", ushirikiano baina ya Boyz II Men na Carey, kibao ambacho kilitamba kwa muda mrefu kikiwa nafasi ya kwanza kwenye historia ya Hot 100, Boyz II Men na TLC wametoka albamu mnamo 1994 na 1995—\"Daydream\", \"II\", na \"CrazySexyCool\" – ambayo iliuza zaidi ya nakala milioni kumi, na kuwapatia hadhi ya almasi nchini Marekani mwanzoni mwa mwaka wa 1995, kina Grammy Awards wakaanzisha Grammy Award for Best R&B Album, ikiwa \"II (Boyz II Men)\" Boyz II Men wanakuwa kama kundi la kwanza kupokea tuzo hiyo. Tuzo hiyo baadaye ilienda pia kwa TLC kwa ajili ya albamu yao ya \"CrazySexyCool\" ya mwaka wa 1996.", "Yataka Moyo\n\"Yataka Moyo\" ni jina la wimbo wa sita upande A kutoka katika tepu ya albamu ya \"Machozi Jasho na Damu\" ya msanii wa muziki wa hip hop kutoka nchini Tanzania, Professor Jay. Wimbo umetayarishwa na P. Funk ndani ya Bongo Records. \nKwa ujumla wake Jay anazungumzia mafanikio ya sanaa na wasanii. Katika muziki wa Tanzania imeonekana kawaida sana kwa wasanii na wanamuziki kutokuwa na kipato kinachoeleweka. Mifumo isiyosaidizi kwa tasnia nzima ya muziki wa Tanzania. \nJay anazungumzia wasanii wa zamani jinsi walivyoteseka katika kuuleta muziki wa Tanzania katika ramani inayoeleweka. Tena wengi wao wanakufa maskini huku kazi zao zikitumiwa na taasisi za serikali na watu binafsi bila faida kwa msanii. Wanaomba hakimiliki ya kazi za sanaa zao lakini majibu bado magumu. Katika wimbo anataja watu wengi maarufu tangu muziki wa rap ulivyoanza, hadi makuzi ya muziki wa dansi. ", "Lady Gaga\nAkiwa na umri wa miaka 20, alianza kufanya kazi na Interscope Records akiwa kama mtunzi wa nyimbo, akatunga nyimbo kadhaa kwa ajili ya kundi la muziki wa pop la Pussycat Dolls. Gaga, ana athira kubwa kabisa na wanamuziki wa rock kama vile David Bowie na timu nzima ya bendi ya rock maarufu ya Queen na vilevile waimbaji wa muziki wa pop wa miaka ya 1980 kama vile Madonna na Michael Jackson.", "Lil Jon\nJonathan Smith (anayejulikana zaidi kwa jina lake la kisanii Lil Jon; alizaliwa tarehe 27 Januari mwaka 1971) ni mwandishi wa Marekani, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, na DJ. Alikuwa msimamizi wa kundi la Lil Jon na East Side Boyz, ambalo aliunda mwaka 1995, na waliachia albamu kadhaa mpaka 2004.", "Joseph Hill\nJoseph Hill (22 Januari 1949 – 19 Agosti 2006) alikuwa mtunzi na mwimbaji wa Reggae toka nchini Jamaika. Alianza muziki katika kundi lijulikanalo kama The Soul Defender lililokuwa na makazi yake kitongoji cha St Catherine. Baadaye akaanzisha kundi la Culture akiwa na Telford Nelson na Albert Walker. Mwaka 1977 walitoa wimbo uliovuma sana uitwao Two Sevens Clash ambao ulizungumzia herufi mbili za 7 katika mwaka 1977. Hadi sasa Joseph Hill na wenzake wametoa album 22. Falsafa ya nyimbo za Joseph Hill ni ya kimapinduzi na kiroho inayopinga utumwa na ukosefu wa maadili na ucha mungu. Joseph Hill ni muumini wa imani na utamaduni wa Kirastafari. Katika wimbo wake wa wa PAY DAY anauliza ni lini watu walioumizwa na utumwa watalipwa. Pia amepinga aina zote za ukoloni na kumzumgumzia Chistopher Columbas kama muongo kwa kusema kwamba amegundua visiwa vya Jamaika ambavyo vilikuwapo tayari na watu. Joseph Hill pia anaenzi kitabu Bibilia anachoamini kuwa ni kitakatifu na amekuwa akitumia mistari na manabii toka kwenye Biblia kwenye nyimbo zake, kwa mfano wimbo wake kuhusu nabii Eliya.", "Muziki wa Tanzania\nKatika kipindi hiki, muziki uliokuja juu sana ulikuwa \"Bongo Flava na muziki wa dansi ambao hasa vijana wapya au wa muda kiasi walirudi kwa kasi katika kipindi hiki. Hapa bendi ambazo zilijaribu katika kipindi cha miaka ya 1990 katikakati na mwishoni zilirudi ama zilivuma kupita kiasi. Bendi kama African Revolution iliyokuwa inatumia jina au mtindo wa Chumvi-Chumvi Tutalamba ilirudi na jina la \"Tam-Tam\" chini ya uongozi wake Kocha wa Dunia Mwinjuma Muumini. Vilevile T.O.T Plus Band, The African Stars, akina Bob Rudala, Jungle Survivors Band na nyimbo yao ya Maprosoo, Malaika Band, Extra Bongo, Double M Sound ya Mwinjuma Muumin, Mchinga Sound, Diamond Sound, Akudo Impact, Inafrica Band na bendi nyinginezo nyingi zilitingisha katika zama hizi. Chuchu Sound Band ni miongoni mwa bendi zilizotamba sana mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 2000. Waliimba mtindo wa chakacha au mduara kwa lugha maarufu. Bendi hii ilikuwa tishio katika mtindo huo. Bila kuisahau Kilimanjaro Connection Band.", "Bongo Records\nBongo Records ni studio ya kurekodia muziki kutoka nchini Tanzania. Studio inamilikiwa na mtayarishaji wa muziki wa hip hop na bongo flava P Funk Majani. Studio ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1995 ikiwa na baadhi ya wasanii wachache. ", "Ciara\nCiara alianza kazi yake ya uanamuziki mwaka 2002 alipokutana na produza Jazze Pha, ndipo aliposaini mkataba na lebo yake iliyoitwa LaFace Records.", "Jealous One's Envy\nJealous One's Envy ni jina la kutaja albamu ya pili ya msanii wa muziki wa hip hop, Fat Joe. Albamu ilitoka mnamo mwaka wa 1995. Albamu ilitayarishwa na Diamond D, L.E.S., DJ Premier, Fat Joe, Domingo, na Joe Fatal.", "Bongo Flava\nIstilahi ya \"bongo flava\" ilitajwa kwa mara ya kwanza mnamo 1996 na Radio One 99.6 FM (moja kati ya redio za kwanza kabisa za binafsi nchini Tanzania) DR wa Redio Mike Mhagama ambaye alikuwa akijaribu kutofautisha kati ya muziki wa R & B na hip hop wa Marekani kupitia lipindi chake maarufu cha redio - 'DJ Show' ambapo enzi hizo vijana chipukizi walikuwa hawajaanza kutamba kwa mitindo yao wenyewe. DJ Show kilikuwa kipindi cha kwanza cha redio kukubali wanamuziki vijana wa Kitanzania wenye athira ya muziki wa Marekani - wakijieleza wenyewe kupitia uimbaji wa rap. Alisema hewani, \"Baada ya kusikiliza kibao cha \"R & B Flava\" kilichoitwa 'No Diggity' kutoka Marekani, sasa inakuja \"Bongo Flava\" kutoka kwa Unique Sisters, kutoka hapa nyumbani.\" Baada ya kusema hivyo katika kipindi, istilahi hii ya \"Bongo Flava\" ikanasa hadi leo hii.", "Boyz II Men\nKatika miaka ya 1990, Boyz II Men walipata umaarufu na mafanikio makubwa sana si ndani tu bali hata kimataifa. Hii ilianza kwa kutoa kibao cha \"End of the Road\" mnamo 1992, ambacho kilibamba chati mbalimbali duniani. \"End of the Road\" ilileta rekodi mpya kwa kukaa muda mrefu kwenye chati, kilishika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye \"Billboard\" Hot 100 kwa majuma 13, ilivunja rekodi iliyowekwa miongo kadhaa nyuma na marehemu Elvis Presley. Boyz II Men waliendelea kuvunja rekodi kwa kutoa kibao cha \"I'll Make Love to You\" na \"One Sweet Day\" (wameimba na Mariah Carey), ambacho kilikaa kwa majuma 16 mfululizo, vyote vilivunja rekodi kwa kukaa nafasi ya kwanza. Haikushia hapo, \"I'll Make Love to You\" imevuka mipaka na kushika nafasi za juu kabisa huko nchini Australia (kwa kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwa majuma manne) na kupata mafanikio mazuri kimataifa. Mpaka 2017, \"One Sweet Day\" bado inashikilia rekodi yake ya kukaa majuma 16 kwenye chati za Hot 100, kiasi imejitahidi Despacito.", "Muziki wa Tanzania\nSehemu kubwa ya vijana waliozaliwa miaka ya 1980 na 1990 mwanzoni walianza hamasa ya kutaka kuwa wanamuziki na kujishughulisha na kazi muziki kwa kiasi kikubwa sana. Kipindi hiki ndiko kulikotokea makundi mbalimbali ya muziki wa hip hop ikiwa ni pamoja na Gangwe Mobb, Dewplomatz, S.O.S B., Kwanza Unit, Underground Soulz, Hard Blasterz, na wengine wengi tu. Kipindi hiki ndicho alipoibuka Saleh Jabri anayesemekana kuanzisha muziki wa hip hop kwa Kiswahili nchini Tanzania. Moja ya kazi za Saleh ni ile aliyorudia wimbo wa Vanilla Ice \"Ice Ice Baby\" kwa kutia maneno ya Kiswahili.", "Paramore\nParamore ilianzishwa huko Franklin, Tennessee mwaka wa 2004, na Hayley Williams (Waimbaji mkuu) sambamba na Josh Farro (Mwanagitaa mkuu / anayenga mkono Waimbaji), Jeremy Davis (bass gitaa)]] na [[Zac Farro (mapipa). Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa Paramore, wanabendi wengine hawakupendelea Williams awe mwimbaji, lakini kwasababu walikuwa marafiki alianza kutunga nyimbo nao na kisha kuwa mwanabendi. Bendi kimetoa Albamu tatu kwenye studio, All We Know Is Falling, Riot!, Na Brand New Eyes na vile vile live album mbili, na mmoja EP albums. Mwezi Juni 2009, bendi ilimkaribisha Taylor York (rhythm guitar) kama mwanachama rasmi, ingawa yeye alikuwa tayari alikuwa akicheza na bendi kutoka mwaka wa 2007.\n[[Jamii:Muziki wa rock]]", "Papa Wemba\nTangu mwaka 1977, Viva la Musica imeona kutoka kwa wanamuziki kwa kila miaka miwili au mitatu na kuibuka vipaji vingine vipya. Fafa de Molokai, Debs Debaba, Mfalme Kester Emeneya (1977-1982), Koffi Olomide, kama mwimbaji, (1978-1979), Djuna Djanana (1978-1981), Dindo Yogo (1979-1981), Maray-Maray (1980 -1984), Lidjo Kwempa (1982-2001), Reddy Amissi (1982-2001), Stino Mubi (1983-2001) ni kati ya sasa linajulikana wanamuziki wa Kongo ambao aliwahi wakati mmoja au mwingine katika Viva la Musica. Kuna hadithi ya kinshasa inayosema kuwa mwanafunzi wa chuo basi-aitwaye Antoine Koffi alikuwa mtunzi stadi hadi siku moja mwaka 1977 Papa Wemba kuwahimiza, \"Ooh! l'homme idee \"(Oh! wazo-jamaa!) hivyo tangu siku hiyo alimwita kijana mwimbaji-mtunzi Koffi Olomide - na jina likabaki ...", "Zenji Flava\nKuanzia miaka ya 2000, ndiyo hasa kukaanza kutokea wasanii wengine wa muziki huu kama vile akina Ali Haji, Offside Trick, 2 Berry wametengana lakini mmoja alijiita Berry Black na mwengine Berry White, Wazenji Kijiwe na Shaka Zulu. Wengine waliokuwa kama kundi ni pamoja na Brooklyn, Four Nature, Jumbo Camp, Queen Love, na K Jam. Kipindi hiki cha 2000 ndiyo hasa Zenji Flava imepamba moto kukiwa na wasanii vijana walioboresha na kuifanya kuwa ya kisasa zaidi. Cool Para aliweza kuchanganya taarab na hip hop kuwa kitu kimoja kuipa jina la taarap. Hata kuna wimbo alifanya na East Africa Melody mwaka 2000 uliitwa \"Loo Umezoea\". Awali katika miaka ya 1990, hata ukifanya hip hop vile inavyotakikana, yaani, kutetea wanyonge, kukemea mambo mabaya kuhusu serikali ilikuwa unaishia pabaya. Huenda hili lilipelekea muziki huu uchelewe kukua kwa kasi huko Zenji. ", "Big Pun\nHuyu ni mmoja kati ya waanzilishi wa kundi la muziki wa hop hop la Terror Squad. Alianza kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza katika albamu ya The Beatnuts, kwenye nyimbo ya \"Off the Books\", na katika albamu ya pili ya Fat Joe ya \"Jealous One's Envy\", tena kwenye wimbo wa \"Watch Out\", alioimba kwa mara ya kwanza akiwa kama msanii wa kujitegemea kufanyakazi na studio ya Loud Records.", "Mzungu Kichaa\nMwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 Espen Sørensen alikuwa miongoni mwa wasanii wa mwanzo kabisa kurekodi katika Studio ya Bongo Records huko mjini Dar Es Salaam. Wengineo walikuwepo kina Juma Nature, TID, Mangwair, Ferooz na Professor Jay. Wakati huo ilikuwa pia, ndipo alipopata jina lake la kisanii la Mzungu Kichaa.[1] Kwa bahati mbaya hakuonekana katika orodha ya wasanii chipukizi wa Tanzania kwa kipindi hicho, lakini pia alifanikiwa kufanya viitikio kadha wa kadha katika nyimbo kibao kwa kipindi cha mwaka wa 2001.[2]", "Fat Joe\nFat Joe pia anaendesha studio yake mwenyewe iitwayo Terror Squad Entertainment, ambapo huko ndiyo mmiliki na ndiyo msanii mkubwa katika studio hiyo na pia kuwa kama mwimbaji kiongozi wa kundi lake la muziki la Terror Squad, ambalo limeshehena baadhi ya wasanii wengine rap wa mjini New York.", "Muziki kwenye miaka ya 1990\nKibao cha Houston I Will Always Love You kilitumia majuma 14 kikiwa nafasi ya kwanza katika chati za Billboard Hot 100 kwa kipindi hicho, na kuuza nakala zaidi ya milioni 20 dunia nzima. Ni kibao pekee kilichouza vyema kwa msanii wa kike kwa muda wote. Tena mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, Boyz II Men walivumisha tena muziki wa classic wenye mvuto-wa-soul. Michael Jackson alishiriki new jack swing katika albamu yake ya mwaka 1991 \"Dangerous\", kwa kupiga mauzo zaidi ya milioni 50, na kuwa miongoni mwa albamu zilizouza vyema kwa muongo huu. ", "Beat It\n\"Beat It\" ni wimbo wa rock na R&B wa msanii wa rekodi wa Kimarekani, Michael Jackson. Wimbo huu ulitungwa na Jackson na kutayarishwa na Quincy Jones kwa ajili ya albamu yake ya sita ya \"Thriller\" (1982). Wakati wa utayarishaji wa wimbo huu, Jones aliataka atengeneze rock 'n' roll ya watu weusi kupitia Jackson, lakini, Jackson hakupenda staili hiyo. Wakati wa kurekodi, Eddie Van Halen alijadiliwa aongezee gitaa la solo la rock. Mashairi ya \"Beat It\" yanazungumzia vikwazo na kutiana moyo, na yanataja maisha yake ya utoto jinsi alivyokuwa akinyanyasika na sura yake.", "Kalamashaka\nKikundi hiki kimesaidia vijana wengine wa Dandora kuanza kuimba muziki wa rap. Wanajulikana pia kwa kuanzisha kikundi cha Ukoo Flani Mau Mau ambacho ni mkusanyiko wa takribani wanamuziki wa rap 24 kutoka Nairobi na Mombasa pamoja na Watanzania wachache. Ukoo Flani Mau Mau ilitoa albamu ya Kilio Cha Haki mwaka wa 2004 na kufiuatia na Dandora Burning iliyotolewa mwaka wa 2006. Hawapati kupewa usikizaji mkubwa katika redio au muziki wao kuchezwa kama wanamuziki wa genge na kapuka lakini bado wana mashabiki wengi.", "Bad\nBad ni jina la kutaja albamu ya saba ya mwanamuziki, mtayarishaji wa rekodi, mwimbaji, mfanyabiashara, kabaila, na mhisani wa Kimarekani, Michael Jackson. Albamu ilitolewa mnamo tar. 31 Agosti 1987 na studio ya Epic/CBS Records. Rekodi ya albamu hii ilitolewa karibuni miaka mitano tangu kutoka kwa albamu ya awali. Miaka ishirini baada ya kutolewa, albamu imeuza takriban nakala zaidi ya milioni 30 kwa dunia nzima, na kopi milioni 8 ziliuzwa nchi za nje kwa kupitia Marekani peke yake. \"Bad\" ni albamu ya kwanza, na ndiyo hadi sasa albamu pekee, iliyoweza kuingiza single tano katika Billboard Hot 100 zikiwa nafasi ya 1.", "Fabolous\nJohn David Jackson (amezaliwa tar. 18 Novemba 1977) ni msanii wa rekodi za hip hop kutoka nchini Marekani. Anafahamika zaidi kwa jina la kisanii kama Fabolous. Alikulia mjini Brooklyn huko New York City, alikuwa mmoja kati marapa wa East Coast ambao waliathiriwa na muziki wa Southern hip hop. Moja kati ya kazi zake za awali ambayo ilimletea umaarufu ni pamoja na \"Can't Deny It\" mnamo 2001, kutoka katika albamu yake ya kwanza ya \"Ghetto Fabolous\". Fabolous ametoa albamu tano, ambazo zote kwa ujumla zimeuza nakala zaidi ya milioni tatu huko nchini Marekani.", "Bongo Flava\nBaadhi ya vijana walikuwa wakijipanga au kujiita majina ya kutunga au kundi fulani, baadhi yao walikuwa wakijitegemea au kujiweka katika kikundi fulani katika tukio hilo ilimradi wapate nafasi ya kukamata mic. Moja kati ya waliowahi kutamba katika mashindano ya kushika mic mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ni pamoja na Adili au Nigga One. Msanii maarufu wa kwanza wa mtindo huu aliyewahi kuiga ngoma za Marekani ni Saleh Jabir ambaye alirap kwa Kiswahili kupitia biti ya Vanilla Ice, \"Ice Ice Baby\", yeye ndiye aliyeanza kuweka Kiswahili katika rap. Toleo lake lilikuwa maarufu, ilivunja rekodi na kuweza kupigwa hata katika Redio ya Taifa la Tanzania. Ulikuwa wimbo wa kwanza wa rap ya Kiswahili kupaa anga ya Tanzania.", "Dr. Dre\nDr. Dre alianza shughuli za muiki akiwa kama mmoja kati ya wanamchama wa kundi la muziki la World Class Wreckin' Cru na kisha baadaye akaanzisha kundi lenye athira kubwa ya gangsta rap la N.W.A, ambayo ilivuma sana kwa mashairi yake mazito yenye kutaja maisha ya kiharifu na mtaani kwa ujumla.\nMnamo mwaka wa 1992, alitoa albamu kama msanii wa kujitegemea. Na albamu ilikwenda kwa jina la \"The Chronic\", ilitolewa ikiwa chini ya Death Row Records, na kumpelekea kuwa mmoja katia ya wasanii waliouza rekodi bora za muziki wa Marekani kwa mwaka wa 1993 na kushinda Tuzo ya Grammy kwa ajili ya single ya \"Let Me Ride\".", "Echoing Angels\nHistoria\nBendi,hapo awali, liliundwa na Yos Armour na mpigaji ngoma John Poole chini ya jina \"Two Bare Feet\"katika mwaka wa 1999. [1] Walikuwa wakifanya kazi ya muziki ya kujitegemea kwa miaka kadhaa ndipo wimbo wao mmoja \"You Alone\" ulianza kuchezwa na stesheni za redio za Atlanta. Kikundi ,kisha,walipiga saini mkataba na studio ya Ino Records, shirika dogo la Columbia Records, na kubadili jina yao likawa \"Echoing Angels\" kutokana na masuala ya kisheria. The group then signed to INO Records, a subsidiary of Columbia Records, and changed their name to \"Echoing Angels\" due to copyright issues. [3] Albamu yao ya 2007, \"You Alone\", ilipata kushika nafasi ya # 19 kwenye chati ya \"Billboard 's Top Heatseekers na # 26 katika chati ya \"Top Christian Albums\". [4]", "Make It Rain\n\"Make It Rain\" ni wimbo pekee kutoka katika albamu ya Fat Joe ya Me, Myself & I. Wimbo umeshirikisha Lil Wayne, ambaye humu kaimba kiitikio tu (lakini pia ameshiriki kuimba katika remix yake). Wimbo umetayarishwa na mtayarishaji machachari - Scott Storch. Wimbo umebahatika kushika nafasi ya 13 katika chati za muziki wa hip hop kwa Billboard Hot 100. Wimbo pia umechukuliwa kuwa kama na athari za mtindo wa maisha ya msanii wa zamani wa muziki huo Bw. Pacman Jones.", "50 Cent\nMnamo mwaka 2003 50 Cent alianzisha Studio yake iitwayo G-Unit Records, ambayo iliingiza Marapa maarufu kama vile Young Buck, Lloyd Banks, na Tony Yayo, kitu ambacho kilipelekea kupata uhasama na chuki nzito na baadhi ya wasanii nchini marekani, moja kati ya wasanii hao ni Ja Rule, The Game, na Fat Joe.\nPia 50 Cent alikuwa akiibia masuala ya uigizaji na kuonekana kwenye baadhi ya filamu zenye kuhusu albamu yake na filamu illitwa \"Get Rich or Die Tryin\" na akashiriki pia kwenye filamu ya \"Iraq War\" na filamu ya \"Home of the Brave\" iliyotoka mwaka 2006.", "Deplowmatz\nKatikakati mwa miaka ya 90 Saigon na Stigo wakaungana na Dola Soul ambaye alikuwa amerudi tu kutoka mjini Lagos, Nigeria, ambako huko ndiko alikokulia. Walianza kurekodi nyimbo kadhaa baadaye wakaenda studio kwa P-Funk na Master Jay, hili ilipelekea kutengenezwa albamu ya kina De-Plow-Matz. \nMtindo wao na hoja zilikuwa zinaburudisha, na hivyo basi wapenzi wa mtindo huo wakaanza kuongezeka. Saigon akiwa anaenda zake nchini Uingereza mnamo 1999, na Dola anaamua kuwa msanii wa kujitegemea, kimtindo tu kundi likavunjika bila taarifa kamili ya kufa kwa kundi.\nMnamo mwaka wa 2002, Saigon amerudi Tanzania, anakutana na kina Trip Dog na Dola kwa minajili ya kurudisha kundi hai lakini bila mafanikio.", "Mr. Blue\nMr Blue alianza kujihusisha na masuala ya muziki mwaka 1999, na kilicho sababisha ajiingize katika fani hiyo ni kaka zake waaliojulikana kwa majina ya The Boy Stain na Obrey, ambao nao walikuwa wakijihusisha na suala zima la muziki.", "Brother Zeno\nZeno Andrew Lucas (jina maarufu Brother Zeno mnamo 28 Juni 1946 – 27 Juni 2017) alikuwa mwanamuziki wa muziki wa dansi kutoka nchini Tanzania. Brother Zenno, vilevile alikuwa mchambuzi wa muziki wa charanga. Zeno huhesabiwa kuwa miongoni mwa waanzilishi wa bendi ya Dar es Salaam Jazz Band B (maana zilikuwa A na B), bendi iliyokuwa ikiongozwa na Patrick Balisidya, ambayo ilionesha mafanikio yake kwa kasi na kuanza kuonekana kama tishio kwa Dar es Salaam Jazz Band A, chini ya Michael Enoch, bendi ikavunjwa na wanamuziki wengine wakaingizwa Dar Jazz A, lakini Patrick alienda zake na kuanzisha Afro 70 na kufanya mambo makubwa katika muziki wa dansi nchini Tanzania. ", "Msondo Ngoma\n'Msondo Ngoma Music Band (zamani NUTA Jazz Band, Juwata Jazz Band kisha OTTU Jazz Band) ni bendi kongwe na maarufu ya muziki wa dansi kutoka nchini Tanzania. Bendi ilianzishwa mnamo mwaka wa 1964. Wanamuziki mashuhuri wa OTTU Jazz Band ni Joseph Lusungu, Mnenge Ramadhani Muhiddin Maalim, Hassani Bitchuka, Saidi Mabera na Moshi William.", "Juice (kibwagizo)\nJuice ni jina la kutaja kibwagizo cha igizo la filamu ya uhalifu iliyotoka mwaka wa 1992, \"Juice\". Kilitolewa mnamo tar. 31 Desemba, 1991 kupitia studio za MCA Records na hasa humu kuna ngoma za hip hop tu. Kibwagizo hiki kilipata mafanikio, kwa kushika #17 kwenye chati za Billboard 200 na #3 kwenye chati za Top R&B Albums na kuingiza vibao vikali ninne kwenye chati \"Uptown Anthem\", \"Juice (Know the Ledge)\", \"Don't Be Afraid\" na \"Is It Good to You\". \"Juice\" ilituzwa hadhi ya dhahabu na RIAA mnamo Machi 4, 1992.", "Muziki wa Tanzania\nHuwezi kutaja muziki wa kizazi kipya bila Prof. Jay. Mb Doggy ndiye mwanzilishi wa muziki wa mapenzi mazito, hata kama awali waliimba, lakini si kwa kiwango cha Mb Doggy. Mwaka 2005/2006 ilikuwa ni kipindi chake cha kuunyanyasa muziki wa kizazi kipya. Mb Doggy kutoka Tip Top Connection alionyesha uwezo wake mkubwa sana katika tasnia hii. Miaka hii ya 2005/2006 Ferouz nae alikuja juu sana. Lakini hakwenda mbali, dawa za kulevya zikamwangusha mazima.", "Beres Hammond\nAlianza kushiriki katika mashindano ya vipawa ya kwao kuanzia 1972 hadi 1973, ambayo yalimpelekea kurekodi wimbo wa kwanza kwa Ellis, \"Wanderer\". Mnamo 1975 alijiunga na bendi ya Zap Pow kama mwimbaji wa lead. Bendi hii ilikuwa na hit kutika kwa single yao \"The System\" iliyotayarishwa na lebo ya Aquarius Records . Hata hivyo pia alijishughulisha na muziki wa solo. Mnamo 1975 alitoa albamu yake ya kwanza ya Soul Reggae, in 1976. Ngoma zake za solo za \"One Step Ahead\" (1976) wimbo uliotayarishwa na Joe Gibbs \"I'm in Love\" (1978), zote zilikuwa hit nchini Jamaica. Aliachana na Zap Pow kuanza kazi yake kama mwanamuziki wa solo mnamo 1979. Alirekodi albamu mbili zaidi; Let's Make A Song mnamo 1980 na Red Light 1981. Aliunda kundi la Harmony la Tuesday's Children, ambalililizuru lakini halikurekodi.", "All World: Greatest Hits\nAll World: The Greatest Hits ni albamu ya kwanza ya vibao vikali vya kompilesheni kutoka kwa msanii wa hip hop, LL Cool J, ambayo imetolewa mnamo mwaka wa 1996. Inachukua nafasi kutoka kazi zake za awali za Def Jam, \"Radio\", mpaka albamu yake ya mwaka wa 1995 \"Mr. Smith\". All World imetunukiwa platinum na RIAA.", "Joti\nJoti alipitia vikundi kadhaa vya maigizo kabla ya kujiunga na kundi lake analofanya kazi sasa la Ze komedi. Mwaka 2000 - 2001 Joti alikuwa mwingizaji katika kundi la Nyepenyo, baadaye 2001 - 2003 lijiunga na kundi lingine la Sun rise na 2002 - 2003 alichezea kundi liitwalo Nyota Ensemble. Joti ali-maarufu kama Hami Jay, Da Kiboga, Mzee Simbawanga, Asha Ngedere na Andunje alianza kuhamishia usanii wake kwenye TV baada ya kukutana na rafiki yake kipenzi Mpoki. Joti aliingia mkataba na kituo cha Televisheni cha ITV na kuanza kucheza michezo ya kuchekesha iliyojulika kama Joti na Mpoki. Kikundi cha Joti anachochezea kwa sasa ni ZE COMEDI, kikundi hiki kinaundwa na wasanii watano ambao ni Joti, Masanja maarufu kama mkandamizaji, Mpoki, Maki Regani maarufu kama Shemeji,", "Gorilla Zoe\nYeye aliingia badala ya Young Jeezy kama mwanachama wa Boyz n da Hood. Yeye kwanza aliona kushirikiana na mafanikio katika Yung Joc \"Coffee Shop\" na \"Bottle Poppin\", ambayo chati chini kadhaa chati za umaarufu Marekani. Albamu yake ya kwanza, \"Welcome to the Zoo\", ilitolewa Oktoba 2007, ikawa nambari 18 kwenye chati za \"umaarufu Marekani\" 200, nambari 8 kwa albamu bora zaidi za 'hiphop' na nyimbo za mahaba, na #3 kwa albamu bora nchini.", "Fat Joe\nThicker Than Water (1999) - Lonzo Medina Prison Song (2001) Empire (2002) Scary Movie 3 (2003) Happy Feet (2006) - sauti ya Seymour", "Akon\nAlipata umashuhuri mwaka wa 2004 kufuatia kutolewa kwa wimbo wa \"Locked Up\", uliokuwa wa kwanza kutoka kwa albamu yake ya kwanza iliyoitwa, Trouble. Albamu yake ya pili, Konvicted, ilimwezesha kuteuliwa kushindania tuzo la Grammy kutokana na wimbo wa \"Smack That\". Yeye kufikia sasa ameanzisha kampuni mbili za kurekodi ambazo ni, Konvict Muzik na Kon Live Distribution. Yeye anajulikana kama mojawapo wa waimbaji waliofanikiwa na hodari zaidi wa mtindo wa R & B wa karne ya 21, apataye zaidi ya dola milioni 30 kwa mwaka . Haya ni kulingana na jarida la Forbes." ]

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[ "The Story of the Kelly Gang, the world's first feature film, was shot in Melbourne in 1906. Melbourne filmmakers continued to produce bushranger films until they were banned by Victorian politicians in 1912 for the perceived promotion of crime, thus contributing to the decline of one of the silent film era's most productive industries. A notable film shot and set in Melbourne during Australia's cinematic lull is On the Beach (1959). The 1970s saw the rise of the Australian New Wave and its Ozploitation offshoot, instigated by Melbourne-based productions Stork and Alvin Purple. Picnic at Hanging Rock and Mad Max, both shot in and around Melbourne, achieved worldwide acclaim. 2004 saw the construction of Melbourne's largest film and television studio complex, Docklands Studios Melbourne, which has hosted many domestic productions, as well as international features. Melbourne is also home to the headquarters of Village Roadshow Pictures, Australia's largest film production company. Famous modern day actors from Melbourne include Cate Blanchett, Rachel Griffiths, Guy Pearce, Geoffrey Rush and Eric Bana." ]

[ "New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods, from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.", "Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial \"law and motion\" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of \"loser pays\"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.", "The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.", "Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as \"Rose\", a name which he disliked. He called her \"Joséphine\" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.", "The biographical tradition asserts that Virgil began the hexameter Eclogues (or Bucolics) in 42 BC and it is thought that the collection was published around 39–38 BC, although this is controversial. The Eclogues (from the Greek for \"selections\") are a group of ten poems roughly modeled on the bucolic hexameter poetry (\"pastoral poetry\") of the Hellenistic poet Theocritus. After his victory in the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC, fought against the army led by the assassins of Julius Caesar, Octavian tried to pay off his veterans with land expropriated from towns in northern Italy, supposedly including, according to the tradition, an estate near Mantua belonging to Virgil. The loss of his family farm and the attempt through poetic petitions to regain his property have traditionally been seen as Virgil's motives in the composition of the Eclogues. This is now thought to be an unsupported inference from interpretations of the Eclogues. In Eclogues 1 and 9, Virgil indeed dramatizes the contrasting feelings caused by the brutality of the land expropriations through pastoral idiom, but offers no indisputable evidence of the supposed biographic incident. While some readers have identified the poet himself with various characters and their vicissitudes, whether gratitude by an old rustic to a new god (Ecl. 1), frustrated love by a rustic singer for a distant boy (his master's pet, Ecl. 2), or a master singer's claim to have composed several eclogues (Ecl. 5), modern scholars largely reject such efforts to garner biographical details from works of fiction, preferring to interpret an author's characters and themes as illustrations of contemporary life and thought. The ten Eclogues present traditional pastoral themes with a fresh perspective. Eclogues 1 and 9 address the land confiscations and their effects on the Italian countryside. 2 and 3 are pastoral and erotic, discussing both homosexual love (Ecl. 2) and attraction toward people of any gender (Ecl. 3). Eclogue 4, addressed to Asinius Pollio, the so-called \"Messianic Eclogue\" uses the imagery of the golden age in connection with the birth of a child (who the child was meant to be has been subject to debate). 5 and 8 describe the myth of Daphnis in a song contest, 6, the cosmic and mythological song of Silenus; 7, a heated poetic contest, and 10 the sufferings of the contemporary elegiac poet Cornelius Gallus. Virgil is credited[by whom?] in the Eclogues with establishing Arcadia as a poetic ideal that still resonates in Western literature and visual arts and setting the stage for the development of Latin pastoral by Calpurnius Siculus, Nemesianus, and later writers.", "Ptolemy's Geography divided Asia on a similar basis. In the north is \"Scythia this side of the Himalayas\" and \"Scythia beyond the Himalayas.\" To the south is \"India on this side of the Ganges\" and \"India beyond the Ganges.\" Asia began on the coast of Anatolia (\"land of the rising sun\"). Beyond the Ganges and Himalayas (including the Tien Shan) were Serica and Serae (sections of China) and some other identifiable far eastern locations known to the voyagers and geographers but not to the general European public.", "Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business." ]

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[ "William Goodling was the chairman of the committee." ]

[ "William Goodling was the chairman of the FDA.", "Someone is driving a motorcycle.", "Do you own a personal computer?", "There was never a fire, just an earthquake.", "You missed a pretty cool movie: Wayne's World.", "There is no American food on the island.", "A race car is getting loaded on the truck." ]

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[ "Meredith Bergmann Meredith Bergmann, is a U.S. sculptor, poet, and essayist whose work is said to \"forge enriching links between the past and the concerns of the present.\" She studied at Wesleyan University and graduated from The Cooper Union with a BFA. While at Cooper Union she discovered sculpture and spent several years traveling around Europe and studying in Pietrasanta, Italy. Her memorial to Countee Cullen is in the collection of the New York Public Library. In 2003, she unveiled the Boston Women's Memorial on Commonwealth Avenue Mall in Boston which includes statues of Phillis Wheatley, Abigail Adams, and Lucy Stone. In 2006, Bergmann's statue of the famous contralto Marian Anderson was unveiled on the campus of Converse College in Spartanburg, SC. In 2010, Bergmann created a sculpture of a slave girl named Sally Maria Diggs, or \"Pinky,\" whose freedom was purchased for $900 in 1860. Bergmann also completed a commission commemorating the events of September 11, 2001 for New York City's Cathedral of St. John the Divine entitled \"Memorial to September 11\".", "Countee Cullen Countee Cullen (May 30, 1903 – January 9, 1946), born Countee LeRoy Porter, was a prominent African-American poet, novelist, children's writer, and playwright during the Harlem Renaissance." ]

[ "What Work Is What Work Is is a collection of American poetry by Philip Levine. The collection has many themes that are representative of Levine's writing including physical labor, class identity, family relationships and personal loss. Its primary focus on work and the working class led to it being studied with emphasis on Marxist literary criticism. The focus on work is expressed in thematically different ways throughout the collection. Furthermore, much of the collection was shaped by concerns for blue collar workers as well as nationwide political events. Critical acclaim for Levine has also led his poetry, including this collection, to undergo further analysis by critics and students.", "New York Society Library The New York Society Library (NYSL) is the oldest cultural institution in New York City. It was founded in 1754 by the New York Society as a subscription library. During the time when New York was the capital of the United States, it was the \"de facto\" Library of Congress. Until the establishment of the New York Public Library in 1895, it functioned as the city's library as well. It has been patronized by a wide variety of literary and political figures, from George Washington to Wendy Wasserstein. Its special collections include books from the libraries of John Winthrop and Lorenzo Da Ponte.", "Afro Psalms Afro Psalms is an illustrated book of poetry, a collaborative effort between 20th century illustrator Grant Reynard and the contemporary poet Charles Fort. In 2001 the Museum of Nebraska Art discovered several works by Reynard in its permanent collection. Reynard created many pieces on the theme of African American life in the first half of the twentieth century. Museum administrators decided to build an exhibition around these prints, and they accepted Fort's proposal to write poems creating a context for the images in the artworks. Fort responded with a sonnet redoublé.", "African Americans in New York City African Americans constitute one of the longer-running ethnic presences in New York City. The majority of the African American population largely claims descent from West and Central Africa by way of importation to the American South via the Atlantic slave trade (and a rarer presence of those descended from slaves imported directly to New York City), with smaller portions of the population claiming Afro-Caribbean, Afro-Latin American, and more recent Sub-Saharan African nations.", "Lowery Stokes Sims Lowery Stokes Sims (born 1949) is the retired Curator Emerita at the Museum of Arts and Design, where between 2007 and 2015, she served as the Charles Bronfman International Curator and then the William and Mildred Lasdon Chief Curator. From 2000 to 2007, Sims was executive director then president of The Studio Museum in Harlem and served as Adjunct Curator for the Permanent Collection. Sims was on the education and curatorial staff of The Metropolitan Museum of Art from 1972 to 1999. A specialist in modern and contemporary art she is known for her particular expertise in the work of African, Latino, Native and Asian American artists. She has published extensively and her research on the work of the Afro-Cuban Chinese Surrealist artist Wifredo Lam was published by the University of Texas Press in 2002. In 1997, she organized a survey of the work of Richard Pousette-Dart at The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Sims has lectured nationally and internationally and guest curated numerous exhibitions, most recently at the National Gallery of Jamaica, Kingston, Jamaica (2004), The Cleveland Museum of Art and the New York Historical Society (2006). She is the editor and an essayist for the catalogue of the National Museum of the American Indian’s 2008 retrospective of Fritz Scholder. In 2003 and 2004, Sims served on the jury for the memorial for the World Trade Center and between 2004 and 2006, served as the chair of the \"Cultural Institutions Group\", a coalition of museums, zoos, botanical gardens and performing organizations funded by the City of New York. Sims was a fellow at the Clark Art Institute in spring 2007. In 2005 and 2006, she was Visiting Professor at Queens College and Hunter College in New York City and in fall 2007, Visiting Scholar in the Department of Art at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities.", "Georgette Seabrooke Georgette Seabrooke (aka Georgette Seabrooke Powell; August 2, 1916 – December 27, 2011), was an American muralist, artist, illustrator, art therapist, non-profit chief executive and educator. She is best known for her 1936 mural, \"Recreation in Harlem\" at Harlem Hospital in New York City, which was restored and put on public display in 2012 after being hidden from view for many years.", "Patience Wright Patience Lovell Wright (1725 – March 23, 1786) was the first recognized American-born sculptor. She chiefly created wax figures of people. She loved to write poetry and was also a painter.", "Richmond Barthé James Richmond Barthé, also known as Richmond Barthé (January 28, 1901 – March 5, 1989) was an African-American sculptor associated with the Harlem Renaissance. Barthé is best known for his portrayal of black subjects. The focus of his artistic work was portraying the diversity and spirituality of man. Barthé once said: \"All my life I have been interested in trying to capture the spiritual quality I see and feel in people, and I feel that the human figure as God made it, is the best means of expressing this spirit in man.\"", "Portrait of Phillis Wheatley Portrait of Phillis Wheatley is an engraving by Scipio Moorhead. It is a in a private collection. The painting was used as the frontispiece for poet Phillis Wheatley's poetry collection \"Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral\", first published in 1773. Wheatley was the United States' first professional African-American woman poet and the first African-American woman whose writings were published. She is also the third woman in the United States, regardless of ethnicity, to have her written work published. The painting is also the major, recognized work of Moorhead, the first significant African American painter in the country. It is unknown if an original painting exists, however, copies of the engraving reside in the National Portrait Gallery at the Smithsonian Institution and the Library of Congress.", "Ed Hamilton Edward Norton Hamilton, Jr. (born February 14, 1947) is an American sculptor living in Louisville, Kentucky, who specializes in public art. His most famous work is \"The Spirit of Freedom\", a memorial to black Civil War veterans, that stands in Washington, DC, in the Shaw neighborhood near Howard University. Hamilton has also created monuments dedicated to Booker T. Washington, Joe Louis, York (William Clark's manservant on the Lewis and Clark Expedition), and the slaves who revolted on \"La Amistad\".", "African American Museum of Nassau County The African American Museum also known as the African American Museum of Nassau County, which opened in 1970, is dedicated to showcasing local and national African American artists. The 6,000 sq. ft. facility is operated by the Museum Services Division of the Nassau County Department of Recreation, Parks and Support Services, the museum is located at 110 North Franklin Street in Hempstead, New York and is one of a number of cultural organizations in the region where visitors can learn about the role of African Americans in Long Island's history. The museum, one of the only African American museums in New York City, hosts a number of events including Black History Month and Kwanzaa celebrations and commemorations of the lives of important figures including Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X among others. In an effort to increase visitation, Nassau County decided in 2005 to eliminate admission fees.", "Elizabeth Alexander (poet) Elizabeth Alexander (born May 30, 1962) is an American poet, essayist, playwright. After 15 years at Yale University, where she taught poetry and chaired the African American Studies department, Alexander joined the faculty of Columbia University in 2016.", "Lenox Avenue Lenox Avenue – also named Malcolm X Boulevard; both names are officially recognized – is the primary north–south route through Harlem in the upper portion of the New York City borough of Manhattan. This two-way street runs from Farmers' Gate at Central Park North (110th Street) to 147th Street. Its traffic is figuratively described as \"Harlem's heartbeat\" by Langston Hughes in his poem \"Juke Box Love Song\". The IRT Lenox Avenue Line runs under the entire length of the street, serving the New York City Subway's trains .", "Martin Luther King Jr. Educational Campus The Martin Luther King Jr. Educational Campus is a five-story public school facility at 122 Amsterdam Avenue between West 65th and 66th Streets in the Lincoln Square neighborhood of Manhattan, New York City, near Lincoln Center. The campus is faced on Amsterdam Avenue by a wide elevated plaza which features a self-weathering steel memorial sculpture by William Tarr. The same steel, called Mayari R, was used by architect Frost Associates in the curtain wall of the building, the interior of which has an arrangement of perimeter corridors with floor-to-ceiling windows, leaving many classrooms on the inner side windowless. The school is across West 65th Street from Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts.", "Rundel Memorial Library The Rundel Memorial Building is a historic library building located at Rochester in Monroe County, New York. It is the original downtown site of the Rochester Public Library, and along with the Bausch & Lomb Library Building directly across the street, serves as the Central Library of Rochester and Monroe County. It is a framed in reinforced concrete and faced in smooth Indiana limestone. It consists of three main floors, a mezzanine, two underground levels, a catwalk level above the river, and a penthouse area for equipment. It was constructed in 1932, and represents an integration of Beaux-Arts planning and massing with Art Deco detailing and stylization. The building is sited along the east side of the Genesee River directly above the Johnson and Seymour millrace and Rochester Subway. The building was built in part with monies from the estate of Morton W. Rundel and with a grant from the Public Works Administration.", "Joel Oppenheimer Joel Lester Oppenheimer (Jacob Hammer) (February 18, 1930 – October 11, 1988) was an American poet associated with both the Black Mountain poets and the New York School. He was the first director of the St. Marks Poetry Project (1966–68). Though a poet, Oppenheimer was perhaps better known for his columns in the \"Village Voice\" from 1969 to 1984.", "Charles Alston Charles Henry Alston (November 28, 1907 – April 27, 1977) was an African-American painter, sculptor, illustrator, muralist and teacher who lived and worked in the New York City neighborhood of Harlem. Alston was active in the Harlem Renaissance; Alston was the first African-American supervisor for the Works Progress Administration's Federal Art Project. Alston designed and painted murals at the Harlem Hospital and the Golden State Mutual Life Insurance Building. In 1990 Alston's bust of Martin Luther King, Jr. became the first image of an African American displayed at the White House.", "New York Public Library, 115th Street Branch New York Public Library, Harry Belafonte 115th Street Branch is a historic library building located in Harlem, New York, New York. It was designed by McKim, Mead & White and built in 1907–1908 and opened on November 6, 1908. It is a three-story-high, three-bay-wide building faced in deeply rusticated gray limestone in a Neo Italian Renaissance style. The branch was one of 65 built by the New York Public Library with funds provided by the philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, 11 of them designed by McKim, Mead & White. The building is 50 feet wide and features three evenly spaced arched openings on the first floor.", "Mirror Lake Library The St. Petersburg Public Library (also known as the Mirror Lake Community Library or Carnegie Library) is a Carnegie library built in 1915 in \"Beaux-Arts\" style. It was one of 10 Florida Carnegie libraries to receive grants awarded by the Carnegie Corporation of New York from 1901 to 1917. Steel magnate and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie provided funding for more than 3,000 Carnegie libraries in the United States, Canada, and Europe. The library is significant to the city's history as the first permanent home of the public library system and embodies the transformation of the city in the second decade of the twentieth century from a pioneer village to a city with viable cultural institutions.", "Effie Lee Newsome Effie Lee Newsome (1885–1979), born Mary Effie Lee in Philadelphia, was a Harlem Renaissance writer. She mostly wrote children's poems, and was the first famous African-American poet whose work was mostly in this area. She edited a column in \"The Crisis\" from 1925 until 1929, called \"The Little Page\", where she made drawings and wrote poetry for children and parables about being young and black in the 1920s. Newsome also illustrated for children's magazines and edited children's columns for \"Opportunity\"." ]

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[ "Qin dynasty Qin dynasty The Qin dynasty () was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), the dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of" ]

[ "Gong (surname) derived from the ancient noble surname Yíng (). It is the royal house name of the early Qin, and Qin Dynasty. Ying Zheng is the first emperor of the unified Chinese empire. After Boyi helped Yu the Great bring flood control to the early Chinese, Yu's son and successor Qi of Xia offered Boyi's son, Xuanzhong, the position of Lord of Jiangdi ( - modern Jiangling County in Hubei Province). Boyi's descendants ruled the area as kings of an autonomous \"River Kingdom\" () during the Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty, with its capital city near today's Zhengyang County, Henan", "Emperor of China Emperor of China The Emperor or Huangdi () was the secular imperial title of the Chinese sovereign reigning between the founding of the Qin dynasty that unified China in 221 BC and the abdication of Puyi in 1912 AD following the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, although it was later restored twice in two failed revolutions in 1916 and 1917. The holy title of the Chinese emperor was the \"Son of Heaven\" (), a title much older than the \"Emperor of China\" which predates the Zhou dynasty and recognized as the ruler of \"\"All under", "Jilian Jilian Jilian () was the first recorded ruler of the ancient Chinese state that was later known as Chu. He adopted the clan name Mi () and was the founder of the House of Mi that ruled Chu for over eight centuries. According to legends recorded in the \"Records of the Grand Historian\" by Sima Qian, Jilian descended from the mythical Yellow Emperor and his grandson and successor Zhuanxu. Zhuanxu's great-grandson Wuhui was put in charge of fire by Emperor Ku and given the title Zhurong. Wuhui's son Luzhong (陸終) had six sons, all born by Caesarian section. Jilian was", "Emperor of China Emperor's brothers and uncles served in court by law, and held equal status with other court officials (子). The Emperor was always elevated above all others despite any chronological or generational superiority. Emperor of China The Emperor or Huangdi () was the secular imperial title of the Chinese sovereign reigning between the founding of the Qin dynasty that unified China in 221 BC and the abdication of Puyi in 1912 AD following the Xinhai Revolution and the establishment of the Republic of China, although it was later restored twice in two failed revolutions in 1916 and 1917. The holy title", "Qin dynasty advisers placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin Emperor. Popular revolt broke out and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu general, Xiang Yu, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and Liu Bang, who later founded the Han dynasty. Despite its short reign, the dynasty greatly influenced the future of China, particularly the Han, and its name is thought to be the origin of the European name for China. In", "Jilian the youngest of the six. According to the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, Jilian married Bi Zhui (妣隹), a granddaughter of the Shang Dynasty king Pan Geng. They had two sons: Yingbo and Yuanzhong (遠仲). However, the \"Records of the Grand Historian\" recorded the name of Jilian's son as Fuju (附沮). Jilian Jilian () was the first recorded ruler of the ancient Chinese state that was later known as Chu. He adopted the clan name Mi () and was the founder of the House of Mi that ruled Chu for over eight centuries. According to legends recorded in the \"Records of the", "Lü (surname) which is said to have descended from the legendary Yan Emperor. According to the Tang Dynasty genealogy text \"Yuanhe Xing Zuan\", a branch of the Jiang clan was enfeoffed at the State of Lü by Yu the Great, the legendary founder of the Xia Dynasty. The Jiang clan was a close ally and frequent marriage partner of the Ji clan, which conquered the Shang Dynasty to establish the Zhou Dynasty in 1046/45 BC. Lü Shang, also known as Jiang Ziya, was the first person known in history to have the surname Lü. A member of the Lü lineage of the", "Huangshan Emperor), a legendary Chinese emperor, and the mythological ancestor of the Han Chinese. One legend states that Huangshan was the location from which the Yellow Emperor ascended to Heaven. Another legend states that the Yellow Emperor \"cultivated moral character and refined Pills of Immortality in the mountains, and in so doing gave the mountains his name. The first use of this name \"Huangshan\" often is attributed to Chinese poet Li Bai. Huangshan was fairly inaccessible and little-known in ancient times, but its change of name in 747 AD seems to have brought the area more attention; from then on, the", "Daqin founded by Qin Shihuangdi, ruler of the State of Qin and China's first emperor who unified China's Warring States by 221 BC. The prefix \"da\" (大) or \"great\" signified that the Roman Empire was on par with the might of the Qin Empire and was viewed as a utopian land located to the northwest of the Parthian Empire. The title \"Daqin\" does not seem to have any phonetic derivation from Latin \"Roma\" or Greek \"Romaikē\", although it is possible that the Latin term used for China, \"Serica\" (i.e. \"Land of Silk\", derived from Greek \"Serikon\", Chinese \"si\" , meaning silk),", "Ancient Chinese coinage the government and the people. Emperor Lie Zu (Liu Yan) (917–42): In 917, Liu Yan proclaimed himself Emperor of a dynasty at first called the Great Yue, then the Han, and set up his capital at Canton, which he renamed Xingwangfu. Attributed to the Southern Han/Chu area (900–971): There is a very great variety of such coins; some have crescents on the reverse. The \"Kai\" character sometimes looks like \"yong\" (). Characters and legends often reversed because the incompetent workmen had not mastered the art of engraving in negative to make the moulds. Some specimens have meaningless characters. Wu Wu", "Emperor of China also went through the rituals of formally declaring a new dynasty and taking on the Chinese title of \"Huangdi\", in addition to the titles of their respective people. Thus, Kublai Khan was simultaneously Khagan of the Mongols and Emperor of China. On one count, from the Qin dynasty to the Qing dynasty, there were 557 emperors including the rulers of minor states. Some, such as Li Zicheng, Huang Chao, and Yuan Shu, declared themselves the Emperors, Son of Heaven and founded their own empires as a rival government to challenge the legitimacy of and overthrow the existing Emperor. Among the", "Han dynasty Han dynasty The Han dynasty (; ) was the second imperial dynasty of China (206 BC–220 AD), preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. To this day, China's majority ethnic group refers to themselves as the \"Han Chinese\" and the Chinese script is referred to as \"Han characters\". It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han, and briefly interrupted by the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD) of the former", "Sui dynasty Sui dynasty The Sui dynasty () was a short-lived imperial dynasty of China of pivotal significance. The Sui unified the Northern and Southern dynasties and reinstalled the rule of ethnic Han Chinese in the entirety of China proper, along with sinicization of former nomadic ethnic minorities (the Five Barbarians) within its territory. It was succeeded by the Tang dynasty, which largely inherited its foundation. Founded by Emperor Wen of Sui, the Sui dynasty capital was Chang'an (which was renamed Daxing, 581–605) and later Luoyang (605–618). Emperors Wen and Yang undertook various centralized reforms, most notably the equal-field system, intended to", "Hanzhong explain the city's name, since its location was historically once the middle point of the ancient Han River. The founder of the Han dynasty, Liu Bang, was once enfeoffed as the king of the Hanzhong region after overthrowing the Qin dynasty. During the Chu-Han contention, Liu Bang shortened his title to the King of Han (漢王), and later used it as the name of his imperial dynasty. In this way, Hanzhong was responsible for the naming of the Han dynasty, which was later hailed as the first golden age in Chinese history, as well as the principal ethnic group who", "Qara Khitai a significant minority practiced Buddhism and Nestorianism. Although Chinese and Khitan were the primary languages of administration, the empire also administered in Persian and Uyghur. After the Tang dynasty, non-Han Chinese empires gained prestige by connecting themselves with China, and the Khitan Gurkans used the title of Chinese emperor, and was also called the Khan of Chīn. The Qara Khitai used the \"image of China\" to legitimize their ruler to the Central Asian Muslims. The Chinese emperor, together with the rulers of the Turks, Arabs, India and the Byzantine Romans, were known to Islamic writers as the world's \"five great", "Han Chinese a nationwide standardization of currency, writing scripts, and measurement units, to unify the country economically and culturally. He also ordered large-scale infrastructure projects such as the Great Wall, the Lingqu Canal and the Qin road system to militarily fortify the frontiers. In effect, he established a centralized bureaucratic state to replace the old feudal confederation system of preceding dynasties, making Qin the first imperial dynasty in Chinese history. This dynasty, sometimes phonetically spelt as the \"Ch'in dynasty\", has been proposed in the 17th century by Martin Martini and supported by later scholars such as Paul Pelliot and Berthold Laufer to", "Tyrant Accounting for deaths in war is problematic – war can build empires or defend the populace – it also keeps winning tyrants in power. \"Ch'in Shih-huang is the first emperor of China. He united seven separate kingdoms into a single nation. He built the Great Wall and was buried with the terra-cotta soldiers. The Chinese have mixed feelings about him. They're proud of the nation he created, but he was a maniacal tyrant.\" Gene Luen Yang Oppressive dictators have held states together (Alexander the Great, Josip Broz Tito). A modern tyrant might be objectively defined by proven violation of international", "Empire the era of the Warring States ended in 221 BC with the universal conquest of Qin. The King of Qin, Ying Zheng, became China's First Emperor and began the pattern of successive dynasties. Ying Zheng connected all the existing defense walls of northern China into what is known today Great Wall of China which marked the northern frontier of China. The Qin Dynasty was short lived and in 207 BC was overthrown by the Han Dynasty (207 BC - AD 220) which became one of East Asia's most long-lived dynasties. In the second century AD the Han Empire expanded into", "Han Chinese be the etymological origin of the modern English word \"China\". The reign of the first imperial dynasty was to be short-lived. Due to the First Emperor's autocratic rule and his massive labor projects, which fomented rebellion among the populace, the Qin dynasty fell into chaos soon after his death. Under the corrupt rule of his son and successor Huhai, the Qin dynasty collapsed a mere three years later. The Han dynasty (206 BC–220 CE) then emerged from the ensuing civil wars and succeeded in establishing a much longer-lasting dynasty. It continued many of the institutions created by the Qin dynasty,", "Liao dynasty acquired the prestige needed to secure the position of Khitan Great Khan through a combination of effective diplomacy and a series of successful military campaigns, beginning in 901, against the Han Chinese forces to the south, the Xi and Shiwei to the west, and the Jurchens in the east. The same year that Abaoji became Great Khan, the Chinese warlord Zhu Wen, who in 904 had murdered the last legitimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, declared the Tang over and named himself emperor of China. His dynasty dissolved quickly, ushering in the fifty-three-year period of disunity known as the Five", "Emperor Yi of Chu Emperor Yi of Chu Emperor Yi of Chu (died 206 BC), also known as King Huai II of Chu before receiving his \"de jure\" emperor title, personal name Xiong Xin, was the ruler of the Chu state in the late Qin dynasty. He was a grandson of King Huai of Chu. In 223 BC, during the Warring States period, the Chu state was conquered by the Qin state, which unified the various Chinese feudal states in a series of wars and established the Qin dynasty in 221 BC. In 209 BC, when rebellions broke out throughout China to overthrow the", "Jī Jī Jī () was the ancestral name of the Zhou dynasty which ruled China between the 11th and 3rd centuries BC. Thirty-nine members of the family ruled China during this period while many others ruled as local lords, lords who eventually gained great autonomy during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. Ji is a relatively uncommon surname in modern China, largely because its bearers often adopted the names of their states as new surnames. The character is composed of the radicals (Old Chinese: \"nra\", \"woman\") and (OC: \"ɢ(r)ə\", \"chin\"). It is most likely a phono-semantic compound, with \"nra\"", "Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors along with the numerous important women in the early pedigree, indicates that early Qin was matriarchal. The surname Ying (\"Abundance\") was said to have been bestowed by Shun upon Dafei (the husbandman Yi). If it was ever held by any of his descendants, it had fallen out of use by the time of Feizi, who was granted the name anew by King Xiao of the Zhou. Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors This is a family tree of Chinese kings before the establishment of the title emperor () by Shi Huangdi. \"Chinese emperors family tree (ancient)\" → Chinese emperors family", "Yíng Yíng Ying () is a Chinese surname. It is the royal house name of the early Qin, and Qin Dynasty. Ying Zheng is the first emperor of the unified Chinese empire. The Zhao family is one such kind of clan belonging to the Ying tribe. There are 14 clan names in China derived from the same ancestral name Ying, they are the famous members of the Ying group which are from the Zhao family. Shaohao had a Child the Gaoyao, or Gaoyao (皋陶). Gaoyao had a child, Boyi (伯益). Boyi (伯益) was in charge of flood control and got the", "Chinas Chinas The Chinas or Chīnaḥ (Sanskrit चीन (\"cīna\") ) are a people mentioned in ancient Indian literature from the first millennium BC, such as the \"Mahabharata\", \"Laws of Manu\", as well the Puranic literature. The Sanskrit name \"Cina\" is commonly believed to have been derived from the Qin (\"Tsin\" or \"Chin\" in older transliterations) dynasty which ruled in China from 221 BC, or the preceding state of Qin which existed since the 9th century BC. The Greco-Romans referred to China as Sina, or Sinae. There are however a number of other suggestions for the origin of the word. Some Chinese", "Chinese imperialism Chinese imperialism In ancient Chinese political theory, relations between foreign states were governed by the tributary system. Since the Emperor of China held the Mandate of Heaven, his rule was universal and extended to All under heaven. Sometimes neighboring states were actual protectorates or vassal states over which China exerted large amounts of influence, while in other cases foreign states merely acknowledged China's nominal suzerainty in order to gain access to Chinese trade, which took place through the tributary system. The king of the ancient state of Qin first unified the Chinese empire in 221 BC by conquering all of", "Shunzhi Emperor the era name \"Kangxi\" (hence he was known as the Kangxi Emperor). Because fewer documents have survived from the Shunzhi era than from later eras of the Qing dynasty, the Shunzhi era is a relatively little-known period of Qing history. \"Shunzhi\" was the name of this ruler's reign period in Chinese. This title had equivalents in Manchu and Mongolian because the Qing imperial family was Manchu and ruled over many Mongol tribes that helped the Qing to conquer China. The emperor's personal name was Fulin, and the posthumous name by which he was worshipped at the Imperial Ancestral Temple was", "Shěn (state) was suspected of being involved in an assassination plot against the Qin emperor. He therefore had no option but to escape to the Southern territories of China, which a friend from his youth, Zhào Tuō, had control over. Zhao Tuo later founded the Nanyue kingdom. Shěn Ruì then married a local female Baiyue chieftain. To avoid being detected and to make a new start for his new family clan, Shěn Ruì changed his surname to Xiǎn/Sin (冼), a mixture of the characters \"沈\", Shěn's surname, and \"先\", meaning first. Seeing that Shěn Ruì has the intention to stay in Nanyue,", "Han Chinese cultural and philosophical diversification (known as the Hundred Schools of Thought) and Confucianism, Taoism and Legalism are among the most important surviving philosophies from this era. The chaotic Warring States period of the Eastern Zhou dynasty came to an end with the unification of China by the western state of Qin after its conquest of all other rival states under King Ying Zheng. King Zheng then gave himself a new title \"First Emperor of Qin\" (), setting the precedent for the next two millennia. To consolidate administrative control over the newly conquered parts of the country, the First Emperor decreed", "Chinese imperialism religion. Chinese imperialism In ancient Chinese political theory, relations between foreign states were governed by the tributary system. Since the Emperor of China held the Mandate of Heaven, his rule was universal and extended to All under heaven. Sometimes neighboring states were actual protectorates or vassal states over which China exerted large amounts of influence, while in other cases foreign states merely acknowledged China's nominal suzerainty in order to gain access to Chinese trade, which took place through the tributary system. The king of the ancient state of Qin first unified the Chinese empire in 221 BC by conquering all", "Yellow Emperor were given 12 different surnames, and that these surnames had diversified into all Chinese surnames. After Emperor Zhenzong (r. 997–1022) of the Song dynasty dreamed of a figure he was told was the Yellow Emperor, the Song imperial family started to claim Huangdi as its first ancestor. A number of overseas Chinese clans that keep a genealogy also trace their family ultimately to Huangdi, explaining their different surnames as name changes claimed to have derived from the fourteen surnames of Huangdi's descendants. Many Chinese clans, both overseas and in China, claim Huangdi as their ancestor to reinforce their sense of", "Henan state should be run. Laozi, the founder of Taoism, was born in northern Chu, part of modern-day Henan. Later on, these states were replaced by seven large and powerful states during the Warring States period, and Henan was divided into three states, the Wei to the north, the Chu to the south, and the Han in the middle. In 221 BC, state of Qin forces from Shaanxi conquered all of the other six states, ending 800 years of warfare. Ying Zheng, the leader of Qin, crowned himself (220 BCE) as the First Emperor. He abolished the feudal system and centralized", "Chinese emperors family tree (middle) was named for the family title: the Yang (楊) family were the Dukes of Sui. Those who became emperor are listed in bold, with their years of reign large. The names given for emperors are posthumous names, the form by which Sui emperors were most commonly known. The following is a simplified family tree for the Tang dynasty (唐朝), which ruled China between AD 618 and 907. The Tang dynasty was interrupted by the reign of Empress Wu Zetian (AD 690–705), who after deposing her sons, declared herself the founder of a second Zhou (周) dynasty; the Tang dynasty was", "Ning (surname) Emperor, born more than 4700 years ago), who was a great tribal chief at the time towards the end of primitive society in China, was honoured as the ancestor who had initiated Chinese civilization. He was also considered as the earliest ancestor of Ning's family. It is said that one of the descendants of Huangdi, Zhou Wen Wang (the first emperor of Zhou Dynasty) founded the Zhou Dynasty (771-221 BC) in central China, and allotted the present territory of Hebei Province and Henan Province upon his son, Kang Su, where Kangsu established the State of Wei, a state of Dukedom", "Chinese emperors family tree (middle) the dynasty was declared by Aguda in 1115; in 1125 his successor Wuqimai conquered the Liao dynasty. The Jin ruled much of northern China until their conquest by the Mongol Empire 1234. They were the ancestors of the Qing dynasty, which was initially named the Later Jin in recognition of this heritage. The names given are temple names, the form by which Jin emperors are most commonly known (with the exceptions of the Prince of Hailing, Prince Shao of Wei and Emperor Mo; these are posthumous names, as temple names were not awarded). The following is a family tree of", "Hongwu Emperor Hongwu Emperor The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (), was the founding emperor of China's Ming dynasty. In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368; later in the same year his army occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Trusting only in", "Emperor Shun the river for days. Their tears turned into blood and stained the reeds by the river. From that day on, the bamboo of that region became red-spotted, which explains the origin of spotted bamboo. Then overcome by grief, both women threw themselves into the river and drowned. Shun considered his son, Shangjun (商均), as unworthy and picked Yu, the tamer of floods, as his heir. Shun was asserted as the progenitor of the Hồ dynasty by Hồ Quý Ly. China's province of Zhejiang around the 940s was the origin of the Chinese Hồ/Hú family. The Bamboo Annals and Han Fei", "Emperor Yi of Chu support from the people against Xiang Yu. In 202 BC, the Chu–Han Contention concluded with victory for Liu Bang, who became the sovereign ruler of China and established the Han dynasty. Liu Bang ordered his generals Zhou Bo, Wang Ling and Fan Kuai, who had been enfeoffed as marquises, to conduct memorial services for Emperor Yi in their respective marquisates. Yi sometimes appears as a door god in Chinese and Taoist temples, usually paired with the last Qin ruler Ziying. Emperor Yi of Chu Emperor Yi of Chu (died 206 BC), also known as King Huai II of Chu before", "Zhuang (surname) States period, the general Zhuang Qiao (庄跤) of Chu attacked Shu but was blocked from returning home by Qin troops. He proclaimed himself king of Dian. A third group were the subjects of this realm. All three groups found themselves bound to change their names to Yan () upon the ascension of the Han Ming Emperor, whose personal name was Zhuang, owing to the naming taboo.Most did change back to Zhuang after Han dynasty but many still remain as Yan until today. By the period of the Sixteen States, however, the Zhuangs had spread from Lianghu to other regions such", "China \"Cīna\" (). \"Cīna\" was first used in early Hindu scripture, including the \"Mahābhārata\" (5th century ) and the \"Laws of Manu\" (2nd century ). In 1655, Martino Martini suggested that the word China is derived ultimately from the name of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC), a proposal supported by many later scholars, although there are also a number of alternative suggestions. The official name of the modern state is the \"People's Republic of China\" (). The shorter form is \"China\" ' from ' (\"central\") and \"\" (\"state\"), a term which developed under the Western Zhou dynasty in reference to its", "Cai (surname) the State of Chu conquered Cai in 447 BC and was itself conquered by the Qin state which, in turn, formed the Qin Empire, China's first empire. With the spread of family names to all social classes in the new empire, many people of the former state of Cai began to bear it as a surname. The Cai descendants have undertaken two major migrations. During the Huang Chao Rebellion (AD 875) at the end of the Tang Dynasty (AD 618-907), the Cai clan migrated to Guangdong and Fujian provinces. Another later migration occurred when Ming Dynasty loyalist Koxinga moved military", "Yellow Emperor that the state of Qin started worshipping the Yellow Emperor in the fifth century BCE, along with Yandi, the Fiery Emperor. The altars were established at Yong 雍 (near modern Fengxiang County in Shaanxi province), which was the capital of Qin from 677 to 383 BC. By the time of King Zheng, who became king of Qin in 247 and First Emperor of a unified China in 221 BCE, Huangdi had become by far the most important of the four \"thearchs\" (\"di\" 帝) who were then worshiped at Yong. The figure of Huangdi had appeared sporadically in Warring States texts.", "Chen Youliang Chen proclaimed himself \"King of Han\" in Jiangzhou (江州; present-day Jiujiang, Jiangxi), and emperor the next year after Xu Shouhui died. His era name, as well as his empire's name, was \"Dahan\" (大漢; literally \"Great Han\"). For 1359 to 1363 Chen's fleet was the strongest on the upper Yangtze River. His power was at least as great as that of another rebel state, Wu, led by Zhu Yuanzhang, founder of the Ming Dynasty. In 1360 the Dahan fleet and army began a long war against Wu forces - based at that time in Jiqing (present-day Nanjing) and was later renamed", "Zhao (surname) BC, Jin split into three smaller states, one of which was the state of Zhao. The Zhao clan rulers of State of Qin and State of Zhao were highly successful, and State of Zhao were one of the last major states conquered by the State of Qin during its unification of China. As with all ancient Chinese surnames, the Zhao family was constantly added to by marriages, its bestowal upon commoners for meritorious deeds, and its adoption by non-Chinese peoples assimilated into Han Chinese culture. The Zhao name experienced a great revival after Zhao Kuangyin became the first emperor of", "Chinese emperors family tree (middle) Zhigao), at one point an adopted son of Yang Xingmi and later the adopted son of the paramount general Xu Wen, usurped power and established the Southern Tang kingdom, which remained an independent state until conquered by the Song dynasty in 975. The following is a simplified family tree for the Song dynasty, which ruled China between 960 and 1279. The names given are temple names, the form by which Song Emperors are most commonly known (with the exception of the last emperor, Bing, who is simply known by his given name). The Song dynasty is often divided into the", "Sima Zhao military credit helped to set up the plot of overthrowing Wei by his son, Sima Yan, who usurped the Wei throne and proclaimed the Jin Dynasty. After the establishment of Jin, Sima Yan posthumously honored his father as Emperor Wen of Jin (晉文帝), with the temple name of Taizu (太祖). A Chinese idiom involving and inspired by Sima Zhao states that \"Everyone on the street knows what's in Sima Zhao's mind\" (司馬昭之心, 路人皆知), meaning that a person's supposed hidden intention (in this case, usurping the throne) is so well known that it is not really hidden. It came from a", "Hongwu Emperor one of the most significant emperors of China. As historian Ebrey puts it, \"Seldom has the course of Chinese history been influenced by a single personality as much as it was by the founder of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang.\" His rise to power was fast despite his having a poor and humble origin. In 11 years, he went from being a penniless monk to the most powerful warlord in China. Five years later, he became emperor of China. Simon Leys described him this way: 'an adventurer from peasant stock, poorly educated, a man of action, a bold and shrewd", "Hanpu federation. Wugunai's grandson Aguda (1068–1123) defeated the Jurchens' Khitan overlords of the Liao dynasty and founded the Jin dynasty in 1115. By 1127, the Jin had conquered all of north China from the Song dynasty. In 1136 or 1137, soon after Emperor Xizong of Jin (r. 1135–1150) had been crowned, Hanpu was given the posthumous name \"Jingyuan Emperor\" () and the temple name \"Shizu\" (), or \"first ancestor.\" In 1144 or 1145, Hanpu's burial site was named \"Guangling\" (). In December 1145 or January 1146, his posthumous title was augmented to that of \"Yihui Jingyuan Emperor\" (). Hanpu's wife posthumously", "Puyi as to whom Puyi would marry. The selection process alone took an entire year. ¹ Aisin-Gioro is the clan's name in Manchu, pronounced Àixīn Juéluó in Mandarin; Pǔyí is the Chinese given name as pronounced in Mandarin. Puyi Puyi or Pu Yi (; ; 7 February 1906 – 17 October 1967), of the Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, was the last Emperor of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty. When he was a child, he reigned as the Xuantong Emperor (; ; Manchu: \"gehungge yoso hūwangdi\") in China and Khevt Yos Khaan in Mongolia from 1908", "Emperor of China the Ming and Qing Dynasties, emperors simply chose one era name for their entire reign, and people often referred to past emperors with that title. In earlier dynasties, the emperors were known with a temple name (廟號/庙号) given after their death. Most emperors were also given a posthumous name (謚號/谥号, Shìhào), which was sometimes combined with the temple name (e.g. Emperor Shèngzǔrén 聖祖仁皇帝/圣祖仁皇帝 for the Kangxi Emperor). The passing of an emperor was referred to as \"Jiàbēng\" (駕崩/驾崩, lit. \"collapse of the [imperial] chariot\") and an emperor that had just died was referred to as \"Dàxíng Huángdì\" (大行皇帝), literally \"the", "Shēn (surname) the Jiangsu and Zhejiang region around the mouth of the Yangtze River. As is common with Chinese surnames, the modern Shen family arose from various unrelated sources. One origin of the Shen was the state of Shen (申) established by the Si () family during the Xia dynasty. During the early Zhou dynasty, the state of Jiang conquered this Shen and its people migrated south to Shenlu in Chu, adopting Shen as their clan name. Another origin of the Shen was with a second state of Shen (also 申). This Shen was originally ruled by the Ying dynasty, who claimed", "Yellow Emperor the early twentieth century. The fact that Huangdi meant \"yellow\" emperor also served to buttress the theory that he was the originator of the \"yellow race\". Many historians interpret this sudden popularity of the Yellow Emperor as a reaction to the theories of French scholar Albert Terrien de Lacouperie (1845–94), who in a book called \"The Western Origin of the Early Chinese Civilization, from 2300 B.C. to 200 A.D.\" (1892) had claimed that Chinese civilization was founded around 2300 BCE by Babylonian immigrants. Lacouperie's \"Sino-Babylonianism\" posited that Huangdi was a Mesopotamian tribal leader who had led a massive migration of", "Son of Heaven Goguryeo had concepts of Son of Heaven (天帝之子) and independent \"tianxia\". The rulers of Goryeo used the titles of emperor and Son of Heaven and positioned Goryeo at the center of the \"Haedong\" \"East of the Sea\" \"tianxia\", which encompassed the historical domain of the \"\"Samhan\"\", another name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Son of Heaven Son of Heaven, or Tian Zi (), is the sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor. It originated with the ancient Zhou Dynasty and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. The secular imperial title of the", "Cathay Cathay Cathay () is an alternative historical name for China in English. During the early modern period Europeans thought of \"Cathay\" as a completely separate and distinct culture from China. As knowledge of East Asia increased, Cathay came to be seen as the same nation as China and the term '\"Cathay\" became a poetic name for the nation. The name \"Cathay\" originates from the word Khitan (), the name of a nomadic people who founded the Liao Empire which ruled much of today's Northern China from 907 to 1125, and who later migrated west after they were overthrown by the", "Guo name Guo was noted as far back as the Xia Dynasty. There are eight legendary origins for the Guo surname. Among them, three are foreign. They are Persian (Hui), Korean, and Mongolian, as a result of sinicization. These are only minority. The majority of people bearing this surname are descended from Han Chinese. The Guo family is descendant of Yellow Emperor(黄帝) who ruled China around 2697–2597 or 2698–2598 BC. Yellow Emperor had 25 sons. 14 of them were feoffed by Yellow Emperor with 12 names. The first son of Yellow Emperor is Shaohao, his surname was Jī(姬) . Shaohao begot", "Qin (state) Qin (state) Qin (; Old Chinese: *\"\") was an ancient Chinese state during the Zhou dynasty. Traditionally dated to 897 B.C., it took its origin in a reconquest of western lands previously lost to the Rong; its position at the western edge of Chinese civilization permitted expansion and development that was unavailable to its rivals in the North China Plain. Following extensive \"Legalist\" reform in the 3rd century BC, Qin emerged as one of the dominant powers of the Seven Warring States and unified China in 221 BC under Shi Huangdi. The empire it established was short-lived but greatly influential", "Names of China to a confederation of tribes—living along the Yellow River—who were the ancestors of what later became the Han ethnic group in China. During the Warring States (475–221 BCE), the self-awareness of the Huaxia identity developed and took hold in ancient China. \"Tianxia\" (; ) literally means \"under heaven\"; and \"Tianchao\" () means \"Heavenly Dynasty\". These terms were usually used in the context of civil wars or periods of division, in which whoever ends up reunifying China is said to have ruled \"Tianxia\", or everything under heaven. This fits with the traditional Chinese theory of rulership in which the emperor was", "Emperor of China who gave the title as a posthumous name to his own father. Liu Bang, who established the Han dynasty, was the first to become emperor while his father yet lived. It was said he granted the title during his father's life because he would not be bowed to by his own father, a commoner. Owing to political fragmentation, over the centuries, it has not been uncommon to have numerous claimants to the title of \"Emperor of All China\". The Chinese political concept of the Mandate of Heaven essentially legitimized those claimants who emerged victorious. The proper list was considered those", "Wu Zetian the throne, Emperor Ruizong offered to take the name of Wu as well. On 18 August, 690, she approved of the requests. She changed the name of the state to Zhou, claiming ancestry from the Zhou dynasty, and took the throne as Empress Regnant (with the title of Empress Regnant Shengshen (聖神皇帝), literally \"Divine and Sacred Emperor or Empress Regnant\"). Emperor Ruizong was deposed and made crown prince with the atypical title of \"Huangsi\" (皇嗣). This thus interrupted Tang dynasty, and she became the first (and only) woman to reign over China as Empress Regnant. Beside her own literary work,", "Chinese emperors family tree (middle) the military governor (Jiedushi) of Dingnan Circuit, the region that eventually evolved into the independent state of Western Xia, that existed between 1038 and 1227, followed by the family tree of the Western Xia emperors. The Tuoba clan of the Xianbei of Tuyuhun founded the Western Xia. After the Tibetans destroyed the Tuyuhun in 670, its famous prince, Tuoba Chici, who controlled the Dangxiang Qiang submitted to the Tang, which \"bestowed\" upon him the royal name of Li (李). Towards the end of the Tang, the Tuoba brought troops to suppress the Huang Chao Rebellion (874–884) on behalf of the", "Emperor Gaozu of Han control by then. In 202 BCE, Liu Bang was enthroned as the emperor with support from his subjects even though he expressed reluctance to take the throne. He named his dynasty \"Han\", and was historically known as \"Emperor Gaozu\" (or \"Emperor Gao\"). He established the capital in Luoyang (later moved to Chang'an) and instated his official spouse Lü Zhi as the empress and their son Liu Ying as the crown prince. The following year, Emperor Gaozu wanted to reward his subjects who had contributed to the founding of the Han Empire, but the process dragged on for a year because", "Shu Han Shu Han Shu or Shu Han (; 221–263) was one of the three major states that competed for supremacy over China in the Three Kingdoms period (220–280). The state was based in the area around present-day Sichuan and Chongqing, which was historically known as \"Shu\" after an earlier state in Sichuan named Shu. Shu Han's founder Liu Bei had named his state \"Han\" as he considered it the legitimate successor to the Han dynasty, while \"Shu\" is added to the name as a geographical prefix to differentiate it from the many \"Han\" states throughout Chinese history. Towards the end of", "Li (surname 李) word for tiger, which was a totem for the Ba. In 304 AD, the Ba leader Li Xiong (Emperor Wu) established Cheng Han, the first Li-surnamed dynasty in history. Li was the imperial surname of the Tang dynasty, founded by Li Yuan in 618 AD. One of the most prosperous and influential dynasties in Chinese history, Tang was ruled by 20 emperors surnamed Li. The Tang dynasty imperial family belonged to the northwest military aristocracy prevalent during the Sui dynasty and claimed to be paternally descended from Laozi, the Qin general Li Xin, the Han dynasty general Li Guang, and", "Han Chinese time is thought to have given rise to the name \"Huaxia\" (, \"the magnificent Xia\"), a term that was used ubiquitously throughout history to define the Chinese nation. Conclusive archaeological evidence predating the 16th century BCE is, however, rarely available. Recent efforts of the Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project drew the connection between the Erlitou culture and the Xia dynasty, but scholars could not reach a consensus regarding the reliability of such history. The Xia dynasty was overthrown after the Battle of Mingtiao, around 1600 BCE, by Cheng Tang, who established the Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE). The earliest archaeological examples of", "Shēn (surname) descent from a son of the Ku Emperor named Shishen. When this Shen was destroyed by King Zhao of Zhou, its rulers and vassals also adopted Shen as their clan name. A third state of Shen (also 申) was ruled by a cadet branch of the Zhou royal family, the Jiang (姜), and arose from territory granted to King Xuan's maternal uncle from the lands of the former state of Xie. This land's rulers and people also ended in adopting the region as their clan name following its destruction. Shēn (surname) Shēn is the pinyin romanization of the Chinese surname", "Daqin was \"An Dun\" (安敦). Daqin Daqin (; alternative transliterations include Tachin, Tai-Ch'in) is the ancient Chinese name for the Roman Empire or, depending on context, the Near East, especially Syria. It literally means the \"great China\", Qin () being the name of the founding dynasty of the Chinese Empire. Historian John Foster defined it as \"the Roman Empire, or rather that part of it which alone was known to the Chinese, Syria\". In various texts its capitals were given as Antioch and Constantinople, with no clear descriptions of the city of Rome. Its basic facets such as laws, customs, dress,", "Chinese emperors family tree (early) Qin\", \"Qin Er Shi\" (秦二世), in full \"Qin Er Shi Huangdi\" (秦二世皇帝) means \"the second Emperor of Qin\", and so forth. Emperor Xian, the last emperor of the Han dynasty, was a descendant of the first emperor Liu Bang. Lasting for over 400 years (the first to last for more than a century), the Han Dynasty is regarded as one of the golden ages of Chinese history. The Han Dynasty was interrupted by the reign of the usurper Wang Mang, who declared the Xin dynasty (9–23 AD); on this basis, the Han Dynasty is generally divided into the Western Han", "Qin dynasty common method. Comets, eclipses, and droughts were considered omens of things to come. The name 'Qin' (pronounced as 'Chin') is believed to be the etymological ancestor of the modern-day European name of the country, China. The word probably made its way into the Indo-Aryan languages first as 'Cina' or 'Sina' and then into Greek and Latin as 'Sinai' or 'Thinai'. It was then transliterated into English and French as 'China' and 'Chine'. This etymology is dismissed by some scholars, who suggest that 'Sina' in Sanskrit evolved much earlier before the Qin dynasty. 'Jin' (pronounced as 'Zhin'), a state controlled by", "Liu Yao making her the only person in Chinese history to serve as empress for two emperors and two empires. He created her son Liu Xi crown prince. He also changed the name of the state from Han to Zhao. (Liu Yuan had declared the empire's name Han to create a linkage with Han Dynasty—to which he claimed he was a descendant, through a princess, but Liu Yao felt that it was time to end the linkage with Han and explicitly restore the linkage to the great Xiongnu \"chanyu\" Maodun, and therefore decided to change the name of the state. However, this", "Yuan Shu after repeated defeats by the combined armies of Cao Cao and Yuan Shao. He declared himself emperor under the short-lived Zhong (仲) dynasty in 197, citing superstition as his justification, including the Chinese characters for his given name \"Shu\" and courtesy name \"Gonglu\", and his possession of the Imperial Seal. This audacious action made him a target of the other warlords. His extravagant lifestyle and arrogance caused many of his followers to desert him. Most devastating of the departures and defections – both to Yuan Shu personally and to the strength of his forces – was that by Sun Ce,", "Daqin honoring him with the title of Prince of Fulin (Chinese: 拂菻王; \"Fú lǐn wáng\"). His biography in the \"History of Yuan\" lists his children by their Chinese names, which are similar to the Christian names Elias (\"Ye-li-ah\"), Luke (\"Lu-ko\"), and Antony (\"An-tun\"), with a daughter named \"A-na-si-sz\". The History of Ming explains how the founder of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), the Hongwu Emperor, sent a merchant of \"Fulin\" named \"Nieh-ku-lun\" (捏古倫) back to his home country with a letter announcing the founding of a new dynasty. It is speculated that this \"merchant\" was actually a former bishop of Khanbaliq named", "Chinese name ( , , \"shìhào\") were honorary names selected after a person's death, used extensively for royalty. The common \"names\" of most Chinese emperors before the Tang dynasty—with the pointed exception of Shi Huangdi—are their posthumous ones. In addition to emperors, successful courtiers and politicians such as Sun Yat-sen also occasionally received posthumous titles. The temple name ( , , \"miàohào\") of the emperor inscribed on the spiritual tablets of the imperial ancestral temple often differed from his posthumous name. The structure eventually became highly restricted, consisting of a single adjective and either \"zǔ\" () or \"zōng\" (). These common \"names\"", "Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty From the beginning of the Qing dynasty, Manchu emperors positioned themselves not only as the emperors of China, but also as Great Khans in the mold of Genghis and Kublai. Originally the khan of the later Jin dynasty, Hong Taiji renamed his empire the Great Qing and declared himself its emperor in 1636 after receiving the surrender of the Chahar Mongols. The Qing sponsorship of Tibetan Buddhism was inherited from the Mongol tradition. The secondary capital and its hunting grounds, both outside the Great Wall, thus bolstered the Qing emperors' rhetoric of having brought the inner (Chinese) and outer (Mongol,", "Liao dynasty Khitan: The \"Liaoshi\" (LS, vol. 32) names the ancient eight tribes of the Khitan (who are also mentioned in the Weishu): For most of the century between 630 and 730, the Khitans were under the influence of the Tang dynasty. The arrangement was largely the doing of the Khitan Dahe clan. The Tang emperor bestowed the Chinese surname Li on the Dahe and appointed their leader to a governorship that Twitchett and Tietze described as \"an office specifically created for the indirect management of the Khitan tribes\". Towards the turn of the century, however, Tang control of the north began", "Names of China the 17th century by Martin Martini and supported by later scholars such as Paul Pelliot and Berthold Laufer, is that the word \"China\" and its related terms are ultimately derived from the polity known as Qin that unified China to form the Qin Dynasty (, Old Chinese: \"*dzin\") in the 3rd century BC, but existed as a state on the furthest west of China since the 9th century BC. This is still the most commonly held theory, although many other suggestions have also been mooted. The existence of the word \"Cīna\" in ancient Hindu texts was noted by the Sanskrit", "Chinese nobility officials ruling them selected on merit. After the demise of Qin Er Shi, the last Qin ruler to use the title \"Huangdi\" (his successor Ziying used the title King of Qin rather than Emperor), Xiang Yu styled himself Hegemon King of Western Chu (Xichu Bàwáng 西楚霸王) rather than Emperor. Xiang Yu gave King Huai II of Chu the title of \"Emperor of Chu\" (楚義帝) or \"The Righteous Emperor of Southern Chu\" (南楚義帝) and awarded the rest of his allies, including Liu Bang, titles and a place to administer. Xiang Yu gave Liu Bang the Principality of Han, and he would", "Sino-Tibetan relations during the Ming dynasty the Golden Horde. It describes the Yuan dynasty as \"A Mongol dynasty of China that ruled from 1271 to 1368, and a division of the great empire conquered by the Mongols. Founded by Kublai Khan, who adopted the Chinese dynastic name of Yüan in 1271.\" The \"Encyclopedia Americana\" describes the Yuan dynasty as \"the line of Mongol rulers in China\" and adds that the Mongols \"proclaimed a Chinese-style Yüan dynasty at Khanbaliq (Beijing).\" The Metropolitan Museum of Art writes that the Mongol rulers of the Yuan dynasty \"adopted Chinese political and cultural models; ruling from their capitals in Dadu, they", "Emperor of China New Qing History school) argue that the interaction between politics and ethnicity was far more complex. Nevertheless, in both cases these rulers claimed the Mandate of Heaven to assume the role of traditional Confucian emperors in order to rule over China proper. During the Zhou dynasty, Chinese feudal rulers with power over their particular fiefdoms were called \"gong\" () but, as the power of the Shang and Zhou kings (, \"wang\") waned, the dukes began to usurp that title for themselves. In 221 BC, after the then-king of Qin completed the conquest of the various kingdoms of the Warring States", "Koxinga some time. The Longwu Emperor granted Zheng Zhilong's son, Zheng Sen, a new given name, \"Chenggong\" (), and the title of \"Koxinga\" (\"Lord of the Imperial Surname\"). One of his cousins also had it. In 1646, Koxinga first led the Ming armies to resist the Manchu invaders and won the favour of the Longwu Emperor. The Longwu Emperor's reign in Fuzhou was brief, as Zheng Zhilong refused to support his plans for a counter-offensive against the rapidly expanding forces of the newly established Qing dynasty by the Manchus. Zheng Zhilong ordered the defending general of Xianxia Pass (), Shi Fu", "Emperor Gaozu of Han Qins, starting a civil war known as the Chu–Han Contention as various forces battled for supremacy over China. In 202 BCE, Liu Bang emerged victorious following the Battle of Gaixia, unified most of China under his control, and established the Han dynasty with himself as the founding emperor. During his reign, Liu Bang reduced taxes and corvée, promoted Confucianism, and suppressed revolts by the lords of non-Liu vassal states, among many other actions. He also initiated the policy of \"heqin\" to maintain a \"de jure\" peace between the Han Empire and the Xiongnu after losing the Battle of Baideng in", "Son of Heaven Son of Heaven Son of Heaven, or Tian Zi (), is the sacred imperial title of the Chinese emperor. It originated with the ancient Zhou Dynasty and was founded on the political and spiritual doctrine of the Mandate of Heaven. The secular imperial title of the Son of Heaven was \"Emperor of China\". The title, \"Son of Heaven\", was subsequently adopted by other East Asian monarchs to justify their rule. The Son of Heaven was the supreme universal emperor, who ruled \"tianxia\" (\"all under heaven\"). His status is rendered in English as \"ruler of the whole universe\" or \"ruler of", "Emperor Gaozu of Tang with the disintegration of the Sui dynasty in July 617, Li Yuan – urged on by his second son Li Shimin (the eventual Emperor Taizong) – rose in rebellion. Using the title of \"Great Chancellor\" (), Li Yuan installed a puppet child emperor, Yang You, but eventually removed him altogether and established the Tang Dynasty in 618 as Emperor. His son and successor Li Shimin honoured him as Gaozu (\"high founder\") after his death. Emperor Gaozu's reign was concentrated on uniting the empire under the Tang. Aided by Li Shimin (), whom he created the Prince of Qin, he defeated", "Later Jin (Five Dynasties) of North China, and into Sichuan. After Li Cunxu’s death, his adopted son, Li Siyuan became emperor. However, the Shatuo relationship with the Khitans, which was vital to their rise to power, had soured. Shi Jingtang, the son-in-law of Li Cunxu, rebelled against him, and with the help of the Khitan, declared himself emperor of the Later Jin in 936. The Later Jin founder Shi Jingtang claimed patrilineal Han Chinese ancestry. There were Dukedoms for the offspring of the royal families of the Zhou dynasty, Sui dynasty, and Tang dynasty in the Later Jin. This practice was referred to as", "Chinese emperors family tree (middle) resumed by her sons following her abdication. The dynasty was named for the family title: the Li (李) family were the Dukes of Tang. The names given in bold for emperors are temple names, the form by which Tang emperors were most commonly known (with the exception of Shangdi/Shaodi (殤帝 / 少帝), whose posthumous titles mean simply \"died young\" and \"the young emperor\", and Aidi (哀帝), also known as Zhaoxuan (昭宣), neither of whom were awarded temple names). It should be noted that the names of Xuanzong I (玄宗) and Xuanzong II (宣宗) are originally different in Mandarin Chinese, but", "Chinese emperors family tree (late) of emperor by his son, the Jiajing Emperor, in the Great Rites Controversy.) The imperial family's original family name was Zhu (朱), but the Hongwu Emperor opted for the dynastic name Ming (明) (as were all but one imperial Chinese dynasties), meaning \"brilliant\". The numbers here indicate the seniority in birth of an emperor's sons as the Ming Dynasty was the only Chinese dynasty to have the eldest surviving son succeed the throne in continuous fashion (though not for the Yongle and Jingtai Emperors, both of whom usurped the throne; the Jiajing – see above, and Chongzhen Emperors – succeeded", "House of Zhu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), who is also known variably by his personal name \"Zhu Yuanzhang\" and his temple name \"Taizu of Ming\" (literally \"Great Ancestor of Ming\"). He was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty. His regnal name, Hongwu, means \"vastly martial\". In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang became a leader of an army that conquered China, ending the government of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, and forcing the Mongols to retreat to present-day Mongolia. With his seizure of the Yuan capital Khanbaliq (present-day", "Yunreng known as the Yongzheng Emperor. Yinreng changed his name to Yunreng to avoid naming taboo because the Chinese character for \"Yin\" (胤) in \"Yinreng\" is the same as the one in the Yongzheng Emperor's personal name \"Yinzhen\" (胤禛). Yunreng died three years later in 1725 while still being incarcerated. He was granted the posthumous title of \"Prince Limi of the First Rank\" (和碩理密親王). The bitter factionalism between the Kangxi Emperor's sons and the dispute over the succession prompted the Yongzheng Emperor to establish a practice of writing a secret imperial edict on who would succeed to the throne, and sealing", "Chinese emperors family tree (late) over the dynasty are therefore given in brackets. The names given for emperors are era names, the form by which Qing emperors were most commonly known (with the exception of Puyi, who ruled as the Xuantong Emperor, but was generally known by his given name after his deposition). Puyi abdicated as head of state on February 12, 1912, but was permitted to retain his imperial titles until 1924. The imperial family's original Manchu clan name was Aisin Gioro (lit. \"golden clan\"). The dynasty was originally titled the Later Jin dynasty, in reference to its origins in the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty", "Yuezhi the Jie people of Shanxi, who established the 4th century AD Later Zhao state (although this remains controversial). While the Yuezhi have often been associated with artifacts of extinct cultures in the Tarim Basin, such as the Tarim mummies and the so-called Tocharian languages, the evidence for any such link is purely circumstantial. Three pre-Han texts mention peoples who appear to be the Yuezhi, albeit under slightly different names. In the 1st century BC, Sima Qian – widely regarded as the founder of Chinese historiography – describes how the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) bought jade and highly valued military horses", "Yongle Emperor he successfully overthrew his nephew and occupied the imperial capital, Nanjing, after which he was proclaimed Emperor and adopted the era name Yongle, which means \"perpetual happiness\". Eager to establish his own legitimacy, Zhu Di voided the Jianwen Emperor's reign and established a wide-ranging effort to destroy or falsify records concerning his childhood and rebellion. This included a massive purge of the Confucian scholars in Nanjing and grants of extraordinary extralegal authority to the eunuch secret police. One favorite was Zheng He, who employed his authority to launch major voyages of exploration into the South Pacific and Indian Oceans. The", "Lü Bu his bow and fired an arrow at the \"ji\", hitting exactly the lower part of the curved blade. Everyone present at the scene was shocked. They said, \"General, you possess Heaven's might!\" The following day, they threw another party and then withdrew their forces. In early 197, Yuan Shu declared himself emperor in Shouchun (壽春; present-day Shou County, Anhui), the administrative centre of his territories, and founded a Zhong (仲) dynasty. This was deemed an act of treason against the reigning Emperor Xian of the Han dynasty, so Yuan Shu soon found himself the target of attacks by Cao Cao", "Chongzhen Emperor northeast, and had just rushed from the borders to defend the capital against a surprise Manchu invasion. For much of the preceding decade, Yuan had served as the Ming Empire's bulwark in the north, where he was responsible for securing Ming borders at a time when the Empire was suffering humiliating defeat after defeat. His unjust death destroyed Ming military morale and removed one of the greatest obstacles to the eventual Manchu conquest of China. In 1645, Zhu Yousong, who had proclaimed himself the Hongguang Emperor of the Southern Ming dynasty, gave the Chongzhen Emperor the temple name \"Sizong\". In", "Cathay as \"Cathay\" (in a number of spelling variants) as well. The name occurs in the writings of Giovanni da Pian del Carpine (c. 1180–1252) (as \"Kitaia\"), William of Rubruck (c. 1220–c. 1293) (as \"Cataya\" or \"Cathaia\"). Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, ibn Battuta, Marco Polo all were referring to Northern China as Cathay, while Southern China, ruled by the Song dynasty, was \"Mangi\", \"Manzi\", \"Chin\", or \"Sin\". The word \"Manzi\" (蠻子) or \"Mangi\" is a derogatory term in Chinese meaning \"barbarians of the south\" (\"Man\" was used to describe unsinicised Southern China in its earlier periods), and would therefore not have been used", "Jin dynasty (265–420) by the Former Qin. The short-lived coöperation among Huan Chong (brother of General Huan Wen) and Prime Minister Xie An helped provide a major victory at the Fei River. A large amount of Former Qin territory was then taken or retaken. Later, Huan Xuan, Huan Wen's son, usurped the throne and changed the dynasty's name to Chu. He, in turn, was toppled by Liu Yu, who reinstated Sima Dezong, posthumously known as Emperor An (the \"Peaceful Emperor of Jin\"). Meanwhile, as civilian administration suffered, there were further revolts led by Sun En and Lu Xun; Western Shu became an independent", "Taishang Huang filial piety. It was also intended to preserve the social hierarchy between father and son, as the former was a commoner and the latter was a dynastic founder. In 301, during the War of the Eight Princes, Sima Lun became the emperor by forcing his puppet Emperor Hui of Jin, actually his grandnephew, to become the \"Taishang Huang\". The title had strictly served as an honorific before, but it had become a tool of political infighting over the course of this incident. In 617, Li Yuan (later Emperor Gaozu of Tang) bestowed the title \"Taishang Huang\" upon Emperor Yang of", "Sima Shi Mao. This tight grip eventually allowed him to, at the time of his death in 255, transition his power to his younger brother Sima Zhao, whose son Sima Yan eventually usurped the throne and established the Jin dynasty. After Sima Yan became emperor, he, recognising Sima Shi's role in his own imperial status, posthumously honoured his uncle as Emperor Jing (景帝), with the temple name Shizong (世宗). Sima Shi was born in 208. He was Sima Yi's oldest son, born of Sima Yi's wife, Lady Zhang Chunhua (張春華). When he was young, he was known for the elegance in his", "China proper the time, which Napoleon managed to expand all the way to Moscow. According to Harry Harding, the concept can date back to 1827. But as early as in 1795, William Winterbotham adopted this concept in his book. When describing the Chinese Empire under the Qing dynasty, Winterbotham divided it into three parts: China proper, Chinese Tartary, and the States Tributary to China. He adopted the opinions of Du Halde and Grosier and suspected that the name of \"China\" came from Qin dynasty. He then said: \"China, properly so called... comprehends from north to south eighteen degrees; its extent from east", "Qianlong Emperor his retirement suites in the Qianlong Garden. He died in 1799. A legend, popularised in fiction, says that the Qianlong Emperor was the son of Chen Shiguan (陳世倌), a Han Chinese official from Haining County, Zhejiang Province. In his choice of heir to the throne, the Kangxi Emperor required not only that the heir be able to govern the empire well but that the heir's son be of no less calibre, thus ensuring the Manchus' everlasting reign over China. The son of Yinzhen, the Kangxi Emperor's fourth son, was a weakling so Yinzhen surreptitiously arranged for his daughter to be", "Shina (word) Shina (word) The Sanskrit word ' ( ), meaning China, was transcribed into various forms including (), (), () and (). Thus, the term \"Shina\" was initially created as a transliteration of \"Cina\", and this term was in turn brought to Japan with the spread of Chinese Buddhism. Traditional etymology holds that the Sanskrit name, like Middle Persian \"Čīn\" and Latin \"Sina\", derives from the Qin state or dynasty (, Old Chinese: ') which ruled China in 221–206 BC, and so \"Shina\" is a return of \"Qin\" to Chinese in a different form. The Sanskrit term for China eventually spread", "Sino-Roman relations Chang'an, according to the 16th-century Persian traveller Hajji Mahomed, or Chaggi Memet). This account may correspond to the conquest of the Chen dynasty and reunification of China by Emperor Wen of Sui (r. 581–604 AD). Simocatta names their ruler as \"Taisson\", which he claimed meant Son of God, either correlating to the Chinese \"Tianzi\" (Son of Heaven) or even the name of the contemporary ruler Emperor Taizong of Tang (r. 626 – 649 AD). Later medieval Europeans in China wrote of it as two separate countries, with \"Cathay\" in the north and \"Mangi\" in the south, during the period when" ]

[ 8.6484375 ]

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[ "Two teams of people are playing soccer." ]

[ "The two players kicking the ball are on opposing teams.", "I propose that you hold your urine, run to the bathroom, and find the one stall you could use occupied by someone who prefers the space of the handicapped stall.", "The men are in bed together.", "Women are running in a marathon.", "The street vendors do not want to sell their good.", "A crowd of people are playing in the pond.", "A woman eats a pancake while her friend talks." ]

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[ "A person pets an animal" ]

[ "A small girl enjoys playing twister with her friends.", "The Corniches.", "That guy could've helped us", "People are wearing clothes.", "The woman has a fan.", "Woman rocking out at a rock concert.", "A man is in the movie theatre wearing sunglasses." ]

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[]

[ "Two children are whispering to each other while another looks on." ]

[ "Two children are playing catch.", "A person is having their hair styled.", "A man is snowboarding.", "You can't reach your ankles.", "All the household members slept in the same room, on bunked beds.", "A regulatory flexibility analysis considered what type of impact the rule would have on small entities.", "The prophecy is corroborated by the Egg fanatics attempts to murder you." ]

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[]

[ "Some people in the rain." ]

[ "Some people in the sun.", "A man is using paint", "Ca'daan asked for clarification.", "A human jumping", "The women are singing together.", "Lindbergh openly hated Hitler.", "His dancing was dramatic." ]

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[ "It was not intended that users overreact in interpreting the internal control reports." ]

[ "The education of users was deemed too unimportant to implement.", "A person makes a salami sandwich", "A man throws up a pink blob of cotton candy.", "A man makes some bacon and eggs.", "There are bronze birds, just like the ones on the corners of temple roofs, on top of this cobra.", "Nobody is wearing an apron.", "The match leaned advantageous to the non-Canadian." ]

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[ "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nจตุพร เป็นอดีตโฆษกพรรคไทยรักไทย และอดีต ส.ส. ระบบบัญชีรายชื่อของพรรค แจ้งเกิดทางการเมืองจากการเป็นผู้นำนักศึกษาช่วงเหตุการณ์พฤษภาทมิฬ พ.ศ. 2535 เมื่อเกิดการปราบปรามผู้ชุมนุมที่ ถนนราชดำเนิน และผู้ชุมนุมย้ายไปปักหลักที่รามคำแหง โดยมีจตุพรขึ้นเวทีปราศรัยด้วย โดยร่วมกับเพื่อนๆ นักศึกษาอีกหลายคน เช่น อุสมาน ลูกหยี วัชระ เพชรทอง[1] นายจตุพร ทำงานการเมืองโดยมีกลุ่มนักศึกษารามคำแหง พรรคศรัทธาธรรมที่ตัวเองเป็นผู้ก่อตั้ง จึงมีชื่อที่รู้จักกันดีในสมัยเรียนว่า ตู่ ศรัทธาธรรม เป็นฐานกำลังคอยเคลื่อนไหว เช่น การให้กำลังใจ พ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ชินวัตร[2]การมอบดอกไม้ กกต. การเดินขบวนไปหน้าสำนักงานหนังสือพิมพ์ผู้จัดการ ในสมัยที่พันธมิตรประชาชนเพื่อประชาธิปไตย เคลื่อนไหวขับไล่ พ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ชินวัตร ออกจากตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรี" ]

[ "พรรคมาตุภูมิ\nพรรคมาตุภูมิ () เป็นพรรคการเมืองในประเทศไทย ก่อตั้งขึ้นในปี พ.ศ. 2551 โดยมีชื่อเดิมว่า \"พรรคราษฎร\" และเริ่มมีบทบาททางการเมืองในช่วงปลายปี พ.ศ. 2551 ภายหลังการเข้าสมัครเป็นสมาชิกพรรคของกลุ่มวาดะห์ และกลุ่มปากน้ำ นำโดยนายวัฒนา อัศวเหม และ พลเอก ดร.สนธิ บุญยรัตกลิน เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค ปัจจุบัน พ.ศ. 2561 พรรคมาตุภูมิถูกยุบเนื่องจากไร้ผู้สนับสนุนพรรคที่เข้มแข็ง และ พลเอก ดร.สนธิ บุญยรัตกลินได้แก้ปัญหาโดยการนำสมาชิกพรรคที่เหลือเข้าร่วมพรรคชาติไทยพัฒนา โดยพรรคมาตุภูมิได้จัดประชุมคณะกรรมการบริหารพรรค ครั้งที่ 1/2561 เมื่อวันอังคารที่ 16 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2561 ซึ่งที่ประชุมมีมติเลิกพรรคมาตุภูมิและได้ส่งเรื่องให้ กกต. พิจารณาซึ่งที่ประชุม กกต. ครั้งที่ 70/2561 (34) วันจันทร์ที่ 3 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2561 เห็นชอบให้ยุบเลิกพรรคมาตุภูมิพร้อมกับพรรคการเมืองอีก 2 พรรคคือ พรรคเสรีนิยม และ พรรคพลังพลเมือง โดยได้มีการประกาศในราชกิจจานุเบกษา เล่ม 135 ตอน 111 ก หน้า 1 เมื่อวันพฤหัสบดีที่ 27 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2561", "ประติภา ปาฏีล\nประติภา ปาฏีล เริ่มชีวิตการเมืองเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2505 เมื่ออายุได้ 27 ปี ภายได้การบ่มเพาะแนะนำจากผู้นำรัฐสภาและอดีตรัฐมนตรีชื่อ ยัศวันตราว จวหาน (Yashwantrao Chavan) เธอได้เข้าดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงศึกษาธิการหลังการการได้รับเลือกตั้งครั้งที่ 2 เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2510 ในสมัยเลือกตั้งต่อมา (พ.ศ. 2515–2521) ประติภาก็ได้ดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีว่าการ และในวิถีการเมืองสมัยต่อ ๆ มาได้ ประติภาได้เป็นรัฐมนตรีว่าการด้านการท่องเที่ยว ด้านการสังคมและด้านเคหการ เธอได้รับการเลือกตั้งเข้าสู่สภาเสมอมาโดยจนถึงเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2538 จึงได้รับการเสนอให้ดำรงตำแหน่งสมาชิกราชยสภา", "ยุทธพล อังกินันทน์\nยุทธพล อังกินันทน์ เริ่มทำงานการเมืองตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2535 โดยการเป็นผู้ช่วยสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จนกระทั่งในปี พ.ศ. 2541 ได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาเทศบาลเมืองเพชรบุรี (ส.ท.) และได้รับการแต่งตั้งเป็นเทศมนตรีในปีเดียวกันด้วย ต่อมาในปี พ.ศ. 2548 เขาได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นรองนายกเทศมนตรีเมืองเพชรบุรี และเมื่อวันที่ 6 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2552 เขาได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นเลขานุการรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงการท่องเที่ยวและกีฬา (นายชุมพล ศิลปอาชา เป็น รมว.) ", "พรรคเพื่อแผ่นดิน\nกลางเดือนธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2556 กรรมการบริหารพรรคเพื่อแผ่นดินมีมติให้ ศาสตราจารย์ ดร.ชัยยงค์ พรหมวงศ์ รองอธิการบดีฝ่ายวิชาการ มหาวิทยาลัยกรุงเทพธนบุรี เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค และนำสมาชิกพรรคสมัครสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร ทั้งแบบบัญชีรายชื่อและแบบแบ่งเขตเลือกตั้ง[3] ในนามพรรคเพื่อแผ่นดิน เบอร์ 53", "ถัด พรหมมาณพ\nถัด ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดพัทลุงครั้งแรก ใน พ.ศ. 2480 ซึ่งได้รับเลือกตั้งในครั้งแรก และได้รับเลือกจนถึง พ.ศ. 2495 รวม 4 สมัย", "หม่อมราชวงศ์คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช\nพ.ศ. 2488-2489 เป็นผู้ริเริ่มจัดตั้งพรรคการเมืองพรรคแรกในเมืองไทย ชื่อ \"พรรคก้าวหน้า\" ได้ร่วมในคณะผู้ก่อตั้งพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ดำรงตำแหน่งเลขาธิการพรรคประชาธิปัตย์คนแรก ได้ริเริ่มจัดตั้งพรรคกิจสังคม พ.ศ. 2516 เป็นสมาชิกสภานิติบัญญัติแห่งชาติ[9] และได้รับเลือกเป็นประธานสภานิติบัญญัติแห่งชาติ พ.ศ. 2518 ได้จัดตั้งรัฐบาลผสมขึ้น และได้เข้ารับตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรี พ.ศ. 2519 ได้ตัดสินใจยุบสภาผู้แทนราษฎร บริหารประเทศประมาณ 9 เดือนเศษ", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nในการชุมนุมของแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ แดงทั้งแผ่นดิน พ.ศ. 2553 จตุพรเข้าร่วมชุมนุมในครั้งนี้ด้วย และถูกออกหมายจับเมื่อการชุมนุมสิ้นสุดลง โดยใช้ตำแหน่งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรประกันตัวไป[3] ต่อมามีการเปิดเผยว่า ในปี พ.ศ. 2553 จตุพรเป็นหนึ่งในบรรดา ส.ส.ที่ไม่เคยมาร่วมลงคะแนนผ่านร่างกฎหมายในสภาผู้แทนราษฎรเลย เช่นเดียวกันกับเสนาะ เทียนทอง หัวหน้าพรรคประชาราช[4]", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nในช่วงปลายปี พ.ศ. 2554 สื่อมวลชนรัฐสภาได้ตั้งฉายาให้จตุพร กับอรรถพร พลบุตร ว่าเป็น \"คู่กัดแห่งปี\"[10] ซื่งนับเป็นปีที่ 2 ของฉายาดังกล่าว โดยก่อนหน้านี้ในปี พ.ศ. 2553 ได้รับฉายานี้คู่กับวัชระ เพชรทอง", "สมเด็จพระเจ้าอุทุมพร\nพระราชบิดาขึ้นครองราชย์ในปี พ.ศ. 2275[3] ครั้นเจ้าฟ้าดอกเดื่อ ทรงเจริญชันษาครบที่จะจัดพระราชพิธีลงทรง พระราชบิดาจัดการพระราชพิธี และมีพระนามตามพระสุพรรณบัฏว่า สมเด็จพระเจ้าลูกยาเธอ เจ้าฟ้าอุทุมพรบวรราชกุมาร[7] จากนั้นได้จัดการพระราชพิธีโสกันต์ เมื่อมีพระชนม์ควรทรงกรมได้ สมเด็จพระเจ้าอยู่หัวบรมโกศ จึงทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้ทรงกรม มีพระนามว่า กรมขุนพรพินิต[8]", "สมพร อัศวเหม\nสมพร อัศวเหม ได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดสมุทรปราการครั้งแรกในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2531 สังกัดพรรคราษฎร และได้รับเลือกตั้งอีก 3 สมัยในสังกัดพรรคชาติไทย และในปี พ.ศ. 2539 สังกัดพรรคประชากรไทย และเขาได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นรัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงพาณิชย์ ในรัฐบาลพลเอกชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ จนกระทั่งนายกรัฐมนตรีลาออกจากตำแหน่งในเดือนพฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2540", "จรูญพงศ์ พันธุ์ศรีนคร\nนายจรูญพงศ์ พันธุ์ศรีนคร (เกิด 4 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2497) สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดนครราชสีมา เขต 8 ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรกในปี พ.ศ. 2554 สังกัดพรรคเพื่อไทย", "แถมสิน รัตนพันธุ์\nนายแถมสิน เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 4 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2472 ที่จังหวัดพัทลุง เป็นบุตรของ ร้อยตรีถัด รัตนพันธุ์ (ผู้ร่วมก่อการกบฏ ร.ศ. 130, อดีตสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดพัทลุงคนแรก ที่ได้รับเลือกตั้ง เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2477, อดีตเลขานุการของ จอมพล ป.พิบูลสงคราม สมัยที่เป็นรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงมหาดไทย, อดีตบรรณาธิการหนังสือพิมพ์ศรีกรุง และสยามราษฎร์) และ นางแส รัตนพันธุ์ (สกุลเดิม ณ พัทลุง) หลานสาวของพระยาโสภณพัทลุงกุล อดีตเจ้าเมืองพัทลุงคนสุดท้าย มีพี่- น้อง 4 รวมคน เรียงตามลำดับดังนี้ คือ แถมศรี, แถมสิน,แถมสุข และแถมสร้อย ชีวิตครอบครัวของแถมสิน รัตนพันธุ์ สมรสกับ นางลัดดา รัตนพันธุ์ มีบุตรชาย 1 คนคือ นายสิน รัตนพันธุ์ นักเรียนเก่าวชิราวุธวิทยาลัย ปัจจุบันอาศัยอยู่ร่วมกัน ในบ้านพักย่านถนนอรุณอมรินทร์ เขตธนบุรี กรุงเทพมหานคร", "อำเภอจตุรพักตรพิมาน\nเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน ตั้งเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2425 ในรัชกาลพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว(รัชกาลที่ 5) จตุรพักตรพิมาน แปลว่า ที่อยู่ของเทพเจ้าผู้มีสี่หน้า ซึ่งตั้งชื่อให้สอดคล้องกับนามเจ้าเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน คือ ท้าวพรหม หรือ สุพรหม และชื่อเดิมของชื่อเมืองที่ชื่อว่า “บ้านเมืองหงส์” ท้าวพรหม (สุพรหม) เป็นบุตรของพระรัตนวงศา (คำสิงห์) เจ้าเมืองสุวรรณภูมิรับราชการที่เมืองสุวรรณภูมิ ตำแหน่งผู้ช่วยราชการเมือง มีบรรดาศักดิ์เป็นหลวงพรหมพิทักษ์ เมื่อบิดาเห็นว่าหลวงพรหมพิทักษ์ มีอายุ 22 ปีเศษ เหมาะสมที่จะเป็นเจ้าเมืองได้ จึงมีใบบอกกราบทูลขอหลวงพรหมพิทักษ์เป็นเจ้าเมือง และยกบ้านเมืองหงส์เป็นเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมานพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัว จึงทรงพระกรุณาโปรดเกล้าฯ ให้ยกบ้านเมืองหงส์เป็นเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน ให้หลวงพรหมพิทักษ์เป็นพระธาดาอำนวยเดชเจ้าเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน ขึ้นกับเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2425 ดังระบุไว้ในการแต่งตั้งขุนนางไทยในรัชการที่ 5 ว่า “ให้หลวงพรหมพิทักษ์ผู้ช่วยราชการเมืองสุวรรณภูมิเป็น พระธาดาอำนวยเดชเจ้าเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน ซึ่งแต่ก่อนเรียกว่าบ้านเมืองหงส์ แขวงเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ โปรดเกล้าฯ ให้ยกเป็นเมืองนั้นขึ้นแก่เมืองสุวรรณภูมิ ได้บังคับบัญชาท้าวเพี้ย กรมการแลราษฎร บรรดาอยู่ในเขตุแขวงเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมานทั้งสิ้นแล ให้ฟังคำบังคับบัญชาพระรัตนวงศา เจ้าเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ แต่ที่เป็นยุติธรรมแลชอบด้วยราชการตั้งแต่วันที่ 2 ฯ 7 ปีมะเมีย จัตวาศก เป็นปีที่ 15 ของดวงตาที่ประทับนี้ ประจำการแผ่นดินสยาม พ.ศ. 2425” หน้าที่ของเจ้าเมืองที่ต้องทำโดยสม่ำเสมอ คือการเก็บภาษีอากรส่งไปยังเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ ซึ่งเป็นเมืองที่เมืองจตุรพักตรพิมานต้องขึ้นสังกัดอยู่ การลงโทษผู้กระทำผิดนั้น ขโมยที่ถูกจับได้และการไปถือน้ำพระพิพัฒน์สัตยาปีละ 2 ครั้ง ที่เมืองสุวรรณภูมิ เมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน เป็นเมืองขึ้นกับเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2425 จนถึง พ.ศ. 2443 ทางราชการได้ยุบเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมาน ลงเป็นอำเภอขึ้นกับเมืองร้อยเอ็ด เพราะเห็นว่าอยู่ใกล้เมืองร้อยเอ็ด (ประมาณ 26 กิโลเมตร) กว่าเมืองสุวรรณภูมิ (ระยะทางจากเมืองจตุรพักตรพิมานห่างจากเมืองสุวรรณภูมิประมาณ 50 ก.ม.) มีพระธาดาอำนวยเดช เป็นนายอำเภอคนแรก (พ.ศ. 2443) และมีนายอำเภอได้รับแต่งตั้งย้ายสับเปลี่ยนตามระเบียบราชการมาจนกระทั่งปัจจุบันนี้", "วิเศษ จูภิบาล\nในปี พ.ศ. 2548 จึงได้เข้ามาทำงานการเมือง โดยดำรงตำแหน่งผู้ช่วยรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงพลังงาน (นายแพทย์พรหมินทร์ เลิศสุริย์เดช) และได้รับตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงพลังงาน เมื่อวันที่ 11 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2548 จนกระทั่งเกิดการรัฐประหาร 19 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2549 ต่อมาในปี พ.ศ. 2550 ได้ถูกตัดสิทธิทางการเมืองเป็นเวลา 5 ปี เนื่องจากเป็นกรรมการบริหารพรรคไทยรักไทยซึ่งถูกยุบในคดียุบพรรคการเมือง พ.ศ. 2549", "หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร\nรองศาสตราจารย์[1] หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร (22 กันยายน 2495 -) ผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานครคนที่ 15 อดีตรองหัวหน้าพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ และอดีตรัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ", "พรรคคอมมิวนิสต์กัมพูชา\nหลังจากกลับสู่กัมพูชาใน พ.ศ. 2496 พล พตได้เข้าร่วมงานกับเวียดมิญในพื้นที่ชนบทของจังหวัดกำปงจาม เมื่อสงครามสิ้นสุด เขาเข้าสู่พนมเปญพร้อมกับกลุ่มของตู สามุต ซึ่งเขากลายเป็นจุดเชื่อมต่อกับพรรคที่ถูกกฎหมาย เอียง ซารี และฮู ยวนกลับมาเป็นครูในโรงเรียนมัธยมเอกชนที่ฮู ยวนช่วยในการก่อตั้งขึ้น เขียว สัมพันกลับจากปารีสใน พ.ศ. 2502 และไปสอนกฎหมายในมหาวิทยาลัยพนมเปญ และได้ออกหนังสือพิมพ์ฝ่ายซ้ายเป็นภาษาฝรั่งเศส ในชื่อ \"L'Observateur\" และถูกสั่งปิดในปีต่อมา เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจของพระนโรดม สีหนุจับเขียว สัมพันเปลื้องผ้าและถ่ายรูปโชว์ในที่สาธารณะ เขียว สัมพัน ฮู นิม และฮูยวนถูกบังคับให้เข้าร่วม\nเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2498 พรรคปฏิวัติประชาชนเขมรแบ่งออกเป็นสองขั้วคือฝ่ายในเมืองนำโดยตู สามุต และฝ่ายชนบทนำโดยเซียว เฮง ทั้งสองกลุ่มต้องการปฏิวัติแต่มีเป้าหมายต่างกัน ฝ่ายในเมืองเป็นกลุ่มที่เน้นความร่วมมือกับเวียดนามเหนือและยอมรับว่าพระนโรดม สีหนุเป็นผู้ที่ช่วยให้กัมพูชาได้รับเอกราช จากฝรั่งเศส เป็นผู้นำที่เป็นกลาง กลุ่มนี้หวังว่าพระนโรดม สีหนุจะแยกตัวออกจากฝ่ายขวา และปรับมาร่วมมือกับฝ่ายซ้ายได้ การที่เจ้าสีหนุ ดำเนินนโยบายต่างประเทศแบบเป็นกลางและไม่ได้รับความไว้วางใจจากสหรัฐอเมริกาในขณะนั้น จะทำให้เกิดประโยชน์ในการต่อสู้เพื่อ “ปลดปล่อย” เวียดนามใต้ และมีแนวโน้มว่าพระองค์จะเปลี่ยนแปลงการดำเนินนโยบายเป็นแบบฝ่ายซ้ายแทน อีกกลุ่มหนึ่งเน้นความสำคัญของชนบท และต้องการกำจัดชนชั้นนายทุนให้หมดไป ฝ่ายชนบท ที่ได้รับการสนับสนุนจากกองกำลังที่ในท้องที่ชนบทต่าง ๆ กลับสนับสนุนในมีการต่อสู้เพื่อล้มล้าง “ระบบขุนนาง” ของเจ้าสีหนุโดยเร็วที่สุด", "เจษฎาภรณ์ ผลดี\nเขาเริ่มเข้าวงการบันเทิงขณะศึกษาอยู่ที่มหาวิทยาลัยหอการค้าไทย โดยรับเป็นพรีเซ็นเตอร์โฆษณาทางโทรทัศน์และภาพนิ่งสำหรับงานโฆษณา ก่อนที่ผู้กำกับอุ๋ย นนทรี นิมิบุตรจะได้มาเห็นเขาในสตูดิโอและทาบทามให้เขาเล่นเป็นพระเอกในภาพยนตร์เรื่อง 2499 อันธพาลครองเมือง ในบท \"แดง ไบเล่ย์\" ซึ่งประสบความสำเร็จเป็นประวัติการณ์ทั้งด้านรายได้และเสียงวิจารณ์ นับเป็นภาพยนตร์ที่ปลุกกระแสหนังไทยที่อยู่ในช่วงซบเซาให้กลับมา และเป็นการแจ้งเกิดให้กับตัวเขา จากนั้นเขาก็มีผลงานเรื่อยมาทั้งงานถ่ายแบบ/เดินแฟชั่น, แสดงละครโทรทัศน์, และเป็นพรีเซนเตอร์ให้กับสินค้าแบรนด์ต่างๆ ติ๊กเป็นนักแสดงชายที่ได้รับความนิยมสูงและยาวนาน เห็นได้จากผลการสำรวจทั่วประเทศ อาทิ สวนดุสิตโพล เป็นดาราชายที่ประชาชนชื่นชอบอันดับ 1 ในปี 2544, 2545, 2546, 2547, 2557, 2559, 2560 อันดับ 2 ในปี 2548, 2549, 2553, 2558 เอแบคโพล ดาราชายไทยที่เป็นที่ชื่นชอบมากที่สุด อันดับ 1 ปี 2549, 2553 และนิด้าโพลดาราชายแห่งปีอันดับ 3 ปี 2557 ", "พิสิษฐ์ ฐิติธนพันธ์\nพิสิษฐ์ได้จัดรายการวิทยุทั่วประเทศ และเป็นพิธีกรรายการโทรทัศน์เกี่ยวกับเพลงลูกทุ่งหลายรายการ โดยใช้ชื่อว่า โต จรัล ภัทระพันธ์ จนกระทั่งค่ายชัวร์ออดิโอ ติดต่อมาให้จัดรายการวิทยุและเป็นที่ปรึกษาเรื่องเพลงเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2535 และบริษัทเปิดโอกาสให้สร้างนักร้อง ชื่อ ติ๊ก-สุรธรรม คำกลอง ต่อด้วยมนต์สิทธิ์ คำสร้อย จากนั้นก็จัดรายการวิทยุควบคู่กับการเป็นโปรดิวเซอร์นักร้องส่วนใหญ่ในชัวร์ออดิโอเรื่อยมา อาทิ เช่น ฝน ธนสุนทร อัมพร แหวนเพชร กานดา วราภรณ์ ดำรง วงศ์ทอง เกษม คมสันต์ สำราญ บุญลาภ กระทั่งถึงงานของแอร์ สุชาวดีเป็นชุดสุดท้าย โต จรัล เลิกจัดรายการวิทยุเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2546 และเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2547 ก็ได้ลาออกจากบริษัทชัวร์ออดิโอ ก่อนจะตั้งบริษัท เอ๊กซตร้า ซาวนด์ ขึ้น ศิลปินในสังกัดได้แก่ มด รังสิมันตุ์ จ่าหลอย เฮนรี่ และธันวา ราศีธนู แต่ด้วยปัญหาเทปผีซีดีเถื่อนที่ระบาดหนักในขณะนั้น ทำให้ค่ายเพลงขนาดเล็กหลายบริษัท รวมทั้งบริษัทของเขาไม่สามารถดำเนินกิจการต่อไปได้", "ณัฐวุฒิ ใสยเกื้อ\nณัฐวุฒิเริ่มเล่นการเมือง โดยเข้าสังกัดพรรคชาติพัฒนา และลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้ง ในวันที่ 6 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2544 จากการชักชวนของธีรศักดิ์ นาคแก้ว ผู้เป็นน้าชาย แต่ได้คะแนนเป็นอันดับสอง โดยพ่ายแพ้คู่แข่งจากพรรคประชาธิปัตย์เพียง 4,000 เสียง", "ภราดร ศรีชาพันธุ์\nปัจจุบัน 2560 ภราดรคือตำนานของเมืองไทยในด้านเทนนิส\nนาตาลี พาแฟนใหม่ที่เป็นฝรั่งมาอยู่ด้วยกันที่เมืองไทย ภราดร ศรีชาพันธุ์ เข้าร่วมกิจกรรมการทางการเมืองกับพรรคชาติพัฒนาเพื่อแผ่นดิน ในเดือนเมษายน พ.ศ. 2554 ซึ่งเป็นพรรคการเมืองที่มีนายสุวัจน์ ลิปตพัลลภ นายกลอนเทนนิสสมาคมแห่งประเทศไทย เป็นผู้ให้การสนับสนุนพรรค ซึ่งในตอนแรกภารดรตั้งใจไว้ว่าจะลงรับสมัครเลือกตั้งในการเลือกตั้งกลางปีเดียวกันนี้ แต่ทว่าเมื่อตรวจสอบคุณสมบัติแล้ว พบว่าภารดรไม่ได้ไปใช้สิทธิเลือกตั้งในการเลือกตั้งคราวที่แล้ว (การเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภากรุงเทพมหานครและสมาชิกสภาเขต-ส.ก., ส.ข. เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2551) จึงทำได้เพียงแค่เป็นผู้สนับสนุนเท่านั้น", "กุเทพ ใสกระจ่าง\nในปี พ.ศ. 2535 จึงได้เข้าสู่งานการเมืองโดยการเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดศรีสะเกษ พรรคพลังธรรม โดยเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรกเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2535 (สมัยที่ 2) ร่วมกับนายมานะ มหาสุวีระชัย จากนั้นร้อยโทกุเทพสอบตกอยู่สมัยหนึ่ง ก่อนที่จะลาออกจากพรรคพลังธรรม เข้ามาเป็น ส.ส.ในสังกัดพรรคความหวังใหม่ เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2539 และ 2544 หลังจากที่พรรคความหวังใหม่ถูกยุบรวมกับพรรคไทยรักไทย ร้อยโทกุเทพได้ย้ายสังกัดไปอยู่พรรคไทยรักไทย และเป็น ส.ส.อีกครั้งเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2548 หลังจากนั้นเมื่อพรรคไทยรักไทยถูกยุบ ได้ย้ายสังกัดไปอยู่พรรคพลังประชาชนและเป็น ส.ส.ในปี พ.ศ. 2551 โดยสรุปแล้วดำรงตำแหน่ง ส.ส.รวม 5 สมัย จนกระทั่งในปี พ.ศ. 2551 ศาลรัฐธรรมตัดสินยุบพรรคพลังประชาชน และตัดสิทธิ์กรรมการบริหารพรรคเป็นเวลา 5 ปี ซึ่ง ดร.กุเทพ ถูกตัดสิทธิ์ทางการเมือง", "มานะ คงวุฒิปัญญา\nในการปราศัยของแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยขับไล่เผด็จการ (นปก.) ครั้งหนึ่งที่สนามหลวง นายมานะก็ได้ขึ้นเวทีปราศรัยด้วย โดยอ้างว่า เพราะรู้จักกับนายจตุพร พรหมพันธ์ แกนนำคนหนึ่งของ นปก. มานาน", "ดนุพร ปุณณกันต์\nนายดนุพร เริ่มงานการเมืองด้วยการเข้าสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทย ซึ่งเป็นการทำงานการเมืองคนละขั้วกับพี่ชาย (นายพุทธิพงษ์ ปุณณกันต์) แต่ก็ยังได้รับการแต่งตั้งให้ดำรงตำแหน่งที่ปรึกษารัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงสาธารณสุขเป็นตำแหน่งแรกในทางการเมือง ต่อมาได้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร พ.ศ. 2548 ในเขตสาธรและยานนาวา กรุงเทพมหานคร แต่ไม่ได้รับเลือก โดยแพ้ให้กับ กรณ์ จาติกวณิช ผู้สมัครจากพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ต่อมาในวันที่ 15 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2548 ได้รับแต่งตั้งให้ดำรงตำแหน่งรองโฆษกประจำสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี", "ปานเทพ พัวพงษ์พันธ์\nปานเทพ พัวพงษ์พันธ์ เข้าสู่วงการเมือง โดยมีผู้แนะนำให้รู้จักกับ พล.อ.ชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ ในปี พ.ศ. 2541 โดยเข้าไปช่วยงานในพรรคความหวังใหม่ ขณะที่มีอายุ 28 ปี กระทั่งได้เป็นกรรมการบริหารพรรค เคยลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็น ส.ส.บัญชีรายชื่อของพรรคความหวังใหม่ และมีตำแหน่งสุดท้ายเป็นรองโฆษกพรรคความหวังใหม่ ในปี พ.ศ. 2544 ก่อนที่จะไปดำรงตำแหน่ง ผู้อำนวยการองค์การฟอกหนัง ด้วยวัย 31 ปี ซึ่งถือว่าเป็นผู้บริหารสูงสุดของรัฐวิสาหกิจ ที่อายุน้อยที่สุดในประเทศไทย", "หัตฐพร สุวรรณ\nหัตฐพร เริ่มเล่นฟุตบอลระดับสโมสรกับสมาคมกีฬาคริสเตียนไทยและได้เล่นไทยแลนด์พรีเมียร์ลีกครั้งแรกโดยการย้ายมาร่วมทีมสโมสรพนักงานยาสูบก่อนจะย้ายไปร่วมทีมการไฟฟ้าและประสบปัญหาอาการบาดเจ็บหนักบริเวณเอ็นหัวเข่าจากเกมส์ไทยแลนด์ พรีเมียร์ลีกช่วงปลายฤดูกาล2550 จนต้องถอนตัวออกจากทีมชาติไทยชุดซีเกมส์ 2007ที่นครรราชสีมา และไม่ค่อยได้ลงสนามมากนักในฤดูกาลต่อมา ", "กรณีสิ่งบันทึกวีดิทัศน์ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ พ.ศ. 2553\nกลางเดือนเมษายน พ.ศ. 2553 อภิชาต สุขัคคานนท์ นายทะเบียนพรรคการเมือง ได้ยื่นคำร้องต่อศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ ขอให้มีคำสั่งยุบพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ซึ่งเป็นฝ่ายรัฐบาลอยู่ในขณะนั้น ต่อมา วันที่ 27 กันยายน 2553 จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์ สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรพรรคเพื่อไทย อันเป็นพรรคฝ่ายค้าน และสมาชิก นปช. ได้แถลงข่าวว่า ตุลาการศาลรัฐธรรมนูญบางคนมีพฤติกรรมไม่เหมาะสม โดยตนมีหลักฐานเป็นสิ่งบันทึกวีดิทัศน์ ที่ \"...เปิดออกมาเมื่อไร เป็นเรื่องใหญ่ที่คนไทยทั้งชาติจะช็อค [ตกตะลึง] กันทั้งประเทศ...\"[1]", "หม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร\nหม่อมราชวงศ์สุขุมพันธุ์ บริพัตร เป็นผู้ร่วมก่อตั้งพรรคนำไทย ร่วมกับอำนวย วีรวรรณ เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2537 และเคยดำรงตำแหน่งรองเลขาธิการพรรคนำไทย จนต่อมา เขาเข้าเป็นกรรมการบริหารพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจากกรุงเทพมหานคร เขตเลือกตั้งที่ 6 (บางรัก สัมพันธวงศ์ สาทร แขวงยานนาวาและแขวงทุ่งมหาเมฆ) เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2539 และ 2544", "พระราชพรหมยาน (วีระ ถาวโร)\nพ.ศ. 2486 อายุ 27 ปี สอบได้เปรียญธรรม 3 ประโยค เปลี่ยนชื่อจาก \"พระมหาสังเวียน\" [1] เป็น \"พระมหาวีระ\" เพื่อไม่ให้คล้ายกับ พระมหาสำเนียง ที่อยู่วัดช่างเหล็ก ที่เดียวกัน", "อรรถพันธ์ พูลสวัสดิ์\nอรรถพันธ์มีผลงานในวงการบันเทิงมาแต่เด็ก เขาเข้าวงการครั้งแรกจากเวทีประกวดถ่ายแบบเดอะบอยโมเดล ได้รับรางวัลรองชนะเลิศอันดับ 1 และด้วยความที่อรรถพันธ์ชื่นชอบการแสดง เขาจึงบอกกับบิดามารดาของเขาว่า เขาอยากจะเข้าไปอยู่ในโทรทัศน์ มารดาของเขาจึงพาไปทดสอบบทที่โรงถ่ายละครลาดหลุมแก้ว บริษัท ดาราวิดีโอ จำกัด และที่แห่งนี้เองที่ถือเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นอาชีพการแสดงของเขา[5] อรรถพันธ์ได้แสดงเป็นตัวประกอบเล็กๆ ในละครเรื่อง เบญจา คีตา ความรัก, ไฟในวายุ และ ฟ้าใหม่ โดยละครทั้งหมดนี้ออกอากาศทางสถานีโทรทัศน์สีกองทัพบกช่อง 7 หลังจากนั้นอรรถพันธ์มีโอกาสได้แสดงละครจักร ๆ วงศ์ ๆเรื่อง โกมินทร์ เขารับบทเป็นพระเอกของเรื่องในวัยเด็กที่ชื่อว่าโกมินทร์[6] เมื่อละครเรื่อง โกมินทร์ ออกอากาศก็ได้กระแสตอบรับที่ดีมาก ทำให้เขาเริ่มเป็นที่รู้จักในฐานะนักแสดงเด็ก หลังจากนั้นเขาได้มีผลงานการแสดงละครหลังข่าวภาคค่ำมากขึ้นเรื่อยๆ ซึ่งลักษณะเช่นนี้เองถือว่าอรรถพันธ์เจริญรอยตามนักแสดงละครรุ่นพี่ที่เริ่มจากงานแสดงเล็กๆ หรืองานแสดงละครจักร ๆ วงศ์ ๆ ก่อน แล้วค่อยไปแสดงเป็นตัวละครที่มีบทบาทมากขึ้นในละครหลังข่าวภาคค่ำ อย่างเช่น สุวนันท์ คงยิ่ง, พรชิตา ณ สงขลา, และ กัญญารัตน์ จิรรัชชกิจ เป็นต้น[7] ละครหลังข่าวเรื่องแรกที่เขามีบทบาทในเรื่องมากคือ ภูตพิศวาส เขาแสดงเป็น แสง ผีเด็กที่เปรียบเสมือนน้องชายของ ดาว (แสดงโดย วรนุช วงษ์สวรรค์) นางเอกของเรื่อง นอกจากนี้เขายังมีงานแสดงอื่นๆ อีกมากมาย เช่น งานพรีเซนเตอร์โฆษณาและงานพิธีกรร่วมในรายการ ลูกมดปิ้ง..ปิ้ง [8] เป็นต้น", "จักรพันธ์ วงศ์คณิต\nจักรพันธ์ วงศ์คณิต ชื่อเล่น บอส \nนักแสดงมีชื่อเสียง อยู่สังกัด บริษัท โพลีพลัส เอ็นเตอร์เทนเมันท์ จำกัด \nเกิดวันที่ 27 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2536 การศึกษาจบจากโรงเรียนมัธยม โรงเรียนบดินทรเดชา (สิงห์ สิงหเสนี) ระดับปริญญาตรี ที่ คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย ได้รับเกียรตินิยมอันดับ 2 จบการศึกษา ปี 2558 เริ่มเข้าสู่วงการบันเทิง ถ่ายแบบถ่ายนิตยสาร A-star , Lovelove และ โฆษณาต่างๆ ต่อมา มีผลงานละครเรื่องแรก คือ คู่กิ๊กพริกกะเกลือ,ศีล 5 คนกล้าท้าอธรรม จนมีผลงานละครต่อเนื่องและนักแสดงชาวไทยมีชื่อเสียง", "นิพนธ์ พร้อมพันธุ์\nนายนิพนธ์ เข้าสู่วงการเมืองได้เป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรก ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2529 และได้รับการเลือกตั้งอีกหลายสมัย เคยดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงการคลัง และ รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ กระทั่งในปี พ.ศ. 2537 ขณะดำรงตำแหน่งเป็น รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ นายนิพนธ์ถูก พรรคชาติไทย ในฐานะพรรคฝ่ายค้านในสภาผู้แทนราษฎร โจมตีกรณีเกิดทุจริตในการแจกเอกสารสิทธิ ส.ป.ก.4-01 พร้อมกับนายสุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ รัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงเกษตรและสหกรณ์ ในขณะนั้น นายนิพนธ์ได้แสดงความรับผิดชอบ ด้วยการลาออกจากตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรี แต่พรรคฝ่ายค้านยังคงนำมาเป็นประเด็นเปิดอภิปรายไม่ไว้วางใจรัฐบาล เป็นเหตุให้นายชวน หลีกภัย นายกรัฐมนตรี ประกาศยุบสภาก่อนมีการลงมติ", "จตุพล ชมภูนิช\nเริ่มต้นการเป็นนักพูดตั้งแต่เป็นนักศึกษาในมหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง โดยได้เป็นตัวแทนของมหาวิทยาลัยในกิจกรรมปรายศรัย อภิปราย หรือโต้วาทีต่าง ๆ ต่อมาได้รับเชิญชวนจาก วสันต์ พงษ์สุประดิษฐ์ ให้เข้าสู่การเป็นนักพูดในรายการเวทีวาที ทางช่อง 9 อ.ส.ม.ท. ของ บริษัท ภาษรโปรดักชั่น จำกัด ของกรรณิกา ธรรมเกษร", "วิกฤตการณ์การเมืองไทย พ.ศ. 2556–2557\nวันที่ 15 มีนาคม 2557 มีการแต่งตั้งจตุพร พรหมพันธุ์ เป็นประธาน นปช. คนใหม่แทนผู้ช่วยศาสตราจารย์ ธิดา ถาวรเศรษฐ และแต่งตั้งณัฐวุฒิ ใสยเกื้อ เป็นเลขาธิการ บนเวทีชุมนุมที่จังหวัดพระนครศรีอยุธยา ซึ่งทำให้หลายฝ่ายมองว่าเป็นปรับท่าทีเชิงรุกของคนเสื้อแดง", "อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์\nดร.อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ เข้าสู่งานการเมืองโดยการลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งผู้ว่าราชการกรุงเทพมหานคร ในการเลือกตั้งครั้งแรกเมื่อ ปี พ.ศ. 2518 ในนามพรรคพลังใหม่แข่งกับนายธรรมนูญ เทียนเงิน จากพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ต่อมาได้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้ง ส.ส. กรุงเทพมหานคร เขตป้อมปราบฯ-ปทุมวัน ในปี พ.ศ. 2519 ในนามพรรคพลังใหม่ โดยร่วมทีมเดียวกับ ศ.(พิเศษ) พงษ์เพ็ญ ศกุนตาภัย (บิดาของนางพิมพ์เพ็ญ เวชชาชีวะ ภรรยาของนายอภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ) และ ดร.สืบแสง พรหมบุญ [2] แข่งกับม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ ปราโมช หัวหน้าพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ แต่ผลการเลือกตั้งแพ้ไปเพียง 500 คะแนน ทั้งที่เป็นนักการเมืองหน้าใหม่ เพิ่งลงสมัคร ส.ส. เป็นครั้งแรก", "ชัย ชิดชอบ\nนายชัย ชิดชอบ เริ่มงานการเมืองจากการเมืองท้องถิ่น เป็นกำนันตำบลอิสาน อำเภอเมืองบุรีรัมย์ และทำธุรกิจโรงโม่หิน ชื่อโรงโม่หินศิลาชัย ที่อำเภอเมืองบุรีรัมย์ จังหวัดบุรีรัมย์ เริ่มงานการเมืองตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2500 โดยสมัครสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดบุรีรัมย์ พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ [3] และเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดบุรีรัมย์หลายสมัยติดต่อกัน ในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2512 (อิสระ) , 2522 (พรรคประชาราษฎร์), 2526 (พรรคกิจสังคม), 2529 (พรรคสหประชาธิปไตย) , 2535/2 2538 (พรรคชาติไทย) , 2539 (พรรคเอกภาพ) ​ เป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร​แบบบัญชีรายชื่อ พ.ศ. 2548 (พรรคไทยรักไทย) และสมาชิกวุฒิสภา จังหวัดบุรีรัมย์ พ.ศ. 2549 [4]และในการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรไทยเป็นการทั่วไป พ.ศ. 2557 เขาได้สมัครรับเลือกตั้งในระบบบัญชีรายชื่อ สังกัดพรรคภูมิใจไทย ลำดับที่ 2[5]", "ชุมพล จุลใส\nนายชุมพล เข้าสู่วงการการเมือง ด้วยการเป็นสมาชิกองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดชุมพร ใน พ.ศ. 2546 และดำรงตำแหน่งประธานสภาองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดชุมพร ใน พ.ศ. 2547 ก่อนที่จะลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรกใน พ.ศ. 2550 สังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ซึ่งได้รับเลือกตั้งในครั้งนั้น และได้รับเลือกติดต่อกันรวม 2 ครั้ง", "ณิรัฐกานต์ ศรีลาภ\nณิรัฐกานต์ ศรีลาภ เริ่มทำงานการเมืองโดยการเป็นนักการเมืองท้องถิ่น เป็นสมาชิกสภาองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดยโสธร (ส.อบจ.) ต่อมาในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2550 จึงได้เข้าสู่งานการเมืองระดับชาติ ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดยโสธร เขตเลือกตั้งที่ 1 ในนามพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ซึ่งเป็นหนึ่งในห้า ส.ส.ของพรรประชาธิปัตย์ที่ชนะการเลือกตั้งในเขตภาคตะวันออกเฉียงเหนือ (อภิวัฒน์ เงินหมื่น วุฒิพงษ์ นามบุตร ศุภชัย ศรีหล้า อิสสระ สมชัย และณิรัฐกานต์ ศรีลาภ)", "สุเมธ พรมพันห่าว\nสุเมธ พรมพันห่าว เริ่มงานการเมืองโดยการเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดหนองคาย สังกัดพรรคราษฎร ต่อมาได้ย้ายมาร่วมงานกับพรรคสามัคคีธรรม และร่วมจัดตั้งพรรคเสรีธรรม พร้อมกับนายพินิจ จารุสมบัติ จนกระทั่งได้รับมอบหมายให้ทำหน้าที่เลขาธิการพรรคคนที่ 2 ในระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2537 ถึง พ.ศ. 2539 และได้ทำหน้าที่รักษาการหัวหน้าพรรคเสรีธรรม ภายหลังการลาออกของ ดร.อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ ในช่วงปี พ.ศ. 2539 ต่อมาในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2544 ได้ลงสมัคร ส.ส.ในระบบบัญชีรายชื่อ ของพรรคเสรีธรรม แต่ไม่ได้รับเลือกตั้ง เนื่องจากพรรคเสรีธรรมมีคะแนนสนับสนุนจากประชาชนไม่ถึงร้อยละ 5 ตามที่กฎหมายกำหนด ต่อมาได้ย้ายมาสังกัดพรรคความหวังใหม่ และได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นรองหัวหน้าพรรค", "ชลิต กุลกำม์ธร\nเมื่อมีการจดทะเบียนจัดตั้ง พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ขึ้นใน พ.ศ. 2498 พลเรือตรีชลิตจึงได้มาสมัครเป็นสมาชิกพรรคประชาธิปัตย์และได้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเมื่อวันที่ 15 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2500 หรือ 2500/2 ในพื้นที่ จังหวัดพระนคร และได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดพระนครแต่ดำรงตำแหน่งไม่ถึงปีก็พ้นจากตำแหน่งเมื่อเกิดการปฏิวัติภายใต้การนำของ จอมพลสฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์ ผู้บัญชาการทหารบกและผู้บัญชาการทหารสูงสุดเมื่อวันจันทร์ที่ 20 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2501", "พัฒนา สัพโส\nลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรเป็นครั้งแรกในปี พ.ศ. 2554 สังกัดพรรคเพื่อไทย และได้รับการเลือกตั้ง โดยเอาชนะนายวีรศักดิ์ พรหมภักดี อดีตนายก อบจ. จากพรรคชาติพัฒนาเพื่อแผ่นดิน", "สุรัตน์ โอสถานุเคราะห์\nร.ต.อ.สุรัตน์ เข้าสู่วงการเมือง ด้วยการเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดพระนคร สังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ในปี พ.ศ. 2512 ต่อมาเป็นรองหัวหน้าพรรคกิจสังคม ในสมัยที่ หม่อมราชวงศ์คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2518 และขึ้นดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงคมนาคม ในปีเดียวกัน ต่อมา เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2526 เป็น รัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงมหาดไทย แล้วดำรงตำแหน่ง รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงพาณิชย์ ในปี พ.ศ. 2528 แต่ลาออกจากตำแหน่งเมื่อวันที่ 6 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2529 หลังการอภิปรายไม่ไว้วางใจ กรณีออกใบอนุญาตนำไม้ซุงเข้าจากพม่า แล้วได้รับคะแนนเสียงไว้วางใจน้อยที่สุดในบรรดารัฐมนตรีที่ถูกอภิปรายในคราวเดียวกัน เนื่องจากพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ซึ่งเป็นพรรคร่วมรัฐบาลลงมติงดออกเสียง จากนั้นได้รับแต่งตั้งให้เป็น ที่ปรึกษาฝ่ายเศรษฐกิจ ของกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ ในปี พ.ศ. 2530 ต่อมา เป็นรองหัวหน้าพรรคชาติพัฒนา ในสมัยที่ พล.อ.ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ ก่อตั้งพรรคขึ้น เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2535 จากนั้น ดำรงตำแหน่ง ที่ปรึกษารัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงการต่างประเทศ ในปี พ.ศ. 2539 เป็นตำแหน่งท้ายสุดทางการเมือง", "เอกนัฏ พร้อมพันธุ์\nนายเอกนัฏ พร้อมพันธุ์ มีชื่อเล่นว่า \"ขิง\" เกิดเมื่อ 12 มกราคม พ.ศ. 2529 เป็นลูกชายคนที่ 2 ของนายพรเทพ เตชะไพบูลย์ กับนางศรีสกุล พร้อมพันธุ์ ภริยาคนปัจจุบันของนายสุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ รองนายกรัฐมนตรีในรัฐบาลของนายอภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ มีพี่ชายชื่อนายสิทธิพัฒน์ เตชะไพบูลย์ (โขง) และน้องสาวคือ น.ส.ธีราภา พร้อมพันธุ์ (เข็ม)นายเอกนัฏ พร้อมพันธุ์ เข้าสู่แวดวงการเมืองด้วยการเป็นเลขานุการส่วนตัวของนายสุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ ซึ่งเป็นบิดาบุญธรรม โดยในเหตุการณ์การก่อความไม่สงบของกลุ่มแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ (นปช.) เมื่อเดือนเมษายน พ.ศ. 2552 นายเอกนัฏได้อยู่ในเหตุการณ์และเคียงข้างนายสุเทพตลอด โดยเฉพาะเหตุการณ์ที่กลุ่มผู้ชุมนุมได้บุกเข้าไปในโรงแรมรอยัล คลิฟ บีช ที่พัทยา", "แนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ\nวันที่ 13 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2555 จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์ ในฐานะแกนนำแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ หรือ นปช. กล่าวถึงการเดินทางมาศาลอาญา ถนนรัชดาภิเษก ในวันที่ 13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2554 เพื่อจุดมุ่งหมายคือการอ่านจดหมายปรับทุกข์ของแกนนำ นปช.ในเรือนจำ และในวันที่ 19 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2555 ได้ชุมนุมที่ศาลฎีกา เพื่อร่วมกันอ่านจดหมายปรับทุกข์ ขอความยุติธรรม[78]", "บัณฑิต ศิริพันธุ์\nทำงานครั้งแรกด้วยการเป็นทนายความฝึกหัดของสำนักงานกฎหมายเสนีย์ ปราโมช ของ ม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ ปราโมช ตั้งแต่ยังเป็นนักศึกษา จึงใกล้ชิดและสนิทสนมกับ ม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ และบุคคลในพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ มาตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2508 และเป็นหัวหน้าสำนักงานกฎหมายแห่งนี้ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2518 หลังจาก ม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ เข้ารับตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรีในสมัยที่ 2 มาจนถึงปัจจุบัน", "อุทุมพร ศิลาพันธ์\nอุทุมพร ศิลาพันธ์ เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 1 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2500 เป็นนักแสดงชาวไทย เริ่มผลงานแสดงละครโทรทัศน์เรื่องแรกคือ \"แก้วนพเก้า\" (ของดาราฟิล์ม) ราวปี 2519 หลังจากรับบทนางเอกหลายปี จึงในผันมารับบทนางร้ายและนางรองบางเรื่อง ปัจจุบันยังคงรับงานแสดงละครอย่างต่อเนื่องโดยรับบทแม่เป็นส่วนใหญ่", "ขัตติยะ สวัสดิผล\nในทางการเมือง พล.ต.ขัตติยะ ได้มีแนวคิดจัดตั้งพรรคการเมืองขึ้นมา ในชื่อ พรรคเสธ.แดง เพื่อลงเลือกตั้งในปลายปี 2550 โดยมีจุดมุ่งหมายคือ แยกอำนาจสอบสวนออกจากตำรวจและตั้งหน่วยงานอิสระขึ้นมาดูแลแทน โดยตำรวจมีหน้าที่จับกุมและส่งตัวมาให้หน่วยงานสอบสวน แต่ไม่ได้รับการรับรองให้จดทะเบียนจากคณะกรรมการการเลือกตั้ง หรือ กกต. โดยนางสดศรี สัตยะรรม ให้เหตุผลว่าเป็นชื่อบุคคลไม่สามารถนำมาตั้งชื่อพรรคได้ โดยส่งเรื่องให้ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญตีความ โดยเรื่องชื่อพรรคนี้เรื่องค้างอยู่ในศาลรัฐธรรมนูญ 2 ปีเต็มไม่มีความคืบหน้า เพราะมีเรื่องเร่งด่วนรอให้ศาลรัฐธรรมนูญตัดสินอีกหลายเรื่อง จึงขอถอนเรื่องออกมาและมาจัดตั้งใหม่ ในนามว่า พรรคขัตติยะธรรม ซึ่งแปลว่า ธรรมของพระราชา", "จาตุรนต์ ฉายแสง\nจาตุรนต์ ก้าวเข้าสู่การเมืองครั้งแรกจากการชักชวนของผู้เป็นพ่อให้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรในปี 2529 ในนาม พรรคประชาธิปัตย์และได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็น ส.ส. ฉะเชิงเทราสมัยแรก และสมัยที่ 2 ในปี 2531 และได้ย้ายมาร่วมงานกับพรรคประชาชน ซึ่งนำโดยนายเฉลิมพันธ์ ศรีวิกรม์ ต่อมาได้ย้ายมาสังกัดพรรคความหวังใหม่ และได้รับการเลือกตั้งต่อเนื่องกันมาโดยตลอด จนกระทั่งในการเลือกตั้งปี 2544 จาตุรนต์ได้เป็น ส.ส.บัญชีรายชื่อสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทย จนกระทั่งเกิดรัฐประหารในปี 2549", "จารุพงษ์ ทองสินธุ์\nจารุพงษ์ ชื่อเล่นชื่อ เกี๊ยะ เกิดเมื่อ 7 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2500 อาศัยที่ 188 หมู่ที่ 2 ตำบล อิปัน อำเภอพระแสง บิดาชื่อ นายจินดา ทองสินธุ์ รับราชการเป็นครู มารดาชื่อ นางลิ้ม ทองสินธุ์ เป็นชาวสวน สำเร็จการศึกษาชั้นมัธยมศึกษาตอนต้น จากโรงเรียนสุราษฎร์ธานี ก่อนเข้าศึกษาต่อที่โรงเรียนวัดสุทธิวราราม และระดับอุดมศึกษาที่มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์\nในช่วงนั้น จารุพงษ์เป็นนักศึกษาคณะศิลปศาสตร์ปีที่ 2 เข้าร่วมกิจกรรมการเมืองซึ่งกำลังร้อนแรงอยู่ในขณะนั้น โดยเป็นอุปนายกองค์การนักศึกษามหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์ (อมธ.) และกรรมการบริหารศูนย์กลางนิสิตนักศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย เพื่อนนักศึกษาคนหนึ่งสมัยเรียนธรรมศาสตร์ของจารุพงษ์ ทองสินธุ์ คือ ศาสตราจารย์ ดร.เกษียร เตชะพีระ หัวหน้าสาขาวิชาการเมืองการปกครอง คณะรัฐศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยธรรมศาสตร์", "พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าจุลจักรพงษ์\nตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2478 ที่เริ่มเข้าการแข่งขันรถแข่ง จนถึงปี 2482 เป็นเวลา 5 ปี ที่ พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าพีรพงศ์ภาณุเดช เข้าแข่งขันความเร็วทั้งหมด 68 ครั้ง ชนะเลิศ 20 ครั้ง ได้ที่สอง 14 ครั้ง และที่สาม 5 ครั้ง และยังเข้าการแข่งขันระดับนานาชาติอีกหลายครั้ง ถือเป็นคนเอเชียคนเดียวที่เข้าทีมต่างประเทศซึ่งเป็นจุดเริ่มต้นของการเป็นนักแข่งรถอาชีพ โดยพระองค์จุลฯ ทรงทำหน้าที่เป็นผู้จัดการคอกหนูขาวนี้นานเกือบ 8 ปี", "จตุพร ประมลบาล\nพ.ศ. 2556 จตุพรได้ตัดสินใจออกจากการทำหน้าที่เป็นผู้ฝึกสอนทีมทีทีเอ็ม เอฟซี เพื่อรับใช้ชาติด้วยการทำหน้าที่เป็นหัวหน้าผู้ฝึกสอนฟุตบอลหญิงทีมชาติไทยในการแข่งเอเอฟเอฟวีเมนส์แชมเปียนชิพ 2013 ที่ย่างกุ้ง ประเทศพม่า รวมถึงในการแข่งฟุตบอลในซีเกมส์ 2013 ที่ประเทศพม่า โดยในรอบรองชนะเลิศทีมของเขาเป็นฝ่ายเสมอทีมชาติพม่าที่ 2-2 และได้มีการยิงจุดโทษเพื่อหาทีมชนะ ซึ่งนักฟุตบอลไทยเป็นฝ่ายยิงได้แม่นกว่า ด้วยผลการแข่งรวม 11-10 ส่งผลให้ทีมชาติไทยผ่านเข้าสู่รอบชิงชนะเลิศ และในรอบชิงนี้ เขาได้ใช้ระบบ 4-4-2 ที่ซึ่งทีมชาติไทยเป็นฝ่ายชนะทีมชาติเวียดนามที่ 2-1 ส่งผลให้ทีมชาติไทยรับรางวัลเหรียญทองได้สำเร็จ", "จตุพร เจริญเชื้อ\nอดีตเป็นสมาชิกสภาองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดขอนแก่น และรองนายกองค์การบริหารส่วนจังหวัดขอนแก่นตามลำดับ ปี พ.ศ. 2544 ลงสมัครสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรแบบบัญชีรายชื่อ พรรคไทยรักไทย ลำดับที่ 64 ต่อมา พ.ศ. 2548 ย้ายไปสมัครในระบบแบ่งเขต ได้คะแนน 49,406 คะแนน เอาชนะนายอรรถพล ชัยนันท์สมิตย์ จากพรรคกิจสังคม และนายณรงค์เลิศ สุรพล อดีต ส.ส.จากพรรคมหาชน ที่ได้เพียง 2,060 คะแนน นับจากนั้นนายจตุพรได้รับเลือกตั้งติดต่อกันมาอีก 3 ครั้ง โดยไม่เคยสอบตก\nจตุพร เจริญเชื้อ ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรมาแล้ว 4 สมัย คือ", "อรรถพงศ์ หนูพรหม\n\"โตโต้\" เล่นในระดับสโมสรครั้งแรกเมื่ออายุ 18 ปี โดยเดินทางไปทดสอบฝีเท้ากับสโมสร แทมปิเนส โรเวอร์ส ใน เอสลีก สิงคโปร์ และได้เซ็นต์สัญญาเป็นนักเตะอาชีพ ได้ลงเล่นเป็นกำลังหลักในทีมสำรองของสโมสร ต่อมาได้เลื่อนขึ้นมาเล่นในทีมชุดใหญ่ของสโมสร จนจบฤดูกาล 2008", "ชวลิต อภัยวงศ์\nนายชวลิตสำเร็จการศึกษาระดับมัธยมศึกษาจากโรงเรียนเทพศิรินทร์\nเมื่อวันที่ 6 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2489 พ.ต.ควง อภัยวงศ์ ได้ร่วมกับ ม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ ปราโมช และ ม.ร.ว.คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช รวมทั้งนักการเมืองกลุ่มหนึ่ง เช่น นายใหญ่ ศวิตชาต, นายเลียง ไชยกาล, ดร.โชติ คุ้มพันธ์, พระยาศราภัยพิพัฒ, นายบุญเท่ง ทองสวัสดิ์ และ นายฟอง สิทธิธรรม ก่อตั้ง พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ขึ้น โดย พ.ต.ควง อภัยวงศ์ ดำรงตำแหน่ง หัวหน้าพรรคคนแรก มี ม.ร.ว.เสนีย์ เป็นรองหัวหน้าพรรค ม.ร.ว.คึกฤทธิ์ เป็นเลขาธิการพรรค และมี นายชวลิต อภัยวงศ์ ผู้มีศักดิ์เป็นน้องชาย เป็น รองเลขาธิการพรรค มีวัตถุประสงค์เพื่อเป็นพรรคฝ่ายค้านคานอำนาจรัฐบาลของนายปรีดี ที่ขณะนั้นมีอำนาจอย่างสูง ที่เข้ามาแทนที่รัฐบาล จอมพล ป. พิบูลสงคราม", "พรรคความหวังใหม่\nพรรคความหวังใหม่ ลงเลือกตั้งครั้งแรกเมื่อวันที่ 22 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2535 โดยมี พล.อ.ชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค ร่วมด้วยนักการเมืองที่มีชื่อเสียงเช่น นายเสนาะ เทียนทอง นายจาตุรนต์ ฉายแสง และ นายวันมูหะมัดนอร์ มะทา มีสัญลักษณ์พรรคคือ ดอกทานตะวัน และมีคำขวัญพรรคว่า ประเทศมั่นคง ประชาชนมั่งคั่ง ได้เป็นฝ่ายค้าน และหลังจากนั้นไม่นานก็เกิด เหตุการณ์พฤษภาทมิฬ และ พรรคความหวังใหม่ เป็นหนึ่งในบรรดา 4 พรรคการเมือง ที่เรียกกันในช่วงเวลานั้นว่า พรรคเทพ ซึ่งเป็นพรรคการเมืองที่ร่วมกันคัดค้าน การขึ้นดำรงตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรีของ พล.อ.สุจินดา คราประยูร", "หม่อมราชวงศ์กิติวัฒนา ปกมนตรี\nหม่อมราชวงศ์กิติวัฒนา ปกมนตรี เริ่มรับราชการที่โรงเรียนนาฏศิลป์ กรมศิลปากร แล้วลาออกมาทำธุรกิจส่วนตัว และทำงานด้านสังคมสงเคราะห์ ต่อมาในการเลือกตั้ง ส.ส. ปี พ.ศ. 2550 จึงได้เข้ามาทำงานการเมืองโดยการเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร ระบบสัดส่วน เขต 6 กรุงเทพมหานครและปริมณฑล สังกัดพรรคเพื่อแผ่นดิน โดยหม่อมราชวงศ์กิติวัฒนา เป็นกลุ่มที่สนับสนุนพลตำรวจเอกประชา พรหมนอก เป็นนายกรัฐมนตรี ในการลงมติเมื่อปลายปี พ.ศ. 2551", "พระพรหมจริยาจารย์ (สมุท รชตวณฺโณ)\nกระทั่งอายุได้ 16 ปี ได้เข้าพิธีบรรพชาเป็นสามเณร เมื่อวันที่ 3 มิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2479 ณ วัดเบญจมบพิตรดุสิตวนาราม แขวงดุสิต เขตดุสิต กรุงเทพฯ โดยมีสมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช (ปลด กิตฺติโสภโณ) ครั้งดำรงพระสมณศักดิ์ที่พระธรรมโกศาจารย์ เป็นพระอุปัชฌาย์ ต่อมาเมื่ออายุครบ 20 ปีบริบูรณ์ ได้เข้าพิธีอุปสมบทเป็นพระภิกษุ เมื่อวันที่ 27 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2483 ณ พระอุโบสถวัดเบญจมบพิตรดุสิตวนาราม อุปสมบทในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ โดยมีสมเด็จพระอริยวงศาคตญาณ สมเด็จพระสังฆราช สกลมหาสังฆปริณายก (ปลด กิตฺติโสภโณ) ครั้งดำรงพระสมณศักดิ์ที่พระพรหมมุนี เป็นพระอุปัชฌาย์ พระมงคลวัตรกวี (คอน นนฺทิโย ป.ธ.3) ครั้งดำรงสมณศักดิ์ที่พระสรภาณกวี เป็นพระกรรมวาจาจารย์ และพระราชเวที (ดอกไม้ อุตฺตรภทฺโท ป.ธ.6) เป็นพระอนุสาวนาจารย์ ได้รับนามฉายาว่า “รชตวณฺโณ” \nพระพรหมจริยาจารย์ (สมุท รชตวณฺโณ) ฉายแววอัจฉริยะในด้านกวีนิพนธ์ จนได้รับการยกย่องเป็น“รัตนกวี” รูปหนึ่งของวงการคณะสงฆ์ไทยและชาวพุทธทั่วไป ด้วยมีผลงานร้อยกรอง กาพย์ กลอน โคลง ฉันท์ เป็นที่ยอมรับอย่างกว้างขวาง ที่รวมบทกวีตีพิมพ์ออกมา อาทิ คาถาพระธรรมบทคำกลอน เบญจมราชาสดุดี เบญจวรรณ (รวมบทกวี กาพย์เห่เรือ กลอน โคลง และฉันท์) เป็นต้น ในโอกาสสำคัญต่างๆ ท่านได้รับมอบหมายจากมหาเถรสมาคมให้เป็นผู้แต่งคำฉันท์ต่าง ๆ อาทิ \nอนึ่ง เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2533 สมเด็จพระเทพรัตนราชสุดาฯ สยามบรมราชกุมารี เสด็จพระราชดำเนินทรงถวายผ้าพระกฐิน ณ วัดท่าสุทธาวาส บ้านบางเสด็จ ต.บางเสด็จ อ.ป่าโมก จ.อ่างทอง พระพรหมจริยาจารย์ได้แต่งคำประพันธ์กาพย์เห่เรือ และจัดแห่เรือถวาย", "ชำนาญ ยุวบูรณ์\nเข้าศึกษาระดับชั้นมัธยมศึกษาที่ โรงเรียนวัดสุทธิวราราม เคยดำรงตำแหน่งอธิบดีกรมการปกครอง และเป็นนายกสมาคมธรรมศาสตร์ ในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ รวมถึงเคยตั้งพรรคการเมืองขึ้น ในปี พ.ศ. 2514 ชื่อว่า พรรคท้องถิ่นก้าวหน้า และเป็นประธานบริหารสามพราน ริเวอร์ไซด์ (สวนสามพราน)", "อภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ\nอภิสิทธิ์ เริ่มเข้าสู่แวดวงการเมืองด้วยการเป็นอาสาสมัครช่วยหาเสียงให้กับพิชัย รัตตกุล ในเขตคลองเตย ช่วงปิดภาคเรียนที่กลับมาเมืองไทย ต่อมาได้เข้าช่วยงานด้านวิชาการในเรื่องแผนพัฒนาเศรษฐกิจให้กับชวน หลีกภัย หัวหน้าพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ขณะนั้น ก่อนจะลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งในนามพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ได้เป็น ส.ส. กรุงเทพมหานคร เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2535 ขณะมีอายุได้เพียง 27 ปี ซึ่งนับว่าเป็น ส.ส. ที่มีอายุน้อยที่สุดในขณะนั้น[21] และเป็น ส.ส.เพียงคนเดียวของพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ในเขตกรุงเทพมหานครและพื้นที่ภาคกลาง ท่ามกลางกระแส \"มหาจำลองฟีเวอร์\" กับการเป็นนักการเมือง \"หน้าใหม่\" ที่เพิ่งลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นครั้งแรก", "ปรีชา เร่งสมบูรณ์สุข\nนายปรีชา เร่งสมบูรณ์สุข เริ่มต้นทำงานโดยการเป็นวิศวกรโยธา ประจำกองควบคุมการก่อสร้าง สำนักงานเร่งรัดพัฒนาชนบท ในระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2526-พ.ศ. 2528 ต่อมาได้เข้าสู่วงการการเมืองโดยการเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดเลย สังกัดพรรคสหประชาธิปไตย ในปี พ.ศ. 2529 ต่อมาได้ย้ายมาสังกัดพรรคกิจสังคม ในปี พ.ศ. 2535 จากนั้นได้ดำรงตำแหน่งรองหัวหน้าพรรคเสรีธรรม ในปี พ.ศ. 2544 (ซึ่งต่อมาได้ยุบรวมพรรคเข้ากับพรรคไทยรักไทย) เคยดำรงตำแหน่งสำคัญอาทิ ผู้ช่วยรัฐมนตรี เลขานุการรัฐมนตรีหลายกระทรวง", "พรรคเสรีประชาธิปไตย (พ.ศ. 2498)\nพรรคเสรีประชาธิปไตย พรรคการเมืองของไทยในอดีตที่จดทะเบียนก่อตั้งตาม พระราชบัญญัติพรรคการเมือง พ.ศ. 2498 เมื่อวันที่ 1 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2498[1] โดยมีนาย เมธ รัตนประสิทธิ์ เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค มีร้อยโท จารุบุตร เรืองสุวรรณ บิดาของนาย จารุพงศ์ เรืองสุวรรณ อดีต รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงมหาดไทย และอดีตหัวหน้า พรรคเพื่อไทย เป็นเลขาธิการพรรค ต่อมาในปี พ.ศ. 2500 ได้มีการเปลี่ยนแปลงในตำแหน่งเลขาธิการพรรค เมื่อร้อยโท จารุบุตร ได้ลาออกจากตำแหน่ง และได้แต่งตั้งให้ บุญคุ้ม จันทรศรีสุริยวงศ์ ดำรงตำแหน่งแทน[2]", "พรเทพ เตชะไพบูลย์\nพรเทพ เตชะไพบูลย์ เริ่มเข้าสู่งานการเมืองโดยการสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2529 ในสังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ และได้รับการเลือกตั้งหลายสมัย ต่อมาได้รับตำแหน่งรองโฆษกประจำสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี ในปี พ.ศ. 2532 และดำรงตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงอุตสาหกรรม ในรัฐบาลของนายชวน หลีกภัย เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2538 รัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงวิทยาศาสตร์เทคโนโลยีและสิ่งแวดล้อม ในยุครัฐบาลชวน2 กระทั่งปี พ.ศ. 2547 จึงได้ย้ายไปสังกัดพรรคมหาชน และพรรครวมชาติพัฒนา ในปี พ.ศ. 2550", "อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์\nหลังจากพรรคสามัคคีธรรมยุติการดำเนินงานไป จึงได้ก่อตั้งพรรคเสรีธรรมร่วมกับ นายพินิจ จารุสมบัติ และลงสมัครได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดฉะเชิงเทรา และยังได้รับตำแหน่งรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงสาธารณสุข ในรัฐบาล นายชวน หลีกภัย[6] สมัยแรก ในโควตาพรรคเสรีธรรมอีกด้วย ต่อมาได้เข้าร่วมงานกับพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ โดยดำรงตำแหน่งรองหัวหน้าพรรค และเป็นรัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงวิทยาศาสตร์ เทคโนโลยี และสิ่งแวดล้อม ในรัฐบาล นายชวน หลีกภัย สมัยที่ 2และเคยลงรับแข่งขันเป็นหัวหน้าพรรคด้วย ต่อจาก นายชวน หลีกภัย ที่ขอยุติบทบาทลงในปี พ.ศ. 2546 โดยแข่งคู่กับ นายบัญญัติ บรรทัดฐาน และ นายอภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ ซึ่ง ดร.อาทิตย์ได้คะแนนมาเป็นลำดับที่ 3 [7]", "การสลายการชุมนุมที่แยกราชประสงค์ พ.ศ. 2553\nวันเดียวกันนาย จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์ ขอพึ่งพระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดช[43]นายจตุพร กล่าวว่า เหตุการณ์วันที่ 20 พฤษภาคม 2535 หากพระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชไม่เรียกคู่ขัดแย้งมาหยุดยั้งความตายในวันนั้น ไม่รู้จะมีกี่พันศพ วันนี้ก็เช่นกัน พวกตนเป็นพสกนิกร ก็ขอพึ่งพระบารมีพระองค์ เพราะเราไม่มีที่พึ่งจริงๆ", "จตุพร เจริญเชื้อ\nนายจตุพร เจริญเชื้อ (เกิด 20 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2511) สมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรขอนแก่น เขต 3 ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรกในปี พ.ศ. 2544 ในสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทย ปัจจุบันสังกัดพรรคเพื่อไทย", "อรรถพงศ์ หนูพรหม\nอรรถพงศ์ หนูพรหม หรือ “โตโต้” เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 13 กุมภาพันธ์ 2533 ปัจจุบันอายุ 26 ปี เป็นคนจังหวัดชลบุรี เริ่มศึกษาในระดับชั้นประถมที่โรงเรียนกุลศิริศาสน์ จังหวัดชลบุรี ถึงชั้นประถมที่ 4 ด้วยความที่รักฟุตบอลมาตั้งแต่แรกจึงมาสอบเข้าที่โรงเรียนกีฬากรุงเทพมหานคร เพื่อจะได้เรียนรู้เกี่ยวกับฟุตบอลโดยตรงและหาประสบการณ์ในการเล่นฟุตบอล พร้อมกับเรียนในชั้นประถมปีที่ 5 จนถึงมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 3 จากนั้นได้ย้ายมาศึกษาต่อที่โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญธนบุรี จนจบชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปีที่ 6 โดยเป็นกำลังสำคัญหลักของทีมในการแข่งขันฟุตบอลนักเรียนมาโดยตลอดทั้งสองโรงเรียน และได้พาทีมอัญสัมชัญธนบุรีคว้าแชมป์ฟุตบอลนักเรียนทั้งรุ่นอายุไม่เกิน 16 ปี ประเภท ก และ รุ่นอายุไม่เกิน 18 ปี ประเภท ก พร้อมรับตำแหน่งนักเตะยอดเยี่ยม MVP ทั้ง 2 รุ่นมาครอง", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nหลังการยุบพรรคพลังประชาชน และการจัดตั้งรัฐบาล โดยการนำของพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ จตุพรทำหน้าที่สมาชิกฝ่ายค้านในสภาผู้แทนราษฎร และยังคงร่วมงานกับกลุ่ม นปช. อย่างต่อเนื่อง โดยร่วมขึ้นปราศรัยในฐานะแกนนำ ภายหลังเหตุการณ์ก่อความไม่สงบของกลุ่ม นปช. เมษายน พ.ศ. 2552 จตุพรถูกออกหมายจับพร้อมกับแกนนำคนอื่นๆ ในวันที่ 14 เมษายน พ.ศ. 2552", "สิทธิพร นิยม\nเริ่มงานแฟชั่นชิ้นแรกจากการถ่ายแบบ และมีผลงานตามมาอีกไม่ว่าจะเป็น ถ่ายรูป เดินแบบ ถ่ายโฆษณา เล่นละคร และโด่งดังกับมิวสิกวิดีโอเพลง 18 ฝนของเสือ ธนพล", "พิชัย รัตตกุล\nนายพิชัยเข้าสู่แวดวงการเมืองด้วยการเป็นสมาชิกพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2501 โดยมีนายควง อภัยวงศ์ เป็นหัวหน้าพรรค และเป็น ส.ส.ในพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร ในการเลือกตั้งเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2512 ก่อนเกิดเหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลาไม่นาน นายพิชัยได้เป็น 1 ใน 100 ของบุคคลที่ลงชื่อคัดค้านการดำรงตำแหน่งนายกรัฐมนตรีของจอมพลถนอม กิตติขจร และเป็น 1 ใน 4 สมาชิกพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ที่ลงชื่อในคราวนั้น (อีก 3 คนคือ นายดำรง ลัทธพิพัฒน์, นายเทพ โชตินุชิต, นายชวลิต อภัยวงศ์) เขาได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภานิติบัญญัติแห่งชาติ ในปี พ.ศ. 2516", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nวันที่รอคอย (พ.ศ. 2558) ใจเป็นของเรา (พ.ศ. 2558) สักวันหนึ่ง (พ.ศ. 2558) ดอกบัว (พ.ศ. 2558) มิตรภาพใต้แสงดาว (พ.ศ. 2558) เพราะเธอ (พ.ศ. 2558) ดอกไม้กับรอยบาป (พ.ศ. 2558) ความฝัน (พ.ศ. 2558) พึ่งพาอาศัย (พ.ศ. 2558) ขวัญข้าว (พ.ศ. 2558,เพลงประกอบรายการ\"เกษตรรุ่งอรุณ\"ทางพีซทีวี) กราบถวายความอาลัย (พ.ศ. 2558,เพลงพิเศษเพื่อแสดงความอาลัยต่อ พระธรรมเมธาภรณ์ (ระแบบ ฐิตญาโณ) หลังการมรณภาพ เมื่อวันที่ 18 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2558) สี่ขุนพลอีสาน (พ.ศ. 2559)", "จตุสดมภ์\nจตุสดมภ์ (เกิดจากคำบาลี \"จตุ\" หมายถึง สี่ และสันสกฤต สฺตมฺภ หมายถึง หลัก รวมหมายถึง \"หลักสี่\")[1] เป็นคำที่สมเด็จพระเจ้าบรมวงศ์เธอกรมพระยาดำรงราชานุภาพใช้เรียกระบบการปกครองส่วนกลางภายในกรุงศรีอยุธยาสมัยอยุธยาตอนต้น[2] โดยมีระบุว่าเป็นแนวคิดที่รับเอามาจากขอม[3] ในขณะที่การปกครองหลังมีการปฏิรูปขึ้นในรัชสมัยสมเด็จพระบรมไตรโลกนาถอันเป็นรูปแบบการปกครองที่ใช้มาจนถึงรัชสมัยพระบาทสมเด็จพระจุลจอมเกล้าเจ้าอยู่หัวนั้น มีลักษณะเป็นแบบ \"นายกรัฐมนตรี 2 คน\" มากกว่า[4]", "จตุพร เจริญเชื้อ\nจตุพร เจริญเชื้อ เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 20 กุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2511 เป็นบุตรของนายวิจิตร และนางผาณิต เจริญเชื้อ มีพี่น้อง 3 คน สำเร็จการศึกษา ศึกษาศาสตรบัณฑิต สาขาบริหารการศึกษา มหาวิทยาลัยสุโขทัยธรรมาธิราช ครุศาสตรอุตสาหกรรมบัณฑิต สาขาวิศวกรรมไฟฟ้าสื่อสาร สถาบันเทคโนโลยีราชมงคล และศิลปศาสตรมหาบัณฑิต สาขารัฐศาสตร์ มหาวิทยาลัยรามคำแหง ปัจจุบันมีสถานะโสด", "หม่อมราชวงศ์คึกฤทธิ์ ปราโมช\nหม่อมราชวงศ์คึกฤทธิ์เป็นบุคคลที่มีบุคลิกและบทบาทที่หลากหลาย มีชื่อเสียงในหลาย ๆ ด้าน โดยเฉพาะการประพันธ์ การแสดง และยังเป็นนักการเมือง เป็นผู้ก่อตั้งพรรคก้าวหน้า เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2488 ต่อมาได้ยุบรวมกับพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ในปีถัดมา ต่อมาก่อตั้งหนังสือพิมพ์สยามรัฐ เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2493 และก่อตั้งพรรคกิจสังคม เมื่อ พ.ศ. 2517 และได้ดำรงตำแหน่งเป็นนายกรัฐมนตรีคนที่ 13 ของประเทศไทยเมื่อ พ.ศ. 2518 โดยสามารถเป็นแกนนำตั้งรัฐบาลทั้งที่มีจำนวน ส.ส. ในมือเพียง 18 คน รัฐบาลคึกฤทธิ์ในครั้งนั้นมี บุญชู โรจนเสถียร ผู้ร่วมก่อตั้งพรรคกิจสังคม เป็น รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงการคลัง มีนโยบาย \"เงินผัน\" เป็นที่รู้จักเลื่องลือทั่วไปในสมัยนั้น", "เอกนัฏ พร้อมพันธุ์\nในการเลือกตั้งทั่วไปในวันที่ 3 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2554 นายเอกนัฏ ได้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร (ส.ส.) กรุงเทพมหานคร เขต 29 (เขตหนองแขม) สังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ซึ่งเป็นเขตเดียวกันกับ นายวัชระ เพชรทอง ส.ส. เดิมของพรรค ที่ต้องเปลี่ยนไปลงแบบระบบบัญชีรายชื่อแทน และได้รับเลือกตั้งไปด้วยคะแนน 37,932 คะแนน โดยถือเป็น ส.ส.ที่อายุน้อยที่สุดที่ได้รับเลือกตั้งมาในครั้งนี้ด้วย ด้วยอายุเพียง 25 ปีและยังเป็น ส.ส. ชายคนแรกในประวัติศาสตร์ที่เกิดหลังฉลองกรุงฯ 200 ปี", "อัมพร จินตกานนท์\nพลโทอัมพร จินตกานนท์ (พ.ศ. 2456 - พ.ศ. 2531) เป็น กรรมการเจ้าหน้าที่ควบคุมและตรวจข่าวโฆษณาทางหนังสือพิมพ์และสิ่งพิมพ์ ตามประกาศ คณะบริหารประเทศชั่วคราว ฉบับที่ 4 คณะบริหารประเทศชั่วคราว ในเหตุการณ์ รัฐประหารในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2494 ผู้มีชื่อเสียงในช่วง พ.ศ. 2500-2520 ในฐานะเป็นนักการเมืองคนสำคัญในกลุ่มของจอมพลสฤษดิ์ ธนะรัชต์ พลโทอัมพร จินตกานนท์ เคยดำรงตำแหน่งสำคัญ อาทิ รัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการกระทรวงยุติธรรม รัฐมนตรีช่วยว่าการ กระทรวงการคลัง ปลัดกระทรวงพาณิชย์ เลขาธิการบริหารของนายกรัฐมนตรี และนอกจากนี้พลโทอัมพร ยังเป็นหนึ่งในผู้ก่อตั้งธนาคารทหารไทยด้วย", "ยุรนันท์ ภมรมนตรี\nนายยุรนันท์เริ่มเล่นการเมืองด้วยการเข้าสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทยใน พ.ศ. 2548", "แถมสิน รัตนพันธุ์\nนายแถมสิน เข้าเรียนชั้นอนุบาล ที่โรงเรียนราชินี จากนั้นศึกษาต่อที่โรงเรียนอำนวยศิลป์ เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2483-2485 ในชื่อรุ่น “ลมหวน” ซึ่งเรียนร่วมกับ นายอานันท์ ปันยารชุน และ พลเอก ชวลิต ยงใจยุทธ อดีตนายกรัฐมนตรี พร้อมทั้งรัฐมนตรี และบุคคลที่มีชื่อเสียงอีกหลายคน อนึ่ง นายแถมสิน ให้การนับถือ ท่านผู้หญิงสมโรจน์ สวัสดิกุล ณ อยุธยา และ นายอิศรา อมันตกุล เป็นการส่วนตัว นายแถมสิน เริ่มงานนักหนังสือพิมพ์ และนักเขียน ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2496 เป็นผู้สื่อข่าว หัวหน้าข่าวกีฬาและบันเทิง คอลัมนิสต์ และหัวหน้ากองบรรณาธิการ ของหนังสือพิมพ์รายวัน และรายสัปดาห์ จำนวนมากกว่า 15 ฉบับ โดยผลงานที่สร้างชื่อเสียงมากที่สุดคือ การเขียนข่าวในวงสังคม ผ่านคอลัมน์ “ลัดดาซุบซิบ” ในหนังสือพิมพ์เสียงอ่างทอง (ของ จ.อ.กำพล วัชรพล ปัจจุบันคือหนังสือพิมพ์ไทยรัฐ) เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2502 เนื่องจากมีโอกาสรู้จักบุคคลหลายวงการ นับแต่สมัยเป็นนักเรียน และเป็นคนช่างสังเกต จึงรอบรู้ทุกเรื่องของบุคคลเหล่านั้นเป็นอย่างดี", "สิทธิพร นิยม\nสิทธิพร นิยม เกิดเมื่อวันพุธที่ 25 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2517 เป็นนักแสดงชาวไทย ในตอนเด็กอาศัยอยู่ชุมชนคลองเจ๊ก ย่านบางจาก มีพี่น้องอีก 4 คน โดยได้ช่วยแบ่งเบาภาระที่บ้านโดยการเป็นนักฟุตบอลโรงเรียน เพราะมีเบี้ยเลี้ยง พอตอนอยู่ชั้น ม.4 ในช่วงปิดเทอมหารายได้พิเศษมาทำงานที่เซ็นทรัล ชิดลม เป็นเด็กเข็นรถ ได้ทิปตกวันละ 200 บาท พอหมดสัญญาก็เป็นช่วงที่จบชั้น ม.6 และสอบเข้าได้ที่วิทยาลัยพลศึกษาชลบุรี จบปริญญาตรีจากคณะนิเทศศาสตร์ สาขาการโฆษณา มหาวิทยาลัยศรีปทุม ธันวาคม 2542 และ ปริญญาโท คณะพัฒนาสังคมและสิ่งแวดล้อม สถาบันบัณฑิตพัฒนบริหารศาสตร์ (NIDA)", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nต่อมาในเดือนพฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2555 มีคำวินิจฉัยเสียงข้างมาก 7 ต่อ 1 ให้สมาชิกภาพสมาชิกสภาผุ้แทนราษฎรของนายจตุพร สิ้นสุดลงตามรัฐธรรมนูญมาตรา 106(4) ประกอบกับมาตรา 101(3)[11]รวมถึงสิ้นสุดความเป็นสมาชิกพรรคการเมือง", "พจนารถ แก้วผลึก\nเริ่มสนใจการเมืองเมื่อได้ดูรายการของ ASTV ในช่วงเกิดวิกฤตการณ์การเมืองในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2548-2550 ทั้ง ๆ ที่ก่อนหน้านั้นไม่เคยสนใจมาก่อน แม้กระทั่งการเมืองท้องถิ่น ", "ประเทศไทย\nสงครามเวียดนามเร่งให้เกิดการทำให้ทันสมัยและการกลายเป็นตะวันตกของสังคมไทย มีการอพยพจากชนบทสู่เมืองเพื่อหางาน ชาวนาในชนบทเกิดสำนึกเรื่องชนชั้นและรวมตัวกับพรรคคอมมิวนิสต์แห่งประเทศไทยเริ่มตั้งแต่ปี 2507[22]:528 การพัฒนาทางเศรษฐกิจและการศึกษาทำให้เกิดชนชั้นกลางใหม่ขึ้นในกรุงเทพมหานครและตามหัวเมืองใหญ่ ซึ่งเป็นกลุ่มผู้มีการศึกษา มีรายได้พอสำหรับการให้การศึกษาแก่บุตร และสามารถเปลี่ยนฐานะทางเศรษฐกิจและสังคมได้[22]:534 ในเดือนตุลาคม 2514 มีการชุมนุมใหญ่ต่อต้านเผด็จการจอมพลถนอม กิตติขจร และมีการสลายการชุมนุมจนมีผู้เสียชีวิต[22]:541–3 ที่เรียก \"เหตุการณ์ 14 ตุลา\" พระบาทสมเด็จพระปรมินทรมหาภูมิพลอดุลยเดชทรงแต่งตั้งสัญญา ธรรมศักดิ์เป็นนายกรัฐมนตรีนับว่าพระมหากษัตริย์เข้ามาบทบาททางการเมืองโดยตรงครั้งแรกนับแต่ปี 2475[4] ผลของเหตุการณ์ดังกล่าวทำให้เกิดประชาธิปไตยระบบรัฐสภาช่วงสั้น ๆ[4] ที่มักเรียกว่า \"ยุคประชาธิปไตยเบ่งบาน\"", "ชไมพร จตุรภุช\nชไมพร จตุรภุช เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 13 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2506 เป็นนักแสดงชาวไทย เริ่มจากเข้าประกวดนางสาวไทยเมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2527 จากนั้นจึงได้เข้าสู่วงการแสดงโดยเริ่มจากละครจักรๆ วงศ์ๆ ทางช่อง 7 เรื่อง \"เทพสามฤดู\" ที่ออกอากาศทุกวันเสาร์และอาทิตย์ในช่วงเช้า โดยรับบทเป็นจินดาเหมันต์ หนึ่งในเทพทั้งสาม จากนั้นจึงมีผลงานต่อมาเรื่อยๆ ซึ่งส่วนใหญ่เป็นจอแก้ว เธอเป็นดาราเจ้าบทบาทที่แสดงได้หลากหลายทั้งนางเอก นางรอง และนางร้าย แต่เนื่องจากมีสายตาดุเด่นออกไปทางร้ายลึก จึงมักได้บทร้ายมากกว่า เช่น บท \"พิตะวัน\" ในละครเรื่อง \"มายา\" (ช่อง 7), \"ศันสนีย์\" จากเรื่อง \"จำเลยรัก\" (ช่อง 7), \"คุณยายวรนาฏ\" จากเรื่อง \"ทายาทอสูร\" (ช่อง 5) ฯลฯ แต่ยังเล่นบทน่าสงสารได้ดี เช่น บท \"น้อย\" ในละครเรื่อง \"คมพยาบาท\" ทางช่อง 5, บท \"ปัทมา\" จากเรื่อง \"ขมิ้นกับปูน\" ทางช่อง 7, บท \"โอบบุญ\" จากเรื่อง \"กำแพงบุญ\" ฯลฯ", "พระพรหมมุนี (ผิน สุวโจ)\nเมื่ออุปนิสัยน้อมเข้ามาทางพระพุทธศาสนาเช่นนี้ ครั้นอายุได้ 16 ปี (พ.ศ. 2453) จึงได้รับการบรรพชาเป็นสามเณร กับพระครูธรรมธรแก้ว พฺรหฺมสาโร วัดพวงมาลัย อำเภอเมือง จังหวัดสมุทรสงคราม แล้วเล่าเรียนอยู่ในวัดนั้นเป็นเวลาปีเศษ ก็ลาสิกขาออกไปเรียนภาษาไทยที่วัดเกตุการามต่ออีก ครั้นอายุได้ 19 ปี (พ.ศ. 2456) ก็ได้กลับเข้ามาบรรพชาเป็นสามเณรอีกครั้งหนึ่งกับพระมหาสมณวงศ์ (แท่น โสมทตฺโต) วัดเกตุการาม และอยู่มาจนอายุครบ 20 ปีบริบูรณ์ ก็ได้อุปสมบทเป็นพระภิกษุ ณ วัดเกตุการามนั้น โดยมีพระพุทธวิริยากร (จิตต ฉนฺโน) วัดสัตตนารถปริวัตร เจ้าคณะจังหวัดราชบุรี เป็นพระอุปัชฌาย์ พระครูอุดมธีรคุณ (เพิ่ม อุชุโก) และพระครูธรรมธรอินทร์ ภาสกโร วัดเกตุการาม เป็นพระกรรมวาจาจารย์", "อานิก อัมระนันทน์\nนางอานิก อัมระนันทน์ เริ่มเข้าสู่วงการเมืองช่วงหลังการเลือกตั้งปี พ.ศ. 2548 ด้วยการเสนอตัวมาช่วยงานพรรคผ่านทางนายกรณ์ จาติกวณิช รองเลขาธิการพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ที่พบกันในงานนักเรียนเก่า ออกซฟอร์ด-เคมบริดจ์ หลังจากสมัครสมาชิกพรรคแล้ว ด้วยประสบการณ์ทำงานที่สั่งสม และหลากหลายสาขาในองค์กรระหว่างประเทศ ทำให้ได้รับพิจารณาแต่งตั้ง ให้ดำรงตำแหน่ง ที่ปรึกษาผู้นำฝ่ายค้านในขณะนั้น (นายอภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ)", "สงกรานต์ จิตสุทธิภากร\nนายสงกรานต์เข้าเป็นสมาชิกพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2538 และเป็นเรื่อยมาจนถึงปัจจุบัน ใช้ความพยายามลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนทั้งหมด 4 ครั้ง ตั้งแต่ปี พ.ศ. 2539 โดยไม่เคยเปลี่ยนพรรคเลย จนมาประสบความสำเร็จ ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร เขต 1 จังหวัดนครสวรรค์ เมื่อวันที่ 23 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2550 และอีกครั้ง เมื่อวันที่ 3 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2554 รวมทั้งหมด 2 สมัย", "ชัยพล จูเลี่ยน พูพาร์ต\nผลงานเริ่มต้นในวงการบันเทิงนั้นคืองานโฆษณา อาทิ KFC , DTAC เป็นต้น ก่อนจะเข้ามารับบทบาทนักแสดงเต็มตัวกับละครเรื่องแรกในชีวิตคือ แก้วล้อมเพชร โดยละครเรื่องนี้เป็นการรวมนักแสดงเลือดใหม่ของทาง เอ็กแซ็กท์ ซึ่งถือเป็นการแจ้งเกิดให้กับนักแสดงหน้าใหม่หลายคนรวมถึงตัวเขาเองด้วย ซึ่งต่อมาก็มีงานละครเข้ามาเรื่อยๆ โดยแต่ละเรื่อง ส่วนมากมักได้รับบทเป็นตัวร้ายแทบจะเรียกได้ว่าเป็นโลโก้ตัวร้ายหน้าใหม่ของค่ายเอ็กซ์แซ็กท์เลยก็ว่าได้\nปี พ.ศ. 2554 นิวก็ได้รับโอกาสจาก หม่อมหลวงพันธุ์เทวนพ เทวกุล ให้รับบทบาทในภาพยนตร์เรื่องแรกคือ อุโมงค์ผาเมือง ปีถัดมาได้รับการทาบทามอีกครั้งจากหม่อมหลวงพันธุ์เทวนพ เทวกุล กับบท “เคน กระทิงทอง” ตัวละครอันลือเลื่องในนิยายอีโรติกของไทยที่นำมาทำเป็นภาพยนตร์อีกครั้ง เรื่อง จันดารา ปฐมบท และ จันดารา ปัจฉิมบท โดยผลงานเรื่องนี้ทำให้ชื่อเสียงของชัยพลถูกวิพากษ์วิจารณ์ไปทั่วเว็บไซต์ต่างๆ ในความใจถึงของเขาที่ต้องแสดงความสามารถในการเล่นฉากเลิฟซีนที่มีมากมายหลายฉาก ซึ่งเมื่อภาพยนตร์ถูกฉายออกไปก็ทำให้ชื่อของนิวเป็นที่รู้จักและมีงานอีเว้นท์เข้ามาแบบไม่ขาดสายเลยทีเดียว", "ทศพร เสรีรักษ์\nนายแพทย์ทศพร รับราชการเป็นนายแพทย์ สังกัดกระทรวงสาธารณสุข ก่อนจะลาออกจากราชการมาทำงานการเมือง และได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดแพร่ ในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2539 สังกัดพรรคชาติไทย และในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2544 และ พ.ศ. 2548 ในสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทย ก่อนจะถูกตัดสิทธิทางการเมืองเนื่องจากเป็นกรรมการบริหารพรรคไทยรักไทย ในปี พ.ศ. 2550", "พินิจ จารุสมบัติ\nพินิจ จารุสมบัติ ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรจังหวัดหนองคาย เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2535 สังกัดพรรคสามัคคีธรรม ในวันที่ 1 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2535 ได้รับแต่งตั้งเป็นเลขานุการรัฐมนตรีประจำสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี ในรัฐบาล พลเอก สุจินดา คราประยูร ต่อมาภายหลังเหตุการณ์พฤษภาทมิฬ จึงได้เป็นแกนนำในการจัดตั้งพรรคเสรีธรรม ร่วมกับ ดร.อาทิตย์ อุไรรัตน์ หัวหน้าพรรค และนายพินิจ จารุสมบัติ ดำรงตำแหน่ง หัวหน้าพรรคเสรีธรรม ในระหว่างปี พ.ศ. 2539 - พ.ศ. 2543 หลังจากนั้นจึงย้ายมาสังกัดพรรคไทยรักไทย ในปี พ.ศ. 2544 และได้รับตำแหน่ง รองหัวหน้าพรรคไทยรักไทย", "จักรพันธุ์ ยมจินดา\nจักรพันธุ์จึงลาออกจากช่อง 7 แล้วลงสมัครเข้ารับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร ที่จังหวัดระยอง ในนามพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ เมื่อวันที่ 13 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2535 โดยเขาได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็น ส.ส.ด้วยคะแนนกว่า 100,000 เสียง ซึ่งเป็นอันดับที่ 1 ของจังหวัด ต่อมา พรรคส่งจักรพันธุ์ ลงสมัครเป็น ส.ส.ในเขตเลือกตั้งที่ 10 ของกรุงเทพมหานคร ซึ่งประกอบด้วย เขตบางกอกน้อย, เขตบางพลัด และเขตตลิ่งชัน โดยเขาได้รับการเลือกตั้ง ด้วยคะแนน 64,428 เสียง และได้รับการแต่งตั้ง เป็นโฆษกกระทรวงมหาดไทย ในยุคที่ พลตรีสนั่น ขจรประศาสน์ เป็นรัฐมนตรีว่าการ เมื่อปลายปี พ.ศ. 2537 จนถึงกลางปี พ.ศ. 2538 จักรพันธุ์เป็นผู้ประกาศข่าวอีกครั้ง ในช่วงสถานการณ์ประจำวัน ทางสถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์ไทยทีวีสีช่อง 3", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nคดีก่อการร้าย และฝ่าฝืนข้อกำหนดที่ระบุไว้ ในประกาศสถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน ลงวันที่ 19 พฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2553 ตามพระราชกำหนดการบริหารราชการในสถานการณ์ฉุกเฉิน พ.ศ. 2548 หมายเลขดำที่ อ.2542/2553 ที่พนักงานอัยการฝ่ายคดีพิเศษ 1 เป็นโจทก์ คดีดักฟังโทรศัพท์ หมายเลขดำที่ อ.177/2551 กรณีที่จำเลยทั้งสามคือจตุพร, จักรภพ เพ็ญแข และณัฐวุฒิ ใสยเกื้อ ร่วมกันนำข้อความการสนทนาทางโทรศัพท์ ระหว่าง พลตำรวจตรี พีรพันธุ์ เปรมภูติ ปลัดสำนักนายกรัฐมนตรี (สปน.; ยศและตำแหน่งขณะนั้น) กับวิรัช ชินวินิจกุล อดีตเลขานุการศาลฎีกา และไพโรจน์ นวานุช ผู้พิพากษาศาลอุทธรณ์ประจำสำนักประธานศาลฎีกาขณะนั้น ไปเปิดบนเวทีปราศรัยของแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยขับไล่เผด็จการ ศาลพิพากษาเมื่อวันที่ 22 ก.ค. 2557 จำคุก 2 ปี ปรับ 4หมื่น รอลงอาญา 2 ปี[19]อยู่ระหว่างฎีกา คดีหมายเลขดำที่ อ.4176/2552 ที่อภิสิทธิ์เป็นโจทก์ ยื่นฟ้องจตุพรเป็นจำเลย ในความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทผู้อื่นโดยการโฆษณา ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 326, 328 และ 332 กรณีเมื่อวันที่ 11 และ 17 ตุลาคม พ.ศ. 2552 จตุพรกล่าวปราศรัย ในการชุมนุมของ นปช.และเสื้อแดง ที่อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตยและทำเนียบรัฐบาล กล่าวหาว่าโจทก์ยึดพระราชอำนาจ ด้วยการเพิกเฉยไม่ดำเนินการใดๆ ต่อฎีกาพระราชทานอภัยโทษแก่ พ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ชินวัตร อดีตนายกรัฐมนตรี ซึ่งทาง นปช.รวบรวมรายชื่อคนเสื้อแดงขึ้นทูลเกล้าฯ และกล่าวหาโจทก์เป็นฆาตกร อาชญากร สั่งการให้เจ้าหน้าที่ทหาร ใช้อาวุธปืนสงครามสังหารประชาชน และสร้างสถานการณ์จลาจล ที่บริเวณสามเหลี่ยมดินแดง ย่านนางเลิ้ง และถนนเพชรบุรีซอย 5 และซอย 7 ช่วงเดือนเมษายน พ.ศ. 2552 รวมถึงเหตุการณ์จลาจล ระหว่างการประชุมสุดยอดอาเซียนที่เมืองพัทยา ศาลอาญาพิพากษาเมื่อวันที่ 28 ม.ค. 2558 ให้ลงโทษจำคุกจำเลยเป็นเวลา 2 ปีโดยไม่รอการลงโทษ[20] ศาลอุทธรณ์พิพากษาเมื่อวันที่ 10 มิ.ย. 2559 พิพากษายืนตามศาลชั้นต้น[21] คดีหมายเลขดำ อ.855/2553 ที่สุเทพ เทือกสุบรรณ เป็นโจทก์ยื่นฟ้องจตุพรเป็นจำเลย ในความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทผู้อื่นด้วยการโฆษณา ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 326 และ 328 กรณีเมื่อวันที่ 4 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2552 จตุพรแถลงข่าวพาดพิงโจทก์ว่า สั่งการให้เจ้าหน้าที่ตำรวจ เกณฑ์คนต่างด้าวให้ได้ 5,000 คนมาสวมเสื้อสีแดง แฝงตัวร่วมชุมนุมกับกลุ่มคนเสื้อแดง เมื่อวันที่ 10 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2552 โดยวางแผนให้คนกลุ่มดังกล่าว ก่อความปั่นป่วนเพื่อป้ายสีคนเสื้อแดง ศาลอุทธรณ์พิพากษาเมื่อวันที่ 13 ส.ค. 2556 ยืนตามศาลชั้นต้นให้ยกฟ้อง คดีหมายเลขดำ อ.771/2554 ที่ พลตรี จำลอง ศรีเมือง กับพวกรวม 4 คน เป็นโจทก์ยื่นฟ้องจตุพร และสื่อมวลชนรวม 4 คนเป็นจำเลย ในความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทผู้อื่นโดยการโฆษณา ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 326 และ 328 และพระราชบัญญัติว่าด้วยการกระทำความผิดเกี่ยวกับคอมพิวเตอร์ พ.ศ. 2550 ศาลอุทธรณ์พิพาษาเมื่อวันที่ 14 ส.ค. 2556 ยืนตามศาลชั้นต้นให้ยกฟ้อง[22] คดีหมายเลขดำ ด.2635/2551 (ศาลอาญากรุงเทพใต้) นางทีปสุรางค์ ภรรยาของจรัญ ภักดีธนากุล เป็นโจทก์ยื่นฟ้องจตุพรกับพวก และสื่อมวลชนรวม 4 คน ในความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทผู้อื่นโดยการโฆษณา ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 326 และ 328 กรณีเมื่อวันที่ 4 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2551 เวลาประมาณ 22:00-23:00 น. จำเลยที่ 1 ถึง 3 ซึ่งดำเนินรายการความจริงวันนี้ ทางสถานีวิทยุโทรทัศน์แห่งประเทศไทย แสดงความคิดเห็นโดยนำคำพิพากษา ที่ศาลอุทธรณ์พิพากษากลับ คำพิพากษาศาลจังหวัดสงขลา ในคดีเกี่ยวกับที่ดิน มาอ่านออกอากาศ แล้วอ้างว่าเป็นประเด็นเปรียบเทียบ กับเรื่องการแก้ไขรัฐธรรมนูญ ซึ่งโจทก์เห็นว่าเจตนาบิดเบือนข้อเท็จจริง คดีหมายเลขดำ อ.4977/2555 ที่วัชระ เพชรทอง เป็นโจทก์ยื่นฟ้องจตุพร, วีระกานต์ หรือวีระ มุสิกพงศ์ และณัฐวุฒิ เป็นจำเลยที่ 1 ถึง 3 ในความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทด้วยการโฆษณา และความผิดว่าด้วยพระราชบัญญัติการกระทำความผิดเกี่ยวกับคอมพิวเตอร์ พ.ศ. 2550 พร้อมทั้งเรียกค่าเสียหายเป็นเงิน 10 ล้านบาท[23] ศาลอาญาพิพากษาเมื่อวันที่ 2 ก.ย. 2558 ให้จำคุกจำเลยทั้ง 3 คนละ 1 ปี ปรับ คนละ 5หมื่นบาท รอลงอาญาไว้ 2 ปี และชดใช้เงินจำนวน 6 แสนบาท[24] คดีหมายเลขดำ อ.2799/2557 ที่พนักงานอัยการฝ่ายคดีอาญา 10 เป็นโจทก์ยื่นฟ้องจตุพร และศราวุธ หลงเส็ง ผู้ร่วมชุมนุม เป็นจำเลยที่ 1 และ 2 ในความผิดฐานมั่วสุมกันตั้งแต่ 10 คนขึ้นไป ใช้กำลังประทุษร้ายหรือกระทำการอย่างหนึ่งอย่างใด ให้เกิดความวุ่นวายในบ้านเมือง โดยมีอาวุธและต่อสู้ขัดขวางเจ้าพนักงาน ในการปฏิบัติตามหน้าที่โดยใช้กำลังประทุษร้าย ตามประมวลกฎหมายอาญา มาตรา 138 วรรค 2, 215, 216 ซึ่งยื่นฟ้องเมื่อวันที่ 29 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2557", "อรรถพงศ์ หนูพรหม\nอรรถพงศ์ หนูพรหม “โตโต้” นักฟุตบอลตำแหน่งกองกลาง ฉายา “ซ้ายธรรมชาติ” ปัจจุบันเล่นอยู่กับสโมสร ราชบุรี มิตรผล เอฟซี เริ่มเล่นฟุตบอลอาชีพ กับสโมสร แทมปิเนส โรเวอร์ส ในเอส ลีก สิงคโปร์ เมื่อฤดูกาล 2008 เริ่มติดทีมชาติมาตั้งแต่ยุวชนไทย 12 ปี จนถึง เยาวชนไทย อายุ 19 ปี ล่าสุด ติดทีมชาติไทยชุดซีเกมส์ ครั้งที่ 26", "อรสา พรหมประทาน\nอรสา พรหมประทาน มีชื่อเล่นว่า \"ติ๋ว\" มีชื่อจริงชื่อ อรสา ทองพรหม เกิดเมื่อวันที่ 29 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2494 เข้าสู่วงการบันเทิงจากการประกวด และได้รางวัล มิสเอซี ประจำปี พ.ศ. 2513 หลังจากนั้น ก็มีผลงานมากมายทั้งจอแก้ว และจอเงิน ไม่ว่าจะเป็น เรื่อง บัวสีน้ำเงิน, ปลาบู่ทอง, ขาดฉันแล้วเธอจะรู้สึก, นางนวล, แค้น, บ้านสาวโสด, สุดแผ่นดิน โดยผลงาน ละคร ", "แนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยต่อต้านเผด็จการแห่งชาติ\nวันที่ 2 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2559 ศาลฎีกาพิพากษาให้จำคุกจตุพร พรหมพันธุ์ 6 เดือน ฐานหมิ่นประมาท อภิสิทธิ์ เวชชาชีวะ โดยศาล เห็นว่าจำเลยมีเจตนาเพื่อยั่วยุปลุกปั่นให้เกิดความวุ่นวาย ไม่ได้ติชมด้วยความสุจริตใจ เป็นความผิดฐานหมิ่นประมาทด้วยการโฆษณา ให้ลงโทษจำคุก 6 เดือน ปรับ 50,000 บาท แต่โทษจำคุกให้รอลงอาญาไว้ 2 ปี และให้จำเลยลงโฆษณาคำพิพากษาในหนังสือพิมพ์รายวันเป็นเวลา 7 วัน โดยจำเลยเป็นผู้ชำระค่าใช้จ่าย [122]", "ขยัน วิพรหมชัย\nนายขยัน วิพรหมชัย เข้าสู่การเมืองโดยการสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร จังหวัดลำพูน หลายครั้ง ตั้งแต่ พ.ศ. 2535 พ.ศ. 2538 และ พ.ศ. 2539 แต่ไม่ได้รับการเลือกตั้ง กระทั่งการเลือกตั้งซ่อมแทนตำแหน่งที่ว่าง เนื่องจากนายอนุสรณ์ วงศ์วรรณ กรรมการบริหารพรรคพลังประชาชน ซึ่งถูกตัดสิทธิ์ทางการเมือง ในปี พ.ศ. 2550 นายวิชัย วิพรหมชัย จึงได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร เป็นครั้งแรก โดยได้ 102,785 คะแนน ชนะนายเพชรวรรต วัฒนพงศ์ศิริกุล ประธานที่ปรึกษาคนเสื้อแดงกลุ่มรักเชียงใหม่ 51 ผู้สมัครจากพรรคเพื่อไทย ซึ่งได้คะแนน 93,522 คะแนน และนางสาวอาภาภรณ์ พุทธปวน อดีต ส.ส. ส่งผลให้เป็นหนึ่งในสองคน ที่สามารถชนะการเลือกตั้งในเขตภาคเหนือตอนบน ซึ่งเป็นฐานคะแนนเสียงสำคัญของพรรคเพื่อไทย (กลุ่มผู้สนับสนุน พ.ต.ท.ทักษิณ ชินวัตร) แต่ในการเลือกตั้ง พ.ศ. 2554 นายขยัน วิพรหมชัย พ่ายให้กับนายสถาพร มณีรัตน์ จากพรรคเพื่อไทย จากนั้นจึงได้กลับมาลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งระดับท้องถิ่น และได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นนายกเทศมนตรีตำบลอุโมงค์อีกสมัย ในเดือนกุมภาพันธ์ พ.ศ. 2555", "เฉลิม พรหมเลิศ\nเฉลิม พรหมเลิศ รับราชการในสังกัดกระทรวงมหาดไทย เคยดำรงตำแหน่งผู้ว่าราชการจังหวัดน่าน ภูเก็ต สมุทรสาคร เป็นรองปลัดกระทรวงมหาดไทย ในปี พ.ศ. 2536 เป็นเลขาธิการสำนักงานเร่งรัดพัฒนาชนบท หลังเกษียณอายุราชการ ได้รับเลือกเป็นสมาชิกสภาร่างรัฐธรรมนูญ ชุดปี พ.ศ. 2539 ต่อมาได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็นสมาชิกวุฒิสภา ในการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกวุฒิสภาครั้งแรกในประเทศไทย พ.ศ. 2543 และได้รับเลือกเป็นรองประธานวุฒิสภา คนที่ 1 ต่อมาจึงได้ลาออกเนื่องจากถูกกล่าวว่าซื้อบริการจากเด็กอายุต่ำกว่า 15 ปี เมื่อปี พ.ศ. 2543", "อำพล พันธุ์ประสิทธิ์\nอำพล ได้ลงสมัครเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎรครั้งแรกใน พ.ศ. 2518 สังกัดพรรคกิจสังคม แต่ได้รับเลือกตั้งครั้งแรก ในพ.ศ. 2519 และได้รับเลือกติดต่อกันรวม 2 ครั้ง ", "สายทิพย์ มนตรีกุล ณ อยุธยา\nเริ่มงานด้านหนังสือตั้งแต่ยังเรียนไม่จบ โดยการเป็นนักเขียนนวนิยายในนิตยสารแพรวในชื่อนามปากกา \"สายทิพย์\" หลังเรียนจบเริ่มต้นอาชีพเป็นนักเขียนคำโฆษณา () ให้กับ บริษัท พรีเมียร์มาร์เก็ตติ้ง จำกัด ทำให้ได้ร่วมงานกับไพบูลย์ ดำรงชัยธรรม , บุษบา ดาวเรือง , สันติสุข จงมั่นคง (ผู้ก่อตั้งแกรมมี่เอ็นเตอร์เทนเมนต์) เมื่อทั้งสามได้แยกไปเปิดบริษัท แกรมมี่เอ็นเตอร์เทนเมนต์ อย่างเต็มตัว สายทิพย์จึงได้ย้ายตามไปทำงานที่แกรมมี่ ในตำแหน่งโปรดักส์ชั่นเฮ้าส์ ทำงานเบื้องหลังรายการทีวี จากนั้นได้ลาออกจากงานและผันตัวไปเป็นนักจัดรายการวิทยุ โดยรายการวิทยุที่ได้จัดเป็นรายการแรกในชื่อดีเจพี่ฉอดคือรายการ เดย์ ไทม์ () เป็นรายการเพลงสากล ทำให้เป็นที่รู้จักและมีชื่อเสียงมากขึ้น โดยรายการที่ทำให้เป็นที่รู้จักคือรายการ ผิวปากตามเพลง และ ร่มไม้รายทาง หลังจากนั้นจึงตัดสินใจลาออกจากงาน", "พูนภิรมย์ ลิปตพัลลภ\nพล.ท.หญิงพูนภิรมย์ เข้าสู่วงการเมืองครั้งแรกโดยลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็น สมาชิกวุฒิสภา ปี พ.ศ. 2549 ต่อมาในการเลือกตั้งสมาชิกสภาผู้แทนราษฎร 23 ธันวาคม พ.ศ. 2550 เข้าร่วมกับพรรครวมใจไทยชาติพัฒนา ที่นายสุวัจน์ เป็นแกนนำ แต่ไม่ได้ลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้ง", "จตุพร พรหมพันธุ์\nจตุพรเคยดำรงตำแหน่งเป็นเลขานุการของประพัฒน์ ปัญญาชาติรักษ์ รัฐมนตรีว่าการกระทรวงทรัพยากรธรรมชาติและสิ่งแวดล้อม สมัยรัฐบาลทักษิณ 1 ต่อมาเข้าร่วมเป็น 1 ใน 8 แกนนำแนวร่วมประชาธิปไตยขับไล่เผด็จการ (นปก.) ที่เคลื่อนไหวต่อต้าน คณะมนตรีความมั่นคงแห่งชาติ ต่อมาได้เข้าสังกัดกับพรรคพลังประชาชนพร้อมกับลงรับสมัคร ส.ส. ในระบบสัดส่วนลำดับที่ 4 ของกลุ่ม 6 ที่ประกอบด้วยพื้นที่กรุงเทพมหานคร นนทบุรี และสมุทรปราการ และได้รับเลือกตั้งเป็น ส.ส.ในสมัยแรก", "จิตรภาณุ กลมแก้ว\nโดยบอลเข้าสู่วงการจาการเป็น นายแบบ โฆษณา และโฆษณาที่ทำให้บอลรู้จักคือ โฆษณาทรู และต่อมาปี 2557 มีละครเรื่องแรก คือ \"ในม่านเมฆ\" รับบทเป็น ปลัดเกษตร และปี 2558 และมีละครเรื่องสอง คือ \"หงส์ (เลือดมังกร)\" รับบทเป็น เฉินอี้เสียง (วัยหนุ่ม) เรื่อง \"หนึ่งในทรวง \" รับบทเป็น หมอประสงค์ เรื่อง \"นางร้ายที่รัก \" รับบทเป็น หมวดศาสตรา และเรื่อง \"อีสาวอันตราย \" รับบทเป็น ศิระ และในปีนี้บอลได้มีผลงานภาพยนตร์เรื่องแรกคือ \" ป้าแฮปปี้ she ท่าเยอะ\" รับบทเป็น ตุลย์ โดยได้มีโอกาสคู่กับนักแสดงรุ่นพี่อย่าง เขมนิจ จามิกรณ์", "พีรพันธุ์ พาลุสุข\nลงสมัครรับเลือกตั้งเป็นครั้งแรกในการเลือกตั้งใหญ่ปี พ.ศ. 2526 สังกัดพรรคชาติไทย แต่ไม่ได้รับการเลือกตั้ง โดยได้คะแนนมาเป็นอันดับที่ 4 ของเขต (มี ส.ส.ได้ 3 คน) ต่อมาปี พ.ศ. 2528 อดีต ส.ส. ถึงแก่กรรม นายพีรพันธุ์จึงลงเลือกตั้งซ่อมในสังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ได้รับการเลือกตั้งเป็นครั้งแรก และได้รับการเลือกตั้งติดต่อกันมาอีก 2 สมัย คือ พ.ศ. 2529 สังกัดพรรคประชาธิปัตย์ และปี พ.ศ. 2531 สังกัดพรรคประชาชน ซึ่งเขาเป็นรองเลขาธิการพรรค แต่สอบตกในการเลือกตั้งสองครับถัดมาในปี พ.ศ. 2535 ซึ่งเขาสังกัดพรรคความหวังใหม่ จนปี พ.ศ. 2538 จึงได้รับการเลือกตั้งอีกครั้งในนามพรรคชาติไทย" ]

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[ "Железная клетка\nЖелезная клетка — социологический термин, впервые использованный Максом Вебером и обозначающий возрастающую бюрократизацию и рационализацию общества, в частности в странах Западного капитализма. «Железная клетка» запирает индивида в бюрократической системе, основанной только на прикладной пользе и рациональном расчёте. Вебер также называл бюрократизацию «полярной ночью ледяной тьмы».[1]" ]

[ "Протестантская трудовая этика\nТермин «Протестантская трудовая этика» был введён в научный оборот немецким социологом и философом Максом Вебером в его знаменитой работе «Протестантская этика и дух капитализма» в 1905 году.", "Железный человек\nСтарк стал инициатором встречи в Ваканде с Профессором Икс, Мистером Фантастиком, Чёрным Громом, Доктором Стрэнджем и Нэмором для формирования тайной группы управления стратегией и политикой. Они назвали себя «Иллюминатами». Первоначальной целью Старка было создание управленческой организации для всех супергероев в мире, перед которой те отвечали бы. Тем не менее, различные убеждения и философии, кроме факта, что многие герои выбрали скрывать свою реальную тождественность, сделали план Старка невыполнимым. Но некоторые соглашались поделиться информацией о личной жизни.", "Железный Дровосек\nЖелезный Дровосек (, буквально — \"Жестяной дровосек\") — персонаж сказочных произведений Фрэнка Баума о волшебной стране Оз и созданных на их основе Александром Волковым произведений о Волшебной стране и Изумрудном городе. Первое появление Железного Дровосека в литературе состоялось с выходом в 1900 году классического произведения Баума «Удивительный волшебник из страны Оз». Затем персонаж встречается во множестве других книг о Волшебной стране. ", "Ядерный реактор\nТеоретическую группу «Урановый проект» нацистской Германии, работающую в Обществе кайзера Вильгельма, возглавлял Вайцзеккер, но лишь формально. Фактическим лидером стал Гейзенберг, разрабатывающий теоретические основы цепной реакции, Вайцзеккер же с группой участников сосредоточился на создании «урановой машины» — первого реактора. Поздней весной 1940 года один из учёных группы — Хартек — провёл первый опыт с попыткой создания цепной реакции, используя оксид урана и твёрдый графитовый замедлитель. Однако имеющегося в наличии делящегося материала не хватило для достижения этой цели. В 1941 году в Лейпцигском университете участником группы Гейзенберга Дёпелем был построен стенд с тяжеловодным замедлителем, в экспериментах на котором к маю 1942 года удалось достичь производства нейтронов в количестве, превышающем их поглощение. Полноценной цепной реакции немецким учёным удалось достичь в феврале 1945 года в эксперименте, проводимом в горной выработке близ Хайгерлоха. Однако спустя несколько недель ядерная программа Германии прекратила существование[3][4].", "HeLa\nКлетки из опухолевого образования Генриетты были изъяты без её ведома и согласия исследователем Джорджом Гейем, который обнаружил, что в них можно поддерживать жизнь. Ему удалось выделить одну конкретную клетку, умножить её и начать клеточную линию. Гей назвал их клетками HeLa, по начальным буквам имени Генриетты Лакс. Это первые человеческие клетки, выращенные в лаборатории, которые были «бессмертными» — они не погибали после нескольких делений и могли быть использованы во многих экспериментах.", "Железный занавес\nПрямой антисоветский смысл выражение приобрело в 1919 году, когда премьер-министр Франции Жорж Клемансо на Парижской мирной конференции произнёс[8] фразу: «Мы желаем поставить вокруг большевизма железный занавес, который помешает ему разрушить цивилизованную Европу».", "Железная Маска\nИзвестный писатель и философ Вольтер в своём втором издании «Вопросов к Энциклопедии» (1771 год) выдвинул версию, что узник носил не бархатную, а железную маску, и что под этой маской скрывался незаконный старший брат Людовика XIV. Единственные исторические сведения о человеке в железной маске возможно почерпнуть из переписки Сен-Мара со своим руководством в Париже. По другим версиям, узником был некий Эсташ Доже (), участник нескольких политических скандалов конца XVII века, однако и эта теория не является убедительной.", "Железные монеты\nВ 1776 году в России, вероятно в Белозерске и по мысли графа Якова Сиверса, были выкованы железные кубики с надписью «копейка» и «деньга», предназначавшиеся для взвешивания продаваемой казной соли. Хотя кубики эти и принимались некоторыми исследователями за монету, но на самом деле это были лишь гири.", "Железная дева\nЕсли описание имело реальные корни, то можно считать это устройство одним из первых известных механических автоматов — где в движение механизм приводился весом осуждённого, который действовал на пружину в полу.", "Гипотеза мира сульфидов железа\nУильям Мартин и Майкл Рассел предположили, что первые клеточные формы жизни развивались внутри гидротермальных жерл на дне моря.\nЭти структуры состоят из микроскопических пустот (кластеров, «пещер»), «стены» которых покрыты слоем сульфидов металлов. Такие структуры являются решением сразу нескольких проблем теории Вэхтерсхойзера:Данная модель предполагает, что LUCA физически находился в одном из таких гидротермальных кластеров, нежели представлял свободноживущую форму. Последним шагом к появлению истинных клеток станет синтез липидной мембраны, который позволит организмам оставить необходимость в физической границе из минеральных пород. Это обусловило более позднее приобретение механизмов биосинтеза липидов, что объясняет наличие совершенно различных типов мембран у архей и бактерий с эукариотами.", "Трилогия Нова\nТак же примечательно влияние трилогии на поп-культуру. Отдельно стоит выделить соотношение книг с музыкой — в частности, широко используемый сейчас термин «Хеви-метал» был впервые использован в романе «Нова Экспресс». В дополнение к этому ряд музыкальных коллективов заимствовали свои названия из работы Берроуза, к примеру — английская психоделическая рок-группа Soft Machine (названа в честь одноименного романа), нидерландский акустический дуэт (назван в честь одноименного романа) и американский трип-хоп исполнитель , выступающий под псевдонимом «That Subliminal Kid» — в честь одного из членов Банды, «Подсознательного Малыша». Цитаты из трилогии так же использовались в песнях — к примеру в композиции «Lust for Life», американский рок-исполнитель Игги Поп использовал строчку из романа «Билет, который лопнул» — «\"That’s like hypnotizing chickens\"».", "Железная клетка\nРациональный расчёт … уменьшает каждого рабочего до шестерёнки в бюрократической машине. Видя себя в этом свете, рабочий всего лишь спросит, как ему стать … большей шестерёнкой. Страсть к бюрократизации … загоняет людей в состояние отчаяния.[18]", "Клеть\nКлеть — помещение, комната в строении, здании, а также отдельная постройка хозяйственного назначения. В обычном русском жилище клетью называется, как правило, неотапливаемое помещение (сруб), примыкающее посредством сеней к избе. Изначально же клеть — это главная составляющая почти любой постройки в русском деревянном зодчестве. Клеть использовалась не только как помещение для хранения имущества (чулан, кладовая), но и как летнее жилище, спальня. В настоящее время за словом «клеть» закрепилось значение исключительно хозяйственного (клетушка, подсобка), технического назначения (лестничная клетка, шахтная клеть).", "Железный занавес\n«Желе́зный за́навес» (English: Iron Curtain) — политическое клише, введённое в активное обращение У. Черчиллем 5 марта 1946 года в его Фултонской речи, считающейся сигналом для начала холодной войны[1][2]. Обозначало информационный, политический и пограничный барьер, изолирующий СССР и другие социалистические страны от капиталистических стран Запада[2].", "Чек\nАнглийский глагол \"to checker\", или \"chequer\", означает \"графить\" — словом от этого же корня называется клетчатая материя, \"the cheque\", или \"check\" — банковый чек, \"exchequer\" — казначейство. Последний термин происходит от того, что в банке расчёты велись на абаке, основа которого заключалась в разграфлённой доске. Английское государственное казначейство до последнего времени называлось \"Палатой шахматной доски\" — по клетчатому сукну, которым был покрыт стол заседаний. Клетчатая скатерть служила абаком при вычислениях. Возникшая в XII веке \"Палата шахматной доски\" была верховным финансовым управлением и высшим судом по финансовым вопросам до 1873 года.", "Железный Доббин\nЖелезный Доббин () — название, данное механической лошади, описание которой впервые появилось в журнале «\"Ежемесячник Популярная Наука\"» в апреле 1933 года. Машина по существу представляла собой «одноместный мотоцикл» с бензиновым двигателем, усилие от которого передавалось не на колёса, а на систему труб-рычагов, имитируя таким образом способ передвижения четырёхногих млекопитающих, что по мысли итальянского изобретателя должно было служить тренажёром для обучения верховой езде. Устройство было отвергнуто итальянскими военными как непрактичное.", "Хеви-метал\nПисатель Уильям Берроуз в 1962 году, за десятилетие до формирования жанра, использовал словосочетание «Heavy metal» в романе «Нова Экспресс», описывая инопланетян. («\"Тяжёлые металлические Люди с Урана, окутанные прохладной голубой дымкой испарившихся банкнот… И Люди-Насекомые Минро с металлической музыкой…\"») Слова «\"Heavy metal thunder\"» есть в песне группы «Steppenwolf» — \"«Born to Be Wild»\", выпущенной в 1968 году. Эвфемизм «heavy metal» среди артиллеристов означал громкую канонаду, и, по-видимому, изначально использовался по отношению к хард-рок музыке как эпитет за громкость и ритмичность.", "Максвелл, Джеймс Клерк\nК годам работы в Кембридже относится и первый серьёзный интерес Максвелла к проблеме электричества. Вскоре после сдачи экзамена, в феврале 1854 года, он обратился к Уильяму Томсону с просьбой порекомендовать литературу по этой тематике и порядок её чтения[18]. В то время, когда Максвелл приступил к исследованию электричества и магнетизма, существовали два взгляда на природу электрических и магнитных эффектов. Большинство континентальных учёных, таких как Андре Мари Ампер, Франц Нейман и Вильгельм Вебер, придерживались концепции дальнодействия, рассматривая электромагнитные силы как аналог гравитационного притяжения между двумя массами, которые мгновенно взаимодействуют на расстоянии. Электродинамика, развитая этими физиками, представляла собой оформившуюся и строгую науку[19]. С другой стороны, Майкл Фарадей, первооткрыватель явления электромагнитной индукции, выдвинул идею силовых линий, которые соединяют положительный и отрицательный электрические заряды или северный и южный полюсы магнита. Согласно Фарадею, силовые линии заполняют всё окружающее пространство, формируя поле, и обусловливают электрические и магнитные взаимодействия. Максвелл не мог принять концепцию действия на расстоянии, она противоречила его физической интуиции[20], поэтому вскоре он перешёл на позиции Фарадея: Когда мы наблюдаем, что одно тело действует на другое на расстоянии, то, прежде чем принять, что это действие прямое и непосредственное, мы обыкновенно исследуем, нет ли между телами какой-либо материальной связи… Кому свойства воздуха не знакомы, тому передача силы посредством этой невидимой среды будет казаться столь же непонятной, как и всякий другой пример действия на расстоянии… Не следует смотреть на эти [силовые] линии как на чисто математические абстракции. Это направления, в которых среда испытывает напряжение, подобное натяжению верёвки…[21] Перед Максвеллом встал вопрос построения математической теории, которая включала бы как фарадеевские представления, так и правильные результаты, полученные приверженцами дальнодействия. Максвелл решил воспользоваться методом аналогий, успешно применённым Уильямом Томсоном, который ещё в 1842 году подметил аналогию между электрическим взаимодействием и процессами теплопередачи в твёрдом теле. Это позволило ему применить к электричеству результаты, полученные для теплоты, и дать первое математическое обоснование процессам передачи электрического действия посредством некоторой среды. В 1846 году Томсон изучил аналогию между электричеством и упругостью[22]. Максвелл воспользовался другой аналогией: он разработал гидродинамическую модель силовых линий, уподобив их трубкам с идеальной несжимаемой жидкостью (векторы магнитной и электрической индукций аналогичны вектору скорости жидкости), и впервые выразил закономерности полевой картины Фарадея на математическом языке (дифференциальные уравнения)[23][24]. По образному выражению Роберта Милликена, Максвелл «облёк плебейски обнажённое тело фарадеевских представлений в аристократические одежды математики»[25]. Однако вскрыть связь между покоящимися зарядами и «движущимся электричеством» (токами), отсутствие которой, видимо, было одной из основных его мотиваций в работе, ему в то время не удалось[26].", "Геном\nТермин «геном» был предложен Гансом Винклером в 1920 году в работе, посвящённой межвидовым амфидиплоидным растительным гибридам, для описания совокупности генов, заключённых в гаплоидном наборе хромосом организмов одного биологического вида. В Оксфордском энциклопедическом словаре указано, что термин образован слиянием слов «ген» и «хромосома»[6]. Однако Джошуа Ледерберг и Алекса T. МакКрэй считают, что ботаник Г. Винклер должен был быть знаком с ботаническими терминами «ризом», «таллом», «трахеом» и т. д. Все эти термины возникли до 20-х годов XX века, и суффикс «-ом» в них означает объединение частей в целое, например, «ризом» означает всю корневую систему растения. Таким образом, «геном» можно понимать как объединение генов в целое[7].", "Клетка Меркеля\nКлетка Меркеля (или клетка Меркеля-Ранвье,англ. \"Merkel cell\") — механорецептор в коже позвоночных, необходимый для улавливания прикосновений. Впервые была описана в 1875 году немецким гистологом Фридрихом Зигмундом Меркелем. Клетка имеет округлую форму, её диаметр составляет около 10 µм. Особенно много клеток Меркеля содержится в высокочувствительных участках кожи, как, например, в эпидермисе ладоней человека (там их число колеблется от 200 до 400 клеток на мм, тогда как на основной поверхности кожи всего 20 на мм). В случае малингнизации они могут формировать карциномы из клеток Меркеля — агрессивную и трудноизлечимую разновидность раковой опухоли.", "Железная церковь\nЖелезная церковь () или жестяной шатёр () — общее название для церковных зданий, сделанных из рифлёного железа, прежде всего в Великобритании.", "Железная клетка\nВыделяются и проблемы, связанные с рационализацией бюрократии.[16] Когда создаётся бюрократическая система, система её управления становится нерушима.[9] Есть лишь один набор правил и процедур, ставящий всех в равные условия. Из-за того, что не учитываются обстоятельства каждого конкретного случая, происходит деперсонализация.[17]", "Череп и кости\nПервая когорта адептов «Черепа и костей» появилась в 1833 году. Членами этого тайного общества могли быть только выходцы из американской аристократии англо-саксонского происхождения и протестантского вероисповедания (WASP). Эти люди являлись признанной элитой общества, а на собраниях именовали себя «центром Вселенной», «рыцарями», а всех остальных, непосвященных, — варварами. Изначально принятие в него евреев, женщин и чернокожих было запрещено. Однако в XX веке правила приема стали более демократичными, и цвет кожи перестал играть значимую роль. В 1991 году ушел в прошлое гендерный барьер, и членом ордена впервые стала женщина.", "Клетка для животных\nКлетки издавна использовались в качестве орудий для ловли некоторых животных. При этом в клетку помещают приманку, и в нужный момент дверцу захлопывают. Президент Теодор Рузвельт, например, охотился с клеткой на медведя. В настоящее время клетками являются некоторые мышеловки.", "Железная клетка\nВ отличие от феодальной и патримониальной систем, где люди поднимаются по социальной лестнице на основании их личных отношений и родства,[7] в бюрократии имеется строгий набор чётко выраженных и ясно сформулированных правил, регулирующих подъём по карьерной лестнице. Он основывается на трудовом стаже,[8] квалификации и дисциплинарном контроле.", "Всемирная паутина\nИ всё же теоретические основы веба были заложены гораздо раньше Бернерса-Ли. Ещё в 1945 году Ванна́вер Буш разработал концепцию Memex — вспомогательных механических средств «расширения человеческой памяти». Memex — это устройство, в котором человек хранит все свои книги и записи (а в идеале — и все свои знания, поддающиеся формальному описанию) и которое выдаёт нужную информацию с достаточной скоростью и гибкостью. Оно является расширением и дополнением памяти человека. Бушем было также предсказано всеобъемлющее индексирование текстов и мультимедийных ресурсов с возможностью быстрого поиска необходимой информации. Следующим значительным шагом на пути ко Всемирной паутине было создание гипертекста (термин введён Тедом Нельсоном в 1965 году).", "Железное дерево\nЖелезное дерево — термин, применяемый по отношению к нескольким видам деревьев с тяжёлой и твёрдой древесиной (обычно сырая древесина тонет в воде).", "Максимов, Александр Александрович (гистолог)\nВ 1903 году был объявлен конкурс на замещение должности профессора кафедры гистологии и эмбриологии Императорской военно-медицинской академии. Конференция Академии (учёный совет) избрал его руководителем кафедры. С этого момента на кафедре начинаются активные научные исследования в области гистогенеза крови и соединительной ткани. Доведя гистологическую технику до искусства, используя лишь метод изучения переходных форм, ему удалось проследить основные этапы гистогенеза соединительных тканей и крови у различных животных, как в эмбриональном, так и постнатальном периодах. Выводы, сделанные им, свидетельствовали в пользу того, что все клетки крови развиваются из одного предшественника, который имел вид лимфоцита. Впервые он сформулировал это положение в статье, опубликованной на немецком языке в 1909 году — «Лимфоцит как общая стволовая клетка разнообразных элементов крови в эмбриональном развитии и постфетальной жизни млекопитающих». В этой работе профессор А. А. Максимов впервые в отечественной науке использовал термин «стволовая клетка». Следует заметить, что автор использовал термин Stammzelle в своей пионерской работе на немецком языке. Более правильный перевод этого термина на русский язык — порождающая клетка. Соответствующий глагол со значениями — порождать, происходить, иметь начало — хорошо известен в немецком и английском языках. Несомненной заслугой А. А. Максимова является то, что он выдвинул положение о стволовых клетках во взрослом организме, в частности, о стволовой клетке крови.", "Железный человек\nВпервые образ Железного человека появился в \"Tales of Suspense\" #39 (март 1963). Он был создан писателем Стэном Ли, сценаристом Ларри Лейбером и художниками Доном Хеком и Джеком Кирби.", "Пролы\nПро́лы () — это термин, который использует Джордж Оруэлл в своём романе-антиутопии «1984» для обозначения беспартийного пролетариата. Само слово заимствовано из романа Джека Лондона «Железная Пята». Рабочий класс составляет около 85 % населения Океании. Пролы находятся за гранью бедности, используются для тяжёлого физического труда, не имеют должного образования и презираются другими социальными классами. Однако они не обязаны придерживаться жестокой пуританской морали, которой придерживаются члены партии.", "Наггетсы\nСлово «наггет» (англ. ед. nugget, множ. nuggets) появилось в 1850-х годах во время Золотой Лихорадки в Америке и обозначало самородок золота.\nЧерез сто лет, в 1950 году, ученый Роберт Бейкер (он был профессором американского университета пищевых технологий Корнелл) создал рецепт куриного филе в идеальной, крепкой и очень хрустящей корочке. Академическая работа о наггетсах была успешно представлена Робертом Бейкером, а сам рецепт не был запатентован. В эти же годы профессор разработал способы приготовления наггетсов таким образом, чтобы их можно было заморозить и разморозить без потерь целостности панировки и свойств готового продукта. Им же была изобретена и машина для покрытия курицы панировкой.\nВ 1979 году компания Tyson Foods разработала рецепт Chicken McNuggets — для сети быстрого питания McDonalds. В 1980 году наггетсы были представлены широкой публике и довольно быстро стали основным источником белка и хрустящей корочки в Соединенных Штатах.\nВ настоящий момент наггетсы производит множество сетей питания, а также компаний-производителей мясных полуфабрикатов во всем мире.", "Железная клетка\nПотеря индивидуальности. Человек продаёт свой труд начальству, а не сам пользуется его плодами.[19] Потеря автономности. Труд служащего оценивается и оплачивается его начальством.[20] Служащие становятся одержимы идеей продвижения по карьерной лестнице, но степень их достижений всегда оценивается кем-то другим.[20]", "Железная дева\nДостоверные сведения об использовании «железной девы» для пыток и казни отсутствуют. Существует мнение, что она была сфабрикована в эпоху Просвещения. Самый старый известный экземпляр был построен в Нюрнберге (откуда популярное название Нюрнбергская дева), предположительно в начале XVI века. До наших дней он не сохранился: в 1944 году крепость, в подвале которой находилась эта так называемая «Нюрнбергская дева», была разрушена в результате авианалёта. Также имеется экземпляр в швейцарском замке-музее Кибург.", "Клетка\nКлетка — элементарная единица строения, функционирования, размножения и развития всех живых организмов, вне клетки нет жизни. Клетка — целостная система, содержащая большое количество связанных друг с другом элементов — органелл. Клетки различных организмов похожи (гомологичны) по строению и основным свойствам и имеют общее происхождение. Увеличение количества клеток происходит путём их деления, после репликации их ДНК: клетка — от клетки. Многоклеточный организм — система из большого количества клеток, объединённых в системы тканей и органов, связанных между собой гуморальной и нервной регуляциями. Клетки многоклеточных организмов обладают одинаковым полным фондом генетического материала этого организма, всеми возможными потенциями для проявления этого материала, — но отличаются по уровню экспрессии (работы) отдельных генов, что приводит к их морфологическому и функциональному разнообразию — дифференцировке[1].", "История производства и использования железа\nВ 1856 году Генри Бессемер получил патент на новую технологию производства стали (бессемеровский процесс). Он изобрёл конвертер — устройство, в котором сквозь жидкий чугун, получаемый в доменных печах, продувался воздух. В конвертере происходит выгорание углерода, растворённого в железе, что позволяет получать сталь в существенно больших количествах, чем это было ранее доступно.", "Сальвестролы\nТермин был впервые использован в 2002 году британскими исследователями Джерардом Поттером и Дэном Берком, занимавшимися разработкой безопасного метода лечения рака. В более ранних исследованиях было обнаружено, что фермент CYP1B1 всегда присутствует в злокачественных опухолевых клетках, но отсутствует в здоровых клетках. В последующих экспериментах было установлено, что сальвестролы являются субстратом для фермента CYP1B1, и что полученные метаболиты могут инициировать апоптоз раковых клеток. В дальнейшем на основе сальвестролов, экстрагированных из фруктов, стали выпускаться различные биодобавки под названием «Сальвестрол».", "Многоклеточный организм\nВ начале XX века Генри ван Питерс Уилсон поставил классический эксперимент, во время которого он простирал тело губки через мелкое сито, разделяя его на отдельные клетки. Помещённые в стеклянную чашки и предоставленные самим себе эти амёбовидные клетки начинали группироваться в бесформенные комки красноватого цвета, которые затем обретали структуру и превращались в организм губки. Восстановление организма губки происходило и в том случае, если чашку помещалась только часть из первоначального количества клеток.", "Флекситарианство\nВ английском языке слово \"flexitarian\" является объединением слов \"flexible\" (\"гибкий\") и \"vegetarian\" (\"вегетарианец\").\nВпервые употребление слова «флекситарианство» зафиксировано в октябре 1992 года в выпуске \"Austin American-Statesman\". В этом выпуске репортёр Линда Антони написала статью «Acorn serves up 'flexitarian fare'». Эта статья описывала недавнее открытие «Желудёвого кафетерия», хозяйка которого, Хэльга Морас, называла своё питание «флекситарианским».", "Магнетизм\nПонятие магнитного домена было введено Пьером Вейсом в 1907 году чтобы дать ответ на вопрос, почему железо будучи ферромагнетиком имеет нулевой магнитный момент при отсутствии внешнего поля. Под ферромагнитными доменами понимают макроскопические области магнитных кристаллов, в которых ориентация вектора спонтанной намагниченности различна. Они существуют при температуре ниже точки Кюри. Также говорят об антиферромагнитных доменах, подразумевая вектор антиферромагнетизма вместо намагниченности. Однако их существование, строго говоря, не приводит к выигрышу в энергии и обычно связывается с существованием нескольких зародышей антиферромагнитной структуры со случайным направлением намагниченности при переходе антиферромагнетика через точку Нееля.", "Золотое сечение\nНеизвестно точно, кто и когда именно впервые ввел в обращение термин «золотое сечение». Несмотря на то, что некоторые авторитетные авторы связывают появление этого термина с Леонардо да Винчи в XV веке или относят появление этого термина к XVI веку, самое раннее употребление этого термина находится у Мартина Ома в 1835 году в примечании ко второму изданию его книги «Чистая элементарная математика», в котором Ом пишет, что это сечение часто называют золотым сечением (). Из текста примечания Ома следует, что Ом не придумал этот термин сам, хотя некоторые авторы утверждают обратное. Тем не менее, исходя из того, что Ом не употребляет этот термин в первом издании своей книги, Роджер Герц-Фишлер делает вывод о том, что этот термин, возможно, появился в первой четверти XIX века. Марио Ливио считает, что он получил популярность в устной традиции около 1830 года. В любом случае, этот термин стал распространён в немецкой математической литературе после Ома.Тогда как formula_48", "Железная леди\nВыражение iron lady (железная леди) впервые появилось в английской газете The Sunday Times от 25 января 1976 года, где таким образом перевели словосочетание «железная дама» из статьи обозревателя газеты Министерства Обороны СССР «Красной звезды» Юрия Гаврилова о свежеизбранном лидере Консервативной партии за 24 января 1976 года.[3]", "Золотая клетка\nЗолотая клетка — может означать:", "Металлургия\nРанний железный век Европы охватывает период X—V веков до н. э.. Этот период получил название гальштатская культура по названию города Гальштат в Австрии, возле которого были найдены железные предметы того времени. Поздний или «второй железный век» охватывает период V—II веков до н. э.— начало н. э. и получил название латенская культура — по одноимённому месту в Швейцарии, от которого осталось много железных предметов. Латенская культура связывается с кельтами, считавшимися мастерами изготовления различных орудий из железа. Большое переселение кельтов, начавшееся в V веке до н. э., способствовало распространению этого опыта на территории Западной Европы. От кельтского названия железа «изарнон» произошли немецкое «айзен» и английское «айрон».", "Железобактерии\nЖелезобактерии — бактерии, способные окислять двухвалентное железо (Fe) до трёхвалентного (Fe) и использовать освобождающуюся при этом энергию на усвоение углерода из углекислого газа или карбонатов. Железобактерии были открыты С. Н. Виноградским.", "Вязкоупругость\n Обобщенная модель Максвелла также известна как модель Максвелла-Вихерта (в честь Джеймса Клерка Максвелла и Э. Вихерта ) – это самая повсеместная форма линейной модели для вязкоупругости. Стоит принять во внимание, что расслабление протекает не один раз, а распределяется на несколько раз. Из-за разнокалиберных молекулярных сегментов с более длинными преобладающими над короткими, существует различное временное распределение. Модель Вихерта проявляется тем, что у неё есть множество элементов пружины-поршня Максвелла, что необходимо для точной формулировки распределения. Фигура справа показывает обобщенную модель Вихерта", "Железная клетка\nВ переводе на русский язык М. И. Левиной слова Вебера звучат так:", "Электроника\nТермин твердотельная электроника появился в литературе в середине XX века для обозначения устройств на полупроводниковой элементной базе: транзисторах и полупроводниковых диодах, заменивших громоздкие низкоэффективные электровакуумные приборы — радиолампы. Корень «тверд» использован здесь, потому что процесс управления электрическим током происходит в твёрдом теле полупроводника в отличие от вакуума, как это происходило в электронной радиолампе. Позднее, в конце XX века этот термин потерял своё значение и постепенно вышел из употребления, поскольку практически вся электроника нашей цивилизации начала использовать исключительно полупроводниковую твердотельную активную элементную базу.", "Железный человек (брус)\nВ исторических документах брус впервые был упомянут в 1625 году. Он играл роль одного из межевых ориентиров границы земель Альфтер () и Хаймерцхайм (), сейчас это Свистталь, находясь недалеко от остатков римского акведука. Более поздние источники, относящиеся к 1717 году, подтверждали эту функцию. Однако в 1727 году чугунный брус переместили на место его современного расположения. Это сделано в рамках общей перепланировки местности, в частности, в рамках увязки положения «Железного человека» с системой новых местных дорог и замком Аугустусбург в Брюле.\nПроисхождение и первоначальное назначение «Железного человека» до сих пор не имеют общепринятого объяснения. По этой причине продолжают существовать различные легенды и спекуляции. Например, одна из легенд относит создание этого бруса ко временам Римской империи, а другая утверждает, что он изготовлен из метеоритного железа.", "Железный занавес\nНаконец-то мы очутились за «железным занавесом».[5]", "Картер (техника)\nКа́ртер (от фамилии английского инженера Картера \"()\", впервые предложившего кожух для защиты и смазки цепи велосипеда в 1889 году) — основная корпусная деталь машин или механизмов (двигателя, редуктора, например коробки передач), коробчатого строения, предназначенная для опоры рабочих деталей, их защиты и размещения запаса смазочного масла. Нижняя часть картера автомобильного двигателя — поддон — также используется как резервуар для моторного масла.", "Железом и кровью\n«Железом и кровью» ( — букв. «кровь и железо») — крылатое выражение, получившее известность из речи премьер-министра Пруссии Отто фон Бисмарка 30 сентября 1862 года в бюджетной комиссии палаты депутатов во время конституционного конфликта. Выражение означает активный и решительный подход к политике с применением насилия, войн и террора.", "Борн, Макс\nРаботы Макса Борна, посвящённые динамике кристаллических решёток, сыграли важную роль в построении теории твёрдого тела и ныне считаются классическими. Эти исследования были начаты совместно с Теодором фон Карманом под влиянием одной из ранних статей Эйнштейна (1907), в которой предпринималась попытка описания удельной теплоёмкости кристаллов с использованием квантовых соображений Планка. Борн и Карман задались целью объяснить свойства твёрдых тел, исходя из представления об их структуре. Уже в первой совместной работе (1912) содержатся основные идеи динамики кристаллической решётки: отождествление независимых степеней свободы кристалла с нормальными модами колебаний всего тела (именно к нормальным модам применялась формула Планка); периодические граничные условия (условия Борна — Кармана) для устранения поверхностных эффектов; анализ на основе трёхмерного преобразования Фурье и представление об акустической и оптической ветвях колебательного спектра. Также ими был продемонстрирован переход к модели сплошной среды в длинноволновом пределе. Следует отметить, что на момент появления этой статьи ещё не было экспериментальных свидетельств существования кристаллических решёток; эти свидетельства вскоре предоставили опыты Макса фон Лауэ и Уильяма Брэгга. Практически одновременно с Борном и Карманом сходные идеи высказал Петер Дебай, предложивший сравнительно простую квазинепрерывную модель твёрдого тела и успешно применивший её к задаче об удельной теплоёмкости. Эта модель привлекла большое внимание физиков, однако со временем стала очевидной её ограниченность по сравнению с более общей и сложной теорией Борна и Кармана.", "Чернышев, Дмитрий\nЖелезная клетка. — Тверь: Издательство Марины Батасовой, 2014", "Железо\nНазвание природного карбоната железа (сидерита) происходит от  — звёздный; действительно, первое железо, попавшее в руки людям, было метеоритного происхождения. Возможно, это совпадение не случайно. В частности, древнегреческое слово \"сидерос (σίδηρος)\" для железа и латинское \"sidus\", означающее «звезда», вероятно, имеют общее происхождение.", "Железобетонная плита\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete_slab", "Церебро (Marvel Comics)\nЦеребро (, с испанского и португальского \"Мозг\") — вымышленное устройство, появившееся в комиксах издательства Marvel Comics. Устройство используется Людьми Икс (в частности их лидером Профессором Чарльзом Ксавьером) для обнаружения людей, в частности мутантов. Он был создан Профессором Икс и Магнето, а позже был усилен доктором Хэнком Маккоем. Текущая версия Церебро называется Церебра, которая отличается от него только именем. Церебро впервые появился в \"X-Men\" № 7 (1964).", "Мезосомы\nСкладки клеточных мембран в грамположительных бактериях, которые подвергались химической фиксации в ходе пробоподготовки для электронной микроскопии, впервые увидел в 1953 году Джорджем Чампаном и Джеймсом Хиллиером, которые назвали эти складки «периферическими тельцами» (). В 1959 году Дж. Робертсон назвал их мезосомами.", "Алая Ведьма\nВ будущей временной линии под названием Земля Икс, Ванда умерла среди поддерживающих её Мстителей, когда они боролись с взбесившимся Абсорбирующим Человеком (Absorbing Man), поглотившего силу и личность заклятого врага Мстителей Альтрона. Один из немногим Мстителей, Железный Человек смог выжить и решил заменить своих утерянных товарищей по команде похожими на них роботами. Назвавшись Железными Мстителями, эта команда была похожа на павших Мстителей (Оса, Гигантский Человек, Соколиный Глаз, Ртуть и Алая Ведьма) и были даже запрограммированными с их личными качествами, чтобы больше повторять своих основных прототипов. Железный Мститель был слегка моделирован после того, как Ванду назвали Тёмно-красным Мудрецом (Crimson Sage), если бы она была повреждена или разрушена, то она могла быть спокойно заменена новой моделью.", "Дюфурова железа\nМелкая железа, которая расположена в задней нижней части брюшка самок, рядом с ядовитой железой и жалом (яйцекладом). Железа была впервые описана в 1841 году французским энтомологом Жан Мари Леон Дюфур (\"Léon Jean Marie Dufour\", 1780—1865). Железы выстланы одним слоем эпителиальных клеток, которые секретируют вещества во внутреннюю полость. Мышцы, окружающие выходное отверстие, контролирует выход секретов. Железистые клетки содержат в изобилии гладкую эндоплазматическую сеть, множество секреторных везикул, митохондрий и плотных гранул, в соответствии с их ролью в секреции.\nПростой эпителий без особых модификаций был обнаружен у большинства исследованных представителей Myrmicinae и Ponerinae. У африканских Dorylinae эпителий имеет зубчатый вид и многочисленные базальные инвагинации, в то время как американские Ecitoninae имеют очень однородный эпителий с базальным слоем мембранных складок. Myrmeciinae, Pseudomyrmecinae и Dolichoderinae демонстрируют различные виды апикальных микроворсинок, тогда как для Formicinae характерен субкутикулярный слой митохондрий и очень толстая базальная мембрана.", "Железобактерии\nformula_1", "Железная дева\n«Желе́зная де́ва» () — устройство, якобы средневековое орудие смертной казни или пыток, представляющее собой сделанный из железа шкаф, внутренняя сторона которого усажена длинными острыми гвоздями.", "Вебер (единица измерения)\nЕдиница названа в честь немецкого учёного Вильгельма Эдуарда Вебера. Название было установлено Международной электротехнической комиссией (МЭК) в 1930 году. В 1960 году XI Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам вместе с учреждением СИ приняла это название для единицы магнитного потока в СИ.", "Клетка\nВ 1675 году итальянский врач Марчелло Мальпиги подтвердил клеточное строение растений, а в 1681 году — английский ботаник Неемия Грю. О клетке стали говорить как о «пузырьке, наполненном питательным соком». В 1674 году голландский мастер Антоний ван Левенгук с помощью микроскопа впервые увидел в капле воды «зверьков» — движущиеся живые организмы (инфузории, амёбы, бактерии). Также Левенгук впервые наблюдал животные клетки — эритроциты и сперматозоиды. Таким образом, к началу XVIII века учёные знали, что под большим увеличением растения имеют ячеистое строение, и видели некоторые организмы, которые позже получили название одноклеточных. В 1802—1808 годах французский исследователь Шарль-Франсуа Мирбель установил, что растения состоят из тканей, образованных клетками. Ж. Б. Ламарк в 1809 году распространил идею Мирбеля о клеточном строении и на животные организмы. В 1825 году чешский учёный Я. Пуркине открыл ядро яйцеклетки птиц, а в 1839 ввёл термин «протоплазма». В 1831 году английский ботаник Р. Броун впервые описал ядро растительной клетки, а в 1833 году установил, что ядро является обязательным органоидом клетки растения. С тех пор главным в организации клеток считается не оболочка, а содержимое.", "Железная леди\n«Железная леди» — прозвище Маргарет Тэтчер.", "Метрополитен\nКроме того, Максимом Горьким в «Городе Жёлтого Дьявола» было введено[4] в русский язык слово-калька «подземка». Оно прижилось, но преимущественно в качестве обозначения зарубежных метрополитенов[5] (лондонская подземка, нью-йоркская подземка и т. д.), хотя в последнее время встречается в российской прессе и применительно к российским метрополитенам, проложенным в основном под землёй. Соответственно, преимущественно эстакадные метрополитены называют «надземками», несмотря на то, что таких метрополитенов в России пока ещё нет. Своя система связанной с метрополитеном терминологии используется в немецкоязычных странах. В настоящее время наиболее распространённые термины — и . Термин U-Bahn является сокращением от Untergrundbahn — букв. «подземная железная дорога». U-Bahn близок к метро в традиционном российском понимании, так как является внутригородским транспортом, в основном расположенным под землёй. В некоторых городах (Кёльн, Дюссельдорф) слово U-Bahn используется для обозначения подземных участков трамвайных линий.", "Железосерные кластеры\nЖелезосерные кластеры (также Fe—S-кластеры) — элементоорганические соединения, группа белковых кофакторов, обладающих окислительно-восстановительным (Red/Ox) потенциалом в районе от до . Red/Ox-потенциал зависит от структуры и конформации белка, что делает эти кофакторы важнейшими участниками окислительно-восстановительных реакций в клетке. Железосерные кластеры способны принимать или отдавать электроны (см. рисунок). Белки, содержащие железосерные кластеры, являются эволюционно древними и распространены во всех царствах, включая животных, растения, грибы, бактерии и археи. Мутации по генам метаболизма Fe—S-кластеров являются причиной многих тяжёлых заболеваний или летальны.", "Tales of Suspense\nВ апреле 1968 года, начиная с сотого выпуска, серия \"Tales of Suspense\" меняет название на \"Captain America\". В том же месяце Железный человек появляется на страницах одиночного комикса \"Iron Man and Sub-Mariner\" #1, а в мае 1968 дебютирует в сольной серии.", "Железный занавес\nОдним из первых популяризаторов теории «железного занавеса» был немецкий политик Йозеф Геббельс. В своей статье «2000 год» («Das Jahr 2000») в газете «» от 23 февраля 1945 года он высказал уверенность, что после покорения Германии СССР отгородит «железным занавесом» Восточную и Юго-Восточную Европу от остальной её части[3][5][6]. Также известно, что министр иностранных дел Третьего рейха Шверин фон Крозиг 2 мая 1945 года заявил по радио следующее[5][7]: «По улицам ещё не оккупированной части Германии поток отчаявшихся и голодных людей, преследуемых истребителями-бомбардировщиками, стремится на запад. Они бегут от неописуемого ужаса. С востока надвигается железный занавес, за которым творится невидимое миром разорение». Современный смысл выражение «железный занавес» получило благодаря Уинстону Черчиллю, который употребил его в своей Фултонской речи. В то же время известно, что он использовал это выражение ещё 4 июня 1945 года в телеграмме Гарри Трумэну[5].", "Железная клетка\nКурс развития включает в себя … привнесение в традиционное братство расчёта, заменяющего старые религиозные отношения[5]", "Железнобокие (кавалерия)\nСогласно преданию, прозвище «железнобокие» кавалерии Кромвеля дал сам главнокомандующий королевской армией принц Руперт после сражения при Марстон-Муре 2 июля 1644 года.", "Железная клетка\nПо Бакстеру, забота о мирских благах должна обременять его святых не более, чем «тонкий плащ, который можно ежеминутно сбросить». Однако плащ этот волею судеб превратился в стальной панцирь[4].", "Железная леди\n5 февраля 1975 года в лондонской «Дейли миррор» появилась статья журналистки Марджори Прупс о Маргарет Тэтчер: «The Iron Maiden» («Железная дева»). Фраза была производным от нем. «Eiserne Jungfrau» - названия орудия пыток в виде железного ящика, утыканного изнутри стальными шипами.[1][2]", "Железный Кулак\nЖелезный Кулак, наряду с ранее созданным Шан-Чи Мастером Кунг-фу, появился в Marvel Comics в начале и середине 1970-х, когда поп-культура тяготела к боевым искусствам. Сценарист/создатель Рой Томас написал в текстовой части к \"Marvel Premiere\" #15, что при создании Железного Кулака он вдохновлялся Удивительным человеком, персонажем, созданным Биллом Эвереттом в 40-х годах. Позднее Томас писал, что он и художник/создатель Гил Кейн «…начали \"Железного Кулака\", потому что я увидел мой первый фильм о кунг-фу, ещё до появления Брюса Ли, и там была одна штука под названием „церемония железного Кулака“. Мне показалось, что это хорошее имя, и у нас уже была линейка \"Мастера Кунг-Фу\", но я подумал, „Может назвать супергероя Железный Кулак, хотя у нас уже был Железный человек, это хорошая идея“. [Издателю] Стэну [Ли] имя понравилось, так что я раздобыл Гила, и он привнёс влияние в его Удивительного человека, и вместе с ним мы создали персонажа…»", "Скелет в шкафу\nСамое раннее употребление выражения встречается в пьесе Уильяма Хендри Стоуэлла, впервые опубликованном в ноябре 1816 года в британском ежемесячном журнале «» (страница 468). «Скелетом» в данном случае было заболевание, инфекционное или наследственное: «Two great sources of distress are the danger of contagion and the apprehension of hereditary diseases. The dread of being the cause of misery to posterity has prevailed over men to conceal the skeleton in the closet…» («[Существует] два великих источника страдания — опасность заразной болезни и опасение наследственных болезней. Ужас быть причиной несчастья для потомства возобладал над мужчинами, чтобы скрывать свой скелет в шкафу»).", "Вегетарианство\nСогласно Оксфордскому словарю, термин (вегетарианец) произошёл от English: vegetable (растение, овощ)[1]. В словаре отмечено, что слово стало популярным после создания в Великобритании Вегетарианского общества в 1847 году, однако приводятся и более ранние случаи употребления[2].", "Мьёльнир (Marvel Comics)\nМьёльнир можно кратко увидеть в сцене после титров в фильме Железный человек 2 (2010), на дне гигантского кратера в Нью-Мексико; Агент  Щ.И.Т. Фил Колсон сообщает Нику Фьюри: «мы нашли его». С тех пор он появлялся во всех  фильмах Кинематографической вселенной Marvel,  в том числе в фильмах Тор (2011), Мстители (2012), \" \"(2013), и (2015). В фильме  (2017) Хела уничтожает Мьёльнир во время битвы с Тором.", "Медуллобластома\nТермин «медуллобластома мозжечка» впервые был использован нейрохирургами и Харви Кушингом в 1925 году. Под ним они понимали высокозлокачественную мелкоклеточную опухоль в области средней линии мозжечка. Предложенное определение оставалось неизменным вплоть до 1983 года, когда учёными Рорке, Беккером и Хинтоном было высказано предположение о том, что все злокачественные мелкоклеточные опухоли центральной нервной системы (включая медуллобластому) являются ( — PNET). Согласно их работам медуллобластома отличается от PNET лишь своим месторасположением. До этого под термином PNET подразумевались лишь супратенториальные (располагающиеся над намётом мозжечка) злокачественные мелкоклеточные опухоли. Считается, что данные опухоли происходят из эмбриональных клеток. На 2011 год остаётся нерешённым вопрос о том, является ли медуллобластома примитивной нейроэктодермальной опухолью или отдельным видом злокачественного образования. Классификация опухолей мозга Всемирной организации здравоохранения от 1993 года определяет медуллобластому как особую эмбриональную опухоль. PNET, согласно этой же классификации, представляет собой новообразование, гистологически неотличимое от медуллобластомы, которое находится вне мозжечка. В целом термины «PNET задней черепной ямки» и «медуллобластома» считают синонимами.", "Железный человек (брус)\nЖеле́зный челове́к (\"буквальный перевод с\" ) — выступающий из земли древний, слабо корродирующий, чугунный брус прямоугольного сечения. Документально известен в Германии с 1625 года.", "Кэш\nВпервые слово «cache» в компьютерном контексте было использовано в 1967 году во время подготовки статьи для публикации в журнале «IBM Systems Journal». Статья касалась усовершенствования памяти в разрабатываемой модели 85 из серии IBM System/360. Редактор журнала Лайл Джонсон попросил придумать более описательный термин, нежели «высокоскоростной буфер», но из-за отсутствия идей сам предложил слово «cache». Статья была опубликована в начале 1968 года, авторы были премированы IBM, их работа получила распространение и впоследствии была улучшена, а слово «кэш» вскоре стало использоваться в компьютерной литературе как общепринятый термин.", "Ковалентная связь\nТермин \"ковалентная связь\" был впервые введён лауреатом Нобелевской премии Ирвингом Ленгмюром в 1919 году.\nЭтот термин относился к химической связи, обусловленной совместным обладанием электронами, в отличие от металлической связи, в которой электроны были свободными, или от ионной связи, в которой один из атомов отдавал электрон и становился катионом, а другой атом принимал электрон и становился анионом.", "Клеточная теория\nКлеточная теория — основополагающая для биологии теория, сформулированная в середине XIX века, предоставившая базу для понимания закономерностей живого мира и для развития эволюционного учения. Маттиас Шлейден и Теодор Шванн сформулировали клеточную теорию, основываясь на множестве исследований о клетке (1838—1839 г.). Рудольф Вирхов позднее (1855 г.) дополнил её важнейшим положением «всякая клетка происходит от другой клетки».", "Железная клетка\nБюрократические системы могут распоряжаться ресурсами в собственных целях,[12] что оказывает значительный эффект на жизнь общества, не имеющего над этим никакой власти. Это также оказывает влияние на политический строй общества и государство, поскольку бюрократии создаются для их регулирования, но подвержены коррупции.[13] Задача бюрократии не всегда является однозначной и может разрушить общественный порядок.[14] Интересы общества не всегда совпадают с интересами бюрократии, что может в дальнейшем нанести ущерб их развитию.[15]", "Железная клетка\nОднако Вебер также признаёт, что «железная клетка» бюрократической системы также создаёт определённые ограничения. Бюрократии концентрируют большое количество власти в руках малого числа людей, чьи полномочия зачастую не поддаются регулированию.[11] Вебер считал, что тот, кто контролирует бюрократические организации, контролирует и качество жизни людей в бюрократической системе. Таким образом, бюрократии зачастую способствуют созданию олигархии.", "Уравнения Максвелла\nПодобная электродинамическая среда явилась абсолютно новым понятием для ньютоновской физики. Последняя изучала взаимодействие между собой материальных тел. Максвелл же записал уравнения, которым должна подчиняться среда, определяющая взаимодействие зарядов и токов и существующая даже в их отсутствие.\nАнализируя известные эксперименты, Максвелл получил систему уравнений для электрического и магнитного полей. В 1855 году в своей самой первой статье «О фарадеевых силовых линиях» («On Faraday’s Lines of Force») он впервые записал в дифференциальной форме систему уравнений электродинамики, но не вводя ещё ток смещения. Такая система уравнений описывала все известные к тому времени экспериментальные данные, но не позволяла связать между собой заряды и токи и предсказать электромагнитные волны. Впервые ток смещения был введён Максвеллом в работе «О физических силовых линиях» («On Physical Lines of Force»), состоящей из четырёх частей и опубликованной в 1861—1862 годах. Обобщая закон Ампера, Максвелл вводит ток смещения, вероятно, чтобы связать токи и заряды уравнением непрерывности, которое уже было известно для других физических величин. Следовательно, в этой статье фактически была завершена формулировка полной системы уравнений электродинамики. В статье 1864 года «Динамическая теория электромагнитного поля» («A dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field») рассмотрена сформулированная ранее система уравнений из 20 скалярных уравнений для 20 скалярных неизвестных. В этой статье Максвелл впервые сформулировал понятие электромагнитного поля как физической реальности, имеющей собственную энергию и конечное время распространения, определяющее запаздывающий характер электромагнитного взаимодействия.\nОказалось, что не только ток, но и изменяющееся со временем электрическое поле (ток смещения) порождает магнитное поле. В свою очередь, в силу закона Фарадея, изменяющееся магнитное поле снова порождает электрическое. В результате, в пустом пространстве может распространяться электромагнитная волна. Из уравнений Максвелла следовало, что её скорость равна скорости света, поэтому Максвелл сделал вывод об электромагнитной природе света.", "Блокада Западного Берлина\nЗападные союзники пришли к выводу, что, вопреки заключенным соглашениям, которые провозглашают свободу выбора политического строя для каждой нации, СССР намерен на оккупированных его войсками территориях навязывать коммунизм, чтобы создавать таким образом зону влияния, увеличивающую стратегическую глубину при защите советской территории от потенциального нападения с запада. Первым, кто предостерегает «свободный мир» об угрозе, которую представляет советская экспансия, стал Уинстон Черчилль в его знаменитой Фултонской речи, произнесённой в США в марте 1946-го, в которой он провозглашает «железный занавес». Джордж Кеннан, номер два американского посольства в Москве, отправляет в феврале 1946-го года послание, известное под названием «Длинная телеграмма», опубликованное в июле 1947-го в журнале Foreign Affairs. Он информирует Вашингтон о тоталитарной натуре сталинского режима и его склонности безостановочно находить нового врага, подвергая, таким образом, опасности свободу народов. Он советует ужесточить американскую политику по отношению к СССР.", "Человек-невидимка (телесериал, 2000)\nДариан Фокс — вор, приговорённый к пожизненному заключению. Его вытаскивает из тюрьмы малобюджетная тайная спецслужба, желающая использовать его в роли подопытного кролика для их нового изобретения — амальгамной железы. Создатель железы, его брат Кевин Фокс, имплантирует её в голову Дариану. Эта железа позволяет Фоксу по желанию производить на себе вещество, напоминающее амальгаму (). Это вещество быстро покрывает его тело и одежду и, почти мгновенно, делает его невидимым. Так же просто он может пожелать стать видимым, и амальгама дезинтегрируется. Помощник Кевина по имени Арно ДеФерн намеренно испортил железу, чтобы она производила нейротоксин, который постепенно накапливается в крови пользователя и подавляет торможения в мозгу, после чего следуют вспышки ярости и бесконтрольное поведение. Чтобы бороться с этим токсином, Дариану необходимы регулярные инъекции нейтрализатора, специально разработанного Арно. Его поставку контролирует вышеупомянутое агентство, заставляя Фокса работать на них.", "Железный закон олигархии\nЖелезный закон олигархии — принцип теории элит, впервые сформулированный Робертом Михельсом в 1911 году. Он состоит в том, что любая форма социальной организации, вне зависимости от её первоначальной демократичности либо автократичности, неизбежно вырождается во власть немногих избранных — олигархию.", "Железная клетка\nСовременное Веберу общество характеризовалось сдвигом в мотивации поведения индивида.[3]. Социальные действия стали основываться на производительности, а не на традиционных ценностях. таких как наследственность или родство. Поведение стало определяться в большей степени рациональным мышлением, ориентированным на достижение цели, и в меньшей — традициями и ценностями. Согласно Веберу, сдвиг от старых форм мобильности в виде родства к новым формам в виде строгого набора правил стал непосредственным результатом накопления капитала, то есть капитализма.[6]", "Железная клетка\nПредставитель власти может распоряжаться ею лишь во исполнение своих обязанностей Бюрократия организована в чёткую и прозрачную систему ведомств Каждое ведомство имеет ясно очерченную сферу компетенции Представитель власти нанят на добровольной основе и имеет право выбирать место работы Представители власти выбираются с учётом квалификации Представитель власти получает постоянную фиксированную зарплату Ведомство — основное место работы представителя власти Повышение в должности основывается на личных достижениях и назначается сверху Представитель власти не владеет и не может владеть средствами её осуществления Представитель власти подвержен постоянной и жесткой дисциплине в ведомстве", "Цитология\nТермин «клетка» впервые употребил Роберт Гук в 1665 году, при описании своих «исследований строения пробки с помощью увеличительных линз». В 1674 году Антони ван Левенгук установил, что вещество, находящееся внутри клетки, определенным образом организовано. Он первым обнаружил клеточные ядра. На этом уровне представление о клетке просуществовало ещё более 100 лет.", "Вебер, Макс\nВ 1904 году Вебер посетил Соединённые Штаты и принял участие в Конгрессе искусств и наук, приуроченном к Всемирной выставке в Сент-Луисе. Несмотря на частичное выздоровление, Вебер всё ещё не мог возобновить преподавание и продолжал исследования в качестве независимого учёного благодаря наследству, полученному в 1907 году[17][29]. В 1909 году, разочаровавшись в деятельности Союза социальной политики, Вебер совместно с Рудольфом Голдшидом, Георгом Зиммелем, Фердинандом Тённисом и Вернером Зомбартом стал сооснователем Немецкой социологической ассоциации[33][34]. Он стал первым казначеем этой организации (German: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Soziologie)[2]. В 1912 году Вебер вышел из состава ассоциации и предпринял попытку создания политической партии левого крыла, которая объединила бы социал-демократов и либералов. Инициатива не увенчалась успехом, поскольку сторонники либеральной идеологии не разделяли революционных идеалов левых политиков[35].", "Список растений Средиземья\nТермин «трубочное зелье» впервые появляется в Прологе к «Властелину Колец» в разделе, озаглавленном «О трубочном зелье» (). Толкин говорит, что хоббиты древности «впитывали или вдыхали через трубки, сделанные из глины или дерева, дым горящих листьев растения, которое они называли трубочным зельем или листом, возможно из рода табака». В том же абзаце Толкин-рассказчик упоминает о «табаке Южной Чети». Во всем же остальном «Властелине Колец» слово «табак» не употребляется ни одним из персонажей. Это слово используется только рассказчиком повествования. К примеру, в «Двух крепостях» слово «табак» употребляется лишь однажды — в главе «На руинах» Толкин-рассказчик говорит: «Он вынул маленький кожаный мешочек, полный табака». Затем Мерри говорит: «Мы обнаружили, что они были наполнены наилучшим трубочным зельем, и совершенно сухим». В «Двух крепостях» словосочетание «трубочное зелье» используется четыре раза.", "Copper Kettle\nCopper Kettle («\"медный котёл\"») — шутливая песня, сочинённая Альбертом Фрэнком Беддоу и ставшая популярной после исполнения Джоан Баэз. Пит Сигер датирует сочинение песни 1946 годом, упоминая возможные народные корни текста, однако в письме в Таймс, опубликованном в колонке читателей в 1962 году, Беддоу вспоминает, что написал песню для несостоявшейся фолк-оперы \"Go Lightly, Stranger\" в 1953 году.", "Ядерный матрикс\nВпервые компоненты ядерного матрикса были выделены и описаны в начале 1960-х годов. Термин «ядерный матрикс» был введён в середине 1970-х годов в связи с накоплением сведений о нехроматиновых белках ядерного скелета и его роли в функционировании клеточного ядра. Термин был введён для обозначения остаточных структур ядра, которые могут быть получены в результате последовательных экстракций ядер.", "Железный лес\nЖеле́зный лес (, Ярнвид) — лес в скандинавской мифологии, обитателями которого являются ётуны в обличии ведьм и волков. Расположен между Ётунхеймом и Мидгардом, миром людей. Лес упоминается в эддической поэме «Прорицание вёльвы» в строфе 40, а также в «Видении Гюльви» из Младшей Эдды, чьё авторство приписывается Снорри Стурлусону.", "Железный дом\nЖелезный дом (также Каса-де-Фьерро, Каса-де-Йерро; ) — двухэтажный особняк 1890 года постройки, расположенный в Икитосе, республика Перу. Конструкции, изготовленные по проекту Гюстава Эйфеля, были отлиты годом ранее в Бельгии, доставлены в Икитос пароходом и собраны на месте. ", "Железная клетка\nВ индустриальном бюрократическом обществе всё становится частью аппарата, даже люди.[8] В своей книге Хозяйство и общество Вебер писал:", "Железнобокие (кавалерия)\n«Железнобокие» () — кавалерия армии парламента (круглоголовых) в английской гражданской войне, первоначально — название конного полка из 2000 чел., сформированного в 1643 году Оливером Кромвелем. Полк Кромвеля получил боевое крещение 13 мая 1643 года в бою при Грантеме, позднее участвовал в боях при Гейнсборо, при Уинсби и сражении при Марстон-Муре. Во всех этих боях победа оставалась за парламентаристами, при Уинсби именно атака полка Кромвеля решила исход боя — в плен попало около тысячи роялистов, было захвачено тридцать пять знамён и почти вся артиллерия. За железную дисциплину и стойкость, проявленную в этих боях, солдаты полка получили прозвище «железнобоких».", "Железный Кулак\nЧтобы спасти персонажа от сокращения, издательство Marvel поставило Железного Кулака в пару с другим персонажем, утратившем популярность и неспособным поддерживать собственную сольную серию, Люком Кейджем. Впервые два персонажа объединились в трёхчастном сюжете, охватывающем #48-50 \"Power Man\". Начиная с #50 (Апрель, 1978) название серии было изменено на \"Power Man and Iron Fist\". Железный Кулак регулярно появлялся в серии вплоть до финального выпуска #125 (Сентябрь, 1986), где он был убит. Сценарист Джим Оусли (впоследствии известный как Кристофер Прист) прокомментировал смерть Дэниэла Рэнда, назвав её «бессмысленной, шокирующей и совершенно непредвиденной».\nПять лет спустя Железный Кулак был возрождён в \"Namor the Sub-Mariner\" #21-25 (Декабрь 1991 — апрель 1992), где было выявлено, что персонаж, погибший в \"Power Man and Iron Fist\" #125 был двойником. Затем он часто появлялся в сюжетных арках серии \"Marvel Comics Presents\", состоящих из трёх или четырёх выпусков в течение 1992 и 1993 года. Позже персонаж получил две сольные минисерии: \"Iron Fist\" (vol. 2) #1-2 (Сентябрь — октябрь 1996), написанная Джеймсом Фелдером и проиллюстрированная Робертом Брауном и \"Iron Fist\" (vol. 3) #1-3 (Июль — сентябрь 1998) от сценариста Дэна Юргенса и художника Джексона Гайса. Также в это время он был одним из участников группы серии \"Heroes for Hire\", состоящей из 19 выпусков (Июль 1997 — январь 1999).", "Жесть\nЖесть однократной прокатки — полоса из нелегированной малоуглеродистой стали, прокатанная способом холодной прокатки до требуемой толщины, отожженная и дрессированная, которая используется как самостоятельный материал или же для последующего нанесения защитного покрытия. Термин распространяется на чёрную и белую жесть в рулонах и листах." ]

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[ "Christopher A. Hart Christopher A. Hart Christopher A. Hart is an American lawyer, government official, and pilot. He served as the 13th chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board. He served as Acting NTSB Chairman beginning April 26, 2014, and in June 2014 was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve as Chairman of the NTSB. He was confirmed to serve as Chairman on February 5, 2015. Robert Sumwalt succeeded him as chairman in August 2017. Hart's great uncle, James Banning, was the first African-American to receive a pilot's license issued by the U.S. government in 1926. Hart is a licensed pilot with" ]

[ "Robert L. Sumwalt (U.S. government official) a five-year term expiring on December 16, 2021 and designated him as Vice Chairman for a term of two years. In August 2017, the U.S. Senate confirmed Sumwalt as the NTSB's next chairman. He succeeded Christopher A. Hart in this role. Since joining the board, he has been an advocate for improving safety in all modes of transportation, including teen-driver safety, impaired driving, distractions in transportation, and several rail-safety initiatives. He holds a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of South Carolina and a Master of Aeronautical Science (with Distinction) from Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University, specializing in Aviation/Aerospace Safety Systems", "Mark Rosenker to that was a contributor to NBC News in the same role. Since retiring from the NTSB, he has appeared as a keynote speaker at numerous aviation and other transportation industry events. He is or has been a senior adviser to a number of industry sponsored coalitions advocating for safer roads. Today Rosenker is the president of the Transportation Safety Group LLC, a specialized consulting firm focused on transportation issues in the US and around the world. Mark Rosenker Mark Victor Rosenker is an American aviation official who served as the 11th Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)", "Mark Rosenker Mark Rosenker Mark Victor Rosenker is an American aviation official who served as the 11th Chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) from August 2006 through August 2008. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and unanimously confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Chairman Rosenker was renominated by President Bush for a second term as Chair and was going through the Senate confirmation process, which basically ended when President Obama was elected in November 2008. He served as acting chair starting in March 2005 to August 2006 and then again from August 2008 until his resignation from the Board", "Deborah Hersman chairman, making her, at age 39, one of the youngest to ever to fill that position. President Obama reappointed Hersman as chairman in 2011, and in August 2013, he nominated her for a third term as chairman and for a third term as a board member. Pending Senate confirmation, the President designated Hersman to serve as vice chairman, making her acting chairman of the NTSB. Her nomination was confirmed by voice vote on October 16, 2013. As a board member, Hersman traveled with NTSB teams investigating major accidents ranging from the collision of two Washington Metro trains to the mid-air", "Robert L. Sumwalt (U.S. government official) Robert L. Sumwalt (U.S. government official) Robert Llewellyn Sumwalt III (born June 30, 1956) is an American academic, aviator, government official and writer. He has been a board member of the National Transportation Safety Board since 2006, serving as the agency's chairman since 2017. He was sworn in as the 37th member of the National Transportation Safety Board in August 2006, whereupon President George W. Bush designated him as vice chairman of the board for a two-year term. In November 2011, President Barack Obama reappointed Sumwalt to an additional five-year term. In March 2017, President Donald Trump reappointed Sumwalt to", "Philip A. Miscimarra Pennsylvania. Miscimarra was named chair of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) by President Donald Trump on April 24, 2017, having served as acting chairman since January 23, 2017. Miscimarra's term as chair expires December 16, 2017. The NLRB now consists of Miscimarra; Mark Gaston Pearce, whose term ends in August 2018; Lauren McFerran, whose term ends in December 2019; Marvin Kaplan, whose term ends in August 2020; and William Emanuel, whose term ends in August 2021. Miscimarra has authored or co-authored several books concerning labor law issues, including: Philip A. Miscimarra Philip Andrew Miscimarra (born March 14, 1956) is", "Deborah Hersman to push her over.\" In 1999, she left Wise's office to join the staff of the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Her efforts contributed to the passage of milestone bills such as the Motor Carrier Safety Improvement Act of 1999, Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002, Transportation Equity Act of the 21st Century and Amtrak Reform and Accountability Act. In 2004, Hersman was appointed as a board member of the NTSB by President George W. Bush. In 2009, President Barack Obama reappointed her to a second five-year term and appointed her to a two-year term as", "Mark Rosenker Rosenker graduated from the Air Command and Staff College and the Air War College. Rosenker was appointed by the President a Board Member of the NTSB beginning March 2003 after unanimous confirmation by the United States Senate and was designated vice chairman the following month by the President. He began a second 5-year term as a Board Member in January 2005 after another unanimous confirmation. In October 2017 Virginia Governor Terry McAuliffe appointed Rosenker to a 2-year term representing Virginia as a Commissioner of the new Washington Metrorail Safety Commission. He was elected Vice Chairman of the Commission on March", "John Devaney (businessman) the Board of Northern Rock after acquisition by the Government. Devaney was an alumnus of Sheffield University (B.Eng 1968) and a graduate of the Harvard Business School Advanced Management Program. He was a member of the Board of Trustees of Shelter the homelessness charity. He was awarded non-Exec of the year in 2012 and died in February 2018 at the age of 71. John Devaney (businessman) John Francis Devaney (25 June 1946 – 1 February 2018) was a British businessman. He served as the Chairman of NATS Holdings Ltd (National Air Traffic Services), Cobham Plc the listed UK Aerospace and", "Marion Blakey named FAA Administrator, Blakey served as chairman of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) from September 26, 2001, to September 13, 2002. During her tenure, she led a number of accident investigations including the crash of American Airlines Flight 587 in November 2001, dealing with both the highly technical aspects of the investigation as well as the highly charged public interest in the accident. Blakey worked to improve the Board's accident reporting process and increased industry and regulatory responsiveness to NTSB safety recommendations. Additionally, Blakey strengthened the Board's advocacy and outreach programs to promote safer travel throughout all modes of", "Randall L. Stephenson from 2016 until 2018. Stephenson, as well as fellow board member James Turley, CEO of Ernst & Young, publicly opposed the BSA's practice of banning openly gay Scouts and stated their intention \"to work from within the BSA Board to actively encourage dialogue and sustainable progress.\" Stephenson maintains homes in Preston Hollow, Dallas, and Olmos Park, San Antonio, Texas. Stephenson is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations. Randall L. Stephenson Randall Lynn Stephenson (born April 22, 1960) is an American telecommunications executive. He is the current chairman, chief executive officer and president of AT&T Inc. since May 9,", "Business Executives for National Security Director of National Intelligence; and the unified combatant commands. Work provided by BENS members is pro bono. The organization's current president and CEO is retired Air Force General Norton A. Schwartz, the 19th Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force, and their current chairman is Norman C. Chambers, former Chairman of NCI Building Systems. Prominent members include Jeff Bezos, John P. Morgridge, and Charles E. Phillips. Business Executives for National Security BENS’ early work focused extensively on initiatives aimed at U.S.-Soviet threat reduction and inefficiencies within support functions of the Department of Defense, e.g., the maintenance and construction of", "Wesley G. Bush Aerospace Industries Association. He has served on the board of directors of the Norfolk Southern Corporation, a holding company for the Norfolk Southern Railway, since 2012. Bush was inducted into the West Virginia Business Hall of Fame in 2003. On July 12, 2018, Bush announced he intended to step down as CEO effective January 1, 2019. He agreed to stay on as a chairman through July 2019. Bush formerly served on the board of trustees of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. He serves on the board of directors of Conservation International and the board of trustees of the", "Deborah Hersman Deborah Hersman Deborah A.P. Hersman (born May 7, 1970) is a former board member of the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board who served as its 12th chairman. She completed two terms as chairman and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 16, 2013, for a third term. On March 11, 2014, she announced she would join the National Safety Council as its president and CEO. She is the eldest daughter of retired Air Force Brig. Gen. Walter C Hersman, who served as a fighter pilot and test pilot. She has two sisters. She was born in California and lived", "Robert Gates 30, 2013, the Boy Scouts of America announced that Gates had been elected to the National executive board. While on this board, he will serve as the national president-elect. In May 2014, he began a two-year-long term as the BSA national president. Randall Stephenson, chairman and chief executive officer of AT&T Inc. serves under Gates as the president-elect. Gates has succeeded Wayne Perry as the national president. On May 21, 2015, Gates stated that the \"status quo [ban on gay adult leaders] in [the BSA] movement's membership standards cannot be sustained\" and that he would no longer seek to revoke", "Barry Lee Myers Duties Act of 2005, which failed to pass. Myers publicly supported the bill, which would have required the National Weather Service to stop providing weather information to the general public. On October 12, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Myers to head the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Myers has said he will liquidate his holdings in the family-owned company. His brothers will remain as the president, chairman of the board, and chief operating officer of AccuWeather. Myers was selected for the Under Secretary of Commerce for Oceans and Atmosphere position by Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross. Myers deputies will include Assistant", "Randall L. Stephenson Randall L. Stephenson Randall Lynn Stephenson (born April 22, 1960) is an American telecommunications executive. He is the current chairman, chief executive officer and president of AT&T Inc. since May 9, 2007. He served as National Chair of the Boy Scouts of America from 2016 to 2018. Stephenson earned an MA from the University of Oklahoma. Stephenson began his career in 1982 with Southwestern Bell Telephone in the information-technology organization in Oklahoma. Late in the 1980s through 1990s, he progressed through a series of leadership positions in finance, including an international assignment in Mexico City overseeing SBT's investment in Telefonos", "Mark W. Olson rates, citing the devastation and uncertainty caused by the natural disaster. , Olson is married to Renee Korda and has two children, Ben and Stephanie. On June 8, 2009 Olson announced his resignation as chairman of the PCAOB to be effective July 31, 2009 for personal reasons. In September 2009, Olson became Co-Chair of Treliant Risk Advisors LLC, a compliance and strategic advisory firm for the financial services industry. He regularly appears on CNBC to provide insights and opinions on industry and regulatory issues. Mark W. Olson Mark Walter Olson (March 17, 1943 – September 12, 2018) was an American", "Ann Marie Buerkle district and made more Democratic. Buerkle was endorsed by the National Rifle Association. She faced a rematch against Maffei and lost, 48.7 percent to 43.3 percent. In May 2013, Buerkle was nominated by President Barack Obama to serve on the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC). She was confirmed by the United States Senate and assumed the role of CPSC commissioner on July 23, 2013. Buerkle became acting chairman of the agency on February 9, 2017. In July 2017, she was nominated by President Donald Trump to become CPSC chairman. Ann Marie Buerkle Ann Marie Buerkle ( ; née Colella;", "Ken Mehlman his role at KKR, Mehlman is a trustee of New York's Mount Sinai Hospital, Franklin & Marshall College, and Teach for America. He is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, serves as chairman of the American Investment Council (previously the Private Equity Growth Capital Council), and is co-Chairman of the American Enterprise Institute's National Council. He is also a trustee and board member of Sponsors for Educational Opportunity (SEO). Mehlman was appointed to the board of directors of the Sustainability Accounting Standards Board in June, 2016. On January 10, 2017, Mark Zuckerberg announced on Facebook that Mehlman and", "Philip A. Miscimarra Philip A. Miscimarra Philip Andrew Miscimarra (born March 14, 1956) is an American government official who has served as the Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) since April 24, 2017. He first joined the NLRB as an appointee of President Barack Obama in 2013. Prior to his appointment to the NLRB, he worked as a lawyer in Chicago. Miscimarra was born on March 14, 1956. He grew up in Pittsburgh, where his father Anthony, the son of Italian immigrants, worked for the city and his mother, Helen (née Venditto), was a member of the school board. Miscimarra himself", "ExxonMobil The current chairman of the board and CEO of Exxon Mobil Corp. is Darren W. Woods. Woods was elected chairman of the board and CEO effective January 1, 2017 after the retirement of former chairman and CEO Rex Tillerson. Before his election as chairman and CEO, Woods was elected president of ExxonMobil and a member of the board of directors in 2016. , the current ExxonMobil board members are: ExxonMobil's environmental record has faced much criticism for its stance and impact on global warming. The Political Economy Research Institute ranks ExxonMobil sixth among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United", "Charles Noski director of Air Products & Chemicals, Automatic Data Processing, AT&T Corp., Avery Dennison, Morgan Stanley, and Northrop Grumman . He currently serves on the boards of directors of Microsoft , Avon Products, and The Priceline Group . Noski is Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Financial Accounting Foundation, a director of the National Association of Corporate Directors, and is a member of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants and Financial Executives International. He is a past member of the FASB's Financial Accounting Standards Advisory Council and the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's Standing Advisory Group. Charles Noski", "Microsoft board of directors made up of mostly company outsiders, as is customary for publicly traded companies. Members of the board of directors as of January 2018 are Bill Gates, Satya Nadella, Reid Hoffman, Lee Johnson, Teri L. List-Stoll, Charles Noski, Helmut Panke, Sandi Peterson, Penny Pritzker, Charles W. Scharf, Arne Sorenson, John W. Stanton, John W. Thompson and Padmasree Warrior. Board members are elected every year at the annual shareholders' meeting using a majority vote system. There are five committees within the board which oversee more specific matters. These committees include the Audit Committee, which handles accounting issues with the", "Mitch Bainwol Leadership Staff Director, Chief of Staff of the Republican National Committee, a consultant for Clark and Weinstock, Executive Director of the National Republican Senatorial Committee, and Chief of Staff to Senate Majority Leader Bill Frist. In 2003 he joined the RIAA as its CEO, succeeding Hilary Rosen. He formerly served as a Board Member of organizations including the National Fatherhood Initiative, the Leadership Music Foundation and the Bryce Harlow Foundation. Mitch Bainwol Mitchell Burt Bainwol (born March 2, 1959) is a trade association executive currently serving as the President and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. He previously was", "John F. Ring He was sworn in on April 16, 2018. John F. Ring John F. Ring is an American lawyer who is currently Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board. Ring was formerly co-chair of the labor and employment law practice at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, where his practice included collective bargaining, labor contracts, multi-employer benefit funds, and corporate restructurings. Ring received his Bachelor of Arts and Juris Doctor from the Catholic University of America. He spent his whole career at Morgan, Lewis & Bockius, starting as an associate in 1988 and becoming a partner in 1999. He managed the firm's labor", "Mark Rosenker 27, 2018. From January 20, 2001, to November 2002 when President Bush nominated him for the NTSB, Rosenker served as deputy assistant to the President of the United States and Director of the White House Military Office. Rosenker was traveling with President George W. Bush on September 11, 2001. Rosenker has served in the Department of the Interior, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as well as a brief assignment in the US Department of Transportation. Rosenker was appointed by President George H. W. Bush to serve on the American Battle Monuments Commission. During his career", "Edward Gramlich as dean of the Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy, and returned to Michigan as a professor in 2005. He was appointed to the Federal Reserve System by President Bill Clinton in 1997 and resigned in August 2005. For much of his term, he was the Chair of the Board's Committee on Consumer and Community Affairs. He was also the chairman of the Air Transportation Stabilization Board, which was created by Congress after the 9/11 attacks raised concerns about the survival of the U.S. airline industry. Gramlich had also chaired several other lesser-known stabilization boards created by Congress. In", "Joseph D. Kernan commander United States Southern Command till his retirement in September 2013. After his military retirement, Kernan currently served as Senior Vice President of Corporate Development for SAP National Security Services. On July 17, 2017, President Donald Trump announced his intention to nominate Kernan to the position of Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. His nomination was confirmed by the Senate on November 16, 2017. Kernan also serves as the chairman of NS2 Serves, a \"veteran training and employment program,\" as well as on the board of directors for both the National Navy SEAL Museum and The Mission Continues, a nonprofit", "Jelena McWilliams Jelena McWilliams Jelena McWilliams (born July 29, 1973) is Chairman of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. She was nominated to the position and to the FDIC Board of Directors by President Donald J. Trump, and the Senate confirmed her appointment on May 24, 2018. She was sworn in as Chairman on June 5, 2018. Previously, McWilliams was executive vice president and chief legal officer of Fifth Third Bank in Cincinnati, Ohio. Born Jelena Obrenic in Belgrade, Serbia in the former Yugoslavia, McWilliams traveled to the United States at age 18 as part of a high-school exchange program. She attended the", "Wilbur Ross Wilbur Ross Wilbur Louis Ross Jr. (born November 28, 1937) is an American investor and the current United States Secretary of Commerce. On November 30, 2016, then-President-elect Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Ross for that post. On February 27, 2017, the Senate confirmed him in a 72–27 vote. He was sworn into office on February 28, 2017. Before he was appointed, Ross was a banker known for restructuring failed companies in industries such as: steel, coal, telecommunications, foreign investment and textiles and who specialized in leveraged buyouts and distressed businesses. In February 2017, \"Forbes\" magazine reported that Ross", "Marvin Kaplan (lawyer) the question of whether graduate students and research assistants are employees under the NLRA with the right to collective bargaining and a host of other decisions from the past eight years that more expansively interpreted the NLRA.\" Marvin Kaplan (lawyer) Marvin Elliot Kaplan is an American lawyer and government official who formerly served as the Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, and still serves as a Member. Prior to assuming his current role, he was the chief counsel of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Kaplan to be a member of", "Robert J. Stevens President Barack Obama to the Advisory Committee for Trade Policy and Negotiations and he currently serves as chairman of the Director of National Intelligence Senior Advisory Group. In October 2000, Stevens became president and chief operating officer when Louis R. Hughes resigned after only six months. During 2001 and 2002, Stevens served on President Bush’s Commission on the Future of the United States Aerospace Industry. On August 5, 2004, he was elected chief executive officer of Lockheed Martin by its board of directors, succeeding Vance Coffman. In 2004, he was recognized by the National Management Association as Executive of the", "Dennis Muilenburg the High Speed Civil Transport; and the Condor unmanned reconnaissance aircraft. He later served as vice president of the Boeing Combat Systems division. Muilenburg served as president and chief executive officer of Boeing Integrated Defense Systems (later renamed Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS) from Sept 2009 till 2015. In June 2015, Boeing announced that Muilenburg would succeed James McNerney, who was stepping down after ten years as CEO. In February 2016, it was announced that Muilenburg would also succeed McNerney as Boeing's chairman. In March 2016, Muilenburg became the chairman of the board of directors of The Boeing Company.", "Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board agency's executive director. Clinton named Atkins to another term in 1997, and to a third term via a recess appointment in 2000. He was succeeded by Andrew Saul, who named Gary Amelio executive director in 2002, replacing Mehle. The current executive director is Ravindra Deo, who succeeded Gregory Long in 2017. Ravindra Deo joined the FRTIB in 2015 as the Chief Investment Officer and additionally served as Acting Chief Operating Officer and Acting Executive Director during his tenure. Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board The Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board was established as an independent agency of the United States government", "Stuart O. Witt as the CEO of Mojave Air and Space Port in January 2016. In 2016, it was reported that Witt was being considered for several leadership roles at NASA including the Administrator and Deputy Administrator positions. On February 20, 2018, Witt was named to the National Space Council Users Advisory Group by Vice President of the United States Mike Pence. Witt is Chairman Emeritus and a founding executive member of the Commercial Spaceflight Federation. He is also Chairman Emeritus of the Kern Community College District Board of Trustees. Witt is an avid outdoorsman and hunter. He holds an Airline Transport Pilot", "Elaine Nekritz against diminishment of pension benefits and exceed the General Assembly’s authority,” Nekritz is the Chair of the Midwest Interstate Passenger Rail Commission and advocates building numerous high-speed rail lines in Illinois, including one from Chicago to Detroit. See written testimony before the Rail Subcommittee of the U.S. House Transportation & Infrastructure Committee April 20, 2010 (pdf). On June 16, 2017, Nekritz announced that she will not be seeking re-election to her position. On October 3, 2017, Nekritz was replaced by Jonathan Carroll. Elaine Nekritz Elaine Nekritz (born December 11, 1957) is a Democratic member of the Illinois House of Representatives,", "Robert Gates the National Security Higher Education Advisory Board. Gates has been a member of the board of trustees of Fidelity Investments, and on the board of directors of NACCO Industries, Inc., Brinker International, Inc., Parker Drilling Company, Science Applications International Corporation, and VoteHere, a technology company which sought to provide cryptography and computer software security for the electronic election industry. Following his nomination, a White House spokeswoman said that Gates planned to sell all the stock he owns in individual companies and sever all ties with them if confirmed by the Senate. Gates is a former president of the National Eagle", "David Neeleman founded in February 1999, under the name \"NewAir\" by Neeleman. As the CEO of JetBlue Airways, his 2002 salary was $200,000 with a bonus of $90,000. Neeleman donated his entire salary to the JetBlue Crewmember Crisis Fund, which was established for JetBlue employees who had fallen on hard times. On May 10, 2007, David Neeleman was replaced by David Barger (born 1959) as CEO of JetBlue and on May 21, 2008 he was replaced as chairman of the board by Joel Peterson. On March 27, 2008 Neeleman officially announced plans to launch a new airline, Azul (Portuguese for \"blue\"), a", "Elliot G. Sander Elliot G. Sander Elliot \"Lee\" Sander is the new President of Bombardier Transportation, Americas region effective November 19, 2018. Previously, he was Managing Director, Global Transportation and US Infrastructure at Hatch Ltd, a global multidisciplinary management, engineering, and development consultancy. He is also the Senior Independent Director of the board of National Express, a UK-based global operator of rail, bus, para-transit, and school bus services. Sander is Chairman Emeritus of the Regional Plan Association, Vice-Chairman of the Greater Jamaica Development Corporation, and on the Board of the Leo Baeck Institute. Sander is the founder of the Rudin Center for Transportation", "Caterpillar Inc. the board of directors was composed as follows: On January 1, 2017, Jim Umpleby succeeded Douglas R. Oberhelman as CEO and Dave Calhoun became Non-Executive Chairman. On December 12, 2018, Umpleby was named chairman of the board as well, reversing Caterpillar's previous decision to split the CEO and chairman position. As of December 31, 2009, Caterpillar employed 93,813 persons of whom 50,562 are located outside the United States. Current employment figures represent a decline of 17,900 employees compared the third quarter of 2008. Due to the restructuring of business operations which began in the 1990s, there are 20,000 fewer union", "Richard Ledgett activities to discover and counter adversary cyber efforts. From June 2013 to his appointment as Deputy Director in January 2014, Ledgett headed the investigation of leaks regarding NSA surveillance programs made by Edward Snowden. On February 3, 2017, Ledgett announced that he would be retiring in the spring. His successor was George C. Barnes. On August 15, 2017, Ledgett was elected to M&T Bank Corporation's Board of Directors. Ledgett pledged increased transparency regarding NSA operations. However, he defended the operations of the NSA and argued in a rare interview with Reuters that NSA operations are completely legal. Ledgett also accused", "Peter Seligmann people. He served as CEO until July 1, 2017, when he was succeeded by the conservation scientist M. Sanjayan. Seligmann remains chairman of Conservation International alongside board members including former Walmart Chairman S. Robson Walton, chairman of the executive committee; actor Harrison Ford, vice chairman of the board; Laurene Powell Jobs, founder of Emerson Collective; President Ian Khama of Botswana; Northrop Grumman Corp. CEO Wesley G. Bush; Ann Friedman, and others. Peter Seligmann Peter A. Seligmann (born Sept. 30, 1950.) is an American conservationist and nonprofit founder. Seligmann is chairman of Conservation International, an Arlington, Virginia-based environmental nonprofit organization, and", "National Fish and Wildlife Foundation under the IRS tax code and treated as a private corporation established under Federal law. Under the terms of its enabling legislation, NFWF is required to report its proceedings and activities annually to Congress. NFWF is governed by a 30-member board of directors approved by the Secretary of the Interior and including the heads of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and NOAA. John V. Faraci Jr is currently serving as Chairman of the Board. Jeff Trandahl has been NFWF’s CEO and Executive Director since 2005. Previously, Trandahl served as the thirty-second Clerk of the United States House of Representatives.", "Richard V. Spencer as a captain, he worked on Wall Street for 15 years, holding positions at Goldman Sachs, Bear Stearns, Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette, A. G. Becker, Paine Webber and Merrill Lynch. Spencer served on the Defense Business Board, a Pentagon advisory panel, from 2009 to 2015 and on the Chief of Naval Operations Executive Panel. During his time on the Defense Business Board, he proposed shutting down domestic military commissaries in favor of negotiated military discounts at public retailers. In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Spencer to serve as the 76th United States Secretary of the Navy. Spencer was confirmed", "Mark Rosekind then continued his education with two years of post-doctoral work at Brown University Medical School. From 1990 to 1997, Rosekind worked at NASA as part of the Fatigue Countermeasures Group and eventually as the group's director. In 1997, Rosekind started a consulting company called Alertness Solutions which focused on providing sleep and alertness strategies to a wide variety of professions. In June 2010, Rosekind was appointed as a board member to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) and served there until December 2014. As a member of the NTSB, he was on-scene for seven major transportation accidents including the Midland", "Louis J. Lanzerotti a research scientist and engineer, Lanzerotti was appointed by US President George W. Bush to the National Science Board, the 24-member governing body of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and served a 6-year term from 2004 to 2010. He served on the board as a \"Board Consultant\" from May 2010 until April 2012. Lanzerotti also led a 12-member panel organized by the National Research Council (NRC) of the National Academies to identify possible causes of unintended acceleration in vehicles in the aftermath of Toyota's large automobile recalls. In addition to his career in science, Lanzerotti served in the Harding Township,", "Eric Fanning things we can do inside this building for the Department of Defense\". He supports allowing openly transgender persons to serve in the military as well. In July 2016, Fanning served as the grand marshal of the San Diego Pride parade. In 2017, the Aerospace Industries Association selected Fanning to become its next President and CEO, succeeding former U.S. Army Lt. General David Melcher in that role. He began his tenure on January 1, 2018. Eric Fanning Eric Kenneth Fanning (born July 2, 1968) is an American politician who is the current President and CEO of Aerospace Industries Association and served", "Nuclear Regulatory Commission the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate for five-year terms. One of them is designated by the President to be the Chairman and official spokesperson of the Commission. The current chairman is Kristine Svinicki. President Donald Trump designated Svinicki as Chairman of the NRC effective January 23, 2017. The NRC consists of the Commission on the one hand and offices of the Executive Director for Operations on the other. The Commission is divided into two committees (Advisory Committee on Reactor Safeguards and Advisory Committee on the Medical Uses of Isotopes) and one Board, the Atomic Safety and", "Gary Cohn (investment banker) Goldman Sachs upon leaving to join the administration of Donald Trump. In the administration, he took a salary of $30,000, considerably less than nearly every other high-ranking administration official. On January 20, 2017, Cohn took office as Director of the National Economic Council (NEC) in President Donald Trump's administration, a position which did not require Congressional confirmation. By February 11, 2017, \"The Wall Street Journal\" described Cohn as an \"economic-policy powerhouse\", and \"The New York Times\" called him Trump's \"go-to figure on matters related to jobs, business, and growth\". With the confirmation of Trump's December 12, 2016, nominee for Secretary", "John F. Ring an attorney for the New York State Teamsters Conference Pension and Retirement Fund. He has represented clients in unfair labor practice proceedings before the NLRB and served as counsel to the National Master Freight Agreement. According to Bloomberg BNA, \"President Donald Trump's appointees will control the National Labor Relations Board in 2018, and observers expect major changes in the agency’s philosophy and direction.\" According to \"The National Law Journal\", \"If confirmed, Ring would help the NLRB overturn policies criticized by the business community during the Obama administration. Ring's nomination was confirmed on April 11, 2018 by a vote of 50–48.", "Mark Weinberger George W. Bush's Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Tax Policy. Weinberger returned to EY from the United States Treasury Department in April 2002. EY announced in January 2012 that Weinberger would succeed retiring CEO Jim Turley by taking on the role of global chairman and CEO in July 2013. AT&T chairman and CEO Randall Stephenson named Weinberger chairman of the Business Roundtable's tax and fiscal policy committee in December 2014. He serves on the 2016-2018 executive committee. As president-elect, Donald Trump invited Weinberger and 15 other chief executives to join the President's Strategic and Policy Forum in December 2016,", "Professional Aviation Safety Specialists Professional Aviation Safety Specialists The Professional Aviation Safety Specialists (PASS) is affiliated with the AFL–CIO through its affiliation with the Marine Engineers' Beneficial Association. It represents more than 11,000 Federal Aviation Administration and Department of Defense employees. The union was founded in 1977 by Howard Johannssen, an FAA safety technician. National President Mike Perrone is currently serving his third three-year term, having been re-elected in September 2018. Carlos Aguirre was elected national vice president in October 2018. Previous presidents of PASS include Johannssen (1977–1994), Jack Johnson (1994–1997), Mike Fanfalone (1997–2003) and Tom Brantley (2003–2012). Johannssen and 50 of his colleagues", "Christopher A. Hart before returning to the Board in 2009, Hart was Deputy Director for Air Traffic Safety Oversight at the FAA. He had been the FAA Assistant Administrator for System Safety. Hart was sworn in as a Member of the National Transportation Safety Board on August 12, 2009, and designated by President Obama for a two-year term as Vice Chairman of the Board on August 18, 2009. In August 2013, President Obama nominated him for a second term as Board Member and after Senate confirmation of his nomination, the President, in October 2013, designated him for a third term as Vice Chairman.", "Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Duhnke III, who was sworn in on January 2, 2018, by the Securities and Exchange Commission. Previously, he served as Staff Director and General Counsel to three Senate Committees. From 2011-2017, James R. Doty served as Chairman, a former SEC General Counsel and a former partner at the law firm of Baker Botts LLP. He was preceded by Mark W. Olson, a former member of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The first Chairman in place at the PCAOB was former President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, William Joseph McDonough. The SEC first", "Vernon L. Grose accidents. Following his appointment to the NTSB, he was appointed to serve as a member of the National Highway Safety Advisory Committee. In 1997, Vice President Al Gore requested his assistance and expertise on the White House Commission on Aviation Safety and Security. Following the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the crash of United Airlines Flight 93 in Pennsylvania, Grose testified before the US Congress on behalf of the NTSB, presenting findings of the Board's formal investigation into the attacks. Grose has served as an executive and consultant with several organizations and corporations. , he serves", "Andrew Saul the TSP board and executive director.\" During his confirmation hearing, Senator Daniel Akaka told Saul he would be facing a difficult situation, as the outgoing Executive Director had taken a number of actions before his sudden departure which led to \"demoralization of the TSP staff, expensive lawsuits, investigations, rancorous battles with other agencies, along with the costs of a failed record keeping system project\" that were all eventually dealt with by the FRTIB. Shortly after Saul assumed office, TSP Executive Director James Petrick resigned. It has been alleged by former FRTIB Chairman and Executive Director Roger Mehle that this occurred", "Marvin Kaplan (lawyer) Marvin Kaplan (lawyer) Marvin Elliot Kaplan is an American lawyer and government official who formerly served as the Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, and still serves as a Member. Prior to assuming his current role, he was the chief counsel of the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission. In June 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Kaplan to be a member of the National Labor Relations Board for a term expiring on August 27, 2020. He was confirmed by the Senate on August 2, 2017, by a vote of 50–48. Kaplan received his Bachelor of Science from Cornell University", "Deborah Hersman combines education, engineering, enforcement and emergency medical services. Deborah Hersman Deborah A.P. Hersman (born May 7, 1970) is a former board member of the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board who served as its 12th chairman. She completed two terms as chairman and was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on October 16, 2013, for a third term. On March 11, 2014, she announced she would join the National Safety Council as its president and CEO. She is the eldest daughter of retired Air Force Brig. Gen. Walter C Hersman, who served as a fighter pilot and test pilot. She has two", "National Business Aviation Association the August 2017 recess and may include it as part of the FAA reauthorization act, which is due September 30. NBAA opposes H.R. 2997 and is lobbying against it. On May 17, 2017, during a House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee hearing on air traffic control reform, NBAA President and CEO Ed Bolen testified, \"Companies and communities across the U.S., which rely on general aviation for business, civil services and a host of other needs, simply cannot risk turning over the system to a private board beyond the reach of Congress.\" Charles Leocha, chairman and co-founder of Travelers United, \"a D.C.-based", "Steve Isakowitz advisory boards at both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and California State University Long Beach, and has served on the FAA’s Commercial Space Transportation Advisory Committee. Steve Isakowitz Steve Isakowitz (born 1961) is the President and CEO of The Aerospace Corporation assuming the position on October 1, 2016. The Aerospace Corporation is a leading architect for the nation’s national security and civil space programs with more than 3,600 employees and annual revenues of $917 million. Isakowitz is a recognized leader across the government, private, space, and technology sectors, having served in prominent roles at Virgin Galactic, the U.S. Department of", "National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of America Executive Board include Ernst & Young CEO James Turley, AT&T CEO Randall Stephenson, and former Secretary of State Rex W. Tillerson. Former members of the NEB include former presidential nominee Mitt Romney and late LDS Church President Thomas S. Monson. Per the by-laws, the executive committee is: The board is required to hold annual meetings. The 2012 National Annual Meeting occurred May 30–June 1 at the Gaylord Palms Resort & Convention Center in Kissimmee, Florida. The 2013 National Annual Meeting was scheduled for May 22–24 at the Gaylord Texan Hotel, Grapevine, Texas. National Executive Board of the Boy Scouts of", "Ajit Jain McKinsey & Co. to join Berkshire Hathaway in 1982. At the time, he said he knew little about the insurance business. In the annual letter to shareholders on 2014, it was suggested that both Jain and Greg Abel could be appropriate successors for Warren Buffett as CEO of Berkshire Hathaway. In January 2018, Jain was named Berkshire Hathaway's vice chair of insurance operations and appointed to Hathaway's Board of Directors. Jain lives in the New York City area. In 2005, Jain established the Jain Foundation, a non-profit organization located in Seattle, Washington, the mission of which is to cure limb-girdle", "Steve Ells disillusioned with the experience. Chipotle announced on November 29, 2017 that Ells will step down as CEO following the appointment of a new CEO with \"turnaround expertise.\" Ells will serve as executive chairman after the new CEO appointment, and will serve on the CEO search committee with fellow Chipotle board members Robin Hickenlooper and Ali Namvar. Ells has received criticism over his salary. In 2013, \"The New York Times\" reported he was paid $25.1 million, more than equivalent executives in companies like Ford, Boeing, and AT&T. By the early 2010s, Ells and his co-CEO, Montgomery Moran, were paid more than", "Don Slager and heavy building materials. He is a member of the Finance Committee and the Ethics, Environment, Safety & Health Committee. He is also a member of the Board of the Arizona Commerce Authority, and a governing board member of Together for Safer Roads, an innovative coalition that brings together global private sector companies, across industries, to collaborate on improving road safety. From September 2009 until March 2016, Don served on the Board of UTi Worldwide as Chairman of its Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee and member of its Compensation Committee. Don Slager Donald W. “Don” Slager is President and Chief", "J. Mark McWatters Circuit Court of Appeals from 1982 to 1983. J. Mark McWatters John Mark McWatters is the Board Chairman of the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). He was appointed by President Donald Trump on June 23, 2017, to serve as the tenth Board Chairman of the NCUA. McWatters was previously designated by President Trump in January 2017 to serve as Acting Chairman of the NCUA. In January 2014, President Barack Obama nominated McWatters to serve on the board of the NCUA. The NCUA is an independent federal agency that regulates and supervises a system of federally insured credit unions that holds", "Tom Perez Solis. He was confirmed by the Senate on July 18 and sworn in on July 23, 2013. Perez announced his candidacy for Chair of the Democratic National Committee in the 2017 election on December 15, 2016. On February 25, 2017, Perez was elected Chairman on a second ballot. Minutes after being elected, Perez named runner-up Keith Ellison as deputy chair. Thomas Edward Perez was born and raised in Buffalo, New York, to parents Grace (née Altagracia Brache Bernard) and Rafael Antonio de Jesús Pérez Lara, who were both first-generation Dominican immigrants. His father, who earned U.S. citizenship after enlisting in", "Jeff DeWit to become Chief Financial Officer of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on December 1, 2017. His nomination was returned unconfirmed to the President by the U.S. Senate on January 3, 2018, under Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXXI, paragraph 6. The nomination was resubmitted to the Senate on January 8, 2018. He was confirmed by voice vote on March 14, 2018. He took office on April 3, 2018. DeWit is 43 years old, currently residing in Peoria, Arizona with his wife, Marina and his three daughters. As a part of his election campaign, his family appeared", "Mark Rosenker reason to make any changes to the report. Rosenker subsequently wrote to Houle, sharing the Board's findings upholding the probable cause and contributing factors as presented in the original NTSB report. Rosenker was Managing Director of the Washington, D.C. office for the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) from Oct 1999 to January 2001 when he joined the White House Staff. Prior to working for UNOS, Rosenker was the Vice President, Public Affairs for the Electronic Industries Alliance for 23 years. In April 2012, Rosenker was appointed by the Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA) to be a member of a", "Winn Schwartau the Top 5 Security Thinkers. He has been called the \"civilian architect of information warfare\" and has been identified as one of the 25 most influential people in the security industry. Schwartau is the author of \"Internet and Computer Ethics for Kids (and Parents and Teachers Without a Clue)\" (2001/2002). Dr. Fred Cohen, from all.net, described this book as “The best security book ever written”. His latest work, Analogue Network Security, was released August 8th, 2018 at BSides Las Vegas. Schwartau is the Chairman of the Board of Mobile Active Defense, specializing in security and compliance for smartphones and tablets,", "Robert Fornaro board of directors in March 2001. Fornaro became chief executive officer on 1 November 2007, taking over from Joe Leonard. When AirTran was acquired by Southwest Airlines in 2011, Fornaro received a payment of $2.9 million. Fornaro is acting as a consultant for the integration of the airlines. In May 2014 Fornaro was elected to the Board of Directors of Spirit Airlines. On January 5, 2016, Fornaro was appointed to CEO of Spirit Airlines, replacing Ben Baldanza. In December 2017, it was announced that Fornaro would step down as CEO in January 2019 and be replaced by CFO Ted Christie.", "John P. Surma Board of Trustees three days later when Chairman Steve Garban resigned his position. In January 2012 he relinquished the position to The Bank of New York Mellon executive Karen Peetz, but he has continued to serve on the board. Surma served as a director of BNY Mellon until April 2012. In 2011 his reported compensation as a director of BNY Mellon was $216,575. Surma is involved with education and community development in Pittsburgh. Surma became an honorary member of the National Society of Black Engineers (NSBE) in 2006. Surma received the American Iron and Steel Institute's Elbert Gary Medal in", "James Morhard his J.D. from Georgetown University. He is a survivor of the 2010 Alaska DHC-3 Otter crash, that killed five others onboard, including Senator Ted Stevens of Alaska. James Morhard James Morhard is the Deputy Administrator of NASA. He was nominated by President Donald Trump on July 12, 2018 and was confirmed on October 11, 2018. At the time of his nomination, Morhard was noted for his lack of experience in space technology, but his strong bipartisan connections on Capitol Hill and Appropriations Committee experience were noted as potential benefits for the Agency. Morhard has been the Deputy Sergeant at Arms", "Frank Blake 2002 as executive vice president for Business Development and Corporate Operations, and vice chairman on the board of directors, reporting directly to chairman and CEO Robert Nardelli. His responsibilities include real estate, store construction and maintenance, credit services, strategic business development, special orders and service improvement, call centers and Installation Services Business. In April 2004, Blake was elected to serve on the board of directors for Southern Company, a premier super-regional energy company based in Atlanta, Georgia. On October 11, 2016, Blake was named non-executive chairman of Delta Air Lines. After Nardelli resigned as Chairman and CEO on January 3,", "National Air Transportation Association its Safety 1st program, NATA also publishes the quarterly Aviation Business Journal, dedicated to the core businesses of NATA members, including: fuel and line services, aircraft charter and management, aircraft maintenance, flight training, and airline services. NATA also sponsors a Workers Compensation Insurance Program which rewards the safe practices of its member-participants. Martin H. Hiller is the current Chief Executive Officer of Hiller Carbon, a leading supplier of carbon to steel mills and foundries and was named President of the National Air Transportation Association (NATA) in August 2016. NATA represents aeronautical service providers at over 2,300 locations in the U.S.", "Jelena McWilliams to rework or repeal the 2010 Dodd-Frank banking-regulation reform act. McWilliams served as executive vice president, chief legal officer, and corporate secretary for Fifth Third from January 2017 until May 2018. On November 30, 2017, the White House press secretary issued a release announcing the President's intention to nominate McWilliams to fill the remainder of a six-year term expiring July 15, 2019, and to serve as chairperson for a term of five years. McWilliams had been under consideration for the appointment since July 2017, when James Clinger withdrew his nomination for the position. Before year-end 2017, Fifth Third determined that", "Jay Clayton (attorney) J.C. Flowers & Co., and Richard C. Perry but he divested these investments upon confirmation. On January 4, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Clayton to be SEC Chairman. Clayton's nomination was endorsed by Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr. U.S. Senator Catherine Cortez Masto, a Democrat representing Nevada, expressed concern that Clayton represented Swedish firm TeliaSonera in a proposed venture that would combine Russian telecommunications companies MegaFon and Altimo. Clayton is not thought to have any ties to the Russian companies. On April 4, 2017, the Senate Banking Committee voted 15-8 to take Clayton's nomination to the full Senate, with", "Huban A. Gowadia was protected by attorney-client privilege\". On 14 November, 2017, Rep. Cummings asked Chairman Trey Gowdy, R-SC, to enforce the subpoena. Huban A. Gowadia Huban A. Gowadia (born c. 1969) is the Deputy Administrator of the Transportation Security Administration since January 19, 2017, following the statutorily required resignation of Peter V. Neffenger on January 20, 2017, upon Donald Trump becoming President. Prior to joining TSA, Gowadia was the Director of the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office at the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. She was responsible for the Department of Homeland Security's (DHS) contribution to protect the United States from nuclear attack,", "Charles B. Curtis nuclear, biological and chemical weapons. He is currently NTI's President Emeritus and an Emeritus Board Member. NTI was founded in 2001 and resulted from Curtis teaming with former Senator Sam Nunn and CNN founder Ted Turner to form a charitable organization focused on issues that were previously the sole domain of governments. Mr. Curtis was the founding Chairman of the World Institute for Nuclear Security in 2008, headquarted in Vienna Aiustria. Curtis has served on a number of boards, including a number of a corporate boards of directors, the Defense Policy Board of the Department of Defense and the Homeland", "National Association of Corporate Directors surveys of more than 1,000 public, private and nonprofit directors on leading governance practices. \"NACD Directorship Magazine\": the official magazine of NACD, reporting on current issues of importance to directors and boards. \"NACD Director Handbook Series\": guidance on issues such as cyber-risk oversight, corporate sustainability, effective director onboarding practices and other topics. In 2001 and 2002, the unexpected bankruptcies of Enron and WorldCom brought increased public and government attention to corporate governance and the role of the board of directors. In February 2002, Roger Raber, former CEO of NACD, was called to testify before House Energy and Commerce Committee, chaired", "Tom Perez from Oberlin College. Tom Perez Thomas Edward Perez (born October 7, 1961) is an American Democratic Party politician and attorney who was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee in February 2017. Perez also served as the United States Secretary of Labor from 2013 to 2017. Prior to that he worked as a consumer advocate and civil rights attorney before serving as the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights. Born in Buffalo, New York, Perez is a graduate of Brown University, Harvard Law School, and the John F. Kennedy School of Government. He worked as a law clerk for the", "Denise Nappier state of Connecticut consented to the deal, and that the firm relied on information from its lawyers. In April 2009, Nappier called on Bank of America CEO Ken Lewis to resign. She also called on other senior officials to resign including Bank of America's lead director, Temple Sloan, and Thomas Ryan, chairman of the bank's governance committee, due to the bank's acquisition of Merrill Lynch and $20 billion in losses in the fourth-quarter of 2008. As Treasurer, Nappier represented the Connecticut pension fund system and the Connecticut's Department of Treasury on Bank of America's board of shareholders, due to the", "Darrell Issa products in the United States. Sporting a net worth of approx. 250 million dollars, Issa is the second wealthiest currently serving member of Congress, behind Rep. Greg Gianforte. Issa announced on January 10, 2018, that he would not seek reelection for his current seat in 2018. Following the November 6, 2018 election, Democrat Mike Levin became the district's member-elect. On September 19, 2018, President Donald Trump nominated Issa as Director of the United States Trade and Development Agency. Issa, the second of six children, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Martha (née Bielfelt) and William Issa, who sold", "J. Mark McWatters J. Mark McWatters John Mark McWatters is the Board Chairman of the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA). He was appointed by President Donald Trump on June 23, 2017, to serve as the tenth Board Chairman of the NCUA. McWatters was previously designated by President Trump in January 2017 to serve as Acting Chairman of the NCUA. In January 2014, President Barack Obama nominated McWatters to serve on the board of the NCUA. The NCUA is an independent federal agency that regulates and supervises a system of federally insured credit unions that holds nearly $1.4 trillion in assets. The NCUA also", "Southwest Airlines Flight 1380 an investigative hearing on November 14, 2018. At the hearing, FAA Transport Standards Branch representative Victor Wicklund stated that the production inlets were not required to be subjected to certification testing, but if they had been and had failed, as was the case in this accident, that it would constitute a certification failure. He indicated that the cowling may require design changes. On May 3, 2018, the NTSB released an investigative update with preliminary findings: On April 17, 2018, Elaine Chao, the United States Secretary of Transportation, made a statement to \"commend the pilots who safely landed the aircraft, and", "Chevron Corporation $2.5 million to the Republican Congressional Leadership Fund super PAC that is closely tied to former House Speaker John Boehner. Condoleezza Rice is a former member of the board of directors, and also headed Chevron's committee on public policy until she resigned on January 15, 2001, to become National Security Advisor to President George W. Bush. On September 30, 2009, John Watson, age 52, was elected Chairman of the Board and CEO, effective at the December 31, 2009 retirement of David J. O'Reilly. In 2010 Chevron established the Niger Delta Partnership Initiative (NDPI), a non-profit that works with local organizations", "Richard H. Anderson (businessman) 2001 to 2004, which would later merge with Delta, and Executive Vice President of United Healthcare from 2004 to 2007. On February 3, 2016, Delta Air Lines announced Anderson would retire as CEO effective May 2, 2016 and assume position as Executive Chairman of the Delta Air Lines board of directors. On October 11, 2016, Anderson announced his retirement from the Board of Directors effective on the same day. He was succeeded by former Chairman and CEO of The Home Depot, Francis Blake. In June 2017, Amtrak announced Anderson as the organization's next President and CEO, replacing Charles \"Wick\" Moorman.", "Gerhard Schröder widening international ramifications of Schröder's new post. Democrat Tom Lantos, chairman of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs, likened Schröder to a \"political prostitute\" for his recent behaviour. In January 2009, the \"Wall Street Journal\" reported that Schröder would join the board of the oil company TNK-BP, a joint venture between oil major BP and Russian partners. In 2016, Schröder switched to become manager of Nord Stream 2, an expansion of the original pipeline in which Gazprom is sole shareholder. In 2017, Russia nominated Schröder to also serve as an independent director of the board of its biggest", "Ziggy Switkowski (the 'T3' sale). Switkowski resigned from Telstra on 3 December 2004, and was replaced by Solomon Trujillo. On 3 October 2013, Switkowski was confirmed as the new chairman and interim CEO of NBN Co by Communications Minister Malcolm Turnbull, and reverted to the role of Non-Executive Chairman from 2 April 2014 following the appointment of Bill Morrow as Chief Executive Officer. On 6 June 2006, Switkowski was appointed to chair a Commonwealth Government inquiry into the viability of a domestic nuclear power industry. He was later appointed chairman of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) by federal Minister", "Northrop Grumman company, who led the serial-acquisition strategy with a total of 15 additional acquisitions from 1994-2003, including Litton, Logicon, Westinghouse's defense electronics business, Ryan Aeronautical and Newport News Shipbuilding, and TRW. He then retired in 2003 at age 65. In 2003 Ronald Sugar, the former chief operating officer, took over as CEO. Effective October 1, 2003, Sugar also served as the company chairman of the board. In January 2010, Wes Bush succeeded as CEO and became company president. On July 12, 2018, Wes Bush announced that he would step down as CEO effective January 1, 2019 and would remain Chairman of", "Charles Rivkin Cuba for the first time in more than 50 years. In February 2015, Rivkin received \"la Grande Médaille de Vermeil de la Ville de Paris\", the city of Paris' highest honor, from Paris Mayor Anne Hidalgo. In December 2016, Rivkin received the Navy Distinguished Public Service Award, the U.S. Department of the Navy's highest civilian recognition, from Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus. As announced on April 28, 2017, Rivkin succeeded Chris Dodd as CEO of the Motion Picture Association of America, effective September 5, 2017, and as chairman, effective December 6, 2017. Rivkin's priorities include defending intellectual property and", "Sam Nunn issues has been guided by one fundamental criteria: What Sam Nunn believes is in the best interest of the United States of America.\" Nunn founded the Nuclear Threat Initiative in 2001 and served as co-chairman and CEO until June 2017, when he became co-chairman with Ted Turner and Ernest J. Moniz. In addition to his work with the Nuclear Threat Initiative, Nunn has continued his service in the public policy arena as a distinguished professor in the Sam Nunn School of International Affairs at Georgia Tech. There, he hosts the biennial Sam Nunn Policy Forum, a policy meeting that brings", "Mark Rosenker in civilian Federal service Mr. Rosenker received 8 Presidential appointments, three of which required Senate confirmation. As NTSB Chairman, Rosenker ordered the 2006/2007 re-opening of the controversial 1967 investigation of Piedmont Airlines Flight 22. In the official petition for reconsideration, Paul Houle (an amateur historian who asked for the investigation to be reopened) suggested that numerous important facts were missing from the original investigation, as well as apparent potential conflicts of interest that should have been found at the time. Despite the cockpit voice recorder conflicting with the original NTSB report, the NTSB's Office of Aviation Safety found no compelling", "Howard Lutnick Howard Lutnick Howard William Lutnick (born July 14, 1961) is an American billionaire businessman, who succeeded Bernard Gerald Cantor as the head of Cantor Fitzgerald. Lutnick is the chairman and CEO of Cantor Fitzgerald and BGC Partners. After losing 658 employees, including his brother, in the September 11 attacks, Lutnick has become known for his charity efforts through the Cantor Fitzgerald Relief Fund, which helps to aid families of the attacks and natural disasters. As of September 2018, Lutnick owns 60% of Cantor Fitzgerald, with a net worth of \"at least $1.5 billion\". Howard Lutnick was born to a Jewish", "US-Taiwan Business Council In 2008, Paul D. Wolfowitz joined the council as its chairman, succeeding Bill Brock. In 2016, Senator Bob Menendez of New Jersey took over the honorary co-chairman seat vacated by Jay Rockefeller, who had held the post since 1997. In 2018, Michael R. Splinter joined the council as its chairman, succeeding Paul D. Wolfowitz. The council is incorporated in the District of Columbia and is designated by the Internal Revenue Service as a tax-exempt organization under section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code. The council's \"sister organization\" in Taiwan is the ROC-USA Business Council. During the 1980s and 1990s, the", "Philip Odeen responsible for government relations, business development and selected international activities of the Aerospace and Information Systems sector. This correlated well with his position in government. He retired as chairman of TRW in 2002, when Northrop Grumman took over the company in a $7.8 billion merger. In 2003, Odeen became a member of Northrop Grumman's board of directors, a position he still holds. He also serves on the boards Avaya, Convergys, Reynolds and Reynolds, and Washington Gas Light Company. Odeen was named as Avaya's nonexecutive Chairman of the Board of Directors on October 1, 2006. Odeen is a member of the", "Boy Scouts of America membership controversies condemn those who wish to follow a different path.\" On July 17, 2012, at the conclusion of a two-year review, an 11-person committee convened by the BSA reached a \"unanimous consensus\" recommending retaining the current policy. But within the BSA National Executive Board, members James Turley, CEO of Ernst & Young, and Randall Stephenson, CEO of AT&T and who was \"on track to become president of the Scout's national board in 2014\", have publicly opposed the policy and stated their intention \"to work from within the BSA Board to actively encourage dialogue and sustainable progress\" in changing the policy. On", "Bill Nuti down from the position of NCR's CEO due to health reasons. In June 2008, Nuti was appointed to Sprint Communications’ Board of Directors, where he served until July 2013. In May 2014, he was elected to the Board of Directors at Coach, Inc., where he serves on the human resources committee. In 2014, Nuti became a member of the Georgia Institute of Technology advisory board, where he served until 2017. In December 2013, he joined the Board of Directors of United Continental Holdings (United Airlines), where he serves on finance, compensation, and public responsibility committees. He is a trustee at", "Daniel Carp the board. His education includes a BBA in quantitative methods from the Ohio University, an MBA from the Rochester Institute of Technology, and a Master's degree in Management (M.B.A.) as a Sloan Fellow at the MIT Sloan School of Management in 1988. Carp currently serves on the board of directors at Texas Instruments and Norfolk Southern Corp. Daniel Carp Daniel Allen 'Dan' Carp (born 1948) is the former chairman and chief executive officer of the Eastman Kodak Company. Carp served as the chairman of the board of Delta Air Lines, replacing former chairman Gerald Grinstein. A native of Wytheville, Virginia,", "David Zatezalo Broken Hill Proprietary, and as president of Hopedale Mining. From 2007 to 2014, Zatezalo was chairman of the coal company Rhino Resources. Rhino Resources clashed with federal regulators when the Obama administration tried to boost industry-wide mine safety enforcement. The company received pattern of violations warning letters from MSHA in 2010 and 2011, during a time when agency executive Joe Main was increasing enforcement following the Upper Big Branch Mine disaster. In September 2017, Zatezalo was nominated by President Donald Trump to become the next head of the Mine Safety and Health Administration. Robert E. Murray urged him to come" ]

[ 8.5 ]

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[ "Windows 8 was distributed as a retail box product on DVD, and through a digital download that could be converted into DVD or USB install media. As part of a launch promotion, Microsoft offered Windows 8 Pro upgrades at a discounted price of US$39.99 online, or $69.99 for retail box from its launch until January 31, 2013; afterward the Windows 8 price has been $119.99 and the Pro price $199.99. Those who purchased new PCs pre-loaded with Windows 7 Home Basic, Home Premium, Professional, or Ultimate between June 2, 2012 and January 31, 2013 could digitally purchase a Windows 8 Pro upgrade for US$14.99. Several PC manufacturers offered rebates and refunds on Windows 8 upgrades obtained through the promotion on select models, such as Hewlett-Packard (in the U.S. and Canada on select models), and Acer (in Europe on selected Ultrabook models). During these promotions, the Windows Media Center add-on for Windows 8 Pro was also offered for free." ]

[ "From 1981 to 2010, the average annual precipitation measured at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport was 37.49 inches (952 mm). Annual precipitation has ranged from 23.78 in (604 mm) in 1952 to 55.14 in (1,401 mm) in 1950; for water year (October 1 – September 30) precipitation, the range is 23.16 in (588 mm) in 1976–77 to 51.82 in (1,316 mm) in 1996–97. Due to local variations in microclimate, Seattle also receives significantly lower precipitation than some other locations west of the Cascades. Around 80 mi (129 km) to the west, the Hoh Rain Forest in Olympic National Park on the western flank of the Olympic Mountains receives an annual average precipitation of 142 in (3.61 m). Sixty miles to the south of Seattle, the state capital Olympia, which is out of the Olympic Mountains' rain shadow, receives an annual average precipitation of 50 in (1,270 mm). The city of Bremerton, about 15 mi (24 km) west of downtown Seattle, receives 56.4 in (1,430 mm) of precipitation annually.", "Interpreters have sometimes played crucial roles in history. A prime example is La Malinche, also known as Malintzin, Malinalli and Doña Marina, an early-16th-century Nahua woman from the Mexican Gulf Coast. As a child she had been sold or given to Maya slave-traders from Xicalango, and thus had become bilingual. Subsequently given along with other women to the invading Spaniards, she became instrumental in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, acting as interpreter, adviser, intermediary and lover to Hernán Cortés.", "During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.", "The board of directors has ultimate control over the organization, but typically an executive director is hired. In some cases, the board is elected by a membership, but commonly, the board of directors is self-perpetuating. In these \"board-only\" organizations, board members nominate new members and vote on their fellow directors nominations. Part VI, section A, question 7a of the Form 990 asks \"members, stockholders, or other persons who had the power to elect or appoint one or more members of the governing body?\".", "New developments in Judaism often transcend differences in religious practice between Ashkenazi and Sephardic Jews. In North American cities, social trends such as the chavurah movement, and the emergence of \"post-denominational Judaism\" often bring together younger Jews of diverse ethnic backgrounds. In recent years, there has been increased interest in Kabbalah, which many Ashkenazi Jews study outside of the Yeshiva framework. Another trend is the new popularity of ecstatic worship in the Jewish Renewal movement and the Carlebach style minyan, both of which are nominally of Ashkenazi origin.", "Today, the system of Arabic and Islamic education has grown and further integrated with Kerala government administration. In 2005, an estimated 6,000 Muslim Arabic teachers taught in Kerala government schools, with over 500,000 Muslim students. State-appointed committees, not private mosques or religious scholars outside the government, determine the curriculum and accreditation of new schools and colleges. Primary education in Arabic and Islamic studies is available to Kerala Muslims almost entirely in after-school madrasa programs - sharply unlike full-time madaris common in north India, which may replace formal schooling. Arabic colleges (over eleven of which exist within the state-run University of Calicut and the Kannur University) provide B.A. and Masters' level degrees. At all levels, instruction is co-educational, with many women instructors and professors. Islamic education boards are independently run by the following organizations, accredited by the Kerala state government: Samastha Kerala Islamic Education Board, Kerala Nadvathul Mujahideen, Jamaat-e-Islami Hind, and Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind.", "During the dictatorships of Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1930) and especially of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned. Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barça became 'More than a club' (Més que un club) for the Catalans. According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barça. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement, and allowed them to express their dissidence. During Franco's regime, however, the blaugrana team was granted profit due to its good relationship with the dictator at management level, even giving two awards to him." ]

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[ "Bok choy Bok choy Bok choy, pak choi or pok choi (; \"Brassica rapa\" subsp. \"chinensis\") is a type of Chinese cabbage. \"Chinensis\" varieties do not form heads and have smooth, dark green leaf blades instead, forming a cluster reminiscent of mustard greens or celery. \"Chinensis\" varieties are popular in southern China and Southeast Asia. Being winter-hardy, they are increasingly grown in Northern Europe. This group was originally classified as its own species under the name \"Brassica chinensis\" by Linnaeus. Other than the ambiguous term \"Chinese cabbage\", the most widely used name in North America for the \"chinensis\" variety is \"bok choy\"", "Bok choy day in an attempt to treat her diabetes, developed hypothyroidism for reasons relating to her diabetes, resulting in myxedema coma. Bok choy Bok choy, pak choi or pok choi (; \"Brassica rapa\" subsp. \"chinensis\") is a type of Chinese cabbage. \"Chinensis\" varieties do not form heads and have smooth, dark green leaf blades instead, forming a cluster reminiscent of mustard greens or celery. \"Chinensis\" varieties are popular in southern China and Southeast Asia. Being winter-hardy, they are increasingly grown in Northern Europe. This group was originally classified as its own species under the name \"Brassica chinensis\" by Linnaeus. Other than", "Bok choy (from the Cantonese, literally meaning \"white vegetable\"; also spelled \"pak choi\", \"bok choi\", and \"pak choy\"). In the UK and South Africa, the term \"pak choi\" is used. Less commonly, the descriptive English names \"Chinese chard\", \"Chinese mustard\", \"celery mustard\", and \"spoon cabbage\" are also employed. In Australia, the New South Wales Department of Primary Industries has redefined many transcribed names to refer to specific cultivars. In addition, they have introduced the word \"buk choy\" to refer to a specific kind of cabbage distinct from \"pak choy\". In China, the majority of Chinese speak Mandarin (about 955 million people), and", "Bok choy of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin A (30% DV), vitamin C (54% DV) and vitamin K (44% DV), while providing folate, vitamin B6 and calcium in moderate amounts (10–17% DV) (table). Chinese cabbage was ranked #2 for nutrient density out of 41 nutrient-rich plant foods. Bok choy contains glucosinolates. These compounds have been reported to prevent cancer in small doses, but, like many substances, can be toxic to humans in large doses, particularly to people who are already seriously ill. In 2009, an elderly diabetic woman who had been consuming 1 to 1.5 kg of raw bok choy per", "Savoy cabbage and unusual seasonings such as juniper. Signs of desirable quality include cabbage that is heavy for its size with leaves that are unblemished and have a bright, fresh look. Peak season for most cabbages in the Northern Hemisphere runs from November through April. Fresh whole cabbage will keep in the refrigerator for one to six weeks depending on type and variety. Hard green, white or red cabbages will keep the longest while the looser Savoy and Chinese varieties such as napa and bok choy need to be consumed more quickly. It is necessary to keep the outer leaves intact without", "Winter greens Winter greens Winter greens are green leaved vegetables, closely related to the cabbage, that are seasonably available in winter. Common vegetables described as winter greens are chard, collards, rapini, and kale. William Morgan classed Brussels sprouts, savoy cabbages and several varieties of kale as winter greens. Morgan grew these vegetables and compared their hardiness, identifying which species were most suitable for growing through cold winters. He presented his findings to the Horticultural Society of London in 1818. Late season crops \"from October through December, a gardener can easily maintain and eat bok choy, pak choy (the purple pak choy is", "Choy sum Choy sum Choy sum (also spelled choi sum or \"Cai Xin\" in modern Pinyin) is a leafy vegetable commonly used in Chinese cuisine. It is a member of the genus \"Brassica\" of the mustard family, Brassicaceae (\"Brassica rapa\" var. \"parachinensis\" or \"Brassica chinensis\" var. \"parachinensis\"). Choy sum is a transliteration of the Cantonese name (), which can be literally translated as \"heart of the vegetable\". It is also known as Chinese Flowering Cabbage. Choy sum is a green leafy vegetable similar to gai lan, and can be characterized by the distinct yellow flowers which it bears. Each flower has four", "Brassicaceae greens, Savoy, kohlrabi, and gai lan (\"Brassica oleracea\"), turnip, napa cabbage, bomdong, bok choy and rapini (\"Brassica rapa\"), rocket salad/arugula (\"Eruca sativa\"), garden cress (\"Lepidium sativum\"), watercress (\"Nasturtium officinale\") and radish (\"Raphanus\") and a few spices like horseradish (\"Armoracia rusticana\"), \"Brassica\", wasabi (\"Eutrema japonicum\"), white, Indian and black mustard (\"Sinapis alba\", \"Brassica juncea\" and \"B. nigra\" respectively). Vegetable oil is produced from the seeds of several species such as \"Brassica napus\" (rapeseed oil), perhaps providing the largest volume of vegetable oils of any species. Woad (\"Isatis tinctoria\") was used in the past to produce a blue textile dye (indigo), but", "Savoy cabbage Savoy cabbage Savoy cabbage (\"Brassica oleracea\" var. \"sabauda\" L. or \"Brassica oleracea\" Savoy Cabbage Group), is a variety of the plant species \"Brassica oleracea\". Savoy cabbage is a winter vegetable and one of several cabbage varieties. It is thought to originate from England and the Netherlands. In the 18th century, it was introduced into Germany as \"Savoyer Kohl\". It is named after the Savoy Region in France. It is known as 'cavolo verza' in Italy. It has crinkled, emerald green leaves. The leaves are crunchy and tender. Known cultivars include 'Savoy King' (in the US), 'Tundra' (green with a firm,", "Savoy cabbage washing when storing since moisture hastens decay. The cabbage provides fiber, vitamins A, C, K and B6, folate, potassium, manganese, thiamin, calcium, iron and magnesium. Savoy can be difficult to grow as it suffers from caterpillars, pigeons and club root disease. It does best in full sun, and is winter-hardy, able to tolerate the cold, frost and snow. Savoy cabbage Savoy cabbage (\"Brassica oleracea\" var. \"sabauda\" L. or \"Brassica oleracea\" Savoy Cabbage Group), is a variety of the plant species \"Brassica oleracea\". Savoy cabbage is a winter vegetable and one of several cabbage varieties. It is thought to originate from", "Brassica rapa Brassica rapa Brassica rapa is a plant consisting of various widely cultivated subspecies including the turnip (a root vegetable); napa cabbage, bomdong, bok choy, and cime di rapa (leaf vegetables); and \"Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera\", an oilseed which has many common names, including \"turnip rape\", \"field mustard\", \"bird rape\", and \"keblock\". The oil made from the seed is sometimes also called \"canola\" or \"colza\", which is one reason why it is sometimes confused with rapeseed oil, but this comes from a different \"Brassica\" species (\"Brassica napus\"). The oilseeds known as canola are sometimes particular varieties of \"Brassica rapa\" (termed Polish", "Lo mein or beef brisket added on top. In contrast, American lo mein noodles are usually stir-fried with a sauce made from soy sauce and other seasonings. Vegetables such as bok choy and cabbage can be mixed in and meats like roast pork, beef or chicken are often added. Shrimp lo mein, lobster lo mein, vegetable lo mein, and \"House\" lo mein (more than one meat) are sometimes available. Lo mein Lo mein () is a Chinese dish with egg noodles. It often contains vegetables and some type of meat or seafood, usually beef, chicken, pork, shrimp or wontons. It can also", "Bok choy for them, the term used most commonly is 青菜 qīng cài (literally \"blue-green vegetable\"). Although the term 白菜 is pronounced \"baak choi\" in Cantonese, the same characters are pronounced \"bái cài\" by Mandarin speakers and used as the name for Napa cabbage which they call \"Chinese cabbage\" when speaking English. In the Philippines, it is called \"péchay\" in Spanish and \"pichay\" or \"petsay\" in Tagalog. Raw Chinese cabbage is 95% water, 2% carbohydrates, 1% protein and less than 1% fat (table). In a 100 gram amount, raw Chinese cabbage supplies 13 calories and is a rich source (20% or more", "Napa cabbage when used as food. The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is hakusai (), a Sino-Japanese reading of the Chinese name \"báicài\" (), literally \"white vegetable\". The Korean name for napa cabbage, baechu (), is a nativized word from the Sino-Korean reading, \"baekchae\", of the same Chinese character sets. Today in Mandarin Chinese, napa cabbage is known as dàbáicài (), literally \"big white vegetable\", as opposed to the \"small white vegetable\" that is known in English as bok choy. Outside of Asia, this vegetable is also referred to as Chinese cabbage. Regionally, it is also known as sui", "Napa cabbage choy (from the Cantonese name, ), and celery cabbage. In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as Chinese leaf, in New Zealand as wong bok or won bok, and in the Philippines as wombok or pechay baguio. The name wombok is also used in Australia. Another name used in English is petsai or pe-tsai. In Russia it's called pekinskaya kapusta (), literally \"Peking cabbage\". The first notation of Napa cabbage cultivation date from the 15th Century in the Yangtze River region in China. Then it spread to Korea and Japan. Beginning in the 19th Century with the Chinese diaspora,", "Pickling labuyo, sometimes with garlic and red onions, are also pickled in bottled vinegar. The spiced vinegar itself is a staple condiment in Filipino cuisine. In Vietnamese cuisine, vegetable pickles are called (\"salted vegetables\") or (\"sour vegetables\"). or is made from a variety of fruits and vegetables, including , eggplant, Napa cabbage, kohlrabi, carrots, radishes, papaya, cauliflower, and . made from carrots and radishes are commonly added to sandwiches. is made by pressing and sun-drying vegetables such as and bok choy. is a specialty of Nghệ An and Hã Tĩnh provinces made from jackfruit. In Burma, tea leaves are pickled to", "Turnip small or no storage roots. These include rapini (broccoli rabe), bok choy, and Chinese cabbage. Similar to raw cabbage or radish, turnip leaves and roots have a pungent flavor that becomes milder after cooking. Turnip roots weigh up to , although they are usually harvested when smaller. Size is partly a function of variety and partly a function of the length of time the turnip has grown. Most very small turnips (also called \"baby turnips\") are specialty varieties. These are only available when freshly harvested and do not keep well. Most baby turnips can be eaten whole, including their leaves.", "Brassica rapa species. Since the turnip had been named first by Linnaeus, the name \"Brassica rapa\" was adopted. Many butterflies, including the small white, pollinate the \"B. rapa\" flowers. Brassica rapa Brassica rapa is a plant consisting of various widely cultivated subspecies including the turnip (a root vegetable); napa cabbage, bomdong, bok choy, and cime di rapa (leaf vegetables); and \"Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera\", an oilseed which has many common names, including \"turnip rape\", \"field mustard\", \"bird rape\", and \"keblock\". The oil made from the seed is sometimes also called \"canola\" or \"colza\", which is one reason why it is sometimes confused", "White House Vegetable Garden heirloom seeds and 10 different herbs such as anise hyssop and Thai basil. Former presidents' favorite produce were also sown, such as President Thomas Jefferson’s preferred vegetables, “Brown Dutch and Tennis Ball lettuce, Prickly Seed spinach and Savoy cabbage” but beets were not grown because President Obama did not like them. Along with the vegetable garden, a beehive was added near the chef’s kitchen that is overseen by Charlie Brandts, a beekeeper and White House carpenter. Honey collected from the beehives has been used to brew White House Honey Ale. The contributing gardeners responsible for the early stages of the", "Chinese cabbage under the name \"B. chinensis\" by Linnaeus. Chinese cabbage Chinese cabbage (\"Brassica rapa\", subspecies \"pekinensis\" and \"chinensis\") can refer to two groups of Chinese leaf vegetables often used in Chinese cuisine: the Pekinensis Group (napa cabbage) and the Chinensis Group (bok choy). These vegetables are both variant cultivars or subspecies of the turnip and belong to the same genus as such Western staples as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. Both have many variations in name, spelling, and scientific classification, especially bok choy cultivars. The Chinese cabbage was principally grown in the Yangtze River Delta region, but the Ming Dynasty naturalist Li", "Chinese cabbage Chinese cabbage Chinese cabbage (\"Brassica rapa\", subspecies \"pekinensis\" and \"chinensis\") can refer to two groups of Chinese leaf vegetables often used in Chinese cuisine: the Pekinensis Group (napa cabbage) and the Chinensis Group (bok choy). These vegetables are both variant cultivars or subspecies of the turnip and belong to the same genus as such Western staples as cabbage, broccoli, and cauliflower. Both have many variations in name, spelling, and scientific classification, especially bok choy cultivars. The Chinese cabbage was principally grown in the Yangtze River Delta region, but the Ming Dynasty naturalist Li Shizhen popularized it by bringing attention to" ]

[ "Fat choy Fat choy Fat choy (; \"Nostoc flagelliforme\") is a terrestrial cyanobacterium (a type of photosynthetic bacteria) that is used as a vegetable in Chinese cuisine. When dried, the product has the appearance of black hair. For that reason, its name in Chinese means \"hair vegetable.\" When soaked, fat choy has a soft texture which is like very fine vermicelli. Fat choy grows on the ground in the Gobi Desert and the Qinghai Plateau. Over-harvesting on the Mongolian steppes has furthered erosion and desertification in those areas. The Chinese government has limited its harvesting, which has caused its price to increase.", "Lovebird varieties, fresh beans, fresh peas, parsnip, all pepper varieties, all squash varieties, sweet potatoes, turnip, yams, zucchini. Because of their acidity, most veterinarians suggest not to offer fresh tomatoes to parrots, as they could potentially cause ulcers. Onions and garlic should also be avoided because the chemical compounds they contain may cause anemia. Celery is not bad in itself but the stringy part should be removed before feeding the vegetable to parrots. Legumes or pulses: All are healthy and can be offered. i.e. almonds, beans, lentils, peas, nuts and tofu. Commercial greens and weeds: Mainly; Bok choy, broccoli and/or cauliflower", "Vegetable soup varieties. Vegetable soup Vegetable soup is a common soup prepared using vegetables and leaf vegetables as primary ingredients. It dates to ancient history, and is a mass-produced food product in contemporary times. Vegetable soup is prepared using vegetables and leaf vegetables as main ingredients. Some fruits can also be used, such as tomato, squash, and others. Vegetable soup can be prepared as a stock- or cream-based soup. Basic ingredients in addition to vegetables can include beans, tofu, noodles and pasta, vegetable broth or stock, milk, cream, water, olive or vegetable oil, seasonings, salt and pepper, among myriad others. Some vegetable", "Vegetable chip drying them, without any cooking involved. Sometimes a mandoline is used to slice vegetables for vegetable chips, which can accommodate thin slicing and enhance size consistency. Vegetable chips may be flavored with spices such as salt, sea salt, pepper, cajun spice, curry, allspice, chipotle powder, sweet or smoked paprika, adobo seasoning, dried chives and many others. Mass-produced varieties may contain food preservatives or monosodium glutamate. Vegetable chips can be homemade using various recipes and preparation processes. Carrot chips are carrots that have been fried or dehydrated. Some U.S. companies mass-produce and purvey carrot chips to consumers, such as Connecticut Country", "Savoy wine Savoy wine Savoy is a wine region situated in the Savoy region in eastern France, and is sometimes referred to as the country of the Allobroges. The Savoy landscape is distinctly alpine. Between lakes and mountains, the Savoy vineyards hang from slopes or clutch at hillsides in little islands that produce their special growth, from Fréterive in the South, to Evian in the North, passing through Apremont and Jongieux. With grape varieties Jacquère, Roussanne, Altesse (also known as Roussette) and Gringet for white wines, and Mondeuse for the reds, Savoie is characterised by a number of varieties which are very", "Fat choy This may be one reason why some commercially available fat choy has been found to be adulterated with strands of a non-cellular starchy material, with other additives and dyes. Real fat choy is dark green in color, while the counterfeit fat choy appears black. The last two syllables of this name in Cantonese sound the same as another Cantonese saying meaning \"struck it rich\" (though the second syllable, \"coi\", has a different tone) -- this is found, for example, in the Cantonese saying, \"\"Gung1 hei2 faat3 coi4\"\" (恭喜發財, meaning \"wishing you prosperity\"), which is often proclaimed during Chinese New Year.", "Edward Bok listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a National Historic Landmark. Bok is used as an example in Dale Carnegie's \"How to Win Friends and Influence People.\" Bok died on January 9, 1930 in Lake Wales, Florida within sight of his beloved Singing Tower. Two of his grandsons are Derek Bok and Gordon Bok. In 1895, Bok began publishing in \"Ladies Home Journal\" plans for building houses which were affordable for the American middle class – from $1,500 to $5,000 – and made full specifications with regional prices available by mail for $5. Later, Bok and the \"Journal\"", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy than biodiesel. After there are production cars that can use straight vegetable oil and a standard type available at gas stations, consumers will probably choose straight vegetable oil to save money. So the transition to vegetable oil can happen gradually. Other methods, like nuclear power, fusion power, wind power and solar power, may provide cheaper electricity, so vegetable oil may only be used in peaking power plants and small power plants, as diesel is limited to today. There is at least one 5 MW power plant that runs on biodiesel. MAN B&W Diesel, Wärtsilä and other companies produce engines suitable", "Vegetable chip or deep-fried, chips may be prepared in a multi-stage process, starting with a dough made from cassava flour. The dough is steamed, thinly sliced, dried, and then fried in oil. This style of cassava flour chips is a popular food in India, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Vegetable chips may be consumed as a snack food, and may be accompanied with various dips such as salsa, guacamole, and bean dips. They are also used as a topping for soups, salads and other dishes. In the United States, varieties of vegetable chips are mass-produced and purveyed in supermarkets. Brands of vegetable", "Edward Bok became a major force in promoting the \"bungalow\", a style of residence which derived from India. Plans for these houses cost as little as a dollar, and the -story dwelling, some as small as 800 square feet, soon became a dominant form of new domestic architecture in the country. Some architects complained that by making building plans available on a mass basis, Bok was usurping their prerogatives, and some, such as Stanford White openly discouraged him – although White would later come around, writing I believe that Edward Bok has more completely influenced American domestic architecture for the better than", "Tony Choy acts and himself as a solo artist. Tony Choy still resides in Miami, Florida, where he has a very successful production company by the name of Achoymusic and is also launching his first publishing company by the name of Achoymusic Publishing, licensed by B.M.I. Choy has an endorsement with Californian Zon Guitars . And now he has joined the Ibanez family with his new endorsement to the company. Tony Choy Tony Choy ( Born June 11, 1971 ) is a Cuban-American electric bassist. He was a session musician for some well-known technical death metal bands such as Atheist, Cynic and", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy carbon dioxide (CO) out of the Earth's atmosphere to make vegetable oil. The same CO is then put back after it is burned in an engine. Thus vegetable oil does not increase the CO in the atmosphere, and does not directly contribute to the problem of greenhouse gas. It is really a way of catching and storing solar energy; it is a renewable energy. However, as with other \"renewable\" energy sources, there may be a (relatively small) carbon footprint associated with production or distribution of vegetable oil. Vegetable oil is far less toxic than other fuels such as gasoline, petroleum-based", "Jeremiah Choy to honour 50 years of Singapore music. Jeremiah Choy Jeremiah Choy 蔡光明 is an actor, writer, director and choreographer. Jeremiah Choy is a trained lawyer who went full-time into directing, acting, writing and choreography in 1997. Since 1988, he has performed and toured in many critically acclaimed productions with TheatreWorks. He was part of the Best Actor (Ensemble) in the Descendents of the Eunuch Admiral in the Cairo International Festival of Experimental Theatre in 1996. Choy directed various productions such as A Broadway Christmas Carol and Machine where he was nominated the best Director for the DBS Life! Theatre Awards", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy Vegetable oils as alternative energy Vegetable oils are increasingly used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are the basis of biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles, but straight vegetable oil needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity and surface tension. Another alternative is vegetable oil refining. The availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing, although still tiny compared to conventional fossil fuel sources. There is significant research in algaculture methods to make biofuel from algae. Concerns have", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy that yields 20% more oil than the standard variety. There is concern that the current growing demand for vegetable oil is causing deforestation, with old forests being replaced with oil palms. When land is cleared it is often burned, which releases large amounts of the greenhouse gas CO. Vegetable oil production would have to increase substantially to replace gasoline and diesel. With current technology such an increase in production would have a substantial environmental impact. In some poor countries the rising price of vegetable oil is causing problems. There are those that say using a food crop for fuel sets", "Jeremiah Choy Jeremiah Choy Jeremiah Choy 蔡光明 is an actor, writer, director and choreographer. Jeremiah Choy is a trained lawyer who went full-time into directing, acting, writing and choreography in 1997. Since 1988, he has performed and toured in many critically acclaimed productions with TheatreWorks. He was part of the Best Actor (Ensemble) in the Descendents of the Eunuch Admiral in the Cairo International Festival of Experimental Theatre in 1996. Choy directed various productions such as A Broadway Christmas Carol and Machine where he was nominated the best Director for the DBS Life! Theatre Awards in 2002. He also produced and co-directed", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy amount of energy as vegetable oil is low compared to many of the potential replacements for fossil fuels. The list of vegetable oils article discusses which types of vegetable oil are used for fuel and where different types are grown. Vegetable oil is used for transportation in four different ways: The transition can start with biodiesel, vegetable oil refining, and vegetable oil blends, since these technologies do not require the capital outlay of converting an engine to run on vegetable oils. Because it costs to convert vegetable oil into biodiesel it is expected that vegetable oil will always be cheaper", "Mesclun of mesclun sold approximates the traditional blend of chervil, arugula, leafy lettuces and endive, depending on the season, anywhere from a dozen to three dozen different varieties of baby greens, including red and green oak leaves, romaine and lolla rossa lettuces, frisée, tatsoi, bok choy (joi choi), arugula, spinach, orach, mizuna, dandelion, mustard greens and garden cress may comprise what is commercially referred to as a \"Spring mix\". When available, locally grown, direct-from-the-farmer sourcing is recommended over commercial bulk packs for best flavor and freshness. Mesclun Mesclun () is a mix of assorted small young salad greens that originated in", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy rapidly. In 2012 President Obama supported the idea of getting oil from algae. Vegetable oils as alternative energy Vegetable oils are increasingly used as a substitute for fossil fuels. Vegetable oils are the basis of biodiesel, which can be used like conventional diesel. Some vegetable oil blends are used in unmodified vehicles, but straight vegetable oil needs specially prepared vehicles which have a method of heating the oil to reduce its viscosity and surface tension. Another alternative is vegetable oil refining. The availability of biodiesel around the world is increasing, although still tiny compared to conventional fossil fuel sources. There", "Vegetable juice Vegetable juice Vegetable juice is a juice drink made primarily of blended vegetables and also available in the form of powders. Vegetable juice is often mixed with fruits such as apples or grapes to improve flavor. It is often touted as a low-sugar alternative to fruit juice, although some commercial brands of vegetable juices use fruit juices as sweeteners, and may contain large amounts of sodium. Making vegetable juice at home is an alternative to buying commercial juices, and may augment diets low in vegetables and fruits. The juicer separates juice from pulp fibers. Masticating juicers employ a slow-geared grinding", "Bok Bok and Australia. Bok Bok Alex Sushon, known by his stage name Bok Bok, is an English music producer, artist, and founder of the UK record label Night Slugs. Sushon is the founder and label manager of London-based record label Night Slugs. Night Slugs emerged from the club night started by Sushon and James Connolly, aka L-Vis 1990, after they connected on MySpace. \"Bok Bok already had a solid grounding in sound-system culture; his interest was piqued by a DJ Slimzee mix in 2003, and then, as the grime scene evolved, he shied away toward raw, upbeat grooves from further afield:", "Bok Bok Bok Bok Alex Sushon, known by his stage name Bok Bok, is an English music producer, artist, and founder of the UK record label Night Slugs. Sushon is the founder and label manager of London-based record label Night Slugs. Night Slugs emerged from the club night started by Sushon and James Connolly, aka L-Vis 1990, after they connected on MySpace. \"Bok Bok already had a solid grounding in sound-system culture; his interest was piqued by a DJ Slimzee mix in 2003, and then, as the grime scene evolved, he shied away toward raw, upbeat grooves from further afield: Baltimore breaks,", "Sam Choy Choy In The Kitchen\". Choy has designed Hawaiian-inspired dishes for American Airlines first class passengers to and from Hawaii. Choy is the son of a Chinese father, Hung Sam Choy, and a Hawaiian–German mother, Clairemoana. He is married to Carol, with whom he has two sons, Sam, Jr., and Christopher. Choy lives in Kona District, Hawaii. Sam Choy Sam Choy is a American chef, restaurateur, and television personality known as a founding contributor of \"Pacific rim cuisine\". Choy is an alumnus of the Kapiolani Community College Culinary Arts program. One of his first jobs as a chef was at The", "Tony Choy Tony Choy Tony Choy ( Born June 11, 1971 ) is a Cuban-American electric bassist. He was a session musician for some well-known technical death metal bands such as Atheist, Cynic and the Dutch band Pestilence. He is one of the few bass players in metal that extensively uses the Slap & Pop playing technique, along with two-handed tapping. Also was The Founding Member of the Grammy Nominated band Latin pop group named Area 305. In 2004 Tony Choy was nominated for a Latin Grammy award. He also has reached top 5 on the Billboard charts several times with several", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy prices is largely attributed to biofuel demand. Much of the fuel price at the pump is due to fuel tax. If you buy vegetable oil at the grocery store it does not have such high taxes. So at times people have bought vegetable oil at the store for their cars because it was cheaper. They did this in spite of the fact that packaging by the gallon adds to the cost and it was illegal to use in a car since no fuel tax had been paid on it. Since vegetable oil (even as biodiesel) does not contribute to greenhouse", "BOK (gene) of Bok to its interacting partners seems to be mediated by its BH3 domain. The splice variant Bok-S lacks this domain and is unable to form heterodimers with other proteins of the Bcl-2 family. In yeast two-hybrid experiments, Bok was found to interact with the anti-apoptotic proteins Mcl-1, BHRF-1, and Bfl-1. However, interactions with other anti-apoptotic proteins such as Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and Bcl-w were not detectable (1). Later studies aimed at confirming an interaction between Bok and pro-apoptotic Bak or Bax but were not successful. Accordingly, coexpression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as Mcl-1 suppresses apoptosis induced by Bok overexpression. Consistent", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy countries making more money because of the higher price of vegetable oil. With the use of non-edible vegetable oils produced by trees such as Millettia Pinnata (formerly Pongamia Pinnata) or the Moringa oleifera tree, both which grow on borderline or non-arable land, the food versus fuel debate becomes less of an either/or question. Apart from their facility of growing in non-arable and/or marginal land, these trees offer major advantages over peanut, soy-bean, sunflower, etc., in that they have long lives (up to 100 years), very low maintenance (since the intensive husbandry is limited to the first few years of their", "Bok Bok Detroit ghetto-tech, the footwork/ghetto house hybrids in Chi-Town, and South African arch riddim constructions\". Bok Bok's first EP release, entitled \"Southside\", was described as having \"a muscular grime foundation with thick bass, bright synths\" by XLR8R Magazine. In March 2015 Bok Bok paired up with London Keyboardist/Composer Sweyn Jupiter for double A-Side single ‘Papaya Lipgloss’. The track was released on Night Slugs on 17 March. The sensual club mix fuses synesthetic keyboards and glossy electro-funk. In September 2015, Bok Bok embarked on tour across Asia. In July 2016 Bok Bok headed out on a summer tour across America, Europe, Asia", "Vegetable chip chips (other than potato chips) include Calbee, Beanitos, Terra, Food Should Taste Good, JicaChips, Sensible Portions, and Uprooted, among others. As of February 2016, Kettle Foods produces the Uprooted brand of vegetable chips made from sweet potatoes, including varieties with and without the addition of beets and parsnips. The product is \"lightly seasoned with oil and sea salt\". Marketing of the product to consumers began circa February 2016. Vegetable chip Vegetable chips (also referred to as veggie chips) are chips or crisps that are prepared using vegetables. Vegetable chips may be fried, deep-fried, dehydrated, dried or baked. Many different root", "Sam Choy Sam Choy Sam Choy is a American chef, restaurateur, and television personality known as a founding contributor of \"Pacific rim cuisine\". Choy is an alumnus of the Kapiolani Community College Culinary Arts program. One of his first jobs as a chef was at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York City. He would then return to Hawaii, where he eventually opened a chain of restaurants. Choy helped develop and popularize Hawaii regional cuisine. In 1991, Choy founded the Poke Festival and Recipe Contest. In 2004, Choy was awarded the James Beard Foundation's America's Classics Award for \"Sam Choy's Kaloko\" in Kailua-Kona,", "Ken Choy of the journalistic dialectic, \"Living with Bill and Rob,\" an ongoing research project which explores the link between racism and mental illness and how those both are unflinchingly harnessed as a viable excuse for lack of human and community involvement and participation. Choy traversed those manifestations in a roommate situation with the titular subjects. Choy is the producer and founder of Breaking the Bow: The Independent Asian Pacific Islander Performing Artists and Writers Festival. The 1st festival was held October 22–25, 2009. The festival was produced by Mavericks of Asian Pacific Islander Descent (MAPID). Choy founded MAPID. Choy co-organized ID", "Ivanjski Bok Ivanjski Bok Ivanjski Bok is a village in central Croatia, in the municipality of Sunja, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is located in the Banija region, in the fertile plains on the right bank of the Sava river, to the east of the town of Sunja and some 20 km north-west of village of Jasenovac. The village of Ivanjski Bok was established in the late 17th century by the Orthodox Serb settlers from Podkozarje area in Bosnia. The village became a part of the Military Frontier which, at the time, was expanding onto former Ottoman territories such as Lika, Kordun, Banija and", "Crkveni Bok Crkveni Bok Crkveni Bok is a village in central Croatia, in the municipality of Sunja, Sisak-Moslavina County. It is located in the Banija region, in the fertile plains on the right bank of the Sava river, to the east of the town of Sunja and some 20 km north-west of village of Jasenovac. The village of Crkveni Bok was established in the late 17th century when Orthodox Serbs from Podkozarje area in Bosnia settled there. The village became a part of the Military Frontier which, at the time, was expanding onto former Ottoman territories such as Lika, Kordun, Banija and", "Ketchup as a vegetable legislation was criticized heavily, since the change had also been lobbied for by food companies such as ConAgra, and the block was a substantial blow to efforts to make school lunches healthier. Ketchup as a vegetable The ketchup as a vegetable controversy refers to proposed United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) regulations, early in the presidency of Ronald Reagan, that intended to provide more flexibility in meal planning to local school lunch administrators coping with National School Lunch Plan subsidy cuts enacted by the Omnibus Regulation Acts of 1980 and 1981. The regulations allowed administrators", "Christine Choy Christine Choy Christine Choy (born 1952) is a Chinese-born American filmmaker. Choy was born in Shanghai, China as Chai Ming Huei to a Chinese mother and a Korean father. For the most part, Choy was raised by her mother, because her father abandoned the family shortly after Choy's birth to return to his original home in South Korea. Growing up, the mother and daughter struggled financially. Following the Cultural Revolution, the family fled mainland China via Hong Kong. They moved to South Korea, where Choy was reunited with her father. During this time, Choy developed a strong appreciation for American", "Ketchup as a vegetable as a vegetable\", while a December \"New York Times\" piece from that same year noted that \"ketchup, of course was never mentioned in the proposals, which were designed to give local school officials more flexibility in planning their meals.\" Administrator Hoagland elaborated on the media field day that resulted from the ketchup controversy, stating \"it's an insult to me and to school lunchroom officials to say that we would even consider forcing kids to eat ketchup as a vegetable.\" Despite the fact that ketchup was not explicitly referenced as a vegetable substitute in the regulations, the condiment became an easy", "Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang is a style of Baguazhang, a Chinese martial art. Specifically, it is a substyle of Gao Style Baguazhang, which is in turn a substyle of Cheng Style Baguazhang. A disciple of Gao Yisheng, named He Kecai (Cantonese: Ho Ho Choy; 何可才) taught Baguazhang in Hong Kong. His students still teach today. However the name is now called \"Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang\" to differentiate from other branches spread from Gao Yisheng. As Ho Ho Choy was one of the last disciples of Gao, and after Gao's death he compared his art with those", "Choy gar Choy gar Choy Gar, also Caijia Quan (Chinese: 蔡家拳, Choy family fist), is a Chinese martial art deriving its name from the Cantonese-born founder, Choy Gau Lee (蔡九儀) (Choy Tsing Hung), and is one of the five main family styles of Kung Fu in Southern China. It was taught to him by a monk named Yi Guan. This style, founded in the 17th century, is a combination of rat and snake styles emphasizing on swift footwork and rapid strikes. Choy gar is a self-defense style that practices low stances and swift footwork. The body and arms are meant to resemble", "CHOY-FM CHOY-FM CHOY-FM (99.9 FM), branded as \"Choix FM\", is a French language radio station broadcasting at 99.9 MHz from Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. The station currently plays country music with the slogan \"L'Acadie country\" and is owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System with its studios at 1000 St George Boulevard. Preceding CHOY, the only private francophone broadcaster in Moncton had been CHLR 1380 AM, which began broadcasting October 31, 1981 until January 2, 1985. On August 24, 2000, Denis Losier, on behalf of a company to be incorporated received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate", "Bok bok sing Bok bok sing Bok bok sing is a leisure snack and the first joint venture brand and program in China first released in Guangzhou, China. It is fried potato balls with a logo of an old witch clawing on a great ball on the package. With China's economic reform and the normalization of China-US relations, Guangdong was chosen to be a testing ground for the reforms and allowing US companies to operate. Coca-Cola was the first US company in Guangzhou. It brought American technology targeted on China's consumers. It was sold for 50 cents Chinese Yuan in the 1980s. Bok", "Ken Choy Ken Choy Ken Choy is an American writer of Chinese-Native Hawaiian ethnicity. He also is a performance artist and actor and owns and operates a shopping business in Southern California. Choy received a Jerome Fellowship from the Playwright's Center in Minnesota in 1992. Upon arriving in the Twin Cities, Choy immediately involved himself in the Asian American Renaissance, an Asian American arts organization. He taught classes and hosted AARGH!!, the Asian American Cabaret with poet and performance artist David Mura. In 1993, Choy, along with Juliana Pegues, staged a protest at the Minnesota Opera performance of Madama Butterfly. Choy and", "Christine Choy films released in South Korea. Although she enjoyed the films, Choy noticed there was discrimination towards the Asian people in American films. In 1965,<ref name=\"Williams\"> Christine Choy Christine Choy (born 1952) is a Chinese-born American filmmaker. Choy was born in Shanghai, China as Chai Ming Huei to a Chinese mother and a Korean father. For the most part, Choy was raised by her mother, because her father abandoned the family shortly after Choy's birth to return to his original home in South Korea. Growing up, the mother and daughter struggled financially. Following the Cultural Revolution, the family fled mainland China", "Wayson Choy Wayson Choy Wayson Choy, CM (崔維新 Pinyin: Cuī Wéixīn ; Jyutping: Ceoi1 Wai4-san1) (born April 20, 1939) is a Canadian writer. Choy was born in Vancouver in 1939. A Chinese Canadian, he spent his childhood in the city's Chinatown. Choy graduated from Gladstone Secondary School and went on to attend the University of British Columbia, where he studied creative writing. Choy moved to Toronto in 1962, and taught at Humber College from 1967 to 2004. He continues to teach at the Humber School for Writers. He was president of Cahoots Theatre Company of Toronto from 1999 to 2002. Choy is", "La Choy Henson created a series of television commercials from 1965-1967 featuring a Full-Bodied Muppet character called Delbert the La Choy Dragon (performed by Frank Oz and voiced by Jim Henson) which used the catchphrase \"quick cooked in dragon fire\" to describe the product. Delbert was accompanied in later commercials by a timid character named Mert (performed by Jim Henson). Delbert was one of Frank Oz's few Full-Bodied Muppet performances since Frank Oz didn't like performing in the costumes for the Full-Bodied Muppets. La Choy La Choy (stylized La Choy 東) is a brand name of canned and prepackaged American Chinese food", "Bok bok sing bok sing has four package sizes: 12/18/23/50 grams. Bok bok sing Bok bok sing is a leisure snack and the first joint venture brand and program in China first released in Guangzhou, China. It is fried potato balls with a logo of an old witch clawing on a great ball on the package. With China's economic reform and the normalization of China-US relations, Guangdong was chosen to be a testing ground for the reforms and allowing US companies to operate. Coca-Cola was the first US company in Guangzhou. It brought American technology targeted on China's consumers. It was sold for", "Derek Bok magazines such as \"The Saturday Evening Post\". Derek Bok Derek Curtis Bok (born March 22, 1930) is an American lawyer and educator, and the former president of Harvard University. Bok was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Following his parents' divorce, he, his mother, brother and sister moved to Miquon, Pennsylvania. He attended The Miquon School, a progressive school that his mother co-founded in 1932, and the UCLA Lab School. He graduated from Stanford University (B.A., 1951), Harvard Law School (J.D., 1954), attended Sciences Po, and George Washington University (A.M., 1958). Bok taught law at Harvard beginning in 1958 and was", "Hannes Bok glazing process, which was learned from his mentor, Maxfield Parrish. Bok shared one of the inaugural 1953 Hugo Awards for science fiction achievement (best Cover Artist). Today, Bok is best known for his cover art which appeared on various pulp and science fiction magazines, such as \"Weird Tales\", \"Famous Fantastic Mysteries\", \"Other Worlds\", \"Super Science Stories\", \"Imagination\", \"Fantasy Fiction\", \"Planet Stories,\" \"If\", \"Castle of Frankenstein\" and \"The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction\". Wayne Woodard (the name is sometimes mistakenly rendered as \"Woodward\") was born in Kansas City, Missouri. His parents divorced when he was five; and his father and", "Bok Tower Gardens only. To make an appointment, the Bok Tower librarian should be contacted. The Chao Research Center Archives was formed in 2008, after a generous donation made by the Ting Tsung and Wei Fong Chao Foundation. With this donation, space was made available on the second floor of the Singing Tower to accommodate a growing need for delicate archival documents. The Chao Research Center Archives stores the official archives of Bok Tower Gardens along with other significant collections. These significant collections include the Nellie Lee Bok Collection, American Foundation Collection, and Edward Bok Newspaper Scrapbook Collection. The Nellie Lee Bok Collection", "Wilbur Wong Yan Choy the Executive Committee of the National Conference of Chinese Churches. Bishop Choy was an active member of the Board of Trustees of the Pacific School of Religion from 1970 until 1984. As such, he worked to strengthen the School's focus on Pacific Basin cross-cultural dialogue, diversity and excellence in ministry. Bishop Wilbur W.Y. Choy was named a \"Distinguished Alumni/ae\" of the Pacific School of Religion in 1997. Bishop Choy retired in 1984. Chairperson of the Board of Trustees of the Pacific School of Religion, Mr. Robert Riddel, wrote in 1984 on behalf of the Board: Wilbur Wong Yan Choy Wilbur", "Choy Li Fut district and called it Siu Buk Hung Sing Choy Li Fut. Eventually it was shortened to Buk Sing Choy Li Fut. Tam Sam's students referred to themselves as the Buk Sing branch of Choy Li Fut. A Northern Shaolin master named Ku Yu Jeung (aka Gu Ruzhang) befriended and joined Tam Sam and thus added more techniques to the Buk Sing Choy Li Fut curriculum. What makes Buk Sing Choy Li Fut a unique branch is that it concentrates on the application of Choy Li Fut techniques rather than the practice of forms. Because the emphasis is on combat applications,", "Choy gar on short and rhythmic techniques which minimizes the area the opponent can attack which in turn becomes an effective self-defense (this is very individual and relies upon each and every student's way of building up lower body strength). (cross pattern fist - 十字拳) 、 (Big Drum Heaven - 大运天) (Small Drum Heaven - 小运天) 、 (Four elephant Fist - 四象拳) 、 Do not argue with extended arm - 不可以力争衡 Best to attack the side door - 所以着重偏门攻击 Choy gar Choy Gar, also Caijia Quan (Chinese: 蔡家拳, Choy family fist), is a Chinese martial art deriving its name from the Cantonese-born", "Elizabeth Choy MediaCorp Channel 5 in 2007. Elizabeth Choy Elizabeth Choy Su-Moi (née Yong; 29 November 1910 – 14 September 2006), was a Singaporean educator and councillor who is regarded as a war heroine in Singapore. Along with her husband, Choy Khun Heng, she supplied medicine, money and messages to prisoners-of-war interned in Changi Prison when the Japanese occupied Singapore during World War II. Choy was born in a Hakka family in Kudat, North Borneo(now Sabah). Her great-grandparents first came to Kudat from Hong Kong to assist German missionaries in their work. The eldest of 11 children, Choy's father worked as a", "Elizabeth Choy Elizabeth Choy Elizabeth Choy Su-Moi (née Yong; 29 November 1910 – 14 September 2006), was a Singaporean educator and councillor who is regarded as a war heroine in Singapore. Along with her husband, Choy Khun Heng, she supplied medicine, money and messages to prisoners-of-war interned in Changi Prison when the Japanese occupied Singapore during World War II. Choy was born in a Hakka family in Kudat, North Borneo(now Sabah). Her great-grandparents first came to Kudat from Hong Kong to assist German missionaries in their work. The eldest of 11 children, Choy's father worked as a civil servant after completing his", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy around the World is increasing. It is estimated that by 2010 the market for biodiesel will be 7.5 billion litres (2 billion USgallons) in the U.S and 9.5 billion litres (2.5 billion USgallons) in Europe. Biodiesel currently has 3% of the diesel market in Germany and is the number 1 alternative fuel. The German government has a Biofuels Roadmap in which they expect to reach 10% biofuels by 2010 with the diesel 10% coming from fuel made from vegetable oil. From 2005 to 2007 a number of types of vegetable oil have doubled in price. The rise in vegetable oil", "CHOY-FM a new commercial French-language FM radio service in Moncton. The station began broadcasting with an Adult contemporary format in 2001. On February 21, 2006, the station received approval to transfer the effective control of CHOY-FM Limitée, licensee of CHOY-FM Moncton, New Brunswick, from Radio Diffusion Acadie Inc. to Maritime Broadcasting System Limited (MBS). CHOY-FM CHOY-FM (99.9 FM), branded as \"Choix FM\", is a French language radio station broadcasting at 99.9 MHz from Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada. The station currently plays country music with the slogan \"L'Acadie country\" and is owned by the Maritime Broadcasting System with its studios at 1000", "Choy Li Fut Choy Li Fut Choy Li Fut (Cantonese), also spelled Choy Lay Fut and Choy Lee Fut or Cai Li Fo (Mandarin) (; aka Choy Lee Fut Kung Fu) is a Chinese martial art and wushu style, founded in 1836 by Chan Heung (陳享). Choy Li Fut was named to honor the Buddhist monk Choy Fook (蔡褔, Cai Fu) who taught him Choy Gar, and Li Yau-San (李友山) who taught him Li Gar, plus his uncle Chan Yuen-Wu (陳遠護), who taught him Fut Gar, and developed to honor the Buddha and the Shaolin roots of the system. The system combines the", "Choy Li Fut forms in the Choy Li Fut system as a whole, it is not required to learn every form to complete training in Choy Li Fut. As the Choy Li Fut system spread, different schools and branches added other martial arts masters to their curriculum, adding new forms or modifying some form techniques. This dissemination and evolution of Choy Li Fut resulted in the variations of forms and practices we see between schools and branches. Having both Northern and Southern Chinese influences gives Choy Li Fut a wide variety of weapons in its arsenal. Originally, there were 40 weapons in the", "Choy Li Fut and lay the foundation of the Republic of China (Taiwan ROC). The younger son, Chan Koon-Pak 陳官伯, left King Mui to become a merchant in Kong Moon 江門市 (Jiangmen) City, where his fame as a martial artist spread quickly. He soon had no time to spend as a merchant and devoted all of his efforts teaching Choy Li Fut. In later years, Chan Koon-Pak 陳官伯 established another large Choy Li Fut training center in Guangzhou 廣州. Choy Li Fut Choy Li Fut (Cantonese), also spelled Choy Lay Fut and Choy Lee Fut or Cai Li Fo (Mandarin) (; aka Choy", "Bok Tower Gardens includes her personal communications, photographs, manuscript writings, and family possessions. The American Foundation Collection includes newspaper scrapbooks, meeting minutes, publications, and other manuscript materials. The Edward Bok Newspaper Scrapbook Collection is made up of 42 bound scrapbooks filled with newspaper clippings about Bok's publications and charitable acts. Access to the collections in the Chao Research Center Archives is available by appointment only. To make an appointment the Bok Tower Librarian should be contacted. The Pinewood Estate Mansion holds furniture, ceramics and other objects that were kept in the house before Bok Tower purchased it in 1970. Other collections held at", "Philip Choy Philip Choy Philip P. Choy (December 17, 1926 – March 16, 2017) was an architect and historian of Chinese American studies. He is the author of \"\" (2012), \"Canton Footprints: Sacramento’s Chinese Legacy\" (2007), and \"The Coming Man: 19th Century American Perceptions of the Chinese\" (1994). Choy has been a community activist known for landmark preservation in San Francisco. Choy was born in San Francisco, California on December 17, 1926. He grew up in San Francisco Chinatown and he was the fourth in a family of five children with three older sisters and a younger brother. During high school, Choy", "Isaac Choy Isaac Choy Isaac W. Choy is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Hawaii House of Representatives since January 2009 representing District 23. Choy consecutively served from 2009 until 2013 in the District 24 seat. Choy earned his BS in business administration from San Jose State University. In 2017 Isaac Choy submitted legislation in the Hawaii House of Representatives to make \"Flavobacterium akiainvivens\" the state microbe. This was mirrored by Brian Taniguchi in the Hawaii Senate. This continues an effort started by James Tokioka in 2013, and later contested in 2014 by Senator Glenn Wakai's SB3124 bill proposing", "Isaac Choy \"Aliivibrio fischeri\" instead. , Hawaii has no official state microbe. Isaac Choy Isaac W. Choy is an American politician and a Democratic member of the Hawaii House of Representatives since January 2009 representing District 23. Choy consecutively served from 2009 until 2013 in the District 24 seat. Choy earned his BS in business administration from San Jose State University. In 2017 Isaac Choy submitted legislation in the Hawaii House of Representatives to make \"Flavobacterium akiainvivens\" the state microbe. This was mirrored by Brian Taniguchi in the Hawaii Senate. This continues an effort started by James Tokioka in 2013, and later", "Rhie Won-bok Most of his other works are untranslated and available in Korean only. He received the Noonsol Award in 1993 for contributions to the development of the South Korean cartoon industry. From 1998 to 2000 he was president of the Korean Society of Cartoon and Animation Studies. He is professor of graphic design at Duksung Women's University in Seoul, South Korea. Rhie Won-bok Rhie Won-bok (born 4 October 1946) is a South Korean cartoonist and professor. Rhie was born in Daejeon, South Korea. He studied architecture in Seoul National University, after which he studied graphic design in Münster, Germany. His comics", "Chip Bok they have 4 adult children. He currently lives in Akron, Ohio. Chip Bok Arthur \"Chip\" Bok is an American editorial cartoonist for the \"Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal\" and the \"Tampa Bay Times\". He has illustrated some of Dave Barry's books, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 1997. Bh grade math class, where he was influenced by Don Martin's work in Mad Magazine. University of Dayton, where he was captain of the hockey team. Prior to working as an editorial cartoonist, Bok held several other jobs such as substitute teaching, concrete labor, wholesale drug sales, and freelance work.", "Chip Bok Chip Bok Arthur \"Chip\" Bok is an American editorial cartoonist for the \"Akron (Ohio) Beacon Journal\" and the \"Tampa Bay Times\". He has illustrated some of Dave Barry's books, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 1997. Bh grade math class, where he was influenced by Don Martin's work in Mad Magazine. University of Dayton, where he was captain of the hockey team. Prior to working as an editorial cartoonist, Bok held several other jobs such as substitute teaching, concrete labor, wholesale drug sales, and freelance work. From 1981 to 1982 he was staff editorial cartoonist at the", "Fat choy For that reason, this product is a popular ingredient in dishes used for the Chinese New Year. It is enjoyed as an alternative to cellophane noodles. It is mostly used in Cantonese cuisine and Buddhist cuisine. It is sometimes used as a hot pot ingredient. Fat choy is also used in Vietnamese cuisine. It is called \"tóc tiên\" or \"tóc thiêng\" (literally \"angel's hair\") in Vietnamese. No significant difference between laboratory rats fed \"Nostoc flagelliforme\" and the control group was found in a study by Takenaka and coworkers. Fat choy Fat choy (; \"Nostoc flagelliforme\") is a terrestrial cyanobacterium (a", "Edward Bok The \"Journal\" also became the first magazine to refuse patent medicine advertisements. In 1919, after thirty years at the journal, Bok retired. In 1923 Bok proposed the American Peace Award. In 1924 Mary Louise Bok founded the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, which she dedicated to her father, Cyrus Curtis, and in 1927, the Boks embarked upon the construction of Bok Tower Gardens, near their winter home in Mountain Lake Estates, Lake Wales, Florida, which was dedicated on February 1, 1929 by the president of the United States, Calvin Coolidge. Bok Tower sometimes is called a sanctuary and is", "Choy Li Fut Yim 張炎 gained for reopening the school, the Foshan Hung Sing Choy Li Fut school soon became known as the Jeong Hung Sing school of Choy Li Fut. The Choy Li Fut martial arts system has spread throughout the globe, with schools on almost every continent. All are recognized as an important part of the Choy Li Fut family because they are the pioneers that helped spread the art of Choy Li Fut throughout the world. Over time, in addition to the development of new techniques and other martial-arts styles, as with many martial arts, Choy Li Fut has developed", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy gas, governments may tax it much less than gasoline as they have done with ethanol. This would help them reach Kyoto protocol targets. The World production of vegetable oil seed is forecast to be 418 million tonnes in 2008/09. After pressing this will make 131 million tonnes of vegetable oil. Much of this is from Oil Palm, and palm oil production is growing at 5% per year. At about 7.5 lb/USgal (900 g/L) this is about 38 billion USgallons (144 billion L). Currently vegetable oil is mostly used in food and some industrial uses with a small percentage used as", "Vegetable meaning then being \"the edible part of such a plant\". A more precise definition is \"any plant part consumed for food that is not a fruit or seed, but including mature fruits that are eaten as part of a main meal\". Falling outside these definitions are edible fungi (such as edible mushrooms) and edible seaweed which, although not parts of plants, are often treated as vegetables. In the latter-mentioned definition of \"vegetable\", which is used in everyday language, the words \"fruit\" and \"vegetable\" are mutually exclusive. \"Fruit\" has a precise botanical meaning, being a part that developed from the ovary", "Catherine Ceniza Choy Catherine Ceniza Choy Catherine Ceniza Choy is a Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Choy chairs the department of Ethnic Studies at UC Berkeley. Prior to working at UC Berkeley, she taught at the University of Minnesota in American Studies. Choy received her Bachelor of Arts in History from Pomona College in 1991, where she graduated cum laude. Choy proceeded to finish her Master of Arts from UCLA in 1993, and then a Ph.D. in History from UCLA in 1998. In 2003, Choy published a book entitled \"Empire of Care: Nursing and Migration in Filipino American", "Vegetable oils as alternative energy bio-diesel is that it can tolerate low rainfall (as little as 250 ml per year), far below what most food-crops require, thus reducing yet more their potential to compete. Some species of algae contain as much as 50% vegetable oil. Algae have very high growth rates compared to plants normally used to produce vegetable oil. Potentially algae could produce much more oil per area of land than current farming methods. So producing vegetable oil this way should result in less deforestation and less competition for food production land. One expert wrote: \"As demonstrated here, microalgal biodiesel is technically feasible. It", "Catherine Ceniza Choy the Edith Kreeger Wolf Distinguished Visiting Professor from Northwestern University. Catherine Ceniza Choy Catherine Ceniza Choy is a Professor of Ethnic Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. Choy chairs the department of Ethnic Studies at UC Berkeley. Prior to working at UC Berkeley, she taught at the University of Minnesota in American Studies. Choy received her Bachelor of Arts in History from Pomona College in 1991, where she graduated cum laude. Choy proceeded to finish her Master of Arts from UCLA in 1993, and then a Ph.D. in History from UCLA in 1998. In 2003, Choy published a book", "Choy gar low stance (\"Chapma\") to increase the leg strength. In the Choy style, strong legs are a necessity for performing the techniques in a correct manner. Lower body strength is the foundation of Choy. The basic techniques (punches, kicks and blocks) are put together into different form combinations. One learns the forms in two versions - to the sides and to the front - and are required to execute it against the \"Sifu\" at a certain pace and without any stalls. All the various techniques of Choy Gar can be found in the following forms: Choy Gar kung fu is based", "Ketchup as a vegetable could count as a vegetable. A similar controversy arose in 2011, when Congress passed a bill prohibiting the USDA from increasing the amount of tomato paste required to constitute a vegetable; the bill allowed pizza with two tablespoons of tomato paste to qualify as a vegetable. The Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1980, signed into law by President Jimmy Carter, reduced the Federal School Lunch and Child Nutrition Programs budget by approximately eight percent. Building upon these reductions, the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981 (passed as the Gramm-Latta Budget) made further spending cuts to the Federal School Lunch Program decreasing its", "Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang of Gao's earlier students and found that although the name and movement of most techniques are the same, the inner dynamics vary considerably; and so Ho's student called the Baguazhang they teach \"Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang\" to differentiate. Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang Ho Ho Choy Baguazhang is a style of Baguazhang, a Chinese martial art. Specifically, it is a substyle of Gao Style Baguazhang, which is in turn a substyle of Cheng Style Baguazhang. A disciple of Gao Yisheng, named He Kecai (Cantonese: Ho Ho Choy; 何可才) taught Baguazhang in Hong Kong. His students still teach today. However the name", "Klebit Bok The hair is allegedly from hunted heads. It completes the designs, making the shield all the more terrifying for one's enemies. The reverse of the shield frequently depicts one or two figures whose heads and limbs dissolve into fantastic tendrils. Its name is derived from \"klebit\" (meaning \"shield\") and \"bok\" (meaning \"hair\") indicating a strong connection between the shield and the hair with which it is decorated. Klebit Bok The Klebit Bok or Kelavit Bok is the traditional shield of the Kayan and the Kenyah people originating from Borneo. The Klebit Bok is a shield in a shape of a", "Henri Bok Henri Bok Henri Bok (born 9 March 1950, Rotterdam) is a Dutch bass clarinetist known for his unique compositions. One of the 'Big Three' in bass clarinet history, Henri Bok is a very active worldwide ambassador of his beloved instrument, one to which he has devoted his life as a performer, teacher, improviser and composer. His unique rich and warm sound can be heard on numerous recordings. Bok is noted for his new sound combinations leading to unusual instrumental groups: Duo Contemporain (with marimba/vibraphone), Duo Novair (with accordion), Bass Instincts (with bass oboe), Duo Clarones (bass clarinet duo with Luis", "BOK (gene) Bcl-2 protein family. The mouse homologue of Bok is called Matador (Mtd). This name is derived from the Latin term mactator which means butcher or killer. Additionally, homologous proteins were found in \"Drosophila melanogaster\" (fruit fly) and \"Gallus gallus\" (chicken). The human BOK promoter is activated by the overexpression of members of the E2F hand transcription factor family. Typically, these transcription factors are involved in the promotion of S-phase, so there might be a connection between Bok expression and cell cycle progression. Due to this regulation of Bok expression by the cell cycle, it was proposed that Bok sensitizes growing" ]

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[ "Italianate architecture developed in Britain about 1802 by John Nash, with the construction of Cronkhill in Shropshire. This small country house is generally accepted to be the first Italianate villa in England, from which is derived the Italianate architecture of the late Regency and early Victorian eras. The Italianate style was further developed and popularised by the architect Sir Charles Barry in the 1830s. Barry's Italianate style (occasionally termed \"Barryesque\") drew heavily for its motifs on the buildings of the Italian Renaissance, though sometimes at odds with Nash's semi-rustic Italianate villas. The style was not confined to England and was employed in" ]

[ "William Burges never executed, has been removed elsewhere, has been demolished or where the present location is unknown. William Burges William Burges (; 2 December 1827 – 20 April 1881) was an English architect and designer. Among the greatest of the Victorian art-architects, he sought in his work to escape from both nineteenth-century industrialisation and the Neoclassical architectural style and re-establish the architectural and social values of a utopian medieval England. Burges stands within the tradition of the Gothic Revival, his works echoing those of the Pre-Raphaelites and heralding those of the Arts and Crafts movement. Burges's career was short but illustrious;", "Hugh May Hugh May Hugh May (1621 – 21 February 1684) was an English architect in the period after the Restoration of King Charles II. He worked in the era which fell between the first introduction of Palladianism into England by Inigo Jones, and the full flowering of English Baroque under John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. His own work was influenced by both Jones' work, and by Dutch architecture. Although May's only surviving works are Eltham Lodge, and the east front, stables and chapel at Cornbury House, his designs were influential. Together with his contemporary, Sir Roger Pratt, May was responsible for", "Thomas Garner Thomas Garner Thomas Garner (1839–1906) was one of the leading English Gothic revival architects of the Victorian era. He is known for his almost 30-year partnership with architect George Frederick Bodley. Born at Wasperton Hill Farm in Warwickshire, Thomas Garner grew up in a rural setting that gave him an instinctive feeling for country crafts and construction, which were never weakened by long years spent in London. Thomas Garner was articled to the architect Sir Gilbert Scott at the age of 17. One of his immediate predecessors at \"Scott's\" was George Frederick Bodley, who was already beginning to establish his", "Richard Harding Watt interest and importance\" which \"transformed the townscape of Knutsford\". The architectural historians Nikolaus Pevsner and Edward Hubbard state that \"any Royal Fine Art Commission now would veto such monstrous desecration of a small and pleasant country town\". Yet they accept that younger critics might dub him \"the Gaudí of England\". They describe his motifs as a mixture of Classical, Italianate, Byzantine, and \"Unprecedented\", and comment on his liking for towers with a jagged outline, domes, and random fenestration. The authors of the later edition of the \"Buildings of England\" series refer to \"his penchant for scrounging bits of demolished buildings", "Italianate architecture and Penoyre House, Powys, described by Mark Girouard as \"Salvin's most ambitious classical house.\" Thomas Cubitt, a London building contractor, incorporated simple classical lines of the Italianate style as defined by Sir Charles Barry into many of his London terraces. Cubitt designed Osborne House under the direction of Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, and it is Cubitt's reworking of his two dimensional street architecture into this free standing mansion which was to be the inspiration for countless Italianate villas throughout the British Empire. Following the completion of Osborne House in 1851, the style became a popular choice of design", "Cornelius Sherlock Street. In 1867 he took up residence at Elm House in Childwall, where he remained for the rest of his life. Sherlock became a member of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire in 1850 and he was made a Fellow of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1878. In 1866, Sherlock was commissioned by the politician and brewing magnate Andrew Barclay Walker to build his Tudor Revival private residence, Gateacre Grange, on Rose Brow in Gateacre, Liverpool. Walker employed Sherlock again in 1874 in his project to build an art gallery for the City of Liverpool. Sherlock, along", "Richard Upjohn Richard Upjohn Richard Upjohn (22 January 1802 – 16 August 1878) was a British-born American architect who emigrated to the United States and became most famous for his Gothic Revival churches. He was partially responsible for launching the movement to such popularity in the United States. Upjohn also did extensive work in and helped to popularize the Italianate style. He was a founder and the first president of the American Institute of Architects. His son, Richard Michell Upjohn, (1828-1903), was also a well-known architect and served as a partner in his continued architectural firm in New York. Richard Upjohn was", "James Brooks (architect) at Deal in Kent (1894), an asymmetric Renaissance Dutch-style building, in red brick with stone dressings. He showed drawings for the hotel at the Royal Academy in 1893. James Brooks (architect) James Brooks (1825–1901) was an English Gothic Revival architect. Brooks was born near Wantage, Berkshire, in 1825. In about 1847 he was articled to the London architect Lewis Stride. He attended Thomas Leverton Donaldson's lectures at University College, London, and enrolled as a student at the Royal, Academy Schools. He set up in practice in about 1852, He was architect to the Diocesan Society of Canterbury, and a consulting", "Thomas Garner T. Batsford published in 1911. Thomas Garner Thomas Garner (1839–1906) was one of the leading English Gothic revival architects of the Victorian era. He is known for his almost 30-year partnership with architect George Frederick Bodley. Born at Wasperton Hill Farm in Warwickshire, Thomas Garner grew up in a rural setting that gave him an instinctive feeling for country crafts and construction, which were never weakened by long years spent in London. Thomas Garner was articled to the architect Sir Gilbert Scott at the age of 17. One of his immediate predecessors at \"Scott's\" was George Frederick Bodley, who was", "England arch, now known as the Tudor arch, was a defining feature as were wattle and daub houses domestically. In the aftermath of the Renaissance a form of architecture echoing classical antiquity synthesised with Christianity appeared, the English Baroque style of architect Christopher Wren being particularly championed. Georgian architecture followed in a more refined style, evoking a simple Palladian form; the Royal Crescent at Bath is one of the best examples of this. With the emergence of romanticism during Victorian period, a Gothic Revival was launched. In addition to this, around the same time the Industrial Revolution paved the way for", "Edward Walters Hall, referred to as the \"noblest monument in the Cinquecento style in England\" by Nikolaus Pevsner. Walters retired in 1865 and then travelled in Italy and England before his death in 1872. He never married and died without issue. Edward Walters Edward Walters (December 1808 in Fenchurch Buildings, London – 22 January 1872 in 11 Oriental Place, Brighton) was an English architect. Walters was the son of an architect who died young. He began his career in the office of Isaac Clarke, his father's former assistant, before going to work with Lewis Vulliamy and then Sir John Rennie. After superintending", "Prodigy house English Midlands. The term originates with the architectural historian Sir John Summerson, and has been generally adopted. He called them \"...the most daring of all English buildings.\" The houses fall within the broad style of Renaissance architecture, but represent a distinctive English take on the style, mainly reliant on books for their knowledge of developments on the Continent. Andrea Palladio (1508–1580) was already dead before the prodigy houses reached their peak, but his much more restrained classical style did not reach England until the work of Inigo Jones in the 1620s. For ornament, French and Flemish Northern Mannerist decoration was", "Arthur Beresford Pite Beresford Pite as 'a vividly original thinker' who together with Belcher developed the 'striking yet intimate Baroque style' which Belcher became known for in the 1890s. . Pite worked in the Belcher office until he won the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) Soane Medallion for his design for a West End Club House in 1882. Following this Pite travelled to the continent with his brother William (also an architect) and they were joined by Belcher and J W James for part of the trip. Pite returned to Belcher's practice and the partnership lasted 12 years. The Pite family transferred", "Wilton House facade to have a low pitched roof, with wings finishing with no architectural symbols of termination. The modifications to the completed wing were of a balustrade hiding the weak roof line and Italianate, pavilion-like towers at each end. The focal point became not a portico but the large double height Venetian window. This south front (\"illustration above\"), has been deemed an architectural triumph of Palladian architecture in Britain, and it is widely believed that the final modifications to the work of De Caus were by Inigo Jones himself. Within a few years of the completion of the new south wing", "Inigo Jones Inigo Jones Inigo Jones (; 15 July 1573 – 21 June 1652) was the first significant. English architect (of Welsh ancestry) in the early modern period, and the first to employ Vitruvian rules of proportion and symmetry in his buildings. As the most notable architect in England, Jones was the first person to introduce the classical architecture of Rome and the Italian Renaissance to Britain. He left his mark on London by his design of single buildings, such as the Queen's House which is the first building in England designed in a pure classical style, and the Banqueting House, Whitehall,", "Edward Buckton Lamb Francis, and was retained to complete the main building, in collaboration with Francis. He contributed to \"Loudon's Encyclopaedia\" (1833), published studies on Gothic Ornament (1830), \"Ancient Domestic Architecture\" (1846) with text by William Henry Leeds, and contributed regularly to the \"Architectural Magazine\" (1834–8). Notable buildings he was responsible for include: Edward Buckton Lamb Edward Buckton Lamb (1806–1869) was a British architect who exhibited at the Royal Academy from 1824. Lamb was labelled a 'Rogue Gothic Revivalist', and his designs were roundly criticised for breaking with convention, especially by \"The Ecclesiologist\". More recently Nikolaus Pevsner called him \"the most original though", "John Dibblee Crace Gothic revival architect, and was head of a decorating firm founded in 1768 by his great-great-grandfather Edward Crace, a coach-decorator and keeper of the king's pictures. Edward and his son Frederick were responsible for the decoration of Brighton Pavilion and other Royal palaces. Crace came to fame with his Victorian Gothic and Renaissance-style furniture which he exhibited at the International Exhibition in 1862. Crace decorated the interior of Two Temple Place, William Waldorf Astor's London estate office, in the style of French Renaissance from about 1892 to 1895. For Astor, he also designed furniture and decorated the home in Cliveden.", "Detmar Blow Detmar Blow Detmar Jellings Blow (24 November 1867 – 7 February 1939) was a British architect of the early 20th century, who designed principally in the arts and crafts style. His clients belonged chiefly to the British aristocracy, and later he became estates manager to the Duke of Westminster. The fiction that he was a descendant of the English restoration composer John Blow was started in 1910 by Detmar Blow's wife Winifred, a member of the aristocratic Tollemache family, as a means of obtaining a licence from St. Paul's Cathedral for the marriage of herself and Detmar. Blow was one", "Augustus Pugin Augustus Pugin Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin ( ; 1 March 181214 September 1852) was an English architect, designer, artist, and critic who is principally remembered for his pioneering role in the Gothic Revival style of architecture. His work culminated in designing the interior of the Palace of Westminster in Westminster, London, England and its iconic clock tower, later renamed the Elizabeth Tower, which houses the bell known as Big Ben. Pugin designed many churches in England and some in Ireland and Australia. He was the son of Auguste Pugin, and the father of Edward Welby and Peter Paul Pugin, who", "Richard Kyrke Penson Plas Dinam House in Ludlow, Shropshire, where he died, aged 69, on 22 May 1885. Penson continued to exhibit at the Royal Academy between 1856 and 1859. He was a leading early member of the Cambrian Archaeological Association and was elected a member of the Society of Antiquaries of London in 1853. Prompted by Queen Victoria's Osborne House which was completed in 1851, the Italianate style of architecture became popular in the second half of the 19th century. Features of this stye include belvedere towers and roofs with a shallow slope and wide eaves. Examples of Penson's use of the", "Thomas Leverton a style suggestive of Adams. His domed refit of Scampston Hall near Malton, Yorkshire (1803), reflected the work of Wyatt. Other houses by Leverton, now demolished, included Woodford Hall, Essex, built in 1775 for William Hunt, and Riddlesworth Hall, Norfolk, built in 1792 for Silvanus Bevan III. In the grounds of Parlington Hall, Yorkshire, he built a triumphal arch in commemoration of the American victory in the War of Independence for Sir Thomas Gascoigne. Leverton showed the design at the Royal Academy in 1781. He has sometimes been credited with the design of Bedford Square in London: while this is", "Thomas Hardy of British Architects and the Architectural Association. He joined Arthur Blomfield's practice as assistant architect in April 1862 and worked with Blomfield on All Saints' parish church in Windsor, Berkshire in 1862–64. A reredos, possibly designed by Hardy, was discovered behind panelling at All Saints' in August 2016. In the mid-1860s, Hardy was in charge of the excavation of part of the graveyard of St Pancras Old Church prior to its destruction when the Midland Railway was extended to a new terminus at St Pancras. Hardy never felt at home in London, because he was acutely conscious of class divisions", "Charles Holden Webb and Henry Wilson and feature steeply pitched roofs, corner towers and stone window surrounds. The building, now converted to apartments, is Grade II* listed. In 1902, Holden won the architectural competition to design the Bristol Central Library. His Tudor Revival façades in bath stone incorporate modernist elements complementing the adjacent Abbey Gate of Bristol Cathedral. The front façade features oriel windows and sculpture groups with Chaucer, Bede and Alfred the Great by Charles Pibworth. Internally, the design is classical, with the furniture designed by Holden and the stone carving mostly by William Aumonier. It was described by architectural historian", "Thomas Verity Comedy Theatre. In 1878, he was appointed consulting architect to the Lord Chamberlain's office. Initially, this was in partnership with G. H. Hunt, but later with his son, Frank Verity, who received his training in his father's firm. Both Veritys bought an interest in ornate Second Empire-style architecture to their early buildings, developing this into grand Beaux Arts in their later works. Many of the surviving buildings have achieved recognition in the late 20th century, becoming listed for their architectural significance. Frank Verity continued the practice, on his father's death, and Sam Beverley, his son-in-law, joined the practice in the", "Benjamin Dean Wyatt 1826 due to the overheating of the technically advanced hot air heating system. Wyatt's original drawings for the library survive in Westport House. Wyatt was influential in reviving the Rococo style in England during the mid-1820s. He designed the interiors of Belvoir Castle (1825–30), including the Dining Room, Picture Gallery, Elizabeth Saloon and, in the grounds, a Romanesque-style mausoleum. With his brother, Philip William (d. 1835), he designed Crockford's Club (1827), 50–3 St James's Street, Londonderry House (1825–28) demolished 1964 and the Oriental Club in Hanover Square (1827–1828). He was the designer of Duke of York Column, erected 1831–34. Also", "Robert Smirke (architect) ground floor is rusticated with round headed windows, the first floor is of banded rustication and the windows framed with square or half pillars, the building is of brick covered with stucco. The first floor windows have carved relieves above them, the entrance porch is of a single storey with Corinthian columns. The interiors are in Smirke's usual restrained Greek revival style. Belgrave Square: Smirke designed No. 12 Belgrave square, built 1830–33 for John Cust, 1st Earl Brownlow. For Smirke's London churches see Church Architecture below. His public buildings outside London include: In the classical style: Smirke used the Elizabethan", "Henry Hill Vale (architect) Henry Hill Vale (architect) Henry Hill Vale (1831–26 August 1875) was a British architect who was active in North West England in the late 19th century. He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, into a Warwickshire family, and studied under the Liverpudlian architect Henry Roberts. Vale served as President of the Liverpool Architectural Society 1870-72. He is noted as one of the architects responsible for the design of the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. In 1874, Vale was commissioned to assist the architect Cornelius Sherlock in the design of the Neoclassical Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool. At the laying of the", "Jonathan Anderson Bell Thomas Rickman was a major figure of the English Gothic revival, and became a close friend. For around 27 years, Bell practised as an architect in Edinburgh. His designs included country houses, such as Beeslack for Charles Cowan, and the Scottish baronial Victoria Buildings, Glasgow for Archibald Orr Ewing. He was a member of the Institute of Scottish Architects. In 1839 he was appointed secretary to the Royal Association for the Promotion of the Fine Arts in Scotland, a position he retained it until his death. Bell died in 1865. Thirty of the engravings in John Le Keux's \"Memorials of", "Nicholas Stone the river being a favoured method of transport on London. With the Banqueting House, it is one of the few surviving reminders in London of the Italianate court style of Charles I. The water gate is believed to have been designed by Stone. However, like the Banqueting House, the design of the water gate has been attributed to Inigo Jones, with Stone only being credited with the building. It has also been attributed to the diplomat and painter Sir Balthazar Gerbier. The similarity of the architecture to the Danby Gate (\"below\") and its bold vermicelli rusticated design in a confident", "Charles Worley Charles Worley Charles H Worley (1853–1906) was a British architect. Allinson puts forward that Charles Worley was the son of the architect Robert James Worley (1850–1930), of the architectural practice Worley & Saunders, who was \"involved in all kinds of speculative developments\". They are listed jointly as the architects of 41 Harley Street. However, as Robert was born in 1850, and Charles was articled in 1870, a father and son relationship is most improbable. In fact Allinson is incorrect in this assumption as Charles Worley was the son of Joshua Worley, a shipbroker based in London. English Heritage also confirm,", "Henry Hill Vale (architect) foundation stone in 1874, Vale and Sherlock were presented by Lord Sandon to the Duke of Edinburgh. Vale had previously worked for the gallery's benefactor, Sir Andrew Barclay Walker, on an unrealised project to build a church for his house at Gateacre in 1868. Walker commissioned work from Vale again in 1874, on a proposal for an ornate Gothic Revival-style Conservative Club building in Liverpool, also unrealised. Vale's buildings include: Vale was the architect for a number of other buildings in Liverpool, including residential villas in Sefton Park, an infants' school in West Derby, Earle & King linseed oil mill", "Walter Tapper George Tapper, a stonemason, later a builder. Little is known of his early life, but from the age of thirteen he served his articles at Rowell & Sons, an architects' practice in nearby Newton Abbot. He then moved to London and after a brief period working for Basil Champneys, joined Bodley & Garner, the firm of prominent Gothic Revival architects G. F. Bodley, Thomas Garner, working alongside another budding Gothic Revival architect, Ninian Comper. While working there Tapper began a romantic relationship with Katherine Jotcham, a showroom assistant at Watts & Co, a church furnishing company which had been founded", "Arthur Beresford Pite Arthur Beresford Pite Arthur Beresford Pite (2 September 1861 – 27 November 1934) was a British architect known for creating Edwardian buildings in Baroque Revival, Byzantine Revival and Greek Revival styles. Arthur Beresford Pite was born on 2 September 1861 in Newington, London to Alfred and Hephzibah. Pite was educated at Kings College School. In 1877 he entered the office of The Builder's Journal doing mainly literary work, he also attended the Royal Architectural School. In 1882 he became a partner with the notable architect John Belcher. They had already been friends for sometime. Architectural historian Alastair Service has described", "George Gilbert Scott the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style by Gottfried Semper, but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design. Scott's entry had been the only design in the Gothic style. In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell, a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions. He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling. Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849. In 1853 he", "Charles Eastlake between the two men, whose names are distinguished only by the presence or absence of an \"e\" in their middle names. He died, aged 70, at Leinster Square, Bayswater, and was buried at Kensal Green. Charles Eastlake Charles Locke Eastlake (11 March 1836 – 20 November 1906) was a British architect and furniture designer. Eastlake was born in Plymouth. Trained by the architect Philip Hardwick (1792–1870), he popularized William Morris's notions of decorative arts in the Arts and Crafts style, becoming one of the principal exponents of the revived Early English or Modern Gothic style popular during the nineteenth century.", "Classicism pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. This style quickly spread to other Italian cities and then to France, Germany, England, Russia and elsewhere. In the 16th century, Sebastiano Serlio helped codify the classical orders and Palladio's legacy evolved into the long tradition of Palladian architecture. Building off of these influences, the 17th-century architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren firmly established classicism in England. For the development of classicism from the mid-18th-century onwards, see Neoclassical architecture. Italian Renaissance painting", "William Burges William Burges William Burges (; 2 December 1827 – 20 April 1881) was an English architect and designer. Among the greatest of the Victorian art-architects, he sought in his work to escape from both nineteenth-century industrialisation and the Neoclassical architectural style and re-establish the architectural and social values of a utopian medieval England. Burges stands within the tradition of the Gothic Revival, his works echoing those of the Pre-Raphaelites and heralding those of the Arts and Crafts movement. Burges's career was short but illustrious; he won his first major commission for Saint Fin Barre's Cathedral in Cork in 1863, when", "Charles Barry 1834 and 1838, at Bowood House, Wiltshire, owned by Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 3rd Marquess of Lansdowne, Barry added the tower, made alterations to the gardens, and designed the Italianate entrance lodge. For the same client, he designed the Lansdowne Monument in 1845. Walton House in Walton-on-Thames followed in 1835–39. Again Barry used the Italianate style, with a three-storey tower over the entrance porte-cochère (which was demolished 1973). Then, from 1835 to 1838, he remodelled Sir Roger Pratt's Kingston Lacy, with the exterior being re-clad in stone. The interiors were also Barry's work. Highclere Castle, Hampshire, with its large tower, was remodelled", "John Notman He eventually settled in Philadelphia, where one of his first commissions was Laurel Hill Cemetery in 1835. He later opened and operated a successful firm until his death in 1865. Notman was also a founding member of the American Institute of Architects and was committed to establishing professionalism in the practice of architecture in the United States. Notman is credited with introducing the Italianate style to America. \"Riverside\", his 1837-39 house in Burlington, New Jersey for Bishop G.W. Doane, was tremendously influential, and his 1845 Athenaeum of Philadelphia was the first Italianate building in his adopted city. Notman designed a", "Inigo Triggs Inigo Triggs Henry Inigo Triggs (1876–1923) was an English country house architect and designer of formal gardens, and author. Harry Benjamin Inigo Triggs was born in Chiswick, London, on 28 February 1876, to parents James Triggs, carpet agent, and his wife Celia Anne, née Bryant. His older brother was Arthur Bryant Triggs (1868–1936) born in Chelsea, who in 1887 emigrated to Australia, becoming a wealthy New South Wales grazier (known as The Sheep King) and collector of art, books and coins. The architect Inigo Jones was a distant relative. 1907 he married Gladys Claire. In 1910 Triggs bought the property", "Richard Norman Shaw of styles. Shaw was elected to the Royal Academy in 1877, and co-edited (with Sir Thomas Jackson RA) the 1892 collection of essays, \"Architecture, a profession or an Art?\". He firmly believed it was an art. In later years, Shaw moved to a heavier classical style which influenced the emerging Edwardian Classicism of the early 20th century. Shaw died in London, where he had designed residential buildings in areas such as Pont Street, and public buildings such as New Scotland Yard. Shaw's early country houses avoided Neo-Gothic and the academic styles, reviving vernacular materials like half timber and hanging tiles,", "John Tarring central aisle and no pillars may reflect Tarring's work on non conformist churches and chapels in the South of England. Apart from his ecclesiastical work, he restored Combermere Abbey, Cheshire, and Thornton Hall, Buckinghamshire, and designed private residences. At Queen's Gate, Hyde Park, London, in 1860, he built a large mansion block in an Italianate style. He returned to Devon, and died at Torquay on 27 December 1875. He is buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. John Tarring John Tarring FRIBA (1806–1875) was an English Victorian ecclesiastical architect active in the mid-nineteenth century. Based in London, he designed many Gothic", "George Webster (architect) near Hawkshead, Cumbria (1819–21). Later he was a pioneer in the use of the Tudor Revival style, using either Elizabethan features, for example at Eshton Hall, or Jacobean features, as at Underley Hall, Penwortham Priory, Penwortham, Lancashire (1832, since demolished), and Bank Hall. Towards the end of his career he incorporated Italianate features, at for example Belsfield, Bowness-on-Windermere, Cumbria (1844) where he included a tower in the style of Osborne House. Webster designed at least 13 new churches and remodelled others; these were always in early Gothic Revival style. Most of his country churches are small, but he also designed", "Charles Robert Cockerell for architecture in 1848 and became president of the Royal Institute of British Architects in 1860. In 1833, following the resignation of Sir John Soane, he became surveyor to the Bank of England, and made additions to its London building, as well as designing branch offices in Manchester, Liverpool, Bristol, and Plymouth. His exhibits at the Royal Academy included reconstructions of ancient Rome and Athens and a capriccio entitled \"Tribute to the Memory of Sir Christopher Wren, being a Collection of his Principal Works\"; these became well known through published engravings As an archaeologist, Cockerell is remembered for removing the", "Henry Francis Lockwood all in an Italianate Classical style. At the time, Saltaire was one of the most important examples of a philanthropic industrial and housing development in the world. Lockwood is mentioned in most accounts of Sir Titus Salt and Saltaire. Drummond Mill in Manningham was likewise designed by Lockwood and Mawson. They also submitted designs in many competitions, including the contest for the Law Courts in the Strand, London (1866–67). After 1871, Lockwood moved to London where he designed the Methodist City Temple at Holborn Viaduct (originally 1874 but rebuilt after World War II), the Church of St Stephen, Cowbridge Park,", "St George's Academy Charles Kirk the younger and built by his firm Kirk and Parry in \"c\". 1849. The Gothic stone mansion, off Westgate, is situated in grounds spanning (as of 2011). The Victorian buildings also include stables, which Sir Nikolaus Pevsner called \"charming\", and two Tudor-style lodges. Initially occupied by Kirk's business partner Thomas Parry, the businessman and Liberal politician Samuel Pattinson lived at the house from at least 1924 until his death in 1942. His wife, Betsy Sharpley Pattinson, died the same year and their trustees auctioned off the furniture at Westholme in 1944. During the Second World War, the grounds", "Hugh May Queen's Audience Chamber and Presence Chamber survive in altered form. Hugh May Hugh May (1621 – 21 February 1684) was an English architect in the period after the Restoration of King Charles II. He worked in the era which fell between the first introduction of Palladianism into England by Inigo Jones, and the full flowering of English Baroque under John Vanbrugh and Nicholas Hawksmoor. His own work was influenced by both Jones' work, and by Dutch architecture. Although May's only surviving works are Eltham Lodge, and the east front, stables and chapel at Cornbury House, his designs were influential. Together", "Banqueting House, Whitehall from the Renaissance and that of Andrea Palladio, and returned to England with what were, at the time, revolutionary ideas: to replace the complicated and confused style of the Jacobean English Renaissance with a simpler, classically inspired design. His new banqueting house at Whitehall was to be a prime example. Jones made no attempt to harmonise his design with the Tudor palace of which it was to be part. The design of the Banqueting House is classical in concept. It introduced a refined Italianate Renaissance style that was unparalleled in the free and picturesque Jacobean architecture of England, where Renaissance", "Detmar Blow \"a sort of bailif and Maitre d'Hotel! as far as I can make out!\"). During this time he worked on Eaton Hall. Detmar Blow Detmar Jellings Blow (24 November 1867 – 7 February 1939) was a British architect of the early 20th century, who designed principally in the arts and crafts style. His clients belonged chiefly to the British aristocracy, and later he became estates manager to the Duke of Westminster. The fiction that he was a descendant of the English restoration composer John Blow was started in 1910 by Detmar Blow's wife Winifred, a member of the aristocratic Tollemache", "James Brooks (architect) received its Royal Gold Medal in 1895. He exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1853 and 1899; from 1894 as \"James Brooks and Sons\". His address is given in the Academy catalogues as 6 Bloomsbury Street between 1853 and 1862; 11, Serle Street, Lincoln's Inn, between 1871 and 1875, and 35 Wellington Street, Strand from 1876. He lived, however, for much of this time at The Grange in Stoke Newington (now numbered 42, Clissold Crescent), a red-brick house built to his own design in 1862. Arthur Heygate Mackmurdo was his pupil Brooks attracted attention early in his career for several", "Ernest George of British Architects. George's residence at 17 Bartholomew St, London Borough of Southwark is commemorated with a Southwark Council blue plaque. Ernest George Sir Ernest George RA (13 Jun 1839 – 1922) was an English architect, landscape and architectural watercolour painter, and etcher. Born in London, Ernest George began his architectural training in 1856, under Samuel Hewitt, coupled with studies at the Royal Academy Schools 1857-1859. After a short period in the office of Allen Boulnois, he went on a sketching tour of France and Germany, which inspired him to the architectural style that would make him famous. On his", "Henry Edward Kendall at the practice before setting up on his own. Both were amongst the co-founders of what became the Royal Institute of British Architects. Kendall designed many civic buildings including workhouses, hospitals and schools. In 1832 he won the hundred guinea prize for his Gothic design for Kensal Green Cemetery and his Italianate design was runner-up, yet, despite this, his designs were overlooked in favour of a Greek revival design by John Griffith. The cemetery contains a monument to Kendall's son, attributed to Kendall senior. Henry Edward Kendall died in Westminster, 4 April 1875, aged 91. Some of Kendall’s earliest work", "Charles Barry older country houses. His first major commission was the transformation of Henry Holland's Trentham Hall in Staffordshire, between 1834 and 1840. It was remodelled in the Italianate style with a large tower (a feature Barry often included in his country houses). Barry also designed the Italianate gardens, with parterres and fountains. Largely demolished in 1912, only a small portion of the house, consisting of the porte-cochère with a curving corridor, and the stables, are still standing, although the gardens are undergoing a restoration. Additionally, the belvedere from the top of the tower survives as a folly at Sandon Hall. Between", "Cornelius Sherlock Cornelius Sherlock Cornelius Sherlock (?1822/3–1888) was a British architect who was active in Liverpool in North West England in the late 19th century. Sherlock is best known as one of the architects responsible for the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, one of the main buildings in the area around William Brown Street and a celebrated example of High Victorian Neoclassical buildings. Cornelius Sherlock was apprenticed to the influential Liverpudlian architect Peter Ellis (1805–1884), who designed the Oriel Chambers. Sherlock lived in Canning Street and worked in initially at 22 King Street, before moving his offices to Manchester Buildings in Tithebarn", "William Halfpenny which traces survive is a \"Chinese\" bridge built for Lord Deerhurst (later the sixth Earl of Coventry) at Croome Park, Worcestershire in 1747–48. Archaeology students at the University of Worcester uncovered the substantial stone foundations of the bridge in summer 2009, and the National Trust intends to create a replica of the bridge, using Halfpenny's drawing, as part of a plan to recreate Capability Brown's original landscape. He died in debt in 1755. His books deal almost entirely with domestic architecture, and especially with country houses in the neo-Gothic and Chinoiserie fashions which were so greatly in vogue in the", "Walter Cave Walter Cave Walter Frederick Cave (17 September 1863 – 7 January 1939) was an English architect, active in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who worked firstly in the Arts and Crafts style, and latterly in the Classical Revival. In addition to architecture, Cave worked as a landscape gardener, interior designer, furniture maker and cricketer. He was born in Clifton, Bristol, England the son of Sir Charles Daniel Cave, 1st Baronet and Edith Harriet Symonds. Educated at Eton, Cave went on to study art at the Royal Academy Schools. He was then articled to Arthur Blomfield. In 1889 he", "George Pace his influences, Pace's son, Peter, in the biography of his father, states that Charles Rennie Mackintosh was an early influence. He also quoted a fellow student who said \"whilst most of the students enthused about Lloyd Wright or Gropius, George was more concerned with the ideas of William Morris, Lethaby and Burges\". The authors of the \"Buildings of England\" series note the influence of Le Corbusier in his design of the William Temple Memorial Church in Wythenshawe, Greater Manchester (1963–65). Although Pace's works were mainly Modernist in style, he also respected traditional styles, and sometimes combined elements of both. New", "Edwardian Baroque architecture Edwardian Baroque architecture Edwardian Baroque is the Neo-Baroque architectural style of many public buildings built in the British Empire during the Edwardian era (1901–1910). The characteristic features of the Edwardian Baroque style were drawn from two main sources: the architecture of France during the 18th century and that of Sir Christopher Wren in England during the 17th—part of the English Baroque. Sir Edwin Lutyens was a major exponent, designing many commercial buildings in what he termed 'the Grand Style' during the later 1910s and 1920s. This period of British architectural history is considered a particularly retrospective one, since it is", "John Carr (architect) He then sought a purer Antique Roman style with occasional French influences before adapting the currently fashionable style associated with Robert Adam. At the end of his life he returned to the bolder Palladian style of his youth but with detail that looked forward to 19th-century usage. Carr's work was influenced by the books of Sebastiano Serlio and Andrea Palladio. He subscribed to many architectural pattern books, including those of his friend George Richardson, and also contemporary publications by Robert Morris and William Chambers. \"(dem = demolished)\" \"in chronological order, county given if not Yorkshire\" John Carr (architect) John Carr", "Gothic Revival architecture century as great prefabricated structures such as the glass and iron Crystal Palace and the glazed courtyard of the Oxford University Museum were erected, which appeared to embody Gothic principles through iron. Between 1863 and 1872 Viollet-le-Duc published his \"Entretiens sur l'architecture\", a set of daring designs for buildings that combined iron and masonry. Though these projects were never realised, they influenced several generations of designers and architects, notably Antoni Gaudí in Spain and, in England, Benjamin Bucknall, Viollet's foremost English follower and translator, whose masterpiece was Woodchester Mansion. The flexibility and strength of cast-iron freed neo-Gothic designers to create", "Edmund Aikin villas in the area, some, against his natural inclinations, in the fashionable Gothic style. He died at his father's house at Stoke Newington on 11 March 1820. Aikin was the author of: Edmund Aikin Edmund Aikin (2 October 1780 – 11 March 1820) was an English architect and writer on architecture. He spent the last years of his life in Liverpool, where he designed the Wellington Rooms. Aikin came from a Unitarian background. He was the youngest son of Dr. John Aikin, M.D., and was born on 2 October 1780 at Warrington. Arthur Aikin and Charles Rochemont Aikin were his", "Charles Barry The marked preference for Italian architecture, which he acquired during his travels showed itself in various important undertakings of his earlier years, the first significant example being the Travellers Club, in Pall Mall, built in 1832, as with all his urban commissions in this style the design was astylar. He designed the Gothic King Edward's School, New Street, Birmingham (1833–37), demolished 1936, it was during the erection of the school that Barry first met Augustus Welby Northmore Pugin, he helped Barry design the interiors of the building. His last work in Manchester was the Italianate Manchester Athenaeum (1837–39), this is", "Arthur Cates an annual prize bearing his name, which after his death was awarded in connection with the RIBA examinations. Cates assisted in the compilation of the \"Architectural Dictionary\", which his friend Wyatt Papworth edited. He wrote for the \"Dictionary of National Biography\" memoirs of Wyatt Papworth, his father and brother. Cates married in 1881 Rosa, daughter of William Rose, who survived him. There was no issue of the marriage. Attribution Arthur Cates Arthur Cates (29 April 1829 – 15 May 1901) was an English architect. The son of James Cates by his wife Susan, daughter of John Rose, he was born", "Henry Goodridge by the Chancery Court. He was buried in Lansdown Cemetery, which surrounds Beckford's Tower. Goodridge's buildings in Bath include: His designs outside Bath include: Henry Goodridge Henry Edmund Goodridge (1797, Bath – 26 October 1864) was an English architect based in Bath. He worked from the early 1820s until the 1850s, using Classical, Italianate and Gothic styles. He was born in Bath in 1797 the son of James Goodridge, who was at that time was engaged in large speculative building projects in connection with the management of the estate of Sir William Pulteney, at Bathwick. On the advice of Thomas", "Italianate architecture the designs of the original Renaissance villas of Rome, the Lazio and the Veneto or as he put it: \"...the charming character of the irregular villas of Italy.\" His most defining work in this style was the large Neo-Renaissance mansion Cliveden (\"illustrated above\"). Although it has been claimed that one third of early Victorian country houses in England used classical styles, mostly Italianate, by 1855 the style was falling from favour and Cliveden came to be regarded as \"a declining essay in a declining fashion.\" Anthony Salvin occasionally designed in the Italianate style, especially in Wales, at Hafod House, Carmarthenshire,", "Owen Jones (architect) is perhaps best known today. Jones believed in the search for a modern style unique to the nineteenth century, radically different from the prevailing aesthetics of Neo-Classicism and the Gothic Revival. He looked towards the Islamic world for much of this inspiration, using his studies of Islamic decoration at the Alhambra to develop theories on flat patterning, geometry and abstraction in ornament. Jones was born on 15 February 1809 at 148 Thames Street, London the son of Owen Jones (1741–1814), a successful furrier and amateur Welsh antiquary, and his wife, Hannah Jane Jones (1772/3–1838). Being the Son of Owen Jones", "Churche's Mansion school, restaurant, shop, and granary and hay store. The building has four gables to the front; the upper storey and the attics all overhang with jetties. The upper storeys feature decorative panels, and the exterior has many gilded carvings. The principal rooms have oak panelling, some of which is Elizabethan in date. The architectural historian Nikolaus Pevsner considered Churche's Mansion to be among the best timber-framed Elizabethan buildings in Cheshire, describing it as \"an outstanding piece of decorated half-timber architecture.\" Churche's Mansion was built for Richard Churche and his wife Margerye by Thomas Clease in 1577. A panel under a", "John Wood, the Elder House, The Exchange, Bristol, and Liverpool Town Hall. He has been described by Nikolaus Pevsner as \"one of the outstanding architects of the day\". Wood was born in Twerton near Bath, and baptised in St. James’s Church (now demolished). He received a good but basic education at King Edward's School. His father George was a local builder. During his teenage years and early twenties, Wood worked for Robert Benson, the first Baron Bingley at his estate, Bramham Park, Yorkshire. He then became involved in speculative builds on the Cavendish estate in London. Through reading, site visits and practical experience Wood", "George Frederick Bodley Birmingham. He married Minna F.H. Reavely, daughter of Thomas George Wood Reavely, at Kinnersley Castle in 1872. They had a son, George H. Bodley, born in 1874. Bodley was articled to the architect Sir George Gilbert Scott, a relative by marriage, under whose influence he became imbued with the spirit of the Gothic revival, and he became known as the chief exponent of , and the leading ecclesiastical architect in England. He is regarded as the leader of the resurgence of interest in English and Northern European late-medieval design. Noted for his pioneering design work in the Queen Anne revival,", "Architecture in early modern Scotland in introducing the Palladian style to the country. Andrea Palladio (1508–80) was an influential architect who worked in the region of Venice in the sixteenth century and whose buildings are characterised by symmetry, fine proportion and formal elements drawn from Ancient Classical architecture. In England the introduction of the Palladian style is associated with Inigo Jones (1573–1652). Bruce's architectural style incorporated Palladian elements and was influenced by Jones, but also borrowed from the Italian Baroque and was most strongly influenced by Sir Christopher Wren's (1632–1723) interpretation of the Baroque in England. Bruce popularised a style of country house among the", "Max Gate out of red brick in 1885 in Queen Anne style. The architecture is more similar to country houses designed by Philip Webb rather than those designed by Richard Norman Shaw. Thomas Hardy had purchased one and a half acres of land to build the house and was delighted to find Roman relics on the land. The building work was done by his father, who was a builder, and his brother. The name of the house was a pun on the name of a nearby toll-house known as \"Mack's Gate\" after a previous gate-keeper, Henry Mack. Originally Hardy's house had two", "Robert Allerton Park stables (1901–02), greenhouses (1902), Gate House (1903), and Brick Walled Garden (1902), followed afterward. The style is Georgian-Revival, influenced by the work done at the office of McKim, Mead, and White. The architect, John Borie (1869-1925), was likely influenced more by 17th century English country houses, such as Ham House. Borie and Allerton together studied many examples of English houses and gardens before deciding on the architecture and design of Allerton House and the surrounding gardens. Like many English country homes, the main entrance is on the side of the house instead of the front, in order to offer more", "John Alfred Gotch 1938. The practice still exists as Gotch, Saunders & Surridge LLP, or GSSArchitecture. As well as designing many buildings (especially for the Midland Bank) Gotch had a special interest in Elizabethan and Jacobean architecture, and became a national authority on the subject through his writings. He was the author of nine books in this field (two of which were reissued), as well as editor of a book on the history of the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). Apart from his renown as an architectural historian, he also achieved eminence as a public figure and representative of the architectural profession.", "George Jack of Scottish descent. On his father's early death in 1860, the young Jack was taken by his mother, a pianist, back to Scotland, where they settled in Glasgow. In 1869, Jack was articled to the office of Horatio Bromhead, where he met Thomas Hamilton Crawford. He then moved on to London, first joining the practice of Charles Vinall, and then, in 1880, the office of Philip Webb (1831–1915), the so-called \"Father of Arts and Crafts Architecture\". Webb introduced Jack to William Morris (1834–1896), one of the leading figures of the Arts and Crafts Movement, and from 1885 Jack designed furniture", "Highclere Castle Earl following a design by Sir Charles Barry in 1839–1842, during his construction of the Houses of Parliament. It is in the Jacobethan style and faced in Bath stone, reflecting the Victorian revival of English architecture of the late 16th century and early 17th century, when Tudor architecture was being challenged by newly arrived Renaissance architecture influences. During the 19th century there was a huge Renaissance Revival movement, of which Sir Charles Barry was a great exponent—Barry described the style of Highclere as Anglo-Italian. Barry had been inspired to become an architect by the Renaissance architecture of Italy and was", "Great Barr Hall the Strawberry Hill Gothic Revival style. The house was much altered and extended about 1840 and in 1863, an adjacent chapel (which was never consecrated) was erected to a design probably of architect George Gilbert Scott, a friend – but not a relation – of Sir Francis Scott. Two of the extant lodge houses are believed to be by George Gilbert Scott. Financial problems led the Scott Family (who gave their name to the nearby Scott Arms pub and shopping centre), to lease out the hall from about 1788 to Samuel Galton, and for some years the Hall became a", "John Linnell Bond John Linnell Bond John Linnell Bond (14 September 1764 – 6 November 1837) was an English architect. Bond was educated at the Royal Academy, where he gained a gold medal in 1786. He occasionally exhibited at the academy up to 1797. After devoting some years to the study of ancient architecture in Italy and Greece he set up as an architect in London, and designed several large mansions. Following a fire at Exton Hall in 1810, its owner, Sir Gerard Noel, moved into a nearby 17th century house, and commissioned Bond to make alterations. Bond also designed the Stamford Hotel,", "George Godwin George Godwin George Godwin FRS (28 January 1813 – 27 January 1888) was an influential architect, journalist, and editor of \"The Builder\" magazine. He was one of nine children of the architect George Godwin senior (1780–1863) and trained at his father's architectural practice in Kensington where he set up in business with his brother Henry Godwin (1831–1917). Encouraged by his friend the antiquary John Britton, he pursued an interest in architectural history and wrote several volumes on the Churches of London (1838), mason's marks and gothic style. He was also interested in new materials and wrote on the use of", "Charles Cameron (architect) in Hanover Square (1770–1775). Walter Cameron, the main contractor, was ruined by litigation with the property owner and had to sell his son's art collection to raise funds. Charles sued his father, who was jailed in Fleet Prison for debt. In 1791, when Cameron applied for a membership in the Architect's Club of London, he was barred admission due to this and other episodes that had stained his reputation in England. Catherine's tastes in architecture evolved from Rococo and Gothic Revival architecture in the first decade of her reign to emerging Neoclassicism in the 1780s. She leaned to French variety", "John Henry Chamberlain John Henry Chamberlain John Henry Chamberlain (21 June 1831 – 22 October 1883), generally known professionally as J. H. Chamberlain, was a nineteenth-century architect based in Birmingham, England. Working predominantly in the Victorian Gothic style, he was one of the earliest and foremost practical exponents of the ideas of architectural theorist John Ruskin, who selected Chamberlain as one of the trustees of his Guild of St George. Chamberlain's later work was increasingly influenced by the early Arts and Crafts movement. The majority of Chamberlain's buildings were located in and around Birmingham, where he was a major figure in civic life", "Chapel of Brasenose College, Oxford others, who had already done work in Oxford, at St. Mary's porch, the Oxford Botanic Gardens, and elsewhere. At the time of the Chapel's construction there were thus competing styles. It is the mixture of styles that has attracted most of the criticism. During the period that Brasenose Chapel was being constructed, the old Gothic or early Renaissance master craftsman, or master builder, was disappearing and the architect, planner and designer was beginning to take his place. The role of the architect, pioneered by Inigo Jones, did not attain his full strength in the United Kingdom until the time of", "Ewan Christian London as noted above was designed in a striking Italian Renaissance style. Though Christian is often referred to as being a church architect he also designed about 120 houses, mainly for wealthy gentlemen. Many were built in a heavy Tudor style with large stone mullioned and transomed windows, steep roofs with dormers and tall brick chimney stacks and displaying decorative timber-framing and tile-hanging. One of his earliest was Market Lavington Manor in Wiltshire (completed in 1865) for Edward Pleydell Bouverie (1818–89) a Liberal MP, Church Estates Commissioner and from 1869 an Ecclesiastical Commissioner. The house has an impressive gabled exterior", "Cornelius Sherlock The firm was responsible for a number of prominent buildings in Liverpool, such as the Florence Institute (\"The Florrie\"), which was designed by Keef. Cornelius Sherlock died on 20 January 1888 at Elm House. He was buried in the neighbouring churchyard of All Saints' Church, Childwall. The firm Sherlock, Wood, and Keef was officially dissolved by Cornelius's widow, Jane Rebecca Sherlock and the surviving partners on 2 August 1889. Cornelius Sherlock Cornelius Sherlock (?1822/3–1888) was a British architect who was active in Liverpool in North West England in the late 19th century. Sherlock is best known as one of the", "Wedgwood Institute levy of a penny rate (i.e.: a local universal property tax) under the Public Libraries Act. The style of architecture chosen was Venetian Gothic, which had been popularised by John Ruskin. The basic design is by an architect called Nichols, but the elaborate decorations which form an integral part of the facade were designed by Robert Edgar and John Lockwood Kipling. Kipling, the father of the famous writer Rudyard Kipling, emigrated to India in 1865 while the building was still under construction, and the façade was not completed until 1871. It is an ornate building coated with numerous inlaid sculptures,", "Henry Keene work is in the neo-classical style, he was an early exponent of Strawberry Hill Gothic, making good use of his knowledge of the Gothic details of Westminster Abbey. He had a son, Theodosius Keene, who was also an architect and known for designing Racton Monument. He died at his country house at Drayton Green near Ealing. Henry Keene Henry Keene (15 November 1726 – 8 January 1776) was an English architect, notable for designing buildings in the Gothic Revival and Neoclassical style. Keene was born in the London area, and at the age of 20 became Surveyor to the Dean", "Francis Octavius Bedford Francis Octavius Bedford Francis Octavius Bedford (1784–1858) was an English ecclesiastical architect, who designed four Greek Revival churches in south London during the 1820s. He later worked in the Gothic style. Little is known about Bedford's early years. In 1812–13 he was one of two draughtsmen (along with John Peter Gandy) who accompanied William Gell on an expedition sent to Greece and Asia Minor to record Classical antiquities on behalf of the Society of Dilettanti. He is also known to have corresponded with Charles Robert Cockerell on the subject of Greek architecture. In 1818 Bedford was placed second to William", "Edward King House It was Upjohn's first use of the \"Italian Villa\" style. These elements would later come to be considered typical features of Italianate design. The house was featured in Andrew Jackson Downing's \"The Architecture of Country Houses\" in 1850, including an engraving of the house and architectural plans. Downing described the house as \"one of the most successful specimens of the Italian style in the United States.\" He went on to note the great variety of window sizes and types and noted the harmony of the design. The Edward King House was donated to the city of Newport in 1912 by", "John Bradshaw Gass John Bradshaw Gass John Bradshaw Gass (18 June 1855, Bolton, Lancashire – 3 July 1939, Horwich, Lancashire) was an English architect and artist. Gass was a nephew of J. J. Bradshaw, the founder of Bradshaw Gass & Hope. He received the Ashbury Prize for Civil Engineering at Owens College (later Manchester University). He assisted Sir Ernest George in London, before becoming a pupil of his uncle in Bolton in 1880. In 1882, when Gass became a partner, the firm adopted the style Bradshaw & Gass. Like Sir Edwin Lutyens, another traditionalist and pupil of Ernest George, Gass designed country houses", "Henry Bridges All trace has been lost of it until found in the 1920s in Paris. The astronomical part is now in the British Museum, but not on display. Henry Married Sarah Trevise, whose family provided him with a large house in Waltham Abbey. In his will of 1754 he left a number of properties in and around Waltham Cross. There is a similar mystery about his son's work history before his arrival in Bristol. James was a highly talented architect and civil engineer who claimed he was taught by his father and that he had seen the works of the ancients,", "Tyntesfield Blanche's death. But as he travelled regularly on business to the Port of Bristol he required a residence in the area; thus it was, in 1843, he came to buy Tyntes Place, which he subsequently renamed Tyntesfield. Within a few years of making his purchase, Gibbs began a major program of rebuilding and enlarging of the mansion. The architectural style selected for the rebuilding was a loose Gothic combining many forms and reinventions of the medieval style. The choice of Gothic was influenced by William and Blanche Gibb's Anglo-Catholic beliefs as a followers of the Oxford Movement. This wing of", "George Gilbert Scott George Gilbert Scott Sir George Gilbert Scott (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), styled Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him. Scott was the architect of many iconic buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of the University of Glasgow, St Mary's", "Heythrop Park the stucco work was by \"the famous Roberts of Oxford\", though the plasterer Thomas Roberts was born in 1711; \"In the arches over the doorways\", Mrs. Lybbe Powys noted \"fables of Aesop, finely executed in stucco, with wreathes of vine leaves.\" After the fire the house remained derelict until sold to the railway contractor Thomas Brassey in 1870 as a wedding present for his third son Albert Brassey (1840–1918). Brassey commissioned the eminent architect Alfred Waterhouse to rebuild the interior. Waterhouse, a noted Gothic Revival architect, in deference to the history of the house worked in a neo-classical style; his", "James William Wild new style he would have been able to draw on the advice of friends who had, such as Owen Jones (who married Wild's sister Isabella shortly after) and Joseph and Ignatius Bonomi He would also have been able to consult recently published sources such as Jones' study of the Alhambra, a building from which some details at Streatham seem directly copied. Another influence was probably the Basilica of San Zeno, Verona. Wild showed the design for Christ Church at the Royal Academy in 1840, along with another for a church at Paddington (which was never built), in a Lombardic style,", "Owen Jones (architect) this scheme was rejected in favour of his designs for the Chinese & Japanese Court. By the early twentieth century, the Oriental Courts were closed, but 1980s conservation work showed that much of Jones's decoration survives beneath the modern paintwork. Also in the 1860s, Jones designed luxurious interiors for wealthy clients, in collaboration with firms such as Jackson & Graham (for furniture) and Jeffrey & Co. (for wallpapers.) For example, for the art collector Alfred Morrison, Jones designed the interiors for his country house at Fonthill (1863) and his London town house at 16 Carlton House Terrace (1867). He designed", "John Norton (architect) country seat for his family away from London and in 1843 purchased Tyntes Place, an attractive house with relatively simple and plain internal decoration that overlooked the Bristol Channel. The house had been rebuilt to the conservative tastes of a Reverend Seymour and further improved by Nailsea architect Robert Newton after 1836. During the 1850s the celebrated designer John Gregory Crace (1809–89), who had worked closely with Augustus Pugin, was commissioned by Gibbs to make improvements to the London house at 16 Hyde Park Gardens, and also to refurbish Tyntesfield House, as it was now officially referred to. Norton was", "William Morris university, he trained as an architect, married Jane Burden, and developed close friendships with the Pre-Raphaelite artists Edward Burne-Jones and Dante Gabriel Rossetti and with the Neo-Gothic architect Philip Webb. Webb and Morris designed a family home, Red House, then in Kent, where the latter lived from 1859 to 1865, before moving to Bloomsbury, central London. In 1861, Morris founded a decorative arts firm with Burne-Jones, Rossetti, Webb, and others: the Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co. Becoming highly fashionable and much in demand, the firm profoundly influenced interior decoration throughout the Victorian period, with Morris designing tapestries, wallpaper, fabrics, furniture,", "Thomas Allom cost of its construction. In 1865 was commissioned to design a mausoleum for former MP George Dodd in West Norwood Cemetery (George Dodd, who died on 15 December 1864, was one of the Gentlemen of Her Majesty's privy chamber from 1844, and MP for Maidstone from 29 June 1841 to May 1853). Allom died aged 68 in Barnes, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery. Thomas Allom Thomas Allom (13 March 1804 – 21 October 1872) was an English architect, artist, and topographical illustrator. He was a founding member of what became the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA). He", "Richard Cromwell Carpenter Carpenter (born 1841 in St. Pancras, London, died 1893) was also a Gothic revival ecclesiastical architect. Carpenter died from tuberculosis on 27 March 1855, at his home in Upper Bedford Place, Russell Square, aged 42, and was buried in Highgate Cemetery. His obituary in the \"Gentleman's Magazine\" said \"it is in fact to be feared, that his laborious and zealous application to his profession tended to shorten his life.\" He was educated at Charterhouse School and then articled to the architect John Blyth. He soon became enthusiastic about Gothic architecture and was, possibly when aged only nineteen, commissioned to draw", "Charles Barry now part of Manchester Art Gallery. From (1835–37) he rebuilt Royal College of Surgeons of England, in Lincoln's Inn Fields, Westminster, he preserved the Ionic portico from the earlier building (1806–13) designed by George Dance the Younger, the building has been further extended (1887–88) and (1937). In 1837 he won the competition to design the Reform Club, Pall Mall, London, which is one of his finest Italianate public buildings, notable for its double height central saloon with glazed roof. His favourite building in Rome, the Farnese Palace, influenced the design. A major focus of his career was the remodelling of", "John Notman John Notman John Notman (18101865) was a Scottish-born American architect, who settled in Philadelphia. He is remembered for his churches, and for popularizing the Italianate style and the use of brownstone. Notman was born on 22 July 1810 at Fernieside on the south edge of Edinburgh in Scotland. He was the son of David Notman a mason and builder. He was educated at the Watt Institution in Edinburgh. Around 1824 Notman joined his older cousin, William Notman to train as an architect in the office of William Henry Playfair in Edinburgh prior to emigrating to the United States in 1831." ]

[ 8.1484375 ]

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[ "Ferber asserts that nighttime feeding is not natural." ]

[ "Ferber asserts that nighttime feeding is natural.", "Auditors shouldn't use indicators relevant to the current project.", "They told them to keep the train running.", "People are riding their scooters in the street.", "We are not held back as we paid everything.", "The kitchen and bathroom were fine as is.", "A child is outside all bundled up for the snow" ]

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[ "I've never tried deep sea fishing." ]

[ "I deep sea fish every day.", "The Blue Mountains are the second tallest mountains in Jamaica.", "A young father and his son are both walking down the sidewalk together.", "He didn't say anything in these letters, he just drew a parrot.", "A boy is learning to walk.", "Two women sitting next to a wall that has paint on it.", "Slim nodded no." ]

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[ "Чума\nВозбудителем является чумная палочка (Latin: Yersinia pestis), открытая в июне 1894 года французом Александром Йерсеном и японцем Китасато Сибасабуро." ]

[ "Туляремия\nТуляремия (от названия округа Туларе (англ. \"Tulare County\") в Калифорнии +  — кровь) — зооантропонозная инфекция, имеющая природную очаговость. Характеризуется интоксикацией, лихорадкой, поражением лимфатических узлов. Возбудитель заболевания — мелкая бактерия \"Francisella tularensis\". При нагревании до 60 °C погибает через 5—10 минут, при кипячении — немедленно. Носители палочки туляремии — зайцы, кролики, водяные крысы, полёвки. В природных очагах периодически возникают эпизоотии. Инфекция передается человеку или непосредственно при контакте с животными (охота), или через заражённые пищевые продукты и воду, реже аспирационным путём (при обработке зерновых и фуражных продуктов, обмолоте хлеба), кровососущими членистоногими (слепень, клещ, комар и др.).", "Бруцеллёз\nВозбудитель заболевания — группа микроорганизмов рода бруцелл. Патогенными для человека являются три: возбудитель бруцеллёза мелкого рогатого скота (Brucella melitensis), возбудитель бруцеллёза крупного рогатого скота (Brucella abortus), возбудитель бруцеллёза свиней (Brucella suis)", "Чума\nВозбудитель чумы устойчив к низким температурам, хорошо сохраняется в мокроте, но при температуре +55°C погибает в течение 10—15 минут, а при кипячении — практически мгновенно. Ворота инфекции — повреждённая кожа (при укусе блохи, как правило, Xenopsylla cheopis), слизистые оболочки дыхательных путей, пищеварительного тракта, конъюнктивы.", "Носопсиллёз\nВ переносе возбудителей чумы может участвовать и \"Nosopsyllus mokrzeckyi\" (Wagner, 1916).", "Чёрная смерть\nС точки зрения Римско-католической церкви, причины эпидемии были ясны — наказание за человеческие грехи, отсутствие любви к ближним, погоню за мирскими соблазнами при полном забвении духовных вопросов. В 1347 году, с началом эпидемии, церковь, а вслед за ней и народ, были убеждены, что грядёт конец света и сбываются пророчества Христа и апостолов. В войне, голоде и болезни видели всадников Апокалипсиса, причём именно чума должна была исполнить роль всадника, чей «конь блед и имя ему — Смерть». С чумой пытались бороться с помощью молебнов и крестных ходов, так, шведский король, когда опасность подступила к его столице, возглавил крестный ход босиком с непокрытой головой, моля об отвращении бедствия. Церкви были заполнены верующими. Как лучшее лекарство для уже заболевших или для того, чтобы избежать заражения, церковь рекомендовала «страх Божий, ибо Всевышний один может отвратить чумные миазмы». Покровителем чумных больных считался Св. Себастьян, с ним также было связано поверье о прекращении чумы в одном из городов, когда в местной церкви был построен и освящён придел, где установили статую этого святого.[125]", "Чиханье\nЧихание преимущественно возникает при раздражении слизистой оболочки полости носа или носоглотки пылевыми агентами (пух, шерсть, домашняя пыль и др), аллергенами и другими раздражающими веществами, а также при искусственном механическом раздражении.\nСреди аллергенов, чаще всего провоцируют чиханье: пыльца, плесень, чешуйки кожи животных и частички пыли. К веществам, которые наиболее часто являются раздражителями относятся табачный дым и различная парфюмерная продукция. Чиханье также может возникать при инфекционных заболеваниях и заболеваниях верхних дыхательных путей", "Чёрная смерть\nЛёгочная чума является наиболее опасной формой заболевания. Она может возникнуть либо как результат осложнения бубонной чумы, либо при заражении воздушно-капельным путём. Болезнь также развивается бурно. Больной лёгочной чумой представляет исключительную опасность для окружающих, так как с мокротой выделяет большое количество возбудителей[90]. Бубонная форма чумы развивается при проникновении возбудителя в кровь через кожу. На первом же защитном рубеже (в регионарных лимфатических узлах) он захватывается лейкоцитами. Чумные палочки приспособлены к размножению в фагоцитax. В результате лимфатические узлы теряют свою защитную функцию, превращаясь в «фабрику микробов». В самом лимфатическом узле развивается острый воспалительный процесс, в который вовлекаются его капсула и окружающие ткани. В результате, на второй день заболевания, образуется крупное болезненное уплотнение — первичный бубон. Лимфогенно возбудители могут проникать в ближайшие лимфатические узлы, формируя вторичные бубоны первого порядка[95].", "Африканская чума свиней\nПоявление АЧС за пределами Африки примерно в то же время, что и появление СПИДа, привело к некоторому интересу, были ли связаны эти два события, и доклад появился в журнале The Lancet поддерживающий это в 1986 году[97]. Тем не менее, осознание того, что вирус иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) вызывает СПИД, дискредитирует любую потенциальную связь с АЧС.", "Энтомозы\nМногие насекомые являются промежуточными хозяевами различных гельминтов, например возбудителей акантоцефалёзов. Мухи и тараканы способны механически распространять яйца возбудителей гельминтозов человека — аскаридоза и энтеробиоза. Мухи также распространяют возбудителей таких заболеваний, таких как болезнь Боткина, брюшной тиф, дизентерия, дифтерия, полиомиелит, сибирская язва, трахома, туберкулёз, холера.", "Диарея\nПонос обычно вызван вирусной или бактериальной инфекцией и пищевым отравлением. Чаще всего возбудителями поноса являются бактерии \"Escherichia coli\" и сальмонеллы, которые содержатся в загрязнённой пище и воде. Также очень распространённым возбудителем является бактерия Clostridium difficile, рост численности которой в кишечнике часто обусловлен длительным приёмом антибиотиков или инфекцией при нахождении на стационарном лечении. Диарея, вызванная бактериальной инфекцией, чаще всего возникает у туристов, посещающих экзотические страны, поэтому её также иногда называют «диареей путешественников». Диарею также могут вызвать вирусы простого герпеса и гепатита.", "Клиническая картина чумы\nПри первично-септической форме чумы микроб проникает кожным путём, либо через слизистые оболочки, что связано с высокой вирулентностью микроба, его массивной заражающей дозой и невысокой сопротивляемостью организма больного, что позволяет возбудителю проникнуть в кровь пациента без каких-либо заметных внешних изменений, преодолев защитные механизмы организма. Первичным признаком заболевания является высокая отметка температуры пациента, причём повышение фиксируется неожиданно для больного. Сопровождается одышкой, учащённым пульсом, бредом, адинамией, прострацией. Не исключено проявление характерной сыпи на коже больного. При отсутствии лечения в течение двух-четырёх дней наступает летальный исход. В исключительных случаях при негативных условиях замечен летальный исход в течение суток, так называемая «молниеносная форма чумы», причём без каких-либо характерных клинических признаков.", "Третья пандемия\nТак же знаменательным является то, что в последние годы XIX века ученые открыли возбудителя чумы и выявили его переносчиков. Как пишет Милан Даниэль:\nНаконец-то увенчались успехом тысячелетние попытки человечества найти оружие против «черной смерти», в тени которой росла, а подчас лишь еле теплилась человеческая цивилизация", "Чума\nЧума́ (Latin: pestis — «зара́за») — острое природно-очаговое инфекционное заболевание группы карантинных инфекций, протекающее с исключительно тяжёлым общим состоянием, лихорадкой, поражением лимфоузлов, лёгких и других внутренних органов, часто с развитием сепсиса. Заболевание характеризуется высокой летальностью и крайне высокой заразностью.", "Патологическая анатомия внутриутробных инфекций\nВозбудитель краснухи (коревой краснухи) — РНК-вирус из семейства \"Togaviridae\" (род \"Rubivirus\"). Латинское название краснухи — \"rubeola\".", "Великая эпидемия чумы в Лондоне\nВеликая чума (1665—1666) — массовая вспышка бубонной чумы в Англии, во время которой умерло приблизительно 100 000 человек, 20 % населения Лондона. Бубонная чума — это инфекционное заболевание, возбудителем которого является бактерия чумная палочка (), её переносчиком были блохи. Эпидемия 1665—1666 годов была значительно меньше по масштабам, чем более ранняя пандемия «Чёрная смерть» (смертельная вспышка болезни в Европе между 1347 и 1353 годами). Однако только в XVII веке бубонную чуму запомнили, как «великую» чуму, потому что это бедствие стало одним из самых заметных проявлений болезни в Англии в то время.", "Холера\nПик эпидемии в России пришёлся на вторую половину 1830 и первую половину 1831 года. Невежественные люди принимали отряды, занимавшиеся дезинфекцией колодцев хлорной известью, за отравителей и врывались в поисках врагов в казённые больницы — по стране прокатилась волна холерных бунтов.\"В 1905 году на карантинной станции Эль-Тор был выделен новый вид возбудителя, получивший название в честь станции. Седьмая пандемия, в отличие от предыдущих, вызвана вибрионом Эль-Тор. ()\"", "Краснуха\nЭто контагиозное заболевание, вырабатывающее стойкий иммунитет. Возбудитель \"Rubella virus\" относится к семейству \"Togaviridae\", роду \"Rubivirus\"", "Эпидемия\nИногда играют роль несколько механизмов передачи возбудителя инфекции. От того, каким путём он проник в организм человека, будет зависеть течение инфекционной болезни. Например, весьма различны легочная, кишечная и кожно-бубонная форма чумы или сибирской язвы.\nИнфекционные факторы могут быть также факторами риска неинфекционных заболеваний.Причины некоторых эпидемий остались невыясненными, например:", "Эпидермоптоз\nВозбудитель — овальной формы клещ \"Epidermoptes bilobatus\"; длина тела самца до 0,18 мм, самки — 0,27 мм. Самки яйцекладущие. У птиц (куры, индейки, цесарки и др. куриные) паразит вызывает поражение кожи («кожеедная чесотка»). Распространён в странах Европы и Северной Америки. Может сосуществовать с грибковыми инфекциями, например \"Lophophyton spp.\"", "Корь\nВозбудителем кори является РНК-вирус рода морбилливирусов, семейства парамиксовирусов, имеющий сферическую форму и диаметр 120–230 нм. Вирус состоит из нуклеокапсида — минус-нити РНК, трёх белков и внешней оболочки, образованной матричными белками (поверхностными гликопротеинами) двух типов: один из них гемагглютинин, другой — «гантелеобразный» белок.", "Чума\nПервой известной пандемией является так называемая «Юстинианова чума» (551—580), которая началась в Египте и охватила территорию всего цивилизованного мира того времени. Погибло более 100 млн человек[4].", "Антомиаз\nВозбудитель — личинки мух рода \"Anthomyia\" (сем. \"Anthomyiidae\", отр. \"Diptera\").", "Чёрная смерть\nПриродным переносчиком чумы служит блоха Xenopsylla cheopis, в настоящее время паразитирующая на грызунах, а в Средние Века повсеместно распространенная и на людях[34]. Блоха может заражаться чумой как при укусе больного животного, так и при укусе человека, больного септической формой чумы, когда развивается чумная бактериемия. Без современного лечения чума практически всегда заканчивается летальным исходом, а в терминальном периоде болезни любая форма чумы превращается в септическую. Поэтому источником заражения в Средние Века мог быть любой больной человек.", "Бубонная чума\nТрадиционно эпидемии и пандемии чумы называются «эпидемиями бубонной чумы», то есть бубонная чума считается болезнью. Такая ситуация возникла потому, что основным признаком чумы ещё в Средние века стал бубон.", "Цуцугамуши\nВозбудитель — Rickettsia tsutsugamushi (R. orientalis). Возбудитель обладает теми же свойствами, что и другие риккетсии. Антигенная структура R. orientalis позволяет выделить ряд сероваров: Gilliam, Karp, Kato, Fan. Все штаммы различаются по вирулентности и по антигенным свойствам. Есть штаммы, убивающие 80—100% подопытных белых мышей, и штаммы, которые обусловливают у них только легкие клинические проявления. Риккетсии нестойки во внешней среде, моментально погибают при кипячении. Выделенные в нашей стране штаммы R. orientalis относятся к серовару Gilliam.", "Чума (фильм, 1992)\nВ южноамериканском городе начинается эпидемия бубонной чумы. Сначала из всех щелей лезут крысы, потом они погибают, и вскоре всё выходит из-под контроля. В городе паника. Власти решают изолировать город, объявить карантин, чтобы предотвратить массовую эпидемию по стране. Чуму используют и как обоснование для политических интриг. \nИз города безуспешно пытается сбежать французская теле-журналистка (Сандрин Боннер), её оператор (Жан-Марк Барр) и водитель (Рауль Хулия). \nВместе с ещё двумя неравнодушными, писателем (Роберт Дюваль) и доктором (Уильям Хёрт), они решают сложные психологические, нравственные и этические вопросы.", "Чума мелких жвачных\nРасширение нозоареала ЧМЖ было подтверждено диагностикой болезни в 2005 г. на территории республик Казахстан и Таджикистан, где был обнаружен возбудитель ЧМЖ, выделенный из патматериала от павших животных, а также специфические антитела в сыворотках крови, отобранной у больных овец и коз.", "Чумной бунт\nВ Россию эпидемия чумы проникла через Молдавию и Украину с турецкого фронта во время войны c Османской империей. Чума распространилась до Москвы вместе с вернувшимися солдатами, а также через товары и добычу. Поскольку в Москву ввозились различные товары, шедшие из других стран и которые могли бы быть переносчиками чумы, вокруг города установили карантины и заставы.", "Чумка собак\nВ окружающую среду вирус выделяется с истечениями из глаз, носа и рта, с калом, мочой, отмершим эпителием кожи. Основной источник заражения — больные животные, предметы ухода, кормушки, инвентарь, помещения и подстилка, где содержались больные животные, а также механические переносчики — человек, транспортные средства.", "Малярия\nВозбудители малярии — простейшие рода (плазмодии). Для человека патогенны четыре вида этого рода: , , и . В последние годы установлено, что малярию у человека в Юго-Восточной Азии вызывает также пятый вид — \"Plasmodium knowlesi\". Человек заражается ими в момент инокуляции (впрыскивания) самкой малярийного комара одной из стадий жизненного цикла возбудителя (так называемых спорозоитов) в кровь или лимфатическую систему, которое происходит при кровососании.", "Африканская чума свиней\nВозбудитель африканской чумы свиней — ДНК-содержащий вирус семейства Asfarviridae, рода Asfivirus; размер вириона 175—215 нм. Характеризуется выраженной вариабельностью вирулентных свойств, высокоустойчив к факторам среды: сохраняется в диапазоне рН от 2 до 13, длительное время — от недель до месяцев — сохраняется в продуктах свиного происхождения, не подвергнутых термической обработке (солёные и сырокопчёные пищевые изделия, пищевые отходы, идущие на корм свиньям). Установлено несколько сероиммуно- и генотипов вируса африканской чумы свиней. Его обнаруживают в крови, лимфе, во внутренних органах, секретах и экскретах больных животных. Вирус устойчив к высушиванию и гниению, так при температуре 5°C вирус может сохраняться до 7 лет, при температуре от 18°C до 20°C — до 18 месяцев, при температуре 37°C — до 30 дней, а при температуре 60°C инактивируется в течение 10 минут. Вирус может сохраняться в трупах животных от 17 суток до 10 недель. В фекалиях животных вирус может находиться до 160 дней, а в моче до 60 суток. Вирус также может продолжительное время сохраняться и в почве: в зависимости от сезона года от 112 суток (лето-осень) и до 200 суток (осень-зима). Его культивируют в культурах клеток лейкоцитов и костного мозга свиней; он обладает цитопатическим действием и гемадсорбирующими свойствами.", "Чёрная смерть\nВторая пандемия чумы началась, по всей видимости, в одном из природных очагов в пустыне Гоби, неподалёку от нынешней монголо-китайской границы[17][K 1], где сурки-тарбаганы, пищухи и иные представители отрядов грызунов и зайцеобразных вынуждены были покинуть привычные места из-за бескормицы, спровоцированной засухами и повысившейся аридностью климата, и переместиться поближе к человеческому жилью. Среди скучившихся животных началась эпизоотия; ситуация осложнялась также тем, что у монголов мясо сурка (он обитает в горах и степях, но отсутствует в Гоби) считается деликатесом, мех сурка также высоко ценится, и потому на зверьков велась постоянная охота. В подобных условиях заражение становилось неизбежным, и маховик эпидемии был запущен около 1320 года[18].", "Чёрная смерть\nПри попадании возбудителя в кровь (из бубона или при первично-септической форме чумы) уже через несколько часов после начала заболевания появляются кровоизлияния на коже и слизистых оболочках[5].", "Чума\nОднако в любой момент бубонная форма чумы может вызвать генерализацию процесса и перейти во вторично-септическую или вторично-лёгочную форму. В этих случаях состояние больных очень быстро становится крайне тяжёлым. Симптомы интоксикации нарастают по часам. Температура после сильнейшего озноба повышается до высоких фебрильных цифр. Отмечаются все признаки сепсиса: мышечные боли, резкая слабость, головная боль, головокружение, загруженность сознания, вплоть до его потери, иногда возбуждение (больной мечется в кровати), бессонница. С развитием пневмонии нарастает цианоз, появляется кашель с отделением пенистой кровянистой мокроты, содержащей огромное количество палочек чумы. Именно эта мокрота и становится источником заражений от человека к человеку с развитием теперь уже первичной лёгочной чумы.", "Паразитизм\nНа млекопитающих и на человеке (волосы, кожа) и в его организме (кишечник, печень, мозг, лёгкие, кровь, половые органы) паразитируют аскариды, трихинеллы, лентецы, острицы; печёночный сосальщик, цепни, вши, блохи, малярийный плазмодий, чесоточный зудень, клещи, трихомонада, различные бактерии, патогенные грибы, вирусы и др. Болезни, которые вызваны этими паразитами, весьма многочисленны. Таковыми являются: аскаридоз, трихинеллёз, трихомоноз, чесотка, сифилис и др. Хотя паразитарные болезни (группа заболеваний, вызываемых паразитами) являются частью инфекционных, обычно их разделяют и рассматривают инфекционные болезни как заболевания, вызванные одноклеточными организмами (вирусы, бактерии, грибы, простейшие).\nВозбудители паразитарных болезней — многоклеточные животные — различные гельминты и членистоногие. Клиника паразитарных болезней проявляется в широком диапазоне от субклинической до тяжёлой. Некоторые паразитозы не оказывают фактического влияния на жизнь и здоровье человека, другие нередко угрожают жизни (трихинеллёз, эхинококкоз, малярия) и значительно ухудшают здоровье (филяриатозы, шистосомозы). Вши и блохи также являются переносчиками опасных болезней человека и животных (сыпной тиф, чума). Известные пандемии чумы, унёсшие миллионы жизней, оставили глубокий след в истории всего человечества. Кровососущие насекомые (комары, москиты, кровососущие мухи) также переносят инфекцию во время сосания крови. Так например Осенняя жигалка \"Stomoxys calcitrans\" часто нападает и на человека, нанося болезненные укусы и является переносчиком возбудителей сибирской язвы, сепсиса, туляремии, трипаносомозов и других заболеваний энтомозов. По последним оценкам ВОЗ, в год происходит от 124 до 283 миллионов случаев заражения малярией и от 367 до 755 тысяч смертей от заболевания.\nПо данным ВОЗ около 10 % людей на Земле больны амёбиазом. В мире амёбная дизентерия является второй по важности причиной смертности от паразитарных заболеваний.\nВсего на долю паразитарных заболеваний приходится около 14 млн смертей в год, что составляет 25 % от общемирового показателя смертности — каждая четвёртая смерть по данным ВОЗ.", "Плесень (фильм)\nВ фильме постоянно смешиваются научные факты и легенды или домыслы. Из-за тяги к громким заявлениям авторы «Плесени» активно используют недоказанные теории и ничем не подтвержденные обобщения. В качестве примера можно привести утверждение, что все (sic!) войны и революции были вызваны массовым отравлением людей спорыньей. Зритель также узнает, что колокольный звон обладает свойством «биорезонанса» и замедляет рост болезнетворных микроорганизмов. Приглашенный эксперт доктор медицины, иммунолог Перл Лаперла заявляет, что туберкулез, остеопороз, болезни костей и слабоумие являются результатами патологии грибов рода Aspergillus, а все болезни, связанные с застоем крови и раком — с патологиями грибов из рода Mucor. Подобное открытие заслуживало бы Нобелевской премии. Немалую часть времени в фильме занимает костюмированная постановка, живописующая борьбу с эпидемией чумы в Москве во времена Екатерины II. Тот факт, что чуму вызывают не плесневые грибы, а бактерии Yersinia pestis, не упоминается. Также неясно, зачем авторы добавили в фильм о плесени рассказ о проказе, возбудителем которой является бактерия Mycobacterium leprae. У многих зрителей, которые ещё со школы крепко забыли основы микробиологии, в голове образуется абсолютный сумбур.", "Зерновая чесотка\nВозбудители — пузатый клещ \"Pyemotes\" (\"Pediculoides\") \"ventricosus\", клещ Херфси \"Pyemotes herfsi\" и соломенный клещ \"Pyemotes tritici\", и редко \"Pyemotes beckeri\" (род \"Pyemotes\", семейство \"Acaroidea\", отряд \"Acariformes\", класс \"Arachnida\", тип \"Arthropoda\", царство \"Animalia\") — паразиты домашних пчёл и других насекомых; кусая человека вызывают зерновую чесотку.", "Инфекционные заболевания\nИнфекцио́нные заболева́ния — группа заболеваний, вызываемых проникновением в организм патогенных (болезнетворных) микроорганизмов, вирусов и прионов. Для того, чтобы патогенный микроб вызвал инфекционное заболевание, он должен обладать \"вирулентностью\" (ядовитостью;  — яд), то есть способностью преодолевать сопротивляемость организма и проявлять токсическое действие. Одни патогенные агенты вызывают отравление организма выделяемыми ими в процессе жизнедеятельности экзотоксинами (столбняк, дифтерия), другие — освобождают токсины (эндотоксины) при разрушении своих тел (холера, брюшной тиф).", "Nikolo Kotzev’s Nostradamus\nВ 1537 году на Францию обрушивается эпидемия чумы, в которой погибает вся семья Нострадамуса. Такое событие надломило Мишеля и резко подорвало его авторитет как врача. Придворный Инквизитор обвинил Нострадамуса в ереси и заставил его переехать в Тулузу. Пророк стал скитальцем, но продолжал помогать людям в борьбе с чумой (\"Plague\"). Вскоре, однако, он предстал перед судом. Инквизитор приговорил Нострадамуса к сожжению на костре, но пророка спасло заступничество королевы Екатерины, глубоко уважавшей учёного (\"Inquisition\").", "Ящур\nВозбудителем ящура является РНК-содержащий вирус из семейства пикорнавирусов, его размеры составляют от 27 до 30 нм. Характеризуется высокой степенью контагиозности (болезнетворности) и дерматотропностью (сродством по отношению к коже). По антигенной структуре подразделяется на 7 серотипов, в каждом из которых различают несколько антигенных вариантов. На территории СНГ обычно встречаются вирусы типов О и А. Возбудитель ящура устойчив к высушиванию и замораживанию, но быстро погибает при нагревании до 60 °C, действии ультрафиолетовых лучей и обычных дезинфицирующих веществ. Вирусы культивируют на тканевых культурах.", "Бронхиальная астма\nТриггерами, то есть факторами, вызывающими приступы удушья и обострения заболевания, являются аллергены для экзогенной бронхиальной астмы и НПВП для аспириновой бронхиальной астмы, а также холод, резкие запахи, физическое напряжение, химические агенты.\nАллергены. Большинство аллергенов содержатся в воздухе. Это пыльца растений, микроскопические грибы, домашняя и библиотечная пыль, слущивающийся эпидермис, клещей домашней пыли, шерсть собак, кошек и других домашних животных. Степень реакции на аллерген не зависит от его концентрации. В некоторых исследованиях показано, что взаимодействие с аллергенами клеща, домашней пыли, перхоти кошек и собак и грибка рода \"Aspergillus\" вызывает сенсибилизацию к этим аллергенам у детей до 3 лет. Связь между контактом с аллергеном и сенсибилизацией зависит от вида аллергена, дозы, длительности контакта, возраста ребёнка, а возможно, и от генетической предрасположенности.", "Декоративные крысы\nВсе наземные млекопитающие могут представлять ту или иную опасность для здоровья человека, и крысы не являются исключением. В условиях дикой природы, в местах природных очагов чумы (Казахстан, Китай, Монголия, Северо-Западный Прикаспий, Волго-Уральское междуречье, Забайкалье, а также некоторые другие южные территории России) пасюк может переносить возбудителей этого заболевания. Последний случай регистрации больного чумой на территории России датирован 1979 годом. Случаев заражения декоративных крыс чумой в русскоязычной научной литературе не описано.", "Чума крупного рогатого скота\nВозбудителем чумы КРС является РНК-содержащий вирус со спиральным типом симметрии рода семейства парамиксовирусов, близкий к возбудителям кори и собачьей чумки. Он мало устойчив во внешней среде и к воздействию различных физико-химических факторов. Быстро разрушается при нагревании, и на солнечном свету. При температуре 60°C он становится неактивным в течение 15 — 20 мин, при кипячении моментально. При температуре 4°C активен несколько недель, при температуре 20°C — 8 — 6 месяцев. Ультрафиолетовые лучи инактивируют его в течение 1 — 5 ч; средства дезинфекции, щёлочи, кислоты в 1 — 2 %-ных растворах — в течение нескольких минут. В моче, кале, навозе, почве вирус инактивируется через 30 ч, в трупах через 20 — 30 ч. В свежем мясе через 4 — 6 ч, в солёном до 28 суток. Низкие температуры оказывают на вирус консервирующее действие (при -20 °С он сохраняется более 5 лет).", "Clostridium botulinum\nClostridium botulinum (ботулина) — анаэробная грамположительная бактерия рода клостридий, возбудитель ботулизма — тяжёлой пищевой интоксикации, вызываемой ботулиническим токсином и характеризуемой поражением нервной системы.", "Холерный токсин\nХолерный токсин — мультисубъединичный белковый токсин, вырабатываемый холерным вибрионом. Вибрион (вирулентный штамм \"Vibrio cholerae\"[1] [2] секретирует ХТ после попадания бактерии в организм человека. Действие ХТ является причиной интенсивного обезвоживания после начала активной фазы холерной инфекции. При проникновении в клетки заражённого организма одна из субъединиц этого токсина катализирует АДФ-рибозилирование Gsα-компонента аденилатциклазы, что ведёт к её гиперактивации. Повышенная активность адениталциклазы приводит к нарушению транспорта ионов через мембрану клеток кишечника: снижается поступление ионов натрия (а с ними и воды) и увеличивается отток анионов (а с ними и воды). В результате происходит быстрая потеря воды клетками кишечника, которая в некоторых случаях доходит до двух литров в час.", "Чумной бунт\nЭпидемия чумы 1770—1772 годов — последняя крупная вспышка этой болезни в Европе, пришедшая в Москву из Северного Причерноморья во время русско-турецкой войны, вызвала в городе социальное недовольство и политический кризис. Непосредственным поводом к восстанию стал запрет, наложенный московским архиепископом Амвросием на проведение молебнов у Боголюбской иконы Божией Матери, располагавшейся у Варварских ворот Китай-города. Амвросий стремился предотвратить массовое скопление народа, способствовавшее распространению чумы. В результате запрета толпа разграбила Чудов и Донской монастыри, убила архиепископа, после чего стала громить карантинные заставы и дома знати.", "Миксоматоз\nВозбудитель болезни — ДНК-содержащий вирус. Вирус чувствителен к эфиру, формалину и щелочам. Прогревание при температуре 55 °C в течение 25 минут инактивирует вирус. При температуре 8-10 °C вирус сохраняется 3 месяца, в трупе кролика — 7 дней, в высушенных шкурках при температуре 15-20 °C — в течение 10 месяцев.", "Пуликоз\nВозбудитель — человеческая блоха () — временный кровососущий паразит человека.", "Тарасов, Пётр Прокопьевич\nЕщё в конце 1930-х годов врач-микробиолог, профессор А. Л. Берлин (1903—1939) обнаружил в Монголии с помощью хищных птиц чумные эпизоотии и назвал пернатых хищников «индикаторами чумы». Начиная с 1944 года П. П. Тарасов и работники противочумных учреждений широко используют хищных птиц для получения информации об эпизоотиях этой особо опасной инфекции. Отбирая у птенцов степного орла пищу, принесённую родителями, П. П. Тарасов в течение двух сезонов выделял в Забайкалье культуры чумы, тогда как поиски возбудителя обычными способами исследования огромного числа грызунов оказывались безрезультатными.", "Грызуны\nГрызуны, живущие в тесном соседстве с человеком, будь то домашние любимцы или дикие особи, являются переносчиками заболеваний. Так, например грызуны являются традиционными источниками инфекции листерии.\nКроме того белки́ мочи или сыворотки крови грызунов могут вызывать аллергию.\nБурундуки являются природными носителями не менее 8 возбудителей опасных заболеваний, таких как клещевой энцефалит, риккетсиоз, токсоплазмоз и др.\nСурки являются естественными переносчиками бубонной чумы.", "Похолодание 535—536 годов\nСвязь между резким похолоданием и мутацией чумного возбудителя, приведшей к пандемии бубонной чумы, известной как чума Юстиниана, не доказана, однако, для современников событий неожиданное похолодание, чума, разрушительные землетрясения на востоке Средиземноморья и войны Юстиниана составили одну сплошную вереницу бедствий.", "Вспышка чумы в станице Ветлянской\nРоссийскому обществу пришлось пересмотреть прежнее отношение к чуме как к побежденной болезни, лишь по случайности проникающей на территорию России из мусульманских стран. Хотя и без понимания истинной причины распространения болезни — через укусы зараженных блох, все же пришлось признать существование незавозных очагов чумы в России: ", "Клиническая картина чумы\nЗаболевание отличает высокая степень поражения центральной нервной системы больного вследствие сильной интоксикации, результатом чего является бессонница, либо возбуждение. В ряде случаев присутствует бред (иногда эротический), и потеря координации движений. Характерны беспокойство, суетливость, повышенная подвижность больного. В ряде случаев фиксируется нарушение пищеварения, затруднения мочеиспускания и болезненность живота при непосредственном контакте. Как правило, в крови у пациента будет зафиксирован полинуклеарный лейкоцитоз от двадцати до пятидесяти тысяч со сдвигом формулы крови влево при незначительном изменении со стороны крови, нормальном количестве эритроцитов и гемоглобина, ускоренной СОЭ. Гибель пациента вызывает сильный сепсис и выраженная токсинемия.", "Мыт (болезнь)\nИсточник возбудителя инфекции — больные или переболевшие лошади, факторы передачи — корма, вода, отходы, кормушки и стены помещений, загрязнённые гноем и носовым секретом больных лошадей. Эпизоотии мыта преимущественно наблюдают поздней осенью, зимой и ранней весной.", "Чумная палочка\nПатогенность \"Yersinia pestis\" заключается в двух антифагоцитарных антигенах, называемых F1 и VW, оба существенны для вирулентности. Эти антигены производятся бактерией при температуре 37 °C. Кроме этого, \"Y. pestis\" выживает и производит F1 и VW антигены внутри кровяных клеток, таких, например, как моноциты, исключением являются полиморфно-ядерные нейтрофильные гранулоциты.", "Птичий грипп\nВозбудитель гриппа птиц — РНК-содержащий вирус \"Influenza virus A\", относящийся к семейству \"Orthomyxoviridae\", по комплемент-связывающему антигену (РНП) родственен вирусу гриппа A человека и животных. Для вириона характерны полиморфность, преобладающая сферическая форма, размер 60—180 нм. Вирион имеет липопротеидную оболочку с радиально расположенными на ней шипиками, которая заключает в себе свёрнутое кольцо РНП. Геном вириона состоит из 6 или более типов РНК. Вирус обладает инфекционной, гемагглютинирующей и нейраминидазной активностью. Хорошо размножается в развивающихся 10—11-суточных эмбрионах кур. Вирусодержащая аллантоисная жидкость обладает способностью агглютинировать эритроциты многих видов животных. При культивировании вируса в культуре тканей многие штаммы обладают цитопатическим действием и гемадсорбирующими свойствами. Штаммы вируса гриппа птиц, выделенные от различных видов птиц, могут отличаться по вирулентности, спектру патогенности и структуре поверхностных антигенов (гемагглютинина и нейраминидазы). Вирус быстро инактивируется под действием 3%-ного раствора едкого натра и фенола, 0,1%-ного раствора формальдегида. Длительно сохраняется при низких температурах и высушивании.", "Чума\nМедицинские источники, из которых следует то, что их авторы видели, по крайней мере, бубоны, относятся ещё к Древнему миру. Так, Руфус из Эфеса, живший во времена императора Траяна, ссылаясь на более древних врачей (имена которых до наc не дошли), описал несколько случаев заболевания определённо бубонной чумой в Ливии, Сирии и Египте[2][4].", "Отряд 100\nВ экспериментах Отряда 100 использовались чумная палочка (для распространения чумы), возбудитель сапа Burkholderia mallei (японец Кувабара свидетельствовал, что лошадей специально заражал Отряд 100) и возбудитель сибирской язвы Bacillus anthracis.", "Чёрная смерть\nИз бубона, утратившего способность задерживать инфекцию, возбудители поступают в кровь — развивается транзиторная бактериемия, которая, кроме всего прочего, делает возможным инфицирование укусивших больного блох и образование эпидемических цепочек типа «человек — блоха — человек». Разрушающиеся в крови чумные палочки выделяют токсины, которые вызывают тяжёлую интоксикацию, вплоть до инфекционно-токсического шока. На фоне транзиторной бактериемии возможен занос возбудителя в отдалённые лимфатические узлы с формированием вторичных бубонов второго порядка. Нарушение факторов свёртывания крови за счёт выделяемых бактериями веществ способствует развитию кровотечений, образованию гематом, имеющих тёмно-багровый цвет[96].", "Энцефалит\nВозбудитель эпидемического энцефалита не выделен. Предполагают, что это вирус, который содержится в слюне и слизи носоглотки; нестоек и быстро погибает во внешней среде. Входными воротами инфекции является слизистая оболочка верхних дыхательных путей. Предполагают, что вирус проникает в центральную нервную систему, особенно в серое вещество вокруг сильвиева водопровода и третьего желудочка. В нервных клетках проходит накопление возбудителя, после чего наступает повторная вирусемия, совпадающая с началом клинических проявлений.", "Отомикоз\nОтомикоз — это инфекционное заболевание наружного уха, вызванное грибками. При этом заболевании поражается именно наружная часть уха, среднее и внутреннее ухо обычно не затрагиваются. Отомикоз может быть вызван самыми разнообразными грибками. Чаще всего возбудителями заболевания становятся аспергиллы или кандиды. Актиномицеты, фикомицеты и другие виды грибков тоже могут вызывать отомикоз, но это происходит гораздо реже. Большинство перечисленных грибков живет рядом с нами. Более того, почти каждый день мы вступаем с ними в контакт, даже не замечая этого. Заболевают чаще всего люди со слабым иммунитетом и больные сахарным диабетом.", "Чума крупного рогатого скота\nСчитается, чума крупного рогатого скота возникла в Азии. Возбудитель — вирус, наиболее близкий к возбудителям кори и собачьей чумки. ", "Туберкулёз\nВ 1882 году в Германии Роберт Кох после 17 лет работы в лаборатории открыл возбудителя туберкулёза, которого назвали бациллой Коха (\"БК\"). Он обнаружил возбудителя при микроскопическом исследовании мокроты больного туберкулёзом после окраски препарата везувином и метиленовым синим. Впоследствии он выделил чистую культуру возбудителя и вызвал ею туберкулёз у подопытных животных. В настоящее время фтизиатры пользуются термином \"МБТ\" (микобактерия туберкулёза).", "Чёрная смерть\nДункан и Скотт предлагали на роль инфекционного агента некий вирус, родственный геморрагической лихорадке Эбола, симптоматика которой действительно в чём-то сходна с лёгочной чумой, причём, доводя свою теорию до логического завершения, Дункан и Скотт предположили, что все пандемии так называемой «чумы», начиная с 549 года н. э., были вызваны именно им[167].", "Чума\nПри подозрении на чуму об этом немедленно извещают санитарно-эпидемиологическую станцию района. Заполняет извещение врач, заподозривший инфекцию, а его пересылку обеспечивает главный врач учреждения, где обнаружен такой больной.", "Великая эпидемия чумы в Лондоне\nВеликая эпидемия 1665 года стала последней крупной вспышкой бубонной чумы в Великобритании. До этого вспышки наблюдались в 1603 году, когда от болезни умерло 30 тысяч лондонцев, в 1625, когда произошло 35 тысяч смертей, и в 1636 году, когда от чумы умерло около 10 тысяч человек. В период Великой эпидемии мало кто понимал истинную причину заболевания. В качестве вариантов предлагались: пары от земли, необычная погода, болезни у скота, увеличение числа мух, моли, лягушек и мышей. Причина не была известна до 1894 года, когда исследование Александра Йерсена показало, что болезнь возбуждала чумная палочка, переносимая крысиной блохой.", "Чума\nВ природных очагах источниками и резервуарами возбудителя инфекции являются грызуны — сурки, суслики и песчанки, мышевидные грызуны, крысы (серая и чёрная), реже домашние, а также зайцеобразные, кошки и верблюды[3]. Переносчики возбудителя инфекции — блохи 55 различных видов[4].", "Чума мелких жвачных\nВозбудитель болезни — РНК-содержащий вирус семейства Paramyxoviridae, рода Morbillivirus. Вирус ЧМЖ имеет близкое антигенное родство с вирусом ЧКРС. К ЧМЖ восприимчивы домашние, а также дикие козы и овцы, сайгаки, газели и некоторые другие животные. КРС не болеет этой болезнью, но при наличии в организме её возбудителя реагирует образованием специфических антител. В то же время мелкие жвачные восприимчивы к родственному вирусу ЧКРС. Овцы и козы, переболевшие ЧКРС или вакцинированные против этой болезни, устойчивы к заражению ЧМЖ. В связи с этим, ранее считали, что ЧМЖ и ЧКРС вызывает один возбудитель — вирус ЧКРС . В настоящее время на основе молекулярно-генетических исследований и детального изучения иммунобиологических и антигенных свойств возбудителей ЧМЖ и ЧКРС, они отнесены к отдельным видам: Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus и Rinderpest virus соответственно, и рассматриваются, как самостоятельные нозоединицы.", "Вспышка чумы в станице Ветлянской\nЧума — не заносная болезнь, а наш родной продукт, назревший, самостоятельно выработавшийся в рабочем населении Астраханской губернии благодаря бедственному положению рабочего люда и невыразимой небрежности в ведении основного промысла астраханского Поволжья — рыбного. В течение десятков лет не очищались, не дезинфицировались рыбные помещения, лари для соленой рыбы, в течение десятков лет в них накоплялся заразительный яд, который в конце концов переродился в чумный и разлился по всей Астраханской губернии. Как ни оскорбителен для русского самолюбия этот факт, но его необходимо сознать.", "Эпидемия чумы на Дальнем Востоке (1910—1911)\nМаньчжурия и Монголия — район, эндемичный по чуме. В предшествующие эпидемии 1910—1911 годов десятилетия отдельные вспышки чумы фиксировались в Маньчжурии, Восточной Монголии и Забайкалье. Большую роль в распространении инфекции сыграл популярный в регионе промысел тарбагана — на мясо и шкурку. Шкурка тарбагана, особенно выкрашенная в чёрный цвет, имела большой спрос у скорняков Европы и Китая. В первом десятилетии XX века спрос на шкурку тарбагана резко возрос, что стимулировало распространение его промысла местными охотниками. Первые случаи заражения произошли в начале осени 1910 года среди охотников, занимавшихся ловлей тарбаганов и питавшихся их мясом.", "Чёрная смерть\nВ циркуляцию возбудителей чумы могла включаться и человеческая блоха Pulex irritans, которая не переходит на крыс и других грызунов, но также способна передавать чуму от человека к человеку[34].", "Финлей, Карлос Хуан\nЕщё в 1881 году он первым предположил, что носителем и переносчиком жёлтой лихорадки является определённый москит. В следующем году обнаружил вид комара — переносчика болезни. Мнение Финлея о роли комаров в переносе жёлтой лихорадки натолкнулось на непонимание. От него потребовали конкретных экспериментальных доказательств, а он их представить не мог. И хотя он и решился на эксперимент, в котором кровь здоровых людей, прибывших из Европы, сосали только что заражённые комары — но получил отрицательный результат. Впоследствии было выяснено, что комар становится инфекционным не сразу же, а лишь через определённое время и что отрицательный результат, который он сам не в состоянии был объяснить, вообще не опровергал его точки зрения.", "Юстинианова чума\nВ 2013 году исследователи пришли к выводу, что возбудителем эпидемии была та же чумная палочка, что и у бубонной чумы.", "Китасато Сибасабуро\n— японский и . Известен как один из первооткрывателей возбудителя чумы.", "Чума\nВспышка чумы началась к 1771 году в России, проникнув из Османской империи. Летом 1771 года в Москве умирало ежедневно до тысячи человек, бегство знати и высших чиновников породило в городе панику и беспорядки.", "Сыпной тиф\nТот факт, что эпидемии сыпного тифа чаще возникают в холодное время года и в периоды военных действий, когда возрастает «завшивленность» и отмечается скученное проживание больших групп людей в неприспособленных для жилья условиях, позволил предположить, что именно вши являются переносчиками заболевания. В 1909 г. Шарль Николь доказал, что переносчиком возбудителя сыпного тифа от человека к человеку является платяная вошь \"Pediculus humanus corporis\", за что был удостоен Нобелевской премии по физиологии и медицине в 1928 г. Головная вошь тоже может передавать сыпной тиф, лобковая вошь — чрезвычайно редко. Роль животных в качестве резервуара инфекции не установлена. Между эпидемиями инфекция поддерживается в дремлющем состоянии среди людей — хронических носителей патогенных риккетсий. Эпизодические случаи инфекции, называемой болезнью Брилла (рецидивная форма сыпного тифа), иногда встречаются в восточных районах США.", "Паратуберкулёз\nПаратуберкулёз (паратуберкулёзный энтерит, болезнь Ионе) — хроническая инфекция, поражающая жвачных и некоторых нежвачных животных. Возбудителем заболевания является \"Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis\"; болезнь протекает преимущественно без выраженных клинических проявлений. В случаи возникновения клиники наблюдаются отёки в подчелюстном пространстве и в области подгрудка, прогрессирующее истощение, периодическая диарея; без лечения, как правило через 2—4 месяца животное погибает. Основной источник заболевания — инфицированные животные, выделяющие возбудитель во внешнюю среду с калом. Заражение происходит алиментарным путём. Диагноз устанавливается на основании эпиэоотологических и клинических данных, аллергической пробы, результатов лабораторных исследований (бактериологических и РСК). Животных с симптомами болезни и положительными показаниями РСК и аллергической пробы забивают. При патологических изменениях (отёки) в кишечнике, гортани и др. голову, изменённые органы и кишечник направляют на техническую утилизацию, тушу и другие продукты допускается использовать без ограничений. При истощении и наличии указанных поражений тушу и внутренние органы направляют на техническую утилизацию.", "Фурункул\nФуру́нкул (), чирей — острое гнойно-некротическое воспаление волосяного фолликула, сальной железы и окружающей соединительной ткани, вызываемое гноеродными бактериями, главным образом золотистым стафилококком.", "Дермацентороз\n\"Dermacentor marginatus\" (пастбищный клещ) — переносчик возбудителей клещевого североазиатского риккетсиоза, омской геморрагической лихорадки, клещевого энцефалита; носитель возбудителей чумы, туляремии, Ку-лихорадки, бруцеллёза; распространён в РФ на юге европейской части, Западной Сибири, в Средней Азии и Казахстане.", "Сепсис\nВозбудители сепсиса: чаще стрептококки и стафилококки, реже — пневмококки, кишечная палочка и др. Обычно сепсис — осложнение раневого или воспалительного процесса. В его развитии у человека важную роль играет снижение защитных сил организма вследствие тяжёлого заболевания, операции, большой кровопотери, недостаточного питания. Источником общей инфекции могут быть нагноение в ране или осложнённое течение местных гнойных заболеваний (фурункул, карбункул, флегмона) — хирургический сепсис; осложнения после родов или аборта, когда «входными воротами» инфекции является слизистая оболочка матки, — акушерско-гинекологический сепсис; гнойные процессы или повреждения органов мочеполовой системы, застой и инфицирование мочи — уросепсис; острые или хронические гнойные заболевания органов полости рта — ротовой сепсис и т. д. Кишечная палочка, в норме населяющая кишечник, может вызвать сепсис при перфорации ЖКТ.", "Чума\nВ ряде исследований (как исторических, так и современных, например[1]), болезнь называется бубонной чумой, поскольку основным признаком чумы ещё в Средние века стал бубон[2].", "Птичий грипп\nВ 1901 была установлена вирусная природа возбудителя, но только в 1955 было доказано, что вирус, вызывающий «птичью чуму», является вирусом гриппа.", "Чумная палочка\nИзвестны три биовара бактерии; полагают, что каждый соответствует одной из исторических пандемий чумы. Биовар \"antiqua\" считают ответственным за Юстинианову чуму. Неизвестно, был ли этот биовар причиной более ранних, меньших эпидемий, или же эти случаи вообще не были эпидемиями чумы. Биовар \"medievalis\" полагают связанным с «Чёрной смертью». Биовар \"orientalis\" связывают с Третьей пандемией и большинством современных вспышек чумы.", "Третья пандемия\nЧума на протяжении всей истории вызывала немало эпидемий и пандемий, среди которых выделяются Юстинианова чума и Чёрная смерть. Чума конца XIX — начала XX веков считается третьей особо крупной пандемией. Впрочем, некоторые авторы не без оснований указывают на условность выделения третьей пандемии, указывая последовательность пиков активности чумы: первый пик — 1346—1382 годы (Чёрная смерть), второй — 1545—1683 годы, третий — 1710—1830 годы, между которыми менялось по несколько поколений людей. Сопоставление масштабов третьей пандемии с предыдущими пиками активности чумы показывает, что правильнее считать её не самостоятельным явлением, а пятым, самым низким пиком второй пандемии.", "Чесотка\nЧесо́тка (Latin: scabies) — заразное кожное заболевание, акариаз из группы акародерматитов, вызываемое микроскопическим паразитом — чесоточным клещом или чесоточным зуднем (Latin: Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis). Название возбудителя происходит от Ancient Greek: σάρξ (мясо, мякоть), (грызть, терзать, резать) и Latin: scabere (расчесывать). Характерными признаками заболевания являются зуд и папуловезикулезная сыпь, часто с присоединением вторичных гнойничковых элементов вследствие инфицирования при расчесывании. Само слово «чесотка» является однокоренным с глаголом «чесаться»[1]. Высокая степень заразности чесотки у человека объясняется коротким промежутком времени внедрения чесоточного клеща в кожу человека. Этот промежуток составляет всего 15-20 минут.", "Мыт (болезнь)\nВозбудителем является мытный стрептококк (\"Streptococcus equi\"). Инкубационный период длится от 3 до 14 дней, возбудитель распространяется по крови и лимфе животного.", "Чумная палочка\nЧумна́я па́лочка () — вид грамотрицательных бактерий из семейства энтеробактерий.\nИнфекционный агент бубонной чумы, также может вызывать чумную пневмонию и септическую чуму. Все три формы ответственны за высокий уровень смертности в эпидемиях, имевших место в истории человечества, например таких как «Юстинианова чума» (100 миллионов жертв) и «Чёрная смерть», на которой — смерть трети населения Европы за промежуток с 1347 по 1353 годы.", "Туляремия\nВ 1910 году сотрудники Калифорнийской противочумной станции (США) Маккой и Чепин обратили внимание на чумоподобные бубоны у местных сусликов, обитающих вблизи озера Туляре. Попытки выделить от этих животных чумной микроб не увенчались успехом, но после кропотливой работы в 1912 году удалось обнаружить микроорганизм, названный \"Bacterium tularensis\". В 1925 году Х. О'Хара в Японии выделил ту же бактерию, а позднее Е. Френсис установил их идентичность и сообщил, что инфекционная болезнь, получившая название туляремии, передается человеку от грызунов и насекомыми. Имя этого исследователя увековечено в родовом названии микроба (Francisella) и одном из синонимов туляремии (болезнь Френсиса). Другие синонимы — чумоподобная болезнь, малая чума, кроличья лихорадка, мышиная болезнь, лихорадка от оленьей мухи, эпидемический лимфаденит — либо подчеркивают сходство туляремии с чумой, либо акцентируют внимание на источниках и переносчиках возбудителя инфекции, либо отражают основной клинический признак туляремии — лимфаденит.", "Бруцеллёз\nВозбудители бруцеллёза — неподвижные грамотрицательные бактерии, способные паразитировать внутриклеточно. Известно 6 типов возбудителей бруцеллёза и 17 биоваров. Источником опасных для человека бруцелл являются главным образом 4 типа: козы, овцы (Br.melitensis), коровы (Br.abortus bovis), свиньи (Br.abortus suis) и собаки (Br.canis), выделяющие возбудителя с молоком, мочой, околоплодными водами, более того, переносчиком бруцеллёза является Жигалка осенняя (Stomaxys calcitrans). Заражение человека происходит при непосредственном контакте с животными-носителями или при употреблении в пищу заражённых продуктов, — сырого молока, сыра, изготовленного из непастеризованного молока.", "Чумная палочка\n\"Y. pestis\" была открыта в 1894 году швейцарско-французским медиком и бактериологом Пастеровского института Александром Йерсеном во время эпидемии чумы в Гонконге. Йерсен был сторонником школы Пастера. Прошедший подготовку в Германии японский бактериолог Китасато Сибасабуро, практиковавший метод Коха, также в это время был привлечён к поискам агента, являющегося возбудителем чумы. Однако именно Йерсен фактически связал чуму с \"Y. pestis\". Долгое время возбудителя чумы относили к роду \"Bacterium\", позже — к роду \"Pasteurella\". В 1967 году род бактерий, к которому относился возбудитель чумы, был переименован в честь Александра Йерсена.", "Стрептобациллёз\nВозбудитель заболевания — — представляет собой аэробную грамотрицательную неподвижную бактерию, неустойчивую в окружающей среде.", "Вспышка чумы в станице Ветлянской\nВозбудитель чумы — чумная палочка Yersinia pestis — была открыта в 1894 году; а единственное эффективное лечение — антибактериальная терапия с применением стрептомицина — впервые применено в 1947 году. ", "Чума\nДомарадский И. В. — М., 1998. Li Y, Cui Y, Hauck Y, Platonov ME, Dai E, Song Y, Guo Z, Pourcel C, Dentovskaya SV, Anisimov AP, Yang R, Vergnaud G. Genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of Yersinia pestis by MLVA: insights into the worldwide expansion of Central Asia plague foci. PLoS One. 2009 Jun 22;4(6): e6000. Anisimov AP, Amoako KK. Treatment of plague: promising alternatives to antibiotics. J Med Microbiol. 2006 Nov;55(Pt 11):1461-75. Review. Жуков-Вережников Н. Н. Диагноз чумы и холеры. — М., 1944. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Найтхард Бульст. // Одиссей. Человек в истории. 2000. М., 2000, с. 152—185 Платонов М. Е., Евсеева В. В., Дентовская С. В., Анисимов А. П. // Молекулярная генетика. 2013; (2): 3-12. Анисимов А. П. Факторы Yersinia pestis, обеспечивающие циркуляцию и сохранение возбудителя чумы в экосистемах природных очагов // Молекулярная генетика. 2002. № 3. — С. 3-23 и № 4. — С. 3-11 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) (в пер.) (в пер.) Сергей Нехамкин Последняя чума. Аргументы недели.№ 34 (475) 19 сентября 2015 A. M. Barnes, T. J. Quan, J. D. Poland: Plague in the United States. In: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1985, S. 9–14. Ole Jørgen Benedictow: Svarte Dauen og senere Pestepidemier i Norge. Oslo 2002, ISBN 82-7477-108-7. Klaus Bergdolt: Der Schwarze Tod in Europa. Beck, München 1994, ISBN 3-406-38064-6 (4. Auflage ebenda 2017, ISBN 978-3-406-62885-6). Klaus Bergdolt: Die Pest 1348 in Italien. Fünfzig zeitgenössische Quellen. Heidelberg 1989. Klaus Bergdolt: Pest. In: Werner E. Gerabek, Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil, Wolfgang Wegner (Hrsg.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4, S. 1122–1127. Friedrich Hoffmann: Gründliche Untersuchung Von der Pest, Uhrsprung und Wesen: Nebst angehängten Bedencken, Wie man sich vor selbiger præserviren, und sie sicher curiren könne?. Rüdiger, Berlin 1710 (). J.D. Marshall, R.J.T. Joy, N. V. Ai et al.: Plague in Vietnam 1965–1966. In: American Journal of Epidemiology 86 (1967), S. 603–616. Claudia Eberhard Metzger, Renate Ries: Verkannt und heimtückisch – Die ungebrochene Macht der Seuchen. Birkhäuser, Basel 1996, ISBN 3-7643-5399-6. William Hardy McNeill: Plagues and Peoples. Penguin 1979. Franz Schnyder: Pest und Pestverordnungen im alten Luzern, Stans 1932 (Diss. Basel) Manfred Vasold: Die Pest. Theiss, Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1779-3. Karl Georg Zinn: Kanonen und Pest. Westdeutscher Verlag, Opladen 1989, ISBN 3-531-12107-3. Klaus Schwarz: Die Pest in Bremen. Epidemien und freier Handel in einer Deutschen Hansestadt 1350-1710. Staatsarchiv, Bremen 1996, ISBN 3-925729-19-4. Volker Zimmermann: Krankheit und Gesellschaft: Die Pest. In: Sudhoffs Archiv, Band 72, 1988, S. 1–13.", "Чума\nБлохи являются специфическим переносчиком возбудителя чумы. Это связано с особенностями устройства пищеварительной системы блох: перед самым желудком пищевод блохи образует утолщение — зоб. При укусе заражённого животного (крысы) бактерия чумы оседает в зобу блохи и начинает интенсивно размножаться, полностью закупоривая его (так называемый «чумной блок»). Кровь не может попасть в желудок, поэтому блоха отрыгивает кровь вместе с возбудителем обратно в ранку. А так как такую блоху постоянно мучает чувство голода, она переходит с хозяина на хозяина в надежде получить свою порцию крови и успевает заразить большое количество людей, прежде чем погибнет (такие блохи живут не более десяти дней, но опыты на грызунах показали, что одна блоха может заразить до 11 хозяев).", "Клиническая картина чумы\nЛёгочная форма чумы является первичной пневмонией и развивается при заражении человека воздушно-капельным путём его органов дыхания.\nДругой способ заражения — непосредственное нанесение инфекции загрязненными руками или предметами (например, курительная трубка) на слизистые оболочки. Клинические данные указывают также на возможность заражения через конъюнктиву глаз. Для лёгочной формы характерно развитие в лёгких очагов воспаления в качестве первичных симптомов заболевания чумой. Существует две стадии лёгочной чумы. Для первой стадии характерно преобладание общих чумных симптомов, во второй стадии лёгочной формы присутствуют резкие изменения лёгких больного. В данной форме болезни присутствует период лихорадочного возбуждения, период разгара болезни и терминальный период с прогрессирующей одышкой и комой. Наиболее опасен период, для которого характерно выделение во внешнюю среду микробов — второй период заболевания, имеющий критическое эпидемическое значение.\nВ первые сутки болезни у пациента лёгочной формой чумы фиксируют озноб, головные боли, боли в пояснице, конечностях, слабость, часто тошноту и рвоту, покраснение и одутловатость лица, повышение температуры до отметок в +39 — +41 градус, боли и чувство сжатия в груди, затрудненность дыхания, беспокойность, учащённый и зачастую аритмичный пульс. Затем, как правило, присутствуют учащённое дыхание и одышка. В агональном периоде замечены поверхностное дыхание и резко выраженная адинамия. Фиксируется слабый кашель, мокрота содержит прожилки крови и значительное количество чумных микробов.\nПри этом, изредка, мокрота отсутствует либо имеет нетипичный характер. Для клиники чумной пневмонии характерна выраженная скудность объективных данных у больных, не сопоставимая с объективно тяжёлым состоянием пациентов, изменения лёгких практически отсутствуют, либо незначительны на всех стадиях заболевания. Хрипы практически не прослушиваются, бронхиальное дыхание слышно лишь на ограниченных участках. Больные первичной лёгочной формой чумы без необходимого лечения погибают в течение двух-трёх дней, при этом характерна почти абсолютная (98-100 %) летальность и стремительное течение заболевания.", "Афинская чума\nДругой способ идентификации возбудителя предоставили современные молекулярно-генетические методы. Проведя анализ зубов из захоронений жертв афинской чумы, греческие ученые получили отрицательный результат на наличие ДНК возбудителя чумы (\"Yersinia pestis\") и сыпного тифа (\"Rickettsia prowazekii\"), но положительный результат на наличие ДНК возбудителя брюшного тифа (\"Salmonella enterica\" serovar \"Typhi\").", "Казахский научный центр карантинных и зоонозных инфекций имени М. Айкимбаева\nВо времена СССР занимался исследованием природных очагов чумы, экологией носителей и переносчиков возбудителей чумы в пустынных и горных очагах Средей Азии и Казахстана. Также НИИ исследовал вопросы генетики бактерий, взаимоотношений возбудителей чумы с организмами носителей и переносчиков, изучал проблемы микробиологии и эпидемиологии Холеры. Вёл поиски воздействия на природные очаги чумы и туляремии, разрабатывал и внедрял современные методы борьбы с эпизоотиями чумы. Выявлял особенности эпидемиологии бруцеллёза, совершенствовал иммунопрофилактику и методы его диагностики.", "Эпидемия чумы в России (1654—1655)\nАктивными переносчиками болезни в начале эпидемии были стрельцы. Они занесли её, например, в Михайлов и Печерники. В Кострому болезнь была занесена ремесленниками и торговцами, бежавшими в родной город из Москвы. В Городец чуму занёс московский торговец москательными товарами. В Рыльском уезде начало морового поветрия связано с приездом из Москвы «посадского человека Гришки Лазарева». Заметив за ним симптомы болезни, его «выбили из сёл в лес». Несмотря на такую изоляцию заболевшего, уезд вскоре был охвачен чумой. Микробиолог Супотницкий пишет, что роль стрельцов и других переносчиков в распространении эпидемии часто преувеличивалась и с ними могли субъективно связывать вспышки, связанные с «пульсацией» очагов чумы. Многие люди из городов бежали в поля и леса, но из них мало кто выживал. Макарий III из-за чумы застрял в Коломне, где стал свидетелем страшных картин морового поветрия:\nБывало, когда она [чума] проникала в какой-либо дом, то очищала его совершенно, так что никого в нем не оставалось. Собаки и свиньи бродили по домам, так как некому было их выгнать и запереть двери. Город, прежде кишевший народом, теперь обезлюдел. Деревни тоже, несомненно, опустели, равно вымерли и монахи в монастырях. Животные, домашний скот, свиньи, куры и пр., лишившись хозяев, бродили, брошенные без призора, и большею частью погибли от голода и жажды, за неимением, кто бы смотрел за ними. То было положение, достойное слез и рыданий. Мор, как в столице, так и здесь и во всех окружных областях, на расстоянии семисот верст, не прекращался, начиная с этого месяца, почти до праздника Рождества, пока не опустошил города, истребив людей.", "Кряква\nПтичий грипп, или \"классическая чума птиц\", — острая инфекционная вирусная болезнь птиц, характеризующаяся поражением органов пищеварения, дыхания, высокой летальностью. Вспышки европейской чумы птиц регулярно происходили в начале XX века в странах Европы, Африки и Азии. Возбудитель — РНК-содержащий вирус \"Influenza virus A\", относящийся к семейству \"Orthomyxoviridae\". Различные штаммы вируса могут вызывать от 10 до 100 % гибели среди заболевших птиц. Путь заражения — воздушно-капельный. Факторы передачи вируса — тушки птиц, яйца, перо, как в инкубационный период, так и от клинически больной птицы. В диких популяциях птиц, в отличие от домашних, отмечается высокая устойчивость к вирусу гриппа.", "Чума\nСовременные молекулярно-генетические методы дали новые, ранее недоступные возможности для идентификации инфекционного агента путём анализа археологических останков на наличие ДНК возбудителя. Известны примеры как подтверждения, так и опровержения чумного характера эпидемий. Например, анализ зубов на ДНК Yersinia pestis дал положительный результат в захоронениях времён Чёрной смерти[6], но отрицательный результат при исследовании захоронения жертв Афинской чумы[7], что опровергает чумной характер афинской эпидемии." ]

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[ "The Jackson 5 second was \"The Jackson 5 Show\" which debuted in November of the following year. The group often joined Bob Hope on USO-benefited performances to support military troops during the Vietnam War. In order to continue increasing sales, Motown launched Michael Jackson's solo career in 1971 with the single \"Got to Be There\", released in November. His 1972 song \"Ben\" became his first to top the charts. Jermaine was the second to release a solo project; his most successful hit of the period was a cover of the doo-wop song \"Daddy's Home\". The Jackson 5's records began plummeting on the charts", "The Jackson 5 The Jacksons) The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 (later known as The Jacksons) were an American pop band composed of members of the Jackson family. The group was founded in 1964 in Gary, Indiana by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine Jackson, with younger brothers Marlon and Michael joining soon after. They performed in talent shows and clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, then signed with Steeltown Records in 1967 and released two singles. In 1969, they left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown, where they achieved 16 top-40 singles on the Hot 100. The group left Motown for Epic Records in", "The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 The Jackson 5 (later known as The Jacksons) were an American pop band composed of members of the Jackson family. The group was founded in 1964 in Gary, Indiana by brothers Jackie, Tito, and Jermaine Jackson, with younger brothers Marlon and Michael joining soon after. They performed in talent shows and clubs on the Chitlin' Circuit, then signed with Steeltown Records in 1967 and released two singles. In 1969, they left Steeltown Records and signed with Motown, where they achieved 16 top-40 singles on the Hot 100. The group left Motown for Epic Records in 1975, with", "20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 is a 1999 greatest hits album for R&B group The Jackson 5, released by Motown Records. The album also features two solo tracks by Michael Jackson and one solo track by Jermaine Jackson. Stephen Thomas Erlewine from Allmusic said this album was \"a terrific, concise collection of the group's 11 biggest hits\", with two solo Michael Jackson singles. It resulted \"a budget-line disc ideal for budget-minded casual fans.\" The album failed to chart in", "Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection an asterisk are performed by Michael Jackson. \"Daddy's Home\" is performed by Jermaine Jackson backed by the Jackson 5.\" Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection is a compilation album released in 1995 featuring the music of The Jackson 5. The collection features selections from the group's Motown discography (between 1969 and 1975), and is meant to serve as a condensed single disc version of the boxed set Soulsation! In the UK, a different track listing is used and was released as The Very Best of Michael Jackson with the Jackson Five, with a September 2001 rerelease", "Anthology (The Jackson 5 album) a double compact disc set. The most recent re-release, issued by Motown in 2000 (the first time the release doesn't contain any hits from Michael or Jermaine), was repackaged in 2005 in North America as part of its Gold series, and in 2006 internationally as The Jackson 5 Story. Anthology (The Jackson 5 album) Anthology was originally released as a triple-album set by legendary Motown family unit, The Jackson 5, in 1976. It was at this point that most of the Jacksons (with the glaring exception of Jermaine Jackson) had left the label to join CBS Records. Motown president Berry", "Anthology (The Jackson 5 album) Anthology (The Jackson 5 album) Anthology was originally released as a triple-album set by legendary Motown family unit, The Jackson 5, in 1976. It was at this point that most of the Jacksons (with the glaring exception of Jermaine Jackson) had left the label to join CBS Records. Motown president Berry Gordy once said that the Jackson 5 were \"the last superstars to come off the Motown assembly line\"; after the group left the label, Motown would not have another act to equal its success until Boyz II Men in the 1990s. Later repackagings of Anthology have compiled it as", "The Jackson 5 guitar. Tito, Jermaine, and Jackie later formed their own group, with Michael (age 5) playing congas and childhood friends Reynaud Jones and Milford Hite playing keyboards and drums. Marlon joined on tambourine in August 1965, when Evelyn LaHaie suggested that the group name themselves the Jackson Five Singing Group. In 1965, the group won a talent show at Theodore Roosevelt High School in Gary, Indiana. Jermaine performed several Motown numbers, including the Temptations' \"My Girl\", and Michael performed Robert Parker's \"Barefootin'\". Johnny Jackson and Ronnie Rancifer eventually replaced Hite and Jones. After several more talent show wins, Joe Jackson booked", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 is the debut studio album from Gary, Indiana-based soul family band the Jackson 5, released on the Motown label in December 1969. The Jackson 5's lead singer, a preteenage boy named Michael (who later became a universally-recognized pop star on his own and \"The King of Pop\"), and his older brothers Jackie, Tito, Jermaine, and Marlon, became pop successes within months of this album's release. \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5's\" only single, \"I Want You Back\", became a number-one hit on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 within weeks", "The Jackson 5 by 1972, despite Michael and Jermaine's solo successes. The Corporation had produced most of their hit singles, but they split up in 1973. The brothers focused on the emerging disco craze and recorded the song \"Get It Together\", followed by their hit \"Dancing Machine\", their first to crack the top ten since \"Sugar Daddy\" nearly three years before. Despite those successes, most of the Jackson 5's follow-ups were not as successful, and Joe Jackson grew tired of Motown's uneasiness to continue producing hits for the brothers by 1973. He began producing a nightclub act around his sons and daughters, starting", "The Jackson 5 performance at Dodger Stadium that December to continue his solo career. The following January, Marlon Jackson also announced he was leaving the group to pursue a solo career. In 1989, five years after their last album, the remaining quartet of Jackie, Tito, Jermaine and Randy released \"2300 Jackson Street\", which performed badly on the charts. After a brief promotional tour, the band went into hiatus and never recorded another album together. In September 2001, nearly 17 years after their last performance together, all six Jackson brothers reunited for two performances at Madison Square Garden for a , which aired in", "Randy Jackson (The Jacksons) toured, Jackson honed his skills as a musician, mastering piano and the bongos. Randy was not an original member of the Jackson 5, first officially appearing live with his brothers at the end of 1971. The event was a Christmas show the Jackson 5 held for blind children. Although he was on every Jackson 5 tour from 1972 forward, mainly playing the congas among other instruments, Randy did not officially join the family band until 1975 when they left Motown for CBS Records and older brother Jermaine chose to stay with Motown, prompting Randy to replace him. The Jackson 5", "The Jackson 5 in Las Vegas and spreading throughout the states. By 1975, most of the Jacksons opted out of recording any more music for Motown, desiring creative control and royalties after learning that they were earning only 2.8% of royalties from Motown. Joe Jackson began negotiating to have his boys sign a lucrative contract with another company, settling for Epic Records which had offered a royalty rate of 20% per record; he signed with the company in June 1975. Absent from the deal was Jermaine Jackson who decided to stay in Motown, followed by his marriage to Hazel Berry, and Randy Jackson", "ABC (The Jackson 5 album) ABC (The Jackson 5 album) ABC is the second studio album by the Jackson 5 and was issued on May 8, 1970, by Motown Records. It featured the No. 1 singles, \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\". Also present on the LP are several notable album tracks including a cover of Funkadelic's \"I'll Bet You\", \"I Found That Girl\" (the only lead song from brother Jermaine), and \"The Young Folks\" originally recorded by the Diana Ross-led version of the Supremes. The album peaked at No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Albums Chart and at No. 1 on the \"Billboard\" Black", "ABC (The Jackson 5 album) I Want You Back! Unreleased Masters\" released in 2009. ABC (The Jackson 5 album) ABC is the second studio album by the Jackson 5 and was issued on May 8, 1970, by Motown Records. It featured the No. 1 singles, \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\". Also present on the LP are several notable album tracks including a cover of Funkadelic's \"I'll Bet You\", \"I Found That Girl\" (the only lead song from brother Jermaine), and \"The Young Folks\" originally recorded by the Diana Ross-led version of the Supremes. The album peaked at No. 4 on the \"Billboard\" Pop Albums", "The Jackson 5 single was released in October of that same year. The song did not chart on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100, but charted at number nineteen on \"Billboards\" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. \"This Is It\" returned the Jacksons to the chart. The surviving members of the Jacksons were in talks of planning a reunion concert tour (which was to serve as a tribute to Michael) for 2010, and were in talks in working on their first new studio album in over 20 years. However, neither plan was put into action. In September 2010, Jermaine Jackson held his own \"tribute\" concert to Michael", "The Jackson 5 Rock and Roll, while the latter track also included in the Grammy Hall of Fame. On September 8, 2008, the Jacksons were honored as BMI Icons at the annual BMI Urban Awards. In 1992, Suzanne de Passe, Jermaine Jackson, and Jermaine's then common-law wife Margaret Maldonado, worked with Motown to produce \"\", a five-hour television miniseries broadcast based on the history of the Jackson family in a two-part special on ABC. Influenced by the Temptations, the Supremes, James Brown, Frankie Lymon & the Teenagers and Sly & the Family Stone, the group eventually served as the inspiration for several generations", "The Jackson 5 in Japan worldwide than they were in America, selling millions of records and giving performances at sold-out concerts. This set features the group performing many of their hit records, as well as solo hits from members Michael Jackson and Jermaine Jackson. Michael's voice was changing, struggling to hit the higher notes to songs that he once could sing the years prior. Either the key of the song was changed so Michael would not strain, or he just avoided the higher notes. Early stages of Michael's vocal change can be heard on the second disc on the band's \"Live at the Forum\" album.", "The Jackson 5 in Las Vegas. In 2011, Jackie Jackson released a solo single to iTunes, while Jermaine released his first solo album in 21 years, \"I Wish U Love\". Following the release of one solo album, Marlon quit the music business in 1989 and invested in real estate. Randy has not been active in the industry since he disbanded the group Randy & the Gypsys in 1991. In August 2011, there appeared to be a discord between the brothers concerning a tribute concert dedicated to Michael. While Jackie, Tito and Marlon were present alongside mother Katherine and sister La Toya for a" ]

[ "The Jackson 5 career trajectory: a string of several hits as a group, which eventually led to a breakout star (Michael for the Jacksons, Donny for the Osmonds) becoming a solo artist, a little sister not originally part of the group also rising to fame (Janet Jackson and Marie Osmond respectively), and eventual decline as a smaller group in the 1980s. The two groups' members eventually became friends, despite public perception of a rivalry between the two and allegations that the Osmonds, white Mormon brothers from Utah, were an imitation of the black Jackson 5. Motown releases (as Jackson 5) CBS/Epic releases (as", "The Jackson 5 and Michael joked he became really tired of it!\" The song \"One Bad Apple\", written by George Jackson, who had the Jackson Five in mind when he wrote it, was originally presented to Motown Record's Chairman of the Board Berry Gordy for the group to record, but he turned it down. It was then presented to MGM Records for the Osmonds. \"One Bad Apple\", which the Osmonds recorded in a similar style to the songs of the Jackson 5 at the time, reached number one and began a string of several hits for the Osmonds. Both bands followed a similar", "The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jackson 5 in Japan, also known as In Japan!, was the second live album released by the Jackson 5, culled from a live concert held in Japan in 1973. The album was released in the UK in 1986 as \"Michael Jackson with the Jackson 5 Live\"; Motown did not release the album in the United States until a limited-edition version was released in 2004, via specialty reissue label Hip-O Select. The album sold over a million copies worldwide. This is also the Jackson 5's ninth overall album. By 1973, the Jackson 5 were bigger", "The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jackson 5 in Japan The Jackson 5 in Japan, also known as In Japan!, was the second live album released by the Jackson 5, culled from a live concert held in Japan in 1973. The album was released in the UK in 1986 as \"Michael Jackson with the Jackson 5 Live\"; Motown did not release the album in the United States until a limited-edition version was released in 2004, via specialty reissue label Hip-O Select. The album sold over a million copies worldwide. This is also the Jackson 5's ninth overall album. By 1973, the Jackson 5 were bigger", "Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection Jackson 5: The Ultimate Collection is a compilation album released in 1995 featuring the music of The Jackson 5. The collection features selections from the group's Motown discography (between 1969 and 1975), and is meant to serve as a condensed single disc version of the boxed set Soulsation! In the UK, a different track listing is used and was released as The Very Best of Michael Jackson with the Jackson Five, with a September 2001 rerelease on Island Records titled The Best of Michael Jackson and the Jackson 5ive - The Motown Years. \"Tracks with", "The Jackson 5 Gordy as a fourth partner. In October, their first single for Motown was released and the group promoted it while performing at the \"Hollywood Palace\" with Ross hosting. In December, the brothers made their first appearance on the \"Ed Sullivan Show\", and their debut album \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5\" was released that same month. \"I Want You Back\" topped the Billboard Hot 100 in January, 1970. The Jackson 5 released two more number-one singles led by the Corporation: \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\". The single \"I'll Be There\" was co-written and produced by Hal Davis and became", "The Jackson 5 of Fame in 1999. They were among the first black American performers to attain a crossover following, preceded by the Supremes, the Four Tops, and the Temptations. The Jackson 5 were also the first group to debut with four consecutive number one hits on the Hot 100 with the songs \"I Want You Back\", \"ABC\", \"The Love You Save\", and \"I'll Be There\". The five Jackson brothers' interest in music was bolstered by their father Joe Jackson. In 1962, Joe found Tito playing with his guitar after a string broke, and he was impressed enough to buy him his own", "50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 (also known as 50 Best Songs or The Motown Years) is a 3-disc compilation box set by American singer Michael Jackson, and the group The Jackson 5, released on 2008 by Universal Motown Records celebrating Jackson's 50 birthday. The 50-track album features all of the hits through the Motown years from both the Jackson 5 with \"ABC\", \"I Want You Back\", \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and Michael's solo material including \"You've Got a Friend\",", "50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 \"Ben\", \"Ain't No Sunshine\" and \"One Day in Your Life\", all of them during their tenure on Motown (1969–1975), with the exception of \"Farewell My Summer Love\" and \"Girl You're So Together\", which were released after they left the company (these tracks were released in 1984). Some tracks released here gained some attention during their original release, like \"Touch\" (originally released in 1973). 50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 50 Best Songs – The Motown Years: Michael Jackson & The Jackson 5 (also known as 50 Best Songs or The Motown Years) is", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 CD\" series, as they had previously done in the late 1980s. \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5\" was paired up with \"ABC\". One bonus track was included in a cover of Bobby Taylor's \"Oh, I've Been Bless'd\", a song also released on the rare 1979 outtakes album \"Boogie\". Technical Bibliography Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 is the debut studio album from Gary, Indiana-based soul family band the Jackson 5, released on the Motown label in December 1969. The Jackson 5's lead singer, a preteenage boy named Michael (who later became a universally-recognized pop", "The Jackson 5 the \"Victory\" tour, Michael and Marlon Jackson left the group. The remaining four released the poorly received \"2300 Jackson Street\" album in 1989 before being dropped from their label. In 2001, the Jacksons reunited on Michael's . The four eldest of the brothers embarked on their Unity Tour in 2012 following Michael's death, and they planned several major performances for 2017. The Jackson 5 have sold more than 100 million records worldwide making them one of the best-selling bands of all time. They were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 to Be Free\", a composition written by West Coast-based Motown producers Freddie Perren, Alphonzo Mizell, and Deke Richards for Gladys Knight. At first, Gordy wanted the three producers to instead record the song with Diana Ross, but soon decided to give the song \"the Frankie Lymon treatment\" and record it with the Jackson 5. Richards, Mizell, and Perren began re-working the song, and Gordy and Taylor also became involved in the revision process. The result was \"I Want You Back\", which became the Jackson 5's first Motown single, and the first of four Jackson 5 songs that went to number-one", "ABC (The Jackson 5 album) Albums chart. It was named No. 98 on the VH1 All-Time Albums Top 100. It remains one of the Jackson 5's most popular efforts selling over 5.7 million copies worldwide. In 2001, Motown Records remastered all J5 albums in a \"Two Classic Albums/One CD\" series (much like they did in the late 1980s). This album was paired up with \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5\". The bonus track was an outtake, \"Oh, I've Been Blessed\", a song also released on the rare 1979 outtakes album \"Boogie\". An alternate version of the title track appears on the CD \"Jackson 5 –", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1970. \"I Want You Back\" became the blueprint for future Jackson 5 recordings: there was now less of an emphasis on traditional soul, and more prominent elements of doo-wop and bubblegum pop music. In fact, Motown's publicity department dubbed the Jackson 5's sound \"bubblegum soul\". Gordy, Richards, Mizell, and Perren also contributed the album track \"Nobody\" to \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5\"; left out was Taylor, although he later performed uncredited production work on the second Jackson 5 album, \"ABC\" and its singles. All of the songs produced and written by Gordy,", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 of the album's release and eventually sold five million copies worldwide. The album reached number 5 on the Pop Albums chart, and spent nine weeks at No. 1 on the R&B/Black Albums chart. The album title suggested that Motown star Diana Ross had discovered the group, as do the Ross-penned liner notes on the back cover. Ross' supposed discovery of the Jackson 5 was in fact part of Motown's marketing and promotions plan for the Jackson 5; it may actually have been Motown producer Bobby Taylor who discovered the Jacksons. Joe Jackson, the father and manager of the Jackson 5,", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 Disney film \"Song of the South\". The Jackson 5 also re-recorded \"You've Changed\", a song they first recorded in 1967 which was released on the B side of their first local hit single \"Big Boy\" for the Steeltown label before joining the Motown roster. All of the songs Taylor recorded with the Jackson 5 during these summer 1969 sessions held close to the group's traditional R&B/soul sound, a sound somewhat less pop-aware than Motown's signature \"Motown Sound\". Of these recordings, the most famous became the cover of \"Who's Lovin' You\", with Michael Jackson re-delivering Smokey Robinson's often-covered plea for the", "Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song) year. Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song) \"Maybe Tomorrow\" is a hit single recorded by American soul family quintet The Jackson 5, in 1971. The ballad was originally supposed to have been sung (possibly in a different production) by Sammy Davis, Jr. but for various reasons, the entertainer could not get on the schedule to do the song and the song was then given to the Jackson 5. It peaked at #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B Singles chart, and at #20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It is the first single by The Jackson 5 not to reach the", "Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song) Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song) \"Maybe Tomorrow\" is a hit single recorded by American soul family quintet The Jackson 5, in 1971. The ballad was originally supposed to have been sung (possibly in a different production) by Sammy Davis, Jr. but for various reasons, the entertainer could not get on the schedule to do the song and the song was then given to the Jackson 5. It peaked at #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot R&B Singles chart, and at #20 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. It is the first single by The Jackson 5 not to reach the top", "The Jackson 5 First National Tour run away.\" The tour was announced in April 1970 by Berry Gordy Jr. and Joe Jackson. During the group's May 10, 1970 appearance on \"The Ed Sullivan Show\", Ed Sullivan announced the group would begin a summer tour of one-nighters at New York City's Madison Square Garden on July 7. However, outside of the two June concerts in California, they would not appear there or at any venue until October. Notes The Jackson 5 First National Tour The Jackson 5 First National Tour was the Jackson 5's first tour of the United States. After having made 1969 appearances with Diana", "The Jackson 5 First National Tour The Jackson 5 First National Tour The Jackson 5 First National Tour was the Jackson 5's first tour of the United States. After having made 1969 appearances with Diana Ross and the Supremes at The Forum near Los Angeles, and Yvonne Fair in Gary, Indiana, the tour began in Philadelphia with their first official full-length Motown concert. One concert in San Francisco was shared with Jerry Butler and Rare Earth (Ike & Tina Turner had been scheduled to appear). In an interview, Michael Jackson told \"Soul\" Magazine about the tour, \"In San Francisco and Los Angeles, it looked like the", "Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album) Live at the Forum (The Jackson 5 album) Live at the Forum is a live album by the Jackson 5. It was released on June 21, 2010. The concerts were recorded on June 20, 1970 and August 26, 1972 at The Forum, in Inglewood, California. The 1970 show was a record-breaking show of over 18,000 attending. Only having two albums and a couple of singles out, the band were able to draw such a big crowd. This concert is an example of a very early part of their career. By 1972, the Jackson 5 were established icons and had seven", "Son of Bazerk Son of Bazerk Son of Bazerk is an American hip hop group consisting of Son of Bazerk (real name Tony Allen); Almighty Jahwell (Jeffrey Height); Daddy Rawe (Gary Stanton); Half Pint (Cassandra Jackson). It was formed by Hank Shocklee, member of the producer team the Bomb Squad. The band formed in the mid-1980s, originally as \"Townhouse 3\". After coming to the attention of hip hop Hank Shocklee, member of the Bomb Squad, which produced early Public Enemy albums, they chose the name \"Son of Bazerk\". The group released a debut album in 1991 called \"Bazerk, Bazerk, Bazerk\", credited to \"Son", "Son of Bazerk their debut \"Bazerk, Bazerk, Bazerk\" was a direct homage to James Brown's debut LP \"Please, Please, Please\". Son of Bazerk Son of Bazerk is an American hip hop group consisting of Son of Bazerk (real name Tony Allen); Almighty Jahwell (Jeffrey Height); Daddy Rawe (Gary Stanton); Half Pint (Cassandra Jackson). It was formed by Hank Shocklee, member of the producer team the Bomb Squad. The band formed in the mid-1980s, originally as \"Townhouse 3\". After coming to the attention of hip hop Hank Shocklee, member of the Bomb Squad, which produced early Public Enemy albums, they chose the name \"Son", "20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 Billboard at its original release year 1999. But in 2009, after Michael Jackson's sudden death, it charted and peaked at Number 8 on Billboard Catalog Albums chart issued dated July 25, 2009. And in 2012, this album charted in Billboard 200, and peaked at Number 114 at the week of February 18, 2012. As of August 2013, the album has sold 1,063,000 copies in the US. 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 20th Century Masters – The Millennium Collection: The Best of The Jackson 5 is a 1999 greatest hits album for R&B", "I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) The Penguins' \"Earth Angel\", \"I'll Be There\", and Ben E. King's \"Stand by Me\", then back into \"Shout\". The song was performed in the \"Jackson 5 medley\" during all of Michael's tours: The Bad, Dangerous and HIStory tours. The song was performed by Michael Jackson in the 2009 film \"Michael Jackson's This Is It\". However, the song was performed by Jackson and backup singers as if they were the Jackson 5. During the song, clips of the Jackson 5 are shown. At the end of the song, Michael dedicates the song to all of his brothers and his parents. \"I'll", "Jackson of Exeter Jackson of Exeter William Jackson (29 May 1730 – 5 July 1803), referred to as Jackson of Exeter, was an English organist and composer. Jackson was born and died in Exeter, England, the son of an Exeter grocer, who later became master of the city workhouse. After receiving some musical instruction from John Silvester, organist of Exeter Cathedral, Jackson was sent in 1748 to London, to become a pupil of John Travers, organist to the Chapel Royal. In 1767 Jackson wrote the music for an adaptation of Milton's \"Lycidas\", which was produced at Covent Garden on 4 November of the", "Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album) albums chart. The album was arranged by Gene Page and James Anthony Carmichael. In 2001, Motown Records remastered all Jackson 5 albums in a \"Two Classic Albums/One CD\" series (much like they did in the late 1980s). This album was paired up with \"Third Album\". The bonus tracks were \"Sugar Daddy\", the only new track on their 1971 greatest hits set, and \"I'm So Happy\", the B-side of that single. Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album) Maybe Tomorrow is the fifth studio album by the Jackson 5 released in 1971. Released after the success of the hit ballad \"I'll Be", "Randy Jackson (The Jacksons) Randy Jackson (The Jacksons) Steven Randall Jackson (born October 29, 1961) is an American singer-songwriter, musician, and dancer. Jackson is best known as a former member of his family band, the Jacksons. Jackson is the youngest Jackson brother, and the second-youngest Jackson sibling after his sister Janet Jackson. Randy was born in Gary, Indiana to Joseph Jackson and Katherine Jackson. Nicknamed \"Little Randy\", Jackson is the ninth child of the Jackson family and youngest of the Jackson brothers. Jackson was only three years old when the Jackson 5 was formed and therefore was not an original member. While his brothers", "ABC (The Jackson 5 song) announced its induction, along with that of another 24 songs. ABC (The Jackson 5 song) \"ABC\" is a 1970 #1 hit by The Jackson 5. It was released on February 24. \"ABC\" knocked The Beatles' \"Let It Be\" off the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1970, and was #1 on the soul singles chart for four weeks. Written with a similar structure and feel as the Jacksons' first hit of 1970, \"I Want You Back\". ABC was performed on television on \"American Bandstand\" (February 21, 1970), \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" (May 10, 1970), and \"The Flip Wilson Show\"", "ABC (The Jackson 5 song) ABC (The Jackson 5 song) \"ABC\" is a 1970 #1 hit by The Jackson 5. It was released on February 24. \"ABC\" knocked The Beatles' \"Let It Be\" off the top of the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 1970, and was #1 on the soul singles chart for four weeks. Written with a similar structure and feel as the Jacksons' first hit of 1970, \"I Want You Back\". ABC was performed on television on \"American Bandstand\" (February 21, 1970), \"The Ed Sullivan Show\" (May 10, 1970), and \"The Flip Wilson Show\" (November 4, 1971), among many other broadcasts. \"ABC\" is considered", "I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) six weeks, and a number 4 hit in the United Kingdom. The single's B-side was \"One More Chance\", a song from their second album. \"I'll Be There\" was the Jackson 5's final number one Hot 100 hit as a group. For the rest of their career as a major-label act, Jackson 5 singles would climb no higher than number 2. Michael Jackson scored numerous number one hits as a solo artist, beginning with \"Ben\" in 1972. \"I'll Be There\" remains one of the most popular of the Jackson 5's hits, and has been covered by a number of artists, including", "Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album) Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 album) Maybe Tomorrow is the fifth studio album by the Jackson 5 released in 1971. Released after the success of the hit ballad \"I'll Be There\", most of the tracks on the album are ballads, with few dance numbers. \"Maybe Tomorrow\" includes the hit singles \"Never Can Say Goodbye\" and \"Maybe Tomorrow\". While not as financially successful as the Jackson 5's first three outings, selling over 3.5 million copies worldwide, \"Maybe Tomorrow\" contains some of the most often-sampled and covered material in the group's catalogue. It spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Soul", "The Jackson 5 of boy bands, including New Edition, Menudo, New Kids on the Block, N*SYNC, the Jonas Brothers, Backstreet Boys, One Direction, and many more. The rise of the Jackson 5 in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with the rise of a very similar musical family, the Osmonds. The Osmonds had risen to fame as regular performers on \"The Andy Williams Show\"; Jay Osmond would later note: \"Michael had a unique sense of humor about him, and told us he was so tired of watching the Osmonds on \"The Andy Williams Show\". He explained this was something their father had them do,", "I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) by Hanlon and David Cabera. I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) \"I'll Be There\" is a soul song written by Berry Gordy, Hal Davis, Bob West, and Willie Hutch. The song was recorded by The Jackson 5 and released by Motown Records on August 28, 1970 as the first single from their \"Third Album\" on the same date. Produced by the songwriters, \"I'll Be There\" was The Jackson 5's fourth number one hit in a row (after \"I Want You Back\" in 1969, \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\" earlier in 1970), making them the first black male group", "I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) \"I'll Be There\" is a soul song written by Berry Gordy, Hal Davis, Bob West, and Willie Hutch. The song was recorded by The Jackson 5 and released by Motown Records on August 28, 1970 as the first single from their \"Third Album\" on the same date. Produced by the songwriters, \"I'll Be There\" was The Jackson 5's fourth number one hit in a row (after \"I Want You Back\" in 1969, \"ABC\" and \"The Love You Save\" earlier in 1970), making them the first black male group to achieve four consecutive number", "The Son of Neptune released on October 2, 2012 and \"The House of Hades\" was released on October 8, 2013 The Blood of Olympus was released on October 7, 2014. The Son of Neptune The Son of Neptune is a 2011 fantasy-adventure novel written by American author Rick Riordan, based on Greek and Roman mythology. It is the second book in \"The Heroes of Olympus\" series, preceded by \"The Lost Hero\" and followed by \"The Mark of Athena\". The story follows the adventures of amnesiac Percy Jackson, a demigod son of Poseidon, as he meets a camp of Roman demigods and goes to Alaska", "The Jackson 5 tour started at Casino Rama in Orillia, Ontario, Canada on June 20, 2012. Thirty-two additional dates were eventually added, and the tour ended on July 27, 2013 in Atlantic City, United States. In 1980 the brothers were honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as the Jacksons. As the Jackson 5, they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 and the Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 1999. Two of the band's recordings (\"ABC\" and \"I Want You Back\") are among the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped", "The Jackson 5 replaced him. Motown sued them for breach of contract but allowed the group to record for Epic, as long as they changed their name because Motown owned the name Jackson 5. The brothers renamed themselves the Jacksons. In November 1976, following the debut of the family's weekly variety series, the Jacksons released their self-titled CBS debut under the Philadelphia International subsidiary, produced by Gamble & Huff. Featuring \"Enjoy Yourself\" and \"Show You the Way to Go\", the album went gold but failed to generate the sales the brothers had enjoyed while at Motown. A follow-up, \"Goin' Places\", fizzled. Renewing their", "The Jackson 5 capitalized on the group's youth appeal, licensing dozens of products, including the J5 heart logo on Johnny Jackson's drum set, the group's album covers, stickers, posters, and coloring books, as well as a board game and a Saturday morning cartoon produced by Rankin/Bass. The black publication \"Right On!\" began in 1971 and focused heavily on the Jackson 5, with members adorning covers between January 1972 and April 1974. In addition, the group appeared in several television specials including Diana Ross' 1971 special, \"Diana!\". They starred on their first of two Motown-oriented television specials \"Goin' Back to Indiana\" in September; their", "I'll Be There (The Jackson 5 song) solidified The Jackson 5's careers and showed audiences that the group had potential beyond bubblegum pop. Said Allmusic about the song, \"Rarely, if ever, had one so young sung with so much authority and grace, investing this achingly tender ballad with wisdom and understanding far beyond his years\". Jackson turned 12 one day after the song was released. The most successful single ever released by the Jackson 5, \"I'll Be There\" sold 4.2 million copies in the United States, and 6.1 million copies worldwide. It replaced Marvin Gaye's \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" as the most successful single released", "The Son of Sobek on Long Island's south shore while exploring, but is saved by a strange older teenager who forces the monster to regurgitate him. The teenager turns out to be Percy Jackson. After a brief disagreement that leave both confused about the other's origins, Percy and Carter decide to team up to deal with the monster, which has left them and is terrorizing a nearby suburban neighborhood. Carter hypothesizes that the beast is a petsuchos, a son of the god Sobek, and thus immortal and invincible unless the enchanted necklace that it wears, which is invested with the power of Sobek, is", "The Son of Neptune The Son of Neptune The Son of Neptune is a 2011 fantasy-adventure novel written by American author Rick Riordan, based on Greek and Roman mythology. It is the second book in \"The Heroes of Olympus\" series, preceded by \"The Lost Hero\" and followed by \"The Mark of Athena\". The story follows the adventures of amnesiac Percy Jackson, a demigod son of Poseidon, as he meets a camp of Roman demigods and goes to Alaska with his new friends Hazel Levesque and Frank Zhang to free the Greek god of death, Thanatos and help save the world from Gaea, the earth", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 return of a long-gone lover. The Jackson 5's version of the song supplanted the Miracles' original as the definitive recording of the song, and many of the future covers of the song (for example, En Vogue's cover at the beginning of their 1990 single \"Hold On\"), are based upon this version. The Jackson 5 recorded a number of songs with Bobby Taylor during these summer 1969 sessions that remained in the Motown vault for several years, including covers of Ray Charles' \"A Fool for You\", the Four Tops' \"Reach Out, I'll Be There\", the Isley Brothers' \"It's Your Thing\", and", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 a version of Bobby Taylor's own \"Oh, I've Been Blessed\". These recordings would turn up on various Jackson 5 compilations, and virtually all of them were included on the boxed set \"Soulsation!\". In August 1969, Berry Gordy decided to take a more direct role in the Jackson 5's career. He had the Jacksons and their father, Joseph, move from Detroit to Los Angeles, California, where Gordy had a satellite studio (the Motown operation would move to Los Angeles by 1972). Taylor followed the group, and continued to work on the cover songs. During this period, Gordy came across \"I Want", "Jackson of Exeter (\"Warton's Ode to Fancy\", \"Pope's The Dying Christian to His Soul\", and \"Lycidas\") and a large number of songs, canzonets, madrigals, pastorals, hymns, anthems, sonatas for harpsichord, and church services. His writings include \"30 Letters on Various Subjects\" (London, 1782), \"Observations on the Present State of Music in London\" (1791), and \"The Four Ages, together with Essays on Various Subjects\" (1798). Jackson of Exeter William Jackson (29 May 1730 – 5 July 1803), referred to as Jackson of Exeter, was an English organist and composer. Jackson was born and died in Exeter, England, the son of an Exeter grocer, who", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 Richards, Mizell and Perren were billed under the name \"the Corporation,\" a group that Gordy formed to handle future Jackson 5 recordings to avoid a repeat of the issues that arose when former Motown songwriters/producers Holland-Dozier-Holland were known by name and became as famous as the artists for whom they produced. All songs produced by Bobby Taylor except for \"Nobody\" and \"I Want You Back\", produced by the Corporation. The songs on the album were recorded during May–August 1969. Other tracks taken from its sessions include: In 2001, Motown Records remastered all Jackson 5 albums in a \"Two Classic Albums/One", "The Son of the Sheik peritonitis and died on August 23, 1926. \"The Son of the Sheik\" was put into general release nationwide on September 5, 1926, nearly two weeks after Valentino's death. The film grossed $1,000,000 within the first year of its release. Eventually it more than doubled that. Some critics have heralded Valentino's performance in the film as one of the best of his career. Image Entertainment released \"The Son of the Sheik\" along with \"The Sheik\" on DVD in 2002. The Son of the Sheik The Son of the Sheik is a 1926 American silent adventure/drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice and", "The Jackson 5 his sons to perform at several respected music venues of the chitlin' circuit, including Chicago's Regal Theater and Harlem's Apollo Theater, winning the talent competitions on both shows in 1967. They won the Apollo contest on August 13, 1967, and Gladys Knight sent a tape of the boys' demo to Motown Records, hoping to get them to sign, but their tape was rejected and sent back. In November 1967, Joe Jackson signed the group's first contract with Gordon Keith, an owner and producer of Steeltown Records, and the Jackson Five recorded and released the singles \"Big Boy\", sung by Michael,", "Jackson 5 Christmas Album Christmas, an album joyful enough to make me feel like it’s the most wonderful time of the year rather than merely telling me so.\" Rolling Stone also praised the album, calling it a \"gem\". Source: Jackson 5 Christmas Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album is the first Christmas studio album (and fourth overall) by Motown family quintet the Jackson 5, released in October 1970. Included on the \"Christmas Album\" is the Jackson 5's hit single version of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\". The Jackson 5's versions of \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" and \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\"", "Jackson 5 Christmas Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album Jackson 5 Christmas Album is the first Christmas studio album (and fourth overall) by Motown family quintet the Jackson 5, released in October 1970. Included on the \"Christmas Album\" is the Jackson 5's hit single version of \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\". The Jackson 5's versions of \"I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus\" and \"Santa Claus Is Coming to Town\" remain frequent radio requests during the Christmas season. The album spent all four weeks at the number one position on \"Billboard\" magazine's special Christmas Albums chart that the magazine published in December 1970, making it", "The Jackson 5 and the group signed a contract on March 11. Gordy sent them to Hollywood in July, hiring Suzanne de Passe to become their mentor. Starting in August, the Jackson Five performed as the opening act for the Supremes, whose lead singer Diana Ross was planning to leave for a solo career at the end of the year, performing at the Daisy in Los Angeles and at the Miss Black America Pageant in New York. The group then recorded their first single \"I Want You Back\", written by the Corporation which consisted of Freddie Perren, Deke Richards, and Alphonzo Mizell with", "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5 thanked the \"lovely Gladys Knight, (who) extended a helping hand to our family, by calling Motown Executives and talking their ear off to take time out of their schedule and meet with us. She believed in us before others. Always grateful to her.\"(Gladys Knight also said she brought the Jackson 5 to Motown's attention.) But Ross embraced her assigned role and helped promote the group, especially grooming young Michael Jackson as a star. Motown CEO Berry Gordy brought the group to Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. studio in Detroit, Michigan, and assigned them to work with Bobby Taylor as their producer. Taylor,", "The Son of Neptune \"The Lost Hero\", Riordan was questioned about the whereabouts of Percy Jackson. The author hinted that the answer would be revealed as Jason's quest progressed. By the end of the book, he said that readers would have a good idea where the second book is going. On May 26, 2011, Riordan released both the cover art and the first chapter for \"The Son of Neptune\" confirming that Percy would play a role in the book. On August 8, 2011, Rick Riordan released a video giving more information about the book and its characters. The video includes pictures of a black", "Member states of the United Nations an advisory opinion, ruling that Kosovo's declaration of independence was not in violation of international law. A member state may be suspended or expelled from the UN, according to the United Nations Charter. From Chapter II, Article 5: From Article 6: Since its inception, no member state has been suspended or expelled from the UN under Articles 5 and 6. However, in a few cases, states were suspended or expelled from participating in UN activities by means other than Articles 5 and 6: Since the inception of the UN, only one member state (excluding those that dissolved or merged with", "Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon is a documentary film about pop singer Michael Jackson produced by his friend, David Gest. The film features footage of the beginning of The Jackson 5, Jackson's solo career and the child molestation accusations made against him. It also has interviews with Jackson's mother, Katherine, and siblings, Tito and Rebbie Jackson, as well as other artists—who were inspired by him and had met him before his death—including Whitney Houston, Smokey Robinson and Dionne Warwick. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 2, 2011.", "Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon Michael Jackson: The Life of an Icon is a documentary film about pop singer Michael Jackson produced by his friend, David Gest. The film features footage of the beginning of The Jackson 5, Jackson's solo career and the child molestation accusations made against him. It also has interviews with Jackson's mother, Katherine, and siblings, Tito and Rebbie Jackson, as well as other artists—who were inspired by him and had met him before his death—including Whitney Houston, Smokey Robinson and Dionne Warwick. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on November 2, 2011.", "Jonathan Jackson (politician) son, Patrick Tracy Jackson. Their son Charles Jackson went on to serve on the Massachusetts Supreme Court. Their son James Jackson became a physician and co-founded Massachusetts General Hospital, becoming its first physician. Jonathan Jackson's great-grandsons included Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. who served on the U.S. Supreme Court. In the 2004 elections, both George W. Bush and John Kerry published a genealogy in which they claimed Jackson as an ancestor, though neither appear to be actually related. Jonathan Jackson (politician) Jonathan Jackson (June 4, 1743 – March 5, 1810) was an American merchant from Newburyport, Massachusetts. He was a delegate", "Maybe Tomorrow (The Jackson 5 song) five of the Pop charts. \"Maybe Tomorrow\" was included on the Jackson 5's album of the same title, and was later sampled by rapper Ghostface Killah on his 1996 song \"All That I Got Is You\". The song was released again in 2009 via a Carl Sturken and Evan Rogers' remix, with an orchestral arrangement by Rob Mounsey, from a compilation album The Remix Suite. English reggae band UB40 recorded a reggae-style cover version in 1987. This was released as a single, peaking at #14 in the UK Official Chart, and appeared on their Greatest Hits album released the same", "Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley FRS (29 October 1904 – 17 February 1970) was a British technologist and electrical engineer. Born in Burnley, he was the only son of Herbert Jackson and his wife Annie Hiley. Jackson was educated at Rosegrove Primary School and the Burnley Grammar School until 1922 and read electrical engineering at the University of Manchester until 1925. He obtained a Bachelor of Science first class, having previously won three different scholarships. Jackson studied then under Robert Beattie, graduating with a Master of Science in 1926. Jackson was awarded a", "The Son of Sobek crossover, \"The Crown of Ptolemy\" was released starring Annabeth, Carter, Sadie and Percy. The Son of Sobek The Son of Sobek is a 2013 fantasy short story written by Rick Riordan in the paperback version of \"The Serpent's Shadow\" on May 7, 2013 and as a single e-book on June 18, 2013. On April 5, 2016, it was released as the first of three short stories in a hardcover novel entitled \"Demigods and Magicians: Percy and Annabeth Meet the Kanes\". After hearing reports about magical disturbances in the Long Island area, Carter Kane goes to investigate. He is unexpectedly swallowed", "The Return of the Prodigal Son (album) The Return of the Prodigal Son (album) The Return of the Prodigal Son is an album by jazz saxophonist Stanley Turrentine consisting of two sessions recorded for the Blue Note label in 1967 and arranged by Duke Pearson featuring McCoy Tyner. Tracks 1, 4, 6 were originally issued on \"New Time Shuffle\" (1979, LT 993), along with tracks 1 and 3-5 from \"A Bluish Bag\". Tracks 2-3 and 5 had previously been issued on the collection \"Stanley Turrentine\" (1975, BN-LA 394-2), whilst track 9 was released in 1995 on \"The Lost Grooves\". The Allmusic review by Michael G. Nastos awarded", "The Jackson 5 \"\", the same show where Michael debuted the moonwalk during a solo performance of \"Billie Jean\". Following the success of the reunion, all six brothers agreed to record a sixth album for Epic, later released as \"Victory\" in 1984. Their biggest-selling album to date, it included their final top ten single, \"State of Shock\". The song was actually a duet between Michael and Mick Jagger and didn't feature participation from any other Jackson besides Marlon and Jackie who were credited as background vocalists. Most of the album was produced in this way, with each brother essentially recording solo songs. Another", "Personal relationships of Michael Jackson Personal relationships of Michael Jackson The personal relationships of Michael Jackson have been the subject of public and media attention for several decades. He was introduced to the topic of sexual activity at age nine while a member of The Jackson 5. He and his brothers would perform at strip clubs, sharing the bill with female strippers and drag queens, and the sexual adventures of his brothers with groupies further affected Jackson's early life. The entertainer said his \"first real date\" was with the child actress Tatum O'Neal, when he was a teenager in the 1970s; he called her \"my", "Seventh son of a seventh son that \"there was to be found in the surrounding hills, a black stone, of a certain species, through which a seventh son of a seventh son, born in the month of February, with a caul on his head, can discern everything that lies in the depths and interior of the globe.\" The author speculates that the importance of mining to the community gave rise to this localized belief. American author Jackson Pearce uses the folklore around seventh sons in her novel \"Sisters Red\", in which potential werewolves are seventh sons of seventh sons. It is believed that he will be", "The Son of Sobek The Son of Sobek The Son of Sobek is a 2013 fantasy short story written by Rick Riordan in the paperback version of \"The Serpent's Shadow\" on May 7, 2013 and as a single e-book on June 18, 2013. On April 5, 2016, it was released as the first of three short stories in a hardcover novel entitled \"Demigods and Magicians: Percy and Annabeth Meet the Kanes\". After hearing reports about magical disturbances in the Long Island area, Carter Kane goes to investigate. He is unexpectedly swallowed by a enormous crocodile in the marshes at the edge of Moriches Bay", "Willis Jackson, Baron Jackson of Burnley Scientific and Industrial Research in which he sat for four years; he served another term from 1950. He was a member of the Central Advisory Council to the Ministry of Education from 1945 and of the Scientific Advisory Council to the Ministry of Supply from 1947. A year later Jackson was admitted to BBC's Engineering Advisory Committee and in 1951 to the Committee of Selection to the Commonwealth Fund Fellowships. He became a member of the Royal Commission on the Civil Service in 1953. Two years later in 1955 Jackson joined the University Grants Committee, whose membership he held for", "Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten western and northern European states, with Greece and Turkey joining three months later, and Iceland and West Germany joining the next year. It now has 47 member states, with Montenegro being the latest to join. Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any European country, provided they meet specific democratic and human rights standards. Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exception of Belarus, the Vatican City, predominantly", "Member states of the Council of Europe been accorded \"Partner for democracy\" status: Member states of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe was founded on 5 May 1949 by ten western and northern European states, with Greece and Turkey joining three months later, and Iceland and West Germany joining the next year. It now has 47 member states, with Montenegro being the latest to join. Article 4 of the Council of Europe Statute specifies that membership is open to any European country, provided they meet specific democratic and human rights standards. Nearly all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe, with the exception", "Jackie Jackson (album) vinyl LP, which ranks among the more obscure releases in the Jackson family catalogue. The album features background vocals from the Jackson 5 on \"Didn't I (Blow Your Mind This Time)\" and the B-side opener \"Do I Owe\". \"Is It Him or Me\" was sampled by Nas for his song \"War\" on his \"Street's Disciple\" album. Jackie Jackson (album) Jackie Jackson is the self-titled debut album from Jackie Jackson, the eldest member of The Jackson 5, released on Motown Records. It was arranged by Eddy Manson, Gene Page and The Corporation. Released on October 14, 1973, the album suffered from", "Jacques Viger (Member of the Assembly) His son, Jacques Viger, was the first mayor of Montreal and his nephew Louis-Michel Viger became a lawyer and also served in the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada. His nephew Denis-Benjamin later played an important role in the politics of the province. Jacques Viger (Member of the Assembly) Jacques Viger (November 23, 1735 – January 21, 1798) was a political figure in Lower Canada. He was born in Montreal on November 23, 1735, the son of the shoemaker Jacques Viger. On May 7, 1764, he married Amaranthe Prévost, the daughter of Eustache Prévost and Marie-Madeleine Sarrault. In 1796, Jacques Viger", "Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 other cities. Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 is an 1844 American play by Nathaniel Bannister, and his most popular play. The play is about American Revolutionary War hero Israel Putnam. Starting on August 5, 1844, it played for 78 consecutive nights (not counting Sundays) in New York at the Bowery Theatre, produced by Thomas S. Hamblin, an astounding success for its time, and likely the longest New York run of its time. It featured the live horse \"Black Vulture\", which was a big audience draw. It enjoyed revivals for years, and was also", "Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 Putnam, the Iron Son of '76 is an 1844 American play by Nathaniel Bannister, and his most popular play. The play is about American Revolutionary War hero Israel Putnam. Starting on August 5, 1844, it played for 78 consecutive nights (not counting Sundays) in New York at the Bowery Theatre, produced by Thomas S. Hamblin, an astounding success for its time, and likely the longest New York run of its time. It featured the live horse \"Black Vulture\", which was a big audience draw. It enjoyed revivals for years, and was also performed in", "Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union Member states of the Eurasian Economic Union The Eurasian Economic Union (EEU) comprises 5 member states, which are party to the founding treaties of the EEU and thereby subject to the privileges and obligations of membership. The constituent states of the EEU are placed under binding laws and have equal representation within the EEU's executive and judicial bodies. They do however retain considerable autonomy, and must be unanimous for the EEU to adopt policies or new member states. Consensus is a founding principle of the EEU. In 2000 six states created the EEU's predecessor, the Eurasian Economic Community. In 2010", "Jackson baronets third Baronet is a well-known composer and organist. The Jackson Baronetcy, of Wandsworth in the County of Surrey, was created in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom on 4 July 1935 for Henry Jackson, Conservative Member of Parliament for Wandsworth Central. The title became extinct on his death in 1937. The heir apparent is the present holder's son Stephen Keith Jackson (b. 1973). The heir apparent is the present holder's son Adam William Roland Jackson (born 1982). There is no heir. The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Thomas Graham St George Jackson (born 1980). Jackson baronets There", "Jackson 5 Christmas Album the best-selling Christmas album of that year and also year 1972. This album was a top seller and would have charted high on the Billboard 200 but from 1963 to 1973, holiday albums were not allowed to chart. It has sold over 3.5 million copies worldwide. The album has also been praised by critics. In 2003, Universal Motown re-released the album with \"Little Christmas Tree\" (from \"A Motown Christmas\"). In 2009, this configuration was released as Ultimate Christmas Collection with Christmas messages, remixes, and a Christmas medley, and again as Merry Christmas Jackson 5. The release of \"Jackson 5 Christmas", "The Son of the Sheik The Son of the Sheik The Son of the Sheik is a 1926 American silent adventure/drama film directed by George Fitzmaurice and starring Rudolph Valentino and Vilma Bánky. The film is based on the 1925 romance novel of the same name by Edith Maude Hull, and is a sequel to the 1921 hit film \"The Sheik\", which also stars Rudolph Valentino. \"The Son of the Sheik\" is Valentino's final film and went into general release nearly two weeks after his death from peritonitis at the age of 31. In 2003, the film was selected for preservation in the United States", "John S. Jackson and natural resources, and the RDS committee for science and its industrial application. Jackson was the chairman of the editorial committee of the \"Irish Naturalists' Journal\". He was also a member of many societies including the RDS, Zoological Society of Ireland, Geological Society of London, Irish Geological Association (as a founder member and first president), Palaeontological Association, Geological Society of Yorkshire, Systematics Association, and An Taisce, of which he served as secretary (1964–66), chairman (1974–75), and president (1975–77). Jackson and his wife moved to Clondalkin in 1977 where their son, Michael Lunn Jackson, established pottery business, Stoneware Jackson. They retired", "The Jackson 5 the band's fourth number-one single, making them the first recording act to have their first four singles reach the top of the Hot 100, and all four were almost as popular in other countries as they were in the United States. The group released a succession of four albums in one year and replaced the Supremes as Motown's best-selling group. They continued their success with singles such as \"Mama's Pearl\", \"Never Can Say Goodbye\", and \"Sugar Daddy\", giving them a total of seven top-ten singles within a two-year period. The Jackson Five became Motown's main marketing focus and the label", "Joe Jackson (manager) Presents The Jackson 5\" in December 1969. After the Jackson 5's first four singles, \"I Want You Back\" (\"The Jackson 5\", 1969), \"ABC\" (\"The Jackson 5\", 1970), \"The Love You Save\" (\"The Jackson 5\", 1970), and \"I'll Be There\" (\"The Jackson 5\", 1970) sold 10 million copies in 10 months, setting a world record for sales, it became clear to Jackson that his dream to make his sons the first African-American teenagers to become internationally known recording stars had come true. In 1973, wanting to reassert his control, Jackson had his family, including youngest son Randy, and daughters Rebbie, La", "Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty Sir Lucious Left Foot: The Son of Chico Dusty is the debut studio album by American rapper Big Boi, released on July 5, 2010, by Purple Ribbon Records and Def Jam Recordings. It is his first solo album as a member of hip hop duo OutKast. Production for the album took place primarily at Stankonia Recording Studio in Atlanta during 2007 to 2010 and was handled by several record producers, including Organized Noize, Scott Storch, Salaam Remi, Mr. DJ, and André 3000, among others. The album's development was impeded by a", "Raising of the son of the widow of Zarephath that the son raised by Elijah was none other than the prophet Jonah, most notably associated with the incident involving a giant fish. Commentators have noted verbal parallels with the raising of the son of the widow of Nain in the Gospel of Luke. The miracle is represented in the Dura synagogue murals. Raising of the son of the widow of Zarephath The raising of the widow of Zarephath's son is a miracle of the prophet Elijah recorded in the Hebrew Bible, 1 Kings 17. 1 Kings 17 is the chapter in which Elijah is first mentioned by name in" ]

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[ "Lee Ingleby of Paul Hughes, father of autistic child Joe, in BBC drama series \"The A Word\". Lee Ingleby Fan Info Twitter Lee Ingleby Lee David Ingleby (born 28 January 1976) is a British film, television and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Detective Sergeant John Bacchus in the BBC drama \"Inspector George Gently\" and as Stan Shunpike in \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\". More recently, in 2016, Ingleby played the role of Paul Hughes, the father of an autistic child, Joe, in a BBC drama, \"The A Word\". He has also appeared as Sean", "Lee Ingleby Lee Ingleby Lee David Ingleby (born 28 January 1976) is a British film, television and stage actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Detective Sergeant John Bacchus in the BBC drama \"Inspector George Gently\" and as Stan Shunpike in \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\". More recently, in 2016, Ingleby played the role of Paul Hughes, the father of an autistic child, Joe, in a BBC drama, \"The A Word\". He has also appeared as Sean O'Neill in Jimmy McGovern's \"The Street\", and in a recurring role in the second series of \"Early Doors\" as Mel's", "Lee Ingleby as Ratty. He also appeared in a modernised BBC adaptation of \"Rapunzel\" for the \"Fairy Tales\" series. In 2007 Ingleby was cast as DS John Bacchus in the BBC police drama \"Inspector George Gently\", later promoted to Inspector, Season 6, in 2014. Ingleby headed the cast of the 2008 three-part television crime drama \"Place of Execution\" as DI George Bennett as he was in the 1960s determined to close the case of a missing girl. When not working in films and television, Ingleby remains active on the stage, where his credits include Puck in \"Midsummer Night's Dream\", Alexander in Nicholas", "Inspector George Gently Inspector George Gently Inspector George Gently (also known as George Gently for the pilot and first series) is a British television crime drama series produced by Company Pictures for BBC One, set in the 1960s and loosely based on some of the Inspector Gently novels written by Alan Hunter. The series stars Martin Shaw as the eponymous Inspector and Lee Ingleby as Detective Sergeant John Bacchus, with Simon Hubbard and Lisa McGrillis in supporting roles as police constables in the fictitious North East Constabulary. The series moved the setting of the stories to North East England, centring on Newcastle upon", "Martin Shaw vaccine was banned. Between seasons of \"Judge John Deed\", Shaw took the role of poetic bespectacled forensic detective Adam Dalgliesh in P.D. James's \"Death in Holy Orders\" in 2003 and \"The Murder Room\" in 2005. After the sixth season of \"Judge John Deed\" had been filmed, Shaw appeared in the series \"Apparitions\", broadcast by the BBC in 2008. This was Shaw's first project as executive director. From 2007 he played the title role in the BBC TV series Inspector George Gently with co-star Lee Ingleby. On 9 May 2015 he recited For the Fallen at in Horse Guards Parade, London" ]

[ "Lee Ingleby of Sherwood\". In the same year, two more feature length audio stories (Warriors' Harvest and King's Command) have been produced by Spiteful Puppet with Ingleby once again playing the role of \"De Nicholay\". In 2014, he played the very creepy Leslie in Quirke (Irish-British TV series). In 2015 Ingleby played Bob in the UK version of the new computer-generated series \"Bob the Builder\". That same year he provided spoken word narration on the progressive rock album \"Please Come Home\" which the British musician John Mitchell released under the project name \"Lonely Robot\". In 2016 Ingleby first appeared in the role", "Inspector Morse his past, when an old acquaintance becomes the lead suspect in a murder case that involves the on-stage death of a young actress. The play toured the UK from August to December 2010. It was broadcast by BBC Radio 4 on 25 March 2017 with Neil Pearson playing Morse and Lee Ingleby playing Lewis. Inspector Morse Detective Chief Inspector Endeavour Morse GM is the eponymous fictional character in the series of detective novels by British author Colin Dexter. On television, he appears in the 33-episode drama series \"Inspector Morse\" (1987–2000), in which John Thaw played the character, as well as", "Lee Ingleby 2003 Peter Weir film \"\". In 2004, Ingleby had a small role in the Orlando Bloom vehicle \"Haven\", which premiered at the Toronto Film Festival but was not commercially released until 2006 following heavy re-editing. He also guest-starred in the \"Doctor Who\" audio adventure \"Terror Firma\". In 2006 Ingleby appeared in Jimmy McGovern BBC TV series \"The Street\", where he played abusive husband Sean O'Neill alongside Christine Bottomley. Another project was the 2006 television adaptation of \"The Wind in the Willows\", in which he played Mole. It also starred Bob Hoskins as Badger, Matt Lucas as Toad and Mark Gatiss", "Inspector Lewis Inspector Lewis Detective Sergeant/Detective Inspector Robert \"Robbie\" Lewis is a fictional character in the \"Inspector Morse\" crime novels by Colin Dexter. The \"sidekick\" to Morse, Lewis is a Detective Sergeant in the Thames Valley Police, and appears in all 13 \"Morse\" novels. In the television adaptation, \"Inspector Morse\", he is played by Kevin Whately. Following the conclusion of the series, Whately reprised the role as the lead character in \"Lewis\", in which the character has been promoted to Inspector. Lewis is a sergeant on the staff of the Thames Valley Police in Oxford, England, and in \"Inspector Morse\" is assistant", "Lee Ingleby the screenplay for the short film \"Cracks in the Ceiling\", which he appeared in with his father, Gordon Ingleby. In the 2002 theatrical release \"Borstal Boy\", based very loosely on the life of Irish poet-activist Brendan Behan, Ingleby played a bully in an English boarding school for juvenile offenders. Ingleby has also made one-off appearances in television programmes such as \"Hustle\", \"Clocking Off\", \"No Angels\", \"Fat Friends\", \"Jonathan Creek\", \"Dalziel and Pascoe\", \"Cadfael (Pilgrim of Hate)\" and \"The Bill\". He has had supporting roles in films such as Gustave in \"Ever After\" alongside Drew Barrymore and as Hollom in the", "Sergeant Hathaway Sergeant Hathaway James Hathaway is the CID Detective Inspector working with Inspector Lewis in the ITV detective series \"Lewis\" (known as \"Inspector Lewis\" in the United States). He is played by Laurence Fox. Hathaway portrays a Detective Sergeant until the penultimate series of Lewis in 2014, in which he is promoted to the rank of Inspector following a brief break from the police. Hathaway grew up at \"Crevecoeur Hall\", an Oxford estate where his father was estate manager (\"The Dead of Winter\"). Hathaway attended Cambridge and is a former Catholic seminarian. In the episode, \"Wild Justice\", Hathaway is offered a", "Inspector Lewis created, and that if he could start the novels afresh he would begin with Lewis as he is seen in the television adaptation. Inspector Lewis Detective Sergeant/Detective Inspector Robert \"Robbie\" Lewis is a fictional character in the \"Inspector Morse\" crime novels by Colin Dexter. The \"sidekick\" to Morse, Lewis is a Detective Sergeant in the Thames Valley Police, and appears in all 13 \"Morse\" novels. In the television adaptation, \"Inspector Morse\", he is played by Kevin Whately. Following the conclusion of the series, Whately reprised the role as the lead character in \"Lewis\", in which the character has been promoted", "Lee Ingleby boyfriend, Dean. Ingleby also starred in the 2014 BBC drama \"Our Zoo\" as George Mottershead, the founder of Chester Zoo. Starred in Harlen Coben's \"The Five\" as Slade. Another prominent role was his part in the 2003 film \"Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World\", where he played a nervous Midshipman Hollom who commits suicide. In addition, he played a part in the final episode of series 1 of \"Life on Mars\", playing Sam Tyler's father Vic, and made an appearance in \"Spaced\" in 2001. Ingleby was born in Burnley, Lancashire, son of Gordon Ingleby and Susan M", "Inspector Morse (TV series) Inspector Morse (TV series) Inspector Morse is a British detective drama television series based on a series of novels by Colin Dexter. It starred John Thaw as Chief Inspector Morse and Kevin Whately as Sergeant Lewis. The series comprises 33 two-hour episodes (100 minutes excluding commercials) produced between 1987 and 2000. Dexter made uncredited cameo appearances in all but three of the episodes. In 2000, the series was ranked 42 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute. The series was made by Zenith Productions for Central Independent Television, and first shown in the UK", "Station sergeant a small British specialised police force responsible for policing the Port of Felixstowe, had one officer of the rank of station sergeant until 2015, and held the distinction of being the final British police force to employ this historic rank. In 2015, on the retirement of Inspector M. Hayward, the last station sergeant, Station Sergeant A. Miaoulis, was promoted to inspector, and the rank of station sergeant was abolished. The Royal Parks Constabulary used the station sergeant rank (known as crown sergeant) until 1989, when the last incumbent, Sergeant John Stewart, was appointed to the rank. Station sergeant Station sergeant", "Inspector Morse (TV series) 2016, series 3 began with yet another four episodes. Series 4 aired in 2017, again with four episodes, and Series 5, the most recent series of the show, began on February 4, 2018 with an extended run of six episodes. Inspector Morse (TV series) Inspector Morse is a British detective drama television series based on a series of novels by Colin Dexter. It starred John Thaw as Chief Inspector Morse and Kevin Whately as Sergeant Lewis. The series comprises 33 two-hour episodes (100 minutes excluding commercials) produced between 1987 and 2000. Dexter made uncredited cameo appearances in all but three", "John Ingleby (bishop) church of St Nicholas in Hertford. John Ingleby (bishop) John Ingleby (1434–1499) was Bishop of Llandaff. Sir John was born on 7 July 1434, the only son of Sir William Ingleby of Ripley and Joan, daughter of Sir Brian Stapleton of Carlton. He inherited the Ripley estate from his father, Sir William Ingleby, when he was only five. Sir John built the castle gatehouse at Ripley Castle and it is still there today, having been retained after the house was rebuilt. Sir John married a wealthy heiress, Margery Strangeways daughter of Sir James Strangways of Harlsey in Osmotherley, Yorkshire. She", "John Ingleby (bishop) John Ingleby (bishop) John Ingleby (1434–1499) was Bishop of Llandaff. Sir John was born on 7 July 1434, the only son of Sir William Ingleby of Ripley and Joan, daughter of Sir Brian Stapleton of Carlton. He inherited the Ripley estate from his father, Sir William Ingleby, when he was only five. Sir John built the castle gatehouse at Ripley Castle and it is still there today, having been retained after the house was rebuilt. Sir John married a wealthy heiress, Margery Strangeways daughter of Sir James Strangways of Harlsey in Osmotherley, Yorkshire. She bore him a son and heir,", "John Ingleby (painter) of Ingleby watercolours established at the National Library of Wales are mostly views of North Wales. His best work involve little townscapes which are full of detail, and are valuable records of life at those towns and villages in the 18th – early 19th century. The colours are usually transparent, soft and even. John Ingleby (painter) John Ingleby (1749–1808) was a Welsh topographical artist who produced miniature watercolours for the antiquarian Thomas Pennant (1726–1798). He was born in Halkyn, Flintshire, to Hugh Ingleby and Ann Davies, where he lived for most of his life. The Inglebys originally came from Cornwall", "Station sergeant Station sergeant Station sergeant (also known as crown sergeant or staff sergeant) is a police rank senior to sergeant and junior to inspector in some British and Commonwealth police forces. The rank insignia is usually a sergeant's three chevrons surmounted by a crown, or sometimes four chevrons. The Metropolitan Police (of London), which was the first force to introduce the rank, originally used four chevrons, but later changed to a crown over three chevrons. A police officer holding the rank will be the senior sergeant in a police station, or in some cases the commander of a smaller sub-divisional police", "Sergeant to call a warrant officer class two \"sir\" in accordance with Australian Defence Force Regulations 1952 (Regulation 8). The rank of sergeant exists in all Australian police forces and is of higher ranking than a constable or senior constable, but lower than an inspector. The sergeant structure varies among state police forces, generally two sergeant ranks are commonly classed as non-commissioned officers: South Australia Police has the additional rank of brevet sergeant (two chevrons below an inverted arrow head) which is an authorization for a temporarily higher rank. A brevet sergeant is less senior than a sergeant. New South Wales", "Inspector some police forces use other ranks such as detective inspector and district inspector. In Austria a similar scheme was used as in Germany. At some point the police inspector was completely removed from the list of service ranks. The current police service has an inspectors service track with \"Inspektor\" being the entry level – it is followed by \"Revierinspektor\" (precinct inspector), \"Gruppeninspektor\" (group inspector), \"Bezirksinspektor\" (district inspector), \"Abteilungsinspektor\" (section inspector), \"Kontrollinspektor\" (control inspector) and \"Chefinspektor\" (chief inspector). In most Canadian police services the rank of inspector is the first above that of staff sergeant. It is usually immediately below the", "John Ingleby (painter) John Ingleby (painter) John Ingleby (1749–1808) was a Welsh topographical artist who produced miniature watercolours for the antiquarian Thomas Pennant (1726–1798). He was born in Halkyn, Flintshire, to Hugh Ingleby and Ann Davies, where he lived for most of his life. The Inglebys originally came from Cornwall to Flintshire where they worked the lead mines at Halkyn; four years after John Ingleby's death, the family went bankrupt. When he died in 1808 at his home village, church records indicate that he worked as a \"limner\" – a craftsmen who worked on a small scale, who was well established. The collection", "Sub-inspector Sub-inspector The Sub-inspector (S. I.) is a rank used extensively in South Asia: in the Bangladeshi Police, Indian Police, Pakistani Police and Sri Lankan Police, which is primarily based on the British model. It was formerly used in most British colonial police forces and in certain British police forces as well. The rank usually was in charge of a police substation or assisted an inspector. The rank of sub-inspector was introduced into the Metropolitan Police in the late 19th century. It did not last long, being effectively replaced by station sergeant in 1890. Officers who already held the rank retained", "Station inspector Station inspector Station inspector is a police rank used in some countries. Station inspector (SI; Chinese: 驻署警长) is the third highest non-commissioned rank in the Singapore Police Force, below inspector, and above senior staff sergeant. Station inspectors wear a rank insignia of two point-up chevrons, the Singapore coat of arms and a garland below. The rank of station inspector is awarded to cadets who have contributed greatly to their National Police Cadet Corps unit. NPCC station inspectors wear a yellow flash on their beret. The rank is above staff sergeant, and is the highest rank a cadet can attain while", "John Ingleby (Australian politician) pastoral lands into smaller properties than carrying out the duties of a member of parliament. His brother Rupert nominated for the resulting by-election, but was very narrowly defeated by Lavington Glyde. He died in 1907, aged 78, at \"Inglehurst\", his Mount Gambier home. He had been in good health until about nine months before his death. John Ingleby (Australian politician) John Ingleby (22 February 1829 – 5 August 1907) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1875 to 1877, representing the electorate of Victoria. Ingleby was born in Staffordshire in England,", "Ingleby, Derbyshire nearest post-office at Ticknall and the nearest telegraph at Milton. Ingleby, Derbyshire Ingleby is a hamlet and civil parish in South Derbyshire, England. Situated on the south of the River Trent on a rise between Stanton by Bridge and Repton, Ingleby contains the privately owned John Thompson public house and the Ingleby Art Gallery. It is the location of Anchor Church, a small series of caves in the sandstone which were the homes of anchorites. The word Ingleby means 'Village of the English'. Nearby places include Stanton by Bridge, Ticknall and the Foremark Reservoir. Vikings erected 59 burial mounds in", "Ingleby, Derbyshire Ingleby, Derbyshire Ingleby is a hamlet and civil parish in South Derbyshire, England. Situated on the south of the River Trent on a rise between Stanton by Bridge and Repton, Ingleby contains the privately owned John Thompson public house and the Ingleby Art Gallery. It is the location of Anchor Church, a small series of caves in the sandstone which were the homes of anchorites. The word Ingleby means 'Village of the English'. Nearby places include Stanton by Bridge, Ticknall and the Foremark Reservoir. Vikings erected 59 burial mounds in Heath Wood and the grave goods comprised remnants of swords", "Inspector and served as the model for Inspector Lew Erskine, the fictional character played by Efrem Zimbalist Jr. in the 1965–1974 ABC TV series \"The FBI\". Samuel P. Cowley was an FBI inspector in the late 1920s and 1930s who assisted in bringing down notorious gangsters such as John Dillinger in the early 1930s, before his death in November 1934 in a gun battle with Baby Face Nelson. The United States Marshals Service and the Drug Enforcement Administration employ similar positions, but they primarily serve as internal affairs investigators. The United States Park Police changed the rank of Inspector to the", "Inspector training is longer. In Nepal Police, the rank of Inspector is generally the next senior rank from Sub Inspector (SI) and is less senior than a Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP). Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring one pair of crossed kukri, the same rank badge as a Inspector in Armed Police Force (Nepal). In the Royal Papua New Guinea Constabulary, the rank of Inspector is one level above Chief Sergeant and below Senior Inspector. Officer Cadets normally graduate and automatically become an Inspector. In the Philippines, inspector is a rank in the Philippine National Police, the", "Sergeant Berry (TV series) Sergeant Berry (TV series) Sergeant Berry is a fictional American police officer. The first stories published about him were novels written by an author named Robert Arden. In 1938 there was already a German film called \"Sergeant Berry\" starring Hans Albers. After World War II some of the novels about Sergeant Berry were published again. The German TV series of the same name was broadcast in 1974 and 1975 and lasted for 26 episodes. When Klausjürgen Wussow left the series he was replaced by the likewise popular actor and comedian Harald Juhnke. The series was produced by Heinz Willeg and", "Station sergeant International Deployment Group members of the AFP are appointed to the ranks of senior sergeant (three chevrons below a crown which is surrounded by a laurel leaf), station sergeant (a crown surrounded by a laurel leaf), superintendent (a pip and a crown), or commander (three pips and crown). In the Hong Kong Police Force, the rank of station sergeant (SSGT) is senior to sergeant but junior to inspector. A station sergeant is required to have served three years at the rank of sergeant and be recommended by a selection board before being promoted to the rank. Station sergeant is the", "Staff sergeant Chief Warder (1). The rank insignia of SSGT is one Singapore coat of arms and three pointed-down chevrons below it. In the Singapore Police Force, the rank of Staff Sergeant is currently being phased out with the newly overhauled \"unified police rank structure\" which allows a direct-entry Sergeant to be eligible for emplacement to the rank of Inspector without a degree. In the past, the rank of Staff Sergeant is above the rank of Sergeant, and below the rank of Senior Staff Sergeant; with the new rank structure being introduced, the rank and insigna of Staff Sergeant is being phased", "Sergeant Berry (TV series) directed by Harald Philipp who had already worked together on the early films about Jerry Cotton. Peter Thomas provided the music score. Sergeant Berry (TV series) Sergeant Berry is a fictional American police officer. The first stories published about him were novels written by an author named Robert Arden. In 1938 there was already a German film called \"Sergeant Berry\" starring Hans Albers. After World War II some of the novels about Sergeant Berry were published again. The German TV series of the same name was broadcast in 1974 and 1975 and lasted for 26 episodes. When Klausjürgen Wussow left", "Ingleby Barwick behaviour and intimidating the public on evenings, and subsequently on August 2015 a man was seriously assaulted by a group of men close to the store. In January 2016 Cleveland Police issued a dispersal order around the centre of Ingleby Barwick following reports of intimidation, and missiles being thrown at vehicles, with the area being described as a hot spot for anti-social behaviour. In March 2017 police again raised concerns about trouble and intimidation be caused to members of the public around the Ingleby Barwick Tesco store. This included throwing items at vehicles and at people. Ingleby Barwick Ingleby Barwick", "Inspector-general of police Force. In Sierra Leone the Inspector General of Police is the head of the Sierra Leone Police force. He heads the force (nationally), which is one of the oldest continuously operational police services in Africa. He is assisted by a Deputy Inspector General, and several Assistant Inspectors General. In Sri Lanka, the Inspector General of Police heads the Sri Lanka Police Service. The Inspector General of Police is the highest rank in the Uganda Police Force (UPF). Since 2001, the position has been held by a two-star military general of the Uganda People's Defense Force (UPDF). In Northern Ireland, the", "The Lineup (TV series) city.\" The television version was set specifically in San Francisco and was produced with the cooperation of the San Francisco Police Department, which received a credit at the close of each episode. It starred Warner Anderson as Guthrie and Tom Tully as Grebb. Grebb was now an inspector instead of a sergeant because at the time the series was made there was no such rank as sergeant in the Bureau of Inspectors, SFPD's investigative division, and a full inspector was the closest equivalent to the generic detective sergeant the character had been on radio. The TV version, a CBS Television", "Inspector Inspector Inspector is both a police rank and an administrative position, both used in a number of contexts. However, it is not an equivalent rank in each police force. In Australian police forces, the rank of Inspector is generally the next senior rank from senior sergeant and is less senior than a superintendent (in the cases of the Queensland Police and Western Australia Police) in the other Australian police forces. Members holding the rank usually wear an epaulette featuring three silver pips, the same rank badge as a captain in the army. In addition to the general rank of inspector,", "Inspector Steine Inspector Steine Inspector Steine is a radio comedy drama series written by Lynne Truss and produced by Sweet Talk for BBC Radio 4. The producer is Karen Rose and music is by Anthony May. Set in a police station in Brighton in the 1950s, it tells the story of Inspector Steine (Michael Fenton Stevens) and his colleagues Sergeant Brunswick (John Ramm) and Constable Twitten (Matt Green), plus the station charlady Mrs Groynes (Jan Ravens in Series 1 and Samantha Spiro from Series 2 onwards). Guest stars have included Janet Ellis, Mark Heap, Allan Corduner and Carla Mendonca. The programme was", "Sergeant \"brigadier\" which is roughly equivalent to the police constable ranks. In many metropolitan police forces in both India and Pakistan, a sergeant (called armed sub-inspectors in some states) is equivalent to a police sub-inspector. They are subordinate to police inspectors in rank but are senior to assistant sub-inspectors, head constables, \"naiks\" (corporals) and police constables in Indian police forces. In British-India days, the practice began of transferring British Army NCOs to Indian constabularies to teach them foot and rifle drill and weapons handling (called \"musketry\") and to maintain disciplinary standards. This is the historical origin of the rank of sergeant", "John Sergeant (journalist) he became the narrator for the UK version of the interesting facts game programme, \"Duck Quacks Don't Echo\", first series only. He has since subsequently been engaged by Mentorn TV to produce a number of documentaries that include a three-part series entitled \"John Sergeant's Tourist Trail\" in which he asked the question \"why do tourists come to Britain?\" He is currently filming a new two-part documentary for Mentorn TV where he explores Indian Railways. Sergeant was also the host of \"Argumental\", a comedy debating game on Dave. In 2011 Sergeant was the narrator for the ITV television series Grimefighters. Sergeant", "John Ingleby (Australian politician) John Ingleby (Australian politician) John Ingleby (22 February 1829 – 5 August 1907) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the South Australian House of Assembly from 1875 to 1877, representing the electorate of Victoria. Ingleby was born in Staffordshire in England, and migrated to South Australia in 1849. He resided in the Mount Gambier region for nearly fifty years prior to his death, living for many years at Glenburnie before moving to Mount Gambier itself several years before his death. In business, he worked as a commission agent, auctioneer and stock broker in Mount Gambier. He was", "Sergeant Hathaway requires that he share theological trivia, translate Latin and Greek ... The most viewers know about him is that he left the seminary guilty over the orthodox but ultimately deadly advice he gave a gay friend about coping with his homosexuality.\" Sergeant Hathaway James Hathaway is the CID Detective Inspector working with Inspector Lewis in the ITV detective series \"Lewis\" (known as \"Inspector Lewis\" in the United States). He is played by Laurence Fox. Hathaway portrays a Detective Sergeant until the penultimate series of Lewis in 2014, in which he is promoted to the rank of Inspector following a brief", "Inspector Bureau of Jail Management and Penology, and the Bureau of Fire Protection. It is above the senior officer 4 (sergeant) and below the senior inspector (captain). It is regarded as an equivalent of a lieutenant in the Army. In Poland, inspector (\"inspektor\") is a high rank (above \"podinspektor\" and \"młodszy inspektor\", but below \"nadinspektor\"), comparable to colonel of the armed forces. In the Romanian Police, inspector is a rank senior to \"Subinspector\" and junior to \"Inspector principal\" and corresponds to the former rank of Police Lieutenant (\"see Romanian Police Ranks\"). In the Singapore Police Force, there are several ranks that", "John Bacchus Dykes by whom he had three sons and five daughters: John Bacchus Dykes John Bacchus Dykes (10 March 1823 – 22 January 1876) was an English clergyman and hymnwriter. John Bacchus Dykes was born in Hull, England, the fifth child and third son of William Hey Dykes, a ship builder, later banker, and Elizabeth, daughter of Bacchus Huntington, a surgeon of Sculcoates, Yorkshire, and granddaughter of the Rev. William Huntington, Vicar of Kirk Ella. His paternal grandparents were the Rev. Thomas Dykes, LL.B., and Mary, daughter of William Hey. He was also a cousin of the Rev. George Huntington. Dykes was", "Deputy inspector general of police for the policing of a Range which constitute a geographical area of two or more Police Divisions commanded by a Superintendent administrating few police districts, in charge of Asst. Superintendents, composed of number of police stations. In terms of section 21(3) of the Police Ordinance 'Inspector General of Police shall be deemed to include a Deputy Inspector General of Police'. Deputy inspector general of police A Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) is a high-ranking official position in Police in India and Bangladesh, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) is a one-star rank in", "Inspector inspector (including probationary inspector and senior inspector) is the rank senior to station sergeant but junior to chief inspector, leading a sub-unit in day-to-day policing. Rank badge of probationary inspector is one silver pip on his or her epaulette; two silver pips for inspector of police; and two silver pips and one bar on for senior inspector of police. The epaulettes rank badge of chief inspector is three silver pips. The epaulettes of all inspectors do not show their personal identification number. Plain-clothes detective inspectors have the prefix \"detective\" identifying them as having been trained in criminal investigation and being", "Station sergeant the senior sergeant in a station, although it was no longer a separate rank with its own insignia. Possibly the most famous fictional station sergeant was George Dixon in the long-running television series \"Dixon of Dock Green\". An equivalent rank was clerk sergeant, or clerk police sergeant (CPS), held by the officer responsible for all administration in a division. Clerk sergeants were regraded as inspectors in January 1954. The insignia commonly associated with the rank of station sergeant is still used within the City of London Police for those officers in an acting inspector role. The Port of Felixstowe Police,", "Inspector Morse (TV series) Adrian Shergold (three), and Danny Boyle (two). \"Morse\" remains popular and is frequently repeated on the principal and subsidiary ITV channels (ITV, ITV2, ITV3, ITV4) in the UK as well as on television channels in other European countries and in Australia. Main characters: Other recurring characters: Main production credits: Morse was played by John Thaw, and his assistant, Detective Sergeant Lewis, by Kevin Whately. The character of Lewis was transformed from the elderly Welshman and ex-boxer of the novels to a much younger Geordie police sergeant with a family, as a foil to Morse's cynical streak. Morse's first name, Endeavour,", "Inspector There are three four different Inspector ranks in the Polizia di Stato: \"Vice Ispettore\" (\"Assistant Inspector\"), \"Ispettore\" (\"Inspector\"), \"Ispettore Capo\" (\"Chief Inspector\") and \"Ispettore Superiore\" (\"Special Inspector\", or \"Superior Inspector\"), roughly equivalent to the ranks ranging from Junior Sergeant to Second Lieutenant. A fifth position, called \"Ispettore Superiore S.U.P.S.\", where the achronym stands for \"Sostituto Ufficiale di Pubblica Sicurezza\" (\"Special Inspector – Substitute Public Safety Commissioned Officer\"), is used to designate those Inspectors which can act as substitutes to Commissioners in the chain of command under certain situations, or in Police detachments that are too small to require the presence", "Lee Ingleby Wright's \"Cressida\" and Katurian in Martin McDonagh's \"The Pillowman\". He performed in the play \"Our Class\" by Tadeusz Slobodzianek at the Cottesloe Theatre from September 2009 to January 2010 as Zygmunt. In 2011, Ingleby appeared in the television series \"Being Human\" as Edgar Wyndham, a menacing vampire elder, and also in \"Luther\" as serial killer Cameron Pell. In 2013, Ingleby took on the voice role of Phillip De Nicholay, the Sheriff of Nottingham, in a new audio production of the Robin Hood legend, produced by Spiteful Puppet. He returned to the role in the follow up \"HOOD – The Scribe", "Inspector Morse Inspector Morse Detective Chief Inspector Endeavour Morse GM is the eponymous fictional character in the series of detective novels by British author Colin Dexter. On television, he appears in the 33-episode drama series \"Inspector Morse\" (1987–2000), in which John Thaw played the character, as well as the 2012 prequel series \"Endeavour\", portrayed by Shaun Evans. The older Morse is a senior CID (Criminal Investigation Department) officer with the Thames Valley Police force in Oxford, England, and in the prequel Morse is a young graduate Detective Constable rising through the ranks with the Oxford City Police. Morse presents, to some, a", "John Lee (government official) John Lee (government official) John Lee Ka-chiu, SBS, PMSM, PDSM, JP (; born 7 December 1957) is a Hong Kong police officer and a government official. He is the Secretary for Security since 2017. Lee joined as a probationary inspector in 1977 and worked his way up to Chief Superintendent in 1997, Assistant Commissioner in 2003, Senior Assistant Commissioner in 2007 and Deputy Commissioner in 2010. He had served in a wide range of operational duties including CID, Complaints Against Police, Service Quality, Personnel, Training, Information Systems, Finance, Policies Formulation, Planning and Development. He has been the Commander of Kowloon", "Inspector Hornleigh the end of the programme. Between 1938 and 1940 a trilogy of films was made based upon the character, starring Gordon Harker in the title role: \"Inspector Hornleigh\" (1938), \"Inspector Hornleigh on Holiday\" (1939), and \"Inspector Hornleigh Goes To It\" (1940). All the films were made at Pinewood Studios in England. In the films, Hornleigh was a cockney detective with the Metropolitan Police. He was accompanied by his slight and inept Scottish sidekick, Sergeant Bingham, played by Alastair Sim. Whereas the BBC radio series had been a straight \"whodunit\", the films were made as comedies. Despite their popularity, no further", "John Bacchus Dykes John Bacchus Dykes John Bacchus Dykes (10 March 1823 – 22 January 1876) was an English clergyman and hymnwriter. John Bacchus Dykes was born in Hull, England, the fifth child and third son of William Hey Dykes, a ship builder, later banker, and Elizabeth, daughter of Bacchus Huntington, a surgeon of Sculcoates, Yorkshire, and granddaughter of the Rev. William Huntington, Vicar of Kirk Ella. His paternal grandparents were the Rev. Thomas Dykes, LL.B., and Mary, daughter of William Hey. He was also a cousin of the Rev. George Huntington. Dykes was a younger brother of the poet and hymnwriter Eliza", "Station inspector held the rank had completed their probationary period. In 1941, the rank of temporary or probationary inspector was granted one star, the rank of station inspector received two \"stars, and the rank of sub-divisional inspector received three stars. In 1949, the inspector ranks were reorganised. The rank of station inspector was changed to inspector and the rank of sub-divisional inspector abolished. Station inspector Station inspector is a police rank used in some countries. Station inspector (SI; Chinese: 驻署警长) is the third highest non-commissioned rank in the Singapore Police Force, below inspector, and above senior staff sergeant. Station inspectors wear a", "Inspector-general of police be removed from office by the President only on the grounds of: In Malawi, the Inspector General of Police is the head of the Malawi Police Force. It is an appointed position in the gift of the President of Malawi. In Malaysia, the Inspector-General of Police heads the Royal Malaysia Police. In Nepal, the Inspector General of Police is the highest rank of the Nepal Police and Armed Police Force. Sharbendra nath khanal is current IGP of Nepal police while Shailendra khanal serves as the current IGP of Nepal Armed Police Force An Inspector-General of Police heads the Nigeria Police", "Inspector-general of police chief officer of the former Royal Ulster Constabulary (now replaced by the Police Service of Northern Ireland) was titled inspector general until 1970, when following a review the post was renamed chief constable. Inspector-general of police An inspector-general of police is a senior police officer in the police force or police service of several nations. The rank usually refers to the head of a large regional command within a police service, and in many countries refers to the most senior officer of the entire national police. An Inspector General of Police (IGP) is the head of policing in a province", "Ingleby, Lincolnshire Ingleby, Lincolnshire Ingleby is a hamlet in the civil parish of Saxilby with Ingleby, in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated less than north from the village of Saxilby, and north-west from the city and county town of Lincoln. Ingleby comprised three areas, North Ingleby, South Ingleby and Low Ingleby. Ingleby is recorded three times as \"Englebi\" in the \"Domesday Book\"; in 1086 it comprised 38 households, which for the time was considered very large. In North Ingleby there are earthworks of a scheduled manor complex centred on a moated enclosure now occupied by Ingleby Hall", "Inspector-general of police Inspector-general of police An inspector-general of police is a senior police officer in the police force or police service of several nations. The rank usually refers to the head of a large regional command within a police service, and in many countries refers to the most senior officer of the entire national police. An Inspector General of Police (IGP) is the head of policing in a province of Pakistan. The IGP is a three star appointment in Pakistan. In Bangladesh, the Bangladesh Inspector General of Police heads the Bangladesh Police. In Ghana, Inspector General of Police is the title of", "Deputy inspector general of police Deputy inspector general of police A Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) is a high-ranking official position in Police in India and Bangladesh, Kenya, Malaysia, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG) is a one-star rank in the Indian police, just below Inspector General of Police. It is a selective rank to which Indian Police Service officers who had successfully served as Senior Superintendent of Police or Deputy Commissioner of Police were promoted. There is no limit to the number of DIGs a state can have and most states have several DIGs. DIGs are in pay band", "John Gerrard (police officer) John Gerrard (police officer) John Henry Gerrard CBE MC QPM (25 November 1920 – 2 June 2003) was a British police officer with the London Metropolitan Police. Gerrard was educated at Cordwainers' Technical College and enlisted in the British Army in 1939. In 1943 he was commissioned into the Middlesex Regiment and served with the 1st Battalion in North-West Europe until he was demobilised with the rank of Captain in 1946. He won the Military Cross (MC) in 1944. In 1946 he joined the Metropolitan Police as a Constable. He was promoted Sergeant in 1951, Inspector at Hammersmith in 1955,", "Inspector the term Inspector is used in other government departments for posts such as \"Chief Inspector of Excise\", \"Inspector of Excise\", \"Chief Inspector of Customs\", \"Inspector of Customs\", \"Co-operative Inspector\", \"Fisheries Inspector\", Public Health Inspector. Within the British police, inspector is the second supervisory rank. It is senior to that of sergeant, but junior to that of chief inspector. The rank is mostly operational, meaning that inspectors are directly concerned with day-to-day policing. Uniformed inspectors are often responsible for supervising a duty shift made up of constables and sergeants, or act in specialist roles such as supervising road traffic policing. The", "Sub-inspector a Sub Inspector in the Armed Police Force (Nepal). In the Sri Lanka Police Service, sub-inspector of police (SI). The rank is above the rank of police sergeant major (PSM) and below an inspector (IP). Generally an SI would be the officer in charge (OIC) of a small police station, a detachment of police personal or deputy OIC of a larger police station in a metropolitan area. Most sub-inspectors are directly recruited into the police service as probationary sub-inspectors for one year's training. The basic educational entry requirement is that an applicant has passed the G.C.E Advance Level Examination. Annually", "Charles Ingleby Charles Ingleby Sir Charles Ingleby (fl. 1688, died 1719), was an English barrister and briefly a judge. Ingleby was a descendant of Sir Thomas Ingleby, judge of the king's bench in the reign of Edward III of England. He was the third son of John Ingleby of Lawkland, Yorkshire. He was admitted a member of Gray's Inn in June 1663, and called to the bar in November 1671. He was a Roman Catholic, and in February 1680 was charged by the informers Robert Bolron and Moubray with complicity in the Gascoigne plot, and was committed to the King's Bench prison,", "The Lineup (TV series) The Lineup (TV series) The Lineup is an American police drama which aired on CBS radio from 1950 to 1953 and on CBS television from 1954 to 1960. Syndicated reruns of the series were broadcast under the title San Francisco Beat. The radio version depicted the investigations of Lieutenant Ben Guthrie (played by Bill Johnstone, one of several actors to play The Shadow on radio) and Sergeant Matt Greb (played by Wally Maher until his death on December 27, 1951), later replaced by Sergeant Pete Carger (played by Jack Moyles), detectives in the police force of an unnamed \"great American", "Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service The Inspector General of Police (IGP) is the most senior Police Officer in Ghana. The IGP is appointed by the President of Ghana acting in consultation with the Council of State. The IGP is the head of the Police service and is responsible for the operational control and the administration of the Police Service. The IGP is a member of the Police Council. The first Ghanaian Police Commissioner, E. R. T. Madjitey was appointed to head the service on October 9, 1958. The IGP is aided by two deputies as well", "Sergeant major the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. While technically it is the 6th level of rank, below corps sergeant major and above staff sergeant major, it, along with the other two, are specialized ranks and not part of the normal progression, which would proceed from staff sergeant to inspector. A sergeant major appointment exists in each military unit from company to division/formation. Their main job is to assist the commander in the discipline and welfare of the enlisted men. Their authority and responsibility at parades and ceremonies extends over even commissioned officers while on the parade square. In the Singapore Armed Forces,", "Sergeant also used as a rank in the Sri Lanka Air Force. It is senior to corporal and junior to flight sergeant. It is denoted by three chevrons. The rank of sergeant exists in the Sri Lanka Police Service. It is senior to constable but junior to sub-inspector. South Korean armed forces share the same rank system to each other's (Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine). So here we only note the army. In the Republic of Korea Armed Forces, the term 'sergeant' is often matched to the rank of \"byeong-jang\" (; \"lit.\" \"chief soldier\"), but this is far from reality.", "Road Wars (TV series) Road Wars (TV series) Road Wars is a police reality television programme created by Raw Cut TV for British Sky Broadcasting and broadcast on Sky1 from 2003 to 2010. From Series 1 the show was narrated by Lee Boardman who played villain Jez Quigley in ITV soap Coronation Street. The 2nd half of series 7 was narrated by Claire Goose who played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV police drama \"The Bill\". As of 2017 the show continues regular re-runs on several Sky channels: Sky1, Sky2, Pick, Sky Living and Real Lives. On 5 December 2017, PC James 'Dixie' Dixon who", "Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service as nine directors and a Chief Staff Officer. The head of the Gold Coast Constabulary was the Commissioner of Police. Inspector General of Police of the Ghana Police Service The Inspector General of Police (IGP) is the most senior Police Officer in Ghana. The IGP is appointed by the President of Ghana acting in consultation with the Council of State. The IGP is the head of the Police service and is responsible for the operational control and the administration of the Police Service. The IGP is a member of the Police Council. The first Ghanaian Police Commissioner, E. R. T.", "Divisional detective inspector Divisional detective inspector Divisional detective inspector (DDI), also known as first class detective inspector, was a rank in the Criminal Investigation Department of London's Metropolitan Police, equivalent to sub-divisional inspector in the uniformed branch. It was senior to the rank of detective inspector (officially called second class detective inspector) and junior to the rank of detective chief inspector. The DDI was in charge of the CID in each police division. He was usually assisted by one or two detective inspectors, a first class detective sergeant, and a number of detective sergeants and detective constables. He was largely autonomous on his", "Charles Ingleby was fined 40s. at the York assizes for refusing to take the oaths of allegiance to William and Mary. The date of his death is unknown. Thomas Dunham Whitaker, in his ‘History of Richmondshire,’ ii. 350, apparently referring to him, but under the wrong name of John, says that he died shortly after the Glorious Revolution at Austwick Hall, and was buried at Clapham, Yorkshire; but the register of Roman Catholic landholders in the West Riding of Yorkshire, 1717–34, is headed by the name of Sir Charles Ingleby, knight, serjeant-at-law. Charles Ingleby Sir Charles Ingleby (fl. 1688, died 1719), was", "Lee Conservancy Police river, and by 1908 there were four officers. In 1913 a report from the \"Engineer and Manager\" stated that the five constables then employed were overworked and would benefit from assistance. He also asked that they be issued with police uniforms and helmets. During the Second World War police numbers increased, and by 1948 there was a Superintendent, Inspector, Sergeant and eleven constables. The canal system of Great Britain was nationalised in 1948 and brought under the control of the British Transport Commission. This also saw the various police forces maintained for individual canals and ports merged into the new", "Inspector-general of police event of a vacancy arising, the procedure for appointment of the Inspector-General is: The IG is charged with the overall administrative management of the police force, exercises independent command over the National Police Service and performs any other functions prescribed by national legislation. Consequently, (s)he reports directly to the President and is also a member of the National Security Council, chaired by the President. Under the IG are two Deputy Inspector-Generals who command the Kenya Police Service and the Administration Police Service respectively. The Inspector-General is appointed for a single four-year term, and is not eligible for re-appointment. (S)he may", "Sergeant Sergeant \"Sergeant\" (abbreviated to \"Sgt\" and capitalized when used as a named person's title) is a rank in many uniformed organizations, principally military and policing forces. The alternate spelling, \"serjeant\", is used in The Rifles and other units that draw their heritage from the British Light Infantry. Its origin is the Latin \"serviens\", \"one who serves\", through the French term \"sergent\". The term \"sergeant\" refers to a non-commissioned officer placed above the rank of a corporal and a police officer immediately below a lieutenant or, in the UK, below an inspector. In most armies the rank of sergeant corresponds to", "Surrey Police sister of Lucy Lee, who was arrested in a separate incident weeks after the murders. The IPCC found that a detective constable and a detective sergeant had cases to answer for misconduct and a detective inspector for gross misconduct. Surrey Police Surrey Police is the territorial police force responsible for policing the county of Surrey in South East England. The force is currently led by Chief Constable Nick Ephgrave, following the departure in December 2015 of Lynne Owens, Surrey's first female chief constable. The force has its headquarters at Mount Browne, Guildford, Surrey. On 1 January 1851, the Surrey Constabulary", "Staff sergeant NCC cadets from SAF personnel. In the National Police Cadet Corps (NPCC) and the National Civil Defence Cadet Corps (NCDCC), the rank of Staff Sergeant is above Sergeant, and below Station Inspector and Warrant Officer respectively. The rank of Staff Sergeant generally is awarded to cadets when they are in Secondary Four, before they pass out. NPCC and NCDCC Staff Sergeants wear a rank insignia of one Singapore coat of arms and three pointed-down chevrons. The letters 'NPCC' and 'NCDCC' are located below the insignia so as to differentiate NPCC and NCDCC cadets from Singapore Police Force and Singapore Civil", "Sergeant chevrons. The spelling \"serjeant\" was never used in the Royal Air Force. Within the British police, sergeant is the first supervisory rank. Sergeant is senior to the rank of constable, and junior to inspector. The rank is mostly operational, meaning that sergeants are directly concerned with day-to-day policing. Uniformed sergeants are often responsible for supervising a shift of constables and allocating duties to them. Prisoner-handling stations will also have one or more separate custody sergeants who are responsible for authorising and supervising the detention of arrested persons in accordance with the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, along with the daily", "Port of Felixstowe Police as a deputy to the inspector. In 2015, on the retirement of Inspector M Hayward, the last station sergeant (Station Sergeant A Miaoulis) was promoted to inspector, and the rank of station sergeant was abolished. The following table illustrates the ranks used in the force. Under freedom of information regulations the Port of Felixstowe Police has self-defined its operational responsibilities under eight headings. The local Home Office police force, Suffolk Constabulary, are summoned to deal with serious crime incidents within the port. Port of Felixstowe Police Port of Felixstowe Police is a small specialised police force established in 1975, responsible", "Deputy inspector general of police and then Deputy Inspector General. If he/she performed well and the Home ministry thought, then they can promoted to Additional Inspector General to Inspector General of Bangladesh Police (IGP). The post is equivalent to the Officers hold the rank of Joint Secretary to the Govt. and Colonel in Bangladesh Army. In Kenya, a Deputy Inspector-General of Police is a three-star rank of the Kenya National Police Service. (S)he is immediately below the Inspector-General and immediately above the Senior Assistant Inspector-General. Two officers hold this position and they command the Kenya Police Service and the Administration Police Service respectively. In Malaysia,", "Inspector Ghote Naseeruddin Shah played the role of Ghote in \"The Perfect Murder\". Ghote also appeared in a BBC adaptation of \"Inspector Ghote Hunts the Peacock\", played by Zia Mohyeddin. The same novel was again adapted by the BBC this time as a radio drama starring Sam Dastor. Inspector Ghote Inspector Ganesh V. Ghote (pronounced \"GO-tay\") is a fictional police officer who is the main character in H. R. F. Keating's detective novels. Ghote is an inspector in the police force of Bombay (a.k.a. Mumbai), India. Ghote first appeared in the novel \"The Perfect Murder\" (1964), in which his investigation of the", "Inspector-general of police Indonesia, an Inspector General of Police (\"Inspektur Jenderal Polisi\" or abbreviated Irjen (Pol)) holds the third highest rank of the Indonesian National Police (equivalent to a major general in the Indonesian National Armed Forces). Usually, police with rank Inspector General of Police became Head of Regional Police with Type-A Classification (Capital City, Strategic and Major/Densely Populated Province), Chief of Division, Special Staff to Head of National Police, or Vice Head of Agency in the Police Headquarters. In Kenya, the top-ranked police officer is the Inspector-General of Police, who has the overall command of the Kenya National Police Service. In the", "Deputy inspector general of police a Deputy Inspector-General of Police is the second most senior rank in the Royal Malaysia Police, ranking below an Inspector-General of Police and above a Commissioner of Police. Officers in this rank wear the sultan's-crown insignia over four five-pointed stars (in a diamond shape) over crossed baton and kris. In Pakistan, a Deputy Inspector General of Police is a one-star rank of the Police Service of Pakistan. In Sri Lanka, according to the \"Police Ordinance\", the rank of Deputy Inspector General is the second most highest position in the Sri Lanka Police Force. An officer in this rank is responsible", "Ingleby Barwick Ingleby Barwick Ingleby Barwick is a large private residential housing estate and civil parish built on what was the southern perimeter of Thornaby airfield in the borough of Stockton-on-Tees and ceremonial county of North Yorkshire, England. In 2011, the population was 21,045. The estate is enclosed by water to the west, north and east. It was officially opened in 1981 by the mayor of Langbaurgh. Although the development of Ingleby Barwick, as the housing estate which is present today, did not start until the late 1970s, the land has been occupied for thousands of years. Ingleby Barwick has a ceremonial", "Inspector Montalbano (TV series) Inspector Montalbano (TV series) Inspector Montalbano ( ) is an Italian television series produced and broadcast by RAI since 1999, based on the detective novels of Andrea Camilleri. The protagonist is \"commissario\" (Commissioner) Salvo Montalbano, and the stories are set in the imaginary town of Vigàta, Sicily. In 2012 the series generated a prequel, \"The Young Montalbano\". Salvo Montalbano, as the chief police (commissario) of Vigàta, a fictional town in the fictional province of Montelusa, Sicily, is a gruff character who is responsible and serious at work, but often also open and friendly with people he knows he can trust.", "Triple Nine (TV series) Triple Nine (TV series) Triple Nine (Chinese: 九九九行动) is an English language television police procedural telecast on what was then the Television Corporation of Singapore's Channel 5 (today's MediaCorp TV Channel 5) from 1995 to 1999. As the station's earliest attempt in an action-based drama series, the series revolved around the lives of a group of police officers, namely Inspector Mike Chin (James Lye), Inspector Elaine Tay (Wong Li Lin), and Sergeant Alan Leong (Lim Yu Beng) from the Special Investigation Section of the CID. The cast changed in subsequent seasons, notably with the inclusion of Inspector Sean Han (Robin", "Ingleby Greenhow Ingleby Greenhow Ingleby Greenhow is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the border of the North York Moors and 3 miles south of Great Ayton. The parish of Ingleby Greenhow has records of a John Thomasson de Grenehow, a member of the clergy, who in 1376 \"\"had to appear before a Commission appointed to be tried with several others for either poaching or cutting down timber, or destroying property belonging to Peter de Malo Luca the 6th, of Mulgrave Castle\"\". The name may derive from the Saxon for Englishman's green", "Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka) Police but was soon changed to that of the \"Inspector General of Police\" accordingly William Robert Campbell became the first Inspector General of Police. Inspector General of Police (Sri Lanka) The Inspector General of Police (IGP) is the professional head of the Sri Lanka Police. He is the most senior police officer in Sri Lanka and oversees all police personnel throughout the country. The IGP reports to the Minister of Law and Order, when the Police Service is under the Ministry of Law and Order as it is currently. The current Inspector General of Police is Pujith Jayasundara, who succeeded", "Ingleby Greenhow hill. How, derived from the Old Norse word \"haugr\", means hill or mound. The parish church, St Andrew, was almost entirely rebuilt in 1741, but has an early Norman chancel arch inside. Ingleby Greenhow Ingleby Greenhow is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is on the border of the North York Moors and 3 miles south of Great Ayton. The parish of Ingleby Greenhow has records of a John Thomasson de Grenehow, a member of the clergy, who in 1376 \"\"had to appear before a Commission appointed to be tried with several", "Deputy inspector general of police 4 ( to ) with grade pay . In Bangladesh Police, the post of a Deputy Inspector General of police is an important appointment. It's the third highest post in the force. Generally a DIG commands police range. But some times very important responsibility are given to a DIG by the Inspector General of Police. To be a DIG or upper the DIG people must have to pass the Bangladesh Civil Service (BCS) exam. Then he/she appointed as an assistant Police Supper, after that additional Police Supper, then he/she have to prompted to Police Supper, then Additional Deputy Inspector General", "Ingleby Barwick some footpath work. Social problems have long been an issue in Ingleby Barwick, and were mentioned in the 1986 Domesday project. Anti-social behaviour is currently a problem on the estate, particularly around the local supermarket Tesco, other shopping areas, and Romano Park. There have been a few reported incidents of muggings and assaults on the estate between 2005 and date. In October 2006, then leader of Ingleby Barwick Independent Society (IBIS) Councillor Lee Narroway was assaulted after confronting a gang on the estate. The estate's problems sometimes draw the attention of the council's enforcement team, who attempt to disperse groups", "Road Wars (TV series) Gang Unit in Cicero, Illinois, near Chicago, to note how law enforcement is practised in the United States. The Road Wars series has also been sold to these television networks and stations: Notes: Road Wars (TV series) Road Wars is a police reality television programme created by Raw Cut TV for British Sky Broadcasting and broadcast on Sky1 from 2003 to 2010. From Series 1 the show was narrated by Lee Boardman who played villain Jez Quigley in ITV soap Coronation Street. The 2nd half of series 7 was narrated by Claire Goose who played Inspector Rachel Weston in ITV", "Inspector-general of police the head of the Ghana Police Service. During the British rule in India, in 1861, the British Government introduced the Indian Councils Act 1861. The act created a new cadre of police, called Superior Police Services, later known as the Indian Imperial Police. The highest rank in the service was the Inspector General. Currently in modern India, an Inspector General (I.G.) of Police is a two-star rank IPS officer. An I.G. holds the second highest rank in the hierarchy, just below the Director General of Police (DGP) and Additional DGP, and just above Deputy Inspector General of Police (DIG). In", "Sussex Police • Cmdr = Commander • DC = Detective Constable • DI = Detective Inspector • DS = Detective Sergeant • Insp = Inspector • PC = Police Constable • Sgt = Sergeant • SPC = Special Police Constable • Stn Sgt = Station Sergeant • Supt = Superintendent • WPC = Woman Police Constable • WRC = War Reserve Constable. As well as preventing and detecting crime, Sussex Police have a responsibility to reduce the number of casualties on the roads. Additionally, in her 2012 PCC election manifesto, Katy Bourne said that the biggest issue raised in her Sussex Crime", "Station sergeant highest non-commissioned rank in the Hong Kong Police Force. Because of that, station sergeants tend to be the most experienced NCO in a unit, serving as the commander or second-in-command of a unit and/or a station if necessary. To progress to the rank of inspector, a station sergeant must undergo the same application process as other junior officers. The rank badge of a station sergeant is the Hong Kong Police badge surrounded by a wreath worn in the centre of the shoulder strap. However, station sergeants go through a 13-week training process instead of the 36-week training that other officers", "Nassau County Police Department ex-marked Nassau County Police cars. The majority of which being Ford Crown Victorias and Chevrolet Impalas. Nassau County ended up switching to the Ford Utility Interceptor as their main choice for RMP. Today, the Ford Utility Interceptor is the most widely used car in the fleet. Promotion to the ranks of sergeant, lieutenant, and police captain, are made via competitive civil service examinations. Promotion to the ranks of detective, detective sergeant, detective lieutenant, detective captain, deputy inspector, inspector and chief are made at the discretion of the police commissioner. The Nassau County Auxiliary Police is a unit of the Nassau", "Fort Lee Police Department a motorcycle accident on August 9, 1999 while traveling to a patrol tactics class he was teaching. Officer Greener was formerly a sergeant with the Essex County Police Department, but left when the department was disbanded. Officer Greener also worked for the West Caldwell Police Department for two years, prior to settling down with the Fort Lee Police Department in 1993. Aside from being a defensive tactics instructor for the department, Officer Greener was also a member of the department's Emergency Services Unit. In August 2008, a German Shepherd K-9 Greener was added to the Fort Lee Police Department to", "Played (TV series) Played (TV series) Played is a Canadian action/drama television series which premiered on CTV on October 3, 2013. The series was developed and is produced by Greg Nelson (Rookie Blue), Adrienne Mitchell (Bomb Girls) and Janis Lundman (Durham County). It follows a team of undercover police officers belonging to the fictional Covert Investigations Unit (CIU). Each episode finds them risking their lives by going undercover on short term, high intensity assignments to infiltrate and bring down criminal organizations at a fast pace. Often having to think on their feet, they find it easy to lose track of who they really", "Played (TV series) are, but smooth talking and quick thinking when things go wrong usually get them out of trouble. The series was cancelled after its first season. Played (TV series) Played is a Canadian action/drama television series which premiered on CTV on October 3, 2013. The series was developed and is produced by Greg Nelson (Rookie Blue), Adrienne Mitchell (Bomb Girls) and Janis Lundman (Durham County). It follows a team of undercover police officers belonging to the fictional Covert Investigations Unit (CIU). Each episode finds them risking their lives by going undercover on short term, high intensity assignments to infiltrate and bring" ]

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[ "The street is filled with restaurants and people walking." ]

[ "The people are walking along the deserted highway.", "Nobody is dancing.", "A person lands on the ground.", "The female is drinking beer.", "There is no bus station near the sea.", "His impotence gave him his sense of identity.", "He had a good laugh at himself." ]

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[ "DC systems (especially third-rail systems) are limited to relatively low voltages and this can limit the size and speed of trains and cannot use low-level platform and also limit the amount of air-conditioning that the trains can provide. This may be a factor favouring overhead wires and high-voltage AC, even for urban usage. In practice, the top speed of trains on third-rail systems is limited to 100 mph (160 km/h) because above that speed reliable contact between the shoe and the rail cannot be maintained." ]

[ "A lone naked human is at a physical disadvantage to other comparable apex predators in areas such as speed, bone density, weight, and physical strength. Humans also lack innate weaponry such as claws. Without crafted weapons, society, or cleverness, a lone human can easily be defeated by fit predatory animals, such as wild dogs, big cats and bears (see Man-eater). However, humans are not solitary creatures; they are social animals with highly developed social behaviors. Early humans, such as Homo erectus, have been using stone tools and weapons for well over a million years. Anatomically modern humans have been apex predators since they first evolved, and many species of carnivorous megafauna actively avoid interacting with humans; the primary environmental competitor for a human is other humans. The one subspecies of carnivorous megafauna that does interact frequently with humans in predatory roles is the domestic dog, but usually as a partner in predation especially if they hunt together. Cannibalism has occurred in various places, among various cultures, and for various reasons. At least a few people, such as the Donner party, are said to have resorted to it in desperation.", "Far from being a mere \"stopgap\" pope, to great excitement, John XXIII called for an ecumenical council fewer than ninety years after the First Vatican Council (Vatican I's predecessor, the Council of Trent, had been held in the 16th century). This decision was announced on 29 January 1959 at the Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls. Cardinal Giovanni Battista Montini, who later became Pope Paul VI, remarked to Giulio Bevilacqua that \"this holy old boy doesn't realise what a hornet's nest he's stirring up\". From the Second Vatican Council came changes that reshaped the face of Catholicism: a comprehensively revised liturgy, a stronger emphasis on ecumenism, and a new approach to the world.", "Following the Sergeant Isaac Woodard incident, President Harry S. Truman, himself a combat veteran of World War I, issued Executive Order 9808 establishing the President's Committee on Civil Rights to examine the violence and recommend appropriate federal legislation. Hearing of the incident, Truman turned to NAACP leader Walter Francis White and declared, \"My God! I had no idea it was as terrible as that. We've got to do something.\" In 1947 the committee published its findings, To Secure These Rights. The book was widely read, influential, and considered utopian for the times: \"In our land men are equal, but they are free to be different. From these very differences among our people has come the great human and national strength of America.\" The report discussed and demonstrated racial discrimination in basic freedoms, education, public facilities, personal safety, and employment opportunities. The committee was disturbed by the state of race relations, and included the evacuation of Americans of Japanese descent during the war \"made without a trial or any sort of hearing…Fundamental to our whole system of law is the belief that guilt is personal and not a matter of heredity or association.\" The recommendations were radical, calling for federal policies and laws to end racial discrimination and bring about equality: \"We can tolerate no restrictions upon the individual which depend upon irrelevant factors such as his race, his color, his religion, or the social position to which he is born.\" To Secure These Rights set the liberal legislative agenda for the next generation that eventually would be signed into law by Lyndon B. Johnson.:35–36", "The Aleutian Islands are still home to the Aleut people's seafaring society, although they were the first Native Alaskans to be exploited by Russians. Western and Southwestern Alaska are home to the Yup'ik, while their cousins the Alutiiq ~ Sugpiaq lived in what is now Southcentral Alaska. The Gwich'in people of the northern Interior region are Athabaskan and primarily known today for their dependence on the caribou within the much-contested Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. The North Slope and Little Diomede Island are occupied by the widespread Inupiat people.", "In Western Catalan, unstressed vowels reduce to five: /e ɛ/ > [e]; /o ɔ/ > [o]; /a u i/ remain distinct. This reduction pattern, inherited from Proto-Romance, is also found in Italian and Portuguese. Some Western dialects present further reduction or vowel harmony in some cases.", "Though it was known in the nineteenth century that bacteria are the cause of many diseases, no effective antibacterial treatments were available. In 1910, Paul Ehrlich developed the first antibiotic, by changing dyes that selectively stained Treponema pallidum — the spirochaete that causes syphilis — into compounds that selectively killed the pathogen. Ehrlich had been awarded a 1908 Nobel Prize for his work on immunology, and pioneered the use of stains to detect and identify bacteria, with his work being the basis of the Gram stain and the Ziehl–Neelsen stain.", "In May 2014, Oklahoma Director of Corrections, Robert Patton, recommended an indefinite hold on executions in the state after the botched execution of African-American Clayton Lockett. The prisoner had to be tasered to restrain him prior to the execution, and the lethal injection missed a vein in his groin, resulting in Lockett regaining consciousness, trying to get up, and to speak, before dying of a heart attack 43 minutes later, after the attempted execution had been called off. In 2015, the state approved nitrogen asphyxiation as a method of execution." ]

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[ "Two children cross a bridge." ]

[ "Two children are hiding from their parent.", "The man was left to meditate.", "A couple is seated next to eachother.", "An animal running.", "It's the bananas in the fridge that get you going.", "An elderly person is being served food", "She really hated the Nazis and what they stood for." ]

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[ "Asia\nAsia (/ˈeɪʒə/(listen) atau /ˈeɪʃə/) adalah benua terbesar dan paling padat penduduknya di dunia, terletak di bagian timur dan belahan utara. Benua ini mencakup 8,7% dari total luas permukaan bumi dan terdiri dari 30% dari luas daratannya. Dengan sekitar 4,3 miliar orang, terdapat 60% dari populasi manusia dunia saat ini. Asia memiliki tingkat pertumbuhan yang tinggi di era modern. Misalnya, selama abad ke-20, Populasi Asia hampir empat kali lipat.[3]" ]

[ "Geografi Thailand\nLuas Thailand 514,000 kilometer persegi yang terletak di tengah daratan Asia Tenggara. Letaknya yang persis berada di posisi tengah mempengaruhi banyak aspek dari masyarakat dan budayanya - mengontrol satu-satunya rute darat dari Asia ke Malaysia dan Singapura.", "Asosiasi Kerja Sama Regional Asia Selatan\nSouth Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, atau SAARC, adalah sebuah asosiasi negara-negara Asia Selatan yang terdiri dari 8 negara diusulkan oleh Ziaur Rahman, Presiden Bangladesh saat itu, dan dibentuk pada 8 Desember 1985. Negara anggotanya termasuk Afganistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan dan Sri Lanka. Negara-negara ini membentuk wilayah sebesar 5.127.500 km dan seperlima dari penduduk dunia.", "Samudra Arktik\nSamudra Arktik mengisi sebuah basin bundar dan memiliki luas sekitar 14.056.000 kilometer persegi, hanya kurang sedikit dari 1.5 kali luas Amerika Serikat[3]. Panjang garis pantainya adalah 45.389 kilometer [3]. Hampir dikelilingi oleh daratan sepenuhnya, Samudra Arktik mencakup Tanjung Baffin, Laut Barents, Laut Beaufort, Laut Chukchi, Laut Siberia Timur, Laut Greenland, Tanjung Hudson, Teluk Hudson, Laut Kara, Laut Laptev, Laut Putih dan badan-badan air lainnya. Terhubung dengan Samudra Pasifik oleh Teluk Bering dan ke Samudra Atlantik melalui Laut Greenland[1] dan Laut Labrador. Letak astronomisnya adalah", "Daftar negara menurut benua\nTerdapat 50 negara di Asia, termasuk negara trans-benua, seperti Rusia, Turki, dan Mesir", "Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara\njmpl|201x201px|ASEAN Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara (Perbara)[1][2] atau lebih populer dengan sebutan Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) merupakan sebuah organisasi geo-politik dan ekonomi dari negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara, yang didirikan di Bangkok, 8 Agustus 1967 berdasarkan Deklarasi Bangkok oleh Indonesia, Malaysia, Filipina, Singapura, dan Thailand. Organisasi ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi, kemajuan sosial, dan pengembangan kebudayaan negara-negara anggotanya, memajukan perdamaian dan stabilitas di tingkat regionalnya, serta meningkatkan kesempatan untuk membahas perbedaan di antara anggotanya dengan damai.", "Fauna Asia\nTiongkok dan Jepang lebih lembab dan dingin daripada perbatasan Siberia dan Asia Tengah, dan merupakan habitat dari beraneka ragam konifer, tumbuhan berdaun lebar, dan hutan campuran, yang sekarang umumnya tinggal tersisa di daerah yang bergunung-gunung, sementara dataran rendah dan cekungan sungai yang padat populasinya telah diubah menjadi lahan pertanian intensif dan kepentingan kota. Asia timur tidak banyak terpengaruh oleh pembekuan samudera di zaman es. Di bagian subtropis selatan tiongkok dan Jepang, hutan sedang Palearktik bertransisi ke hutan subtropis dan hutan tropis Indomalaya, menciptakan suatu campuran keanekaragaman spesies tumbuhan dan hewan yang kaya. Pegunungan di baratdaya Tiongkok juga dijadikan hotspot biodiversitas, Himalaya contohnya, memiliki 8% dari seluruh spesies burung di dunia. Di Asia Tenggara, daerah pegunungan tinggi membentuk lidah dari flora dan fauna Palearktik di Myanmar utara dan China selatan. Rintisan (pulau langit) kecil yang terisolasi muncul sepanjang Myanmar utara dan selatan, bagian paling utara Vietnam dan pegunungan tinggi di Taiwan.", "Mesir\nDengan luas wilayah sekitar 997.739km² Mesir mencakup Semenanjung Sinai (dianggap sebagai bagian dari Asia Barat Daya) sedangkan sebagian besar wilayahnya terletak di Afrika Utara. Mesir berbatasan dengan Libya di sebelah barat, Sudan di selatan, jalur Gaza dan Israel di utara-timur. Perbatasannya dengan perairan ialah melalui Laut Tengah di utara dan Laut Merah di timur.", "Prasejarah Asia\nMasa Prasejarah di Asia merujuk pada peristiwa yang terjadi di Asia dari sejak adanya hominini (termasuk manusia), hingga ditemukannya sistem penulisan atau dokumentasi tertulis dari sejarah. Kawasan geografis dalam bahasan ini mencakup sebagian besar dari kawasan Eurasia yang secara tradisional disebut sebagai \"Benua Asia\". Benua ini digambarkan secara umum sebagai kawasan bagian timur Pegunungan Ural, Pegunungan Kaukasus, Laut Kaspia dan Laut Hitam, kemudian dibatasi oleh Samudra Pasifik, Samudra Hindia, dan Samudra Arktik. Artikel ini memberikan gambaran dari peristiwa yang terjadi di banyak wilayah Asia selama zaman prasejarah.", "Timur Tengah\nTimur Tengah adalah sebuah wilayah yang secara politis, dan budaya merupakan bagian dari benua Asia, atau Afrika-Eurasia. Pusat dari wilayah ini adalah daratan di antara Laut Mediterania dan Teluk Persia serta wilayah yang memanjang dari Anatolia, Jazirah Arab dan Semenanjung Sinai. Kadangkala disebutkan juga area tersebut meliputi wilayah dari Afrika Utara di sebelah barat sampai dengan Pakistan di sebelah timur, dan Kaukasus dan/atau Asia Tengah di sebelah utara. Media, dan beberapa organisasi internasional (seperti PBB) umumnya menganggap wilayah Timur Tengah adalah wilayah Asia Barat Daya (termasuk Siprus dan Iran) ditambah dengan Mesir.", "Singa asia\nHabitat sebelumnya dari singa asia mencakup Eropa tenggara, Basin Laut Hitam, Kaukasus, Persia, Kanaan, Mesopotamia, Baluchistan, dari Sindhu di barat sampai Benggala di timur, dan dari Rampur dan Rohilkund di utara sampai Nerbudda di selatan. Singa asia berbeda dari singa Afrika dengan \"auditory bulla\" (kapsul tulang yang mengelilingi bagian tengah dan dalam telinga00 yang kurang menggembung, ekor yang lebih besar, dan bulu tengkuk yang kurang mengembang.", "Politik Asia\nSituasi saat ini masih beragam, dengan permusuhan di beberapa bagian Asia seperti berlanjutnya ketegangan di Laut Cina Selatan, Kashmir, Taiwan, Tibet, Korea Utara serta daya saing ekonomi antara Republik Rakyat Cina dan India. China dan India tidak memiliki perjanjian damai, atau tidak juga antara Rusia dan Jepang atau Korea Utara dan Korea Selatan. Namun, ada juga yang bergerak ke arah kerjasama yang lebih besar dan komunikasi yang berada di satu wilayah dengan Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) contoh yang penting.\nDewan Asia adalah inisiatif pan-continental yang diluncurkan pada tahun 2016 untuk mencapai persatuan yang lebih besar antara negara-negara Asia. Pertama KTT Dewan Asia Pertama dijadwalkan akan diadakan pada tahun 2018 di Tokyo. Terlepas dari pertemuan puncak dan pertemuan berkala tingkat menteri, berbagai forum Dewan Asia menyatukan pemimpin Asia di bawah satu atap untuk membahas isu-isu pan-Asia.", "Geografi Azerbaijan\nAzerbaijan terletak di wilayah Eurasia Kaukasus. Tiga fitur fisik mendominasi Azerbaijan: laut Kaspia, pegunungan Kaukasus Besar dan dataran rendah di pusat negara. Sekitar ukuran Portugal atau negara Maine, Azerbaijan memiliki luas sekitar 86.600 kilometer persegi, kurang dari 1% wilayah bekas Uni Soviet. Azerbaijan merupakan negara terluas di antara tiga negara Transkaukasus lainnya (Georgia dan Armenia).", "Siberia\nSiberia (bahasa Rusia: Сиби́рь) adalah wilayah luas yang terletak di Rusia dan sebelah utara Kazakhstan. Ia meliputi hampir seluruh wilayah Asia Utara. Wilayah Siberia memanjang ke timur dari Pegunungan Ural hingga Samudra Pasifik dan ke selatan dari Samudra Artik ke perbukitan Kazakhstan bagian utara-tengah dan perbatasan Mongolia dan Tiongkok. Siberia berada dalam wilayah Rusia kecuali di daerah ujung barat daya, dan ia meliputi 75% wilayah Rusia.", "Asia\nMengingat ukuran dan keragamannya, konsep Asia – nama tersebut kembali ke zaman klasik – yang sebenarnya mungkin lebih berkaitan dengan geografi manusia daripada geografi fisik.[4] Asia sangat beragam dan di dalam masing-masing wilayahnya terdapat kelompok-kelompok etnis, budaya, lingkungan, ekonomi, hubungan sejarah dan sistem pemerintahan.", "Asia Tengah\nMenurut sebuah definisi, Asia Tengah mencakup sekitar 9.029.000 km², atau 21% dari benua. Negara-negara yang termasuk dalam wilayah Asia Tengah menurut arti ini ialah Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (Provinsi Qinghai, wilayah otonomi Xinjiang dan Tibet), Kazakhstan (wilayah sebelah timur Sungai Ural), Kirgizia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, dan Uzbekistan.", "Geografi Pakistan\nGeografi Pakistan adalah letak geografis dan bentang alam negara Pakistan. Pakistan adalah negara di Asia Selatan yang memiliki luas 803.943 km², tidak termasuk dengan Kashmir yang disengketakan Pakistan dengan India.Pakistan memiliki 5 daerah utama.", "Gondwana\nGondwana adalah benua raksasa di belahan bumi selatan yang merupakan daratan luas yang terbentuk dari massa daratan benua Antartika, Afrika, Amerika Selatan, Australia, pulau Irian, Selandia Baru, Kaledonia Baru, India, Balkan, dan Madagaskar pada masa kini. Benua raksasa lainnya, Laurasia, yang berada pada belahan bumi utara, merupakan daratan luas yang terbentuk dari massa daratan benua Asia, Eropa dan Amerika Utara pada masa kini.", "Perkembangan Alam dan Kehidupan di Nusantara\nNegara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia merupakan kawasan yang terdiri atas berbagai pulaun yang terletak antara malaysia di sebelah barat, Filipina di sebelah utara, Papua New Guinea du sebelah timur, dan Australia di sebelah tenggara. Negeri ini dibatasi oleh Samudra India di selatan, Laut Cina di utara, dan Samudra Pasifik di timur. Indonesia diperkirakan terdiri dari sekitar 17.000 pulau besar dan kecil, terbentang sepanjang 81.000 km. Negeri yang mendapat sebutan Zamrud Khatulistiwa ini terbentang antara 5°54' LU dan 11° LS dan antara 95°BT dan 141°02' BB. Negeri Kepulauan ini terletak di daerah equqtorial sehingga cukup mendapatkan cahaya matahari dam panjang hari kurang lkebih 12 jam siang dan 12 jam malam. Setiap tahun terbagi menjadi dua musim, yakni musim kemarau dan musim penghujan. Beberapa daerah memiliki hujan tropik yang lebat seperti di Indonesia bagian barat, Sumatera dan Jawa Barat dan beberapa bagian memiliki hutan savana seperti Jawa Timur dan beberapa pulau di sebelah timur. Beberapa pulau memiliki hutan kerangas (Bangka, Belitung, dan Kalimantan) dan beberapa pulau lain memiliki rawa-rawa seperti Kalimantan Selatan dan Sulawesi tenggara. @Dalam hutan ini hidup berbagai hewan seperti gajah, cula badak, tulang atau daging harimau, sarang walet, produk hutan seperti barus (resin), kayu cendana, kayu gaharu, merica, cengkih, dan berbagai bahan obat-obatan. Lingkungan Fisik dari berbagai pulau sanghat beragam, dari lingkungan rawa-rawa atau \"wetland\" yang merupakan daerah endapan aluvial hingga ke daerah rawa-rawa hutan gambut yang asam dan tidak subur; atau dari lingkungan pegunnungan yang tandus dan kering. Beberapa pulau seperti Jawa dan Bali khususnya sangat subur dan tanahnya dilapisi endapan hasil erupsi gunung berapi yang andesitik, sumatera Barat dengan Gunung Kerinci dan Sulawesi Selatan di kaki Gunung Lompobatang dan Toraja di Sulawesi. Dari masa purba beberapa daerah meninggalkan fosil kehidupan atau sisa-sisa kehidupan yang relatif padat dan gua-gua bekas hunian masyarakat masa lalu.\nPada masa lalu, pada zaman glasial yang berlangsung pada zaman Pleistocene. pengaryh kekhidupan dari Asia melalui dataran Sunda menyebar ke kepulauan Indonesia bagian barat bahkan sampai kepulaian Sunda Kecil di bagian timur. Isolaasi di berbagai pulau terjadi dan membentuk isolat kehidupan pada masa integrasi dan es meleleh, memisahkan Nusantara dalam pulau-pulau karena terendamnya dataran-dataran rendah. Pada umumnya, kehidupan di bagian barat datang dari kompleks kehidupan yang dikenal sebagai kompleks kehidupan Sinomalayan dan Sivamalayan. Mereka bermigrasi sejak zaman es dari daerah Sivalik di India dan dari daratan Cina ke selatan melalui jazirah Malaya ke Indonesia. Harimau, misalnya, pada awalnya jelas datang dari berbagai utara Asia, tetapi jenis seperti badak tidak dapat dimungkiri memiliki kaitan dengan kelompok fauna di India. Kehidupan di Indonesia bagian timur merupakan hasil persebaran kehidupan hewan Australia yang relatif primitif apabila dibandingkan dengan hewan menyusui Asia. Hewan Maesupial menyebar melalui dataran Sahul yang membentang antara Australia dan Papua ke berbagai kepulauan Indonesia bagian timur. Manusia di Indonesia dari barat ke timur memperlihatkan penampilan yang relatif beragam, secara fisik mereka yang hidup di bagian barat dikategorikan secara dominan sebagai kelompok \"Mongoloid\" selatan. Makin ke timutr kelompok masyarakat menajdi hitam dan rambutnya berombak atau bahkan keriting. Pencampuran terjadi anatar kelompok masyarakat yang datang dari bagian barat yang lebih dekat dengan kelompok Asia , dan dikenal sebagai mongoloid seperti Proto dan Deutro Melayu dengan lapisan yang yang masih dipertanyakan asinitasnya dan menjadi lapisan dasar, yakni kelompok Negrito, dan kemudian kelompok masyarakat bagian timur yang lebih mendekati kelompok Australia atau Papua yang dikenal sebagao Australoid atau Melanesoid.\nDalam menentukan kehidupan manusia terdapat dugaan-dugaan yang disebut teori multiregional dan Replacement. Penemuan-penemuan mengenai kehidupan manusia masa lalu di Indonesia sebelum terjadinya persebaran berbagai kelompok etnik memberikan gambaran bahwa negeri ini sudah dihuni menusia yang dikategorikan sebagai manusia purba (\"homo erectus\") sejak awal pleistocene. Ada dugaan bahwa kemudian dari homo erectus yang tersebar luas secara simultan melahirkan homo sapiens denga perbedaaan-perbedaan seperti dilihat saat ini. Hipotesis ini dikenal sebagai kerangjka berpikir multiregional.\nDugaan selanjutnya terjadi proses pengalihan dari kehidupan homo erectus (manusia tegak) oleh pendatang dari Afrika yang menyebar hingga kie Indonesia dan mencapai tingkat \"homo sapiens\" kerangka seperti ini dikenal sebagai \"replacement theory\"\nHomo erectus tertua di Afrika bertanggalkan sekitar 1,7 seperti di perlihatkan oleh KMNER 3733 (dari Lake Rudolf).Terdapat dugaan bahwa pada masa lampau penduduk Kepulauan Indonesia masih dikelompokkan kedalam golongan manusia purba hal ini bersandar pada penemuan fosil di Pulau Jawa sedang di pulau lain tidak ditemukan. Di jawa telah ditemukan dua jenis homo erectus, yakni homo erectus yang kecil dan homo erectus soloensis yang besar. Homo erectus dianggap bentuk yang relatif tua17", "Asia\nNama region dan territoral dengan benderaLuas(km²)Populasi(perkiraan 1 Juli 2008)Kepadatan Penduduk(per km²)Ibu kotaAsia Tengah:Kazakhstan[5]2,724,92715,666,5335.7Astana198,5005,356,86924.3BishkekTajikistan143,1007,211,88447.0DushanbeTurkmenistan488,1005,179,5739.6AshgabatUzbekistan447,40028,268,44157.1TashkentAsia Timur:[6]9,584,4921,322,044,605134.0BeijingHong Kong[7]1,0927,903,3346,688.0Hongkong377,835127,288,628336.1Tokyo (Taiwan)[8]35,98022,920,946626.7Taipei[9]25460,82318,473.3MacauMongolia1,565,0002,996,0821.7Ulan Bator98,48049,232,844490.7Seoul120,54023,479,095184.4PyongyangAsia Utara:[10]17,075,400142,200,00026.8MoscowAsia Tenggara:[11]Brunei Darussalam5,770381,37160.8Bandar Seri Begawan[12]181,03513,388,91074Phnom PenhIndonesia[13]1,419,588237,512,355159.9JakartaLaos236,8006,677,53424.4VientianeMalaysia329,84727,780,00084.2Kuala LumpurMyanmar678,50047,758,22462.3Naypyidaw300,00092,681,453281.8Manila7044,608,1676,369.0SingapuraThailand514,00065,493,298121.3BangkokTimor Leste[14]15,0071,108,77763.5DiliVietnam331,69086,116,559246.1HanoiAsia Selatan:Afghanistan647,50032,738,77542.9KabulBangladesh144,000153,546,901926.2DhakaBhutan47,000682,32114.3ThimphuIndia[15]3,167,5901,147,995,226318.2New Delhi300379,1741,067.2MaléNepal140,80029,519,114183.8KathmanduPakistan803,940167,762,049183.7IslamabadSri Lanka65,61021,128,773298.4KolomboAsia Barat:1,960,58223,513,33012.0RiyadhArmenia[16]29,8002,968,586111.7YerevanAzerbaijan[17]46,8703,845,12782.0BakuBahrain665718,306987.1ManamaGeorgia[18]20,4604,630,84199.3TbilisiIran1,648,19565,875,22342Tehran437,07228,221,18154.9BaghdadIsrael20,7707,112,359290.3Yerusalem Barat[19]Kuwait17,8202,596,561118.5Kuwait CityLebanon10,4523,971,941353.6BeirutOman212,4603,311,64012.8Muscat Palestina[20]345419,1081214.8Yerusalem TimurQatar11,437928,63569.4Doha[21]9,250792,60483.9Nicosia185,18019,747,58692.6Damaskus[22]756,76871,892,80776.5Ankara82,8804,621,39929.5Abu Dhabi527,97023,013,37635.4Sanaá92,3006,198,67757.5AmmanTotal43,810,5824,050,404,19389.07", "Wallacea\nWallacea adalah zona transisi antara daerah biogeografis Indo-Malaya Raya and Australasia. Jutaan tahun berada dalam relatif isolasi menghasilkan fauna endemik yang luar biasa untuk berkembang di sini. Kawasan Wallacea meliputi pulau-pulau Sulawesi (yang terbesar di kelompok ini), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, serta banyak pulau-pulau kecil di antaranya. Secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa kawasan Wallacea memuat seluruh Pulau Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara, dan Maluku. Wilayah ini terletak di antara Paparan Sunda atau Dangkalan Sunda di barat, dan Paparan Sahul atau Dangkalan Sahul di timur. Total luas daratan kawasan Wallacea sekitar 347,000 km².", "Prasejarah Asia\nPada sekitar 1,8 juta tahun yang lalu, beberapa populasi hominid mulai meninggalkan benua Afrika. \"Homo erectus\" (\"manusia tegak\") diyakini telah mulai menempati wilayah Asia Timur dan Asia Tenggara pada kurun waktu 1,8 juta, sampai 40.000 tahun yang lalu. Berdasarkan perbedaan regional, \"Homo erectus\" ini diklasifikasikan sebagai \"Homo erectus sensu stricto\". Berat rata-rata betina adalah dan memiliki tinggi rata-rata . Pejantan memiliki berat rata-rata tinggi rata-rata . Homo erectus ini diyakini memiliki diet vegetarian dengan sedikit daging. Spesies ini memiliki otak yang relatif kecil, bila kemudian dibandingkan dengan \"Homo sapiens\" dan dalam kesehariannya menggunakan perkakas yang sederhana.", "Miss World Continental Group\n\"Asia\" dan \"Oseania\" dikelompokkan bersama sebagai satu benua tunggal sejak 1990 hingga 2012. Pada tahun 2005 dan 2006, nama yang digunakan untuk wilayah ini adalah \"Asia-Pasifik\". Berikut ini adalah daftar negara dan wilayah yang termasuk di Benua Asia & Oceania:", "Kepulauan Asia\nKepulauan Asia adalah sekumpulan tiga pulau kecil antara Kepulauan Ayu dan Palau. Pulau-pulau ini terletak 117 km di utara Waigeo.", "Kepulauan Jepang\nKepulauan Jepang terdiri dari lebih kurang 6.852 pulau , , termasuk empat pulau utama. Pulau-pulau utama diurutkan dari utara ke selatan , , adalah:Jepang merupakan negara kepulauan yang terletak di timur laut pantai Benua Asia. Jepang sendiri terletak di Samudera Pasifik Utara. Laut Jepang memisahkannya dengan benua Asia, benua terbesar di dunia. Sama halnya seperti negara Indonesia, Jepang juga memiliki ribuan pulau-pulau kecil. Namun, yang terkenal hanya 4 (empat) pulau besar, yakni Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, dan Shikoku.", "Meghalaya\nMeghalaya (Devanagari: मेघालय), adalah sebuah negara bagian kecil di wilayah timur laut India. Kata \"Meghalaya\" berasal dari bahasa Hindi dan Sanskerta yang berarti \"Rumah Awan\". Meghalaya adalah wilayah perbukitan di bagian timur laut India, dengan panjang ±300 kilometer, membujur dari barat ke timur dan lebar ± 100 kilometer, dengan luas wilayah 22.429 km². Jumlah penduduk Meghalaya sebesar 2.175.000 jiwa (sensus tahun 2000). Meghalaya dikelilingi oleh Assam disebelah utara, dan berbatasan langsung dengan Bangladesh di bagian selatan. Meghalaya ber-ibu kota Shilong yang dihuni sekitar 260.000 jiwa.", "Eurasia\nEurasia bisa didefinisikan secara geografis gabungan wilayah daratan yang membentang antar Benua Eropa (selain wilayah kepulauan Inggris, Islandia, Italia) dengan Benua Asia (selain kepulauan Indonesia, Jepang, Taiwan, Filipina, Sri Lanka dan Kepulauan Rusia) . Garis pemisah antara Eropa dan Asia biasanya diletakkan di sepanjang Pegunungan Ural.", "Afrika\nAfrika adalah yang terbesar dari ketiga benua di belahan selatan Bumi dan yang terbesar kedua setelah Asia dari semua benua. Luasnya kurang lebih 30,244,050km2 (11,677,240 mil2) termasuk kepulauan disekitarnya, meliputi 20.3% dari total daratan di bumi dan didiami lebih dari 800 juta manusia, atau sekitar sepertujuh populasi manusia di bumi.", "Paparan Sunda\nSecara geologi, Paparan Sunda adalah landas kontinen perpanjangan lempeng benua Eurasia di Asia Tenggara. Massa daratan utama antara lain Semenanjung Malaya, Sumatera, Jawa, Madura, Bali, dan pulau-pulau kecil di sekitarya. Area ini meliputi kawasan seluas 1,85 juta km. Kedalaman laut dangkal yang membenam paparan ini jarang sekali melebihi 50 meter, dan kebanyakan hanya sedalam kurang dari 20 meter, hal ini mengakibatkan kuatnya erosi dasar laut akibat gelombang laut. Tebing curam bawah laut memisahkan Paparan Sunda dari kepulauan Filipina, Sulawesi, dan Kepulauan Sunda Kecil.", "Asia\nAsia sendiri sering dibagi-bagi menjadi beberapa wilayah:", "Miss World Continental Group\nPada tahun 2013, \"Asia\" tidak dikelompokkan kedalam \"Oceania\". Pengelompokan juga telah digunakan pada tahun 1981 hingga 1989. Berikut ini adalah daftar negara dan wilayah yang termasuk di Benua Asia:", "Arab Saudi\nArab Saudi[lower-alpha 1] (/ˌsɔːdiː əˈreɪbiə/(listen), /ˌsaʊ-/(listen)) (Arab: المملكة العربية السعودية), secara resmi di kenal sebagai Kerajaan Arab Saudi atau Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA),[lower-alpha 2] adalah sebuah negara Arab di Asia Barat yang mencakup hampir keseluruhan wilayah Semenanjung Arabia. Dengan luas wilayah kira-kira 2,150,000km2 (830,000sqmi), Arab Saudi secara geografis merupakan negara terbesar ke lima di Asia dan kedua terbesar di Dunia Arab setelah Aljazair. Arab Saudi berbatasan langsung dengan Yordania dan Irak ke utara, Kuwait ke timur laut, Qatar, Bahrain, dan Uni Emirat Arab ke timur, Oman ke tenggara, dan Yaman ke selatan. Negara ini terpisah dengan Israel dan Mesir oleh Teluk Aqaba. Negara ini adalah satu-satunya negara yang memiliki dua pesisir penting, yakni Laut Merah dan Teluk Persia, dan sebagian besar wilayah Arab Saudi merupakan gurun pasir.", "Pesta Olahraga Asia 1962\nPembangunan infrastruktur Asian Games besar-besaran meliputi Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno sebagai pencanangan pembangunan kompleks Asian Games ke-4. Kawasan kompleks olahraga Senayan berdiri di beberapa bekas kampung yaitu kampung Senayan, Petunduan, Kebun Kelapa dan Bendungan Hilir.\nSelain Stadion Utama, pembangunan infrastruktur Asian Games dilanjutkan dengan proyek Stadion Renang berkapasitas 8.000 penonton, Stadion Tenis berkapasitas 5.200 penonton, Stadion Madya (sebelumnya disebut \"Small Training Football Field\" stau STTF) berkapasitas 20.000 penonton yang berdiri di area seluas 1.75 hektar dengan sumbu panjang 176.1 meter, sumbu pendek 124.2 meter dan dilengkapi dengan 2 tribun, semuanya selesai dibangun dalam waktu satu tahun.", "Kucing emas Asia\nKucing emas Asia teritorial dan soliter. Pengamatan sebelumnya menunjukkan bahwa mereka terutama berkegiatan di malam hari, tetapi studi lapangan pada dua radio-berkerah spesimen mengungkapkan pola aktivitas arrhythmic didominasi oleh puncak aktivitas crepuscular dan diurnal, dengan aktivitas apalagi larut malam. Wilayah jantan adalah 47,7 km2 (18,4 sq mi) dan meningkat lebih dari 15% selama musim hujan. Wilayah betina adalah 32,6 kilometer persegi (12,6 sq mi). Kedua kucing bepergian antara hanya 55 meter (180 kaki) lebih dari 9 kilometer (5,6 mil) dalam satu hari dan lebih aktif pada bulan Juli dari bulan Maret.", "Asia Tenggara\nKepulauan Indonesia dipisahkan Garis Wallace. Garis ini berada di sepanjang sebuah perbatasan lempeng tektonik, dan memisahkan spesies Asia (Barat) dari spesies Australasia (Timur). Pulau-pulau antara Jawa/Kalimantan, dan Papua yang membentuk kawasan campuran di mana kedua spesies ada dinamakan Wallacea.", "Asia\nBerikut ini adalah daftar negara-negara dan wilayah menurut kepadatan penduduknya dalam jumlah penduduk/km2.", "Kazakhstan\nKazakhstan merupakan salah satu dari dua negara yang terkurung daratan di dunia yang memiliki wilayah di antara dua benua (yang lainnya adalah Azerbaijan). Dengan luas 2.700.000 kilometer persegi (1.000.000 sq mi), setara dengan ukuran Eropa Barat, Kazakhstan adalah negara kesembilan terluas dan negara yang terkurung daratan terbesar di dunia.", "Asian Agri\nDibangun pada tahun 1979, Asian Agri memiliki 27 perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumatera, Indonesia. Total luas lahan perkebunan kelapa sawit mencapai 160,000 hektar dan bermitra dengan 60.000 hektar lahan milik petani dalam skema kemitraan Plasma dan KKPA. Asian Agri memperkerjakan lebih dari 25,000 pekerja.", "Sejarah Asia\nBangsa-bangsa Eropa menjajah berbagai wilayah Asia menjelang awal abad ke-20, misalnya Hindia Inggris, Indocina Perancis, Hindia Timur Spanyol, serta Makau dan Goa Portugis. Permainan Besar antara Rusia dan Inggris adalah perebutan kekuasaan di wilayah Asia Tengah pada abad ke-19. Jalur kereta api Trans-Siberia, lintas Asia dengan kereta api, rampung menjelang 1916. Beberapa wilayah Asia tetap merdeka dari kendali Eropa, meskipun tidak lepas dari pengaruhnya, misalnya Persia, Thailand, dan sebagian besar Tiongkok. Pada abad ke-20, Kekaisaran Jepang berekspansi ke Tiongkok dan Asia Tenggara dalam Perang Dunia II. Seusai perang, banyak negara Asia merdeka dari penjajahan bangsa-bangsa Eropa. Selama Perang Dingin, bagian utara Asia yang berpaham komunis berpihak pada Uni Soviet dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, sementara sekutu-sekutu barat membentuk pakta-pakta seperti CENTO dan SEATO. Konflik-konflik seperti Perang Korea, Perang Vietnam, dan Invasi Soviet atas Afganistan adalah pertempuran-pertempuran komunis lawan anti komunis. Dalam beberapa dasawarsa usai Perang Dunia II, sebuah program restrukturisasi besar-besaran berhasil memajukan Jepang menjadi raksasa ekonomi nomor dua di dunia, suatu fenomena yang dikenal sebagai mukjizat ekonomi pascaperang Jepang. Konflik Arab-Israel mendominasi sejarah modern Timur Tengah. Seusai tumbangnya Uni Soviet pada 1991, tumbuh banyak negara merdeka baru di Asia Tengah.", "Fauna Asia\nPerairan Indo-Pasifik adalah daearah biogeografis yang kaya, termasuk kebanyakan laut di Asia, yang meliputi perairan tropis di Samudera Hindia, Samudera Pasifik tengah dan barat, perairan Indo-Pasifik juga mengubungkan dua daerah umum di Indonesia (belum termasuk daerah dekat kutub yang dingin dari samudera Pasifik dan Hindia, dan Pasifik timur tropis, jajaran pantai pasifik Amerika juga merupakan lingkungan laut yang berbeda).", "Belahan lautan\nBelahan lautan hanya memiliki satu per delapan daratan Bumi, meliputi Australia, Selandia Baru, Antartika, sebagian kecil Asia Tenggara dan bagian selatan Amerika Selatan. Sebagian besar Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera Hindia berada di belahan lautan. Luas lautan belahan ini lebih besar daripada belahan daratannya, tetapi luas lautan di belahan daratan lebih besar daripada luas daratannya.", "Pesta Olahraga Pantai Asia\nAsian Beach Games 2008 dibuka oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. \"Opening Ceremony\" dilakukan di Garuda Wisnu Kencana atau GWK. 1Asian Beach Games ini diikuti oleh 45 negara-negara di Asia yang mempertandingkan 19 cabang olahraga pantai.", "Kota Ambon\nKota ini mencakup 46,38% dari seluruh tanah Pulau Ambon. Menurut teleponnya, Kota Ambon mencakup wilayah kode telepon +62 911, sedangkan Kota Ambon mencakup wilayah kode pos 97129–97237.\nKota Ambon memiliki luas daratan 359,45 km. Karena letaknya di pulau busur vulkanis, 73% wilayah kota merupakan daerah perbukitan dengan kemiringan lereng terjal (30–45°) hingga sangat terjal (>45°) dan hanya sekitar 17% dari wilayah daratannya yang dapat dikelompokkan datar atau landai dengan kemiringan kurang dari 30°.", "Afganistan\nAfganistan (Pashtun/Dari: افغانستان, Afganistan), secara resmi Republik Islam Afganistan, adalah negara yang terkurung daratan yang terletak di Asia Selatan dan Asia Tengah. Memiliki penduduk sekitar 32 juta, menjadikannya negara paling padat penduduknya ke-42 di dunia. Negara ini berbatasan dengan Pakistan di selatan dan timur; Iran di barat; Turkmenistan,Uzbekistan, Tajikistan di utara; dan Tiongkok jauh di timur laut. Wilayahnya meliputi 652.000km² (252.000 sq mi), menjadikannya negara terbesar ke-41 di dunia.", "Fauna Asia\nFauna Asia atau Margasatwa Asia adalah semua hewan yang hidup di Asia serta pulau-pulau dan laut di sekitarnya. Tidak adanya batas biogeografi alami di sebelah timur, yaitu antara Eropa dan Asia, menjadikan istilah \"satwa Asia\" agak rancu. Asia adalah bagian timur dari zona biogeografis Palearktik (yang merupakan bagian dari zona Holarktik), dan bagian tenggaranya termasuk ke dalam zona Indomalaya (dahulu disebut \"Daerah Oriental\"). Asia dikenal memiliki banyak keanekaragaman habitat, dengan variasi curah hujan yang siginifikan, ketinggian, topografi, suhu dan sejarah geologis, yang merefleksikan kekayaan akan kehidupan satwanya.", "Amerika Serikat\nAmerika Serikat adalah negara terluas ketiga atau keempat di dunia (menurut luas daratan dan perairan), di bawah Rusia dan Kanada serta satu tingkat di atas atau di bawah RRC. Pemeringkatan tersebut bervariasi, tergantung pada apakah wilayah-wilayah yang dipersengkatan oleh RRC dan India turut dihitung dan bagaimana pengukuran luas total dari Amerika Serikat sendiri: kisaran perhitungan mulai dari 3,676,486 square miles (9,522,055km2)[70] hingga 3,717,813 square miles (9,629,091km2)[71] dan 3,794,101 square miles (9,826,676km2).[1] Jika yang dihitung hanya luas daratan saja, maka AS menempati peringkat ketiga, di bawah Rusia dan RRC serta di atas Kanada.[72]", "Globalisasi\nAsia Pasifik disebut-sebut sebagai \"kawasan dagang paling terintegrasi di muka Bumi\" karena perdagangan intraregionalnya mencakup sekitar 50-60% dari total impor dan ekspor Asia Pasifik.[52] Asia Pasifik juga memiliki perdagangan ekstraregional. Ekspor barang konsumen seperti televisi, radio, sepeda, dan tekstil ke Amerika Serikat, Eropa, dan Jepang turut mendorong ekspansi ekonomi.[53]", "Asia Timur Laut\nIstilah ini mulai tenar sejak tahun 1930-an melalui seorang pakar sejarah dan ilmuwan politik berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yaitu Robert Kerner. Berdasarkan ketetapan batasan terhadap \"Asia Timur Laut\" menurut beliau, istilah ini meliputi Dataran Tinggi Mongolia, Semenanjung Korea, Tanah Pamah Tiongkok Timur Laut atau Tanah Pamah Manchuria (Bahasa Inggris: \"Northeast China Plain\" atau \"Manchurian Plain\") dan banyak wilayah pegunungan di Timur Jauh Rusia yang merentangkan antara Samudera Pasifik di sebelah timur dan Danau Baikal di sebelah barat.", "Pakistan\nGeografi dan iklim Pakistan sangat beragam, dan merupakan rumah bagi aneka satwa. Pakistan memiliki area seluas 796.095 km2 (307.374 sq mi), kurang lebih sama dengan luas gabungan Perancis dan Inggris. Pakistan merupakan negara terbesar ke 36 di dunia. Pakistan memiliki garis pantai sepanjang 1.046km (650 mil) sepanjang Laut Arab dan Teluk Oman dan perbatasan darat sepanjang 6.774km (4.209 mil) secara total: 2430km (1510 mil) dengan Afghanistan, 523km ( 325 mil) dengan Tiongkok, 2.912km (1.809 mil) dengan India dan 909km (565 mil) dengan Iran. Dan memiliki perbatasan laut dengan Oman. Gunung K2, gunung tertinggi kedua di dunia setelah Gunung Everest merupakan gunung tertinggi di negara ini. Gunung yang memiliki tinggi 8611 meter ini terletak di pegunungan Karakoram yang terletak di utara Pakistan yang berbatasan dengan Tiongkok. Pakistan menempati lokasi geopolitik penting di persimpangan Asia Selatan, Timur Tengah dan Asia Tengah.", "Gelagah\nGelagah menyebar luas di semua benua kecuali Antartika, di kawasan tropika dan ugahari. Ia didapati di Eropa tenggara; di wilayah ugahari benua Asia (Asia Tengah, Asia Barat, Arabia, Tiongkok, dan Asia Timur); Asia tropis (India, Indochina, kawasan Malesia, dan Papuasia); Australia; kepulauan Pasifik; serta Amerika Tengah.", "Asia Tenggara\nMeskipun Asia Tenggara kaya akan flora, dan fauna, kawasan ini menghadapi penebangan hutan yang berat, sehingga mengakibatkan hilangnya habitat berbagai spesies terancam seperti Orangutan, dan Macan Sumatra. Pada saat yang sama, kabut asap juga merupakan peristiwa yang lazim. Kabut asap terburuk yang pernah terjadi berlangsung pada tahun 1998 di mana beberapa negara diselimuti kabut yang tebal. Menghadapi masalah ini, beberapa negara di Asia Tenggara menandatangani Persetujuan ASEAN mengenai Polusi Kabut Asap Transperbatasan (ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution) untuk melawan polusi yang diakibatkan kabut asap.", "Geografi Laos\nLaos adalah negara republik berdaulat, dan sebuah negara yang terkurung daratan di Asia Tenggara terletak di timurlaut dari Thailand, serta barat dari Vietnam. Laos mencakup 236.800 kilometer persegi di pusat semenanjung Asia Tenggara serta dikelilingi oleh Kamboja, Myanmar, Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Thailand, dan Vietnam. Sekitar tujuh puluh persen dari area geografisnya terdiri dari gugusan pegunungan, dataran tinggi, plato, dan sungai-sungai.", "Semenanjung Sinai\nSemenanjung Sinai (bahasa Arab: شبه جزيرة سيناء, singkatnya: \"سيناء\", \"sīnā' \"; , \"sinei\"; ) adalah sebuah semenanjung berbentuk segitiga yang terletak di Asia Barat namun menjadi bagian dari Mesir di Afrika. Daratan seluas 60.000 km ini dibatasi oleh Laut Tengah di utara, Laut Merah di selatan, Terusan Suez di barat, dan perbatasan dengan Israel di timur laut. Daerah ini menjadi penghubung antara benua Asia dan Afrika.", "Prasejarah Asia\nAsia tengah adalah wilayah inti dari benua Asia yang membentang dari Laut Kaspia di barat hingga ke Tiongkok di sebelah timur, ke wilayah Afghanistan di selatan, dan ke wilayah Rusia di bagian utara. Wilayah ini juga kadang disebut sebagai Asia Pertengahan, atau juga terdapat sebutan tidak resmi; daerah \" 'stan\" (sebagai enam negara yang sering dianggap berada di satu wilayah, dengan nama yang memiliki akhiran \"-stan\"; secara harfiah berarti tanah dalam bahasa Persia ) , dalam lingkup wilayah Eurasia. Negara-negara yang dimaksud adalah : Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, dan Afghanistan.", "Eropa\nSecara geografi Eropa merupakan bagian dari daratan yang lebih besar dikenal sebagai Eurasia. Benua ini mulai dari Pegunungan Ural di Rusia, yang menggambarkan batasan timur Eropa dengan Asia. Batasan tenggara dengan Asia tidak tergambarkan secara jelas. Paling umum adalah Sungai Ural atau, Sungai Emba. Batasan berlanjut dengan Laut Kaspia, dan kemudian Pegunungan Kaukasus, atau Depresi Kuma-Manych, dan sampai ke Laut Hitam; Bosporus, Laut Marmara, dan Dardanelles mengakhiri batasan Asia. Laut Mediterania di selatan memisahkan Eropa dari Afrika. Batasan di bagian barat adalah Samudra Atlantik.", "Geografi Eropa\nEropa adalah salah satu dari tujuh benua. Secara fisik, Eropa merupakan semenanjung sebelah barat laut dari daratan Eurasia (atau Afro-Eurasia); Asia berada di bagian timur daratan luas ini dan saling berbagi landas benua. Ujung paling timur dari Eropa adalah Pegunungan Ural di Rusia. Perbatasan dengan Asia di bagian tenggara tidak dinyatakan secara universal, tetapi umumnya adalah Sungai Ural atau lebih jarang, Sungai Emba. Batas berlanjut hingga ke Laut Kaspia, puncak Pegunungan Kaukasus (atau lebih jarang, Sungai Kura di Kaukasus), sampai Laut Hitam. Bosporus, Laut Marmara, dan Dardanella merupakan akhir dari perbatasan dengan Asia. Laut Mediterania di sebelah selatan memisahkan Eropa dengan Afrika. Batas barat dari Eropa adalah Samudra Atlantik. Islandia, meskipun lebih dekat dengan Greenland (Amerika Utara) dibandingkan daratan Eropa, tetap dimasukkan dalam benua Eropa karena alasan kebudayaan. Pusat geografis Eropa menjadi bahan perdebatan saat ini.", "Islam di Asia\nIslam saat ini merupakan agama terbesar di Asia (25%) diikuti oleh Hinduisme Total jumlah Muslim di Asia pada 2010 mencapai sekutar 1.1 milyar. Asia adalah rumah bagi negara-negara yang memiliki populasi Muslim terbesar, dengan Asia Barat, Asia Tengah, Asia Selatan dan Asia Tenggara adalah wilayah-wilayah yang memiliki populasi Muslim yang signifikan. 62% populasi Muslim tinggal di Asia, dengan Indonesia, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh merupakan empat negara dengan populasi Muslim dunia. Penyebaran Islam dimulai sejak masa Nabi Muhammad dan para sahabatnya di Arab Saudi, Timur Tengah dan kemudian menyebar ke seluruh benua Asia hingga ke seluruh dunia.", "Beruang-hitam asia\nBeruang hitam Asia memiliki penampilan hampir serupa seperti beruang cokelat, namun dengan kaki yang lebih ringan dan ramping. Tengkorak beruang hitam Asia relatif kecil, namun membesar terutama di rahang bawah. Jantan dewasa memiliki tengkorak dengan panjang 311,7–328 mm (12,3–13 in) dan lebar 199,5–228 mm (7,9–9 in), sementara betina memiliki tengkorak berukuran panjang 291,6–315 mm (11,5-12,4 dalam) dan lebar 163–173 mm (6,4-6,8 dalam). Meskipun sebagian besar herbivora, struktur rahang beruang hitam Asia tidak dirancang khusus untuk memakan tanaman seperti panda.", "Pangkalan TNI AL Yogyakarta\nLetak Indonesia di antara dua benua Asia dan Australia dan dua Samudera besar yaitu Samudera Pasifik dan Samudera India. Namun ironisnya letak strategis negara kita tersebut menjadi hukum terbalik bagi kita. Karena yang memanfaatkan kestrategisan letak Indonesia justru negara lain. Karena luasnya wilayah yang dimiliki, maka negara kita berbatasan dengan 10 negara lain, tiga berbatasan dengan darat, dan tujuh berbatasan dengan laut. Di dunia ini tidak ada negara lain yang berbatasan dengan negara lain sebanyak negara kita. Ini yang menyebabkan kita dengan mudah disusupi dari berbagi penjuru.", "Indonesia\nIndonesia adalah negara kepulauan di Asia Tenggara[44] yang memiliki 17.504 pulau besar dan kecil,[1] sekitar 6.000 di antaranya tidak berpenghuni[45], yang menyebar disekitar khatulistiwa, yang memberikan cuaca tropis. Posisi Indonesia terletak pada koordinat 6°LU – 11°08'LS dan dari 95°'BT – 141°45'BT serta terletak di antara dua benua yaitu benua Asia dan benua Australia/Oseania.", "Uni Soviet\nPada masanya, Uni Soviet adalah negara terbesar di dunia, dengan luas 22.402.200km2. Status negara terbesar ini kemudian diteruskan oleh negara penggantinya, Federasi Rusia. Luas wilayahnya yang meliputi seperenam daratan di muka bumi hampir sama luasnya dengan Amerika Utara. Seperempat wilayah Uni Soviet berada di Eropa serta menjadi pusat ekonomi dan budaya. Wilayah bagian timurnya di Asia yang jarang berpenduduk memanjang hingga Samudera Pasifik di sebelah timur dan Afganistan di sebelah selatan. Uni Soviet membentang sepanjang lebih dari 10.000km dari timur ke barat dan hampir 7.200km dari utara ke selatan, melintasi sebelas daerah waktu.", "Bumi\nPermukaan Bumi bervariasi dari tempat ke tempat. Sekitar 70,8% permukaan Bumi ditutupi oleh air, dan terdapat banyak landas benua di bawah permukaan laut. Luas permukaan Bumi yang ditutupi oleh air setara dengan (139,43 juta sq mi). Permukaan Bumi yang terendam memiliki bentang pegunungan, termasuk rangkaian punggung tengah samudra dan gunung api bawah laut, bentang lainnya adalah palung laut, lembah bawah laut, dataran tinggi samudra, dan dataran abisal. Sisanya, 29,2% ( atau 57,51 juta sq mi) permukaan Bumi dilingkupi oleh daratan, yang terdiri dari pegunungan, padang gurun, dataran tinggi, pesisir, dan geomorfologi lainnya.", "Eurasia\nEurasia adalah sebuah superbenua gabungan dari dua benua yaitu Eropa dan Asia. Eurasia juga dianggap sebagai superpulau selain Pan-America, Afrika dan Antartika.", "Malaysia\njmpl|250px|Perjanjian mengenai pendirian negara Malaysia (dokumen)jmpl|160px|Undang-undang tentang Malaysia 1963 Malaysia adalah sebuah negara federal[1] yang terdiri dari tiga belas negeri (negara bagian) dan tiga wilayah federal di Asia Tenggara dengan luas 329.847 km persegi.[2][3] Ibukotanya adalah Kuala Lumpur, sedangkan Putrajaya menjadi pusat pemerintahan federal. Jumlah penduduk negara ini mencapai 30.697.000 jiwa pada tahun 2015. Negara ini dipisahkan ke dalam dua kawasan — Malaysia Barat dan Malaysia Timur — oleh Kepulauan Natuna, wilayah Indonesia di Laut Tiongkok Selatan.[3] Malaysia berbatasan dengan Thailand, Indonesia, Singapura, Brunei, dan Filipina.[3] Negara ini terletak di dekat khatulistiwa dan beriklim tropika.[3] Kepala negara Malaysia adalah seorang Raja atau seorang Sultan yang dipilih secara bergiliran setiap 5 tahun sekali, hanya negeri-negeri (negara bagian) yang diperintah oleh Raja/Sultan saja yang diperbolehkan mengirimkan wakilnya untuk menjadi Raja Malaysia. Raja Malaysia biasanya memakai gelar Sri Paduka Baginda Yang di-Pertuan Agong[4]. dan pemerintahannya dikepalai oleh seorang Perdana Menteri.[5][6] Model pemerintahan Malaysia mirip dengan sistem parlementer Westminster.[7]", "Bencana alam\n\"Laporan Bencana Asia Pasifik 2010\" menyatakan bahwa masyarakat di kawasan Asia Pasifik 4 kali lebih rentan terkena dampak bencana alam dibanding masyarakat di wilayah Afrika dan 25 kali lebih rentan daripada di Amerika Utara dan Eropa. Laporan PBB tersebut memperkirakan bahwa lebih dari 18 juta jiwa terkena dampak bencana alam di Indonesia dari tahun 1980 sampai 2009. Dari laporan yang sama Indonesia mendapat peringkat 4 sebagai salah satu negara yang paling rentan terkena dampak bencana alam di Asia Pasifik dari tahun 1980-2009. \"Laporan Penilaian Global Tahun 2009 pada Reduksi Risiko Bencana\" juga memberikan peringkat yang tinggi untuk Indonesia pada level pengaruh bencana terhadap manusia – peringkat 3 dari 153 untuk gempa bumi dan 1 dari 265 untuk tsunami.", "Laut Andaman\nLaut Andaman (; ) adalah laut yang terletak di tenggara Teluk Benggala, utara Aceh, Indonesia, barat Myanmar dan barat Thailand; laut ini merupakan bagian dari Samudra Hindia dengan panjang 1200 km (utara-selatan) dan lebar 650 km (timur-barat), dengan luas 797.700 km. Kedalaman rata-ratanya adalah 870 meter, dan kedalaman maksimum adalah 3.777 meter.\nlaut andaman dilewati jalur pelayaran internasional yang menghubungkan kapal-kapal barang dari berbagai negara di dunia yang akan menuju Asia tenggara, China, Thailand, Jepang, Korea, dan lain lain.\ndan rencana di laut ini tepatnya di negara thailand akan dibangun Terusan thai yang akan membelah semenanjung malaya yang akan mempersingkat transportasi di wilayah tersebut", "Asia Tenggara\nNama untuk kawasan ini pertama kali dipakai pada abad ke-20. Sebelumnya Asia Tenggara dikenal dengan nama India Belakang (jika dibandingkan dengan anak benua India). Subkawasan Asia Tenggara terdiri dari sebelas negara, beberapa di antaranya berada di daratan utama (mainland), yang juga dikenal sebagai Asia Tenggara Daratan (Indochina) dan sebagian lagi seluruhnya merupakan kepulauan (Asia Tenggara Maritim), yang dikenal dengan istilah beragam, seperti Kepulauan Selatan (Nan Yang, Tiongkok, dan Vietnam), Kepulauan Melayu (Malay Archipelago menurut A.R. Wallace), Malayunesia (Logan), Indonesia (Logan, dan Adolf Bastian), Hindia Timur (Oost-Indie, Belanda), Malaysia, Insulinde (oleh orang Hindia Belanda di awal abad ke-20), atau Nusantara (oleh masyarakat Indonesia). Agak menarik bahwa Semenanjung Malaya biasanya dimasukkan dalam wilayah kepulauan meskipun masih tersambung dengan benua Asia.", "Geografi India\nIndia terletak pada Lempeng India, bagian utara dari Lempeng Indo-Australia, yang kerak benuanya membentuk anak benua India. Negara ini terletak di utara khatulistiwa antara 8°4' sampai 37°6' Lintang Utara dan 68°7' sampai 97°25' Bujur Timur. India adalah negara terbesar ke-7 di dunia, dengan luas total . India berukuran dari utara ke selatan dan dari timur ke barat. India memiliki batas darat sepanjang dan garis pantai sepanjang .", "Budaya Asia\nBudaya Asia meliputi kebiasaan dan tradisi seni, arsitektur, musik, sastra, gaya hidup, filsafat, politik, agama, dan perayaan yang telah dipraktekkan sejak masa pra-sejarah oleh kelompok etnis di benua Asia. Identifikasi spesifik ihwal budaya Asia telah dipancarkan dari berbagai bidang budaya dan tiga dari empat peradaban lembah sungai kuno. Benua ini umumnya dibagi menjadi enam wilayah geografis, yang dicirikan oleh kesamaan (keserumpunan) yang dapat dirasakan, seperti agama, bahasa, dan homogenitas etnis yang relatif. Wilayah ini adalah Asia Tengah, Asia Timur, Asia Utara, Asia Selatan, Asia Tenggara, dan Asia Barat.", "Benua Amerika\nBenua Amerika adalah sebuah benua di dunia yang merujuk kepada wilayah daratan di antara Samudra Pasifik dan Samudra Atlantik. Benua Amerika adalah benua terbesar ke 2 di dunia setelah Benua Asia .Luas wilayahnya ± 42.292.000 Km². Benua ini umumnya dibagi menjadi 3 yaitu Amerika Utara, Amerika Tengah, dan Amerika Selatan. Istilah ini juga merujuk kepada wilayah Karibia, pulau-pulau sekitar Laut Karibia, dan Greenland (namun bukan Islandia).Wilayah Amerika Tengah merupakan daratan sempit memanjang yang menghubungkan antara Amerika Utara dan Amerika Selatan.\nSecara astronomis, Benua Amerika terletak antara 83° LU - 55° LS dan 170° BT - 35° BB.\nSecara geografis, letak Benua Amerika sebelah Barat berbatasan dengan Samudera Pasifik dan Laut Bering, sebelah timur berbatasan dengan Samudera Atlantik dan Laut Karibia, sebelah utara berbatasan dengan Laut Es dan Selat Davis, dan sebelah selatan berbatasan dengan Laut Kutub Selatan. Nama \"Amerika\" diambil dari nama pertama orang Eropa yang menjelajahi benua ini yaitu \"\"Amerigo Vespucci\".\"", "Subbenua India\nSubbenua India adalah wilayah di selatan Asia, sebagian besar terletak di Lempeng India menjorok sampai ke selatan ke Samudera Hindia. Ada perbedaan definisi mengenai luasnya subbenua India, namun secara umum termasuk di dalamanya daratan utama India, Pakistan dan Bangladesh.", "Paparan Sunda\nSecara biogeografi, kawasan ini dikenal sebagai \"Sundaland\" atau Tanah Sunda, sebuah istilah yang merujuk kepada bentang daratan lempeng benua dan landas kontinen di Asia Tenggara yang merupakan dataran di atas permukaan laut ketika permukaan laut jauh lebih rendah pada zaman es terakhir. Tanah Sunda termasuk Semenanjung Malaya, Kepulauan Sunda Besar termasuk Kalimantan, Sumatera, dan Jawa, serta laut dangkal di sekitarnya, yaitu Laut Jawa, Selat Malaka, Selat Karimata, Teluk Siam, dan bagian selatan Laut China Selatan. Tebing curam dasar laut membatasi batas timur Tanah Sunda yang sama dengan batas Garis Wallace, dicetuskan oleh Alfred Russel Wallace, yang menandai perbatasan timur persebaran mamalia benua Asia, juga merupakan perbatasan antara zona ekologi Indomalaya dan Australasia. Bukti bahwa pulau-pulau Sunda Besar pernah bersatu dengan benua Asia adalah sebaran jenis mamalia Asia seperti beberapa jenis kera, gajah, macan dan harimau yang ditemukan di benua Asia, Sumatera, Jawa, dan Bali; serta adanya Orangutan baik di Sumatera dan Kalimantan.", "Mesir\nMesir terletak antara garis lintang 22 ° dan 32 ° N, dan garis bujur 25 ° dan 35 ° E. Dengan luas 1.001.450 kilometer persegi (386.660 sq mi), Mesir adalah negara ke-30 terbesar di dunia. Karena iklimnya yang ekstrem dan gersang, sebagian besar populasi terkonsentrasi di sepanjang Lembah Nil yang sempit dan Delta sungai Nil. Sekitar 99 % penduduk Mesir menempati kawasan lembah sungai Nil dan kawasan delta sungai di dekat Laut Mediterania. Mesir berbatasan dengan Libya di sebelah barat, Sudan di selatan, Laut Mediterania di utara, dan Jalur Gaza, Israel, dan Laut Merah di timur. Mesir mempunyai lokasi geopolitik yang penting di perbatasan Asia-Afrika, ia memiliki sebuah jembatan tanah (Tanah Genting Suez) antara Afrika dan Asia, wilayah ini dilalui sebuah terusan yang menghubungkan Laut Mediterania dengan Samudera Hindia (melalui Laut Merah).", "Indonesia\nRepublik Indonesia (RI) atau Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI), atau lebih umum disebut Indonesia, adalah negara di Asia Tenggara yang dilintasi garis khatulistiwa dan berada di antara daratan benua Asia dan Australia, serta antara Samudra Pasifik dan Samudra Hindia. Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan terbesar di dunia yang terdiri dari 17.504 pulau.[1] Nama alternatif yang biasa dipakai adalah Nusantara.[2] Dengan populasi Hampir 270.054.853 juta jiwa pada tahun 2018,[3] Indonesia adalah negara berpenduduk terbesar keempat di dunia dan negara yang berpenduduk Muslim terbesar di dunia, dengan lebih dari 230 juta jiwa.[4]", "Fauna Asia\nDaerah biologis anak benua India mencakup sebagian besar India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, dan Sri Lanka. Rentang pegunungan Hindu Kush, Karakoram, Himalaya, dan Patkai membatasi daerah biologis di barat laut, utara, dan timur laut; jalur pegunungan ini terbentuk oleh tumbukan anak benua India dengan Asia yang dimulai 45 juta tahun lalu. Pegunungan Hindu Kush, Karakoram, dan Himalaya adalah batas biogeografis utama antara fauna subtropis dengan fauna tropis anak benua India dan zona ekologi beriklim dingin Palearktik. Western Ghats dan Sri Lanka adalah pusat keanekaragaman hayati penting.", "Gajah\nPada tahun 2008, IUCN mendaftarkan gajah asia sebagai spesies terancam akibat penurunan populasi sebesar 50% dalam 60–75 tahun terakhir,[136] sementara CITES memasukannya ke dalam Lampiran I.[136] Gajah asia pernah tersebar dari Suriah dan Irak (subspesies Elephas maximus asurus) hingga Tiongkok (hingga Sungai Kuning)[137] dan Jawa. Gajah asia kini telah punah di wilayah-wilayah tersebut,[136] dan persebarannya saat ini sangat terpecah-pecah menjadi bagian-bagian yang kecil.[137] Jumlah populasi gajah asia diperkirakan sebesar 40.000–50.000, walaupun perkiraan ini merupakan perkiraan kasar. Meskipun jumlah gajah asia secara keseluruhan mengalami penurunan (terutama di Asia Tenggara), populasi di Ghat Barat tampaknya mengalami peningkatan.[136]", "Prasejarah Asia\nAsia tenggara adalah sub-wilayah dari benua Asia, yang terdiri dari negara-negara yang secara geografis terletak di baguan selatan Tiongkok, sebelah timur India, sebelah barat dari Pulau Papua, dan di utara Australia. wilayah ini terletak pada pertemuan lempeng tektonik, dengan aktivitas seismik dan vulkanik yang sangat aktif. Asia tenggara terdiri dari dua wilayah geografis: (1) Daratan Asia Tenggara, juga dikenal sebagai Indochina, terdiri dari Kamboja, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, dan Vietnam; dan (2) Asia Tenggara Maritim, yang terdiri dari Brunei, Malaysia, Timor Timur, Indonesia, Filipina, dan Singapura.", "Rusia\nFederasi Rusia[1] (Russian:Росси́йская Федера́ция, tr.Rossiyskaya Federatsiya,IPA:[rɐˈsʲijskəjə fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨjə](listen)), umumnya disebut Rusia (Russian:Росси́я, tr.Rossija,IPA:[rɐˈsʲijə](listen)), adalah sebuah negara berdaulat yang membentang dengan luas di sebelah timur Eropa dan utara Asia. Dengan wilayah seluas 17.125.200km²,[2] Rusia adalah negara terluas di dunia. Wilayahnya mencakup seperdelapan luas daratan bumi,[3][4][5], penduduknya menduduki peringkat kesembilan terbanyak di dunia dengan jumlah sekitar 146 juta jiwa (Maret 2016).[6][7] Wilayahnya membentang sepanjang Asia Utara dan sebagian Eropa timur, Rusia memiliki 11 zona waktu dan wilayahnya terdiri dari berbagai tipe lingkungan dan tanah. Dari barat laut sampai ke tenggara, Rusia berbatasan dengan Norwegia, Finlandia, Estonia, Latvia, Lituania dan Polandia (keduanya berbatasan dengan Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarusia, Ukraina, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, dan Korea Utara. Negara ini berbatasan laut dengan Jepang di Laut Okhotsk dan negara bagian Alaska, Amerika Serikat di Selat Bering.", "Voice of Asia\nVoice of Asia (, \"Azïya Dawısı\"; , \"Golos Azii\") adalah sebuah festival musik, yang diadakan tahunan di Almaty, Kazakhstan. Puluhan bintang dari seluruh Asia tampil ke atas panggung selama beberapa hari untuk merekam beberapa lagu hit mereka. Tempat yang biasanya digunakan untuk festival tersebut adalah tempat sketing Medeo luar ruangan, yang berada di kaki gunung Tian Shan, yang berjarak beberapa kilometer jauhnya dari pusat Almaty.", "Asia Selatan\nAsia Selatan merupakan salah satu kawasan yang terpadat penduduknya di dunia. Sekitar 1,6 miliar jiwa tinggal di kawasan ini—sekitar seperempat dari seluruh penduduk dunia. Kepadatan penduduk di Asia Selatan sebesar 305 jiwa per kilometer persegi sama dengan tujuh kali rata-rata dunia.", "Budaya Asia\nNamun, ukuran besar dan relief alam Asia memisahkan pelbagai peradaban, tamadun, dan lingkungan, seperti gurun dan pegunungan. Akan tetapi pantangan itu menjadi solusi untuk mengatasi jarak ini, perdagangan dan perniagaan telah secara bertahap mengembangkan karakter Pan-Asia yang benar-benar universal. Perdagangan antar-wilayah merupakan sebagai kekuatan pendorong dan kekohesifan, yang menyebarkan berbagai unsur dan ide budaya ke berbagai sub-wilayah melalui jaringan jalan yang luas dan banyak rute laut.", "Asia Dalam\nAsia Dalam adalah sebuah istilah yang merujuk pada suatu wilayah di Asia. Istilah tersebut memiliki pengartian utama dengan beberapa definisi dari Asia Tengah, secara garis besar dalam sejarah, namun sejumlah wilayah Asia Dalam (seperti Manchuria) tidak dianggap sebagai bagian dari Asia Tengah oleh sejumlah definisinya. Salah satu pengartian dari Asia Dalam adalah wilayah-wilayah yang menjadi \"garis depan\" dari China, dan yang berbatasan dengan Asia Timur (yang terdiri dari China, Jepang, dan Korea). Keberadaan yang sebenarnya dari Asia Dalam berbeda-beda pada masa-masa yang berbeda dalam sejarah. Pada 1800, istilah tersebut terdiri dari empat wilayah utama, yakni Manchuria (timur laut China dan Manchuria Luar pada masa sekarang), Mongolia (Mongolia Dalam dan Mongolia Luar), Xinjiang dan Tibet. Seluruh wilayah tersebut merupakan bagian dari wilayah kekuasaan dinasti Qing dan ditaklukan oleh pasukan Qing, namun wilayah-wilayah tersebut diperintah dengan beberapa jenis struktur kepengurusan yang berbeda dan bukanlah provinsi yang biasa. Agensi pemerintah Qing yang dikenal sebagai Lifan Yuan didirikan untuk memimpin wilayah-wilayah Asia Dalam dari kekaisaran tersebut.", "Kepulauan Melayu\nDisebut demikian karena wilayah ini terutama dihuni oleh Ras Melayu, yang menyebar di seantero kepulauan seluas kurang lebih 2 juta km persegi. Total populasi sebanyak 350 juta jiwa, termasuk ras Austronesia dan Tionghoa. Ini merupakan kepulauan yang terbesar dan mempunyai paling banyak gunung berapi di dunia. Pulau terbesarnya adalah Papua dan Kalimantan, dan pulau terpadatnya adalah Jawa.", "Asia\nNegara-negara Himalaya: India (julukan untuk negara India adalah Anak benua Asia atau Asia muka), Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan dan Bangladesh Negara-negara Samudera Hindia: Sri Lanka dan Maladewa Afganistan dan Iran", "Asia\nDaerah ini mencakup Semenanjung Malaka, Indochina dan kepulauan-kepulauan di Samudra Hindia dan Samudra Pasifik. Negara-negara yang termasuk daerah ini adalah:", "Amerika Serikat\nLuas wilayah daratan utama Amerika Serikat adalah 2,959,064 square miles (7,663,941km2). Alaska, yang dipisahkan dari daratan utama Amerika Serikat oleh Kanada, adalah negara bagian terluas, dengan luas 663,268 square miles (1,717,856km2). Hawaii berlokasi di tengah-tengah Samudra Pasifik, di sebelah barat daya Amerika Utara, dengan luas wilayah 10,931 square miles (28,311km2).[69]", "Upacara pembukaan Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018\nUpacara pembukaan Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 dilaksanakan pada hari Sabtu, 18 Agustus 2018 di Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno, Jakarta, Indonesia. Upacara ini dimulai pada pukul 19.00 WIB () dan berakhir pada pukul 21.25 WIB. Wishnutama, CEO NET. adalah direktur kreatif untuk upacara pembukaan ini. Upacara ini menampilkan panggung yang dirancang sebagai gunung setinggi 26 meter dengan air terjun. Set panggung seberat 600 ton, dengan panjang 120 meter dan lebar 30 meter, menampilkan tanaman dan bunga khas Indonesia, serta gunung berapi tiruan. Gunung berapi tersebut melambangkan lokasi Indonesia yang berada di \"Cincin Api\" yang mengelilingi Samudera Pasifik.", "Asia Amerika\nAsia Amerika adalah orang Amerika keturunan Asia. Istilah tersebut merujuk kepada kelompok panetnis yang meliputi beragam populasi yang memiliki asal muasal keturunan di Asia Timur, Asia Tenggara, atau Asia Selatan, sesuai dengan yang didefinisikan oleh Biro Sensus AS. Ini meliputi orang-orang yang disebut \"Asian\" pada bagian ras dari sensus tersebut atau entri-entri laporan lainnya seperti \"India Asia, Tionghoa, Filipina, Korea, Jepang, Vietnam, dan Asia Lainnya.\" Asia Amerika dengan tanpa keturunan lainnya meliputi 4.8% dari populasi AS, sementara orang-orang yang merupakan orang Asia sendiri atau belasteran dengan setidaknya satu ras lainnya meliputi 5.6%.Jurnal", "Asia Tengah\nAsia Tengah adalah wilayah yang sangat luas dengan jenis daratan yang bervariasi, misalnya tanah datar tinggi dan pegunungan (Tian Shan), gurun luas (Kara Kum, Kyzyl Kum, Taklamakan), dan tanah datar berupa rerumputan. Kebanyakan tanah sangat kering atau sangat kasar untuk dijadikan sebagai sawah. Mata pencaharian mayoritas penduduk ialah penggembala. Aktivitas industri berada di perkotaan.", "Pulau Sunda\nSundaland adalah sebuah wilayah di Asia Tenggara yang mencakup paparan Sunda, Bagian dari landas benua Asia yang terbuka selama zaman es. Periode es yang terakhir, yang dikenal sebagai zaman es, pada periode glasial terbaru dalam zaman es saat yang terjadi selama tahun-tahun terakhir Pleistosen, dari sekitar 110.000 sampai 12.000 tahun yang lalu. Ini termasuk Semenanjung Melayu di daratan Asia, serta besar pulau Kalimantan, Jawa dan Sumatera dan pulau-pulau sekitarnya. Batas timur Sundaland adalah garis Wallace, yang diidentifikasi oleh Alfred Russel Wallace sebagai batas timur pegunungan fauna mamalia dataran Asia, dan menjadi batas ecozones Indomalaya dan Australasia. Kepulauan Timur garis Wallace dikenal sebagai Wallacea, dan dianggap bagian dari Australasia.", "British Museum\nKajian yang dimiliki Departemen Asia sangat luas, dengan koleksi lebih dari 75.000 benda yang meliputi kebudayaan seluruh Asia (dari Timur, Selatan, Tengah dan Asia Tenggara) dan koleksi tersebut dari masa Neolitik hingga masa kini.[24][25][26]", "Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara\nASEAN meliputi wilayah daratan seluas 4.46 juta km² atau setara dengan 3% total luas daratan di Bumi, dan memiliki populasi yang mendekati angka 600 juta orang atau setara dengan 8.8% total populasi dunia. Luas wilayah laut ASEAN tiga kali lipat dari luas wilayah daratan. Pada tahun 2010, kombinasi nominal GDP ASEAN telah tumbuh hingga 1,8 Triliun Dolar AS. Jika ASEAN adalah sebuah entitas tunggal, maka ASEAN akan duduk sebagai ekonomi terbesar kesembilan setelah Amerika Serikat, Cina, Jepang, Jerman, Perancis, Brasil, Inggris, dan Italia.", "Abad Asia\nSebuah kajian pada tahun 2011 yang dilakukan oleh Bank Pembangunan Asia menemukan bahwa terdapat tambahan sekira 3 miliar orang Asia yang menikmati kualitas hidup setaraf dengan Eropa pada masa kini, dan kawasan itu mampu bersumbangsih bagi lebih dari separo produksi global pada pertengahan abad ini. Meskipun demikian, diserukan bahwa Abad Asia bukanlah sesuatu yang telah ditakdirkan.", "Myanmar\nRepublik Persatuan Myanmar (juga dikenal sebagai Birma, disebut \"Burma\" di dunia Barat) adalah sebuah negara berdaulat di Asia Tenggara. Myanmar berbatasan dengan India dan Bangladesh di sebelah barat, Thailand dan Laos di sebelah timur dan China di sebelah utara dan timur laut. Negara seluas 676.578 km² ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintahan militer sejak kudeta tahun 1988. Negara ini adalah negara berkembang dan memiliki populasi lebih dari 51 juta jiwa (sensus 2014).[1] Ibu kota negara ini sebelumnya terletak di Yangon sebelum dipindahkan oleh pemerintahan junta militer ke Naypyidaw pada tanggal 7 November 2005.[2] Myanmar telah bergabung sebagai anggota Perhimpunan Bangsa-Bangsa Asia Tenggara (ASEAN) sejak tahun 1997.", "Orang Asia\nDi bagian Afrika anglofon, khususnya Afrika Timur dan Afrika Selatan, dan bagian Caribbean Anglofon, istilah \"Asia\" lebih umum dikaitkan dengan orang-orang yang berasal dari Asia Selatan, yakni India, Pakistan, Bangladesh dan Sri Lanka.", "Negara di Asia\nBenua Asia dibagi menjadi 6 yaitu\nadapula negara di Asia yang dikuasai Benua lain yaitu", "Kazakhstan\nLuas wilayah Kazakhstan adalah 2.717.300 km persegi yang menjadikannya sebagai negara terbesar di Asia Tengah, dan kedua terbesar setelah Rusia di antara negara-negara pecahan Uni Soviet.", "The Amazing Race Asia 3\nMusim ketiga The Amazing Race Asia berjarak 21.600 kilometer di enam negara. Penanda rute diwarnai kuning dan putih di Vietnam untuk menghindari kebingungan dengan mantan bendera Vietnam Selatan. Musim ini memperkenalkan penanda U-turn, sedangkan titik-temu tidak disertakan. Musim ini, seperti versi American Family Edition dan versi Brasil, adalah orang pertama yang memiliki seluruh ras berlangsung di satu benua, Asia (musim sebelumnya tertutup setidaknya dua benua). Tidak seperti musim lalu, ini adalah lomba pertama yang tidak memiliki leg pertama sebagai kaki non-eliminasi. Musim ini juga memiliki jumlah episode menurun 13-11.", "Stadion Asiad Incheon\nStadion utama dengan lima lantai ini membentang pada luas 113,620m dan dirancang untuk menampung lebih dari 60.000 penonton. Daerah sekitar stadion ini dirancang secara ramah lingkungan, termasuk Eco Canal yang menghubungkan dua sungai yang mengalir di dekatnya dan Biotope, habitat ekologi skala kecil. Setelah Asian Games berakhir, stadion ini akan difungsikan sebagai stadion multi guna yang akan lebih sering digunakan untuk acara-acara kebudayaan. Stadion ini menggunakan energi ramah lingkungan, seperti panas matahari dan panas bumi serta penggunaan teknologi informasi yang sangat baik.", "Fauna Indonesia\nIndonesia merupakan salah satu dari tiga negara terbesar yang memiliki keanekaragaman flora dan fauna. Fauna Indonesia memiliki keanekaragaman yang tinggi karena wilayahnya yang luas dan berbentuk kepulauan tropis[1]. Keanekaragaman yang tinggi ini disebabkan oleh Garis Wallace, membagi Indonesia menjadi dua area; zona zoogeografi Asia, yang dipengaruhi oleh fauna Asia, dan zona zoogeografi Australasia, dipengaruhi oleh fauna Australia[2]. Pencampuran fauna di Indonesia juga dipengaruhi oleh ekosistem yang beragam di antaranya: pantai, bukit pasir, muara, hutan bakau, dan terumbu karang.", "Samudra Pasifik\nSamudra Pasifik atau Lautan Teduh (dari bahasa spanyol Pacifico, artinya tenang) adalah kawasan kumpulan air terbesar di dunia, serta mencakup kira-kira sepertiga permukaan Bumi, dengan luas sebesar 179,7 juta km² (69,4 juta mi²). Panjangnya sekitar 15.500 km (9.600mi) dari Laut Bering di Arktik hingga batasan es di Laut Ross di Antartika di selatan. Samudra Pasifik mencapai lebar timur-barat terbesarnya pada sekitar 5 derajat U garis lintang, di mana ia terbentang sekitar 19.800 km (12.300mi) dari Indonesia hingga pesisir Kolombia. Batas sebelah barat samudra ini biasanya diletakkan di Selat Malaka. Titik terendah permukaan Bumi—Palung Mariana—berada di Samudra Pasifik. Samudra ini terletak di antara Asia dan Australia di sebelah barat, Amerika di sebelah timur, Antartika di sebelah selatan dan Samudra Arktik di sebelah utara." ]

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[ "Сальери, Антонио\nУченик и последователь К. В. Глюка, автор более чем 40 опер, многочисленных инструментальных и вокально-инструментальных сочинений, Сальери был одним из самых известных и признанных композиторов своего времени и не менее прославленным педагогом: среди его учеников — Л. ван Бетховен, Ф. Шуберт и Ф. Лист. В Вене на протяжении 36 лет (1788—1824) Сальери занимал пост придворного капельмейстера — один из самых важных музыкальных постов в Европе[1][2]." ]

[ "Моцарт и Сальери\nОснованная на одном из многочисленных слухов, порождённых ранней смертью В. А. Моцарта, «маленькая трагедия» Пушкина способствовала широкому распространению и укоренению в массовом сознании мифа о причастности к ней композитора Антонио Сальери, имя которого в России стало нарицательным[2][3][4].", "Сальери, Антонио\nПремьера первой французской оперы Сальери — с именем Глюка на афише, лишь позже, когда обозначился несомненный успех, Глюк назвал имя истинного автора[26] — состоялась в апреле 1784 года и принесла ему, помимо признания парижской театральной публики, покровительство сестры Иосифа II, Марии-Антуанетты, которой Сальери посвятил своё сочинение[25]. Сам же Иосиф после успеха «Данаид» писал австрийскому посланнику в Париже графу Ф. Мерси д’Аржанто: «Я полагаю, что, если ему не помешают интриги, этот молодой человек — ученик Глюка, написавший несколько превосходных партитур, — будет единственным, кто сможет заменить его, когда придёт срок»[25].", "Историография Великой французской революции\nХотя Тэн отвергнут ревизионистской школой из-за его ошибочных исследований и своего «контрреволюционного уклона», Фюре считает, что его работа имеет «значительный интерес», а , предшественник французской ревизионистской школы, посвятил свою последнюю статью Тэну, назвав его «\"самым влиятельным и стимулирующим, самым ослепительным, одним словом, самым большим из плохих историков\"».\nАльбер Сорель (1842—1906) — французский историк, член Французской академии, иностранный член-корреспондент Петербургской академии наук. Сорель служил в министерстве иностранных дел с 1866 по 1875, и в дальнейшем, уже после окончания дипломатпческой nарьеры, сохранил большой интерес к внешней политике.", "Карозелли, Анджело\nВоспитал несколько известных учеников, среди которых Пьетро Паолини и его сын Карл Карозелли.", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ том же 1786 году в Париже Сальери сблизился с П. О. Бомарше; плодом их дружбы стала самая успешная, в том числе и в финансовом отношении, опера Сальери — «Тарар». Премьера в Королевской академии музыки состоялась 8 июня 1787 года и вызвала ажиотаж, сравнимый только с постановками самых «скандальных» опер Глюка[4].", "Салле, Мари\nМари́ Салле́ (\"Marie Sallé\") (1707—1756) — французская артистка балета и балетмейстер XVIII столетия, ученица знаменитой танцовщицы Франсуазы Прево. Также брала уроки в Парижской Опере у Мишеля Блонди и у Клода Баллона.", "Андриолли, Михал Эльвиро\nСвоего сына он отправил в Москву учиться медицине (1855). Но Михал Эльвиро против воли отца перешёл вслед за своим другом, художником Викентием Слендзинским, учиться в Училище живописи и ваяния Московского художественного общества. Преподавателями живописи у них были земляк Сергей Зарянко и известный русский художник Алексей Саврасов. Одновременно с Андриолли и Слендзинским в училище получал художественное образование другой будущий знаменитый живописец — Василий Перов. Вместе со Слендзинским Андриолли поступил в 1857 году учиться в императорскую Академию художеств в Санкт-Петербурге. Затем совершенствовался в Академии Святого Луки в Риме (1860—1861).\nВернулся в Литву и участвовал, так же как и Викентий Слендзинский, в Восстании 1863 года. Сражался в отряде Людвика Нарбутта. После поражения восстания скрывался в Вильне, Ковно, Москве, но был арестован и после суда отправлен отбывать заключение в Ригу. Сумел выбраться за границу и через Швецию и Данию уехал в Англию. Обосновался в Лондоне, затем перебрался в Париж.\nНа родину вернулся как эмиссар Комитета польской эмиграции; в 1866 году был схвачен и сослан в Вятку. В Вятке пробыл с 1868 по 1871 год; жил в доме Новиковой (ныне улица Володарского, 85). Расписывал кафедральный собор; помощником у него был будущий известный русский художник В. М. Васнецов\nДавал частные уроки рисования. Среди его учеников был младший брат Виктора Васнецова А. М. Васнецов.", "Сагрерас, Хулио Сальвадор\nМузыке учился у отца, Гаспара Сагрераса, и Карлоса Маршала, затем поступил в Академию изящных искусств Буэнос-Айреса, по окончании которой был принят в неё же преподавателем гитары и сольфеджио. Сагрерас был основателем и первым президентом Аргентинской ассоциации гитаристов. Наибольшее значение он имеет как педагог: его этюды в шести томах и сборники упражнений «Высшая гитарная техника» используются при обучении и в наше время. Помимо учебных произведений, Сагрерас также является автором более двухсот оригинальных пьес, из которых наиболее известна виртуозная миниатюра «Колибри».", "Моцарт и Сальери\nС лёгкой руки Пушкина имя Антонио Сальери в России стало нарицательным для обозначения завистливой посредственности, способной на любое коварство, вплоть до убийства[20]. Хотя пушкинист Ирина Сурат считает, что такого Сальери создали пушкинисты, а отнюдь не сам Пушкин[33]. Прежде всего, Сальери в «маленькой трагедии» не является завистником по своей природе: Первый монолог Сальери давал повод некоторым актёрам — исполнителям этой роли утверждать, при поддержке театральных критиков и даже литературоведов-пушкинистов, что он отравил Моцарта не из зависти, а из ложно понятого чувства долга[34]. «Идейным убийцей», который, как никто, любит гений Моцарта, считал пушкинского Сальери К. С. Станиславский[35]. В таком толковании заявляло о себе чувство протеста: возможно, потому, что в процессе работы пьеса, как предполагают, некоторое время имела название «Зависть», её драматизм ещё со времён В. Г. Белинского видели именно в зависти таланта к гению. Эта концепция, пишет И. Сурат, «надолго возобладала в истории осмысления „Моцарта и Сальери“ как удобная, накатанная колея»[36]. «Талант» Белинского при этом незаметно превращался в «посредственность», а затем и в «бездарность», и всё в конечном счёте сводилось к примитивной схеме «гений и злодей», — появился, по Б. Штейнпрессу, третий Сальери, не исторический и не пушкинский[36][20]. Поскольку пьеса Пушкина, с небольшими сокращениями, была использована Н. А. Римским-Корсаковым в качестве либретто одноимённой оперы, этот образ получил своё дальнейшее развитие и у некоторых музыковедов, и если, например, у Д. Благого Сальери — «аскет и фанатик»[8], то у А. Гозенпуда, он уже «фанатик и изувер, идущий на преступление»[37].", "Энтони Тюдор\nЭнтни Тюдор — ученик Мари Рамбер. В 1928 году он начал выступать в её «Балетном клубе», уже в следующем году стал ассистентом . В 1932 году, устав от ожидания лучшей позиции в труппе и в надежде найти более широкое поле для применения своих талантов, он перешёл в «Балет Вик-Уэллс» к Нинет де Валуа, где танцовщики получали постоянную зарплату, а не разовую оплату выступлений. Однако, его надежды не оправдались и в 1935 году он вернулся к Рамбер. Для её труппы он поставил одни из лучших своих работ — «» (1936) и «Тёмные элегии» (1937).", "Сальери, Антонио\nЛетом 1790 года Бомарше сообщал Сальери, что частью торжеств, посвящённых первой годовщине взятия Бастилии, стало представление «Тарара» со специально написанным по этому случаю эпилогом[4]. Страстный поклонник Моцарта Э. Т. Гофман, услышав «Аксура» уже в 1795-м в Кёнигсберге, писал: «Музыка этой оперы, как всегда у Сальери, превосходна: богатство мыслей и совершенство декламации ставят её в один ряд с произведениями Моцарта. …Если бы я сочинил такую оперу, я считал бы свою жизнь успешной!»[7]. «Аксур» стал любимой оперой Иосифа II и превратился в почти официальный символ монархии[6]. Таким образом, во время войн против революционной Франции опера под разными названиями исполнялась по обе стороны линии фронта[38]. И когда генерал Бонапарт основал в Италии так называемую Цизальпинскую Республику, это историческое событие также было отмечено постановкой в «Ла Скала» — 10 июня 1797 года — оперы Сальери[37]. Репертуар Парижской оперы «Тарар» украшал вплоть до 1826 года; «Аксур» на немецкой сцене шёл до середины XIX века[6].", "Дзамбони, Луиджи\nПод руководством вездесущего Саличети Дзамбони вдохновил этими идеалами нескольких молодых людей, в том числе Джованни Баттиста Де Роландиса, Антонио Суччи, Камилло Томезани, Антонио Форни, Анджело Сассоли, Томазо Бамбоцци, Пьетро Гавазетти, Джованни Осбеля, Джованни Калори и других. Не все из них были студентами, имелось также несколько выпускников, входили в число заговорщиков и просто люди с улицы, решительно настроенные против абсолютистского и антидемократического правления Папской области, в тот период полностью контролируемой прелатами Верховной Священной Конгрегации Римской и Вселенской Инквизиции.", "Сальери, Антонио\nНо в феврале 1790 года просвещённый монарх умер, на престол взошёл его младший брат Леопольд, не одобрявший деятельность предшественника и с подозрением относившийся к его окружению; музыканты к новому императору доступа не имели. Когда в январе 1791 года Леопольд II отправил в отставку директора Придворного театра графа Розенберга-Орсини, Сальери, вероятно ожидая той же участи, подал прошение об отставке[44][4]. Однако император отставку не принял, хотя от многих других фаворитов Иосифа избавился, — освободил Сальери лишь от обязанностей капельмейстера Придворной оперы (этот пост занял его ученик Йозеф Вайгль)[45]. Среди нескольких опер, представленных во Франкфурте по случаю коронации Леопольда императором Священной Римской империи, оказался и любимый его предшественником «Аксур»[7].", "Эрмит, Шарль\nНаиболее известными учениками Шарля Эрмита были Анри Пуанкаре и Томас Иоаннес Стилтьес.", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ январе 1774 года умер Гассман; на высшем в Вене музыкальном посту — придворного капельмейстера, — который он занимал с марта 1772 года[19], Гассмана сменил Джузеппе Бонно, а Сальери, к тому времени уже автор 10 опер, унаследовал от учителя должности придворного композитора камерной музыки и капельмейстера итальянской оперной труппы[20]. «В 24 года, — пишет Рудольф Ангермюллер, — он занял один из самых важных музыкальных постов в Европе»[2]. Вена уже была в те годы одной из ведущих оперных столиц, при этом почиталась при дворе Габсбургов именно Итальянская опера[9]. Взлёт молодого композитора, оправданный его успехом у публики, был, не в последнюю очередь, обусловлен близостью к императору — участием в его камерных музицированиях. Вместе с тем, пишет Д. Райс, импульсивность и непредсказуемость Иосифа II никогда не позволяли Сальери считать своё положение достаточно прочным[7]. Тем более не мог чувствовать себя вне конкуренции Сальери-композитор: поскольку император считал всякое соперничество плодотворным для искусства, он намеренно устраивал состязания между композиторами (и между либреттистами), заказывая им оперы на один и тот же сюжет[7]. Сочинение опер входило в обязанности капельмейстера, и оскудевшая в результате военных действий казна определила направление творчества Сальери: постановки комических опер по сравнению с оперой-сериа требовали меньших затрат и пользовались бо́льшим успехом у венской публики[21].", "Сальери, Антонио\nО раннем творчестве Сальери известно не многое; биографы установили, что к 20-ти годам он имел в своём активе концерт для гобоя, скрипки и виолончели с оркестром и мессу а капелла[4]. Среди светских жанров в музыкальной культуре эпохи Просвещения господствующее положение занимала опера; хотя для одних (прежде всего в Париже) она была больше, чем просто оперой, для других — всего лишь модным развлечением[17][3]. Этот жанр, по-видимому, с самого начала был главным и для Сальери: свою первую оперу, «Весталка» (Italian: La Vestale), он написал ещё в 1768 или в 1769 году. Но сочинение не сохранилось, и известно о нём лишь то, что это была небольшая итальянская опера для четырёх голосов и хора[7].", "Баррету, Антониу\nВ бытность молодого коммуниста Антониу Баррету студентом Коимбрского университета одним из его профессоров формально являлся диктатор Антониу Салазар.", "Данди, Анджело\nСамым известным подопечным Данди стал знаменитый боксёр Мохаммед Али. Данди, переживая с Али все его взлёты и падения, тренировал и был угловым боксёра до октября 1980 года. В то же время Данди работал в качестве тренера и с другими боксёрами. В 1963 году, в течение одного вечера, два его воспитанника, Шугар Рамос и Луис Родригес, завоевали чемпионские пояса. В том же году два других подопечных Данди, Ральф Дьюпэс и Вилли Пастрано, стали чемпионами мира. Ещё один воспитанник Анжело Данди, Хосе Наполес, стал чемпионом во втором полусреднем весе в 1969 году.", "Сальери, Антонио\nОперы Глюка будоражили предреволюционную Францию не только и порою не столько новизной формы, сколько содержанием: эзоповым языком античной трагедии или средневекового предания оперы австрийского композитора проповедовали ценности «третьего сословия». В развернувшейся в 70-х годах борьбе между сторонниками Глюка и сторонниками Никколо Пиччинни в открытую полемику вступили, по словам С. Рыцарева, «мощные культурные слои аристократического и демократического искусства»[15]. Стареющий реформатор не только увлёк Сальери своими идеями, но и немало способствовал его карьере: в 1778 году рекомендовал его дирекции «Ла Скала», несколько лет спустя — передал ему заказ Королевской академии музыки на оперу «Данаиды», который сам Глюк, перенёсший два инсульта, уже выполнить не мог[15]. Сальери в Париже хорошо знали, но — как автора ярких комических опер; когда Глюк официально предложил вместо себя Сальери, дирекция Оперы сочла замену неравноценной[25][4].", "Сабатини, Андреа\nАндре́а Сабати́ни или Саббатини (), известный как Андреа да Сале́рно (; 1487, Салерно — 1530, Гаэта) — итальянский художник Высокого Возрождения, один из лучших учеников Рафаэля.", "Соге, Анри\nСкромным дебютом Анри Соге в Париже стал организованный Сати коллективный концерт «Аркёйской школы» 25 октября 1923 года, где был исполнен его «Ноктюрн» и «Танец матросов». Несмотря на большую скорость овладения композиторским ремеслом, которым будут отмечены даже первые сочинения Соге, критики «справа» ещё долго будут упрекать его в провинциальном дилетантизме и недостатке техники, а критики «слева» — в старомодности вкуса и робости музыкального языка. Между тем, уже в первых сочинениях Соге были заметны в точности те же стилистические наклонности, которые в 30-е годы были присущи и многим другим его современникам, не прошедшим мимо опыта Сати, таким как Пуленк, Тайфер или Ибер. Причём именно с Пуленком долгие годы Анри Соге был особенно дружен и близок как в творческом отношении, так и связан с ним отношениями личной симпатии. Спустя тридцать лет сам Пуленк недвусмысленно говорил об этом в книге своих воспоминаний:\n«…Безо всякого сомнения, для меня и для многих других композиторов Сати открыл совершенно новый путь. Разумеется, я не говорю, что \"все\" музыканты моего поколения находились под влиянием Сати…, но Орик, Мийо, Соге и я не можем не признать Сати своим вождём».", "Соге, Анри\nНесмотря на случайное стечение обстоятельств, породившее сенсацию французской «Шестёрки», эта группа стала весьма заметным явлением в истории новой французской музыки. Прежде всего это объяснялось ярким талантом большинства участников группы. Лучшие произведения композиторов «Шестёрки», созданные на протяжении четырёх десятилетий, выдержали испытание временем и вошли в золотой фонд французской музыки. При этом формирование художественных склонностей и первые успехи почти всех участников группы происходили под прямым влиянием и личным примером Эрика Сати. Примерно то же можно сказать и об «Аркёйской школе», названной в честь рабочего предместья Парижа, где Сати прожил последние 25 лет своей жизни. Разумеется, ни о какой «школе» в строгом смысле слова не могло быть и речи. И первой причиной тому был прежде всего сам «аркёйский учитель». Органически не выносивший никаких бронзовых авторитетов в искусстве и жизни, Сати даже и не помышлял о руководстве или воспитании новых музыкальных рекрутов. Вместо обычного учения и наставления, он говорил им так:\n«Ищите всегда сами. Пробуйте и пробуйте ещё раз. Делайте всё не так, как я, а наоборот, а потом — ещё раз наоборот. И главное: никогда никого не слушайтесь!»", "Фальгьер, Александр\nВ числе его известных учеников Мариус Жан Антонин Мерсье.", "Балестра, Антонио\nВ 1694 году гравюра Балестра «\"Низвержение Гигантов\"» выигрывает конкурс римской Академии ди Сан Лука. В 1695 году художник возвращается в родную Верону и основывает там свою школу живописи. Он работает также и в Венеции, и имеет там учеников. Среди его учеников в Вероне следует упомянуть Пьетро Ротари и Джанбеттино Чиньяроли, в Венеции — Джузеппе Ногари, Маттиа Бортолони, Анджело Тревизани, Розальбу Каррьера. Оказал влияние на творчество Пьетро Лонги, некоторое время работавшего у А. Балестра, и Джанбаттиста Питтони.", "Кампанелла, Томмазо\nТомма́зо Кампане́лла (Italian: Tommaso Campanella, Latin: Thomas Campanella, при крещении получил имя Джова́нни Доме́нико, Italian: Giovanni Domenico; 5 сентября 1568, Стило — 21 мая 1639, Париж) — итальянский философ, теолог и писатель, наиболее известный утопическим трактатом «Город Солнца», один из наиболее значительных мыслителей позднего Возрождения[1]. Монах ордена доминиканцев, в который вступил в 1582 году (имя принято в честь Фомы Аквинского). Марен Мерсенн считал Кампанеллу и Галилея «величайшими сынами Италии»[2]. В советской исторической и философской литературе рассматривался как один из первых представителей утопического социализма. В современной Италии Кампанелла считается предтечей экзегетики реформированного католицизма XX века, его доктрины согласуются как с официальным томизмом, так и с постановлениями Первого Ватиканского собора[2].", "Сальери, Антонио\nАнтонио Сальери написал более 40 опер, его «Данаиды», «Тарар» и «Аксур», «Пещера Трофония», «Фальстаф», «Сначала музыка, а потом слова» и в настоящее время ставятся на сцене и звучат в концертном исполнении[1]. Опера «Признанная Европа», написанная им к открытию театра «Ла Скала», была вновь поставлена Риккардо Мути в 2004 году — к открытию миланского театра после длительного ремонта[60]. Большим успехом пользуются альбомы арий из опер Сальери в исполнении примадонны итальянской оперы Чечилии Бартоли[61][4].", "Дакаскос, Марк\nОдин из самых известных фильмов с участием Марка — «Только сильнейшие» (1993). Для роли своего учителя в фильме Марк пригласил Амена Санто (\"\"), у которого в тот момент занимался капоэйрой. Я был счастлив видеть Амена не только в качестве своего учителя для подготовки к роли, но и в качестве моего преподавателя в фильме. Он также тренировал актёров, играющих в фильме моих студентов, помогал в постановке боёв и звуковом оформлении фильма. Мы были очень рады, что Амен работает с нами над этим проектом.", "Густаво Навейра\nГуставо Навейра (род. в 1960) — аргентинский исполнитель и преподаватель танго. Подробно исследовал движения аргентинского танго, плотно занимался изучением понятия «Танго нуэво».\nГуставо стал обучаться игре на гитаре с семи лет и плотно занимался до двадцатилетия, так же изучая музыкальное искусство в течение трех лет в консерватории. Танцевать он стал в относительно позднем возрасте — 20 лет. В 1997 году появился в фильме Салли Поттер «Урок Танго», а также сформировал собственную группу с Фабианом Саласом и Пабло Вероном при подготовке к съемках фильма. Позже совместно с Саласом он образовал группу исследователей танцевальных движений танго под названием \"Cosmotango\".", "Вивальди, Антонио\nСогласно некоторым источникам, Антонио обучался теории музыки и композиции у Джованни Легренци, но учитывая, что Легренци умер в 1690 году, многими исследователями факт наставничества Легренци над юным Антонио ставится под сомнение. Хотя люксембургский учёный Уолтер Колнедер отметил влияние стиля Легренци уже в одной из первых композиторских работ Вивальди — «Laetatus sum…» («Будем ликовать…»), написанной им в 1691 году в возрасте тринадцати лет. Виртуозная игра на скрипке и отголоски в ранних произведениях Антонио музыкального стиля известного римского скрипача Арканджело Корелли стали причиной предположений, что, возможно, Антонио обучался игре на скрипке у этого мастера. Однако на сегодняшний день нет явных свидетельств, подтверждающих это, и временна́я хронология дат церковной службы Антонио не совпадает с датой предполагаемого его обучения в 1703 году в Риме.", "Сальви, Лоренцо\nЛоренцо Сальви родился в Риме 30 октября 1782 года. Учился на священника в управляемом иезуитами колледже Романо в Риме, среди его однокурсников был будущий римский папа Григорий XVI. Вдохновлённый проповедью святого Винцента Страмби, он в 1801 году поступил в только что основанный Винцентом Страмби монастырь пассионистов, приняв монашеское имя Лоренцо Мария святого Франциска Ксаверия. 20 ноября 1802 года принял монашеские обеты, 29 декабря 1805 года был рукоположен в священника. Антиклерикальные законы Наполеона I вынудили пассионистов покинуть монастырь. Когда Лоренцо Сальви смог вернуться в монастырь, то он стал активно заниматься проповеднической деятельностью. Позднее он был назначен ректором монастырского дома в Риме. В своей пастырской и проповеднической деятельности Лоренцо Мария святого Франциска Ксаверия особенное внимание уделял христианскому догмату Воплощения, из-за чего после его смерти он стал изображаться на иконах с младенцем Иисусом.", "Фоссано (танцовщик)\nАнтонио Ринальди по прозвищу Фоссано («веретено») (около 1715 — после 1759) — итальянский хореограф, работавший в России. Он был родом из Неаполя.\nВ 1733 году Ринальди работал в театре San-Samuele в Венеции. В 1734 году он перешел на работу в Лондоне[1], но в 1735 году вернулся в Италию, где стал балетмейстером оперно-балетной труппы Франческо Арайя. В 1736 году русская императрица Анна Иоанновна пригласила эту труппу для работы в Санкт-Петербурге; Ринальди принял приглашение. В России его труппа поставила оперу Франческо Арайя «Сила любви и ненависти». Позже Ринальди поставил другие комедии и танцевальные дивертисменты.\nВ это время придворный балет в Санкт-Петербурге возглавлял Жан-Батист Ланде, организовавший в 1738 году первую в России профессиональную балетную школу. Ланде и Ринальди видели друг в друге соперников.\nВ 1738 году Ринальди покинул Россию и вернулся в Парму. Там он обучал Барбару Кампанини, знаменитую итальянскую балерину, одну из ведущих артисток балета XVIII века.", "Бартоло, Доменико ди\nДжорджо Вазари в своих «Жизнеописаниях наиболее знаменитых живописцев» сообщает, что Доменико ди Бартоло был племянником и учеником художника Таддео ди Бартоло, «был скромен и приятен и отличался исключительной любезностью и учтивостью». Сегодня трудно сказать, был ли он скромен и приятен, но племянником Таддео ди Бартоло он скорее всего не был. Несомненно то, что Доменико учился у Таддео ди Бартоло, и даже одно время некоторые его произведения приписывали его учителю.", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ столице Австрии Сальери начинал свою службу в 1767 году в качестве ассистента Гассмана, в 1769-м получил должность клавесиниста-концертмейстера придворного оперного театра[1]. Но Гассман входил в узкий круг приближённых, с которыми почти ежедневно музицировал император, и ввёл в этот круг Антонио, тем самым положив начало его блестящей придворной карьере. Молодой человек небольшого роста, смуглый, с чёрными волосами и чёрными живыми глазами, как описывали его современники, скромный, но в то же время весёлый и общительный, к тому же рекомендованный Гассманом как самый способный из его учеников, быстро завоевал расположение императора[13].", "Данте Алигьери\nПервым наставником Данте был известный в то время поэт и учёный Брунетто Латини. Место, где учился Данте, неизвестно, но он получил широкие познания в античной и средневековой литературе, в естественных науках и был знаком с еретическими учениями того времени.", "Академия Жюлиана\nУспех Жюлиана иногда объясняется тем, что отвергнутый Школой изящных искусств начинающий художник мог учиться здесь под руководством преподавателей этой самой Школы изящных искусств. Будучи членами жюри Салона, различные преподаватели следили за тем, чтобы работы их учеников допускались на выставки, а ученики ежегодно переизбирали своих учителей в жюри Салона. Они имели возможность с гордостью рассказывать, что учатся у знаменитых художников, выставляются в Салоне и находятся на пути к признанию. В Академии не существовало распорядка и дисциплины; даже к профессорам во время их редких посещений не всегда относились с уважением. Некоторые ученики, когда к ним приближался профессор, с откровенным вызовом поворачивали обратной стороной свои картины. Верно и то, что в своих советах разные учителя не всегда придерживались одного направления.", "Сильнейший в истории ученик Кэнити\nКано Сё — символ: Небо. Прозвище: Супарна (Могучая птица). Ученик Хонго Акиры, мастера каратэ. Вырос в организации \"Kuremisago\", откуда его выкупила Ями. Всю жизнь тренировался под руководством Хонго Акиры, который, несмотря на строгий нрав и приверженность «Убивающему кулаку», позволял Кано проявлять доброту. В скором времени, «Единая Тень» решила сделать Кано своим «первым наследником», сочтя его самым одарённым из YOMI. Он стал не только лидером группы, но и начал тренироваться у всех мастеров «Единой Тени», а не только у «Руки Бога». Кано Сё практикует каратэ на очень высоком уровне, но помимо этого боевого искусства, он способен ещё на очень многое: определить по звуку спуска курка направление полета пули, двигаться с невероятной скоростью и многое другое, что он узнал во время тренировок в Ями. Обучавшись у каждого мастера «Единой Тени», он выучил у Огато Иссинсая технику соединения энергий Сэй и До «Единый рык», а также комбо совмещающее 9 боевых искусств — «9 ударов — одно убийство». Несмотря на внешнее высокомерие, Кано Сё был очень милосердным и ценящим свободу, в том числе и чужую, человеком, что подозревалось некоторыми членами Ями. Он отпустил команду Панкратион, когда должен был бы её уничтожить. В детстве он не убил птицу, которую ему приказал немедленно умертвить другой мастер Ями. Его собственный Мастер — Хонго Акира — заметил это, но не счёл нужным наказать Сё. Последним его добрым поступком стала защита Миу, когда он прикрыл её своим телом от пуль и погиб.", "Бадиле, Антонио\nКак признанный мастер имел право набирать в собственную мастерскую учеников. Двое из его учеников стали впоследствии знаменитыми. Джованни Баттиста Зелотти стал знаменитым декоратором-фрескистом. Паоло Веронезе известен как портретист.", "Капоэйра Ангола\nПеред смертью Местре Пастинья заявил, что два его лучших ученика — Местре Жоао Гранди и Местре Жоао Пекену — будут продолжать его миссию и обучать весь мир настоящей Капоэйре Ангола. Его слова оказались верны — в настоящее время Местре Жоао Пекено является самым авторитетным преподающим местре Капоэйры Ангола в Баии, а в Нью-Йорке Местре Жоао Гранди работает на ниве популяризации этого вида искусства.", "Гассман, Флориан Леопольд\nГассман занимался также педагогической деятельностью; самый известный его ученик — Антонио Сальери, которого Гассман привёз в Вену 16-летним подростком, взяв на себя заботу не только о музыкальном, но и об общем его образовании. В конце жизни Сальери вспоминал: «В день моего приезда в столицу учитель повел меня в итальянскую церковь, чтобы там помолиться. По выходе оттуда он сказал мне: „Я полагал, что твое музыкальное образование должно начинаться с Бога. Только от тебя теперь будет зависеть, достигнешь ли ты успеха или нет; я в любом случае свой долг исполнил“. — Редко встречаются такие люди!». В память о своём благодетеле Сальери своим многочисленным ученикам давал уроки, как правило, бесплатно; его ученицами были и дочери Гассмана, Мария Анна и Мария Терезия (Розенбаум), ставшие популярными оперными певицами.", "Гандольфо, Джузеппе\nВ Катании он стал примером для растущих художников, так как там не было никакой художественной школы. В последующие годы посвятил себя преподаванию: среди его известных учеников были Сальваторе Зуррия, Нунцио Личчарделло, племянник Антонино Гандольфо , Джузеппе Скьюти, Франческо ди Бартоло .", "Сальери, Антонио\nАнто́нио Салье́ри (Italian: Antonio Salieri, German: Anton Salieri; 18 августа 1750, Леньяго, Венецианская республика — 7 мая 1825, Вена) — итальянский и австрийский композитор, дирижёр и педагог.", "Рафаэль Санти\nУ Рафаэля были многочисленные ученики, хотя никто из них не вырос в выдающегося художника. Самым талантливым был Джулио Романо. После смерти Рафаэля он создал цикл порнографических рисунков, что вызвало скандал, из-за которого он был вынужден переехать в Мантую. Его произведения, выполненные в стиле учителя, а порой и по его эскизам, современники не оценили. Джованни Нанни вернулся в Удине, где создал ряд хороших картин. Франческо Пенни переехал в Неаполь, но умер молодым. Перин дель Вага стал художником, работал во Флоренции и Генуе.", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ Италии оперы Сальери, помимо Милана и Венеции, заказывали в Риме и Неаполе; ему довелось в эти годы работать и в Мюнхене, где в начале 1782 года с большим успехом была поставлена другая его опера-сериа — «Семирамида», написанная по заказу курфюрста Карла Теодора. Иосиф II между тем пытался привлечь Сальери к работе над немецкой комической оперой, но это была не его стезя: мелодист Сальери до конца своих дней считал немецкий язык не самым пригодным для пения[20][21]. Хотя один зингшпиль для императора он всё-таки сочинил — «Трубочист» (German: Der Rauchfangkehrer), на либретто придворного врача Марии Терезии Леопольда фон Ауэнбруггера. Написанный в 1781 году, «Трубочист» с успехом шёл в Вене, пока его не затмил зингшпиль В. А. Моцарта «Похищение из сераля» (1782)[20][24].", "Андреа дель Сарто\nМикеланджело, высоко ценивший талант дель Сарто, представил ему в 1524 году Джорджо Вазари, который впоследствии стал учеником дель Сарто.\nТем не менее, Вазари подверг резкой критике своего учителя, утверждая, что, несмотря на наличие всего необходимого, чтобы стать великим художником, ему не доставало амбиций и божественного огня вдохновения, который помогал творить его более знаменитым современникам, таким как Леонардо, Микеланджело и Рафаэль.", "Соларио, Антонио\nРаботы Антонио Солари иногда приписывают другому итальянскому художнику того же времени — Андреа Соларио, миланскому последователю Леонардо да Винчи. Они не имели родственной связи, но Антонио мог встречаться с Андреа и испытывать его влияние. Примером может служийть «Портрет Шарля II д’Амбуа», хранящийся в Лувре и в настоящее время считающийся копией работы Андреа Солари, созданной Антонио Солари.", "Сальери, Антонио\n«Биографы Моцарта, — писал в начале XX века немецкий музыковед Герман Аберт, — много грешили против этого итальянца, под влиянием чувства ложного национального патриотизма выставляя его как злобного интригана и ни на что не способного музыканта»[32]. Венский двор с давних пор привечал итальянских музыкантов, пост придворного капельмейстера, как правило (за несколькими исключениями), занимали итальянцы, и предшественником Сальери на протяжении 14 лет был Джузеппе Бонно. На оперной сцене — и не только в Вене — итальянские композиторы, как и итальянские певцы, диктовали моду и формировали вкус[88]. На «засилие» итальянцев, непременно «мошенников», постоянно жаловался Леопольд Моцарт, и для него, как и для многих его коллег, было не важно, что Сальери с 16 лет жил в Вене, учился у Гассмана и Глюка и был гораздо больше австрийским композитором, нежели итальянским[89]. Тот же самый Г. Сиверс из берлинского «Музыкального еженедельника» (German: Musikalische Wochenblatt), который в декабре 1791 года запустил в прессу сплетню о возможном убийстве Моцарта (в то время как врачи настаивали на ненасильственном характере его смерти[58]), 28 лет спустя неожиданно уточнил, что Моцарт, по слухам, стал жертвой неких «итальянцев», — национальность при этом оказалась важнее конкретных имён[4]. Как полагает музыкальный критик , в слухах о причастности Сальери к смерти Моцарта в символическом виде отразились «месть и реванш, который в конце концов взяли немецкие музыканты над итальянцами, что держали их в подчинении в течение двух столетий»[90].", "Купальщики в Аньере\nВ 1878—1879 годах, всего за несколько лет до создания «Купальщиков», Сёра учился в \"École des Beaux-Arts\" (ныне Национальная высшая школа изящных искусств), в которой усвоил необходимость серьёзной подготовительной работы и создания множества эскизов перед тем как приступать к крупномасштабной живописи. Возможно, что первые эскизы к «Купальщикам» появились у него уже в 1882 году. В каталоге работ Сёра перечислены 14 этюдов маслом, большинство из которых, если не все, написаны на открытом воздухе и по которым можно проследить, как последовательно принимала свою форму окончательная композиция картины. Последний из этих этюдов, ныне хранящийся в Чикагском институте искусств, очень близок к финальной версии, отличаясь от неё в первую очередь размерами — 25 × 16 сантиметров. Сёра был страстно увлечён этими подготовительными исследованиями, которые называл своими \"крокетонами\" (, уменьшительное от «croquis» — «набросок») и держал развешанными на стенах студии во время работы над картиной. Помимо этюдов, использованных Сёра для решения композиционных проблем, сохранилось девять монохромных эскизов карандашом Конте, демонстрирующих разработку пяти ключевых персонажей «Купальщиков» и распределение светотени с целью создания эффекта объёма и пластичности. Эти эскизы позволили художнику найти окончательное решение персонажей перед их исполнением в цвете на картине.", "Сальери, Антонио\n«Данаиды» продержались в репертуаре Парижской оперы до 1828 года и успели произвести, как писал И. Соллертинский, «ошеломляющее впечатление» на юного Г. Берлиоза[27][28]. Эта опера не была простым подражанием Глюку: создатель классических трагедий писал в своё время и комические оперы, но не имел обыкновения соединять трагическое и комическое в одном сочинении, как это делает Сальери начиная уже с увертюры, где с мрачным вступлением, заставляющим вспомнить увертюру к «Альцесте» Глюка, резко контрастирует почти буффонное сонатное аллегро[29]. Такое смешение «высокого» и «низкого» жанров уже выводило оперу Сальери за рамки классицизма, которому был привержен Глюк. У ученика вырабатывался собственный музыкальный стиль, построенный на контрастах, каких в то время не знала и классическая симфония, особым образом сочетавший арии, хоры и речитативы[25][29].", "Соларио, Андреа\nСын скульптора. Первые уроки искусства брал у своего брата Христофоро Соларио, скульптора и архитектора. Учился у Джованни Беллини и Леонардо да Винчи. \nРаботал в Венеции, Милане, Нормандии (1507—1509), Павии, Риме. В течение двух лет (с 1507 года) Соларио работал при дворе Людовика XII.", "Каналетто\nДжова́нни Анто́нио Кана́ль (), известный также под именем Канале́тто (; , Венеция — , Венеция) — итальянский , глава венецианской школы ведутистов, мастер городских пейзажей в стиле академизма. Прозвище Каналетто, кроме Антонио Каналя, носил и его племянник, Бернардо Беллотто, также знаменитый пейзажист.", "Менголи, Аннибале\nПреподавал в Турине, затем в Музыкальном лицее Пезаро. Известен, прежде всего, своими «Двадцатью концертными этюдами» () для контрабаса, вызвавшими у Джованни Боттезини (всемирно признанного «Паганини контрабаса») письмо с признанием Менголи лучшим из контрабасистов. Учеником Менголи был, в частности, Исайя Билле.", "Моцарт и Сальери\nЭта схема творческого пути музыканта, кажущаяся сейчас типичной и даже банальной, в России в 1826 году, писал Михаил Алексеев, была «совершенной новостью», и едва ли можно считать случайным сходство этого текста с первым монологом пушкинского Сальери[1]: В первых главах книги Ваккенродера—Тика присутствуют и две главные проблемы пушкинской трагедии: зависть прославленного мастера к «божественной гениальности» художника-соперника и противостояние «гениальной» лёгкости и инстинктивности творчества и рационалистического процесса творческого усилия[1]. В главе «Ученик и Рафаэль» юноша по имени Антонио пытается выведать у Рафаэля его секреты, но Рафаэль по поводу характера своей живописи отвечает: «…Мой дала мне природа; я нимало над ним не трудился; этому никакими усилиями научиться невозможно»[23]. В книге присутствует и рассказ о живописце Франческо Франча, причиной смерти которого, по Ваккенродеру, стала зависть к Рафаэлю. Прославленный художник верил, что в душе его присутствует «небесный гений» — пока не увидел Мадонну Рафаэля. «С какой высоты величия он упал внезапно!» — пишет В. Г. Ваккенродер и негодует по адресу критиков, утверждающих, будто Франческо Франчиа был отравлен[1].", "Сен-Симон, Анри\nС самых ранних лет мечтая о великих делах и славе, убежденный, что «в Валгаллу славы попадают обыкновенно только убежавшие из дома сумасшедших» и что «необходимо быть вдохновенным, чтобы совершить великое», действительно увлекавшийся своими планами и идеями до самозабвения, иногда до пророческого экстаза, Сен-Симон часто менял одну идею на другую и становился реформатором то в области науки, то в сфере политики, общественного устройства и даже морали и религии. «Изобретатель идей» и мастер в искусстве увлекать людей и направлять их на научные изыскания, он имел многих учеников (Огюст Конт и Огюстен Тьерри — наиболее знаменитые; оба разошлись с ним: второй — когда Сен-Симон стал равнодушно относиться к политическим вопросам и сосредоточил все своё внимание на социальных, первый — когда Сен-Симон стал вносить в своё учение религиозно-мистический элемент) и давал им важные руководящие идеи, для доказательства которых всегда нуждался, однако, в исследованиях своих учеников. Он не высказывал своего учения в систематическом виде; самая мысль его часто отличалась неясностью. Так называемая система сенсимонизма была создана не им, а его учениками. Во всех сферах он лишь намечал новые направления.", "Ат-Табарани\nСреди известных учеников Сулеймана ат-Табарани были Амр ибн Абдул-Халик аль-Басри и Абу Бакр аль-Баззар.", "Сальери, Антонио\nПоследние годы жизни композитора были омрачены сплетней о его причастности к смерти Моцарта. Как писал Альфред Эйнштейн, Вена «во всём, что касается клеветы и сплетен, и тогда и потом оставалась провинциальным городишком»[51]. В здравом уме и в твёрдой памяти Сальери решительно отвергал эту чудовищную клевету, видел в ней лишь «злобу, обычную злобу» и в октябре 1823 года просил своего ученика Игнаца Мошелеса опровергнуть её перед всем миром[38][46]. Отто Дойч высказывал предположение, что именно эта сплетня в конце концов и спровоцировала у композитора нервный срыв[52]. Позже, когда Сальери был помещён в клинику для душевнобольных, — как утверждала молва, после неудачной попытки самоубийства, — распространился слух, будто он сам сознался в отравлении Моцарта[47]. Этот слух запечатлён в «разговорных тетрадях» Бетховена за 1823—1824 годы[53], что в дальнейшем многим противникам Сальери служило веским аргументом, хотя сам Бетховен, судя по репликам в тетрадях, любые сплетни о своём учителе отвергал[47][54]. И в те годы, и позднее люди, не питавшие враждебных чувств к композитору, но принимавшие на веру слух, видели в его признании лишь подтверждение его тяжёлого психического состояния. Так, Ф. Рохлиц в некрологе писал: «…Его мысли становились всё более путаными; он всё более погружался в свои мрачные сны наяву… …Он обвинял себя в таких преступлениях, которые не пришли бы в голову и его врагам»[55].", "Фаго, Никола\nНаряду с преподавательской деятельностью, в 1709 году был избран капельмейстером Королевской сокровищницы Святого Януария, где трудился до 1731 года. В 1736 году получил место капельмейстера в соборе Сан Джакомо дельи Спагволи. Среди его известных учеников были Никола Сала, Леонардо Лео, Никколо Йоммелли, Джузеппе Де Майо, Микеле Фалько, Пасквале Кафаро, Кармине Джордано и Франческо Фео.", "Пьер Абеляр\nОднако вскоре стал соперником и противником своего учителя: с 1102 года Абеляр уже сам учил в Мелюне, Корбеле и Сен-Женевьеве, и число его учеников все более и более возрастало. В итоге, он приобрёл себе непримиримого врага в лице Гийома из Шампо. После того как последний был возведён в звание шалонского епископа, Абеляр в 1113 году принял управление училищем при церкви Богоматери и в это время достиг апогея своей славы. Он был учителем многих знаменитых впоследствии людей, из которых наиболее известны: папа римский Целестин II, Пётр Ломбардский и Арнольд Брешианский.\nАбеляр был всеми признанный глава диалектиков и ясностью и красотой своего изложения превзошёл прочих учителей Парижа, тогдашнего средоточия философии и богословия. В то время в Париже жила 17-летняя племянница каноника Фульбера Элоиза, славившаяся красотой, умом и познаниями. Абеляр воспылал страстью к Элоизе, ответившей ему полной взаимностью. Благодаря Фульберу Абеляр стал учителем и домашним человеком у Элоизы, и оба влюблённых наслаждались полным счастьем, пока об этой связи не узнал Фульбер. Попытка последнего разлучить любовников привела к тому, что Абеляр переправил Элоизу в Бретань, в отчий дом в Пале. Там она родила сына Пьера Астролябия (1118-около 1157) и, хоть и не желая этого, втайне повенчалась. Фульбер заранее дал согласие. Вскоре, однако, Элоиза вернулась в дом дяди и отказалась от брака, не желая препятствовать Абеляру в получении им духовных званий. Фульбер же из мести приказал оскопить Абеляра, дабы таким образом по каноническим законам ему преграждён был путь к высоким церковным должностям. После этого Абеляр удалился простым монахом в монастырь в Сен-Дени, а 18-летняя Элоиза постриглась в Аржантейле. Позднее благодаря Петру Достопочтенному их сын Пьер Астролябий, воспитанный младшей сестрой отца Денизой, получил место каноника в Нанте.", "Картан, Анри\nСреди его учеников наиболее известны Ж.-П. Серр и Р. Том.", "Сальери, Антонио\nМузыковеды, уже давно пересматривающие роль Сальери в истории развития жанра, сходятся в том, что лучшими операми этого венского итальянца — как, впрочем, и у самого Глюка — оказались его французские оперы: «Данаиды» и «Тарар»[6][63][7][9]. Отчасти этому способствовали и особенности французской декламации: как говорил сам Сальери, в Вене он имел дело с «актёрствующими певцами», в Париже — с «поющими актёрами»; глюковская музыкальная драма требовала именно поющих актёров[64]. Но прежде всего, как отмечал ещё в конце XIX века Макс Диц (включавший в число лучших опер Сальери и «Горациев»), атмосфера предреволюционной Франции позволила и учителю, и ученику реализовать максимум своих способностей — тот максимум, который в консервативной Вене, предпочитавшей традиционный итальянский стиль, не был востребован[65]. Итальянские оперы Сальери, считал Диц, за исключением разве что «Армиды» и «Пещеры Трофония», остались в прошлом вместе со вкусами, которые они обслуживали; кто слышал только их, не имеет представления об истинном даре Сальери[65].", "Сильнейший в истории ученик Кэнити\nРэйчел Стэнли — символ: Луна. Прозвище: Кастор. Ученица Диего Карлоса, мастера про-реслинга. Точно так же, как и Диего Карлос, Кастор постоянно требует внимания и готова даже ради этого обнажиться. Она очень преданна своему мастеру и подчиняется исключительно его приказам. После поражения «Смеющегося кулака» она начинает находиться в невыгодном положении: её может взять на обучение Силькадо Дженадзад, который счёл её талантливой. Её брату, Этану Стэнли, пришлось выполнять множество поручений, чтобы её взял на попечение его мастер. Но это оказалось не нужно — Силькадо отбросил мысли об обучении Кастор после встречи с Сио Сакаки, с которым намерен сразиться. Кастор остаётся в Японии под присмотром Кэнити, которого попросил об это Этан, уехавший на повторную подготовку в Индию. Она неровно дышит к Кэнити, хотя и готова с ним сразиться.", "Тальони, Сальваторе\nВместе с сестрой Луизой учился танцу у Жана-Франсуа Кулона — Филиппо Тальони специально привёз в Париж младших детей, чтобы устроить их в класс знаменитого педагога. Пройдя курс обучения у Кулона-отца, в 1806 году Сальваторе вместе с сестрой дебютировали на сцене, исполнив \"pas de deux\" в одном из спектаклей Парижской оперы, которая в те времена называлась Императорской академией музыки () и давала представления в театре на улице Ришелье. После сезона в Париже Сальваторе недолгое время работал в Лионской опере и в Бордо. Начиная с 1808 года работал в неаполитанском театре Сан-Карло, где танцевал в балетах Луи Анри, Пьетро Гюса, Луи Дюпора, Сальваторе Вигано и Гаэтано Джойи.", "Лист, Адам\nВторым найденным Адамом учителем для сына стал 72-летний Антонио Сальери, который согласился бесплатно обучить Франца теории музыкальной композиции. Франц должен был ходить на занятия пешком, и из-за отдалённости места проживания Листов занятия с маэстро происходили не ежедневно, а лишь два—три раза в неделю. Сохранилось письмо Сальери, в котором тот призывает князя Эстерхази оказать дополнительное финансовое вспомоществование Листам, но, по всей видимости, положительного ответа не последовало.", "Али Акбар Санати\nМаленький Али Акбар обнаружил свой талант к живописи в восемь лет. После того, как мальчик закончил среднюю школу, Хадж Али Акбар отправил его в Тегеран для поступления в школу \"«Камаль-оль-Мольк»\". Эта школа славилась на весь Иран своими преподавателями, представителями разных видов искусств. Известнейшими учителями \"«Камаль-оль-Молька»\" считаются Аболь Хоссейн Хан Седиги, Хоссейн Шах Шейхи и Али Рохсаз.", "Сальери, Антонио\nУ Моцарта между тем были причины завидовать Сальери: знал он или не знал о своём «бессмертном гении», но думал о преходящем — на протяжении многих лет безуспешно искал должности при разных европейских дворах[85], в письмах к отцу из Вены постоянно жаловался на невнимание императора; хотя Дж. Райс утверждает, что у прекрасно музыкально образованного Иосифа II Моцарт пользовался бо́льшим покровительством, чем любой другой музыкант — кроме Сальери[13][86]. В 1790 году, после смерти Иосифа и восшествия на престол Леопольда II, Моцарт пытался улучшить своё положение; сыну императора, эрцгерцогу Францу, он писал: «Жажда славы, любовь к деятельности и уверенность в своих познаниях заставляют меня осмелиться просить о месте второго капельмейстера, особенно потому, что весьма умелый капельмейстер Сальери никогда не занимался церковным стилем, я же с самой юности в совершенстве освоил этот стиль»[87]. Но даже заместителем Сальери Моцарт так и не стал (эту должность с 1789 года занимал Игнац Умлауф); при Леопольде его положение только ухудшилось[44]. Не везло Моцарту и на педагогическом поприще: за год до смерти у него оставалось только два ученика — и пришлось просить друга Пухберга оповестить всех, кого можно, о том, что Моцарт набирает учеников[81].", "Солер, Антонио\nАнтóнио Франси́ско Хавьéр Хосé Солéр и Рáмос (; часто просто \"Падре Солер\"; крещён 3 декабря 1729,  — , ) — испанский композитор.\nС 6-летнего возраста пел в хоре мальчиков монастыря Монтсеррат, в 15 лет (1744) назначен органистом в кафедральный собор города Сео-де-Уржель, в 23 года постригся в монахи ордена Св. Иеронима (иеронимиты). Бо́льшая часть жизни Солера прошла в Эскориале в монашеском служении — включавшем, впрочем, и уроки музыки, в том числе и инфанту Габриэлю, сыну испанского короля Карла III.", "Секки, Анджело\nА́нджело Пье́тро Се́кки (,  — ) — итальянский священник и астроном, директор обсерватории Папского Григорианского университета. Член Парижской Академии наук, иностранный член-корреспондент Петербургской Академии наук. Среди астрономов Секки получил неофициальный титул «отца астрофизики». Был директором обсерватории Римского колледжа с 1850 по 1878 год. Первым в истории экспериментально доказал, что Солнце является звездой. В 1865 разработал диск Секки для определения прозрачности воды.\nВ честь Анджело Секки названы кратер и горы на Луне, астероид (306) Юнитас (название его книги), открытый в 1891 году. Его памяти посвящено одно из самых известных стихотворений Арсения Тарковского.", "Индженьери, Марко Антонио\nМарко Антонио Индженье́ри (, также варианты Ingegnieri, Ingignieri, Ingignero, Inzegneri; 1535 или 1536, Верона — 1.07.1592, Кремона) — итальянский . Несмотря на то, что Индженьери жил и работал преимущественно на севере Италии, по стилистическому родству с Палестриной его причисляют к Римской школе. Известен также как учитель Клаудио Монтеверди.", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ то время как венская публика предпочитала комическую оперу, самого композитора, поклонника Глюка, влекла к себе музыкальная драма. Порывающая с устоявшимися схемами оперы-сериа, наполненная драматическим содержанием «Армида» оказалась первой не глюковской оперой, в которой были реализованы основные идеи оперной реформы Глюка[20]. В 1778 году по рекомендации самого реформатора, видевшего в молодом композиторе своего последователя, Сальери получил заказ на оперу-сериа для открытия заново отстроенного после пожара театра «Ла Скала». Этой оперой стала «Признанная Европа», представленная публике 3 августа 1778 года[21]. Годом позже оперой Сальери «Венецианская ярмарка» открылся в Милане и другой театр — «Каноббиана»[1]. Написанная им в 1779 году по заказу венецианского театра опера-буффа «Школа ревнивых» (Italian: La scuola de' gelosi), вновь на сюжет К. Гольдони, оказалась одной из самых успешных опер Сальери: за венецианской премьерой последовало более 40 постановок по всей Европе, включая Лондон и Париж[4]. О новой редакции этой оперы, сделанной для Вены в 1783 году, сохранился отзыв И. В. Гёте — в письме к Шарлотте фон Штайн: «Вчерашняя опера была великолепна и очень хорошо исполнена. Это была „Школа ревнивых“ на музыку Сальери, опера-фаворит у публики, и публика права. В ней есть богатство, удивительное разнообразие, и всё выполнено с очень деликатным вкусом»[23].", "Капоэйра\nВторым человеком, сильно повлиявшим на современную капоэйру, был Местре Пастинья (Висенте Феррейра Пастинья). Его школа «Академия „Капоэйры Ангола“» () была открыта в 1941 году. Стиль мастера Пастиньи так и называется «Ангола», в честь места на Африканском континенте, откуда привозили рабов (по другой теории это название происходит от слова «нголо» (n’golo) — ритуального танца народов Африки).", "Тальони, Сальваторе\nВ 1812 году вместе с Луи Анри основал в Неаполе балетную школу», где он сам вёл класс усовершенствования . Среди учениц С. Тальони — Фанни Черрито.", "Сальери, Антонио\nИсследователи находят немало параллелей между «Данаидами» и «Пещерой Трофония», с одной стороны, и моцартовским «Дон Жуаном», написанным в 1787 году, — с другой, при том, что обе оперы Сальери были во второй половине 80-х широко известны[9][7]. Дж. Райс высказывает предположение, что Моцарт осознанно «черпал вдохновение» в музыке Сальери[30]. В «Данаидах», как и в следующих операх Сальери, исследователи отмечают то качество, которого недоставало не только итальянской опере-сериа, но и Глюку: симфоническое мышление, создающее целое не из фрагментов, пусть даже объединённых по-глюковски в крупные сцены, а из естественного развития материала. И в этом отношении «Данаиды» и «Пещера Трофония» также предвосхищают творчество позднего Моцарта[9].", "Фави, Андреа\nЕго сочинения церковной музыки и произведения для театра имели успех у публики, не только в Форли, но и в других городах раздробленной Италии. Много выступал и как клавесинист, участвовал в постановках опер других композиторов, таких, как Джузеппе Сарти, Джованни Валентини, Джузеппе Гаццанига и Доменико Чимароза. Андреа Фави также занимался педагогической деятельностью — преподавал игру на клавесине и вокал. Его учениками были известные тенор Джузеппе Сибони и педагог по вокалу Антонио Перегрино Бенелли.", "Вейнер, Лео\nСреди его известных учеников: Антал Дорати, Андре Гертлер, Петер Комлош, Янош Штаркер, Фриц Райнер, Ференц Сабо, Георг Шолти, Дьёрдь Шебёк, Ласло Халас и др.", "Андреа дель Сарто\nНаиболее знаменитыми последователями художника во Флоренции были Якопо Понтормо, Франческо Сальвиати и Джакопино дель Конте.", "Сальери, Антонио\nСовременные музыковеды не столь категоричны в отношении итальянских опер. Отвергнутый эпохой романтизма, как и подавляющее большинство его современников (что, впрочем, не помешало П. И. Чайковскому в процессе работы над «Пиковой дамой» изучать его партитуры[47]), Сальери, как и многие другие композиторы XVIII века, «вернулся», — интерес к его творчеству начал возрождаться ещё в середине XX века[1][9][66]. Возвращению опер Сальери на театральные подмостки способствовало и первое полное издание его опер, осуществлённое в 1972 году[67]. Однако прежде всего в «Данаидах» и «Тараре» Сальери предстаёт последователем, но не эпигоном Глюка; Эрнст Бюккен отмечал у него «наклонность к усилению реалистичности»[68]. В этих операх, пишет Л. Кириллина, наметилась тенденция, которая в дальнейшем оказалась чрезвычайно плодотворной: «она вела, с одной стороны, к созданию жанра „оперы спасения“ […] (А. Э. М. Гретри, Л. Керубини, А. Бертон, Г. Л. Спонтини; П. фон Винтер; Л. Бетховен), — а с другой стороны, к… жанру „большой оперы“, где яркие страсти героев обрисовывались на фоне многофигурной и многокрасочной фрески, изображавшей отдалённую историческую эпоху или экзотическую страну („Вильгельм Телль“ Дж. Россини; „Пуритане“ В. Беллини; „Гугеноты“, „Африканка“ и другие оперы Дж. Мейербера)»[9].", "Соларио, Антонио\nСоларио, предположительно, родился и учился в Венеции. Возможно, ему принадлежит подпись «Antonius Desolario, Venetus 1514» на алтарной картине Пола Уитипула, включающей портрет и геральдические знаки заказчика. Эта работа, а также упоминания у , являются доказательствами предполагаемого пребывания Соларио в Англии. Алтарная картина находится а Бристольском городском музее, которому принадлежит её центральная часть. Боковые части предоставлены Лондонской Национальной галереей, которой, кроме того, принадлежит \"Мадонна с ребёнком\". Аналогичная, но меньшая по размеру, картина хранится в Национальном музее и галерее Каподимонте в Неаполе. Обе картины включают миниатюрный пейзаж — вид через небольшие окна позади фигур.", "Вейль, Андре\nНаиболее известными его учениками были П. Картье и П. Свиннертон-Дайер.", "Октавиан Август\nВ Риме Октавий получил хорошее образование; среди его учителей известны раб-педагог Сфер, философы Арий из Александрии и Афинодор Кананит из Тарса, греческий ритор Аполлодор и латинский ритор Марк Эпидий (среди других учеников последнего были Марк Антоний и Вергилий). Античные авторы по-разному оценивают уровень его владения древнегреческим языком, повсеместно распространённым в качестве языка науки и культуры у образованных римлян: Плиний Старший полагает, будто Октавиан преуспел в этом языке, однако Светоний утверждает обратное. Дион Кассий говорит о прохождении Октавианом специальной военной подготовки и о специальном изучении политики, но других подтверждений этому нет[20][21][22]. Уже в детстве Гай познакомился с Марком Випсанием Агриппой и другими ровесниками, которые в будущем помогали ему управлять империей.", "Анджолини, Гаспаро\nВ балетах Анджолини блистали такие артисты, как Нанси Ливье, Гаэтано Джойя. Среди его учеников — Иван Вальберх.", "Зенбилли Али-эфенди\nАли обучался у религиозных деятелей Карамана, Коньи, Стамбула и Бурсы. После окончания обучения занимал должность мюдерриса в медресе Беязыт, которую затем с 1503 года совмещал с должностью шейх-уль-ислама Османской империи. Самым известным учеником Али являлся молочный брат султана Сулеймана I — Яхья-эфенди. В этот период Али-эфенди активно занимался законотворчеством (самой известной работой Зенбилли является фикх Мухтаратю’ль Фетева — правоведческая доктрина о нормах поведения), а также сопровождал султана во время завоеваний: так, Али участвовал в осаде Родоса султана Сулеймана I в 1522 году.", "Гай Сульпиций Аполлинарий\nСульпиций Аполлинарий пользовался большим почетом у своего ученика Геллия. Об этом свидетельствуют как многочисленные упоминания в «Аттических ночах», так и эпитеты по отношению к нему: «Самый учёный по сравнению с другими на нашей памяти», «муж, самым старательным образом изучивший старинные обычаи и литературу», «муж выдающихся познаний в литературе», «муж на нашей памяти учёный более, чем остальные».", "Валлиснери, Антонио\nСтиль трудов Валлиснери был чётким и точным. Валлиснери шёл по стопам Галилея в использовании итальянского языка для своих научных трактатов. Он был одним из самых почитаемых учёных: выбор итальянского языка в качестве языка для научных работ был очень смелым для научного сообщества того времени, по-прежнему использовавшего латынь как «язык знаний».", "Сальери, Антонио\nВ зрелые годы действительный статский советник Антонио Сальери был осыпан почестями с самых разных сторон: он был членом Шведской Академии наук, почётным членом Миланской консерватории, Наполеон ввёл его во Французскую Академию (в качестве иностранного члена), а окончательно вернувшиеся в 1815 году Бурбоны наградили Орденом Почётного легиона[4].", "Чиконьяни, Антонио\nВ 1896—1897 гг. Чиконьяни возглавлял музыкальную школу в Алессандрии. Выиграв конкурс на должность директора Генуэзского музыкального института, он, однако, так и не получил этого назначения, зато по приглашению Пьетро Масканьи в 1897 г. занял место вице-директора и профессора органа и гармонии в Музыкальном лицее Пезаро; с 1900 г. был профессором контрапункта, а в 1902—1905 гг. — директором лицея, профессором композиции и оркестровки. В 1905 г. лицей возглавил Амилькаре Дзанелла, а Чиконьяни вернулся к преподаванию контрапункта и посту вице-директора. Среди учеников Чиконьяни наиболее известны Франческо Балилла Прателла, Риккардо Дзандонаи и Франческо Ватьелли.", "Иакинф (Бичурин)\nНикита Бичурин в семинарии (и в Академии, после её преобразования из семинарии в 1797 году) считался в числе лучших и одарённых учеников. В качестве такового он был представлен архиепископу Амвросию. В ряде исследований упоминается, что владыка Амвросий имел право посылать двоих самых способных учеников в Александро-Невскую академию, и в списке её студентов называется и Никита, однако его поездка в Петербург остаётся только гипотетической и в документах не отражена[3].", "Тоэска, Пьетро\nЕго самый известный ученик — Роберто Лонги, написавший под его началом диссертацию.", "Сальвио, Алессандро\nАлессандро Сальвио (; около 1570 — 1640) — итальянский шахматист, шахматный теоретик и литератор. Представитель итальянской шахматной школы. Уроженец Неаполя. Победил Паоло Бои (1595). Автор известного трактата о шахматах (1604), пьесы в стихах на шахматную тему «Скакайда» (1612) и повести «Путтино, или Странствующий рыцарь» о жизни Джованни Леонардо, включённой во 2-е дополненное издание трактата (1634).\nАнализы Сальвио посвящены популярным дебютам того времени — королевскому гамбиту и итальянской партии. В конце XIX века выяснилось, что ряд анализов Сальвио заимствовал у Джулио Полерио. Подробно проанализировал гамбит, который впоследствии был назван его именем, ряд старинных эндшпильных позиций.", "Сальви, Джованни Баттиста\nО жизни Джованни известно немного. Он родился в небольшом городке Сассоферрато, в регионе Марке центральной Италии. Городок расположен на полпути между Римом и Флоренцией, к западу от Апеннинских гор. Живописи Джованни начал учиться у своего отца, художника Тарквино Сальви. Фрагменты работ Тарквино до сих пор различимы в церкви Святого Франциска в Сассоферрато. Где Джованни заканчивал своё обучение — неизвестно, однако можно предположить, что у Доменикино, в Болонье. Доменикино же был старшим учеником Аннибале Карраччи. Двое других учеников Карраччи, Франческо Альбани и Гвидо Рени, также оказали влияние на творчество Джованни Сассофератто. Картины Джованни выдают, в том числе, влияния Альбрехта Дюрера, Гверчино и, в большей степени, — Рафаэля. И, наконец, возможно, он испытал влияние творчества Пьера Миньяра, с которым, скорее всего, встречался в Риме в 1630-х годах.\nИзвестно немного публичных работ Сассоферрато. Судя по всему он, как, например, Карло Дольчи, в основном предпочитал создавать основанные на библейских сюжетах многочисленные копии картин для частных покровителей, выполненные в разных стилях — подчиняясь веянию времени, когда католическая церковь усиливала движение контрреформации.\nОсобняком от его небольших работ стоят картины, написанные для церкви Сан-Пьетро в монастыре бенедиктинцев в Перудже, и роспись внушительного алтаря в Санта-Сабине, в Риме, где он написал портрет Ла Мадонна дел Розарио (La Madonna del Rosario) (1643).\nВ 1683 кардинал Чиги преподнёс автопортрет Джованни Сассоферрато герцогу Козимо III Медичи.", "Анджелери, Антонио\nУченик Франческо Поллини. В 1826 г. был принят ассистентом преподавателя в Миланскую консерваторию, в 1829 г. сменил в должности профессора фортепиано Джованни Микеле Стокера и оставался на этом посту до 1871 года, став одной из ключевых фигур в развитии консерватории в середине XIX века. Вместе с Альберто Мадзукато, Франческо Сангалли и Стефано Ронкетти-Монтевити подготовил обновлённый устав консерватории (опубликован в 1859 году). Среди многочисленных учеников Анджелери, в частности, Адольфо Фумагалли, Витторио Ванзо, Гульельмо и Карло Андреоли; в соавторстве с последним опубликован учебник Анджелери (; 1872), о котором сохранился отзыв юного Джакомо Пуччини, полагавшего, что этот учебник очень хорош и позволяет заниматься самостоятельно.", "Моцарт и Сальери\nИначе обстояло дело в России. Если новеллы Николаи сто лет спустя не оказалось даже в Берлинской государственной библиотеке[91], то маленькую трагедию Пушкина ожидала совершенно иная судьба. «Никто не думает о настоящем Сальери», — возражал Анненков Катенину; однако люди, не имевшие представления о композиторе и педагоге Антонио Сальери, думали именно о нём, и потому вновь и вновь приходилось объяснять, что настоящий Сальери не травил Моцарта ядом[3][19]. В «пробном» томе ПСС Пушкина в 1935 году сплетня об отравлении упоминалась как «отброшенная исторической критикой»[13], но в желающих подобрать отброшенное наукой никогда недостатка не было. Музыковед и композитор Игорь Бэлза свою изданную в 1953 году книгу «Моцарт и Сальери, трагедия Пушкина, драматические сцены Римского-Корсакова» писал на фоне печально знаменитого «дела врачей»[3][92], и пушкинский сюжет под его пером приобрёл новый и неожиданный смысл: Бэлза при этом проводил параллель между Пушкиным, погибшим «от пули иноземного выродка», и Моцартом, отравленным «пригретым при дворе Габсбургов чужеземцем»[77][93].", "Скварчоне, Франческо\n\"В знатных семействах модно было держать небольшие собрания антиков уже в первой половине XV века, а наиболее известным коллекционером  - энтузиастом  был падуанский художник Франческо Скварчоне. Он был ещё и педагогом. В его мастерской обучались 137 учеников, такова была его популярность. Эти его ученики не только учились перспективе, но и копировали античные фрагменты скульптур и обломы. Среди знаменитостей были Козимо Тура и приёмный сын Скварчоне Андреа Мантенья, Карло Кривели, Винченцо Фоппа.", "Самора, Антонио де\nБыл актёром, позднее служил в Латинской Америке, состоял камергером при Филиппе V. Ученик и последователь Кальдерона, он стремился поднять серьёзное значение театра. Достоинство его произведений — живая и яркая передача современных нравов и характеров, лёгкость стиля, умелая обработка сюжета. Из пьес Саморы уцелело более сорока; лучшей считается «Mazariegos y Mousalves». Наибольшим успехом пользовалась пьеса «Насильно околдованный» (\"Hechizado por fuerza\") и переработка «Севильского обольстителя» Тирсо де Молины, озаглавленная «No hay plazo que no se cumpla, ni deuda que no se pague o Convidado de piedra».", "Маньелли, Альберто\n\"Альберто Маньелли\" был художником-самоучкой. Профессионально начинает заниматься живописью с 1907 года. Участник венецианского биеннале в 1909 году. Во Флоренции А.Маньелли в своём раннем творчестве известен как фовист, единомышленник Джино Северини и Арденго Соффичи. В 1914 году он приезжает в Париж, где знакомится с такими мастерами, как Пабло Пикассо, Фернан Леже, Александр Архипенко и открывает для себя кубизм. Был дружен с Гийомом Аполлинером. По признанию самого Маньелли, изучение работ современных ему французских художников тогда, в Париже, было единственным в его жизни художественным образованием.", "Сальери, Антонио\nНаконец, Гассман познакомил его с Кристофом Виллибальдом Глюком, чьим приверженцем и последователем Сальери оставался до конца своей жизни, хотя настоящее сближение композиторов состоялось позже[14][7]. Это было время, когда реформы Глюка в отношении «серьёзной оперы» (оперы-сериа) — его стремление превратить «оперу-арию» в музыкальную драму, где музыка подчинена поэтическому тексту, усиливает и оттеняет слово и в то же время обеспечивает драматургическое единство оперы, не позволяя ей распасться на отдельные номера (чем грешила традиционная опера-сериа), наконец, его стремление к ясности и простоте — не находили понимания у венской публики[15][16]. Ни «Орфей и Эвридика» (1762), ни «Альцеста» (1767) не имели успеха ни в Вене, ни в других городах, и сам реформатор оказался вынужден писать оперы в более или менее традиционном стиле, пока, в середине 70-х, не нашёл благодарную аудиторию в Париже[15][16].", "Поли, Джузеппе Савери\nЗатем становится профессором экспериментальной физики Неаполитанского университета. Его самая известная работа шеститомная «Элементы экспериментальной физики». Вместе с тем, Джузеппе Саверио Поли опубликовал ряд исследований по биологии. В частности, монументальное \"Testacea utriusque Siciliane eorumque istoria et anatome tabulis aeneis\" (описание моллюсков).", "Сальери, Антонио\nСальери, в период работы над «Тараром» год проживший в доме Бомарше, в 1790 году, наверное, разделял революционный энтузиазм своего французского друга; более того, в мелодии одной из арий Тарара задним числом расслышали «Марсельезу», — хотя заимствовать мог только Руже де Лиль у Сальери[9]. И всё же разразившаяся в 1789 году революция не позволила ему закрепить свой парижский успех. «Каждый хочет представить вам свою поэму», — писал ему Бомарше[39]; но война между империей Габсбургов и революционной Францией заставила Сальери выбирать между Веной и Парижем. Он выбрал Вену, и следующую свою серьёзную оперу, «Пальмира, царица персидская», писал в 1795 году уже для австрийской столицы[40]. Как и обе его французские оперы, «Пальмира» и в музыкальном отношении, и в сценическом своём решении, располагалась между барокко и ампирным стилем ещё не родившейся «большой оперы»[40]. О ней сохранился красноречивый отзыв И. В. Гёте — в письме Ф. Шиллеру от 6 марта 1799 года: «В эти зимние дни, вновь вернувшиеся к нам, „Пальмира“ оказалась весьма желанным подарком. Я едва могу дождаться нового представления оперы, и то же самое происходит со многими»[40]. Эта опера, по мнению Л. Кириллиной, «предвосхищает такие роскошные партитуры, как „Семирамида“ Россини или „Набукко“ Верди: та же почти избыточная щедрость, та же фресковая яркость контрастов, то же стремление если и не взволновать, то властно захватить массового слушателя и кое-чем порадовать знатоков»[40].", "Аркёйская школа\nАркёйская школа назвала себя так в честь Сати, который с 1898 года жил в парижском предместье Аркёй (\"Arcueil\") и в связи с этим получил дружеское прозвище «аркёйский мудрец» или «аркёйский отшельник».", "Бальдини, Умберто\nБалдини учился у Марио Сальми, защитившись по истории искусств. В 1949 году он возглавил Кабинет реставрации. В качестве директора ему выпало отвечать за реставрацию древностей Флоренции после потопа 1966 года. В результате развёрнутой им работы была создана флорентийская школа реставрации, техника и методология которой заслужили мировую известность.", "Сильнейший в истории ученик Кэнити\nАлександр Гайдар — символ: Лёд. Также известен, как «Кулак Разрушения». Мастер боевого самбо. Учитель Бориса Иванова. Бывший полковник Российской армии. По неизвестным причинам предал свою страну и потерял все свои гражданские права. Весьма знаменит в мире боевых искусств. Любит искусство, которое помогает ему успокоиться и не желать разрушения. Внешне очень красивый, молодой мужчина с очень странными глазами (у него склера чёрного цвета). Когда спокоен производит впечатление расслабленного и весёлого человека, однако легко теряет самообладание и превращается в машину смерти (не контролируя себя убил 40 вооруженных телохранителей). Испытывает иррациональную ненависть к огнестрельному оружию и презрение к людям которые им пользуются. Очень привязан к своему ученику, атакует Огато Исинсая когда тот отправил Бориса против Рёдзампаку. Терпит поражение в схватке с Акисамэ (потерял сознание на 2 секунды) и позволил себя арестовать. Перед арестом освобождает Бориса от ученичества и велит не искать его.", "Андреа дель Сарто\nАндре́а дель Са́рто (), настоящее имя \"Андреа д’Аньоло ди Франческо ди Лука ди Паоло дель Мильоре Ваннукки\" (; 1486/87,  — , ) — итальянский живописец флорентийской школы. Ученик Пьеро ди Козимо." ]

[ 6.91015625 ]

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[ "Crust (geology) formed almost immediately after formation of the Moon. Magmatism continued after the period of intense meteorite impacts ended about 3.9 billion years ago, but igneous rocks younger than 3.9 billion years make up only a minor part of the crust. Crust (geology) In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a rocky planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. It is usually distinguished from the underlying mantle by its chemical makeup; however, in the case of icy satellites, it may be distinguished based on its phase (solid crust vs. liquid mantle). The crusts of Earth, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars," ]

[ "Soil crust Soil crust Soil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, often hardened with a platy surface. Depending on the manner of formation, soil crusts can be biological or physical. Biological soil crusts are formed by communities of microorganisms that live on the soil surface whereas physical crusts are formed by physical impact such as that of raindrops. Biological soil crusts are communities of living organisms on the soil surface in arid- and semi-arid ecosystems. They are found throughout the world with varying species composition and cover depending on topography, soil characteristics, climate,", "Primary minerals in the acidic igneous rocks and a second group of accessory minerals which were formed by deposition from the residual mother liquors. Modern soil science offers the following definition: \"Primary Minerals: The thickness of the earth's crust varies from 10 km under the ocean to 30 km under the continents. Of the 88 naturally occurring elements on earth, only 8 make [up] most of the crust. The earth's crust and soils are dominated by the silicic acid in combination with Na, Al, K, Ca, Fe and O ions. ...Those elements are components of primary minerals, whereas primary minerals are components", "Earth chlorine, sulfur, and fluorine are the important exceptions to this and their total amount in any rock is usually much less than 1%. Over 99% of the crust is composed of 11 oxides, principally silica, alumina, iron oxides, lime, magnesia, potash, and soda. Earth's interior, like that of the other terrestrial planets, is divided into layers by their chemical or physical (rheological) properties. The outer layer is a chemically distinct silicate solid crust, which is underlain by a highly viscous solid mantle. The crust is separated from the mantle by the Mohorovičić discontinuity. The thickness of the crust varies from", "Igneous rock depth), with felsic composition (rich in silica and predominately quartz plus potassium-rich feldspar plus sodium-rich plagioclase) and phaneritic, subeuhedral texture (minerals are visible to the unaided eye and commonly some of them retain original crystallographic shapes). The Earth's crust averages about 35 kilometers thick under the continents, but averages only some 7–10 kilometers beneath the oceans. The continental crust is composed primarily of sedimentary rocks resting on a crystalline \"basement\" formed of a great variety of metamorphic and igneous rocks, including granulite and granite. Oceanic crust is composed primarily of basalt and gabbro. Both continental and oceanic crust rest on", "Craton Craton A craton (, , or ; from \"kratos\" \"strength\") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, where the lithosphere consists of the Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle. Having often survived cycles of merging and rifting of continents, cratons are generally found in the interiors of tectonic plates. They are characteristically composed of ancient crystalline basement rock, which may be covered by younger sedimentary rock. They have a thick crust and deep lithospheric roots that extend as much as several hundred kilometres into the Earth's mantle. The term \"craton\" is used to", "Regolith Regolith Regolith () is a layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons. The term \"regolith\" combines two Greek words: \"rhegos\" (ῥῆγος), \"blanket\", and \"lithos\" (λίθος), \"rock\". The American geologist George P. Merrill first defined the term in 1897, writing: Earth's regolith includes the following subdivisions and components: Regolith can vary from being essentially absent to hundreds of metres in thickness. Its age can vary from instantaneous (for an ash fall or alluvium", "Crust (geology) only planet in our Solar System with plate tectonics. The crust is a thin shell on the outside of the Earth, accounting for less than 1% of Earth's volume. It is the top component of lithosphere: a division of Earth's layers that includes the crust and the upper part of the mantle. The lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move, allowing heat to escape from the interior of the Earth into space. The crust lies on top of the mantle, a configuration that is stable because the upper mantle is made of peridotite and so is significantly denser than", "Structure of the Earth obducted onto the continental crust and preserved as ophiolite sequences. Many rocks now making up Earth's crust formed less than 100 million (1) years ago; however, the oldest known mineral grains are about 4.4 billion (4.4) years old, indicating that Earth has had a solid crust for at least 4.4 billion years. Earth's mantle extends to a depth of 2,890 km, making it the thickest layer of Earth. The mantle is divided into upper and lower mantle. The upper and lower mantle are separated by the transition zone. The lowest part of the mantle next to the core-mantle boundary is", "Geology of solar terrestrial planets is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form only about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on Earth is metamorphic rock, which is created from the transformation of pre-existing rock types through high pressures, high temperatures, or both. The most abundant silicate minerals on the Earth's surface include quartz, the feldspars, amphibole, mica, pyroxene, and olivine. Common carbonate minerals include calcite", "Stratum occasionally fossiliferous, shale exposed high in the Canadian Rockies near Burgess Pass. Slight distinctions in material in a formation may be described as \"members\" (or sometimes \"beds\"). Formations are collected into \"groups\" while groups may be collected into \"supergroups\". Stratum In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that were formed at the Earth's surface, with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The \"stratum\" is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy. Each layer is generally", "Crust (geology) enriched compared to the underlying mantle. Although the continental crust comprises only about 0.6 weight percent of the silicate on Earth, it contains 20% to 70% of the incompatible elements. All the other constituents except water occur only in very small quantities and total less than 1%. Estimates of average density for the upper crust range between 2.69 and 2.74 g/cm and for lower crust between 3.0 and 3.25 g/cm. Earth formed approximately 4.6 billion years ago from a disk of dust and gas orbiting the newly formed Sun. It formed via accretion, where planetesimals and other smaller rocky bodies", "Soil organic matter, such as those regoliths that formed on Mars and analogous conditions in planet Earth deserts. An example of the development of a soil would begin with the weathering of lava flow bedrock, which would produce the purely mineral-based parent material from which the soil texture forms. Soil development would proceed most rapidly from bare rock of recent flows in a warm climate, under heavy and frequent rainfall. Under such conditions, plants (in a first stage nitrogen-fixing lichens and cyanobacteria then epilithic higher plants) become established very quickly on basaltic lava, even though there is very little organic material.", "Stratum Stratum In geology and related fields, a stratum (plural: strata) is a layer of sedimentary rock or soil, or igneous rock that were formed at the Earth's surface, with internally consistent characteristics that distinguish it from other layers. The \"stratum\" is the fundamental unit in a stratigraphic column and forms the basis of the study of stratigraphy. Each layer is generally one of a number of parallel layers that lie one upon another, laid down by natural processes. They may extend over hundreds of thousands of square kilometers of the Earth's surface. Strata are typically seen as bands of different", "Earth eruptions, flooding, weathering, glaciation, the growth of coral reefs, and meteorite impacts are among the processes that constantly reshape the Earth's surface over geological time. The continental crust consists of lower density material such as the igneous rocks granite and andesite. Less common is basalt, a denser volcanic rock that is the primary constituent of the ocean floors. Sedimentary rock is formed from the accumulation of sediment that becomes buried and compacted together. Nearly 75% of the continental surfaces are covered by sedimentary rocks, although they form about 5% of the crust. The third form of rock material found on", "Sima (geology) Sima (geology) In geology, sima is the name for the lower layer of the Earth's crust. This layer is made of rocks rich in magnesium silicate minerals. Typically when the sima comes to the surface it is basalt, so sometimes this layer is called the 'basalt layer' of the crust. The sima layer is also called the 'basal crust' or 'basal layer' because it is the lowest layer of the crust. Because the ocean floors are mainly sima, it is also sometimes called the 'oceanic crust'. The name 'sima' was taken from the first two letters of silica and of", "Bedrock Bedrock In geology, bedrock is the lithified rock that lies under a loose softer material called regolith at the surface of the Earth or other terrestrial planets. The broken and weathered regolith includes soil and subsoil. The surface of the bedrock beneath the soil cover is known as rockhead in engineering geology, and its identification by digging, drilling or geophysical methods is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Superficial deposits (also known as drift) can be extremely thick, such that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface. Bedrock may also experience subsurface weathering at its upper", "Composition of Mars ways. First, Martian meteorite analysis suggests that the planet's mantle is about twice as rich in iron as the Earth's mantle. Second, its core is richer in sulphur. Third, the Martian mantle is richer in potassium and phosphorus than Earth's and fourth, the Martian crust contains a higher percentage of volatile elements such as sulphur and chlorine than the Earth's crust does. Many of these conclusions are supported by \"in situ\" analyses of rocks and soils on the Martian surface. Mars is fundamentally an igneous planet. Rocks on the surface and in the crust consist predominantly of minerals that crystallize", "Rock (geology) nature of mining processes creates a potential negative impact on the environment both during the mining operations and for years after the mine has closed. This impact has led to most of the world's nations adopting regulations to manage negative effects of mining operations. Rock (geology) Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids. For example, granite, a common rock, is a combination of the minerals quartz, feldspar and biotite. The Earth's outer solid layer, the lithosphere, is made of rock. Rock has been used by humankind throughout history. The minerals", "Stromatolite Stromatolite Stromatolites () or stromatoliths (from Greek \"strōma\" \"layer, stratum\" ( \"strōmatos\"), and \"lithos\" \"rock\") are layered mounds, columns, and sheet-like sedimentary rocks that were originally formed by the growth of layer upon layer of cyanobacteria, a single-celled photosynthesizing microbe. Fossilized stromatolites provide records of ancient life on Earth. Lichen stromatolites are a proposed mechanism of formation of some kinds of layered rock structure that are formed above water, where rock meets air, by repeated colonization of the rock by endolithic lichens. Stromatolites are layered bio-chemical accretionary structures formed in shallow water by the trapping, binding and cementation of sedimentary", "Igneous rock as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses. Igneous and metamorphic rocks make up 90–95% of the top 16 km of the Earth's crust by volume. Igneous rocks form about 15% of the Earth's current land surface. Most of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of igneous rock. Igneous rocks are also geologically important because: In terms of modes of occurrence, igneous rocks can be either intrusive (plutonic and hypabyssal) or extrusive (volcanic). Intrusive igneous rocks are formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust", "Mars primarily of iron and nickel with about 16–17% sulfur. This iron(II) sulfide core is thought to be twice as rich in lighter elements as Earth's. The core is surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet, but it appears to be dormant. Besides silicon and oxygen, the most abundant elements in the Martian crust are iron, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, and potassium. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about , with a maximum thickness of . Earth's crust averages . Mars is a terrestrial planet that consists of minerals containing", "Crust (geology) Mars comprise secondary crust, as do the lunar maria. On Earth, we see secondary crust forming primarily at mid-ocean spreading centers, where the adiabatic rise of mantle causes partial melting. Tertiary crust is more chemically-modified than either primary or secondary. It can form in several ways: The only known example of tertiary crust is the continental crust of the Earth. It is unknown whether other terrestrial planets can be said to have tertiary crust, though the evidence so far suggests that they do not. This is likely because plate tectonics is needed to create tertiary crust, and Earth is the", "Feldspar Feldspar Feldspars (KAlSiO – NaAlSiO – CaAlSiO) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight. Feldspars crystallize from magma as veins in both intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks and are also present in many types of metamorphic rock. Rock formed almost entirely of calcic plagioclase feldspar (see below) is known as anorthosite. Feldspars are also found in many types of sedimentary rocks. The name \"feldspar\" derives from the German \"Feldspat\", a compound of the words \"Feld\", \"field\", and \"Spat\", \"a rock that does not contain ore\". The change from", "Geochemistry of carbon the form of stereoisomers. With abiotic processes they would be expected to be equally likely, but in carbonaceous chondrites this is not the case. The reasons for this are unknown. The outer layer of the Earth, the crust along with its outer layers contain about 10 kg of carbon. This is enough for each square meter of the surface to have 200 tons of carbon. Carbon added to sedimentary rocks can take the form of carbonates, or organic carbon compounds. In order of source quantity the organic carbon comes from phytoplankton, plants, bacteria and zooplankton. However terrestrial sediments may be", "Continental crust episodes of increased production through geologic time. Continental crust Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This layer is sometimes called \"sial\" because its bulk composition is richer in silicates and aluminium minerals and has a lower density compared to the oceanic crust, called \"sima\" which is richer in magnesium silicate minerals and is denser. Changes in seismic wave velocities have shown that at a certain depth (the Conrad discontinuity), there is a reasonably sharp contrast between the", "Rock (geology) form much of the continental crust. Over 700 types of igneous rocks have been described, most of them having formed beneath the surface of Earth's crust. These have diverse properties, depending on their composition and the temperature and pressure conditions in which they were formed. Sedimentary rocks are formed at the earth's surface by the accumulation and cementation of fragments of earlier rocks, minerals, and organisms or as chemical precipitates and organic growths in water (sedimentation). This process causes clastic sediments (pieces of rock) or organic particles (detritus) to settle and accumulate, or for minerals to chemically precipitate (evaporite) from", "Continental crust Continental crust Continental crust is the layer of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks that forms the continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. This layer is sometimes called \"sial\" because its bulk composition is richer in silicates and aluminium minerals and has a lower density compared to the oceanic crust, called \"sima\" which is richer in magnesium silicate minerals and is denser. Changes in seismic wave velocities have shown that at a certain depth (the Conrad discontinuity), there is a reasonably sharp contrast between the more felsic upper continental crust and the", "Composition of Mars Martian soil. The results from the rover's CheMin analyzer revealed the presence of several minerals, including feldspar, pyroxenes and olivine, and suggested that the Martian soil in the sample was similar to the \"weathered basaltic soils\" of Hawaiian volcanoes. The dark areas of Mars are characterised by the mafic rock-forming minerals olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase feldspar. These minerals are the primary constituents of basalt, a dark volcanic rock that also makes up the Earth's oceanic crust and the lunar maria. The mineral olivine occurs all over the planet, but some of the largest concentrations are in Nili Fossae, an area", "Crust (geology) depth, reaching values typically in the range from about to at the boundary with the underlying mantle. The temperature increases by as much as for every kilometer locally in the upper part of the crust, but the geothermal gradient is smaller in deeper crust. The continental crust has an average composition similar to that of andesite. The most abundant minerals in Earth's continental crust are feldspars, which make up about 41% of the crust by weight, followed by quartz at 12%, and pyroxenes at 11%. Continental crust is enriched in incompatible elements compared to the basaltic ocean crust and much", "Intrusive rock formed from magma that cools and solidifies within the crust of the planet. In contrast, an \"extrusion\" consists of extrusive rock; rock formed above the surface of the crust. Large bodies of magma that solidify underground before they reach the surface of the crust are called plutons. Plutonic rocks form 7% of the Earth's current land surface. Coarse-grained intrusive igneous rocks that form at depth within the earth are called \"abyssal\" while those that form near the surface are called subvolcanic or \"hypabyssal\". Intrusive structures are often classified according to whether or not they are parallel to the bedding planes", "Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rock Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock types, in a process called metamorphism, which means \"change in form\". The original rock (protolith) is subjected to heat (temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C) and pressure ( or more), causing profound physical or chemical change. The protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or existing metamorphic rock. Metamorphic rocks make up a large part of the Earth's crust and form 12% of the Earth's land surface. They are classified by texture and by chemical and mineral assemblage (metamorphic facies). They may be formed simply by being deep beneath", "Martian soil Martian soil Martian soil is the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil, including its toxicity due to the presence of perchlorates. The term Martian soil typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. On Earth, the term \"soil\" usually includes organic content. In contrast, planetary scientists adopt a functional definition of soil to distinguish it from rocks. Rocks generally refer to 10 cm scale and larger materials (e.g., fragments, breccia, and exposed outcrops) with high thermal inertia, with areal fractions consistent with the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM)", "Soil Soil Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Earth's body of soil is the pedosphere, which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil. The pedosphere interfaces with the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. The term \"pedolith\", used commonly to refer to the soil, translates to \"ground stone\". Soil consists of a solid phase", "Regolith just deposited) to hundreds of millions of years old (regolith of Precambrian age occurs in parts of Australia). Regolith on Earth originates from weathering and biological processes; if it contains a significant proportion of biological compounds it is more conventionally referred to as soil. People also call various types of earthly regolith by such names as dirt, dust, gravel, sand, and (when wet) mud. On Earth, the presence of regolith is one of the important factors for most life, since few plants can grow on or within solid rock and animals would be unable to burrow or build shelter without", "Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars clays are late Noachian in age, dating from the same time as water-carved valley networks. The layered clay composition is similar to what is expected for soil formation on Earth - a weathered upper layer leached of soluble iron and magnesium, leaving an insoluble aluminum-rich residue, with a lower layer that still retains its iron and magnesium. Some researchers have suggested that the Martian clay \"layer cake\" was created by soil-forming processes, including rainfall, at the time that valley networks formed. Lake and marine environments on Earth are favorable for fossil preservation, especially where the sediments they left behind are", "Geology of solar terrestrial planets Earth, though these observations may also be explained by silica glass, phyllosilicates, or opal. Much of the surface is deeply covered by dust as fine as talcum powder. The red/orange appearance of Mars' surface is caused by iron(III) oxide (rust). Mars has twice as much iron oxide in its outer layer as Earth does, despite their supposed similar origin. It is thought that Earth, being hotter, transported much of the iron downwards in the deep, , lava seas of the early planet, while Mars, with a lower lava temperature of was too cool for this to happen. The core is", "Soil nutrients and too high in sand will boost its quality. Soil Soil is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support life. Earth's body of soil is the pedosphere, which has four important functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil. The pedosphere interfaces with the lithosphere, the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, and the biosphere. The term \"pedolith\", used commonly to refer to the soil,", "Heavy metals of elements heavier than helium in the interstellar medium. When gravitational attraction causes this matter to coalesce and collapse new stars and planets are formed. The Earth's crust is made of approximately 5% of heavy metals by weight, with iron comprising 95% of this quantity. Light metals (~20%) and nonmetals (~75%) make up the other 95% of the crust. Despite their overall scarcity, heavy metals can become concentrated in economically extractable quantities as a result of mountain building, erosion, or other geological processes. Heavy metals are primarily found as lithophiles (rock-loving) or chalcophiles (ore-loving). Lithophile heavy metals are mainly f-block", "Terrestrial planet Terrestrial planet A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate rocks or metals. Within the Solar System, the terrestrial planets are the inner planets closest to the Sun, i.e. Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars. The terms \"terrestrial planet\" and \"telluric planet\" are derived from Latin words for Earth (\"Terra\" and \"Tellus\"), as these planets are, in terms of structure, \"Earth-like\". Terrestrial planets have a solid planetary surface, making them substantially different from the larger giant planets, which are composed mostly of some combination of hydrogen, helium, and water existing in various", "Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into find dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicate) in some layers. A detailed discussion of layering with many Martian examples can be found in Sedimentary Geology of Mars. Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and", "Mineralogy of Mars Mineralogy of Mars The mineralogy of Mars is the chemical composition of rocks and soil that encompass the surface of Mars. Various orbital crafts have used spectroscopic methods to identify the signature of some minerals. The planetary landers performed concrete chemical analysis of the soil in rocks to further identify and confirm the presence of other minerals. The only samples of Martian rocks that are on Earth are in the form of meteorites. The elemental and atmospheric composition along with planetary conditions is essential in knowing what minerals can be formed from these base parts. The surface geology of Mars", "Amazonis quadrangle layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like sulfates. The Mars Rover Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into find dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicate) in some layers. A detailed discussion of layering with", "Geochemistry alkali feldspar (12%), quartz (12%), pyroxene (11%), amphiboles (5%), micas (5%), clay minerals (5%); the remaining silicate minerals make up another 3% of Earth's crust. Only 8% of the Earth is composed of non-silicate minerals such as carbonates, oxides, and sulfides. The other determining factor, namely the physical conditions attending consolidation, plays on the whole a smaller part, yet is by no means negligible. Certain minerals are practically confined to deep-seated intrusive rocks, e.g., microcline, muscovite, diallage. Leucite is very rare in plutonic masses; many minerals have special peculiarities in microscopic character according to whether they crystallized in depth or", "Mantle (geology) Mantle (geology) The mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Mantles are made of rock or ices, and are generally the largest and most massive layer of the planetary body. Mantles are characteristic of planetary bodies that have undergone differentiation by density. All terrestrial planets (including Earth), a number of asteroids, and some planetary moons have mantles. The Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core. Its mass of 4.01 × 10 kg is 67% the mass of the Earth. It has", "Basement (geology) Basement (geology) In geology, basement and crystalline basement are the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a \"cover\" or \"sedimentary cover\". Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and oldest metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents, often in the form of granite. Basement rock is contrasted to overlying sedimentary rocks which are laid down on top of the basement", "Crust (geology) magma ocean and floated to the top; however, it is unlikely that Earth followed a similar pattern, as the Moon was a water-less system and Earth had water. The Martian meteorite ALH84001 might represent primary crust of Mars; however, again, this is debated. Like Earth, Venus lacks primary crust, as the entire planet has been repeatedly resurfaced and modified. Secondary crust is formed by partial melting of silicate materials in the mantle, and so is usually basaltic in composition. This is the most common type of crust in the Solar System. Most of the surfaces of Mercury, Venus, Earth, and", "Soil horizon employed, leached layers are classified firstly as an A or B according to other characteristics, and then appended with the designation “e” (see the section below on horizon suffixes). In soils that contain gravels, due to animal bioturbation, a stonelayer commonly forms near or at the base of the E horizon. B horizon The B horizon is commonly referred to as \"subsoil\", and consists of mineral layers which usually contain concentrations of clay minerals or of iron or aluminium oxides. In some soils, these have moved there from above, often together with organic matter. If so, this layer is also", "Basement (geology) on the underside of the crust. It is said that the majority of continental crust on the planet is around 1-3 billion years old, and it is theorised that there was at least one period of rapid expansion and accretion to the continents during the Precambrian. Much of the basement rock may have originally been oceanic crust, but it was highly metamorphosed and converted into continental crust via a series of events. A typical pattern is as follows. It is possible for oceanic crust to be subducted down into the Earth's mantle, at subduction fronts, where oceanic crust is being", "Soil horizon little affected by pedogenic processes and lack properties of H, O, A, E or B horizons. Most are mineral layers, but some siliceous and calcareous layers, such as shells, coral and diatomaceous earth, are included. The material of C layers may be either like or unlike that from which the overlying solum presumably formed. Plant roots can penetrate C horizons, which provide an important growing medium. Included as C layers are sediments, saprolite, non-indurated bedrock and other geological materials that commonly slake within 24 hours, when air-dry or drier chunks are placed in water, and that, when moist, can be", "Soil horizon dug with a spade. Some soils form in material that is already highly weathered, and if such material does not meet the requirements of A, E or B horizons, it is designated C. Changes not considered pedogenic are those not related to overlying horizons. Layers having accumulations of silica, carbonates or gypsum, even if indurated, may be included in C horizons, unless the layer is obviously affected by pedogenic processes; then it is a B horizon. R layers: These consist of hard bedrock underlying the soil. Granite, basalt, quartzite and indurated limestone or sandstone are examples of bedrock that are", "Mesosphere (mantle) The base of the lower mantle is at about 2700 km. \"Mesosphere\" (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred that the outer Earth consisted of three spherical layers: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from , and the top of the mesospheric shell (base of the asthenosphere) were from . Thus, Daly’s asthenosphere was inferred to be thick. According to Daly, the base", "Boring Billion left evidence of biological weathering of continental rock in the Doushantuo phosphorite formation (0.6 Ga) and in laterites, Earth's first soils. Additional evidence for life on land is the characteristic carbon isotope signature of photosynthesis that is recorded in rock crusts and ancient soils from the end of the Boring Billion. Terrestrial microfossils and microbial mats of cyanobacteria have also been preserved. Some microbial communities lived under rock surfaces, others bound sand together, and some sat atop soils. Boring Billion The Boring Billion is a term coined by palaeontologist Martin Brasier to refer to the approximately one billion-year period between", "Sea is composed of the Earth's rocky crust and the deeper mostly solid outer layer of the mantle. On land the crust is known as the continental crust while under the sea it is known as the oceanic crust. The latter is composed of relatively dense basalt and is some five to ten kilometres (three to six miles) thick. The relatively thin lithosphere floats on the weaker and hotter mantle below and is fractured into a number of tectonic plates. In mid-ocean, magma is constantly being thrust through the seabed between adjoining plates to form mid-oceanic ridges and here convection currents", "Memnonia quadrangle show rocks arranged in layers. Sometimes the layers are of different colors. Light-toned rocks on Mars have been associated with hydrated minerals like sulfates. The Mars Rover Opportunity examined such layers close-up with several instruments. Some layers are probably made up of fine particles because they seem to break up into find dust. Other layers break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicate) in some", "Martian soil long period. A second lander will then gather the samples and return them to Earth. Martian soil Martian soil is the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial soil, including its toxicity due to the presence of perchlorates. The term Martian soil typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. On Earth, the term \"soil\" usually includes organic content. In contrast, planetary scientists adopt a functional definition of soil to distinguish it from rocks. Rocks generally refer to 10 cm scale and larger materials (e.g., fragments, breccia, and exposed outcrops)", "Crustose lichen of one species are measured, as there is an assumption that only they began development when the surface was initially exposed. The age of exposure of a rock surface is then extrapolated from records. Crustose lichen Crustose lichens form a crust that strongly adheres to the substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction. The basic structure of crustose lichens consists of a cortex layer, an algal layer, and a medulla. The upper cortex layer is differentiated and is usually pigmented. The algal layer lies beneath the cortex. The medulla fastens the lichen to", "Soil crust These can coexist with biological soil crusts, but have different ecological impact due to their difference in formation and composition. Physical soil crusts often reduce water infiltration, can inhibit plant establishment, and when disrupted can be eroded rapidly. Soil crust Soil crusts are soil surface layers that are distinct from the rest of the bulk soil, often hardened with a platy surface. Depending on the manner of formation, soil crusts can be biological or physical. Biological soil crusts are formed by communities of microorganisms that live on the soil surface whereas physical crusts are formed by physical impact such as", "Soil and macrofauna, and bacterial bodies are partly or totally digested in their guts. Humans impact soil formation by removing vegetation cover with erosion, waterlogging, lateritization or podzolization (according to climate and topography) as the result. Their tillage also mixes the different soil layers, restarting the soil formation process as less weathered material is mixed with the more developed upper layers, resulting in net increased rate of mineral weathering. Earthworms, ants, termites, moles, gophers, as well as some millipedes and tenebrionid beetles mix the soil as they burrow, significantly affecting soil formation. Earthworms ingest soil particles and organic residues, enhancing the", "Geology of solar terrestrial planets surrounded by a silicate mantle that formed many of the tectonic and volcanic features on the planet. The average thickness of the planet's crust is about 50 km, and it is no thicker than , which is much thicker than Earth's crust which varies between and . As a result, Mars' crust does not easily deform, as was shown by the recent radar map of the south polar ice cap which does not deform the crust despite being about 3 km thick. Crater morphology provides information about the physical structure and composition of the surface. Impact craters allow us to", "Basement (geology) highly metamorphosed igneous rocks and shale, from basalt, mud and clay laid from volcanic eruptions, and the granite is the result of magma intrusions into the Vishnu schist. An extensive cross section of sedimentary rocks laid down on top of it through the ages is visible as well. The basement rocks of the continental crust tend to be much older than the oceanic crust. The oceanic crust can be from 0-250 million years in age, and is usually thinner (10 miles or so) and composed of basaltic rocks. Continental crust is older because continental crust is light and thick enough", "Primitive mantle this is the so-called D\"-layer at the core-mantle boundary. The \"Late veneer hypothesis\" suggests that specific materials were added at the surface from extra external sources. There are arguments against this hypothesis Primitive mantle The primitive mantle is, in geochemistry, a hypothetical reservoir with the composition of the Earth's crust and mantle taken together. The currently accepted scientific hypothesis is that the Earth was formed by accretion of material with a chondritic composition. Still during the accretionary phase planetary differentiation started, giving rise to the Earth's core, where heavy metallic siderophile elements accumulated. Around it was a (in this stage)", "Mesoplates crust. The analogy between lithoplate tectonics and crustal deformation engaging both brittle and ductile components leads to the concept of crustal mesoplates. “Mesoplates” is a combination and contraction of two terms: “mesosphere”, as applied to the solid earth, and “tectonic plates”. “Mesosphere” (not to be confused with mesosphere, a layer of the atmosphere) is derived from “mesospheric shell”, coined by Reginald Aldworth Daly, a Harvard University geology professor. In the pre-plate tectonics era, Daly (1940) inferred three spherical layers comprise the outer Earth: lithosphere (including the crust), asthenosphere, and mesospheric shell. Daly’s hypothetical depths to the lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary ranged from", "Cebrenia quadrangle a deposit, called caliche which is common in the U.S. Southwest. Such crusts are formed by solutions of minerals moving up through soil and evaporating at the surface. Scientists, in a September, 2009 article in the journal Science, have asserted that if Viking II only dug four (4) inches deeper, it would have reached a layer of almost pure ice. The soil resembled those produced from the weathering of basaltic lavas. The tested soil contained abundant silicon and iron, along with significant amounts of magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, calcium, and titanium. Trace elements, strontium and yttrium, were detected. The amount of", "Earth's crustal evolution Earth's crustal evolution Earth's crustal evolution involves the formation, destruction and renewal of the rocky outer shell at that planet's surface. The variation in composition within the Earth's crust is much greater than that of other terrestrial planets. Mars, Venus, Mercury and other planetary bodies have relatively quasi-uniform crusts unlike that of the Earth which contains both oceanic and continental plates. This unique property reflects the complex series of crustal processes that have taken place throughout the planet's history, including the ongoing process of plate tectonics. The proposed mechanisms regarding Earth's crustal evolution take a theory-orientated approach. Fragmentary geologic evidence", "Arsinoes Chaos layers. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water surfaces in low areas containing sediments, water evaporates in the thin atmosphere and leaves behind minerals as deposits and/or cementing agents. Consequently, layers of dust could not later easily erode away since they were cemented together. On Earth, mineral-rich waters often evaporate forming large deposits of various types of", "Structure of the Earth decay of radioactive elements, and freezing of the inner core. Structure of the Earth The internal structure of the Earth is layered in spherical shells: an outer silicate solid crust, a highly viscous asthenosphere and mantle, a liquid outer core that is much less viscous than the mantle, and a solid inner core. Scientific understanding of the internal structure of the Earth is based on observations of topography and bathymetry, observations of rock in outcrop, samples brought to the surface from greater depths by volcanoes or volcanic activity, analysis of the seismic waves that pass through the Earth, measurements of", "Sial Sial In geology, the term 'sial' refers to the composition of the upper layer of the Earth's crust, namely rocks rich in silicates and aluminium minerals. It is sometimes equated with the continental crust because it is absent in the wide oceanic basins, but \"sial\" is a geochemical term rather than a plate tectonic term. As these elements are less dense than the majority of the earth's elements, they tend to be concentrated in the upper layer of the crust. Geologists often refer to the rocks in this layer as felsic, because they contain high levels of feldspar, an aluminium", "Lunae Palus quadrangle in the U.S. Southwest. Such crusts are formed by solutions of minerals moving up through soil and evaporating at the surface. The soil resembled those produced from the weathering of basaltic lavas. The tested soil contained abundant silicon and iron, along with significant amounts of magnesium, aluminum, sulfur, calcium, and titanium. Trace elements, strontium and yttrium, were detected. The amount of potassium was five times lower than the average for the Earth's crust. Some chemicals in the soil contained sulfur and chlorine that were like those remaining after the evaporation of sea water. Sulfur was more concentrated in the crust", "Biological soil crust ~ 49 Tg/year (27-99 Tg/year). Soil stability Soils in arid regions are slow-forming and easily eroded. Crust organisms contribute to increased soil stability where they occur. Cyanobacteria have filamentous growth forms that bind soil particles together, and hyphae of fungi and rhizines/rhizoids of lichens and mosses also have similar effects. The increased surface roughness of crusted areas compared to bare soil further improves resistance to wind and water erosion. Aggregates of soil formed by crust organisms also increase soil aeration and provide surfaces where nutrient transformation can occur. Soil water relations The effect of biological soil crusts on water infiltration", "Mudrock be the product of physical weathering, which can involve freezing and thawing, thermal expansion, and release of pressure. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, and it may be best summarised as the physical breaking apart of a rock. One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, where phyllites are exposed to rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to the silt realm, and silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily. There is", "Earth analog probable frequency and distribution of Earth-like planets. Another criterion often cited is that an Earth analog must be terrestrial, that is, it should possess a similar surface geology—a planetary surface composed of similar surface materials. The closest known examples are Mars and Titan and while there are similarities in their types of landforms and surface compositions, there are also significant differences such as the temperature and quantities of ice. Many of Earth's surface materials and landforms are formed as a result of interaction with water (such as clay and sedimentary rocks) or as a byproduct of life (such as limestone", "Martian soil content of Martian regolith is up to 5% by weight. The presence of olivine, which is an easily weatherable primary mineral, has been interpreted to mean that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate on Mars. High concentrations of ice in soils are thought to be the cause of accelerated soil creep, which forms the rounded \"softened terrain\" characteristic of the Martian midlatitudes. In June, 2008, the \"Phoenix\" lander returned data showing Martian soil to be slightly alkaline and containing vital nutrients such as magnesium, sodium, potassium and chloride, all of which are necessary for living organisms to grow.", "Martian soil as an unconsolidated and chemically weathered surficial layer of fine-grained mineral or organic material exceeding centimeter scale thickness, with or without coarse elements and cemented portions. Martian dust generally connotes even finer materials than Martian soil, the fraction which is less than 30 micrometres in diameter. Disagreement over the significance of soil's definition arises due to the lack of an integrated concept of soil in the literature. The pragmatic definition \"medium for plant growth\" has been commonly adopted in the planetary science community but a more complex definition describes soil as \"(bio)geochemically/physically altered material at the surface of a planetary", "Elysium Fossae break up into large boulders so they are probably much harder. Basalt, a volcanic rock, is thought to in the layers that form boulders. Basalt has been identified on Mars in many places. Instruments on orbiting spacecraft have detected clay (also called phyllosilicates) in some layers. Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water. Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life. Rock can form layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or", "Earth's crustal evolution crust, increasing the difficulty in determining its nature. Recycling of existing primordial crust contributes to the production of secondary crust. Partial melting of the existing crust increases the mafic content of the melt producing basaltic secondary crust. A further method of formation due to the decay of radioactive elements within the Earth releasing heat energy and eventually causing the partial melting of upper mantle, also producing basaltic lavas. As a result, most secondary crust on Earth is formed at mid ocean ridges forming the oceanic crust. The present day continental crust is an example of a tertiary crust. Tertiary crust", "Batholith Batholith A batholith (from Greek \"bathos\", depth + \"lithos\", rock) is a large mass of intrusive igneous rock (also called plutonic rock), larger than in area, that forms from cooled magma deep in the Earth's crust. Batholiths are almost always made mostly of felsic or intermediate rock types, such as granite, quartz monzonite, or diorite (see also \"granite dome\"). Although they may appear uniform, batholiths are in fact structures with complex histories and compositions. They are composed of multiple masses, or \"plutons\", bodies of igneous rock of irregular dimensions (typically at least several kilometers) that can be distinguished from adjacent", "Soil in the evolution of a soil. They are: parent material, climate, topography (relief), organisms, and time. When reordered to climate, relief, organisms, parent material, and time, they form the acronym CROPT. The mineral material from which a soil forms is called parent material. Rock, whether its origin is igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic, is the source of all soil mineral materials and the origin of all plant nutrients with the exceptions of nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon. As the parent material is chemically and physically weathered, transported, deposited and precipitated, it is transformed into a soil. Typical soil parent mineral materials are:", "Andrija Mohorovičić seismic waves change speed and the difference in chemical composition between rocks from the crust and those from the mantle. From the data, he estimated the thickness of the upper layer (crust) to be 54 km. We know today that the crust is 5–9 km below the ocean floor and 25–60 km below the continents, which are carried on tectonic plates. Subsequent study of the Earth's interior confirmed the existence of the discontinuity under all continents and oceans. Mohorovičić assumed that the velocity of seismic waves increases with the depth. The function he proposed to calculate the velocity of seismic", "Mars only slightly less than the total area of Earth's dry land. Mars is less dense than Earth, having about 15% of Earth's volume and 11% of Earth's mass, resulting in about 38% of Earth's surface gravity. The red-orange appearance of the Martian surface is caused by iron(III) oxide, or rust. It can look like butterscotch; other common surface colors include golden, brown, tan, and greenish, depending on the minerals present. Like Earth, Mars has differentiated into a dense metallic core overlaid by less dense materials. Current models of its interior imply a core with a radius of about , consisting", "Crust (geology) types have different chemical compositions and physical properties, and were formed by different geological processes. Planetary geologists divide crust into three categories, based on how and when they formed. This is a planet's \"original\" crust. It forms from solidification of a magma ocean. Toward the end of planetary accretion, the terrestrial planets likely had surfaces that were magma oceans. As these cooled, they solidified into crust. This crust was likely destroyed by large impacts and re-formed many times as the Era of Heavy Bombardment drew to a close. The nature of primary crust is still debated: its chemical, mineralogic, and", "Silicon levels in silicon crystals less than 1 part per 10, and in special cases impurity levels below 1 part per 10 are needed and attained. Most silicon is used industrially without being purified, and indeed, often with comparatively little processing from its natural form. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, which are compounds of silicon and oxygen, often with metallic ions when negatively charged silicate anions require cations to balance the charge. Many of these have direct commercial uses, such as clays, silica sand, and most kinds of building stone. Thus, the vast majority", "Solid thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. The vast majority of the rocks of the Earth's crust consist of quartz (crystalline SiO), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few locations worldwide. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), which are composed largely of silicon and oxygen, with the", "Subsoil been the primary source of material for adobe, cob, rammed earth, wattle and daub, and other earthen construction methods for millennia. Coarse sand, the other ingredient in most of these materials, is also found in subsoil. Although by no means sterile, subsoil is relatively barren in terms of soil organisms compared to humus-rich topsoil. Subsoil Subsoil is the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and/or clay, but with a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus. Below", "Shield (geology) this type of geographic region, appears in the 1901 English translation of \"Eduard Suess's Face of Earth\" by H. B. C. Sollas, and comes from the shape \"not unlike a flat shield\" of the Canadian Shield which has an outline that \"suggests the shape of the shields carried by soldiers in the days of hand-to-hand combat.\" Shields occur on all continents. A shield is that part of the continental crust in which these usually Precambrian basement rocks crop out extensively at the surface. Shields themselves can be very complex: they consist of vast areas of granitic or granodioritic gneisses, usually", "Soil soils in their natural environment. In engineering terms, soil is included in the broader concept of regolith, which also includes other loose material that lies above the bedrock, as can be found on the Moon and other celestial objects, as well. Soil is also commonly referred to as earth or dirt; some scientific definitions distinguish \"dirt\" from \"soil\" by restricting the former term specifically to the displaced soil. Soil is a major component of the Earth's ecosystem. The world's ecosystems are impacted in far-reaching ways by the processes carried out in the soil, from ozone depletion and global warming to", "Leptosol with soil formation or removed the top of the soil. In the FAO soil classification for the UNESCO Soil Map of the World (1974) the Leptosols on calcareous rock were called Rendzinas, those on acid rock were Rankers. The very shallow, less than 10 cm deep, \"Lithic Leptosols\" in mountain regions are the most extensive Leptosols on Earth. Leptosols are unattractive soils for rainfed agriculture because of their inability to hold water, but may sometimes have potential for tree crops or extensive grazing. Leptosols are best kept under forest. Leptosol A Leptosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources", "Mudstone for silt (63 μm). On December 13, 2016, NASA reported further evidence supporting habitability on the planet Mars as the \"Curiosity\" rover climbed higher, studying younger layers, on Mount Sharp. Also reported, the very soluble element boron was detected for the first time on Mars. In June 2018, NASA reported that \"Curiosity\" had detected kerogen and other complex organic compounds from mudstone rocks approximately 3.5 billion years old. Mudstone Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Grain size is up to with individual grains too small to be distinguished without", "Elysium quadrangle (also called phyllosilicates) in some layers. Scientists are excited about finding hydrated minerals such as sulfates and clays on Mars because they are usually formed in the presence of water. Places that contain clays and/or other hydrated minerals would be good places to look for evidence of life. Rock can be formed into layers in a variety of ways. Volcanoes, wind, or water can produce layers. Layers can be hardened by the action of groundwater. Martian ground water probably moved hundreds of kilometers, and in the process it dissolved many minerals from the rock it passed through. When ground water", "Basement (geology) and petroleum geology in which the (typically Precambrian) crystalline basement is not of interest as it rarely contains petroleum or natural gas. Basement (geology) In geology, basement and crystalline basement are the rocks below a sedimentary platform or cover, or more generally any rock below sedimentary rocks or sedimentary basins that are metamorphic or igneous in origin. In the same way, the sediments or sedimentary rocks on top of the basement can be called a \"cover\" or \"sedimentary cover\". Basement rock is the thick foundation of ancient, and oldest metamorphic and igneous rock that forms the crust of continents, often", "Earth mass of Earth's volume but more than 30% of the mass, the mantle for 84% of the volume and close to 70% of the mass, while the crust accounts for less than 1% of the mass. About 90% of the mass of the Earth is composed of the iron–nickel alloy (95% iron) in the core (30%), and the silicon dioxides (c. 33%) and magnesium oxide (c. 27%) in the mantle and crust. Minor contributions are from iron(II) oxide (5%), aluminium oxide (3%) and calcium oxide (2%), besides numerous trace elements (in elementary terms: iron and oxygen c. 32% each, magnesium and", "Geology of Venus the oldest parts of the planet. It was once thought that the tesserae were continents associated with tectonic plates like those of the Earth; in reality they are probably the result of floods of basaltic lava forming large plains, which were then subjected to intense tectonic fracturing. Venus's crust appears to be thick, and composed of silicate rocks. Venus's mantle is approximately thick, its chemical composition is probably similar to that of chondrites. Since Venus is a terrestrial planet, it is presumed to have a core made of semisolid iron and nickel with a radius of approximately . The unavailability", "Mineralogy of Mars is somewhere between the basalt or andesite rocks on Earth. This led to the formation of minerals similar to what is found on Earth. The presence of iron oxide gives the surface the “rust” color that is associated with Mars, the Red Planet. The presence of perchlorate, in high percentages, forms highly saline soils, which could produce liquid water. Chemical alteration of Martian rocks into carbonate and phyllosilicate minerals occurred earlier in Mars history when water was present in large quantities. Orbital instruments and Landers not only identified new minerals but in some cases also confirmed the presence of minerals", "Soil biomantle of the stonelayer (SL) defines the base of the biomantle. Biomantles with basal stonelayers are two-layered biomantles that form in parent materials with heterogeneous particle sizes (mixtures of fines and gravels); those lacking stonelayers are one-layered biomantles that form in homogeneous materials (either sands, loess, or gravels of approximately uniform size). If two-layered, the soil profile horizon notations in midlatitude and some subtropical soils are: A-E-SL-B-C, where the A-E-SL horizons constitute the biomantle. Since midlatitude type Bt (argillic) horizons are often lacking in tropical soils owing to an abundance of active and deep bioturbators that move large volumes of soil", "Geology of the Iberian Peninsula a thinned piece of crust from another continent called the Meguma terrane. There are five units in the stack. At the lowest level are high pressure, low temperature metamorphosed rocks. Second is an ophiolite. Third is the lower part of a continental crust which has been metamorphosed to high temperature with high pressure. Fourth is a layer of sediments derived from weathering land with low-grade metamorphism. There is also an underlying Ediacaran and early Paleozoic layer called the autochthenous sequence. Metamorphism of the allochthenous nappe occurred 390–380 Ma in the Middle Devonian. This is possibly from the Rheic Ocean. Finally,", "Soil biomantle as animals burrow and only soil particles smaller than their burrow diameters are moved; larger particles settle downward as smaller particles are moved upward from below them. The stonelayer (SL) forms at rates roughly proportional to the numbers of bioturbators and the intensity and style of burrowing. Conveyor-belt soil invertebrates (ants, termites, worms, etc.) are the primary biosorters in most tropical, subtropical, and some midlatitude soils, and thus often produce deep, two-layered biomantles if the soils contain gravels, as many do. Small fossorial vertebrates (pocket gophers, moles, tuco tucos, etc.), on the other hand, tend to be dominant biosorters in", "Gabbro Gabbro Gabbro () is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface. Slow-cooling, coarse-grained gabbro is chemically equivalent to rapid-cooling, fine-grained basalt. Much of the Earth's oceanic crust is made of gabbro, formed at mid-ocean ridges. Gabbro is also found as plutons associated with continental volcanism. Due to its variant nature, the term \"gabbro\" may be applied loosely to a wide range of intrusive rocks, many of which are merely \"gabbroic\". The term \"gabbro\" was used in the 1760s to name a", "Structure of the Earth the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core. The geologic component layers of Earth are at the following depths below the surface: The layering of Earth has been inferred indirectly using the time of travel of refracted and reflected seismic waves created by earthquakes. The core does not allow shear waves to pass through it, while the speed of travel (seismic velocity) is different in other layers. The changes in seismic velocity between different layers causes refraction owing to Snell's law, like light bending as it passes through a prism. Likewise, reflections are caused by a large", "Rock (geology) formed. This process is called metamorphism, meaning to \"change in form\". The result is a profound change in physical properties and chemistry of the stone. The original rock, known as the protolith, transforms into other mineral types or other forms of the same minerals, by recrystallization. The temperatures and pressures required for this process are always higher than those found at the Earth's surface: temperatures greater than 150 to 200 °C and pressures of 1500 bars. Metamorphic rocks compose 27.4% of the crust by volume. The three major classes of metamorphic rock are based upon the formation mechanism. An intrusion", "Soil texture, pH and mineral constituents of saprolite are inherited from its parent material. This process is also called \"arenization\", resulting in the formation of sandy soils (granitic arenas), thanks to the much higher resistance of quartz compared to other mineral components of granite (micas, amphiboles, feldspars). The principal climatic variables influencing soil formation are effective precipitation (i.e., precipitation minus evapotranspiration) and temperature, both of which affect the rates of chemical, physical, and biological processes. Temperature and moisture both influence the organic matter content of soil through their effects on the balance between primary production and decomposition: the colder or drier", "Paleosol published papers and books. In soil science, paleosols are soils formed long periods ago that have no relationship in their chemical and physical characteristics to the present-day climate or vegetation. Such soils form on extremely old continental cratons and as small scattered localities in outliers of ancient rock. Because of the changes in the Earth's climate over the last fifty million years, soils formed under tropical rainforest (or even savanna) have become exposed to increasingly arid climates which cause former oxisols, ultisols or even alfisols to dry out in such a manner that a very hard crust is formed. This" ]

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[ "The basic ingredients of beer are water; a starch source, such as malted barley, able to be saccharified (converted to sugars) then fermented (converted into ethanol and carbon dioxide); a brewer's yeast to produce the fermentation; and a flavouring such as hops. A mixture of starch sources may be used, with a secondary starch source, such as maize (corn), rice or sugar, often being termed an adjunct, especially when used as a lower-cost substitute for malted barley. Less widely used starch sources include millet, sorghum and cassava root in Africa, and potato in Brazil, and agave in Mexico, among others. The amount of each starch source in a beer recipe is collectively called the grain bill." ]

[ "Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]", "Another potential weapon system for anti-aircraft use is the laser. Although air planners have imagined lasers in combat since the late 1960s, only the most modern laser systems are currently reaching what could be considered \"experimental usefulness\". In particular the Tactical High Energy Laser can be used in the anti-aircraft and anti-missile role. If current developments continue, some[who?] believe it is reasonable to suggest that lasers will play a major role in air defence starting in the next ten years.", "Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso began to wane, as did the number of his pupils, and this, together with the political strife and instability of the time, caused him to struggle financially. In February 1848, with the cellist Auguste Franchomme, he gave his last Paris concert, which included three movements of the Cello Sonata Op. 65.", "Boston's early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its \"three mountains\"—only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming, on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[b] was by Puritan colonists from England, who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is known to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC.", "China Mobile had more than 2,300 base stations suspended due to power disruption or severe telecommunication traffic congestion. Half of the wireless communications were lost in the Sichuan province. China Unicom's service in Wenchuan and four nearby counties was cut off, with more than 700 towers suspended.", "Above the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout the region. Above the tree line is the area defined as \"alpine\" where in the alpine meadow plants are found that have adapted well to harsh conditions of cold temperatures, aridity, and high altitudes. The alpine area fluctuates greatly because of regional fluctuations in tree lines.", "Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus." ]

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[ "Asleep in the Bread Aisle Asleep in the Bread Aisle is the debut studio album by American hip hop recording artist Asher Roth. It was released on April 20, 2009, by Schoolboy, SRC and Universal Motown Records. The production on the album was largely contributed by Oren Yoel, while the album features guest appearances from Cee-Lo Green, Busta Rhymes, Keri Hilson, Jazze Pha, pop duo Chester French, and the hip hop group New Kingdom.", "Chester French Chester French was an American indie pop band consisting of lead vocalist and songwriter David-Andrew 'D.A.' Wallach and multi-instrumentalist and songwriter Maxwell Drummey. They met as college students at Harvard University, naming their band after sculptor Daniel Chester French, who designed the statue at the Lincoln Memorial, the John Harvard statue, as well as the Minuteman statue at the Lexington/Concord battlegrounds in Massachusetts. Milwaukee-raised Wallach and Boston native Drummey quickly found a lot of shared ground in musical tastes and philosophies and before long formed a band with three other classmates, playing various campus functions, eventually moving in a direction heavily influenced by classic British Northern Soul. Over the summer both stayed in Cambridge, working hard at songwriting. But when school resumed, they realized that the material went way beyond the basic guitar-bass-drums-piano format of the band, and the duo continued the work themselves, Wallach handling most of the vocals, Drummey performing much of the music on multiple instruments, supplemented with the occasional special guest – and both taking production and engineering duties for recordings." ]

[ "Together (Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells album) Together is the first and only studio album released by the duo team of American Motown artists Marvin Gaye and Mary Wells. It was released on the Motown label on April 15, 1964. The album brought together the rising star Gaye with Wells, an established star with a number-one pop hit to her name (1964's \"My Guy\"), singing mostly standards and show tunes, in the hopes that Gaye would benefit from the exposure.", "The Tipping Point (The Roots album) The Tipping Point is the sixth studio album by American hip hop band The Roots, released July 13, 2004 on Geffen Records and Interscope Records. It is named after Malcolm Gladwell's book of the same name (2000), and it serves as the follow-up to \"Phrenology\" (2002). The album is a musical departure from their previous work, featuring a more diverse, yet pop-oriented sound, and it contains lyrics associated with rapping-prowess, political insight, and social commentary. \"The Tipping Point\" has been noted by music writers for exhibiting and emphasizing soul, jazz, and funk influences as well. The song \"I Don't Care\" was featured on the soundtrack of the game, \"Gran Turismo 4\".", "ISouljaBoyTellem iSouljaBoyTellem is the second studio album by American rapper Soulja Boy. It was released on December 16, 2008, by Stacks on Deck Entertainment, Collipark Music and Interscope Records. The album was mostly produced by Soulja Boy himself, along with several record producers such as Drumma Boy, Jim Jonsin and Zaytoven, as well as the guest appearances from Gucci Mane, Shawty Lo and Yo Gotti, among others. The album was supported by three singles: \"Bird Walk\", \"Kiss Me Thru the Phone\" featuring Sammie, and \"Turn My Swag On\".", "Ultimate Collection (DeBarge album) The Ultimate Collection is the eighth album released on Motown Records by the group DeBarge. The album is the second compilation of their greatest hits. In addition to the group numbers, it also includes solo singles from El DeBarge and Bunny DeBarge. It also includes a track from Chico DeBarge, who was never part of the family group. Also Motown was able to get the rights to the song \"Dance All Night\" from their Striped Horse Records album \"Bad Boys\" for this collection.", "Systa Systa is the debut album by female hip hop duo, Terri & Monica. It is their second album overall as they released \"Love Me or Leave Me\" as members of The Gyrlz. It was released on September 21, 1993 for Epic Records and featured production from Horace Brown, Bryce Wilson and Grand Puba. The two singles that were released were \"Intentions\" and \"Uh Huh\".", "Soundvision: In Stereo Soundvision: In Stereo is the debut album from Detroit hip hop duo Lawless Element, released September 20, 2005 on Babygrande Records. The album is produced by group member Magnif, with additional instrumentals and production supplied by J Dilla & Young RJ and Madlib. Guest appearances come from Dilla, Melanie Rutherford, Phat Kat, Big Tone and Diverse. The duo's earlier singles, \"The Shining\" and \"High\" are both featured here, as well as the single \"Rules Pt. 2\" and remixed versions of their past tracks \"Represent\" and \"...Something\".", "Lead the Way Lead the Way is the second studio album by American rap supergroup, T.W.D.Y. It was released October 3, 2000 on Thump Records. It peaked at number 74 on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album was produced entirely by Ant Banks and Sonny B. It features guest performances by West Coast heavy-weights: Kurupt, Ice-T, Too Short, CJ Mac, B-Legit, MC Eiht, Luniz, King T, Dru Down and Cold 187um.", "Confidential (M-1 album) Confidential is the debut solo album by rapper M-1 (from the hip-hop duo dead prez). It was Released on March 21, 2006. The album is a DualDisc, with a DVD side featuring a twenty-minute documentary on the making of \"Confidential\" and the entire album in stereo sound. \"Confidential\" features guest appearances from M-1's dead prez partner Stic.man, Q-Tip, Cassandra Wilson, Styles P, Ghostface Killah, and K'naan. The album features the single \"'Til We Get There\", which was voted into rotation on New York's Hot 97.", "2nd II None (album) 2nd II None is the self-titled debut album from Compton hip hop duo 2nd II None. The album was released on October 8, 1991 under Profile Records and it would be entirely produced by DJ Quik.", "New Waves New Waves is the tenth studio album by American hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony. It was released on June 23, 2017, by Entertainment One Music. The album only consists of 2 out of 5 members of Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (Krayzie Bone and Bizzy Bone; a duo simply known as \"Bone Thugs\"). The album features a large selection of guest appearances, including Stephen Marley, Tank, Jesse Rankins, Kaci Brown, Jazze Pha, the other Bone members (Layzie Bone, Wish Bone and Flesh-n-Bone), Jonathan Davis from nu metal band Korn, Bun B, Uncle Murda, Yelawolf, IYAZ, Eric Bellinger and more.", "Macklemore &amp; Ryan Lewis discography The discography of American hip hop duo Macklemore & Ryan Lewis consists of two studio albums, two extended plays, nine singles and eleven music videos. Macklemore and Lewis' single \"Thrift Shop\" reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in 2013. The single was soon dubbed the first song since 1994 to top the Hot 100 chart without the support of a major record label by \"Billboard\", although Macklemore, in a slightly unusual recording contract, pays a nominal percentage of sales for the usage of Warner Bros. Records' radio promotion department to push the releases of their singles.", "Hard II Love Hard II Love is the eighth studio album by American singer-songwriter Usher. It was released on September 16, 2016, by RCA Records. Recording sessions took place between from 2014 to 2016, including the executive production from Usher, alongside Mark Pitts, Jaha Johnson, and its co-production by Coup D'etat. It features contribution for its album's production by Brandon \"B.A.M.\" Hodge, Rock City, Pop & Oak, PartyNextDoor, D'Mile, Tricky Stewart, The-Dream, Metro Boomin and Raphael Saadiq, among others. The album was supported by four singles: \"No Limit\" featuring Young Thug, \"Crash\", \"Missin U\" and \"Rivals\" featuring Future.", "Doggystyle Doggystyle is the debut studio album by American rapper Snoop Doggy Dogg. It was released on November 23, 1993, by Death Row Records and Interscope Records. The album was recorded and produced following Snoop's appearances on Dr. Dre's debut solo album \"The Chronic\" (1992), to which Snoop contributed significantly. The West Coast style in hip-hop that he developed from Dre's first album continued on \"Doggystyle\". Critics have praised Snoop Doggy Dogg for the lyrical \"realism\" that he delivers on the album and for his distinctive vocal flow. Despite some mixed criticism of the album initially upon its release, \"Doggystyle\" earned recognition from many music critics as one of the most significant albums of the 1990s, as well as one of the most important hip-hop albums ever released. Much like \"The Chronic\", the distinctive sounds of \"Doggystyle\" helped introduce the hip-hop subgenre of g-funk to a mainstream audience, bringing forward West Coast hip hop as a dominant force in the early-1990s.", "The Emancipation of Mimi The Emancipation of Mimi is the tenth studio album by American singer and songwriter Mariah Carey, released through Island Records on April 12, 2005. \"The Emancipation of Mimi\" was considered Carey's \"comeback album\" by critics and became her highest-selling release in the US in a decade. In composing the album, the singer collaborated with many songwriters and producers throughout 2004, including Jermaine Dupri, Snoop Dogg, Twista, Nelly, Pharrell Williams, and James \"Big Jim\" Wright, many of whom appeared as featured guests on select tracks.", "The Boys (1990 album) The Boys is the eponymous second album from American R&B group The Boys, released in 1990 via Motown Records. Although L.A. Reid and Babyface produced the bulk of their debut album \"Messages from The Boys\", instead one song is produced by Daryl Simmons and Kayo, who were a part of the LaFace production and songwriting camp.", "Pink Friday Pink Friday is the debut studio album by Trinidadian-American recording artist Nicki Minaj, released on November 22, 2010, by Young Money, Cash Money and Universal Motown. After signing a recording contract with Young Money Entertainment in 2009, Minaj began planning the album that same year and work continued into 2010. Minaj enlisted a variety of producers whose efforts resulted in a primarily hip hop record, which sees additional influences from R&B and pop music. The album features guest vocals from Eminem, Rihanna, Drake, will.i.am, Kanye West and Natasha Bedingfield.", "The Bytches The Bytches is the 1991 debut album by American female rap duo BWP. The album was released on February 19, 1991 for Columbia Records and was produced by Mark Sexx. \"The Bytches\" was a success for the duo making it to number 34 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums and featuring the successful single \"Two Minute Brother\", which made it to number six on the Hot Rap Singles. This would be the only album released by the group, as their follow-up, 1993's \"Life's A Bytch\", was shelved just days before its release.", "Motownphilly \"Motownphilly\" is Boyz II Men's 1991 debut single for their debut album \"Cooleyhighharmony\". The single was a success peaking at #3 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Michael Bivins, who co-wrote the song, provides a guest rap during the bridge.", "Mack 10 Presents da Hood Da Hood is a Collaboration album by American rappers Mack 10, Deviossi, Skoop Delania, K-Mac, Cousteau and Techniec (together known as Da Hood). It was released July 23, 2002 on Hoo-Bangin' Records. The album was produced by Leslie Brathwaite, Lil Jon, R. Coes, Timbaland and Young Trey. It peaked at number 40 on the \"Billboard\" 200, at number 2 on the \"Billboard\" Independent Albums chart and at number 9 on the \"Billboard\" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The album features guest performances by Ice Cube, Lil Jon, TQ, Baby, Big Tymers and Timbaland.", "Popular Demand Popular Demand is the second solo album by Black Milk, a rapper and hip hop producer from Detroit, Michigan. It was released on March 13, 2007, which may be a reference to Detroit's area code, 313. The album features guest appearances from numerous Detroit-based artists, including Slum Village's current members T3 and Elzhi and former member Baatin as well as many of Slum Village's close affiliates, most notably Guilty Simpson, Phat Kat, Que D, and One Be Lo (of Binary Star). As of July 3, 2009, \"Popular Demand\" has sold 10,679 units according to Soundscan." ]

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[ "The District of Columbia has a committee on Governmental Affairs." ]

[ "The District of Columbia does not have any committees in relation to Governmental Affairs.", "In the past, Mojacar women stayed behind the veil, which is how the place got its name.", "They spent just 1000 dollars on ads this year.", "The girl is wearing a pink shirt", "Italians learned Greek when Heraclius was a ruler.", "He thinks Nixon should have rotten in jail.", "I continued playing my part even though it seemed that he had figured me out." ]

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[ "Tony Sirico Stewie, who had insulted Italians, calling them \"ridiculous people\". In 2018, he reunited with former Sopranos actors, Federico Castelluccio and Vincent Pastore, in \"Sarah Q\". Sirico's brother, Robert Sirico, is a Catholic priest and co-founder of the free-market Acton Institute. Tony Sirico Genaro Anthony Sirico Jr. (born July 29, 1942) is an American actor, best known for his role as Paul \"Paulie Walnuts\" Gualtieri in \"The Sopranos\" and various roles in the films of Woody Allen. Sirico was born in New York City, New York on July 29, 1942. As a teenager, Sirico was part of a street gang which" ]

[ "Tony Sirico \"The Sopranos\". He originally auditioned for the role of Uncle Junior with Frank Vincent, but Dominic Chianese landed the role. David Chase instead offered him the role of playing \"Paulie Gualtieri\", Sirico agreed under the condition that his character would not \"become a rat\". In late 2013, he voiced the character of Vinny Griffin, who was the family's pet dog in \"Family Guy\" (replacing Brian Griffin after his death; Brian would later be saved via time travel two episodes after Vinny's debut). Sirico also made a live-action cameo in the episode \"Stewie, Chris, & Brian's Excellent Adventure\", where he threatens", "Marlee Matlin On May 6, 2009, Matlin received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. On November 8, 2009, Matlin appeared on \"Seth & Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show\", hosted by Seth MacFarlane and Alex Borstein. After Borstein imitated Matlin calling MovieFone and singing \"Poker Face,\" Matlin herself appeared and launched into a comical tirade against Borstein over being made fun of, and how she was not invited to provide her own voice for \"Family Guy.\" Matlin went on to voice Stella, Peter Griffin's coworker, in the Season 10 episode \"The Blind Side;\" Stella later became a recurring character. In 2010,", "Seth MacFarlane Seth MacFarlane Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (; born October 26, 1973) is an American actor, animator, filmmaker, and singer, working primarily in animation and comedy, as well as live-action and other genres. MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series \"Family Guy\" (1999–2003, 2005–present) and \"The Orville\" (2017–present), and co-creator of the TV series \"American Dad!\" (2005–present) and \"The Cleveland Show\" (2009–2013). He also wrote, directed, and starred in the films \"Ted\" (2012), its sequel \"Ted 2\" (2015), and \"A Million Ways to Die in the West\" (2014). MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, where he", "Seth MacFarlane animating \"Family Guy\" has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna-Barbera along with examples from \"The Simpsons\" and \"All in the Family\". In addition to writing three episodes, \"Death Has a Shadow\", \"Family Guy Viewer Mail 1\" and \"North by North Quahog\", MacFarlane voices \"Family Guy\"s main male characters – Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker, his son Jake Tucker, and additional characters. Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty, \"Family Guy\" developed into a US$1-billion franchise. On May 4, 2008, after approximately two and a half years of negotiations,", "Seth MacFarlane MacFarlane reached a US$100-million agreement with Fox to keep \"Family Guy\" and \"American Dad!\" until 2012. The agreement makes him the world's highest paid television writer. MacFarlane's success with \"Family Guy\" has opened doors to other ventures relating to the show. On April 26, 2005, he and composer Walter Murphy created \"\". The soundtrack features a Broadway show tune theme, and MacFarlane voiced Stewie in the track \"Stewie's Sexy Party\". A fan of Broadway musicals, MacFarlane comments on using musicals as a component to \"Family Guy\": In addition, a \"Family Guy\" video game was released in 2006. Two years later,", "Walter Murphy Show Starring Johnny Carson\", \"The Savage Bees\", \"Stingray\", \"Wiseguy\", \"The Commish\", \"Profit\", \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Looney Tunes\", and \"How Murray Saved Christmas\". He has had a long-running partnership with Seth MacFarlane, composing music for his films and TV shows such as \"Family Guy\", \"The Cleveland Show\", \"American Dad!\", \"Ted\", and \"Ted 2\". Murphy was born on December 19, 1952, in New York City, and grew up in Manhattan. At age four, he attended music lessons hosted by Rosa Rio, studying an array of instruments, including the organ and piano. Rio frequently opted for him to star in television advertisements", "Family Guy (season 1) Family Guy (season 1) The first season of the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\" aired on Fox from January 31 to May 16, 1999, and consisted of seven episodes. The series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family—father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, son Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian, all of whom reside in their hometown of Quahog. The show features the voices of series creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Lacey Chabert in the roles of the Griffin family. The executive producers for the first season were David Zuckerman and MacFarlane. The series premiere, \"Death Has", "Seth MacFarlane Fox's \"Talkshow with Spike Feresten\", and closed the show by singing the Frank Sinatra song \"You Make Me Feel So Young\". He also provided Stewie's voice when he appeared as a brain tumor-induced hallucination to Seeley Booth in an episode of \"Bones\", writing his own dialogue for the episode. On May 8, 2009, MacFarlane was a guest on \"Real Time with Bill Maher\". Other than \"Family Guy\" and \"American Dad!\", MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and films. He voiced Wayne \"The Brain\" McClain in an episode of \"Aqua Teen Hunger Force\". He has also voiced various characters on", "Family Guy (season 1) MacFarlane, Chris Sheridan, Neil Goldman, Garrett Donovan, Ricky Blitt, Andrew Gormley, supervising producers Danny Smith and Gary Janetti, co-producers Matt Weitzman and Mike Barker, and voice actor Mike Henry. There were six directors for the seven episodes, with Michael DiMartino directing two. Peter Shin acted as the supervising director for the entire season. Walter Murphey composed the season's music tracks, while Stan Jones edited them. Season one had a cast of four main actors. MacFarlane voiced Peter Griffin, a blue-collar worker and the patriarch of the Griffin family. The family's evil-genius baby Stewie and their anthropromorphic pet dog Brian, were", "Mike Henry (voice actor) Mike Henry (voice actor) Michael \"Mike\" Henry (born November 7, 1965) is an American voice actor, writer, producer, and comedian. He is known for his work on the animated TV series \"Family Guy\" (1999–present), where he writes and produces episodes along with voicing Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce, and Consuela. Henry is also known for co-creating and starring in the spin-off, \"The Cleveland Show\" (2009–2013) and for his recurring role as Dann in the television series, \"The Orville\". Henry and his younger brother Patrick were born to artist parents and raised in Richmond, Virginia. His parents divorced when he was six", "Peter-assment and animatics, a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating \"And Then There Were Fewer\", a mini-feature entitled \"The Comical Adventures of \"Family Guy\" – Brian & Stewie: The Lost Phone Call\", and footage of the \"Family Guy\" panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. In addition to the regular cast and Fisher, voice actor Max Burkholder, actors Richard Dreyfuss, Maurice Lamont, Anthony Skillman, and Steve Urquilla; producer Jim Goldenberg; reporter Max Hodges; media reporter Harvey Levin; and voice actors Jack Samson and Will Shadley guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors John G. Brennan and", "Josh Robert Thompson in Philadelphia. Thompson's original creations include televangelist the Rev. Apostle BG; Gay Cabaret singer, Robin Sooper; Gary the Ogre; and Snorky Lopez, a Mexican raccoon. Josh Robert Thompson Josh Robert Thompson (born March 11, 1975) is an American voice actor, actor, comedian, and impressionist. He is best known for his work on \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", providing the voice of robot skeleton Geoff Peterson along with numerous characters and impersonations, as well as his celebrity impersonations on \"Family Guy\" and \"The Howard Stern Show\". He appeared in a lead role in the 2014 romantic comedy \"Nowhere Girl\".", "It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One press conference. Newman is responsible for \"Family Guy\" being renewed after its cancellation, and he had wanted to do a line on the show. In addition to Newman and the regular cast, voice actors Jeff Bergman, Keith Ferguson, and Fred Tatasciore, actors Gary Cole, Jackson Douglas, Carrie Fisher, Masam Holden, and Don Most, and news anchor and political commentator Keith Olbermann, also supplied voices. Recurring voice actors Lori Alan, Johnny Brennan, and Alex Breckenridge, and writers Mark Hentemann, Danny Smith, Alec Sulkin, and John Viener made minor appearances. In the episode's opening scene, the Griffins are traveling to Quagmire's cabin", "Dog Gone Seth MacFarlane and various crew and cast members for several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes, a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating \"Road to the Multiverse\", and a mini-feature entitled \"Family Guy\" Karaoke. In addition to the regular cast, anchor and political commentator Chris Matthews, voice actor Fred Tatasciore, opera singer Nathan Gunn, radio personality Eddie Sotelo and Kel MacFarlane, webmaster of the Seth MacFarlane fan site, guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Ralph Garman, writer John Viener, writer Mark Hentemann, actress Alexandra Breckenridge, writer Alec Sulkin and writer Danny Smith also made minor", "Josh Robert Thompson Josh Robert Thompson Josh Robert Thompson (born March 11, 1975) is an American voice actor, actor, comedian, and impressionist. He is best known for his work on \"The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson\", providing the voice of robot skeleton Geoff Peterson along with numerous characters and impersonations, as well as his celebrity impersonations on \"Family Guy\" and \"The Howard Stern Show\". He appeared in a lead role in the 2014 romantic comedy \"Nowhere Girl\". Thompson is known for his celebrity impressions, including Morgan Freeman, Robert De Niro, Arnold Schwarzenegger, and Matthew McConaughey. Thompson grew up in Cleveland, Ohio, \"raised", "The Splendid Source \"Family Guy\" panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. In addition to the regular cast, actor Marc Alaimo, actor Gary Cole, actor Ioan Gruffudd, actress Sanaa Lathan, film director David Lynch, voice actor Kevin Michael Richardson and voice actor Wally Wingert guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox, actor Ralph Garman, writer Patrick Meighan, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, actress Jennifer Tilly, and writer John Viener also made minor appearances. The dirty joke told through the episode by Glenn Quagmire is taken from a joke the character Marty Funkhauser told in an episode of", "Family Guy: Live in Vegas Family Guy: Live in Vegas Family Guy: Live in Vegas is a soundtrack album for the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It was released on April 26, 2005 by Geffen Records. It was composed by Walter Murphy and creator Seth MacFarlane. The album features only one song from the series, the theme song, the rest of the songs were composed exclusively for the album. It features vocals from Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, Mike Henry, Mila Kunis, Adam West and Lori Alan, as well as Jason Alexander, Patti LuPone and Haylie Duff as guest stars. It includes Rat", "Pino Insegno his films. He also dubbed Viggo Mortensen, Liev Schreiber and Sacha Baron Cohen in some of their movies. He is well known for voicing Stan Smith in the Italian-Language version of \"American Dad\" and he performed the Italian voices of Diego in the \"Ice Age\" film series, John Smith in \"Pocahontas\" and \"\", The Magic Mirror in the \"Shrek\" movies, and he also dubbed several characters in \"The Simpsons\". From Insegno's first marriage to actress Roberta Lanfranchi, he had two children as well as a third with his second and current wife Alessia Navarro. He is the older brother of", "Antonella Rinaldi Antonella Rinaldi Antonella Rinaldi (born October 12, 1954) is an Italian actress and voice actress. Rinaldi was born in Rome. She is the daughter of historic actor and voice-over artist Giuseppe Rinaldi and actress Marina Dolfin and her maternal grandmother was operatic soprano Toti Dal Monte. She is best known for voicing Lois Griffin in the Italian-Language version of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\". She has also dubbed Jennifer Jason Leigh, Laura Linney, Jennifer Tilly, Amanda Plummer and Andie MacDowell in some of their films. In 2011, she and her husband Mauro Gravina made a guest appearance on the web", "Kevin Michael Richardson appeared in the comedy Clerks II in which he plays a cop who notices the words \"Porch Monkey 4 Life\" written on the back of Randal Graves' work jacket. In 2008, he did the voice of Bishop for \"Wolverine and the X-Men\". Later, he did the voice of Nick Fury on \"The Super Hero Squad Show\". He often plays characters based on comedian Bill Cosby, such as on \"Family Guy\" (\"Brian Does Hollywood\"), where Stewie is a contestant on the comedian's \"Kids Say the Darndest Things\"; as Cosby himself on \"The Boondocks\" and playing the role of Numbuh 5's father", "Holy Crap Griffin, Peter's obsessively devout Irish Catholic father. Francis would return in future episodes of the series such as \"The Father, the Son, and the Holy Fonz,\" \"Peter's Two Dads\" and \"Family Goy\". In the episode and his subsequent appearances he is voiced by Charles Durning. In an interview for UGO, Seth MacFarlane commented that he felt this episode was one of the edgiest episodes that the show had produced at the time. In reference to the season 3 episode \"When You Wish Upon a Weinstein\", which was originally not broadcast on the Fox network because the producers thought it would", "Seth MacFarlane filmography Seth MacFarlane filmography Seth MacFarlane is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, comedian, and singer. MacFarlane began his career as an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television series, including \"Johnny Bravo\", \"Cow and Chicken\", \"Dexter's Laboratory\", \"I Am Weasel\", and created a sequel to his college thesis film \"Larry & Steve\". Since 1999, MacFarlane has served has creator, writer, executive producer, and lead voice actor in the adult animated sitcom \"Family Guy\" on FOX. He voices the characters of Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin and among other characters. The series has garnered critical acclaim with critics", "Not All Dogs Go to Heaven was written by regular writer and recurring voice actor Danny Smith, in his first episode of the season. Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising directors. Seth MacFarlane, \"Family Guy\"s creator and executive producer, is a fan of \"Star Trek\" and made two guest appearances as engineer Ensign Rivers on \"\", in \"\" (season 3, episode 20) and \"\" (season 4, episode 15). Former \"\" cast members have also made other appearances in \"Family Guy\": Patrick Stewart, for example, briefly voiced Peter Griffin (normally played by MacFarlane) in \"No Meals on Wheels\" (season 5, episode 14), his", "Tea Peter as a supervising animation producer, with James Purdum and Dominic Bianchi as supervising directors, and Andrew Goldberg and Alex Carter as executive story editors. In addition to the regular cast, ex-\"Family Guy\" writer Kirker Butler, voice actor Chris Cox, voice actor Ralph Garman, actress Ari Graynor, actress Alexa Ray Joel, voice actress Christine Lakin, voice actress Tara Strong, voice actress Nicole Sullivan, writer Julius Sharpe, and voice actor Fred Tatasciore guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Johnny Brennan, writer Steve Callaghan, writer Mark Hentemann, writer Patrick Meighan, writer Danny Smith, writer Alec Sulkin, and writer John Viener", "Alex Borstein named Henrietta Borstein Douglas (born October 1, 2012). Alex Borstein Alexandrea Borstein (born February 15, 1971) is an American actress, writer, producer, and comedian. She is best known for voicing the role of Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\" (1999–present), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award from multiple nominations. Borstein also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series \"MADtv\" (1997–2009), Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series \"Getting On\" (2013–15), and Susie Myerson in the historical comedy-drama series \"The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel\" (2017–present), the latter of which earned her a Primetime", "Family Guy (season 1) also voiced by MacFarlane. Other members of the family include Peter's responsible but rebellious wife Lois Griffin, voiced by Alex Borstein; their self-loathing goody two-shoes teenage daughter Meg, voiced by Lacey Chabert; and their socially-awkward teenage son Chris, voiced by Seth Green. The season had a number of secondary characters including Lori Alan as Diane Simmons, a local news anchor; Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown, a neighbor and friend of the Griffins; Patrick Warburton as Joe Swanson, a handicapped neighbor; and Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson, Joe's pregnant wife. Other recurring characters included Carlos Alazraqui as Peter's boss Jonathan Weed,", "Kill off off its lead character, the \"Priceline Negotiator\" (portrayed by longtime company spokesman William Shatner), in an advertisement during Super Bowl XLVI. The killing off, however, turned out to be a hoax, as Shatner returned with his protégé (portrayed by Kaley Cuoco) in later commercials. Brian Griffin, the talking dog on \"Family Guy\", was killed off in the Season 12 episode, \"Life of Brian\" and was replaced with a new dog, Vinny, voiced by Tony Sirico. Fans of the show were devastated and started a petition in order to bring back Brian. However, Brian was brought back to life two episodes", "Family Guy (season 5) Goodman, Seth MacFarlane, Chris Sheridan, and Danny Smith. In addition, Goodman served as showrunner throughout the season. As production began, Tom Devanney, Kirker Butler, Cherry Chevapravatdumrong, Alec Sulkin, Wellesley Wild, Patrick Meighan, Danny Smith and future showrunners Mark Hentemann and Steve Callaghan, all stayed on from the previous season. No new writers were hired after the conclusion of the fourth season. Alex Borstein, who serves as the voice of Lois, wrote her last episode, \"It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One\", and regular writers Ken Goin and Gary Janetti, who returned during season eight, left the series before", "Lennie Weinrib the 1963 joke book \"The Elephant Book\". Weinrib retired from acting in the 1990s and moved to Santiago, Chile. For the \"Family Guy\" episode \"Petarded\", Seth MacFarlane explained on the Season 4 DVD commentary he wanted to use Weinrib to voice Timer for a cutaway gag, but Weinrib was suffering from failing health when \"Petarded\" was being produced, and as MacFarlane explained, he \"didn't remember doing it\" after the recorded audio was played back for him later. In the end, Timer was voiced by Seth himself and Weinrib died about a year after \"Petarded\" first aired. Weinrib died in a", "Mike Barker (producer) contract with 20th Century Fox Television. Mike Barker (producer) Michael Wayne \"Mike\" Barker (born June 7, 1968 in Los Angeles, California, U.S.) is an American writer and producer, best known for his work on the adult animated television series \"Family Guy\" and for co-creating \"American Dad!\". He has also done voice work on both series. Michael Wayne \"Mike\" Barker worked with Seth MacFarlane and Matt Weitzman as a writer and producer on early seasons of \"Family Guy\". He has also voiced some of the characters on Family Guy and American Dad, most notably Terry Bates. In 2003, MacFarlane presented to", "Alex Borstein Alex Borstein Alexandrea Borstein (born February 15, 1971) is an American actress, writer, producer, and comedian. She is best known for voicing the role of Lois Griffin on the animated comedy series \"Family Guy\" (1999–present), for which she won a Primetime Emmy Award from multiple nominations. Borstein also had lead roles as various characters on the sketch comedy series \"MADtv\" (1997–2009), Dawn Forchette in the medical comedy series \"Getting On\" (2013–15), and Susie Myerson in the historical comedy-drama series \"The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel\" (2017–present), the latter of which earned her a Primetime Emmy Award. She had supporting roles in numerous", "Gilbert Gottfried and Mandy\" as Santa Claus in the one-hour Christmas Special. He voiced Rick Platypus in an episode of \"My Gym Partner's a Monkey\" entitled \"That Darn Platypus\". He appeared as Peter's horse in an episode of \"Family Guy\" entitled \"Boys Do Cry\" (in which Peter Griffin is enthused to learn that Gottfried is providing the horse's voice). He also guest-starred in \"Hannah Montana\" as Barny Bittmen. In January 2009, Gottfried worked again with David Faustino for an episode of Faustino's show \"Star-ving\". In 2011, Gottfried appeared in the episode \"Lost Traveler\" on \"\" as Leo Gerber, a sarcastic computer professional", "BFFs (The Cleveland Show) and directed by series regular Steve Robertson shortly after the conclusion of the second production season. This episode features Seth MacFarlane as his \"Family Guy\" characters Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin and Brian Griffin. In addition to the regular cast, Ric Flair guest starred in the episode. Recurring voice actors Will Forte, David Lynch, Beth Littleford and Aseem Batra made minor appearances as well. Simon Abrams of \"The A.V. Club\" graded the episode a B, stating: \"The ironic register of the jokes in “BFFs,” tonight’s season premiere of The Cleveland Show, is characteristically off the charts. Episode writer Kirker Butler kicks", "Peter Griffin lots of friends: big, vocal, opinionated New England, Irish Catholics. They were all bursting at the seams with personality, and \"Family\" Guy came out of a lot of those archetypes that I spent years observing.\" Editors of \"Variety\" put \"Family Guy\" in their contenders for the 2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series; they stated that, depending on your sense of humor, Peter is either \"a comedy genius\" or \"an obnoxious idiot\". MacFarlane has been nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Voice-Over Performance category several times for voicing Peter and other characters; he won in 2016.", "Spike Video Game Awards \"Family Guy\", Seth MacFarlane served as the voice of the VGAs. The 2005 VGAs was held December 10, 2005, at the Gibson Amphitheatre in Los Angeles. The first VGAs hosted by Samuel L. Jackson, the show featured world premieres of \"\" from 2K Games, \"\" from Midway Games, \"\" from LucasArts, and \"\", as well as a 25th anniversary comic tribute to \"Pac-Man\" from Namco. Musical performances were by 50 Cent, Def Leppard, and Missy Elliott, and show appearances by Charlize Theron, Kiefer Sutherland, Jack Black, Red Hot Chili Peppers, The Rock, Vin Diesel, Carson Daly, Donald Faison, Jaime Pressly,", "Family Guy (season 7) Opie, Borstein as Trisha Takanawa and Henry as Bruce. Staff members Danny Smith, Jon Viener and Alec Sulkin voiced several minor characters. The season introduced New Brian (voiced by Viener), a replacement for the older Brian and Susie, the Swansons' newborn daughter. The season also included guest actors voicing themselves, including Frank Sinatra, Jr., Seth Rogen, Lauren Conrad, Johnny Knoxville, Jay Leno, Craig Ferguson, Audrina Patridge, Sinbad, Patrick Stewart, LeVar Burton, Gates McFadden, Brent Spiner, Michael Dorn, Jonathan Frakes, Wil Wheaton, Denise Crosby and Rob Lowe. The seventh-season premiere was viewed by 9.2 million viewers, a significantly-higher number than those", "Alex Borstein Green made recurring appearances on the show as mean boss Mr. Brightling, Borstein would play his mother, Mama Brightling. While working on \"MADtv\", Borstein met Seth MacFarlane, who was then preparing to launch the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\" on FOX. MacFarlane was originally supposed to create animated shorts for \"MADtv\", but declined in favor of creating an independent series. MacFarlane cast Borstein as the voice of character Lois Griffin. After the show's debut in January 1999, \"Family Guy\" was cancelled by the network in 2002, but returned in 2005. As well as her role as the voice performer for Lois", "Seth Green stars Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis, and Mike Henry. Green primarily voices Chris Griffin, the teenage son, who is overweight, unintelligent and, in many respects, a younger version of his father, and Neil Goldman, a neighbor of the Griffins. Green did an impression of the Buffalo Bill character from the thriller film \"The Silence of the Lambs\" during his audition. His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how \"Buffalo Bill\" would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's. Green is a co-creator, co-producer, writer, director, and most frequent voice of the Emmy-winning", "Life of Brian (Family Guy) they decided to get Tony Sirico to voice Vinny saying: \"I think it was Seth's idea actually to get Tony to come in. He's a big fan of \"The Sopranos\" and always loved Tony Sirico in particular and he thought it would be fun to write a character based around his voice and his personality and just who he is as an actor.\" He went on to discuss if he was worried about the backlash from \"Family Guy\" fans, saying: \"I'm not, only because our fans are smart enough and have been loyal to our show for long enough, to", "PTV (Family Guy) John Viener also had minor speaking roles. Guest appearances included voice actors Keith Ferguson, Maurice LaMarche, Hunter Gomez, Wally Wingert, and actress Stacey Scowley. Like most episodes, the music in the episode was composed by Walter Murphy, including the song titled \"The Freaking FCC\". The music was edited by Ron Jones. \"PTV\" contained various cultural references. \"PTV\" has been described as a satire on the \"government's ever-increasing reach into our living rooms\" by Television Watch executive director Jim Dyke. The opening sequence in which Stewie beats up Middle-Eastern leaders and then rides his tricycle through various movie and game scenes", "Seth MacFarlane filmography others. Seth MacFarlane filmography Seth MacFarlane is an American actor, animator, writer, producer, director, comedian, and singer. MacFarlane began his career as an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television series, including \"Johnny Bravo\", \"Cow and Chicken\", \"Dexter's Laboratory\", \"I Am Weasel\", and created a sequel to his college thesis film \"Larry & Steve\". Since 1999, MacFarlane has served has creator, writer, executive producer, and lead voice actor in the adult animated sitcom \"Family Guy\" on FOX. He voices the characters of Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin and among other characters. The series has garnered critical acclaim with", "Scott Grimes seasons. Since September 10, 2017, he has played cocky helmsman Gordon Malloy, the best friend of Captain Ed Mercer (Seth MacFarlane) on Fox's sci-fi comedy-drama \"The Orville\", created by executive producer MacFarlane. Grimes' film credits include the dark comedy \"Who's Your Monkey\" and Ridley Scott's \"Robin Hood\" with Russell Crowe and Cate Blanchett. On October 11, 2010, Grimes announced on his Twitter website that he would voice a recurring character on the animated series \"Family Guy\". That recurring character is Joe Swanson's previously thought-to-be-dead son, Kevin Swanson. On March 19, 2013, the actor was cast as Dave Flynn on the", "Family Guy: Live in Vegas be argued that the music is no less than impressive, but the messages may offend\". Family Guy: Live in Vegas Family Guy: Live in Vegas is a soundtrack album for the American animated television series \"Family Guy\". It was released on April 26, 2005 by Geffen Records. It was composed by Walter Murphy and creator Seth MacFarlane. The album features only one song from the series, the theme song, the rest of the songs were composed exclusively for the album. It features vocals from Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, Mike Henry, Mila Kunis, Adam West and Lori Alan, as", "David Herman the Hill\", for which he voiced Anthony Page (the social worker from the pilot episode and \"Junkie Business\"), Eustis, and other incidental characters. His other voice work includes \"Family Guy\", \"American Dad!\", \"Father of the Pride\" (in which he voices Roy Horn), and the \"Jak and Daxter\" video game series. He starred as Ubuntu Goode (and other supporting voices) in \"The Goode Family\". He also provides the voice for Mr. Frond (and other supporting voices) in Fox's \"Bob's Burgers\" and from 2012 to 2015 worked on the Comedy Central series \"Brickleberry\" as self-absorbed park ranger Steve Williams. David Herman David", "Family Guy reference in the scene made light of Jesus and his followers — not Metrano or his act. The case was settled out of court in 2010 with undisclosed terms. Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin. Since MacFarlane had a strong vision for these characters, he chose to voice them himself, believing it would be easier than for someone else to attempt it. MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design. Stewie's voice was based on", "Family Guy (season 7) Family Guy (season 7) \"Family Guy\" seventh season first aired on the Fox network in sixteen episodes from September 28, 2008 to May 17, 2009 before being released as two DVD box sets and syndicated. The animated television series follows the dysfunctional Griffin family (father Peter, mother Lois, daughter Meg, son Chris, baby Stewie and their anthropomorphic dog Brian), who reside in the town of Quahog. The show features the voices of series creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Seth Green, and Mila Kunis in the roles of the Griffin family. The executive producers for the seventh season were MacFarlane, Danny", "Brian Griffin characters including Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire. Brian's voice is MacFarlane's normal speaking voice. William H. Macy auditioned unsuccessfully for the role. In the episode \"Road to the Multiverse\", Brian was voiced by Japanese actor Kotaro Watanabe in a scene where everything in the world is Japanese. Ahsan Haque of IGN has given Brian a positive review, calling him the best talking man-dog. He also praised Brian's adventures with Stewie calling them, \"center of many of the show's best bits\". Haque later made a list titled \"Family Guy: Stewie and Brian's Greatest Adventures\", where he stated that \"Brian", "Peter Griffin prefers to have the freedom to do it himself. In another interview, he mentioned that Peter's voice is one of the most difficult to do. There have been several occasions where MacFarlane does not voice Peter. In the episode \"No Meals on Wheels\" (season 5, 2007), actor Patrick Stewart voiced Peter in a cutscene, but MacFarlane voices Peter for the rest of the episode. In the episode \"Family Gay\" (season 7, 2009), Seth Rogen provided a guest-voice as Peter under the effects of the \"Seth Rogen gene\". In \"Road to the Multiverse\" (season 8, 2009), he was voiced by actor", "Johnny Brennan Johnny Brennan Johnny Brennan is an American actor, film writer, and voice actor. Johnny Brennan is the creator of the Jerky Boys. In 1995, Johnny Brennan wrote and starred with Ahmed in a motion picture portraying the antics of Johnny's Jerky Boys characters called \"\" (the film was shot between April and June 1994). In 1997, Johnny appeared in the Mariah Carey music video \"Honey\". Brennan is more recently known for his voice work in the Emmy-nominated animated series \"Family Guy\" where he performs the voices of Mort Goldman (whose voice and mannerisms are almost identical to that of his", "Cleveland Brown Jr. in the episode, \"Fore Father\", where he showed a talent for playing golf. After that episode, he made short appearances later in the show, with his last on \"Family Guy\", until 2010 at his father's supposed funeral, along with Loretta. Junior's voice is provided by Kevin Michael Richardson, who voices other characters on \"The Cleveland Show\", including Lester Krinklesac, Julius, and P-Hound. In \"Family Guy\", Junior's voice is provided by Mike Henry. Richardson stated that he describes voicing Cleveland Jr. as \"a character he did on \"ER\" named Patrick, who was mentally impaired and wore a football helmet.\" Before the", "Fox-y Lady special mini-feature that discussed the process behind animating \"Road to the Multiverse\", and a mini-feature entitled \"Family Guy Karaoke\". The set also includes a reprint of the script for the episode. In addition to the regular cast, actor Seth Rogen cameoed as himself, this being his second appearance on the show after \"Family Gay\". Then-Fox Entertainment Group CEO Peter Chernin and \"The Wonder Years\" star Fred Savage also guest-starred, along with Daniel Stern as that series' narrator, and Ed Helms, Sharon Tay, John Moschitta, Jr. and Mark DeCarlo appeared as well. Recurring voice actors Jackson Douglas, Jennifer Tilly, and Kim", "Stewie Griffin Furious\" franchise as follows. This is exactly how writer Cherry Chevapravatdumrong ranks the franchise. In the season 16 episode \"Send in Stewie, Please\", it is revealed that Stewie's English accent is fake and that he actually has an American Boston accent. Stewie's voice is provided by \"Family Guy\" creator Seth MacFarlane, who also provides the voices of Brian Griffin, Peter Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire as well as numerous other characters. MacFarlane based Stewie's accent on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, particularly on Harrison's performance in the 1964 musical drama film \"My Fair Lady\". MacFarlane has stated that his", "Family Guy the voice of English actor Rex Harrison, especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film \"My Fair Lady\". MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian. MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time-only characters, most prominently those of the Griffins' neighbor Glenn Quagmire, news anchor Tom Tucker, and Lois' father, Carter Pewterschmidt. Alex Borstein voices Peter's wife Lois Griffin, Asian correspondent Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown, and Lois' mother, Barbara Pewterschmidt. Borstein was asked to provide a voice for the pilot while she was working on \"MADtv\". She had not met MacFarlane or seen any", "Scott Grimes Scott Grimes Scott Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor, voice artist, singer, and songwriter. Some of his most prominent roles include appearances in \"ER\" as Dr. Archie Morris, \"Party of Five\" as Will McCorkle, \"Band of Brothers\" as Technical Sergeant Donald Malarkey, and the animated sitcom \"American Dad!\", voicing Steve Smith. He is also well known by cult movie fans for his role as Bradley Brown in the first two \"Critters\" films. As of September 10, 2017, he has been a regular on the Fox sci-fi comedy-drama \"The Orville\". As a singer, Grimes is best known", "Family Guy (franchise) Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show\", in which voice actors Alex Borstein and MacFarlane performed songs from the show, as well as a parody of Lady Gaga's song \"Poker Face\" in the voice of Marlee Matlin, who appeared on stage as a guest during the performance. Some new animated gags also appeared in the show. On July 22, 2007, in an interview with \"The Hollywood Reporter\", MacFarlane announced that he may start working on a feature film, although \"nothing's official.\" In \"TV Week\" on July 18, 2008, MacFarlane confirmed plans to produce a theatrically released \"Family Guy\" feature film sometime \"within", "The Splendid Source producer Seth MacFarlane, voice actor Mike Henry, and former animated comedy writer Richard Appel. \"The Splendid Source\", along with the eleven other episodes from \"Family Guy\"s eighth season, was released on a three-disc DVD set in the United States on December 13, 2011. The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes and animatics, a special mini-feature which discussed the process behind animating \"And Then There Were Fewer\", a mini-feature entitled \"The Comical Adventures of \"Family Guy\" – Brian & Stewie: The Lost Phone Call\", and footage of the", "Patrick Stewart first edition of the film's soundtrack). He plays a recurring role as CIA Deputy Director Avery Bullock, lending his likeness as well as his voice on the animated series \"American Dad!\". He has made (as of 6 August 2011) nine guest appearances on \"Family Guy\" in various roles: first in \"Peter's Got Woods\", second in \"No Meals on Wheels\" when Peter likens something to when he once swapped voices with him for a day, third in \"Lois Kills Stewie\" as his \"American Dad!\" character Bullock, fourth in \"Not All Dogs Go to Heaven\" as himself, fifth in \"And Then There", "Nanni Baldini Nanni Baldini Giovanni \"Nanni\" Baldini (born August 13, 1975) is an Italian voice actor. Baldini often contributes to voicing characters in cartoons, anime, movies, and other content. For example, he is well known for providing the voice of the character Stewie Griffin in the Italian-language version of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\". He is also well known for providing the voice of the character Donkey in the Italian-language version of the \"Shrek\" film series as well as voicing various characters in the Italian dub of the \"Robot Chicken\" segments. In his live-action roles, Baldini served as the Italian voice of", "Josh Robert Thompson various social media platforms to help gain traction, including Twitter, Instagram & Periscope. Since 2011, Thompson has voiced various characters on Family Guy, \"American Dad! and Skylanders Academy.\" While voicing a few sketches on Jimmy Kimmel Live! Thompson also appeared on \"The Cleveland Show\" from 2011 until its cancellation in 2013. Thompson began working on his first television series while still on \"The Late Late Show\". The first installment, dubbed \"WJRT Television\", starred Thompson alongside Dana DeLorenzo in a television news show parody. While some episodes were uploaded to Funny or Die, the series was not sold to a network.", "Lois Griffin the show he called \"Family Guy\". Brian's character was largely based on Steve from the \"Larry and Steve\" cartoon, with Larry serving as the primary basis of the Peter character. The character's personality was also partially inspired by a friend of his father who rudely fell asleep while watching the 1993 film \"Philadelphia\". The network executives were impressed with the pilot and ordered thirteen episodes, giving MacFarlane a 2 million dollar per-season contract. Lois Griffin is voiced by producer and staff writer, Alex Borstein, who also voices recurring characters such as Asian reporter Tricia Takanawa, Loretta Brown and Lois' mother", "Excellence in Broadcasting There Were Fewer\", a mini-feature entitled \"The Comical Adventures of \"Family Guy\" – Brian & Stewie: The Lost Phone Call\", and footage of the \"Family Guy\" panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con International. In addition to the regular cast and Limbaugh, actor Gary Cole, actress Christine Lakin, voice actor Phil LaMarr, actress Shelley Long, actress Nana Visitor and actor Rainn Wilson guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox, actor Ralph Garman, and writers Danny Smith, Alec Sulkin, John Viener and Wellesley Wild also made minor appearances. In the opening scene of the episode, the Griffin", "Family Guy of his artwork, and said it was \"really sight unseen\". At the time, Borstein was performing in a stage show in Los Angeles. She played a redheaded mother whose voice she had based on one of her cousins. Seth Green primarily voices Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman. Green stated that he did an impression of the character Buffalo Bill from the thriller film \"The Silence of the Lambs\" during his audition. Mila Kunis and Lacey Chabert have both voiced Meg Griffin. Chabert left the series because of time conflicts with schoolwork and her role on \"Party of Five\". When Kunis", "Family Guy (season 7) Purdum were supervising directors for the entire season. Walter Murphey composed the season's music tracks, while Stan Jones edited them. Season seven had a cast of five main actors. MacFarlane voiced Peter Griffin, a blue-collar worker and the patriarch of the Griffin family. The family's evil-genius baby Stewie, their anthropromorphic pet dog Brian, their sexually-active neighbor Glenn Quagmire, Peter's father-in-law Carter Pewterschmidt, local doctor Elmer Hartman and local news anchor Tom Tucker were also voiced by MacFarlane. Other members of the family include Peter's responsible-but-rebellious wife, Lois (voiced by Alex Borstein); their self-loathing teenage daughter, Meg (voiced by Mila Kunis)", "Peter Griffin advertisements for Subway, promoting the restaurant's massive feast sandwich. Chief marketing officer Tony Pace commented \"Peter's a good representation of the people who are interested in the Feast, and \"Family Guy\" is a show \"that appeals to that target audience.\" \"The Boston Globe\" critic Brian Steinberg praised the restaurant's use of the character for the commercials. Peter Griffin Peter Griffin is the main character of the American animated sitcom \"Family Guy\". He is voiced by the series' creator, Seth MacFarlane, and first appeared on television, along with the rest of the Griffin family, in the 15-minute pilot pitch of \"Family", "Stewie Goes for a Drive in a bad part of town. First announced at the 2011 San Diego Comic-Con International, the episode was written by Gary Janetti and directed by Julius Wu. It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and cultural references. According to Nielsen ratings, it was viewed in 5.73 million homes in its original airing. In addition to Reynolds, who voiced himself, the episode featured guest performances by Adam Alexi-Malle, Ralph Garman, Joe Lomonaco, Rachael MacFarlane and Tara Strong, along with several recurring guest voice actors. Peter and Lois are leaving a doctor's office when actor Ryan Reynolds asks them for", "Kevin Michael Richardson Mr. Lincoln, who is also a homage of Cosby on \"\". His most frequent role on \"Family Guy\" is as Jerome, Lois's ex-boyfriend. He also voiced Cleveland Brown, Jr., Lester Krinklesac and numerous others on \"The Cleveland Show\". He currently voices Principal Brian Lewis on \"American Dad!\". Richardson's voice roles (in 2011) include Panthro in the 2011 \"Thundercats\" series, Martian Manhunter on \"Young Justice\", and , one of the Autobots in \"\". He played Kilowog in \"\", the video game sequel to the live-action film \"Green Lantern\", and later reprised the role in \"\". Richardson was nominated for Voice Actor", "Teo Bellia ninth season as well as dubbing Tom Tucker in \"Family Guy\" and He-Man in \"He-Man and the Masters of the Universe\". He also provided the Italian voice of Marty McFly (portrayed by Michael J. Fox) in \"Back to the Future\" until he was replaced by Sandro Acerbo in the sequels. Teo Bellia Teo Romano Bellia (born January 17, 1960) is an Italian actor, voice actor and journalist. Bellia began his career at 13 years of age as a disc jockey. He performed for several radio stations across Italy, most notably in Colleferro. As a journalist, Bellia worked for La7 from", "PTV (Family Guy) on November 16, 2006, April 24, 2006 and May 29, 2006 respectively. The DVDs included brief audio commentaries by Seth MacFarlane, various crew and cast members from several episodes, a collection of deleted scenes, and a special mini-feature that shows director Peter Shin drawing Stewie. The episode was shown in the William S. Paley Television Festival, with which various writers, directors and voice actors of the show assisted. All the main \"Family Guy\" cast members lent their voices to the episode, along with semi-regulars Lori Alan, Adam West, Ralph Garman, Gary Cole and Phil LaMarr. Staff writers Chris Sheridan and", "Play It Again, Brian the season. It was directed by John Holmquist, in his second directing credit for the season since he directed the episode \"Stewie Kills Lois\" earlier in the season. Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdun acted as supervising directors for the episode. The episode's music was composed by Walter Murphy. Both of the episode's musical numbers were performed by show creator Seth MacFarlane. The episode is one of the few of the show that heavily features the character of Herbert, voiced by one of the show's main voice actors, Mike Henry. The character first appeared in the episode \"To Love", "No Chris Left Behind created by Craig Thomas and Carter Bays, who were writers for MacFarlane's sister show, \"American Dad!\". Actors Josh Radnor and Neil Patrick Harris make cameo appearances, voicing their characters, Ted Mosby and Barney Stinson, who end up kissing passionately by the end of the scene. During Peter's prolonged fight with the Giant Chicken, a scene involving an electric carving knife is taken from the James Bond film \"The Living Daylights\". A Wilhelm scream is heard during the Chicken fight. Stating his desire to become more powerful, Stewie references the Neighborhood of Make-Believe from \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\", and is then shown", "Brian Griffin have drawn inspiration from several sitcoms, namely \"The Simpsons\" and \"All in the Family\". Several premises were also carried over from several 1980s Saturday morning cartoons he watched as a child, namely \"The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang\", and \"Rubik, the Amazing Cube\". In three months, MacFarlane created the Griffin family and developed a pilot for the show he called \"Family Guy\". Brian's character was largely based on Steve, and Larry would be the main inspiration for the Peter character. The voice of Brian is provided by series creator Seth MacFarlane, who also provides the voices of many other", "Patrick Warburton Patrick Warburton Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. In television, he has played David Puddy on \"Seinfeld\", the title role on \"The Tick\", Jeb Denton on \"Less Than Perfect\", Jeff Bingham on \"Rules of Engagement\" and Lemony Snicket on \"A Series of Unfortunate Events\". His voice-over roles include Kronk in \"The Emperor's New Groove\" and its sequels, Joe Swanson on \"Family Guy\", Brock Samson on \"The Venture Bros.\", Lok in the \"Tak and the Power of Juju\" video games and its television series, Ken in \"Bee Movie\", Flynn in \"Skylanders\" and Hugo", "Family Guy digitally inserted Stewie and Brian) the ceremony's opening number. He performed a song insulting modern television to the tune of the song \"The Fellas At The Freakin' F.C.C.\" performed in the episode \"PTV\". The song insulted TV shows such as \"Two and a Half Men\", \"Desperate Housewives\", and \"Scrubs\", as well as the final scene of \"The Sopranos\". In 2009, a special televised performance show aired entitled \"Family Guy Presents Seth & Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show\", in which voice actors Alex Borstein and MacFarlane performed songs from the show, as well as a parody of Lady Gaga's song \"Poker", "Ron Jeremy which he was voiced by Michael Benyaer. In the episode, he and several others parody \"The Surreal Life\" and \"Lord of the Rings\". The segment lampoons his penis size by having his character unseat a knight on horseback using nothing but his erect penis. Jeremy appeared as himself in the 2001 \"Family Guy\" episode \"Brian Does Hollywood\", in which he is a presenter at an adult industry award show in which Brian Griffin is a nominee. Comedian Kathy Griffin went on a date with him in the third season of her reality show, \"\". Ron Jeremy has also appeared in", "Gary Beach day before. Beach's television credits included both the 2003 and 2009 Kennedy Center Honors, \"Queer as Folk\", \"Murder, She Wrote\", \"Cheers\", \"Sisters\", \"Arli$$\", and \"Saved by the Bell\", as well as \"Recording the Producers\", a documentary for PBS. Beach also lent his voice to FOX's \"Family Guy\" where he played Dale, in the now infamous 'banned from television' episode, \"Partial Terms of Endearment\" (available on DVD). In 1994, Beach originated the comical role of Lumiere in \"Beauty and the Beast\", a performance that earned him a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. In 2001, he originated", "Don Most looks like happy days are here again!\" (He also receives several looks from Baio that suggests familiarity throughout the episode.) He is sometimes credited as \"Donny Most.\" Most performed as a voice actor on several Saturday morning cartoon series. Among these roles were: Ralph Malph on \"The Fonz and the Happy Days Gang\" (1980); Eric the Cavalier in \"Dungeons & Dragons\" (1983); and Stiles on \"Teen Wolf\" (1986–1989). Most had a cameo as himself in the fifth season \"Family Guy\" episode \"It Takes a Village Idiot, and I Married One\" in 2007. United Artists released Most's only pop album, \"Donny", "Norm Macdonald Dolittle 3\" (2006). Macdonald voiced the character of Death on an episode of \"Family Guy\". Because of a conflict with his stand-up comedy schedule, he was unavailable to voice the character for his next appearance; Death has since been voiced by Adam Carolla. In 1999, Macdonald starred in the sitcom \"The Norm Show\" (later renamed \"Norm\"), co-starring Laurie Metcalf, Artie Lange, and Ian Gomez. It ran for three seasons on ABC. Macdonald also voiced Hardee's restaurants' (Carl's Jr. on the U.S. west coast) costumed mascot. Macdonald appeared on several Miller Lite commercials that year. He appeared on the September 1999", "Dana Gould Hi Larious in \"Father of the Pride\". He was a regular contributor to the Adam Carolla radio show where he did impressions of Huell Howser. He appears occasionally on \"The Adam Carolla Show\" podcast. The first episode of Gould's own podcast \"The Dana Gould Hour\" was made available on iTunes on January 31, 2012. Recurring guests include comedians like Eddie Pepitone, and each episode revolves around a singular theme. Currently, a new episode of \"The Dana Gould Hour\" is released about every two months. In 2010, he appeared in live action on the \"Family Guy\" episode \"Brian Writes a Bestseller.\"", "Thanksgiving (Family Guy) people, including actor Jon Cryer, in the second season episode \"There's Something About Paulie\". In subsequent appearances, Kevin was voiced by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane, until his eventual disappearance from the series, when it was revealed that he had supposedly died in Iraq. Actor Scott Grimes, who notably portrays the character Steve Smith in MacFarlane's second animated series \"American Dad!\", took over the role of Kevin in the episode. In addition to Grimes and the regular cast, actor Max Burkholder, actor Jackson Douglas, actor Kevin Durand, voice actor Colin Ford, actor Zachary Gordon, actress and model Julie", "Jeff Bergman Looney Tunes Show\". He also returned for the 2015 series \"New Looney Tunes\", voicing Bugs, Foghorn, Sylvester and Elmer Fudd, as well as other minor characters such as Michigan J. Frog. Bergman also voiced George Jetson and Mr. Spacely in \"\" when their previous voice actors George O'Hanlon and Mel Blanc both died during production – he had been working at his local radio in Pennsylvania when he received the call to travel to California and complete the dialogue. Bergman is a recurring cast member on \"Family Guy\", usually voicing Fred Flintstone, George Jetson and Sylvester the Cat, as well", "Family Guy the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's \"Prick Up Your Ears\", he has been credited as a main cast member. Other recurring cast members include Patrick Warburton as Joe Swanson; Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson; John G. Brennan as Mort Goldman and Horace the bartender; Carlos Alazraqui as Jonathan Weed; Adam Carolla and Norm Macdonald as Death; Lori Alan as Diane Simmons; and Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams and the judge. Fellow cartoonist Butch Hartman has made guest voice appearances in many episodes as various characters. Also, writer Danny Smith", "Antonella Rinaldi show \"\" From her marriage to voice actor Mauro Gravina, they have a daughter, Benedetta, who is also a voice actress. Antonella Rinaldi Antonella Rinaldi (born October 12, 1954) is an Italian actress and voice actress. Rinaldi was born in Rome. She is the daughter of historic actor and voice-over artist Giuseppe Rinaldi and actress Marina Dolfin and her maternal grandmother was operatic soprano Toti Dal Monte. She is best known for voicing Lois Griffin in the Italian-Language version of the animated sitcom \"Family Guy\". She has also dubbed Jennifer Jason Leigh, Laura Linney, Jennifer Tilly, Amanda Plummer and Andie", "Family Guy: Live in Vegas songs from 1980s shows such as \"Diff'rent Strokes\", \"Who's the Boss\", \"Growing Pains\" and \"Charles in Charge\". The album is arranged and orchestrated by Walter Murphy and all songs are produced by MacFarlane and Murphy. All the voice actors from the show appear on the album voicing their characters. The album includes a DVD with the music video of Stewie's \"Sexy Party\" and behind the scenes of making the album and the video. The DVD also includes a trailer for \"American Dad!\" and the fourth season of \"Family Guy\". The album received positive reviews from music sources and critics. Rob", "David A. Goodman also known for his deep throat voice which has been poked fun at numerous times in \"Family Guy\" audio commentaries, particularly by the creator Seth MacFarlane and writer Alec Sulkin who both believe his voice sounds a lot like Ray Romano's. As a result, Goodman has voiced parodies of Romano in \"Family Guy\" episodes by not doing an impression, but by simply talking. In 2011, Goodman left \"Family Guy\" in order to produce the animated Fox series \"Allen Gregory\". After \"Allen Gregory\" got cancelled, he became an executive producer of MacFarlane's other show, \"American Dad!\". In 2017 he worked with", "Family Guy (season 7) and their goofball teenage son, Chris (voiced by Seth Green). Mike Henry voiced the Griffins' neighbor (and Peter's friend) Cleveland Brown. The season had a number of secondary characters, including Lori Alan as Diane Simmons (a local news anchor); Mike Henry as Cleveland Brown (a neighbor and friend of the Griffins); Patrick Warburton as Joe Swanson (a disabled neighbor) and Jennifer Tilly as Bonnie Swanson (Joe's pregnant wife). Adam West voices an alternative version of himself, Mayor Adam West. Other recurring characters include Phil LaMarr as Ollie Williams, Johnny Brennan as Mort Goldman, Carrie Fisher as Angela, Mark Hentemann as", "Simon Cowell was heard on an episode of \"Family Guy\" (\"Lois Kills Stewie\"), in which he told Stewie that his singing was so awful that he should be dead. He made an MTV Movie Award-winning cameo appearance as himself in \"Scary Movie 3\", where he sits in judgment during a battle rap (and is subsequently killed by gunfire for criticising the rappers). He appears in the DVD version of \"Shrek 2\" as himself in \"Far Far Away Idol\", and also provided the voice. Cowell was once the fastest \"Star in a Reasonably Priced Car\" on BBC's motoring show \"Top Gear\", driving a", "Chris Diamantopoulos New York. The couple married on May 12, 2005. Newton gave birth to their first child, a boy, in November 2010. In 2014 they had a girl. Chris Diamantopoulos Chris Diamantopoulos (; born May 9, 1975) is a Canadian actor, voice artist, comedian, impressionist, and singer best known for his role as Russ Hanneman in the HBO series \"Silicon Valley\", for portraying Moe Howard in \"The Three Stooges\", and for being the voice of Mickey Mouse on the \"Mickey Mouse (TV series)\". Diamantopoulos began appearing in TV commercials and professional theatre productions at the age of 9 and by the", "The Son Also Draws his heritage, giving him and Chris an opportunity to bond. \"The Son Also Draws\" was written by Ricky Blitt and directed by Neil Affleck, both working on their first \"Family Guy\" episode. The episode guest starred actors Suzie Plakson, Kevin Michael Richardson, Fred Tatasciore and Wally Wingert. Recurring guest voice actors included writer and animator Butch Hartman and actor Patrick Bristow. Much of the episode's humor is structured around cutaway sequences that parody popular culture, including references to \"Speed Racer\", \"Happy Days\", \"Nova\", \"One Day at a Time\", and \"The More You Know\". Critical reception for the episode was mixed;", "Seth MacFarlane the most time on \"Johnny Bravo\". He found it easier to develop his own style at \"Johnny Bravo\" through the show's process of scriptwriting, which \"Dexter's Laboratory\", \"Cow and Chicken\", and \"I Am Weasel\" did not use. As a part of the \"Johnny Bravo\" crew, MacFarlane met actors and voiceover artists such as Adam West and Jack Sheldon of \"Schoolhouse Rock!\" fame. Meeting these individuals later became significant to the production and success of his \"Family Guy\" series. He also did freelance work for Walt Disney Television Animation, writing for \"Jungle Cubs\", and for Nelvana, where he wrote for \"\".", "Family Guy (season 9) show from the previous season. Peter Shin briefly returned to the series as a director to direct the sequel to the episode \"Something, Something, Something, Dark Side\", entitled \"It's a Trap!\". Shin also served as supervising director for the season, along with James Purdum. The main cast consisted of Seth MacFarlane (Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, Quagmire and Tom Tucker, among others), Alex Borstein (Lois Griffin, Loretta Brown, Tricia Takanawa and Barbara Pewterschmidt, among others), Mila Kunis (Meg Griffin), Seth Green (Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman, among others) and Mike Henry (Cleveland Brown and Herbert, among others). <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> The", "Mike Henry (voice actor) co-directed (with his brother Patrick) comedy shorts for Lorne Michaels’ Burly Bear Network. Henry’s break came in 1998, when MacFarlane contacted him about being part of a new show called \"Family Guy.\" Mike agreed and joined the project as a writer and voice actor. Henry has stated that the inspiration for Cleveland's voice was based on “this guy that [he] had once played basketball with.” During the show's first four seasons, he was credited as a guest star, but beginning with season five's \"Prick Up Your Ears\" he has been credited as a main cast member. Since its debut on", "Family Guy auditioned for the role, she was called back by MacFarlane, who instructed her to speak slower. He then told her to come back another time and enunciate more. Once she claimed that she had it under control, MacFarlane hired her. Mike Henry voices Cleveland Brown, Herbert, Bruce the Performance Artist, Consuela and the Greased-up Deaf Guy. Henry met MacFarlane at the Rhode Island School of Design, and kept in touch with him after they graduated. A few years later, MacFarlane contacted him about being part of the show; he agreed and came on as a writer and voice actor. During", "The Former Life of Brian written by Steve Callaghan, in his second writing credit for the season, as he has written \"Lois Kills Stewie\" earlier in the season. It was directed by Pete Michels, also on his second working episode of the season (he directed \"Padre de Familia\" earlier in the season). Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdun acted as supervising directors for the episode. The episode's music was composed by Walter Murphy. The episode marked the first appearance of Brian's son Dylan, voiced by one of the shows main voice actors, Seth Green. \"The Former Life of Brian\", along with the last four", "The Fat Guy Strangler appearance in season 10's \"Killer Queen\", he is not voiced by Downey. Instead, he is voiced by \"Family Guy\" writer, and recurring guest voice actor, Danny Smith. Bob Barker voiced himself presenting \"The Price Is Right\"; but the actual sequence took years to make. Barker has provided his voice for the show twice, although MacFarlane has never met him. John Veiner voiced Bobby McFerrin falling down a flight of stairs. The ball-in-a-cup scene is commented upon by MacFarlane, where he states that \"the voice-overs work, the drawings work\" and that Walter Murphy \"did a great job of creating a piece", "Cleveland Brown of friends. Peter and Cleveland are excited to hang out again but later can't after Lois and Donna have an argument about parenting which ends with the two women forbidding their husbands to be friends with each other anymore. However the fight is eventually resolved and Peter and Cleveland can be friends again. Cleveland replaces Mort Goldman in the opening credits soon after the episode on-wards. Cleveland Brown Cleveland Orenthal Brown Sr. is a fictional character from the animated television series \"Family Guy\", and its spin-off series \"The Cleveland Show\". He is voiced by Mike Henry. In the first seven", "Seth MacFarlane Adult Swim's \"Robot Chicken\", including a parody of Lion-O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere – he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere, in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a \"Family Guy\"-like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3. He also played the villain \"The Manotaur\" in Bob Boyle's animated kids series \"Yin Yang Yo!\". In addition, MacFarlane voiced Johann Kraus in the 2008 film \"Hellboy II: The Golden Army\". He also had a guest appearance in the animated film \"\" where", "Art Metrano Not\". However, he is better known for his frequent appearances on talk and variety shows in the early 1970s, especially \"The Tonight Show\", as a \"magician\" performing absurd tricks, such as making his fingers \"jump\" from one hand to another, while constantly humming an inane theme song – \"Fine and Dandy\", an early 1930s composition by Kay Swift. Art worked with Dick Towers, a singer and entertainer, as his straight man early in his career. In December 2007, Metrano filed a lawsuit against Seth MacFarlane, the producers and studio behind the television show \"Family Guy\", asserting copyright infringement, and asking", "Seth MacFarlane filmography and audiences and has won numerous awards. Since then MacFarlane has co-created, co-writes, executive produces, and lead voices in FOX's \"American Dad!\" and wrote, co-created, executive produced, and had a supporting voice role in \"The Cleveland Show\", which was a spin-off of \"Family Guy\". In 2012, MacFarlane made his feature film directorial debut with \"Ted\", a fantasy comedy which was well received by critics and audiences. He went on to act, write, produce, and direct two features for Universal Studios—the western comedy \"A Million Ways to Die in the West\" (2014) and a sequel to his first film \"Ted 2\"", "Julie Hagerty on \"Malcolm in the Middle\". She appeared as Hazel Bergeron in \"2081\", the film adaptation of Kurt Vonnegut's short story \"Harrison Bergeron\". Starting in 2011, she took over as the voice of Carol, Lois's sister, on \"Family Guy\". In 2013, she starred in \"A Master Builder\" and appeared in a series of Old Navy commercials as a winking flight attendant. In 2015, she made another cameo appearance as a flight attendant in \"\". In 2017, she appeared in a recurring role as a pet parapsychologist on \"Trial & Error\". In 2018, she was cast as a series regular in the", "And the Wiener Is... In addition to the regular cast, actor Patrick Duffy, voice actress Rachael MacFarlane, voice actress Tara Strong, actress Lisa Wilhoit and actress Debra Wilson guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actor and writer Danny Smith also made a minor appearance. Recurring guest cast members Jennifer Tilly, Mike Henry and Patrick Warburton reprised their roles of Bonnie Swanson, Cleveland Brown and Joe Swanson respectively. The Parents Television Council, a frequent critic of MacFarlane-produced shows, named \"Family Guy\" the “Worst TV Show of the Week” for the January 23, 2005 rebroadcast of the episode on FOX. They went on to" ]

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[ "Field archery UK's National Field Archery Society (NFAS) and the National Field Archery Association (NFAA) in the USA. IFAA and NFAA competitions include three rounds: field, hunter, and animal. A round consists of 28 targets in two units of 14. Field rounds are at 'even' distances up to 80 yards (although some of the shortest are measured in feet), using targets with a black inner ring, two white middle rings and two black outer rings. Four face sizes are used for the various distances. A score of five points is awarded for shots which hit the centre spot, four for the white", "Field archery inner ring, and three for the outer black ring. Hunter rounds use 'uneven' distances up to . Scoring is similar to a field round, the target has an all-black face with a white bullseye. Child and youth positions for these two rounds are closer, no more than 30 and , respectively. Animal rounds use life-size 2D animal targets with 'uneven' distances reminiscent of the hunter round. The rules and scoring are also significantly different. The archer begins at the first station of the target and shoots his first arrow. If it hits, he does not have to shoot again. If", "Sheffield Outer Ring Road Sheffield Outer Ring Road Sheffield Outer Ring Road is one of two main routes circumventing Sheffield, England, a partial ring around Sheffield City Centre and its suburbs. It begins in Bradway as the B6054 Bradway Road, progressing anticlockwise as Greenhill Parkway, crossing the A61 Meadowhead/Chesterfield Road South into the A6102 Bochum Parkway, which turns north, passing through Norton. Heading east again, at Lightwood, it becomes the dual-carriageway A6102 Norton Avenue. After intersecting with White Lane at Gleadless Townend and passing Gleadless Townend Supertram stop, it becomes Ridgeway Road. It carries on northwards to intersect with City Road at Manor Top," ]

[ "Target archery Target archery Modern competitive archery is governed by the World Archery Federation (abbreviated WA), formerly FITA – Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc. WA is the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) recognized governing body for all of archery and Olympic rules are derived from the WA rules. Currently 142 nations are represented by WA archery governing bodies. The largest of these are the FFTA (French archery federation) with approximately 60,000 members, FITARCO (Italian federation), DSB (German federation), AJAF (All-Japan Archery Federation), and the GNAS (Grand National Archery Society) of Great Britain, with approximately 30,000 members which has now re-branded itself as", "Target archery women won bronze, silver and gold in the individual competition and won gold in the team event. They also won the gold team medal in the 2004 Athens games, the 2008 Beijing games, and the 2012 London games. However, recently India, China and Taipei have emerged as serious challengers to the domination of the Korean women. Target archery Modern competitive archery is governed by the World Archery Federation (abbreviated WA), formerly FITA – Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc. WA is the International Olympic Committee's (IOC) recognized governing body for all of archery and Olympic rules are derived from the", "Archery Olympic Round Archery Olympic Round The Olympic Round was introduced to target archery so that it could become more watchable as a competitive sport, the main focus of this being for the Olympics when shown on television. The round was developed by the World Archery Federation (WA; formerly FITA). It is used at the Olympic Games, the Archery World Cup and in many lower profile or local tournaments. A qualifying round is shot to order the competitors and give them a seeding. The qualifying round is usually a WA 70m round, consisting of 72 arrows shot at a distance of 70 meters.", "Archery Olympic Round each. If a competitor has not won a majority of the sets (2 in a 3 set match and 3 in a 5 set match) the outcome is decided by a single arrow shoot-off with the competitor closest to the middle being declared the winner. Archery Olympic Round The Olympic Round was introduced to target archery so that it could become more watchable as a competitive sport, the main focus of this being for the Olympics when shown on television. The round was developed by the World Archery Federation (WA; formerly FITA). It is used at the Olympic Games, the", "Target archery blast means archers can begin shooting. The archers are not allowed to collect their arrows whilst other archers are shooting. The signal to collect your arrows is three whistles from the field captain. These rules apply to all forms of target archery. Other rules, or points of etiquette, include: For a 1440 round, known until 2014 as 'FITA Round', outdoor distances range from 30m to 90m for senior Gentlemen archers, and 30m to 70m for Ladies. The juniors have shorter targets to shoot at. In Olympic archery, 70m is the standard range. Indoor distances are either 18 or 25m. Competition", "Target archery Archery GB. In the United States the WA affiliated governing body is USA Archery (National Archery Association of the United States), which dates to the 1870s, making it the third oldest archery governing body after GNAS and FITARCO, which date to the 1860s. Target archery is the most popular form of archery, in which members shoot at stationary circular targets at varying distances. All types of bow – longbow, barebow, recurve and compound – can be used. In Great Britain, imperial rounds, measured in yards, are still used for a lot of tournaments and these have slightly different rules to", "India Olympic archery team India Olympic archery team The Indian Olympic archery team competes at the Summer Olympic Games in the sport of archery. India first entered an archery team for the Summer Olympic Games in 1988, at the Seoul Summer games. India entered three archers at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics India entered three archers at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics India entered six person archery team at the 2004 Athens Olympics India entered four archers at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. India entered with a six person archery team in the London 2012 Olympics. The Indian men's archery team of Jayanta Talukdar, Rahul Banerjee", "India Olympic archery team and Tarundeep Rai was knocked out of the London Olympics on the opening day. India Olympic archery team The Indian Olympic archery team competes at the Summer Olympic Games in the sport of archery. India first entered an archery team for the Summer Olympic Games in 1988, at the Seoul Summer games. India entered three archers at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics India entered three archers at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics India entered six person archery team at the 2004 Athens Olympics India entered four archers at the Beijing Olympics in 2008. India entered with a six person archery team in", "Target archery the creation of FITA in the 1930s, set international rules were created. However, it was not until 1972 that Archery was re-introduced with the individual event, and in 1988 the team event was added to the program. Further competition rules changes were made for the 1992 Olympic Games, which introduced match play to the program in the form of the Archery Olympic Round. The only type of bow allowed to be used at Olympic level is the recurve bow. Since the 1984 Games at Los Angeles, South Korea has dominated the women's event. At the Sydney 2000 games, the Korean", "Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics At the 2008 Summer Olympics, the Archery competitions were held between 9 August and 15 August, at the Olympic Green Archery Field, a temporary venue on the Olympic Green, Beijing's Olympic Park. Both men and women have the same size targets (1.22 m) and stand the same distance away from their target (70 m). The score for each arrow is determined by how close to the center of the target it hits, with a score of 10 for hitting directly in the center, down to 0 points if the target is missed entirely or", "Target archery generally have score values from 1 through 10 assigned to them, except in outdoor Imperial rounds under AGB rules, where they have score values 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9. In addition, there is an inner 10 ring, sometimes called the X ring. This becomes the 10 ring at indoor compound competitions. Outdoors, it serves as a tiebreaker with the archer scoring the most X's winning. The number of hits may also be taken into account as another tiebreaker. In World Archery, targets are coloured as follows: The inner ring is usually used for tie-breaking (the competitor closest to the", "Bullseye (target) Bullseye (target) The bullseye, or bull's-eye, is the centre of a shooting target, and by extension the name given to any shot that hits the bullseye. By extension, the word \"bullseye\" can refer to any design or pattern featuring prominent concentric circles, visually suggesting an archery target, and \"hitting the bullseye\" is a term for an unexpectedly good success. In some archery traditions the term \"gold\" is used in preference to \"bullseye\". Hitting the most central ring of an international target is worth 10 points, or an Imperial target 9 points in target archery. In Japanese Kyūdō it is called", "Modern competitive archery archery associations, is the governing body recognized by the International Olympic Committee. Various other large organizations exist with different rules. Modern competitive target archery is often governed by the World Archery Federation, abbreviated as WA (sometimes also referred to as FITA, from its former French name of \"Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc\"). Olympic rules are derived from WA rules. Target archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Indoor distances are . Outdoor distances range from to . Competition is divided into \"ends\" of 3 or 6 arrows. After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score", "Target archery metres, then three dozen at 50 metres, then three dozen at 30 metres. The furthest two distances are shot on a 122 cm face target; the nearer two on an 80 cm face target. [Source for tournament rounds: Dave Pritchard and Phil Hale, \"Bowmen Of The Tors: Handbook For New Archers\" DRP Publications, 2001] Archery was in the Olympics (and the 1906 Intercalated Games) between 1900, the second modern Olympics, and 1920. The sport was dropped from the program because there were no internationally recognized rules for the sport- each Olympics through 1920 held a different type of event. With", "Target archery is divided into \"ends\". An archer shoots either 3 or 6 arrows per end, depending on the type of round. After each end, the competitors walk to the target to score and retrieve their arrows. An indoor competition is usually 20 ends of 3 arrows. Archers have a set time limit in which to shoot their arrows. For indoor competition, under World Archery Federation rules this is 2 minutes for 3 arrows. Signalling devices such as lights and flags inform the archers when time is up. For a 1440 outdoor round the archer has 4 minutes to shoot 6 arrows", "Archery GB Archery GB Archery GB, previously The Grand National Archery Society (abbreviated to GNAS) is the governing body for the sport of archery in the United Kingdom. Under this main body are 8 Regional Societies and then many different county societies. It is affiliated to the World Archery Federation (WA); (formerly FITA, the \"Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc\") and is a member of the British Olympic Association. The society's motto is:<nowiki> \"Union, Trueheart and Courtesie\".</nowiki> The GNAB, under the trading name Archery GB, is the governing body for all forms of archery in the United Kingdom, including target archery and", "Outer Ring Road, Delhi Outer Ring Road, Delhi Outer Ring Road, Delhi is a ring road that encircles the city of Delhi. It has three lanes in each direction, with a total length of 47 km. Although it used to have traffic lights and at-grade intersections, mushrooming interchanges have reduced the number of lights to just two, and traffic now flows much more smoothly. Several Stretches of the Outer Ring Road have been notified as National Highways. Delhi features two ring roads, a main one and an outer one. The two ring roads have a combined length of 87 km. Outer Ring Road features", "Outer Pennine Ring some 7 years earlier. The North Pennine Ring, which followed the Calder and Hebble Navigation above Cooper Bridge, continues along the main line of the Rochdale Canal above Ducie Street Junction and rejoins the Outer Pennine Ring at this point. Most of the canal was closed in 1952, but the final section remained open, to provide a link between the Bridgewater Canal and the Ashton Canal. There are nine locks on this stretch, which passes through urban Manchester, to arrive at Castlefield Junction on the Bridgewater Canal, completing the ring. Outer Pennine Ring The Outer Pennine Ring is an English", "Archery at the 2015 European Games Archery at the 2015 European Games At the 2015 European Games in Baku, five events of archery will be contested, all in the target archery format, with recurve bows. Europe’s best archers will shoot at the iconic Tofiq Bahramov Stadium over seven days of competition. The European Games format will follow that of the Olympic Games with 64 men and 64 women competing in the recurve division, in individual and team events as well as in mixed team. A total of 128 athletes will compete at the Games. Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) is permitted to enter a maximum of", "York Outer Ring Road £31M, of the A1237 York Outer Ring Road were rejected by the Regional Transport Board in 2009. York Outer Ring Road The York Outer Ring Road is a ring road around the city of York, England. The south-eastern section is part of the A64 and the north-western section is the A1237. An outer ring road for York had been proposed as far back as 1948 but it wasn't until 1976 that the first section, the York Bypass, opened. The second section was constructed in three phases. The first phase, the northern section between the A19 and the A64, opened in", "Outer Ring (Munich) the Isar. Outer Ring (Munich) The Outer Ring is an only partially completed ring road in Munich. The Outer Ring was not planned as a circular street, but was planned as a series of relatively straight streets that would be connected by curved sections of road. However, only parts of the original plan were constructed. For example, the bridge over the Isar in the south was never built. On the other hand, the northern section was built with a bridge over the Isar, which was originally not planned because of the Autobahn bridge planned to be located relatively close to", "Outer Ring (Munich) Outer Ring (Munich) The Outer Ring is an only partially completed ring road in Munich. The Outer Ring was not planned as a circular street, but was planned as a series of relatively straight streets that would be connected by curved sections of road. However, only parts of the original plan were constructed. For example, the bridge over the Isar in the south was never built. On the other hand, the northern section was built with a bridge over the Isar, which was originally not planned because of the Autobahn bridge planned to be located relatively close to it down", "Outer Pennine Ring Outer Pennine Ring The Outer Pennine Ring is an English canal ring which crosses the Pennines between Manchester, Leeds and Castleford. Its route follows parts of eight canals, and includes the longest canal tunnel in England. The ring was completed in 2001, with the opening of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal. Much of the route is shared with the North Pennine Ring, which crosses the Pennines by a different route on the southern leg. The concept of a canal ring was created in 1965, as part of a campaign by the Inland Waterways Association to prevent the complete closure of the", "Jakarta Outer Ring Road Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road as paid at the Cikunir 4 toll plaza as the border of Jakarta–Cikampek Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road The fare is the accumulation from Jagorawi Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road as paid at the Dukuh 1 and Dukuh 3 toll plazas as the border of Jagorawi Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road Jakarta Outer Ring Road The Jakarta Outer Ringroad (, abbreviated JORR) is a tolled ring road circling Jakarta, Indonesia. The JORR is divided into 7 sections, totalling up to 65 km. JORR was managed by", "Target archery WA rounds, measured in metres, are used for most other tournaments. These are the main rounds that are able to be shot in target archery: Go down the first column of the relevant table until you get to the round you require. Go across this row to find out how many arrows you shoot at each distance (yds=yards, m=metres, doz.=dozen). An – means no arrows are shot at this distance. These rounds use 5-zone scoring, as opposed to the usual 10-zone scoring. The points are awarded as follows: 9 for a gold, 7 for a red, 5 for a blue,", "Berlin outer ring links. The Potsdam-Schönefeld Expressway was built for similar reasons. The term \"Outer ring\" is used to distinguish the line from the Ring line of inner Berlin. Starting at the Anhalt line in the south, the outer ring runs from Genshagener Heide to Schönefeld Airport, Grünau Cross, Wuhlheide, Schönfließ, Golm, Potsdam Pirschheide, Saarmund and back to Genshagener Heide. In the late 19th century the military sought an outer connection between the railway lines radiating out of Berlin. Such a line also had advantages for freight traffic. 1902, the Bypass Railway (\"Umgehungsbahn\") was opened connecting the Magdeburg railway, the Lehrte Railway and", "Berlin outer ring Berlin outer ring The Berlin outer ring (, BAR) is a long double track electrified railway, originally built by the German Democratic Republic to bypass West Berlin in preparation for the building of the Berlin Wall during the division of Germany. It was developed by East Germany for economic, transport policy and military reasons between 1951 and 1961 and included parts of some older lines (Outer Freight Ring, Jüterbog–Nauen railway and Michendorf–Großbeeren railway). Without the completion of the outer ring it would not have been possible to build the Berlin Wall, sealing off West Berlin, without disrupting East Germany’s transport", "Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad at the cost of small and marginal farmers. The High Court of Andhra Pradesh passed a landmark judgement on 9 September 2010 in which the land acquisition proceedings were quashed for various reasons. Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad Nehru Outer Ring Road or Outer Ring Road is a 158 kilometer, 8-lane ring road expressway encircling the capital city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is built by HMDA at a cost of ₹6,696 crores. with an assistance of ₹3,123 crores from Japan International Cooperation Agency. The expressway is designed for speeds up to 120 km/h. A large part, 124 km (covering urban", "Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad Nehru Outer Ring Road or Outer Ring Road is a 158 kilometer, 8-lane ring road expressway encircling the capital city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. It is built by HMDA at a cost of ₹6,696 crores. with an assistance of ₹3,123 crores from Japan International Cooperation Agency. The expressway is designed for speeds up to 120 km/h. A large part, 124 km (covering urban nodes viz., Hi- Tech city, Nanakramguda Financial District, Hyderabad International Airport, IKP Knowledge park, Hardware Park, Telangana State Police Academy, Singapore Financial District, and Games village) of the 158-km was opened by December", "Archery at the Summer Olympics Archery at the Summer Olympics Archery had its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics and has been contested in 16 Olympiads. Eighty-four nations have competed in the Olympic archery events, with France appearing the most often at 31 times. The most noticeable trend has been the excellence of South Korean archers, who have won 23 out of 34 gold medals in events since 1984. It is governed by the World Archery Federation (WA; formerly FITA). Recurve archery is the only discipline of archery featured at the Olympic Games. Archery is also an event at the Summer Paralympics. The second Olympic", "York Outer Ring Road York Outer Ring Road The York Outer Ring Road is a ring road around the city of York, England. The south-eastern section is part of the A64 and the north-western section is the A1237. An outer ring road for York had been proposed as far back as 1948 but it wasn't until 1976 that the first section, the York Bypass, opened. The second section was constructed in three phases. The first phase, the northern section between the A19 and the A64, opened in 1986, the second and third sections opened the following year - phase two was between the A64", "Sheffield Outer Ring Road ring road carries on as Herries Road to A61 Penistone Road in Hillsborough, where it fully terminates. Due to the topography of the region, there is no western section to the outer ring road, although it was originally planned to complete a full circuit. Some recent ideas to complete the western section have been mooted to relieve congestion in the south-west, possibly through Stannington, west of Fulwood and crossing Ringinglow Road, to intersect with Ecclesall Road South, where it would carry on as an upgraded Abbey Lane to Chesterfield Road. Sheffield Outer Ring Road Sheffield Outer Ring Road is one", "Jakarta Outer Ring Road Jakarta Outer Ring Road The Jakarta Outer Ringroad (, abbreviated JORR) is a tolled ring road circling Jakarta, Indonesia. The JORR is divided into 7 sections, totalling up to 65 km. JORR was managed by four toll road companies: PT Jalantol Lingkarluar Jakarta, PT Hutama Karya, PT Jakarta Lingkar Baratsatu and PT. Marga Lingkar Jakarta. The fare is the accumulation from Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road as paid at the Meruya Utara 2 and Meruya Utara 3 toll plazas as the border of Jakarta–Tangerang Toll Road and Jakarta Outer Ring Road The fare is the accumulation from", "Modern competitive archery touching a scoring boundary line, will be awarded the higher score. In the past, most targets in competitive archery use some kind of stalks of grain or grass and may be constructed of marsh grass woven into a rope then wrapped around into a target. However, in modern times, most archery targets are made of synthetic foam, or woven plastic bags stuffed with cloth. Different rounds and distances use different size target faces. These range from ( WA Indoor) to ( and WA, used in Olympic competition). Field archery involves shooting at targets of varying (and sometimes unmarked) distance, often", "Outer Ring Road, Trivandrum northern logistics hub of 60 acres at Mangalapuram and the southern at Neeramankuzhy. Andoorkonam (48 acres) and Pantalacode (80 acres) are the economical and commercial zones. The proposed alignment is through Mangalapuram, Panthalacode, Kanacode, Vencode, Aruvikkara, Cheriyakonni, Chowallor, Vilappilsala, Killi, Thungampara, Maranallor, Valiyarthala, Mukkampalamoodu, Madavoorpara, Chavadinada, Venganoor, Kalluvettankuzhi and Vizhinjam. Outer Ring Road, Trivandrum Outer Ring Road (officially: Trivandrum Outer Ring Road) is a proposed road in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala, India. The Outer Ring Road (ORR) project under the Capital Region Development Programme is to soon become a reality with the Centre agreeing to bear 50% of", "Olympic symbols no evidence that Coubertin had intended it (the quotation above was probably an afterthought). Nevertheless, the logo of the Association of National Olympic Committees places the logo of each of its five continental associations inside the ring of the corresponding colour. The Olympic flag was created by Pierre de Coubertin in 1925. There are specific Olympic flags that are displayed by cities that will be hosting the next Olympic games. During each Olympic closing ceremony in what is traditionally known as the Antwerp Ceremony, the flag is passed from the mayor of one host city to the next host, where", "Berlin outer ring construction of the new airport have meant that service to Berlin-Schönefeld Flughafen will continue to operate until at least 2017. Airport shuttle services will operate from Berlin Hauptbahnhof via the Anhalt line rather than the shorter Dresden line, because a connecting curve has not been built to connect with the North-South mainline. There is no passenger service around the entirety of the outer ring, but a number of services serve it in part. Berlin outer ring The Berlin outer ring (, BAR) is a long double track electrified railway, originally built by the German Democratic Republic to bypass West Berlin", "Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway Xupu Bridge, and at the northern end, it uses the Outer Ring Tunnel. Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway The Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway (), designated S20, is a ring expressway that surrounds the inner districts of the city of Shanghai, China. The different sections of the road have specific names in relation to the cardinal directions. For instance, the eastern portion of the expressway is named 上海环东一大道 (Huandong Avenue (No. 1), literally \"Eastern Ring No. 1 Avenue\"), the western portion of the expressway is named 上海环西一大道 (Huanxi Avenue (No. 1), literally \"Western Ring No. 1 Avenue\"), and so on. The S20", "Outer Ring Road, Bangalore be known as the Intermediate ring road and the satellite towns ring road respectively. Outer Ring Road, Bangalore Outer Ring Road (ORR) is a ring road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Bangalore, India. This road was developed by the Bangalore Development Authority and different sections were opened progressively between 1996 and 2002. The Outer Ring Road is road connects all major highways around the city - Tumkur Road (NH 4), Bellary Road (NH 7), Old Madras Road (NH 4), Hosur Road (NH 7), Bannerghatta Road, Kanakapura Road (NH 209), Mysore Road (SH-17) and Magadi", "Outer Ring Road, Trivandrum Outer Ring Road, Trivandrum Outer Ring Road (officially: Trivandrum Outer Ring Road) is a proposed road in Trivandrum, the capital city of Kerala, India. The Outer Ring Road (ORR) project under the Capital Region Development Programme is to soon become a reality with the Centre agreeing to bear 50% of the cost of land acquisition and asking the State to fix the alignment for the ORR.The project will connect the 45-km stretch from Mangalapuram in Trivandrum to Port of Trivandrum road Apart from the six-lane road that will be 60 metres wide, the corridor will have development zones.This includes the", "Leeds Outer Ring Road of Leeds. The project is expected to be delivered by 2021. Leeds Outer Ring Road The Leeds Outer Ring Road is a main road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The ring road is approximately long and consists of single and dual carriageways. Hence the road is not a loop and so is not a true ring road, although it is designated as such. The road begins in Belle Isle and ends in Colton at junction 46 of the M1 motorway. It begins in Belle Isle as an un-numbered road and", "Leeds Outer Ring Road Leeds Outer Ring Road The Leeds Outer Ring Road is a main road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. The ring road is approximately long and consists of single and dual carriageways. Hence the road is not a loop and so is not a true ring road, although it is designated as such. The road begins in Belle Isle and ends in Colton at junction 46 of the M1 motorway. It begins in Belle Isle as an un-numbered road and goes through to Beeston. It is then designated the A6110 between", "Outer Ring Road, Erode Outer Ring Road, Erode Outer Ring Road, Erode or Erode Ring Road is a long Ring Road being constructed around the South Indian City of Erode in Tamil Nadu. It also acts as an easy roadway for connecting Namakkal district with Erode. The state Government of Tamil Nadu has sanctioned the project in 2006, with a funding of 85 crore, with a land acquisition of 180acres. Among which, 30 crore will be given as compensation for 120 acres of private patta land. Erode city, being the district headquarters and a major marketing hub in the region, has an extensive network", "German Shooting and Archery Federation German Shooting and Archery Federation The German Shooting Sport and Archery Federation (, DSB) is the largest umbrella organization for sport shooters in Germany. It was founded in 1861 in Gotha and re-founded in 1951 in Frankfurt / Main. DSB was Germany's fourth-largest sports association in 2008, with 1,095,071 male and 357,400 female shooters. Besides the well-known Olympic disciplines of Rifle, Pistol, Shotgun and Archery the German Shooting and Archery Federation also looks after the disciplines of Running Target, Muzzle-loader, Field Archery, Crossbow and Summer Biathlon. The senior administrative body of the German Shooting and Archery Federation is the biannual", "Outer Ring Road, Erode now part of the National Highway 544. Highways Department is awaiting the financial clearance to take up this project under TNRSP or with World Bank funding. Until execution of this section, the Highways Department has decided to widen the existing link road connecting Thindal-Villarsampatti-Periyasemur into a 4-lane road as a temporary relief. Outer Ring Road, Erode Outer Ring Road, Erode or Erode Ring Road is a long Ring Road being constructed around the South Indian City of Erode in Tamil Nadu. It also acts as an easy roadway for connecting Namakkal district with Erode. The state Government of Tamil Nadu", "Target archery an unmarked hole. Under AGB rules, and in some smaller tournaments, in the case of a \"bouncer\", the archer must step off the shooting line and hold their bow in the air. A judge then decides whether the archer is permitted to shoot a replacement arrow. If an archer accidentally shoots more arrows than allowed, the highest scoring arrow is not counted and a miss is recorded. Different rounds and distances use different size target faces. Common sizes (and example rounds they are used in) are: 122 cm faces are used in Olympic competition. A variant of the 80 cm", "Outer Ring Road, Delhi 14 junctions. In no particular order, they are: Like the Ring Road, Delhi's Outer Ring Road features some semblance of grade separation between pedestrian and vehicular traffic. Pedestrian underpasses are present at the following points: Additional pedestrian underpasses are to be constructed at the following points: Outer Ring Road, Delhi Outer Ring Road, Delhi is a ring road that encircles the city of Delhi. It has three lanes in each direction, with a total length of 47 km. Although it used to have traffic lights and at-grade intersections, mushrooming interchanges have reduced the number of lights to just two, and", "Outer Ring Road, Bangalore Outer Ring Road, Bangalore Outer Ring Road (ORR) is a ring road that runs around most of the perimeter of the city of Bangalore, India. This road was developed by the Bangalore Development Authority and different sections were opened progressively between 1996 and 2002. The Outer Ring Road is road connects all major highways around the city - Tumkur Road (NH 4), Bellary Road (NH 7), Old Madras Road (NH 4), Hosur Road (NH 7), Bannerghatta Road, Kanakapura Road (NH 209), Mysore Road (SH-17) and Magadi Road. It passes through major neighborhoods and suburbs such as Hebbal(NH7), Banaswadi, Krishnarajapuram(NH4), Marathahalli,", "Outer Ring Road (Tianjin) linked. Outer Ring Road (Tianjin) The Outer Ring Road in Tianjin, China is a city express road, 71.322 kilometres in length, which encircles Tianjin municipality. Although its distance markers indicate its status as an expressway-grade road, it is not, strictly speaking, an expressway, as it has at-grade crossings, a low speed limit (60 km/h or 80 km/h), and even traffic lights. The Jinghu, Jinbin, Jingjintang, Baojin and Jinji Expressways are all linked by this ring road. Major China National Highways and roads to Zibo, Tangshan, Wuxi and other nearby localities, as well as to other regions in the municipality, are", "Outer Ring Road (Tianjin) Outer Ring Road (Tianjin) The Outer Ring Road in Tianjin, China is a city express road, 71.322 kilometres in length, which encircles Tianjin municipality. Although its distance markers indicate its status as an expressway-grade road, it is not, strictly speaking, an expressway, as it has at-grade crossings, a low speed limit (60 km/h or 80 km/h), and even traffic lights. The Jinghu, Jinbin, Jingjintang, Baojin and Jinji Expressways are all linked by this ring road. Major China National Highways and roads to Zibo, Tangshan, Wuxi and other nearby localities, as well as to other regions in the municipality, are also", "Thumb ring Thumb ring A thumb ring is a piece of equipment designed to protect the thumb during archery. This is a ring of leather, stone, horn, wood, bone, antler, ivory, metal, ceramics, plastic, or glass which fits over the end of the thumb, coming to rest at the outer edge of the outer joint. Typically a flat area extends from the ring to protect the pad of the thumb from the bowstring; this may be supplemented by a leather extension. When drawing a bow using a thumb draw, the thumb is hooked around the bowstring just beneath the arrow and its", "Durban Outer Ring Road to drive through the central parts of the city. The M4 begins in Ballito and passes southern along the coast as a parallel alternative to the N2 cutting through the city centre and ending at the N2 in Amanzimtoti. The Durban Outer Ring road ends in Amazimtoti as the highway changes back to 2×2 lanes and over-head urban signage ends as the freeway makes its way to the South Coast. Durban Outer Ring Road The Durban Outer Ring Road is a ring road that circles the city of Durban, South Africa. It consists of a single freeway, known as the", "Durban Outer Ring Road Durban Outer Ring Road The Durban Outer Ring Road is a ring road that circles the city of Durban, South Africa. It consists of a single freeway, known as the N2, which links the north and south coasts of KwaZulu-Natal Province and acts as a major arterial for the Durban metropolitan area. From north to south, the Outer Ring Road begins at the N2 North Coast Tongaat Toll Plaza passing in a southernly direction towards Durban. The freeway continues to the newly erected M65 King Shaka International Airport interchange, then continued to the M27 Umdloti and Verulum offramp. From King", "Thumb ring territories of the Qing dynasty, Manchurian cylindrical thumb rings gradually displaced more thumb pad shaped thumb rings. These cylindrical thumb rings would go over the primary thumb joint, hooking the draw string around the base of the cylinder. Thumb ring A thumb ring is a piece of equipment designed to protect the thumb during archery. This is a ring of leather, stone, horn, wood, bone, antler, ivory, metal, ceramics, plastic, or glass which fits over the end of the thumb, coming to rest at the outer edge of the outer joint. Typically a flat area extends from the ring to", "Outer London Defence Ring Outer London Defence Ring The Outer London Defence Ring was a defensive ring built around London during the early part of the Second World War. It was intended as a defence against a German invasion, and was part of a national network of similar \"Stop Lines\". In June 1940 under the direction of General Edmund Ironside, concentric rings of anti-tank defences and pillboxes were constructed in and around London. They comprised: The London Inner Keep, London Stop Line Inner (Line C), London Stop Line Central (Line B) and London Stop Line Outer (Line A). The Outer London Ring was the", "Outer Pennine Ring Rochdale Canal. Initially the canal was described as part of the \"Cheshire Canal Ring\", which was soon shortened to the \"Cheshire Ring\". It described a series of interconnecting canals which could be navigated, usually in a week or two, without having to cover any section twice, and has subsequently been applied to several other such routes. The Outer Pennine Ring is a recent addition, as it was only with the restoration of the Huddersfield Narrow Canal in 2001 that the ring became a possibility. The term was coined by enthusiasts as an adjunct to the South Pennine Ring, devised as", "Target archery metric (WA) rounds, which are used internationally. Archers are divided into seniors and juniors, with juniors being those under the age of 18. Archery competitions may be held indoors or outdoors. Indoor rounds are normally shot at one distance, whereas outdoor competitions normally consist of several distances. For lists of tournament rounds, see section entitled \"Tournament Rounds\". Since archery involves the use of potentially lethal equipment, much attention is paid to order and safety. Whistle commands are used to signal the different phases of shooting, or an 'end'. Two whistle blasts means archers can approach the shooting line. One whistle", "Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway The Shanghai Outer Ring Expressway (), designated S20, is a ring expressway that surrounds the inner districts of the city of Shanghai, China. The different sections of the road have specific names in relation to the cardinal directions. For instance, the eastern portion of the expressway is named 上海环东一大道 (Huandong Avenue (No. 1), literally \"Eastern Ring No. 1 Avenue\"), the western portion of the expressway is named 上海环西一大道 (Huanxi Avenue (No. 1), literally \"Western Ring No. 1 Avenue\"), and so on. The S20 expressway crosses the Huangpu River twice. At the southern end, it uses the", "Outer Metropolitan Ring Road a transport link to Melbourne Airport. Outer Metropolitan Ring Road The Outer Metropolitan Ring Road is a proposed freeway in Melbourne, Australia connecting the Hume Freeway at Kalkallo north of Melbourne, to the Princes Freeway south-west of Werribee. The concept was announced as part of the Victorian Transport Plan of November 2008, planning having started in late 2007 but not widely publicised until February 2008. The proposed route was released to the public in June 2009 for public comment, with construction not expected to start until 2020. The Outer Metropolitan Ring (OMR) planning study has been established by VicRoads to", "Outer Metropolitan Ring Road Outer Metropolitan Ring Road The Outer Metropolitan Ring Road is a proposed freeway in Melbourne, Australia connecting the Hume Freeway at Kalkallo north of Melbourne, to the Princes Freeway south-west of Werribee. The concept was announced as part of the Victorian Transport Plan of November 2008, planning having started in late 2007 but not widely publicised until February 2008. The proposed route was released to the public in June 2009 for public comment, with construction not expected to start until 2020. The Outer Metropolitan Ring (OMR) planning study has been established by VicRoads to investigate transport requirements and options for", "Field archery of each size are used on the course. For each target face size there are upper and lower distance limits for the various divisions of archer. Target faces have four black outer rings and a yellow spot, each with an equal width. The yellow spot is subdivided into two rings. The black rings score 1 point for the outermost to 4 points for the innermost. A hit in the outer yellow scores 5 points. A hit in the inner yellow scores 6 points. Before April 2008, the innermost yellow ring counted as an X (the number of Xs was used", "Berlin Outer Freight Ring Ring, which would have run further south, partly through the area then belonging to West Berlin. The chainage of the existing GAR was continued on the new route. The Biesenhorst–Karow section was rebuilt. A connection from Oranienburg to Velten was also opened in 1951. Parts of the Outer Freight Ring were included in the building of the Berlin Outer Ring, such as the Wendenheide–Springpfuhl section opened in 1951. The section of the GAR between Teltow and Schönefeld could not be used because it crossed the border between West Berlin city and East Germany several times. Therefore, the Outer Ring was", "Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 Jakarta Outer Ringroad 2 (Indonesian: Jalan Tol Lingkar Luar Jakarta 2) or JORR 2 is an under-construction toll road circling the Greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1) in Indonesia. This toll network will connect Soekarno-Hatta International Airport to Cilincing, which will cross West Jakarta, Tangerang, South Tangerang, Depok, Bogor Regency, Bekasi Regency, Bekasi city, and North Jakarta. It is expected to be able to break the traffic density of other toll roads in Greater Jakarta area. Part of this toll road is already operational, that is targeted to be fully", "Berlin outer ring in 1940/41 to create a provisional connection from Teltow on the Anhalt line via Schönefeld to eastern Berlin, linking with the Stettin Railway at Berlin-Karow. It was significantly closer to Berlin’s southern outskirts that the previous plan and the current outer ring. The division of Germany and Berlin after World War II caused the Soviet zone administration and later the East German government to build an efficient bypass of West Berlin. The first steps were the construction in 1948 of connecting curves to the outer freight ring between Werder and Golm and between the Berlin–Görlitz line and the north at", "Outer London Defence Ring still visible at points along the ring, but in the majority of places the ditch is no longer visible, covered by the M25 or London suburbs. Outer London Defence Ring The Outer London Defence Ring was a defensive ring built around London during the early part of the Second World War. It was intended as a defence against a German invasion, and was part of a national network of similar \"Stop Lines\". In June 1940 under the direction of General Edmund Ironside, concentric rings of anti-tank defences and pillboxes were constructed in and around London. They comprised: The London Inner", "Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 operational by 2019. The length of this toll road network is 110 kilometers, which is divided into seven toll roads, including Cengkareng-Kunciran (14.9 km), Kunciran-Serpong (11.19 km), Serpong-Cinere (10.14 km), Cinere-Jagorawi-Cimanggis (14.64 km), Cimanggis-Cibitung (25.39 km), Cibitung-Cilincing (34 km), and access to Tanjung Priok (16.7 km). JORR 2 are divided into several section: Jakarta Outer Ring Road 2 Jakarta Outer Ringroad 2 (Indonesian: Jalan Tol Lingkar Luar Jakarta 2) or JORR 2 is an under-construction toll road circling the Greater Jakarta area, parallel with Jakarta Outer Ring Road (JORR 1) in Indonesia. This toll network will connect Soekarno-Hatta International Airport", "World Archery Federation programme: Archery was first competed at the Summer Olympic Games in 1900 and, after a long hiatus from 1924, became a regular event from 1972. Team events were added in 1988. Recurve archery is currently the only discipline competed at the Olympics. Archery is also competed at the Summer Paralympics (recurve and compound disciplines), the Youth Olympic Games (recurve only), and the World Games (Field archery only). The Archery World Cup is an annual event that was inaugurated in 2006. It is designed to present archery in 'spectacular' locations. The format consists of 4 rounds competed across the world during", "Archery at the Summer Olympics the 16 teams that compete consist of one man and one woman. Early Olympic archery competitions had events that were unique for each of the Games. The following nations have taken part in the Archery competition. The Olympic records for archery are for the competition format established in 1992. Archery at the Summer Olympics Archery had its debut at the 1900 Summer Olympics and has been contested in 16 Olympiads. Eighty-four nations have competed in the Olympic archery events, with France appearing the most often at 31 times. The most noticeable trend has been the excellence of South Korean archers,", "Archery at the 2000 Summer Olympics archers (i.e., the host nation, the top 8 teams at the World Target Competition, and any other nation that was able to take 3 of the remaining 37 places) was able to have its three archers compete as a team in the team competition. All archery at the 2000 Olympics was done from a range of 70 meters. The target consists of concentric circles, and has a total diameter of 122 cm. An archer had 40 seconds to shoot each arrow. 64 archers in each gender took part in the Olympics, with each National Olympic Committee being able to enter", "Penang Outer Ring Road Penang Outer Ring Road Penang Outer Ring Road (PORR) is a planned expressway in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. If constructed, it will connect Gelugor in the south, near Penang Bridge to Tanjung Bungah in the north. After a mid-term review of the Ninth Malaysia Plan, this project, together with Penang Monorail has been postponed indefinitely. The concession was awarded to Peninsular Metroworks Sdn Bhd (PMW), a company formed in 1996 but the company was not able to get the project off the ground. PMW was formed by Nadi Senandung Sdn Bhd (55%), Yayasan Bumiputera Pulau Pinang Bhd (35%) and an", "Outer Ring Road System The upgrading projects had to be carried out in stages to minimise disruption to traffic. The completion of the Portsdown Flyover, Queensway Flyover and Queensway Underpass marks another milestone in the realisation of the ORRS. The Farrer Road section of the upgrading project completed in 2009. Outer Ring Road System The Outer Ring Road System, or more commonly known as ORRS, is a network of major arterial roads in Singapore that forms a ring road through the towns along the city fringe. The ORRS is a semi-expressway, just like the West Coast Highway. Since 1994, roads along the ORRS have", "Outer Ring Road, Nagpur to four-lane and convert it to concrete road. NHAI will construct five railway overbridges, 20 minor bridges, 15 underpasses etc under the project. Once the ORR is complete, the number of heavy vehicles on Inner Ring Road - from Wadi via Dhaba, Mankapur, Nari to Automotive Square on Kamptee Road - will reduce considerably. Heavy vehicles coming from three national highways and three state highways will bypass the city. The ORR will also boost the proposed metro region. Outer Ring Road, Nagpur Outer Ring Road (ORR) with a length of 119 km is set to complete. The National Highways Authority", "Outer Ring Road System Outer Ring Road System The Outer Ring Road System, or more commonly known as ORRS, is a network of major arterial roads in Singapore that forms a ring road through the towns along the city fringe. The ORRS is a semi-expressway, just like the West Coast Highway. Since 1994, roads along the ORRS have been upgraded in stages to provide a smoother route to travel across the island. Roads and interchanges along the ORRS are constantly being upgraded to cater to the ever increasing traffic demand. It starts as Portsdown Avenue in Queenstown and ends as Tampines Avenue 10 in", "KLIA Outer Ring Road speed limit of up to 90 km/h. There are no overlaps, alternate routes, or sections with motorcycle lanes. KLIA Outer Ring Road KLIA Outer Ring Road (KLIAORR), or Jalan Pekeliling, Federal Route 27, is the second highway and ring road along Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) after KLIA Expressway (Federal Route 26) in Malaysia. During Formula One Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix championship every year it becomes the main route to Sepang F1 Circuit. From 1 March 2006 until 9 May 2014 it became a main road to Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). The Kilometre Zero is located at KLIA Expressway", "KLIA Outer Ring Road KLIA Outer Ring Road KLIA Outer Ring Road (KLIAORR), or Jalan Pekeliling, Federal Route 27, is the second highway and ring road along Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) after KLIA Expressway (Federal Route 26) in Malaysia. During Formula One Petronas Malaysian Grand Prix championship every year it becomes the main route to Sepang F1 Circuit. From 1 March 2006 until 9 May 2014 it became a main road to Low Cost Carrier Terminal (LCCT). The Kilometre Zero is located at KLIA Expressway Interchange. At most sections, the Federal Route 27 was built under the JKR R5 road standard, allowing maximum", "Modern competitive archery no release, etc.). Members of archery 4-H clubs and those who use archery as their project can compete in target archery and field archery competitions. Demonstrations of archery skill are sometimes featured as entertainment in circuses or wild west shows. Sometimes these acts feature a performer acting as a human \"target\" (strictly speaking they are not the target as the objective of the archer is to narrowly miss them, however they are frequently referred to as human targets). Archery in this context is sometimes known as one of the \"impalement arts\", a category which also includes knife throwing and sharpshooting", "Archery games moving target. These stations do not list their yardages in order to create a ‘real field’ feel to the simulation provided by the competition. The highest scoring is achieved by (1) scoring inside the highest scoring ring and (2) is done in one shot. Typically an archer is allowed one scoring shot unless he or she misses, which they are allowed another shot, but must reduce their score by half; if they miss, their score is zero and scoring for them is completed. This is an old practice form of archery competition in the United States that is still enjoyed", "Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics participate in the Olympic Games after the NOC has obtained a quota place, all archers must have achieved the following minimum qualification score (MQS): The MQS must have been achieved between 2 July 2011 (starting at the 2011 World Outdoor Archery Championships) and 1 July 2012 at a registered FITA event. Gallery of some of the Olympic medalists in the archery competitions: Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics The archery events at the 2012 Olympic Games in London were held over an eight-day period from 27 July to 3 August. Four events took place, all being staged at Lord's Cricket", "Modern competitive archery \"Cavalcade of Archery\" (1946). Modern competitive archery Modern competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms, as well as archery novelty games. The World Archery Federation (WA, also and formerly known as FITA from the French \"Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc\"), composed of 156", "Run archery whether the target is hit in the center or at the edge. For each missed shot the athlete must run a penalty loop. The number of laps and target sizes depend on age and bow type. At the end, the fastest athlete wins. The bow must be held in hand during running; arrows can be left at the shooting range or may be carried in a back quiver. Run archery Run archery is a shooting discipline connecting archery with running. It is similar to the sport of biathlon. Run archery was developed during the 1990s by European archery associations. Since", "Archery GB made confirming that \"Archery GB\" would become the trading name of the GNAS. An item in the Summer 2008 edition of \"Archery UK\", the official GNAS magazine, states: Archery GB Archery GB, previously The Grand National Archery Society (abbreviated to GNAS) is the governing body for the sport of archery in the United Kingdom. Under this main body are 8 Regional Societies and then many different county societies. It is affiliated to the World Archery Federation (WA); (formerly FITA, the \"Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc\") and is a member of the British Olympic Association. The society's motto is:<nowiki> \"Union,", "History of archery of the Zhou dynasty (1146–256 BCE); archery skill was a virtue for Chinese emperors; Confucius himself was an archery teacher; and Lie Zi (a Daoist philosopher) was an avid archer. Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse. In East Asia Joseon Korea adopted a military-service examination system from China, and South Korea remains a particularly strong performer at Olympic archery competitions even to this day. The bow and arrow constituted the classical Indian weapon of warfare, from the Vedic period, until the advent", "Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad 2012. It gives an easy connectivity between NH 44, NH 65, NH 161, NH 765 and NH 163 from Hyderabad to Warangal as well as state highways leading to Vikarabad Nagarjunasagar and Karimnagar /Mancherial. The Ring Road also helps in reducing the travel time from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport to cities like Nizamabad & Adilabad as it connects to NH44. The expressway is fenced and 33 radial roads connect it with the Inner Ring Road, and the upcoming Regional Ring Road. Outer Ring Road was initially planned by AP TDP government in 2003. After 2004 general elections, the newly formed", "Modern competitive archery Modern competitive archery Modern competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field archery, shot at targets generally set at various distances in a wooded setting. There are also several other lesser-known and historical forms, as well as archery novelty games. The World Archery Federation (WA, also and formerly known as FITA from the French \"Fédération Internationale de Tir à l'Arc\"), composed of 156 national federations and other", "Butterworth Outer Ring Road Butterworth Outer Ring Road Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR) (Malay: Lebuhraya Lingkaran Luar Butterworth) is a coastal expressway located in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. This expressway connects Sungai Dua in the north until Perai in the south. The Kilometre Zero of the expressway is located at Sungai Dua Interchange. Ships can be seen near Bagan Ajam Rest Area. The Penang Megamall is located at the end of the highway. It is a six-lane line and it is also the connecting highway to Federal Route 1, from which north bound traffic will bring travelers to Alor Setar and beyond while motorists travelling", "Modern competitive archery knife throwing as a sport and as an entertainment. While some competition knife throwers have also performed circus acts and there are official organisations that embrace both worlds, there is little or no evidence of such crossover in archery, with perhaps the sole exception of reenactment groups (e.g. Society for Creative Anachronism), where archers can both compete in a tournament (target archery) and participate in combat archery, shooting with light bows and special safety arrows at well armoured warriors (often knights). However archery involving a person in the vicinity of the target is a particularly dangerous practice and, even with", "Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's team Olympic record in the team match. The following new world and Olympic records were set during this competition. Source Source Archery at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's team The men's team archery event at the 2008 Summer Olympics was part of the archery programme and took place at the Olympic Green Archery Field. Ranking Round was scheduled for August 9 and elimination rounds and Finals took place on August 11. All archery is done at a range of 70 metres, with targets 1.22 metres in diameter. As the defending Olympic champions, South Korea defended the title with two archers", "Outer Ring Road, Nagpur Outer Ring Road, Nagpur Outer Ring Road (ORR) with a length of 119 km is set to complete. The National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has issued work orders for execution of remaining stretch of 61 km. The value of work orders is Rs 1,170 crore making it the biggest ongoing road project in and around the city. After Pardi flyover, it would be second to be executed since city MP Nitin Gadkari became union minister for road transport and highways under which NHAI is functioning. Gadkari had approved developmental projects worth over Rs 7,000 crore in and around the", "History of archery History of archery The bow and arrow are known to have been invented by the end of the Upper Paleolithic, and for at least 10,000 years archery was an important military and hunting skill, and features prominently in the mythologies of many cultures. Archers, whether on foot, in chariots or on horseback were a major part of most militaries until about 1500 when they began to be replaced by firearms, first in Europe, and then progressively elsewhere. Archery continues to be a popular sport; most commonly in the form of target archery, but in some places also for hunting. Based", "Berlin outer ring the Hamburg Railway between Wildpark station (now Potsdam Park Sanssouci station) via Wustermark and Nauen. In the following years, the line was extended to Jüterbog on the Anhalt line and Oranienburg on the Prussian Northern line. In the 1920s, the Seddin marshalling yard was built on the Berlin-Blankenheim line and subsequently connected via Saarmund to Großbeeren on the Anhalt line. In the early 1930s a continuation of this link to the east via Schönefeld to Wuhlheide was planned, which would have approximated the route of the current outer ring. During the Nazi period the Outer Freight Ring (\"Güteraußenring\") was built", "Target archery judge may be called and the judge makes a ruling on how the arrow lies. The archer in charge of scoring on a target at a tournament is known as the <nowiki>\"Target Captain\"</nowiki> and in larger tournaments, they may be assisted by a <nowiki>\"Target Lieutenant\"</nowiki>; a Target Captain makes an initial judgment on all disputed arrows. Under WA rules, in major tournaments, after scoring, each hole is marked before arrows are retrieved. In the event of a \"pass through\" (the arrow passes straight through the target) or \"bouncer\" (arrow hits the target and bounces out), points may be awarded to", "Penang Outer Ring Road individual. It was reported in early May 2007 that Malaysian Resources Corporation Berhad (MRCB) will become the lead shareholder of the company and will start the construction of the road. About 60 percent of the 17 km highway will be elevated. Development cost is expected to be RM1.02 billion. Penang Outer Ring Road Penang Outer Ring Road (PORR) is a planned expressway in George Town, Penang, Malaysia. If constructed, it will connect Gelugor in the south, near Penang Bridge to Tanjung Bungah in the north. After a mid-term review of the Ninth Malaysia Plan, this project, together with Penang Monorail", "Outer Ring Road, Chennai Outer Ring Road, Chennai The Outer Ring Road, officially state highway 234 (SH 234), is a major transport corridor being developed along the periphery of Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). It is 62.3 km long connecting NH 32 (GST Road) at Vandalur, NH 48 (GWT Road) at Nazarethpettai, NH 716 (CTH Road) at Nemilichery to NH 16 (GNT Road) at Nallur and to TPP road at Minjur. On 29 August 2010, the then Tamil Nadu Deputy Chief Minister M. K. Stalin laid the foundation for the first phase of the project from Vandalur to", "Outer Ring Road, Chennai would have a logistics facility. June 2015: Outer Ring Road, Chennai The Outer Ring Road, officially state highway 234 (SH 234), is a major transport corridor being developed along the periphery of Chennai Metropolitan Area (CMA) by the Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA). It is 62.3 km long connecting NH 32 (GST Road) at Vandalur, NH 48 (GWT Road) at Nazarethpettai, NH 716 (CTH Road) at Nemilichery to NH 16 (GNT Road) at Nallur and to TPP road at Minjur. On 29 August 2010, the then Tamil Nadu Deputy Chief Minister M. K. Stalin laid the foundation for the first", "Archery compound bows are used for large game hunting due to the relatively short time it takes to master them as opposed to the longbow or recurve bow. These compound bows may feature fiber optic sights, stabilizers, and other accessories designed to increase accuracy at longer distances. Using a bow and arrow to take fish is known as \"bow fishing\". Competitive archery involves shooting arrows at a target for accuracy from a set distance or distances. This is the most popular form of competitive archery worldwide and is called target archery. A form particularly popular in Europe and America is field", "Butterworth Outer Ring Road the two toll plazas are conducted electronically using Touch 'n Go cards or SmartTAGs since 1 June 2016. \"(Starting 6.00 am on 15 October 2015)\" ! scope=col|District ! scope=col|Location ! scope=col|KM ! scope=col|Exit ! scope=col|Interchange ! scope=col|Destinations ! scope=col|Notes Butterworth Outer Ring Road Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR) (Malay: Lebuhraya Lingkaran Luar Butterworth) is a coastal expressway located in Butterworth, Penang, Malaysia. This expressway connects Sungai Dua in the north until Perai in the south. The Kilometre Zero of the expressway is located at Sungai Dua Interchange. Ships can be seen near Bagan Ajam Rest Area. The Penang Megamall is", "Berlin Outer Freight Ring Berlin Outer Freight Ring The Berlin Outer Freight Ring (German: \"Güteraußenring\", GAR) was a planned ring railway around the city of Berlin, Germany. The first sections of a line to the west of the city were built in the early 20th century as part of the Brandenburg Bypass Railway (\"Umgehungsbahn\"). Even then, there were plans for a bypass south of Berlin. The first bits were built in the early 1920 and more sections followed in the 1930s. The line could not be completed due to the impact of the Second World War. The completed section consisted of a mainly single-track" ]

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[ "Louis XIII of France Italy.) He therefore found a better servitor in his Superintendent of Finances Charles de La Vieuville, who held similar views of Spain as the king, and who advised Louis to side with the Dutch via the Treaty of Compiègne. However, La Vieuville was dismissed by the middle of 1624, partly due to his bad behaviour (during his tenure as superintendent he was arrogant and incompetent) and because of a well-organized pamphlet campaign by Cardinal Richelieu against his council rival. Louis needed a new chief advisor; Cardinal Richelieu would be that counsellor. Cardinal Richelieu played a major role in Louis XIII's" ]

[ "Louis XIV of France hand, petitions addressed either directly to Louis or to his ministers exploited the traditional imagery and language of monarchy. These varying interpretations of Louis abounded in self-contradictions that reflected the people's amalgamation of their everyday experiences with the idea of monarchy. Alexandre Dumas portrayed Louis in his two sequels to \"The Three Musketeers\": first as a child in \"Twenty Years After\", then as a young man in \"The Vicomte de Bragelonne\", in which he is a central character. The final part of the latter novel recounts the legend that a mysterious prisoner in an iron mask was actually Louis' twin", "The Three Musketeers (1948 film) gives them to her lover, the Duke of Buckingham (John Sutton), who is also the Prime Minister of Great Britain. Knowing of the queen's indiscretion, Richelieu (Vincent Price) sees a way to persuade the King to go to war with Britain. Richelieu arranges a ball and suggests to Louis that he have the Queen wear the diamonds. D'Artagnan and his three friends volunteer to travel to Britain to retrieve the jewels, but along the way, they are ambushed by Richelieu's men. One by one, the Musketeers are forced to stay behind to hold off their pursuers. Finally, only d'Artagnan and", "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan Charles Ogier de Batz de Castelmore, Comte d'Artagnan (; 1611 – 25 June 1673) served Louis XIV as captain of the Musketeers of the Guard and died at the Siege of Maastricht in the Franco-Dutch War. A fictionalized account of his life by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras formed the basis for the d'Artagnan Romances of Alexandre Dumas, most famously including \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844). The heavily fictionalized version of d'Artagnan featured in Dumas's works and their subsequent screen adaptations is now far more widely known than the real historical figure. D'Artagnan was born", "Angélique and the King Comte d'Artagnan, well-known through his fictionalized depiction in Alexandre Dumas's \"The Three Musketeers\" and its sequels. In 1966, the book was adapted into a film titled \"Angélique et le Roy\". After many trials, Angelique finally takes her place in Louis XIV's court alongside her new husband, who is the Marshal of France, Philippe de Plessis du Bellière. She has many problems with her new husband, who despises her for having blackmailed him into marriage. Eventually, she starts loving him (and vice versa) but he gets killed in the King's war at the Low Countries. She earns the undivided attention of", "The Three Musketeers (1973 film) settings. The Duke replaces the two settings, and d'Artagnan races back to Paris. Porthos, Athos, and Aramis, wounded but not dead as d'Artagnan had feared, aid the delivery of the complete necklace to the Queen, saving the royal couple from the embarrassment which the Cardinal had plotted. Captain Tréville eventually inducts d'Artagnan into the Musketeers of the King's Guard. According to George MacDonald Fraser, Richard Lester became involved with the project when the producers briefly considered casting The Beatles as the Musketeers, as Lester had directed two films with the group. The Beatles idea fell by the wayside but Lester", "Alexandre de Marenches that a few trusted people could do all that at a cost of approximately a million dollars. Edouard Balladur knew him well when they were both working closely with Pompidou. When Balladur was prime minister, he was due to preside over a medal-awarding ceremony. He was suddenly unable to attend and so asked Marenches to take his place. That was a serious mark of Balladur's respect and friendship. At 6'4\" and heavily built, he was called Porthos in reference to the character in \" The Three Musketeers\". Charismatic and colourful, he was popular for his valour and patriotism. After the", "3 Musketiers and Queen are united and plan to have children at last. D'Artagnan goes to the grave of his father and reflects on his new life as a Musketeer. 3 Musketiers 3 Musketiers is a Dutch musical, also known as 3 Musketiere (German), 3 Musketeers (English) and A 3 Testőr (Hungarian) written by Ferdi Bolland and Rob Bolland. The story is based on Alexandre Dumas, père's novel \"The Three Musketeers\". It premiered in Rotterdam in 2003 starring Bastiaan Ragas as d'Artagnan and Pia Douwes as Milady de Winter. A German production (opening in Berlin in 2005) was later mounted, also starring", "Lansquenet the stake are \"I'll see\" (\"à moi le tout\") and \"Je tiens\". When \"jumelle\" (twins), or the turning up of similar cards on both sides, occurs, then the dealer takes half the stake. Robert-Houdin explained a mechanism by which a card sharp could cheat at lansquenet, by palming and then placing atop the deck a packet of cards in prepared order. Lansquenet is played by Porthos in the Alexandre Dumas novel \"The Three Musketeers\". Lansquenet is played by D'Artagnan in the Alexandre Dumas novel \"Twenty Years After\". Lucien Debray imagines Baroness Danglers might occupy herself with lansquenet in the Alexandre", "The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers ( ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. Situated between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos, Porthos and Aramis, \"the three inseparables,\" as these are called – and gets involved in affairs of the state and", "Historical romance during the reign of Louis XI (1461–1483). Alexander Dumas's \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844) is another famous French historical romance. Set in 1625, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although D'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age: Athos, Porthos and Aramis and gets involved in affairs of the state and court. In genre, \"The Three Musketeers\" is primarily a historical and adventure novel.", "Faye Dunaway as the villainous Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's \"The Three Musketeers\", based on Alexandre Dumas' novel of the same name, co-starring Michael York, Oliver Reed, Richard Chamberlain and Charlton Heston. Eventually, producers decided to split the film into two parts: \"The Three Musketeers\" and \"The Four Musketeers\" (released in 1974). Critics and audiences alike praised the film for its action and its comic tone, and it was the first in a line of successful projects for Dunaway. Director Roman Polanski offered Dunaway the lead role of Evelyn Mulwray in his mystery neo-noir \"Chinatown\" (1974). Although its producer, Robert Evans,", "George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham (\"The Three Musketeers\"), which paints him as in love with Anne of Austria as well as dealing with the siege of La Rochelle and his assassination by Felton. He is described: In the 1973 two-film, Anglo-American adaptation of the book — \"The Three Musketeers\" and \"The Four Musketeers\" — Buckingham also has a prominent role as an ally of the main characters. The second film includes his assassination by Felton, but (following the original novel in this) depicts the killing as being orchestrated by the fictional Milady de Winter, an agent of the principal villain, Cardinal Richelieu. Taylor Caldwell's \"The", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) then apologizes to his wife for doubting her, befriends the Duke of Buckingham, declares peace between their two countries and finally declares D'Artagnian as an official musketeer in his service. The Three Musketeers (1992 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1992 animated film directed by Masakazu Higuchi and Chinami Namba. Released directly to video, it is based on the classic book, \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. Like all other Golden Films productions, the film features a single theme song, \"All for One and One for All\", written and composed by Richard Hurwitz and John Arrias. The film tells the", "Milady de Winter Milady de Winter Milady de Winter, often referred to as simply Milady, is a fictional character in the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844) by Alexandre Dumas, père, set in 1625 France. She is a spy for Cardinal Richelieu and is one of the dominant antagonists of the story. Her role in the first part of the book is to seduce the English Prime Minister, the Duke of Buckingham, who is also the secret lover of Queen Anne of France. Hoping to blackmail the Queen, Richelieu orders Milady to steal two diamonds from a set of matched studs given to Buckingham", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) her, the woman asks of D'Artagnan to travel to England and fetch the Duke of Buckingham, the only one who may now save the queen. D'Artagnan, now in love with Constance but not fully trusting of the queen, gathers his three friends, the three musketeers and all of them travel to England together. There, they meet the Duke of Buckingham, as well as Milady, who confesses the crime of theft she is committed and attempts to murder the duke, believing he is in love with the queen of France instead of her. The five of them, D'Artagnan, the duke and", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) a musketeer. There he meets three old musketeers, members of the glorious King's Guard, but actually realizes that they are not the great fighters who he thinks they are. While joining the musketeers he is faced with the hidden plots of Cardinal Richelieu, his spy Milady de Winter and a possible war against England. In 1625 France, a poor young nobleman named d'Artagnan leaves his parents in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard. At an inn in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, d'Artagnan demands a duel with him. The older man's", "Jean-Charles de Baas family of councilors in the Navarre parlement, around 1610–12. Jean-Charles's older brother, Isaac de Baas, was a soldier who became sub-lieutenant of the King's musketeers. He resigned in 1658 in favour of d'Artagnan, prototype of a character in the historical romance \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. Jean-Charles de Baas was captain in the Regiment de Persan under his brother Isaac de Baas, who was major of the regiment. He joined in the Fronde rebellion (1648–53) and participated with his brother in abduction plots of César, Duke of Vendôme and Cardinal Mazarin. In September 1652 he helped defend the Château", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) that he, d'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis, and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing 22 Rochellese in total. They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England but seduces her guard, Felton (a fictionalization of the real John Felton), and persuades him to allow her escape and to kill Buckingham himself. On her return to France, Milady hides in a convent where Constance is also staying. The naive Constance clings to Milady, who", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film) The Three Musketeers (2011 film) The Three Musketeers is a 2011 romantic action adventure film directed by Paul W. S. Anderson and starring Matthew Macfadyen, Logan Lerman, Ray Stevenson, Milla Jovovich, Luke Evans, Mads Mikkelsen, Orlando Bloom, and Christoph Waltz. It is based on Alexandre Dumas’s 1844 novel of the same title with clock-punk elements. The film was released on 1 September 2011 in Germany, 12 October 2011 in the United Kingdom and France and 21 October 2011 in the United States, Canada and Australia. Upon its release, it grossed $132 million against a production budget of $75 million and", "Philippe Jules Mancini the king's younger brother. In 1657, Cardinal Mazarin re-established the \"Mousquetaires du Roi\", a military unit later immortalized by Alexandre Dumas, père in his story of The Three Musketeers. Philippe was awarded the position of leader of the corps as a captain-lieutenant. In 1661, after the Cardinal's death, jurisdiction over the musketeers passed to Louis XIV. He replaced Philippe in 1667 with Charles de Batz-Castelmore, comte d'Artagnan. The comte had been in actual control of the unit since joining in 1658, as Philippe was not interested in war and rarely accompanied the musketeers in battle. As a young man, Philippe", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) academy for musketeers that his father had attended. On his way to Paris, however, he meets up with Monsieur Rochefort. D'Artagnan does not know that his rivalry with Monsieur Rochefort will get him involved in a battle against the evil plot thought up by Cardinal Richelieu against the king and queen of France. When Cardinal Richelieu discovers that the queen had sent valuable diamonds to the Duke of Buckingham in England, a country enemy of France, the cardinal uses the information to blackmail the queen and create a difficult situation between her and King Louis, who now believes his wife", "Michael Gothard young disillusioned hippie in Barbet Schroeder's \"La Vallée\" (1972) contrasted with the rest of his career. He also played a fictionalised version of the 17th century assassin John Felton in Richard Lester's 1973 film of \"The Three Musketeers\" and its 1974 sequel, \"The Four Musketeers\". He had a regular role as Kai opposite Oliver Tobias's King Arthur on the aforementioned \"Arthur of the Britons\" during the early 1970s. He became known to a wider cinema audience for his menacing turn as the villainous (and non-speaking) Belgian henchman, Emile Leopold Locque, in the 1981 James Bond film, \"For Your Eyes Only\".", "John Felton (assassin) of the Duke was fictionalised in Alexandre Dumas, père's \"The Three Musketeers\". In Dumas's novel, Felton is portrayed as a Puritan who serves the fictional Lord de Winter. Felton is entrusted by de Winter to guard Milady de Winter, the widow of his brother and a French spy. Milady's master, Cardinal Richelieu, has ordered her to have Buckingham murdered so that he will not aid the Huguenot cause in the city of La Rochelle. As they question each other she puts on a façade of sorrow and broken innocence, even pretending to be a Puritan like Felton, and inventing a", "The Three Musketeers (1935 film) home, where Constance is waiting, Lady de Winter throws herself into the river. At the ball, d'Artagnan unmasks Rochefort as a traitor, producing a secret treaty taken from Lady de Winter and offered by Rochefort to Buckingham in which the King and Richelieu would be assassinated. Hearing that d'Artagnan is just a cadet, the King immediately makes him a Musketeer. Cast notes: In his review in \"The New York Times\", Andre Sennwald wrote \"\"The Three Musketeers\" in its 1935 edition is a reasonably entertaining picture, but it is not in the same league with the athletic Fairbanks' version of fourteen", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) d'Artagnan sets off for Paris, France in hopes to follow in his murdered father's footsteps and become a member of the musketeers: the personal guard of the King of France. He is pursued by Gérard and his brothers, accused of blemishing their sister's honor. Unfortunately, Captain Rochefort of the Cardinal's Guards has disbanded the musketeers per the orders of Cardinal Richelieu, the King's Minister, ostensibly to help fight in an impending war with England. Rochefort informs Richelieu that three musketeers refused to relinquish their duties: Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. In Paris, d’Artagnan “rescues” the queen’s handmaidens from their own bodyguards,", "The Three Musketeers (1973 film) learned swordsmanship from his father, the young country bumpkin d'Artagnan arrives in Paris with dreams of becoming a king's musketeer. Unaccustomed to the city life, he makes a number of clumsy \"faux pas\". First he finds himself insulted, knocked out and robbed by the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, and once in Paris comes into conflict with three musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, each of whom challenges him to a duel for some accidental insult or embarrassment. As the first of these duels is about to begin, Jussac arrives with five additional swordsmen of Cardinal Richelieu's guards.", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) the three musketeers, return to France just as the queen is being led to the guillotine. King Louis begs his wife to lie to him, to tell him that she did not send the diamonds out for the Duke of Buckingham, even if she did, but the queen refuses. When the cardinal and the soldiers discover the presence of the duke, they fear for the safety of the king and attack the five men. As D'Artagnan comes close to finishing off Rochefort, the Cardinal calls everyone to stop, for the King himself does not wish Rochefort to be harmed. The", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film) by their bravery and the king condecorates them instead. Richelieu instructs Milady, now his accomplice, to plant false love letters among Queen Anne's possessions, steal her diamond necklace, and take it to the Tower of London in order to frame her as having an affair with Buckingham, which would force King Louis to execute her and declare war on England. At this point, the people would demand a more experienced leader: Richelieu himself. In order to secure her own position, Milady demands that Richelieu declare in a written authorization that she is working on behalf of France. The false letters", "Cardinal Richelieu the many versions of Alexandre Dumas's \"The Three Musketeers\". He is usually portrayed as a sinister character, but the 1950 \"Cyrano de Bergerac\" shows Richelieu (played by Edgar Barrier in a scene not from Rostand's original verse drama), as compassionate to Cyrano's financial plight, and playfully having enjoyed the duel at the theatre. Charlton Heston, Tcheky Karyo, Stephen Rea, Tim Curry, Christoph Waltz, Vincent Price, and Peter Capaldi are just a few of the actors to have portrayed Cardinal Richelieu on film and television. The 1839 play \"Richelieu; Or the Conspiracy\", by Edward Bulwer-Lytton, portrayed Richelieu uttering the now famous", "The Return of the Musketeers in the original films, has a cameo appearance as Cyrano de Bergerac. While filming was taking place in September 1988, character actor Roy Kinnear died following an on-camera accident in which he fell off a horse. His role was completed by using a stand-in, filmed from the rear, and dubbed-in lines from a voice artist. Twenty years after the events of \"The Four Musketeers\", Cardinal Mazarin has imprisoned the Duke of Beaufort. Mazarin hires d'Artagnan to bring together Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, to work for him. Porthos accepts, but Athos and Aramis decline. By this time, Athos has a son", "The Return of the Musketeers Porthos, and Raoul to rescue him. They attempt a rescue by knocking out the headsman, but Justine takes his place and executes Charles. The musketeers have several encounters with Justine: in one, Raoul's true allegiance is revealed to her; in another, Justine and Rochefort attempt to kill the Musketeers by blowing up their ship (the Musketeers escape and Rochefort is killed by his own bomb). Justine attempts to kill King Louis XIV, but is stopped by the Musketeers, and their battle concludes with Justine jumping out of the window into the water. Aramis rejoins the musketeers, and they force Mazarin", "The Three Musketeers story read to him by Mr. Beumer, a lawyer who later becomes senile and in morbidity. . Plain text format. The Three Musketeers The Three Musketeers ( ) is a historical adventure novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas. Situated between 1625 and 1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age – Athos,", "The Three Musketeers (1969 film) age — Athos, Porthos and Aramis — and gets involved in affairs of the state and court. The Three Musketeers (1969 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1969 television film based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (\"Les Trois Mousquetaires\") by Alexandre Dumas. It stars Kenneth Welsh as d'Artagnan. The Three Musketeers, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, are played by Powys Thomas, James Blendick and Colin Fox. Academy Award-winner actor Christopher Walken makes a very early film appearance as Felton. A young man named d'Artagnan leaves home to travel to Paris, with the intention to join the Musketeers. Although d'Artagnan is", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) Duke of Buckingham then bows before King Louis and explains to him that he is in reality the brother of his wife, not the lover. The queen explains that she and her brother had been separated and that she had been sent to France. She had sent the diamonds to the Duke to prevent him from being locked up when he was left almost penniless and when difficulties had begun between France and England. She had had to remain silent, for she could not reveal she was sister to the duke of a land enemy to her own. King Louie", "Revenge of the Musketeers she hasn't seen since childhood. When she shows him the blood-stained paper she believes holds the key to a secret plot, he tells her it looks like a laundry list with blood on it. Later, D'Artagnan visits the grave of his former Musketeer, Athos, and longs for the days when the Musketeers were together, defending their King. Meanwhile, Eloise heads to the royal court, where she meets Cardinal Mazarin (Gigi Proietti) who is teaching the youthful King Louis XIV (Stéphane Legros) the subtleties of deceitful diplomacy. When Eloise learns that Mazarin plans to arrest Quentin, she rushes off. Mazarin, who", "The Three Musketeers (1935 film) she came to meet their leader, the Count de Rochefort (Ian Keith). When Rochefort insults d'Artagnan, the latter insists on a duel. Instead, Rochefort has his men knock out d'Artagnan, while he blackmails Lady de Winter into helping him in his plot to seize power. Upon reaching Paris, d'Artagnan is dismayed to learn from de Treville that he must serve two years as a cadet or perform \"extraordinary deeds of valor\" before he can become a Musketeer. Then he spots Rochefort on the street. In his haste to confront his enemy, d'Artagnan unintentionally insults three Musketeers: Athos (Paul Lukas), Porthos", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) The Three Musketeers (1993 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1993 Austrian-American action-adventure comedy film from Walt Disney Pictures, Caravan Pictures, and The Kerner Entertainment Company, directed by Stephen Herek from a screenplay by David Loughery. It stars Charlie Sheen, Kiefer Sutherland, Chris O'Donnell, Oliver Platt, Tim Curry, and Rebecca De Mornay. The film is loosely based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (\"Les Trois Mousquetaires\") by Alexandre Dumas. It recounts the adventures of d'Artagnan on his quest to join the three title characters in becoming a musketeer. However, this adaptation simplifies and alters the story. In 1625, young-but-skilled fencer", "The Three Musketeers (1935 film) It turns out that it is actually her chamber, though she is rarely there, as she spends most of her time at the palace as lady-in-waiting to the Queen. Constance has arranged a rendezvous between Queen Anne (Rosamond Pinchot) and her lover, the English Duke of Buckingham (Ralph Forbes). Buckingham threatens to wage war to obtain Anne, but she dissuades him by appealing to his love; she gives him her diamonds as a pledge for peace. Bernajou, lusting for Constance and suspicious of her meeting a lover, has hidden in an armoire and witnesses their meeting. He is arrested and", "The Three Musketeers orders from the Cardinal himself, but Athos takes it. The next morning, Athos bets that he, d'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis, and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour, for the purpose of discussing their next course of action. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing 22 Rochellese in total. They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England, but she seduces her guard, Felton (a fictionalization of the real John Felton), and persuades him to allow her escape and to", "Sir Lionel But Lionel escapes, and attacks Bors the next time they meet. Bors proves himself worthy of the Grail when he refuses to fight back, and Lionel kills a religious hermit and Sir Calogrenant, a fellow Knight of the Round Table, when they try to protect Bors from his wrath. Before Lionel can strike his brother, however, God intervenes and immobilizes him. Lionel and the rest of his family follow Lancelot into exile when the affair with Queen Guinevere is exposed. Lionel participates in the battles against King Arthur and becomes King of Gaunnes. After the Battle of Camlann, Lancelot's family", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film) received negative critical reaction. Critics praised its action sequences, score, the performances of Macfadyen and Mikkelsen, and visual style but criticized its writing, direction and characters. In Venice, the musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, with the help of Milady de Winter, steal airship blueprints made by Leonardo da Vinci. However, they are betrayed by Milady, who incapacitates them and sells the blueprints to the Duke of Buckingham. A year later, d'Artagnan leaves his village in Gascony for Paris in hopes of becoming a musketeer as his father was, only to learn that they were disbanded. At a rural bar, he", "The Three Musketeers (1935 film) reveals the details to Rochefort, who is in league with Richelieu to bring about the Queen's downfall and thus thwart Buckingham. Rochefort lies to Richelieu that the Queen gave her diamonds to start a war between France and England, and they arrange it so that she must appear wearing the diamonds at the King's anniversary ball eight days hence. When d'Artagnan finds out from Constance the Queen's danger, he decides to ride to England and retrieve the jewelry. De Treville assigns him help: Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. Alerted by Bernajou, Rochefort sends his men to attack them along the way.", "The Three Musketeers (1973 film) The Three Musketeers (1973 film) The Three Musketeers (also known as The Three Musketeers: The Queen's Diamonds) is a 1973 film based on \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas. It was directed by Richard Lester and written by George MacDonald Fraser. It was originally proposed in the 1960s as a vehicle for The Beatles, whom Lester had directed in two other films. The film adheres closely to the novel, and also injects a fair amount of humor. It was shot by David Watkin, with an eye for period detail. The fight scenes were choreographed by master swordsman William Hobbs. Having", "Rudolf Friml The use of murder as part of the plot was ground-breaking among operettas and musical theatre pieces at the time. After \"Rose-Marie's\" success came two other hit operettas, \"The Vagabond King\" in 1925, with lyrics by Brian Hooker and William H. Post, and \"The Three Musketeers\" in 1928, with lyrics by P. G. Wodehouse and Clifford Grey, based on Alexandre Dumas's famous swashbuckling novel. In addition, Friml contributed to the \"Ziegfeld Follies\" of 1921 and 1923. Friml wrote music for many films during the 1930s, often songs adapted from previous work. \"The Vagabond King\", \"Rose-Marie\" and \"The Firefly\" were all", "The Three Musketeers (1969 film) The Three Musketeers (1969 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1969 television film based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (\"Les Trois Mousquetaires\") by Alexandre Dumas. It stars Kenneth Welsh as d'Artagnan. The Three Musketeers, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, are played by Powys Thomas, James Blendick and Colin Fox. Academy Award-winner actor Christopher Walken makes a very early film appearance as Felton. A young man named d'Artagnan leaves home to travel to Paris, with the intention to join the Musketeers. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the", "Siege of La Rochelle visited the scene of the siege in 1627. The siege was depicted in detail by numerous artists, such as Jacques Callot. Around the time of the siege, a series of propaganda coins were cast to describe the stakes of the siege, and then commemorate the Royal victory. These coins depict the siege in symbolic ways, showing the city and the English effort in a poor light, while putting an advantageous light on Royal might. The siege forms the historical background for the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas, père and the book's numerous adaptations to stage, screen, comics and", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) takes him along with his new friends, the three finest musketeers in France, Athos, Porthos and Aramis, to England. There they must send for the Duke of Buckingham and bring down the evil Cardinal Richelieu. \"The Three Musketeers\" was produced by Golden Films and the American Film Investment Corporation. It was distributed to DVD in 2003 by GoodTimes Entertainment, packaged together with \"Sinbad\" (1992) and \"The Count of Monte Cristo\" (1996). The young D'Artagnan wants to be a musketeer and for this he travels the long way to the city of Paris in France, where he will enter the same", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) hired a sharpshooter; during the assembly, d'Artagnan makes the sniper's shot go wide, narrowly missing the king. Richelieu deflects blame to the three musketeers in the crowd for the attempted assassination. As the three face off with the Cardinal's guards, men rush to their sides and reveal themselves as musketeers. The two forces battle as Richelieu takes the king and queen hostage, shooting Aramis in the chest before fleeing to the dungeon with Athos and Porthos in pursuit. d'Artagnan duels Rochefort and is disarmed; as Rochefort gloats about having killed d'Artagnan's father, Constance passes his sword back and d'Artagnan promptly", "Meung-sur-Loire complex was restored in 1570, again during the 19th century and again in 1985. The river defined the town, in 1857, 38 mills had the right to use the waters of the rivers to power themselves. In fiction, it has been described by Alexandre Dumas in The Three Musketeers as the village where d'Artagnan, en route to join the King's Musketeers in Paris, first encounters the villainous Comte de Rochefort. Also in fiction, Meung-sur-Loire is the country home of Chief Inspector Jules Maigret, Georges Simenon's classic crime fiction character. Maigret and his wife Louise eventually retire to their Meung-sur-Loire home,", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) kills Rochefort. Athos and Porthos arrive just as Richelieu's boat leaves on an underground river. Although his plans are foiled, Richelieu claims he will be back. The boatman then reveals himself as Aramis, his crucifix having stopped the bullet. Aramis attempts to apprehend the Cardinal, but King Louis stops him to punch Richelieu himself, knocking him into the river. The musketeers are reinstated by the king, and d'Artagnan is offered anything he wants; he chooses to serve Louis as a musketeer. Outside the musketeer headquarters, Gérard and his brothers arrive and challenge d'Artagnan to a duel; Porthos reminds him that", "The Four Musketeers (1974 film) Musketeers\" by ordering the Count de Rochefort to kidnap Constance Bonancieux, dressmaker to the Queen of France. The evil Milady de Winter, who wants revenge on junior musketeer d'Artagnan, seduces him to keep him occupied. He soon discovers her true nature, however, and also that she was once married to his fellow musketeer Athos, who had supposedly killed her after discovering that she was a branded criminal. The trio of musketeers — Athos, Porthos, and Aramis — rescue Constance from imprisonment in Rochefort's abode of Saint Cloud and take her to safety in the convent of Armentieres. De Winter sends", "D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers the Soviet Union throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s, and is now considered a classic. Three sequels were made: \"Musketeers Twenty Years After\" (1992), \"The Secret of Queen Anne or Musketeers Thirty Years After\" (1993) and \"The Return of the Musketeers, or The Treasures of Cardinal Mazarin\" (2009). The film consists of three parts: D’Artagnan, a young country bumpkin rides to Paris in hopes of becoming a musketeer. In Meung he is insulted by Rochefort, an agent of the Cardinal. A fight ensues, and d’Artagnan Is robbed and left bleeding. Later he meets M. De Tréville, captain of the", "The Three Musketeers (1948 film) none, even though her husband still loves her despite her many crimes. Seeing this, she calms herself and walks with dignity to her execution. The Musketeers are ambushed by Richelieu's men, captured, and returned to the Royal Court for judgment. As Richelieu is about to have them sentenced to death by the king, d'Artagnan produces the carte blanche. Richelieu is compelled to recommend to King Louis that he grant Aramis's wish to enter a monastery; Porthos, an introduction to a rich widow; Athos, the restoration of his title and lands; and d'Artagnan, a commission as a Musketeer and a mission", "3 Musketiers containing the necklace before she is recognised by Buckingham who recognises her as the widow of his friend, Lord de Winter. Milady escapes and takes the box to the Cardinal, who finds that it is empty. Milady expresses her hatred of men (\"Men\") and heads to the Royal Hunt, in disguise, where Richelieu suggests that the King hosts a ball and that he and the Queen wear the full crown jewels (\"Hunt\"). The first act ends with great uncertainty but with d'Artagnan swearing to go to England and fetch the necklace from Buckingham for the Queen (\"Fight\"). D'Artagnan crosses to", "Comte de Troisville Peyrer the right to be considered a gentleman and to sit upon the council of gentlemen in the viscountcy of Soule. Comte de Troisville Jean-Armand du Peyrer, Comte de Troisville (or Tresville) (1598 at Oloron-Sainte-Marie – 8 May 1672 at Trois-Villes) was a French officer. He was fictionalized under the name Monsieur de Tréville in Alexandre Dumas's novel \"The Three Musketeers\". Du Peyrer was not from aristocratic stock, but of recent nobility. It was his father, Jean du Peyrer, who introduced the name de Trois-villes or Tréville into the family. In 1607 he bought the region of Trois-Villes which effectively", "Porthos song. Though he is often seen as the comic relief, he is also extremely dedicated and loyal toward his friends and fellow Musketeers. His eating abilities even impress King Louis XIV during a banquet at Fontainebleau. As the story advances, he looks more and more like a giant, and his death is that of a titan. At the time of \"The Three Musketeers\" (ca. 1627) he apparently has few lands or other resources to draw from. He was finally able to extract sufficient funds from an elderly lawyer's somewhat younger wife (whom he was romancing and later married) to equip", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) sees a chance to avenge herself on d'Artagnan. Milady fatally poisons Constance before d'Artagnan can rescue her. The Musketeers apprehend Milady before she can reach the protection of Cardinal Richelieu. They bring an official executioner, put her on trial and sentence her to death. After her execution, the four friends return to the siege of La Rochelle. The Comte de Rochefort arrests d'Artagnan and takes him straight to the Cardinal. When questioned about Milady's execution, d'Artagnan presents her letter of pardon as his own. The Cardinal laughs at this arrogance, but he is impressed with d'Artagnan's wilfulness. Secretly glad to", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) which both Adams and Sting were signed at the time) elsewhere. The Three Musketeers (1993 film) The Three Musketeers is a 1993 Austrian-American action-adventure comedy film from Walt Disney Pictures, Caravan Pictures, and The Kerner Entertainment Company, directed by Stephen Herek from a screenplay by David Loughery. It stars Charlie Sheen, Kiefer Sutherland, Chris O'Donnell, Oliver Platt, Tim Curry, and Rebecca De Mornay. The film is loosely based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" (\"Les Trois Mousquetaires\") by Alexandre Dumas. It recounts the adventures of d'Artagnan on his quest to join the three title characters in becoming a musketeer. However,", "Théâtre Historique Historique was revived by some other companies in the late 1870s and early 1890s. Dumas tells the story behind the founding of the Théâtre Historique in his 1867 memoir \"Histoire de mes bêtes\". His drama adapted from his novel \"The Three Musketeers\" had premiered on 27 October 1845 on the boulevard du Temple at the Théâtre de l'Ambigu-Comique. On that occasion Dumas met the 21-year-old Duke of Montpensier, youngest son of the French king, Louis-Philippe. The Duke invited Dumas to his box at the end of the performance, and during their conversation, he offered to use his influence to help", "The Three Musketeers (1993 film) to run away but is stopped by Athos, who calls her Sabine; they had been lovers, but he regretfully betrayed her to the authorities when he found out she was branded for execution. The musketeers retrieve the treaty and Sabine is sentenced to beheading for killing her first husband, Lord de Winter; just before she is executed, Athos begs her forgiveness. Moved, she reveals the Cardinal's plans to assassinate the king at his birthday celebration before throwing herself off a cliff to her death. Athos, Porthos and Aramis send missives to rally the rest of the musketeers. Richelieu and Rochefort", "The Musketeer authenticity of the message. Richelieu, finally, realizes just how far Febre is willing to go. He means to start a war between France and England and Spain, a war that will cripple France. Knowing he has lost control of his chief henchman, he secretly visits d'Artagnan and tells him of Febre's plans and pleads for his help to stop Febre. d'Artagnan agrees but only because Febre is holding Francesca. d'Artagnan returns to Paris and convinces the surviving musketeers that their responsibility to the Crown remains their highest priority. They join him at the castle where Francesca, the Queen and Lord", "Alexandra Dowling by Farren Blackburn and was released on 5 July 2013. The film tells the story of a dying Viking king who sends his son on a quest to seek out his older brother, the clan's only hope for defeating an approaching enemy horde. She is known for her role as Queen Anne in the BBC One drama series \"The Musketeers\", based on Alexandre Dumas's novel \"The Three Musketeers\", about French political intrigues in the early 17th century. On 15 December 2014 it was announced that Dowling was in the running for the female lead role in the upcoming of \"Pirates", "Twenty Years After Dumas comes out on the side of the monarchy in general, or at least the text often praises the \"idea\" of benevolent royalty. His musketeers are valiant and just in their efforts to protect young Louis XIV and the doomed Charles I from their attackers. The action begins during the regency of Queen Anne of Austria (term 1643–1651), with Cardinal Mazarin as First Minister. D'Artagnan, who seemed to have a promising career ahead of him at the end of \"The Three Musketeers\", has for twenty years remained a lieutenant, and seems unlikely to progress despite his ambition and the debt", "Anne of Austria the Spanish Habsburg princess Maria Theresa of Spain. In 1661, the same year as the death of Mazarin, an heir to the throne was born, Anne's first grandchild Louis. Many other children would follow, but all in the legitimate line would die except for Louis. Some time after, Anne retired to the convent of Val-de-Grâce, where she died of breast cancer five years later. Anne of Austria had the following children: She is one of the central figures in Alexandre Dumas's novel, \"The Three Musketeers\" and its sequels \"Twenty Years After\" and \"The Vicomte de Bragelonne\" and has thus been", "The Three Musketeers (puppetry) of the musketeers change a lot. D' Artagnan meets former captain Treville who is a groom for king and then searches Athos, Porthos and Aramis with labour. Then Trėville tells the musketeers that d'Artagnan is a son of Bertand who taught them fencing and train him to a full-fledged musketeer. He also tells d'Artagnan to learn courage from Athos, wisdom from Aramis and humour from Porthos. One day Bonacieux, owner of the house the musketeers and d'Atragnan live in asks them to search his young wife Constance who serves Anne of Austria. At that time, Constance is imprisoned and questioned", "The Three Musketeers (1948 film) Milady, but begins to fall under her spell instead. When Athos discovers that the Countess de Winter is actually his treacherous wife, he tries to warn d'Artagnan, but is not believed. Then d'Artagnan finds out that Athos was telling the truth: He sees a brand on Milady's shoulder, the mark of a common criminal, just where Athos had told him he would. Fighting breaks out between Britain and France. The Queen succeeds in freeing Constance and sends her to Buckingham for safety. When the war goes against him, Richelieu gives de Winter a carte blanche and sends her to Britain", "Porthos himself for the Siege of La Rochelle. The fictional Porthos is very loosely based on the historical musketeer Isaac de Porthau. Actors who have played Porthos on screen include: Porthos Porthos, Baron du Vallon de Bracieux de Pierrefonds is a fictional character in the novels \"The Three Musketeers\", \"Twenty Years After\" and \"The Vicomte de Bragelonne\" by Alexandre Dumas, père. He and the other two musketeers, Athos and Aramis, are friends of the novel's protagonist, d'Artagnan. In \"The Three Musketeers\" his family name is du Vallon. In \"Twenty Years After\", having made a financially advantageous marriage, he is first known", "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan or on an incident in General Dumas's youth when he was insulted, or on General Dumas's youthful companionship with fellow soldiers in the Queen's Dragoons. D'Artagnan's role among the musketeers is one of leadership (his skills and brains impress the musketeers greatly), but he is also regarded as a sort of protégé given his youth and inexperience. Athos sees him not only as a best friend and fellow musketeer but nearly as a son. Towards the end of the story, his death at the siege of Maastricht is given an extra tragic twist – he is mortally wounded whilst reading", "3 Musketiers Rochefort and his men. The musketeers and d'Artagnan win a fight against Rochefort and the Cardinal Guard and they agree to take d'Artagnan to meet with the King (\"One for all and all for one\"). At the Cathedral, Milady arrives to speak with Richelieu, telling him that she has seen the British Prime Minister Lord Buckingham in Paris and that, in exchange for Richelieu reversing her exile, she will spy on him. Richelieu reveals a brand on Milady's shoulder and reminds her that she is in his power and always will be. He reveals that she was branded for having", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) branded on Milady's shoulder, marking her as a felon. Discovering his identity, Milady attempts to kill him, but d'Artagnan eludes her. He is ordered to the siege of La Rochelle. He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. In an inn, the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them. Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under orders from the Cardinal himself, but Athos takes it from her. The next morning, Athos bets", "3 Musketiers and Aramis, who challenge him to a duel the following morning. At the cathedral, Cardinal Richelieu prays, displaying his absolute faith (\"O Lord\"). Queen Anna arrives and is advised by Richelieu to use her influence on the King to instigate a holy war against the Protestant church. The King arrives and the merits of war are discussed, with suggestion that the King uses Anna as a political pawn to gain favour from her family in the Spanish court (\"War or no war\"). The following morning, d'Artagnan arrives for his duel, as do the three musketeers, only to be interrupted by", "Comte de Rochefort in \"The Return in the Musketeers\", only to die \"again\" in a gunpowder explosion intended for (and partially triggered by) the musketeers; the character suffers the same fate in the 1993 adaptation. In his three appearances as Rochefort, Christopher Lee wore an eyepatch, intended to make the character look more sinister. The eyepatch, a departure from Rochefort's appearance in Dumas' novel, was deemed striking enough to be retained in several other film adaptations: Wincott, Mikkelsen and (eventually) Warren retained it in their portrayals, as did the cartoon series \"Dogtanian and the Three Muskehounds\" and the anime version. Tim Roth's Febre,", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film) to be gripping, this film seemed to go on forever, and then ended with the threat of a sequel,” was part of Robbie Collins’ criticism in a review for \"The Telegraph\". Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that only 24% of 90 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 4.1 out of 10. The website's consensus is \"It plays admirably fast and loose with Alexandre Dumas' classic tale, but in every other respect, \"The Three Musketeers\" offers nothing to recommend—or to set it apart from the many other film adaptations\". Metacritic, which assigns a weighted", "The Three Musketeers (1992 film) fine friends shortly after, since all four fight against the Cardinal's soldiers. When searching for lodging in Paris, D'Artagnan meets the lovely Constance Bonacieux, a good friend of the queen. Cardinal Richelieu orders all of the queen's closest friends to be arrested so that no one will be able to defend her once King Louis decides to have her beheaded. D'Artagnan defends Constance when a group of soldiers try to insolently have her arrested and then takes her to the safety of the queen. Constance trusts the queen and when she learns of the awful accusation that's been laid upon", "John Felton (assassin) 1973 film \"The Three Musketeers\" and its 1974 sequel \"The Four Musketeers\", Felton is played by Michael Gothard. Felton appears briefly in the first film as a Puritan servant of the Duke of Buckingham (Lord de Winter does not appear in the films). The second film portrays his gradual seduction by Milady at some length, and then his assassination of Buckingham, carried out under her influence. The Duke's assassination features in Philippa Gregory's novel \"Earthly Joys\". In Ronald Blythe's novel \"The Assassin\" Felton is depicted as a complex character whose motives for the assassination are altruistic. John Felton (assassin) John", "The Three Musketeers (musical) d'Artagnan, were successful, but a 1984 attempt at a much-revised Broadway revival flopped. In early 17th century France, the poor but virile d'Artagnan travels to Paris to join the Musketeers (the King's bodyguard). He meets and falls in love with Lady Constance Bonacieux, a lady-in-waiting to Queen Anne. Meanwhile, Cardinal Richelieu learns that the Queen has given a diamond heart brooch, which was a present to her from the King, as a token of love to the Duke of Buckingham. Richelieu suggests that the King ask the Queen to wear it at a planned royal gala. Richelieu dispatches the Comte", "The Three Musketeers her husband to London, but the man is instead manipulated by Richelieu and thus does not go, so d'Artagnan and his friends intercede. En route, the Cardinal's henchmen repeatedly attack them and only d'Artagnan and Planchet reach London. Before arriving, d'Artagnan is compelled to assault, and nearly to kill, the Comte de Wardes, a friend of the Cardinal, cousin of Rochefort and Milady's lover. Although Milady stole two of the diamond studs, the Duke of Buckingham provides replacements while delaying the thief's return to Paris. D'Artagnan is thus able to return a complete set of jewels to Queen Anne just", "Gascony historically inhabited by Basque-related people who appear to have spoken a language similar to Basque. The name Gascony comes from the same root as the word Basque (see Wasconia below). From medieval times until today, the Gascon language has been spoken, although it is classified as a regional variant of the Occitan language. Gascony is the land of d'Artagnan, who inspired Alexandre Dumas's character d'Artagnan in \"The Three Musketeers\". It is also home to Henry III of Navarre, who later became king of France as Henry IV. In pre-Roman times, the inhabitants of Gascony were the Aquitanians (), who spoke", "D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers king’s musketeers. Suddenly, he sees Rochefort and jumps out the window. He crashes into Athos, a wounded musketeer who calls him an idiot and challenged him to a duel at noon. D’Artagnan continues his chase, crashing into two other musketeers, Porthos and Aramis and gets challenged to two other duels. Arriving for the first duel, Athos duels d’Artagnan until Porthos and Aramis arrive, and are astonished that they will all fight the same boy. The Cardinals Guards arrive and a fight ensues. The musketeers kill most of the guards and a few lucky ones escape. The musketeers make friends. Later", "Charles de Batz de Castelmore d'Artagnan de M. d'Artagnan\". Alexandre Dumas in turn used Sandras' novel as the main source for his d'Artagnan Romances (\"The Three Musketeers\", \"Twenty Years After\" and \"The Vicomte de Bragelonne\"), which cover d'Artagnan's career from his humble beginnings in Gascony to his death at Maastricht. Although Dumas knew that Sandras's version was heavily fictionalised, in the preface to \"The Three Musketeers\" he affected to believe that the memoirs were real, in order to make his novel more believable. D'Artagnan is initially portrayed by Dumas as a hotheaded youth, and tries to engage the Comte de Rochefort and the three musketeers, Athos,", "Limburg (Netherlands) 1673, Louis XIV personally commanded the siege of Maastricht by French troops. During the siege, one of his brigadiers, Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan, perished. He subsequently became known as a major character in \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas, père (1802–1870). The modern boundaries of Dutch Limburg, along with its neighbour, Belgian Limburg, were basically set during the period after the French revolution, which erased much of the \"ancien regime\" of Europe, with all its old boundaries and titles. These two provinces were part of a new French département, named (like many départments) after the river running through it, \"Meuse-Inférieure\",", "The Three Clever Kings of short stories in the Victorian fairy-tale genres. Tragically, De Morgan died in Egypt in 1907. King Roland: An old King who is upon his death-bed and ready to pass on his royalty and all the hard work that comes with the title. He has no sons of his own. Fortunately, King Roland has three nephews that he believes will help take over his duties of being the King. He plans to have the oldest nephew take on the tasks of being a King first and if that shall not work out the next, younger nephew will be of charge", "3 Musketiers 3 Musketiers 3 Musketiers is a Dutch musical, also known as 3 Musketiere (German), 3 Musketeers (English) and A 3 Testőr (Hungarian) written by Ferdi Bolland and Rob Bolland. The story is based on Alexandre Dumas, père's novel \"The Three Musketeers\". It premiered in Rotterdam in 2003 starring Bastiaan Ragas as d'Artagnan and Pia Douwes as Milady de Winter. A German production (opening in Berlin in 2005) was later mounted, also starring Pia Douwes. A Hungarian production was mounted in 2006. The original Dutch production featured minimalist sets and abstract costumes by Yan Tax, which were not true to the", "The Three Musketeers (1948 film) to assassinate his foe. The Musketeers learn of the plot and send Planchet to warn the Duke. Athos confronts Milady and recovers the carte blanche as proof of Richelieu's treachery. De Winter is imprisoned by the Duke and placed in the custody of Constance, but when the latter lets her guard down de Winter kills first her, then Buckingham. Athos and d'Artagnan arrive too late to save them. D'Artagnan and Athos return to France with a self-imposed mission: find the Countess de Winter and give her justice for the murders of the Duke of Buckingham and Constance. They lose track", "Marie de Rohan the arrest and exile of César de Bourbon, duc de Vendôme, she fled once again. During the Fronde, she came closer to Mazarin for a time (1649–50), but then she switched back to the aristocratic party when the parliamentary Fronde and the aristocratic Fronde joined forces in 1651. She died in retirement in the convent of Gagny (Seine-Saint-Denis \"département\") in 1679. She was a tempting subject for colorful biography in the Romantic era: Alexandre Dumas, père entangles her in the plots of \"The Three Musketeers\", in which she is said to be the mistress of the musketeer Aramis, and \"Twenty", "The Three Musketeers (1933 serial) face and his true identity, as a result of which many people are mistakenly suspected of being El Shaitan, while other characters impersonate him for their own ends. \"The Three Musketeers\" was loosely adapted from the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas, père and updated to a contemporary time period. The Three Musketeers are legionnaires in the French Foreign Legion: Clancy (Irish), Renard (French) and Schmidt (German). The d'Artagnan character is Tom Wayne, an American aviator played by John Wayne, who rescues the three from attacking Arabs while flying over the desert. The Three Musketeers (1933 serial) The Three", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) novel by Dumas, and not to shoot a remake of. In the end, every generation should have a D'Artagnan. We had Mikhail Boyarsky, so let the young generation to have someone else.\" The Three Musketeers (2013 film) The Three Musketeers (, tri mushketera) is a Russian historical adventure film based on the novel \"The Three Musketeers\" by Alexandre Dumas, père. It was produced by The Production Center of Sergei Zhigunov. The film has been released in two versions: as a two-hour movie in cinemas on November 14, 2013. and as a TV series consisting of 10 episodes of 45 minutes.", "Learoyd, Mulvaney and Ortheris \"He was the tallest man in the regiment\" (\"The God from the Machine\") According to John McGivering (\"notes\" on \"The Three Musketeers\" at the Kipling Society's website , \"it has been suggested that when Kipling asked himself 'Who is to be the third Musketeer?' he answered himself 'The author is !' (Ortheris).\" In many ways Ortheris is the \"odd man out\" in the trio of British soldiers. Mulvaney refers to him as \"little man\" and he appears to be younger as well as smaller than tough, Irish Mulvaney and hulking Yorkshireman Learoyd. Unlike his comrades, Ortheris is a superb rifle", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film) tried to sabotage an airship that Richelieu built for them, and that they executed him for his treason on Richelieu's permission. To convince the king, Athos presents Milady's authorization, which the former accepts. Richelieu, satisfied, offers the musketeers a place in his guards, but they refuse, and Richelieu vows revenge. Meanwhile, Milady is found alive at the English Channel by Buckingham, who declares his intention to exact revenge. The camera then pulls back to show him advancing towards France with a massive fleet of battleships and airships. Location filming was done in Bavaria with indoor shooting at Studio Babelsberg. Filming", "The Three Musketeers (1973 film) to the none-too-bright King to throw a ball in his wife's honor, and request she wear the diamonds he gave her. The Cardinal also sends his agent Milady de Winter to England, who seduces the Duke and steals two of the necklace's diamonds. Meanwhile, the Queen has confided her troubles in Constance, who asks d'Artagnan to ride to England and get back the diamonds. D'Artagnan and the three musketeers set out, but on the way the Cardinal's men attack them. Only d'Artagnan and his servant make it through to Buckingham, where they discover the loss of two of the diamond", "Michael Wincott of Guy of Gisborne in \"\", a henchman of the Sheriff of Nottingham (Alan Rickman) who is also the Sheriff's cousin in the film. In 1993 he appeared in the film \"Romeo Is Bleeding\" as Sal, a mafioso, and also played the part of Rochefort in the Disney film \"The Three Musketeers\" starring Kiefer Sutherland, Charlie Sheen and Chris O'Donnell. The following year Wincott starred as kingpin Top Dollar opposite Brandon Lee in \"The Crow\". In 1995 he appeared in \"Dead Man\" with Johnny Depp. He played poet Rene Ricard in the 1996 biographical film \"Basquiat\". He also played the", "The Three Musketeers historical research; Dumas then expanded the plot, removing some characters, including new ones, and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style. \"The Three Musketeers\" was first published in serial form in the newspaper \"Le Siècle\" between March and July 1844. In 1625 France, d'Artagnan (a poor young nobleman) leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard. At a house in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, d'Artagnan demands a duel. But the older man's companions instead beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his", "Philippe de Commines from meetings with exiles, both Yorkist and Lancastrian; these included Henry Tudor and Warwick the Kingmaker. He also met King Edward IV of England during the latter's continental exile and later wrote a description of his appearance and character. Commines was a great favorite with Duke Charles for seven years (going back to when he had still been Count of Charolais). The 19th-century scholar Isaac D'Israeli, recounts that one day, when they came home from hunting and were joking around as was their wont within the \"family\", Commines \"ordered\" the prince to remove Commines's boots as if he were a", "Cardinal Richelieu and of the retention of New France, he founded the Compagnie des Cent-Associés and saw the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye return Quebec City to French rule under Champlain, after the settlement had been taken by the Kirkes in 1629. This in part allowed the colony to eventually develop into the heartland of Francophone culture in North America. Richelieu has been depicted in popular fiction frequently, most notably as a leading character in Alexandre Dumas's novel \"The Three Musketeers\" and its numerous film adaptations. Born in Paris, Armand du Plessis was the fourth of five children and the last of three sons:", "Oliver Cromwell in popular culture will and personality was provided in 1831 in the picture by French artist Hippolyte Delaroche, depicting the visit by Cromwell to the body of Charles I after the king’s execution. \"Twenty Years After\", Alexandre Dumas's sequel to \"The Three Musketeers\", is set against the backdrop of the Second English Civil War and features Cromwell in a few scenes. The story's main fictitious villain, Mordaunt, is portrayed as Cromwell's secretary and spy. In Orson Scott Card's alternate history fantasy novel series \"The Tales of Alvin Maker\", one of Cromwell's physicians is depicted as a healer able to prevent his death and", "The Return of the Musketeers and I won't now. But I think you can draw your own conclusions.\" \"The Return of the Musketeers\" received mixed reviews: the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes currently rates it at 60%, based on 5 reviews. The Return of the Musketeers The Return of the Musketeers is a 1989 film adaptation loosely based on the novel \"Twenty Years After\" (1845) by Alexandre Dumas. It is the third Musketeers film directed by Richard Lester, following 1973's \"The Three Musketeers\" and 1974's \"The Four Musketeers\". Like the other two films, the screenplay was written by George MacDonald Fraser. The character of Mordaunt,", "The Three Musketeers (1953 film) established Jean Marais as a fixture for this genre. The Three Musketeers (1953 film) The Three Musketeers () is a 1953 film based on the French novel of the same name. This adaptation is one of five films director André Hunebelle and screen writer Michel Audiard achieved together. Georges Marchal portrayed d'Artagnan. In real life he was clearly older (born in 1920) than this character, but Marchal happened to be one of the most famous actors of European cinema in these days. With hindsight this adaptation might be regarded as one of his lesser important appearances because later on he", "The Three Musketeers he pretends to be the Comte de Wardes and trysts with her. He finds a \"fleur-de-lis\" branded on Milady's shoulder, marking her as a felon. Discovering his identity, Milady attempts to kill him but d'Artagnan eludes her. He is ordered to the Siege of La Rochelle. He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. In an inn, the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them. Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under", "The Three Musketeers (2013 film) companions beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, is stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man (later revealed to him as Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who is in Meung to pass orders from the Cardinal to Milady de Winter, another of his agents). In Paris, d'Artagnan visits de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers, but the meeting is overshadowed by the loss of his letter, and de Tréville politely refuses his application.", "The Three Muscatels assignment on the 14th century for her African American literature class. She chooses to base her writings on The Three Musketeers, a famous novel by Alexandre Dumas, père. Donna begins to read the novel and falls asleep in the process. She dreams a zany dream involving the adventures of \"The Three Muscatels\". The adventures include a number of people in Donna's life including students in her class, members of her family, and an alcoholic she met earlier in the day named Russell (Pryor). The Three Muscatels The Three Muscatels is a 1991 comedy film directed by Romell Foster-Owens and written" ]

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[ "White Valentine White Valentine () is a 1999 Korean romantic film directed by Yang Yun-ho. It stars Park Shin-yang with Jun Ji-hyun in her movie debut.", "Jun Ji-hyun Jun Ji-hyun (born Wang Ji-hyun on 30 October 1981), also known as Gianna Jun, is a South Korean actress. She rose to fame for her role as The Girl in the romantic comedy \"My Sassy Girl\" (2001), one of the highest-grossing Korean comedies of all time. Other notable films include \"Il Mare\" (2000), \"Windstruck\" (2004), \"The Thieves\" (2012), \"The Berlin File\" (2013) and \"Assassination\" (2015)." ]

[ "My Ordinary Love Story My Ordinary Love Story (; lit. \"The Memory of My Romance\") is a 2014 South Korean romantic comedy/mystery thriller starring Kang Ye-won and Song Sae-byeok. It was the closing film of the 18th Bucheon International Fantastic Film Festival.", "Song Seon-mi Song Seon-mi (born September 13, 1974) is a South Korean actress.", "The One and Only (1999 film) The One and Only (Danish: \"Den Eneste Ene\" ) is a 1999 Danish romantic comedy film directed by Susanne Bier. The film starred Sidse Babett Knudsen, Niels Olsen, Rafael Edholm, and Paprika Steen in story about two unfaithful married couples faced with becoming first-time parents. The film was considered to mark a modern transition in Danish romantic comedies, and became the third biggest box-office success of the 1990s in Denmark. The film earned both the Robert Award and Bodil Award as the Best Film of 1999.", "Kim Ha-neul Kim Ha-neul (; born February 21, 1978) is a South Korean actress. After starting her career as a model, she rose to fame by starring in romantic-comedy films \"My Tutor Friend\" (2003) and \"Too Beautiful to Lie\" (2004) and the action-comedy film \"My Girlfriend Is an Agent\" (2009). In 2011, Kim won Best Actress at the 48th Grand Bell Awards and the 32nd Blue Dragon Film Awards for her performance in the serial killer thriller \"Blind\". Her television work includes romance series \"Romance\" (2002) and \"A Gentleman's Dignity\" (2012), \"On Air\" (2008) and the melodrama \"On the Way to the Airport\" (2016).", "Cha Ye-ryun Cha Ye-ryun (born Park Hyun-Ho on July 16, 1985) is a South Korean actress. A graduate of Sangmyung High School, she began acting in 2005 at the age of 20, when she had a supporting role in the horror film Voice. In 2007, she made her official television debut as one of the main cast members in the melodrama Bad Love. Cha played her first leading role in the 2014 romantic-comedy film The Actress Is Too Much.", "Jo Min-su Jo Min-su (; born January 29, 1965) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her award-winning turn in the Kim Ki-duk film \"Pietà\".", "Kim Da-som Kim Da-som (born May 6, 1993), better known mononymously as Dasom, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a former member of South Korean girl group Sistar under Starship Entertainment. She has acted in films and television dramas, including \"Family\" (2012–2013), \"Melody of Love\" (2013–2014) and \"The Virtual Bride\" (2015).", "Han Go-eun Han Go-eun (born March 10, 1975) is a South Korean actress.", "The Blair Bitch Project The Blair Bitch Project is a 1999 film starring Linda Blair. It is a parody of \"The Blair Witch Project\". Its full title is The Blair Bitch Project starring Linda Blair.", "Kang Se-jung Go Na-eun (born Kang Se-jung; January 15, 1982) is a South Korean actress. She made her entertainment debut as a singer for the K-pop girl group Papaya in 2000; the group released 2 albums before disbanding in 2001. Go began acting full-time in 2004, and has appeared in television series such as \"Assorted Gems\" (2009) and \"Cruel City\" (2013).", "My Sister, the Pig Lady My Sister, the Pig Lady (; lit. \"A Pig Like Woman\") is a 2015 South Korean romantic comedy film directed by Jang Moon-il. It was invited to the 39th Montreal World Film Festival as part of their \"World Greats\" selection. The film also won \"Grand Prize\" at the \"Osaka Asian Film Festival\".", "Lump Sugar Lump Sugar (or Lump of Sugar; Hangul: 각설탕 ) is a 2006 South Korean film directed by Lee Hwan-kyung and starring actress Im Soo-jung.", "My Love, My Bride (2014 film) My Love, My Bride () is a 2014 South Korean romantic comedy film starring Jo Jung-suk and Shin Min-ah.", "Lim Eun-kyung Lim Eun-kyung (born January 15, 1984) is a South Korean actress. Lim first rose to fame as the \"TTL Girl\" in a series of SK Telecom commercials, then pursued a professional acting career. She starred in the films \"Resurrection of the Little Match Girl\", \"Conduct Zero\", \"Doll Master\", and \"Marrying High School Girl\".", "Lee Yoon-ji Lee Yoon-ji (born March 15, 1984) is a South Korean actress. After making her acting debut in the sitcom \"Nonstop 4\", Lee has starred in the television series \"Pure 19\" (2004), \"Princess Hours\" (2006), \"Dream High\" (2011), \"The King 2 Hearts\" (2012), and \"Wang's Family\" (2013). She also appeared in season 1 of the reality/variety show \"We Got Married\" (2008-2009), as well as the romantic comedy film \"Couples\" (2011).", "Park Sang-won Park Sang-won (born April 5, 1959) is a South Korean actor. He is best known for starring in three of the highest-rating Korean dramas of all time, \"Eyes of Dawn\" (1991) \"Sandglass\" (1995) and \"First Love (TV series) (1996).", "Red Carpet (film) Red Carpet () is a 2014 South Korean romantic comedy film written and directed by Park Beom-soo.", "Song Ji-hyo Cheon Soo-yeon (born Cheon Seong-im on August 15, 1981), better known by her stage name Song Ji-hyo, is a South Korean actress and model. She made her acting debut in \"Wishing Stairs\" (2003), one of the horror \"Whispering Corridors film series\". She then received further recognition for her roles in the romantic comedy drama \"Princess Hours\" (2006), the historical drama \"Jumong\" (2006), the historical film \"A Frozen Flower\" (2008), the crime film \"New World\" (2013), the romantic comedy drama \"Emergency Couple\" (2014), and family melodrama \"My Wife's Having an Affair this Week\" (2016).", "Unstoppable Marriage Unstoppable Marriage is a 2007 South Korean romantic comedy film. It stars veteran actors Kim Soo-mi and Im Chae-moo alongside popstar and television actress Eugene and Ha Seok-jin. The film is Eugene's big screen debut, and is also the directorial debut of Kim Seong-wook, who previously worked as an assistant director on other films such as \"Fun Movie\" (2002), \"My Teacher, Mr. Kim\" (2003) and \"Lovely Rivals\" (2004).", "Seoul Evita Seoul Evita () is 1991 South Korean musical romantic film" ]

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[ "A group of people are indoors collaborating together." ]

[ "A group of people sleeping on the job.", "I'm not done yet", "They required comments to be submitted via postal mail only.", "a man is in a dress", "The woman is in a dress.", "The man is carrying a blue umbrella.", "A human aquiring rest while outside." ]

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[ "The patients began to cry when they saw what happened." ]

[ "The patients were happy and wanted to throw a party.", "Naked couple having sex in the forest.", "His reburial took place in December.", "The black dog is in the yard.", "Most souqs are closed on Thursdays and Fridays.", "A man breaking a device", "A cheerleader performs a hand stand at the game." ]

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[ "- 4th on hit abilities/auto attack modifier, like ezreal q, mf q, gp q. latest do not apply any effect that is applied from spells, like deathfire touch, rylais crystal, ludens echo. but theese proc things like crit, lifesteal, aoe from tiamat and other stuff that any other spell does not proc." ]

[ "- As far as smearing, I’d again compare it to Seche Vite. I’ve mostly been using acrylic paint recently, but when I have used polish, Essie Good to Go! hasn’t been too serious of a smear offender. Nothing like Essence’s Gel Look Top Coat, for example.Drying time… I didn’t think anything could beat Seche Vite in this department.s far as the shine goes, Good to Go is about on par with Poshe. Not quite as shiny as Seche Vite, but definitely not dull, either. It also does a great job of flattening out all my layers of polish into a single, smooth surface. When using acrylic paint, the brush strokes can be quite obvious, so this is a must for me.", "- Its biggest effect is probably on a certain DLC spell that normally does 4 point of fire damage per second for 15 seconds (4x15=60). WIth aspect of terror it does 14x15=210 damage over the 15 seconds, even more if you take Augmented Flames and use another certain object from the particular DLC.", "EZGrip Adroit Arthritis Gel Pen - Discontinued Introducing the EzGrip® Adroit Arthritis Gel Pen. It’s a gel pen and digital stylus. The stylus works with any touch screen, keyboard and fingertip input - tablets, PDA’s, computers, phones, and games. The EzGrip Adroit is handmade from a unique cultured acrylic marble design that never repeats itself. Adroit uses a smooth twist mechanism with Parker® style refills.", "- Use Eos lip balms regularly for noticeably softer, more hydrated lips. Eos Organic Lip Balm Kit: 1 Included flavors: summer fruit, honeysuckle honeydew, sweet mint and vanilla bean. 2 Precisely and evenly glides onto lips. 3 Eos lip balms are 100% natural. 4 Paraben-free.5 Set includes 3 smooth spheres and 1 smooth stick.se Eos lip balms regularly for noticeably softer, more hydrated lips. Eos Organic Lip Balm Kit: 1 Included flavors: summer fruit, honeysuckle honeydew, sweet mint and vanilla bean. 2 Precisely and evenly glides onto lips. 3 Eos lip balms are 100% natural. 4 Paraben-free.", "- You can't cleanse Death Marl, but you can use QSS for it (best counter against Zed btw). Pretty sure you can't cleanse Malz or WW either, but you can use QSS fpr Malz-so probably also for WW.+5. Comment below rating threshold, click here to show it.ou can't cleanse Death Marl, but you can use QSS for it (best counter against Zed btw). Pretty sure you can't cleanse Malz or WW either, but you can use QSS fpr Malz-so probably also for WW.", "- Fireblast but the accuracy is 85 Flamethrow…er just a strong attack the power is 95 en the accuracy is 100 Actually the strongest fire type move is v-create its power is 180 third strongest move EVER! And eruption is stronger than blast burn and infernape blaziken charizard typhlosion and emboar can learn blast burn.", "- I just ordered a controller skin and thumbstick grips from Foamy lizard, its alot cheaper than kontrol freeks and they are just as good in my opinion. The Squid Grips leave a sticky residue behind and its a pain to get off the controller, id look into the foamy lizard product. I wasn't disappointed with my purchase.", "- The areas highlighted in green on the map to left are the safe areas. The areas highlighted in red on the map to left are multi-way combat areas. Map provided by 2007 Wiki. PK skulls in Deadman mode mean something quite different to PK skulls in standard Old School RuneScape. While they do have an impact on what happens when you die, which is explained in detail just below in the 'Death' section of this page, PK skulls in Deadman mode have a couple of other significant effects, too.", "- Pick a section. Submitting to the right section to make sure your post gets the right exposure it deserves! Funny Why so serious. Ask 9GAG I have a question. Gaming We don't die, we respawn! WTF Jaw-dropping moments. Savage Apply cold water to burnt area. Movie & TV A way to escape from real world.", "- He blew on it, and the feeling of the warm air made me moan and writhe. I looked down, and saw Seimei take my member in his hand and he brought his mouth down. My eyes widened, and I tried to close my legs, but Seimei's hand stopped me. Ritsuka, this won't hurt. Seimei whispered, then he started to lick the underside of it. A jolt of pleasure went through me and I would have started to squirm uncontrollably, if it wasn't for Seimei's hand stopping me. Then I saw him stick my member into his mouth.", "Jg.Pz.E-100 sucks The most fearsome gun, LOL! I just laugh at JP E-100.. The gun is a total disaster, because the tank is so big it is already spotted I do not go in front of that tank and when I am at the situation I must go get this TD, I will try to flank or avoid avoíd the bullet as much As i. canow I've made close to 240 battles and a ratio of kills per game of 0.72. Now a compare: with the JT i had 1.52. This Tank is a piece of **** ! Weak frontarmor, worst reload-time ever, worst camo in this game and you are so ******* slow !", "Have you ever wondered how tattoos remain permanent? As explained in the accompanying video, “Every time the needle penetrates, it causes a wound that alerts the body to begin the inflammatory process. That signal sends immune system cells racing to the site of the wound (or multiple wounds, in the case of the five-inch dragon breathing fire across your chest).", "- Please try again later. This video will show you, how to unlock Smoke in Mortal Kombat 3. The Ultimate Kombat Kode(UKK) is 1-0-9-0-2-2-2-2-3-4. On controller 1 press High Punch-1x, Low Punch-0x, Block-9x, Low Kick-0x, and High Kick-2x.", "Destiny Prison of Elders Guide: How to Easily Beat Urrox, the Flame Prince In fact, if you have anything from Destiny The Dark Below‘s raid, there is a good chance that it will come in handy, so choose your favorite and let it rain death. Urrox has an ability that burns the ground within the entire arena for ten seconds.", "Ezreal Ezreal currently does not have any REIATSU CONTROL techniques. reiatsu features _____Ezreal's reiatsu forms a light field of shadows around his feet, it does not seem to do much else or have any scent or feeling it gives to those around him when exposed to the reiatsu.", "- So easy to just tap the aim-button with cross-hairs just near the helghast the end up aiming right at their centre mass and get all shots on target. Also playing it on my new low-lag monitor. Reducing screen-lag greatly reduces overall input lag, and KZ2 has it quite high at about 150ms.", "- 1 Never use Blood Boil if you have no Blood runes, as this will cause it to consume a Death rune, which should be saved for Death Strike. 2 When the target is at or below 35% health, you should use your Blood runes on Soul Reaper (the goal being to use Soul Reaper on cooldown during this period).ultiple Target Rotation ↑top. When tanking multiple enemies, your go-to ability will be Blood Boil, and you should use Defile on cooldown. You will, of course, still use Death Strike on any enemy, for the self-heal and Mastery: Blood Shield benefits that it provides.", "- Go back to the first box and jump over it so that you can push it to the green button. You will see that the podium cannot go all the way down to block your path because of the second box which is stopping it.lick the straps on the unsuited astronaut, and click the crane arm so it bends. - The red astronaut moves down into the damaged area as well. Click on the fire extinguisher to empty it. - Click on the blue spots in the upper left module, which will spill and start a fire.", "Fire Safety[change | change source] Fire is very hot. A person should never touch fire, because fire may burn anything that gets too close. If human skin touches fire, the skin may blister which can take some time to heal. If a fire occurs, the mouth should be covered with a wet cloth because if too much smoke is breathed in, it is possible to faint.", "- Post Comment. niki3350. I dont get a feeling of my face being on fire but I do get that feeling in my feet, more my left than my right and usually at night when im in bed, its that type of feeling when your feet have got to cold on a really cold day then when you get into the heat the burn starts,", "Winged Steed of the Ebon Blade A death knight on a Winged Steed in Hellfire Peninsula. This death knight-only flying mount can be purchased from Dread Commander Thalanor in Acherus: The Ebon Hold for 850. This is the starting price without the discounts based on the death knight's reputation with the Knights of the Ebon Blade.", "- When you transform in front of him, Vegeta says the line, and you have a chance to get the Z-Soul from it. When it comes to drops I don't think any of them are affected by order of killing someone. Some might require you to kill someone else first to activate the hidden conditions, but not ones like this one.", "- Type: Psychic Pokémon: Ultra Necrozma. Details: This attack is unique in that only Ultra Necrozma can use it. To get Ultra Necrozma, you need to attach the Ultranecrozium Z to Dusk Mane Necrozma or Dawn Wings Necrozma. Then, you'll be able to Ultra Burst Necrozma. On the following turn, you'll be able to turn Photon Geyser into the move Light That Burns The Sky. This move uses your highest raw stat, Attack or Special Attack to calculate the damage, and then ignores the abilities of the opponent.", "What on-hit effects work on Fiora's ult? All on hit effects should proc with the following notes: 1 Blade Waltz procs on-hit effects. 2 Blade Waltz will not proc spell vamp or Rylai's slow similarly with all spells and abilities that proc on-hit effects. Any on-hit effects that Blade Waltz procs will have their full effect and will not be reduced by hitting the same target. 2 Tiamat will splash 50% of the damage dealt on each strike.", "- It's listed as ETDWare PS/2-X64 8.0.7.1_WHQL and after googling some more following Tom's post, I feel a bit of a prat since I found it is the touchpad and seems to be the most up to date version. What still bothers me is that notice, .This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way..I did not install this software and the Elan website (which seems to be defence related) is not much help and worryingly describes their crawler software/key logger. This application has requested the Runtime to terminate it in an unusual way.. I did not install this software and the Elan website (which seems to be defence related) is not much help and worryingly describes their crawler software/key logger.", "Destiny: how to beat Urrox, The Flame Prince Destiny: how to beat Urrox, The Flame Prince. Destiny players having trouble beating Urrox The Flame Prince should have a look at this video guide, which provides you with everything you need to know in order to best the nasty fella. The Flame Prince is the boss of Uroxx’s Grudge, one of the level 34 variations of the Prison of Elders. Uroxx uses a mechanic which sets the ground on fire when there is a solar burn modifier active. This basically means players can’t touch the ground, thus the trouble players are having with him.", "- 1 Contrary to popular belief, plants will not prioritize enemy champions by default. 2 While Zyra has an active plant, her basic attacks against champions will mark them as a target (placing a small icon above their head). 3 The mark will fade if Zyra loses sight of a marked enemy.4 Plants will prioritize: In the event that the respawn timer is shorter than the time she spends in Rise of the Thorns, her respawn timer is extended so that she has a minimum respawn time of 2 seconds. 2 Zyra can only fire Vengeful Thorn with an ability she has ranked.", "Razer Lycosa Support Press and hold the Razer Logo on the Touch Panel, then press the Windows Key to activate gaming mode for Razer Lycosa. This will deactivate the Windows key. To reactivate the Windows key, simply press and hold the Razer Logo, then press the Windows Key.", "Better Fire Chargesby zennel Better Fire Charges by zennel. Better Fire Charges is a command blocks system which add some utility to the craftable Fire Charge. Just drop a Fire Charge on the ground and it will transform into a Fireball in 5 seconds. Just run the command once in your spawn chunks, the system will build itself and will work everywhere you are.", "- \\n\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\t\\tPenthouse suite top from on the building. \\r\\nThanksgiving swag, but I feel like a pilgrim. \\r\\nHad to change location, heard a nigga wanna kill me. \\r\\nI don't care if you kill me, just don't touch none of my children. \\r\\nWith no hands, you gotta feel me.", "Where can you buy fire extinguisher spray? In smackdown vs raw 08 for Xbox 360 how do you spray the fire extinguisher? First of all to spray the extinguisher, you character must be hardcore. If he is, then you just get the fire extinguisher, walk up in front of your opponent, and click u…p on the right anolog stick. When you do this at first your player will hit the opponent over the head with the fire extinguisher, after that you will spray the fire extinguisher all over your opponent. 1 person found this useful.", "- I figure that the best temperature to use is 380 and 400. what i do is grind up a lil in order to cover the whole camber screen usually like a 0.15 or 0.2 grm the first ballon at 380 with the same plant 390 for the second bag, and for the last bast i use it at 400 for a smokier vapor. and thats how it works, even doug im a fan of the vaporizer i still prefer to smoke a blunt how ever with the vaporizer i do smoke less in blunts and get 10 times higher with less than smoking blunts. but a ...", "Halo On Fire Obey, obey Come won't you stay Sincere, sincere All ends in tears Endure, endure Thoughts most impure Concede, concede But both shall we bleed Oh, Halo on fire The midnight knows it well Fast, is desire Creates another hell I fear to turn on the light For the darkness won't go away Fast, is desire Turn out the light Halo on fire Allure, allure ...", "E3 2016: Farpoint Could be PlayStation VRâs Killer App Speaking with Impulse Games, the developer did confirm that players don’t have to use the Aim Controller to play the game. Other input methods, like the Dualshock 4, will be usable. Farpoint, however, will be a VR exclusive game. Impulse Games has no intention of making it playable without the PS VR headset.", "OVERVIEW: Axtell HANDS-FREE Animatronic & Remote Control Systems EZ LIVE Animatronic System. This system controls the character with a LIVE Remote Control Transmitter Radio. This system is not programmable, nor does it have hardware based Auto-Alive, MotorMouth or Vent Mode. It is an amazingly powerful entry level system that is upgradeable to the Advanced Magic2 System.", "Black Hand Just Cause 3, Mech Land Assault, and Bavarium Sea Heist. 1 There is a symbol on the Titan's left shoulder that resembles an uppercase Q. 2 The Black Hand always consider Rico as a citizen without heat and will give him fair warning whenever he enters a restricted area rather than simply open fire.", "- [–]CoolHandLance 112 points113 points114 points 10 months ago (27 children) I did it with easy bots on the new nuke. Kill all your t side bots and plant on top of the silo on a. Then just run in circles around site and the bots will try to follow you instead of defuse.", "- Tippmann 98 Custom Paintball Response Trigger-The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power.The Response Trigger System increases your trigger speed by resetting the trigger and sear with excess gas during firing. This gas is used to operate a cylinder behind the trigger to do the resetting.ippmann 98 Custom Paintball Response Trigger-The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power.", "- The potency Pugilist’s skills is very low, so you should depend on buffs to keep the damage you cause at a high level. Skills that can cause effective buffs are the following three skills. The first one is named Fists of Fire, it can provide 5% buff. Twin Snake can provide 10% buff, and it lasts for 12 seconds.erfect damage→Twin Snakes → Demolish → Snap punch → Snap Punch → Dragon Kick→Touch of Death → Internal Release →Bootshine, then use the skill of every form one by one to start the circulation. Of course, it is that easy just to repeat the circulation, you should bear the following points in your mind. 1.", "- dont read this cuz it works. youll get kissed by the love of ur life 2morrow will be the best day of ur life. however if you dont post this on 3 songs or more youll die in 2 days. dont stop reading. put this on 5 songs in 143 min when ur done press f6 and ur lovers name will appear on the screen.", "Jg.Pz.E-100 sucks When the patch 7.5 came out I sold my JT got me the Jg.Pz.E-100. I played my first rounds with it and wasn't too good. I died the most times without any kills. I thought it is normal to be bad with a new tank and played it some more.But ...No !ow I've made close to 240 battles and a ratio of kills per game of 0.72. Now a compare: with the JT i had 1.52. This Tank is a piece of **** ! Weak frontarmor, worst reload-time ever, worst camo in this game and you are so ******* slow !", "- For the most part, you will want these functons close at hand since they get used with alarmingly regularity in battle: 1 Primary Fire-Fires the lower weapon or gadget, often the main or only weapon of a vehicle or character class.2 Secondary Fire-Fires the upper weapon or gadget and is the Force Power for Jedi.illzone and Halo both have good control templates you can remap to in Battlefront 2's easy to use (and highly customisable) control set-up. You can even switch the viewpoint from 3rd Person to 1st Person, making it a real mass-combat shooter.", "Contact Us Contact Us Shipping Information Shipping InformationInternational Shipping International ShippingTrack My Order Track My OrderWeb Specials Web Specials Phoenix Ice & Ice Lite Phoenix Ice & Ice LitePhoenix Ice HV Phoenix Ice HVPhoenix HV Phoenix HVPhoenix PhoenixThunderbird ThunderbirdCastle Creations Brushless Controllers Castle Creations Brushless ControllersE-Flite Brushless Controllers E-Flite Brushless ControllersHiTec Brushless Controllers HiTec Brushless ControllersE-Flite Airplane Kits E-Flite Airplane KitsParkzone Airplane Kits Parkzone Airplane KitsHanger 9 Airplane Kits Hanger 9 Airplane KitsHitec Airplane Kits Hitec Airplane KitsMultiplex Airplane Kits Multiplex Airplane KitsSIG Airplane Kits SIG Airplane KitsKondor Kits Kondor KitsHimax Brushless Motors Himax Brushless MotorsE-Flite Brushless Motors E-Flite Brushless MotorsSaito Engines Saito EnginesRCV Engines RCV EnginesZenoah Engines Zenoah EnginesO.S. Engines O.S. EnginesAerovate Engines Aerovate EnginesBrushless Motors Brushless MotorsGas Engines Gas EnginesHitec Quadcopters Hitec QuadcoptersEflite Quadcopters Eflite QuadcoptersHeli_max Quadcopters Heli_max QuadcoptersEstes Quadcopters Estes QuadcoptersMonoKote Coverings MonoKote CoveringsUltracote Coverings Ultracote CoveringsBattery Connectors Battery ConnectorsMotor Connectors Motor ConnectorsHitec Cameras Hitec CamerasHitec 2.4GHz Telemetry Hitec 2.4GHz TelemetryWiring Accessories Wiring AccessoriesProps, Wheels & Acc. Props, Wheels & Acc.Power Supplies Power SuppliesWatt Meters Watt MetersServo Replacement Parts Servo Replacement PartsBob Smith Glue Bob Smith GlueCovering Materials Covering MaterialsConnectors ConnectorsHiTec Servos HiTec ServosSpektrum Servos Spektrum ServosHiTec 2.4Ghz Receivers HiTec 2.4Ghz ReceiversHiTec Dual Conversion Receivers HiTec Dual Conversion ReceiversHiTec Single Conversion Receivers HiTec Single Conversion ReceiversJR Sport Receivers JR Sport ReceiversSpektrum Receivers Spektrum ReceiversBerg Receivers Berg ReceiversCrystals CrystalsAurora 2.4GHz Radios Aurora 2.4GHz RadiosFlash Radios Flash RadiosEclipse Pro 7 Radios Eclipse Pro 7 RadiosEclipse Pro 7 Radios Eclipse Pro 7 RadiosLaser Radios Laser RadiosZebra Radios Zebra RadiosHiTec Radio Systems HiTec Radio SystemsHiTec Telemetry HiTec TelemetrySpektrum Radio Systems Spektrum Radio SystemsE-Flite Helicopters E-Flite Helicopters Thunder Power Thunder Power Real Flight Simulator Real Flight SimulatorReal Flight Add On Packs Real Flight Add On PacksPhoenix Simulator Phoenix SimulatorPyro Supplies Pyro Supplies Videos Videos Lithium Chargers Lithium ChargersHitec Balance Adapters Hitec Balance Adapters This innovative software feature will equip you for a new generation of Spektrum components that can be programmed directly through the DX9. This, along with regular Spektrum AirWareT software updates, will ensure the DX9 remain as cutting-edge tomorrow as it is today.", "How To Turn On And Off The iPhone Proximity Sensor The brand new Always on Proximity tweak for iPhone gives user more control over the proximity sensor. The tweak allows you to quickly enable or disable the proximity sensor using an activator gesture. This tweak makes use of the Activator package from Ryan Petrich to specify a custom gesture to invoke the functionality.You can set gesture from within the Activator preferences panel in the app’s Settings.he tweak allows you to quickly enable or disable the proximity sensor using an activator gesture. This tweak makes use of the Activator package from Ryan Petrich to specify a custom gesture to invoke the functionality. You can set gesture from within the Activator preferences panel in the app’s Settings.", "What on-hit effects work on Fiora's ult? 1 Blade Waltz procs on-hit effects. 2 Blade Waltz will not proc spell vamp or Rylai's slow similarly with all spells and abilities that proc on-hit effects. Any on-hit effects that Blade Waltz procs will have their full effect and will not be reduced by hitting the same target. 2 Tiamat will splash 50% of the damage dealt on each strike.", "Any suggestions on ghost touches? I put a black screen on my silver iPhone 6 and I'm having issues with ghost touches. Seems like I got the other phone perfect because it hasn't had any issues. Did a little research and it does work perfectly when the screen is detached and the top of the screen near the earpiece speaker is elevated. So I'm pretty sure putting electrical tape in the right place would help since that's what other did to fix grounding issues.", "Any suggestions on ghost touches? Also the ghost touches got much better when I untightened the front panel assembly cable bracket screws a little. Any suggestions on where to put the tape or how tight the screws should be exactly. Already tried putting tape on the LCD shield plate by the cable bracket (how it is on the 5c) but that didn't work.", "- Buy Realistic Electric Fireplaces w/ Sound Holographic Technology For Flames That Actually Appear To Burn the Logs. The MagikFlame is the most realistic electric fireplace ever created. We have spent the last 5 years developing from the ground up our state of the art HoloFlame technology which projects real flame videos onto your log set in 3D.", "- THE HISTORY OF ZACATECAS. By John P. Schmal. The state of Zacatecas, located in the north-central portion of the Mexican Republic, is a land rich in cultural, religious, and historical significance. With a total of 75,040 square kilometers, Zacatecas is Mexico's eighth largest state and occupies 3.383% of the total surface of the country.", "- You can play Nintendo's paint shooter Splatoon by tying a Wii Remote Plus controller to a Wii U Pro Controller, the company has revealed. This method only works in the game's local, 1v1 Battle Dojo local multiplayer mode, but it's still strange and kind of awesome.hen using a Wii U Pro Controller, first press ZL and ZR to select that as your controller, and then press the 2 Button on the Wii Remote Plus to activate it.. How you keep those controllers stuck together is up to you.", "- Options: The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power. The Response Trigger System increases your trigger speed by resetting the trigger and sear with excess gas during firing. This gas is used to operate a cylinder behind the trigger to do the resetting.The pressure of your finger on the trigger pulls it back to fire the next shot.The speed is determined by the amount of flow through the knurled adjuster on the side. The upper limit on the rate of fire is set by this adjuster. This auction is for one response trigger system for a Tippmann 98 marker.he pressure of your finger on the trigger pulls it back to fire the next shot. The speed is determined by the amount of flow through the knurled adjuster on the side. The upper limit on the rate of fire is set by this adjuster.", "Ability to shoot fire charges from your hand Ability to shoot fire charges from your hand. This would a small update, but imagine how cool it would be to shoot a firecharge ball from your hand. Right now, you need a dispenser. But imagine if you could just fire it out of your hand? And yes, it would be powerful, but it makes up for that by being hard to craft.", "- 1 The Wizard that receives the Damage over Time Spell has no specific order. 2 Stunning Kravenly does not prevent this Cheat from occurring. 3 Once his health reaches 75% (14,100), a note will appear saying: Health at 75% and he will cast an enhanced Spirit Blast that deals around 1,000 Life, Myth, or Death damage to all. At the beginning of every Round, Kravenly will cast a Natural Attack Damage over Time Life spell. 2 The Wizard that receives the Damage over Time Spell has no specific order. 3 Stunning Kravenly does not prevent this Cheat from occurring.", "- [QUOTE=doomkiller97]can u tell me how 2 fix the red light of death problem thanksurdead18. [QUOTE=doomkiller97]can u tell me how 2 fix the red light of death problem thanks. I got YLOD on my old fat 80GB BC model and this is how I fixed it: 1.) Put it in a box with the vents facing out.2.) Take a hair dryer and turn it as hot as it goes.QUOTE=doomkiller97]can u tell me how 2 fix the red light of death problem thanks. I got YLOD on my old fat 80GB BC model and this is how I fixed it: 1.) Put it in a box with the vents facing out. 2.) Take a hair dryer and turn it as hot as it goes.", "- Ezreal is currently played in 4 different roles in Korean Masters+ (koreanbuilds.net) submitted 1 month ago by Verburner. 82 comments; share; save", "- On Hoth there is a turret that does significant damage to the AT-AT, the Hoth Dish Turret, Which combined with the critical hit (the Neck for the AT-AT) will make Short work. Lastly, the engineer cannot slice or hack a super-heavy vehicle.illzone and Halo both have good control templates you can remap to in Battlefront 2's easy to use (and highly customisable) control set-up. You can even switch the viewpoint from 3rd Person to 1st Person, making it a real mass-combat shooter.", "A theory about Ekko, Jinx, Vi... and Ezreal?! And yet, there was an event that completly wiped Vi (&amp;maybe Ezreal&#039;s) memory, probably of a very traumatic nature, Jinx went crazy and Ekko... not sure what happened to him back then. And what role does Ezreal&#039;s &quot;uncle&quot; play with that? Another option: how far developed is memory-wiping-tech in Zaun? Hmmm I wonder how this story will go, especially since there is still the mysterious C around...", "- About this item. Tippmann 98 Custom Paintball Response Trigger-The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power. The Response Trigger System increases your trigger speed by resetting the trigger and sear with excess gas during firing.This gas is used to operate a cylinder behind the trigger to do the resetting.ippmann 98 Custom Paintball Response Trigger-The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power.", "- anyway they're all in the hotkeys menu just look again. ---. http://i.imgur.com/yCHcpG3.gif http://i.imgur.com/9Ztq7DR.jpg http://i.imgur.com/JJcIMRT.gif. fire_emblem_KH2 posted...You don't, really. Holding ctrl and pressing 1, 2, 3, and 4 will make you joke, taunt, dance, and laugh, respectively.this is wrong. hotkeying laugh to z is the most important step to improving at this gameanyway they're all in the hotkeys menu just look again. I bound it to my mouse button so I can constantly spam it in lane. ---.", "- The pressure of your finger on the trigger pulls it back to fire the next shot. The speed is determined by the amount of flow through the knurled adjuster on the side. The upper limit on the rate of fire is set by this adjuster. This auction is for one response trigger system for a Tippmann 98 marker.TEM DESCRIPTION. The Response Trigger System is the ultimate big game fire power. The Response Trigger System increases your trigger speed by resetting the trigger and sear with excess gas during firing.", "CZ Scorpion EVO 3 Theta Extended Charging Handle (Red or Black) Product Description. The Theta Extended Charging Handle for the CZ Scorpion EVO 3 gets your fingers away from the molded picatinny rails (knuckle biters) on the barrel shroud of the Scorpion, and provides a larger and more robust control handle for charging the weapon.", "Fire cape For the override, see Enhanced Fire Cape. The Fire cape is a reward received after defeating TzTok-Jad in the TzHaar Fight Cave minigame. It's notable as one of the most powerful melee capes in the game. Players will always receive a fire cape after killing TzTok-Jad, regardless of whether they already own one or not.layers that don't want their cape can sell it to TzHaar-Mej-Jal for 8,000 tokkul. A lost fire cape can only be replaced by defeating TzTok-Jad again to receive another one. After completion of The Elder Kiln players can sacrifice their fire cape to gain access to a new minigame, the Fight Kiln.", "Fire Fire is very hot. A person should never touch fire, because fire may burn anything that gets too close. If human skin touches fire, the skin may blister which can take some time to heal. If a fire occurs, the mouth should be covered with a wet cloth because if too much smoke is breathed in, it is possible to faint.", "Protein Intake And Performance For Runners That’s because running increases total energy—carbohydrate, fat, and protein—needs. So you may get 10 percent of your daily calories as a non-runner and then continue to get 10 percent of your daily calories as a runner, but you’re eating more protein as a runner, because you’re eating more total calories.", "- If the ability triggers but Dreampod Druid isn't enchanted when that ability resolves, the ability will do nothing. Notably, if Dreampod Druid leaves the battlefield while its ability is on the stack, that ability will use Dreampod Druid's last known information to determine whether or not it was enchanted. If it was enchanted when it left the battlefield, the ability will resolve and create a Saproling.", "- Razer DeathAdder Elite - Multi-Color Ergonomic Gaming Mouse. 1 Maximum dpi: 16000 dpi. 2 Hand Orientation: Right Hand. 3 Model #: RZ01-02010100-R3U1. Item 1 #: N82E16826153220. Return Policy: Standard Return Policy. | $69.99 (16 1 Offers) –. Sale Ends in 5 Days (Mon) Sale Ends in 2 04/17. Free Shipping.", "Press F to Pay Respects In the opening scene from the game’s second mission, the protagonist Private Jack Mitchell attends the funeral of his best friend who died fighting in South Korea. The player is then asked to “Press F to Pay Respects” if they are playing the game on a PC, or to press the “X” button while playing on a console (shown below). Spread On November 2nd, YouTuber doku uploaded a video of the Call of Duty sequence titled “Press X to pay respects,” in which the player is promoted upon touching the casket (shown below, left).", "Deathfire Touch Notes. 1 Deathfire Touch is a on-spell effect and will only be applied to instances of ability damage. 2 The damage from this mastery does not trigger itself nor other spell effects. 3 Multiple instances of damage will refresh the duration but do not stack. The duration of the effect for damage over time abilities is: DoT's duration + 1 second.", "Why did God strike Uzzah dead for touching the Ark of the Covenant? Question: Why did God strike Uzzah dead for touching the Ark of the Covenant?. Answer: The story of Uzzah and the Ark of the Covenant is found in 2 Samuel 6:1-7 and 1 Chronicles 13:9-12.As the ark was being transported, the oxen pulling the cart stumbled, and a Levite named Uzzah took hold of the ark. God s anger burned against Uzzah and He struck him down and he died.Uzzah s punishment does appear to be extreme for what we might consider to be a good deed.s the ark was being transported, the oxen pulling the cart stumbled, and a Levite named Uzzah took hold of the ark. God s anger burned against Uzzah and He struck him down and he died. Uzzah s punishment does appear to be extreme for what we might consider to be a good deed.", "- Numbness and swelling, Tenderness, mild redness, tingling, abdominal cramping along, possible bruising or pin point bleeding, bloating with soreness, dizziness, nausea and pins and needles as the skin returns to normal. Please note: LoveLite Limited do not take any responsibility for treatments provided by technicians using Lipoglaze® however should any adverse reaction occur including a cold injury, or painful blisters. Please seek medical attention from a doctor specialising in the treatment of burns.", "Tia Maria Torres A.J. is a man who actually did try to kill somebody. On parole, he’s in Torres’ living room preparing a tattoo of his favorite pit bull. Five years ago, while still in prison, he made plans to start his life over again, and now works with pits like Lefty under Torres’ guidance. He’s holding a penciled outline of a dog’s face, drawn freehand. It’s a worn face, with scars and bald patches, but the eyes still have fire.", "- 1 Duplicate the layer twice. 2 You can do this either by dragging the first layer onto the New Layer icon at the bottom of the Layers window, or by pressing Command + J (PC: Ctrl + J) twice. 3 Make the top 2 layers invisible by clicking on the eye next to them.n the resulting smudge tool adjustment window, use these settings: 1 With these settings, you're going to draw the fire. 2 As with any kind of brush work in Photoshop or other graphics applications, the use of a tablet is recommended.", "- Facts About Flying to Roatan, Honduras. In the last 7 days, United Airlines, Avianca Airlines, American Airlines were the top airlines travelers picked for flying to Roatan. 49% of travelers to Roatan were over 35.", "- You can launch the screen capture by pressing the Print Screen Key (Prnt Scrn) or Ctrl+Shift+C. If you want to capture a GIF that is as easy as pressing Ctrl+Shift+G. The settings menu where you can re-bind these keys is available by right clicking the Gyazo icon in the task bar.Now your friends instantly see what you see and you can all relive the glorious victory.his is a perfect way to use Gyazo when you are in the middle of something else such as working, watching a stream, or playing a game. I’m calling it a ghost shot in honor of the fun no face ninja character above. Here is how it works: 1. Launch the app.", "- deezy submitter 1 Build 1 point 12 months ago Does say in the description, but I have a Cooler master Masterkeys Pro L, razer death adder chroma and a pecham extended mouse mat Permalink", "Top 10 Best Pokémon Cards X card. By attaching it to a Charizard G, you have the option of using any previous attack, Poké-Body or Poké-Power, just like the Rayquaza C Lv. X. Charizard G Lv. X’s Poké-Power allows him you to move energy cards onto your Charizard, which is great for setting up Malevolent Fire, which does a staggering 150 damage.", "- The areas to be treated with Thermi RF are cleansed and a gel is applied to the skin. The cool tip of the handpiece is then placed onto the skin. As the Thermi RF’s radiofrequency energy is sent through the skin, you will feel a soothing, warm, sensation.he areas to be treated with Thermi RF are cleansed and a gel is applied to the skin. The cool tip of the handpiece is then placed onto the skin. As the Thermi RF’s radiofrequency energy is sent through the skin, you will feel a soothing, warm, sensation.", "E3 2016: Farpoint Could be PlayStation VRâs Killer App This is a legitimate first-person shooter made for VR, and it is one of the most exciting VR games playable at E3 2016. A lot of this is accomplished with the new PS VR Aim Controller. Developer Impulse Games worked closely with Sony to develop this peripheral, and boy does it work.", "menu$0.00Search< BackglazesglazesMain Glaze PageGlazes by TypeGlaze PacksColor ChartsLow-Fire (Cone 06-04)Mid-Fire (Cone 4-6)High-Fire (Cone 10)Special Finishes & MattesBrandsclaysclaysMain Clays PageClays by TypeClays by ConeBrandstools & suppliestools & suppliesMain Tools & Supplies PageHandbuilding ToolsThrowing ToolsDecorating ToolsTexture ToolsFinishing AccessoriesCeramic Pottery Tools & SuppliesTools SetsFiring SuppliesChemicalsGlaze Making EquipmentCeramic MoldsStudio & ApparelBooks & DVDsBrandskilnskilnsMain Kilns PageKiln TypesKiln FurnitureKiln AccessoriesKiln PartsBrandswheelswheelsMain Wheels PagePottery WheelsSpecialty WheelsWheel AccessoriesBrandsequipmentequipmentMain Equipment PageClay Processing EquipmentPottery Studio FurnitureGlazing & Painting EquipmentClean-Up EquipmentBrandswarm glasswarm glassMain Warm Glass PageGlass KilnsProjectsGlass COE 90Glass COE 96Tools & SuppliesMoldsMetal ClaysPigmentsBooksKitsBrandsSign In / JoinHelp/FAQBlogHow-to TipsRecently Viewed The Xiem X-Bevel is a ceramic clay tool that is designed for quick and precise cutting of clay at 45-, 30-, and 60-degree angles.", "Half-Life - Play with a Gamepad or Joystick controller support for any PC Gamepad, Xbox 360 Controller, PS3 or PS4 Controller, PlayStation Controller, etc. You are probably having trouble playing Half-Life with your gamepad or joystick. Pinnacle Game Profiler can solve all your controller problems.Guaranteed. Just click the button below to download the Pinnacle Game Profiler software, which includes. a pre-made profile for Half-Life controller support. Simple.ontroller support for any PC Gamepad, Xbox 360 Controller, PS3 or PS4 Controller, PlayStation Controller, etc. You are probably having trouble playing Half-Life with your gamepad or joystick. Pinnacle Game Profiler can solve all your controller problems.", "- At the launch of wotlk, I made a dk, leveled him to 80, and started camping. I must've camped for weeks but with no luck. I killed vyragosa atleast 6 times and dirke 4 times or so. I woke up one day at 10 am, logged in, to see the drake's dead corpse :(.ust killed Vyragosa at 27, 55 to the east of Valkyrion. I'm an Unholy DK, so I body kited her to a nearby hill and killed her in less than a minute. Death grip helps to draw her into melee range. She did some weak frost breath attacks that should be no problem for a competent 80.", "Zed/Strategy 1 Saving energy and spell cooldowns until you use your ultimate will potentially maximize Death Mark's damage. 2 By quickly activating Living Shadow twice, Zed will send out his shadow and immediately teleport to it afterwards, allowing for quick escapes. 3 This can be used to go over walls. If while playing Zed you find yourself dominating consider building a Sword of the Occult. 2 Due to the passive effect of his Living Shadow, Zed can benefit from every AD item like an AP champ would with Rabadon's Deathcap, and thus can obtain very high amount of AD on late game.", "- Ear sounds have no known direct cause, but they can be symptomatic of ear infections, foreign objects in the ear, earwax buildup, allergies, high blood pressure, anemia, or a condition known as Meniere’s disease (swelling in part of the inner ear canal, causing dizziness and hearing loss).", "- 1 Use your Frost, Unholy, and Death runes on Death Strike. 2 Use your Blood runes on Blood Boil. 3 Never use Blood Boil if you have no Blood runes, as this will cause it to consume a Death rune, which should be saved for Death Strike.ultiple Target Rotation ↑top. When tanking multiple enemies, your go-to ability will be Blood Boil, and you should use Defile on cooldown. You will, of course, still use Death Strike on any enemy, for the self-heal and Mastery: Blood Shield benefits that it provides.", "Eight Steps to Stop Crazing Fire the glaze kiln one or two cones higher, but only if the glaze will not be adversely effected. By firing higher and/or longer, the glaze and clay body might be adjusted into a better fit. Remember, what has to change is the rate of shrinkage in the clay body, glaze or both, which results in the glaze being under slight compression. However, if the clay body is already over-fired or on the edge of its maturity range, firing higher will cause more crazing in the glaze. 5. Add flint (200 mesh) to the clay body.", "Fire Damage (Skyrim) Using the Extra Effect perk, it can be paired with other enchantments to great effect- Fiery Soul Trap can be added to deliver even more fire damage as well as capture the enemy's soul, though adding Soul Trap can do the same as well, minus the extra fire damage.", "First day with a Wacom Cintiq 22 HD Touch PEN CALIBRATION. When you plug your tablet, you need to calibrate the pen to the screen. It was really easy, and relevant. The Wacom Companion or my Asus tablet EP 121 tend to have the pointer getting further from the tip when you get near the border of the screen. It was annoying, as you loose in precision.So I kept drawing only in the center. With the Cintiq 22HD, the calibration is perfect, anywhere on the screen.he Cintiq 22HD is the tablet I started to target. Then I saw the 24HD Touch for sale, second hand at Singapore.gumtree.sg with a reasonable price. It was worth considering.", "- AP English Language and Composition Course Description, Effective Fall 2014 The AP English Language and Composition Exam Every year the AP English Language and Composition Development Committee prepares an exam that asks students to demonstrate their mastery of reading and writing skills promoted by the course.", "- Hey Guys, I'm a representative of Ekodeck, and I thought I'd pop in to respond to a few of your hesitations with Ekodeck. In response to heat, yes, Ekodeck does retain more heat than hardwoods. In terms of use, it should be treated with the same caution as walking on bricks/tiles that have been exposed to strong sun.riginally Posted by shauck Yes they will. It's not the workmanship that's being warranted, it's the need to re-do all the work in association with a failed product. I personally have succeeded in re-couping all costs of labour in relation to a product failure (not this product). More fool them, then.", "- DOn't bother killing him yet. When he kills the firekeeper you get a black eye stone with some stuff. Later it'll say that the black eye stone is trembling or whatever. Use it and you'll invade Lautrec's world. When you kill him (he has 2 phantom buddies that you should kill first) You'll get a soul along with the ring.Also his armor is on a corpse nearby so grab that. Don't use the soul and bring it back to fireshrine and you can revive the firekeeper with it.ou can still warp to Firelink even if its burnt out, and there are several close bonfires (Undead parish) that you can warp to later on. I would advise new players especially to just let him kill her, get your revenge and get your +1 to estus.", "MC Quakez & Roadman Shaq â Fire in the Booth (Freestyle) MC Quakez and his partner Shakes then exit for Roadman Shaq (also played by Dapaah) to take over the booth to spit over 67’s “Let’s Lurk”. What is Fire in the Booth? Fire in the Booth is a long-running radio freestyle segment on BBC 1Xtra, hosted by Charlie Sloth. It is similar in vein to American freestyle segments like Sway’s “5 Fingers of Death”, except it features upcoming MCs as well as established acts to showcase their lyricism.", "PRODUCT COMMUNITY STORE SUPPORTAIR POD KIT KIT ATOMIZER COIL ACCESSORY SMOK ProductsNEW ARRIVALRolo BadgeEnter Wonderful Vaping WorldFITFIT is FitINFINIXFollow SimplicityNEW ARRIVALS GETTING STARTED ADVANCED ULTIMATE PEN STYLE GUARDIAN PIPEDevilkin KitInvincible GloryV-FINLead Your Vaping WayMag Baby KitEvery Shot ToldResa StickThe Pen-style Cloud HunterH-PRIV 2The Return Of HeroX-Priv KitIt's all screenMajesty Kit Luxe EditionLuxury In HandT-Priv 3 KitPrime Returns For ExcellenceStick PrinceThe Pen-Style Cloud PrinceG-PRIV 2 Kit Luxe EditionBorn NobleMag KitLock And LoadPriv OneMake It HappenPriv V8Tango Passion In HandQ-BoxCompact Size And Outstanding PerformanceOSUB OneNot Another Flask Just OSUB OneOSUB 40WNew Favorite In Jackâs PocketOSUB MiniGive You A Hybrid HitH-Priv Mini 50WMini Figure Amazing Vaping Kung FuS-PrivRule the NightVenenoThe Vapor FighterMajesty Carbon FiberDare To BeMajesty Resin EditionDare To BeG-Priv 2Slimmer Yet StrongerProColorColor Me InOSUB KingFor Vaping HeydayAL85Love Like The BeastOSUB 80W BabyLove This Baby Is Love YourselfG150Various Flavors For YouG80The Mini Kit You Can't MissSkyhook RDTA BoxAll-in-one RDTA BoxKOOPOR BeastIgnite Passions For VapingOSUB PlusMiracle As You SeeKnight KitTo Be A Vaping KnightT-PrivThe Limited Edition - Prismatic is comingAlienSold Over 3 million sets Around The WorldGX2/4Twins MissionGX350Smallest Size With Strongest PowerH-Priv ProAstonishing PerformanceG320The Powerful MarshalG-PrivStand OutH-PrivHigh Quality Vaping LifestyleStick M17Another Pen Style All-in-OneStick X8Top Airflow Pen Style KitStick AIOIn Your PocketStick V8Carbon Fiber EditionStick V8 BabyThe Pen Style Cloud ChasingStick V8The Pen Style Cloud BeastVape Pen 22Own It, Enjoy ItBrit OneFrom The OceanVape Pen PlusChanges For Better Vaping PleasureGuardian 40WClassicality Encounters TechnologyGuardian Sub KitSuperior To Your Former SelfGuardian IIIFreedom And PowerNEW TANKS TFV8 TFV12 FLAVOR TANKS HELMET Vape Pen Tank RDA/RDTAResa PrinceMake His DebutTFV12 Baby Prince TankBaby Beast KingTFV12 PrinceCloud Beast PrinceTFV8 Big Baby Light EditionHalo of GloryTFV8 X-BabyBaby Beast BrotherTFV8 Baby Carbon FiberTFV8 Big BabyBig Baby BeastTFV8 BabyThe Baby BeastTFV8Cloud BeastTFV12Cloud Beast KingSpirals PlusHit By Taste StormSpirals TankHit By Taste StormBrit MiniYour Cloud&Flavor MateHelmetCare For VapingVape Pen TankCost-Effective & DesirableSkyhook RDTA TankThe 260W RDTA Cloud Beast!MinosVaping Taste KingTFV8 Coils TFV8 Baby & Big Baby Coils TFV8 X-Baby Coils TFV12 Coils TFV12 Prince CoilsVape Pen CoilsTFV8 Big FamilyTurbo Engines For YouTFV8 Baby Big FamilyUniversal For TFV8 Baby and Big BabyTFV8 X-Baby Big FamilySmoothTFV12 Big FamilyCloud HunterTFV12 Prince Big FamilyVape Pen Tank Big FamilyTaste and CloudDrip Tip Tank Tube Silicone Ring & Case Battery Cover Battery ChargerLuminous Cobra Drip TipDrip TipBulb Pyrex Glass TubeGlass TubeSilicone RingsBattery CoverCharger The ProColor kit comes with the ProColor 225 wattage mod, which has the industry’s leading design and new features. It has RGB backlights shaped like a shield and a super large OLED colorful screen of 1.3 inch with high definition.", "Beta-thalassemia In beta-thalassemia homozygotes with a residual variable beta globin synthesis or beta 0 /beta compound heterozygotes, the Hb pattern shows HbA between 10 and 30%, HbF in the order of 70–90%, and HbA 2 of 2–5%.", "Search results Superior Grip and Comfort. Trade in this item for up to: $0.98 for Xbox 360. ParticleGrip STUDDED Skin Set for Xbox One (& One S) by Foamy Lizard ® PATENT PENDING Silicone Skin Cover Antislip Studs PLUS matching set of 4 AceShot Analog Thumbgrips BLACK. by Foamy Lizard. 4.3 out of 5 stars 76.", "- A new era of shoot and loot is about to begin. Play as one of four new vault hunters facing off against a massive new world of creatures, psychos and the evil mastermind, Handsome Jack.Visit the Store Page.here can i farm CORROSIVE SMG? (in the main story, no dlc). I am liv 68 and i am playing UVHM,and now i have to go in opportunity and unkept harold is the only gun i have that is useful against robots. Until now i use legendary cat mod (+130% smg damage) with hellfire smg, so it will be hard to clear opportunity w...", "- Saitek X52 pro mouse. « on: August 16, 2011, 06:44:02 AM ». Hi guys. I have struggled with mouse which is integrated to the throttle since I got my X52 pro couple months ago so could any of you tell me how can I get it work with my game.he same principal applies. 1: You must first set the keys in game. 2: Open the profiler and go all the way to the bottom. 3: Set the mouse X Y axis to (Bands). 4: Set the upper band limit, dead zone, and the lower band limit. 5: input the keys that you set to your pan views in game in the upper and lower bands.", "- How can I spray paint hard-to-reach areas? Spray paint hard-to-reach areas with Krylon® EZ Touch 360° Dial™ Spray Tip, an exclusive feature of Krylon® ColorMaster spray paint. Krylon® recognizes all spray paint projects are unique, and therefore a flexible approach to product application may be required.", "Problems connecting the Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse Surface Edition to the Asus Zenbook UX32VD Problems connecting the Microsoft Arc Touch Mouse Surface Edition to the Asus Zenbook UX32VD. The title pretty much says it all. I picked up the new Arc Touch Mouse SE from MSFT a couple of weeks ago, and ran into a small problem getting it to work with my Asus notebook, which I’ll get to in a second.", "Airsoft Polarstar, SMP, Daytona Vs. AEG And GBB: What Reviews Donât Tell You Besides A Price And Performance Comparison Airsoft Polarstar, SMP, Daytona Vs. Patrick Frye. When making comparisons on an airsoft Polarstar or SMP versus a standard AEG (Air Electric Gun) or GBB (Gas Blow-Back), most reviews simply focus on price and performance measures like FPS (Feet Per Second) and ROF (Rate Of Fire).n a related report by the Inquisitr, some police departments are treating airsoft guns like a public menace since it’s possible for a cop to accidentally shoot someone carrying a lookalike gun. Cops are not the only people threatened by the airsoft gun.", "Noclip mode In many Unreal Engine games there are several cheats that can be typed to enable noclip mode. The most common one is a single typing of the ghost cheat. The player typing the cheat will be able to fly around the level and through geometry.", "FOTM Report: Kleptomancy Ezreal - Why is it overpowered (OP AF)? Ezreal in his current state works so well in so many roles simply because he scales incredibly hard right now. The Kleptomancy keystone allows him to finally return to the center stage as a marksman, and his mobility allows him to stay safe while he scales into an unstoppable powerhouse.", "- This study, assessing ease of use of the Philips OnSite, Zoll AED Plus, Cardiac Science Powerheart, and Medtronic CR+, showed: • Superior pad placement for OnSite responders, impacting the ability to successfully defibrillate. - Half the Zoll responders and almost half the Cardiac Science responders (7 of 16) did not apply the pads directly. on the skin, including pads packages not opened, liners not removed, or pads placed over clothing.", "- Apparently, it is a practically must to enable gyro aiming if using Steam Controller to play FPS games. I have set up gyro to be used as a mouse in the Steam app itself, it works, and seems to be convenient. However, in Hitman there are no settings for gyro, and I could not enable gyro aiming. I assume people do set up and use gyro aiming in Hitman somehow. I would appreciate advice on that.", "- Urrox, Flame Prince Exalted Hive 15 Exotic. The ground upon which you walk shall burn. Prince to none, Urrox kept watch over a long-forgotten brood long ago. With the remnants of that spawn at his side, Urrox calls out to all wielders of the Light— to burn away all they are until only the Darkness remains.", "This crazy, secret gun is the key to Bungieâs vision for Destinyâs future The only primary weapons in Destiny at the moment that do elemental damage (arc/solar/void) are raid drops. So is this one, sort of. But what a process. First you’ve got to find the Husk of the Pit by killing a whole bunch of rare Hive and praying one of them drops it.he only primary weapons in Destiny at the moment that do elemental damage (arc/solar/void) are raid drops. So is this one, sort of. But what a process. First you’ve got to find the Husk of the Pit by killing a whole bunch of rare Hive and praying one of them drops it.", "Kiln of the First Flame Full Kiln of the First Flame Walkthrough. Endings. After defeating Gwyn, you have two options available; Touch the bonfire for the good ending and the To Link the Fire Achievement/Trophy. Walk away and leave the area for the evil ending and the Dark Lord achievement/Trophy.", "Playing Half-Life PC With Moga Bluetooth Controller Just a bit of wireless PC gaming setup with the Moga Pro Power controller made for Android devices. Using XPadder since HL1 didn't have HID gamepad support, almost got the aim acceleration just right.1 Autos & Vehicles.ust a bit of wireless PC gaming setup with the Moga Pro Power controller made for Android devices. Using XPadder since HL1 didn't have HID gamepad support, almost got the aim acceleration just right. 1 Autos & Vehicles.", "List of Magic: The Gathering keywords Deathtouch (Any amount of damage this deals to a creature is enough to destroy it.) When Aether Poisoner enters the battlefield, you get {E}{E} (two energy counters). Whenever Aether Poisoner attacks, you may pay {E}{E}. If you do, create a 1/1 colorless Servo artifact creature token.", "- If we choose Mouse we get the option of what mouse axis we want to assign the currentlyselected axis to. In our example, we are adjusting the x-axis of the stick (left/right movement),so we would logically assign it to emulate the left/right motion of the mouse.e will illustrate this method first and then go on to describe the method we use hereat Saitek. Method A Double-clicking on the controller icon (in this case the Saitek Cyborg 3D Stick USB) brings upthe 3D model of the controller.", "- Enjoy having control over the exact temperature that you’re dabbing at. The 710 LIFE e-nail is guaranteed to pay for itself, no more running to the store for more butane, with the 710 LIFE e-nail unit those times are done and over with. With the 710 Life E Nail dabbing is very simple to use for Wax & Essential Oils.. Much more compact than carrying a torch and butane around with you. Stop overheating your oils! This e-nail has a digital LCD temperature controller to display the temperate. Hot spots are no longer a problem with this e-nail!", "- Work hard, keep your head in the game, and if someone gets in your way, tell them you don't give a damn.. LoL IGN: FlavorfulRamen. You don't, really. Holding ctrl and pressing 1, 2, 3, and 4 will make you joke, taunt, dance, and laugh, respectively. this is wrong. hotkeying laugh to z is the most important step to improving at this game.", "- This video will show you, how to unlock Smoke in Mortal Kombat 3. The Ultimate Kombat Kode(UKK) is 1-0-9-0-2-2-2-2-3-4. On controller 1 press High Punch-1x, Low Punch-0x, Block-9x, Low Kick-0x, and High Kick-2x. On controller 2 press High Punch-2x, Low Punch-2x, Block-2x, Low Kick-3x, and High Kick-4x.", "What is a good moveset for Ho-oh? Flame Charge is used to boost Ho-Oh's twiddling Speed, as well as having huge power. Sacred Fire is used when you really need that burn, like when you are facing Zekrom. Brave Bird is more powerful STAB, and Earthquake gets good coverage. The HP EVs were altered so that he could switch into Stealth Rock twice.ecover-To keep Ho-Oh from fainting. Fire Blast-A good STAB, and good for burning the target. Sacred Fire-A good STAB and for burn.", "How to use alienrespawn? My thinking was maybe they used Ghost to do the image. Once in Ghost I was disappointed but poked around the extra tools they included. One allowed me to change which partition was the active partition. I selected the 8gig respawn partition and rebooted into Alien Respawn v2.0.It just finished a successful recovery of the Windows partition back to factory conditions. I did have to boot off the Ghost 10 CD after the respawn and set the active partition back to the correct one.y thinking was maybe they used Ghost to do the image. Once in Ghost I was disappointed but poked around the extra tools they included. One allowed me to change which partition was the active partition. I selected the 8gig respawn partition and rebooted into Alien Respawn v2.0.", "Deathfire Touch In every other instance Thunderlord's Decree does more damage than Deathfire Touch as it scales better or at least as well. Thunderlord's Decree has minimum of 15 seconds static cooldown that can be converted to produce 12 (+ 2% bonus AD) (+ 0.667% AP) damage per second.", "- You loose all of the combustion particles but the vapor sure tastes like weed, but a bit more ‘pure’. So why have I spent three weeks, three hundred bucks and five grams of herb to get my pax 2 to do anything. At best I can get the eq. of three or four draws out of a full bowl (.33 gram) using all heat settings. Everybody raves about this thing. Doesn’t work for me. I think the whole vape thing could be a conspiracy after my experience with Ploom.", "- 2) Avoid any exposure to high heat and any kind of fire. The MOVA TM globe contains a small amount of fluid, something like charcoal fire starting fluid, and this fluid can support burning if the outer shell is broken or the fluid leaks out.Please avoid igniting this fluid. Otherwise, the fluid is completely harmless.ny damage caused to the MOVA TM globe or by mishandling the MOVATM globe, including, but not limited to examples outlined above, are not covered by the warranty and are not the responsibility of TurtleT ech Design, Inc. or its contract manufacturers, or sales partners.", "Pokemon Red Version There are only two Ghost moves that cause damage, Night Shade and Lick. The former does set damage based on the user's level, the latter sucks, and both have no type advantage against anything. The right way to use a Gengar is not by using Ghost moves. Gengar's still a good pokemon nevertheless. gbchaosmaster.", "âDestinyâ: How To Find âHusk Of The Pitâ Rifle And Upgrade To âNecrochasmâ Just killing the Knight will randomly reward the weapon. The DLC is not required to obtain Husk of the Pit, but it is needed to upgrade and evolve it to…. Eidolon Ally. Eidolon Ally is the second evolution of Husk of the Pit that turns the Auto Rifle into a Legendary class weapon. It will take some work to get there though as it levels up completely differently from all other weapons in the game.", "- Excipial U Lipolotion is a body lotion for slightly dry to dry skin with 4% urea. It intensely oils and moisturises your skin. Particularly suitable for neuro-dermatitis, psoriasis and senile skin. Properties. 4% urea; w/o emulsion, lipophilic; lipid content 36%; intense oily lotion; normalises the lipid content of dry skin; Direction for use", "Deathfire Touch or Thunderlord's Decree, when and who? Deathfire Touch or Thunderlord's Decree, when and who? Do I go Deathfire on Assassins and Thunderlord&#039;s on AOE mages as a rule of thumb? I&#039;m just running Deathfire&#039;s on everyone at the moment but I&#039;m not sure it&#039;s the best since AOE spells get half the effect from it. Thoughts?", "PRODUCT COMMUNITY STORE SUPPORTAIR POD KIT KIT ATOMIZER COIL ACCESSORY SMOK ProductsNEW ARRIVALRolo BadgeEnter Wonderful Vaping WorldFITFIT is FitINFINIXFollow SimplicityNEW ARRIVALS GETTING STARTED ADVANCED ULTIMATE PEN STYLE GUARDIAN PIPEDevilkin KitInvincible GloryV-FINLead Your Vaping WayMag Baby KitEvery Shot ToldResa StickThe Pen-style Cloud HunterH-PRIV 2The Return Of HeroX-Priv KitIt's all screenMajesty Kit Luxe EditionLuxury In HandT-Priv 3 KitPrime Returns For ExcellenceStick PrinceThe Pen-Style Cloud PrinceG-PRIV 2 Kit Luxe EditionBorn NobleMag KitLock And LoadPriv OneMake It HappenPriv V8Tango Passion In HandQ-BoxCompact Size And Outstanding PerformanceOSUB OneNot Another Flask Just OSUB OneOSUB 40WNew Favorite In Jackâs PocketOSUB MiniGive You A Hybrid HitH-Priv Mini 50WMini Figure Amazing Vaping Kung FuS-PrivRule the NightVenenoThe Vapor FighterMajesty Carbon FiberDare To BeMajesty Resin EditionDare To BeG-Priv 2Slimmer Yet StrongerProColorColor Me InOSUB KingFor Vaping HeydayAL85Love Like The BeastOSUB 80W BabyLove This Baby Is Love YourselfG150Various Flavors For YouG80The Mini Kit You Can't MissSkyhook RDTA BoxAll-in-one RDTA BoxKOOPOR BeastIgnite Passions For VapingOSUB PlusMiracle As You SeeKnight KitTo Be A Vaping KnightT-PrivThe Limited Edition - Prismatic is comingAlienSold Over 3 million sets Around The WorldGX2/4Twins MissionGX350Smallest Size With Strongest PowerH-Priv ProAstonishing PerformanceG320The Powerful MarshalG-PrivStand OutH-PrivHigh Quality Vaping LifestyleStick M17Another Pen Style All-in-OneStick X8Top Airflow Pen Style KitStick AIOIn Your PocketStick V8Carbon Fiber EditionStick V8 BabyThe Pen Style Cloud ChasingStick V8The Pen Style Cloud BeastVape Pen 22Own It, Enjoy ItBrit OneFrom The OceanVape Pen PlusChanges For Better Vaping PleasureGuardian 40WClassicality Encounters TechnologyGuardian Sub KitSuperior To Your Former SelfGuardian IIIFreedom And PowerNEW TANKS TFV8 TFV12 FLAVOR TANKS HELMET Vape Pen Tank RDA/RDTAResa PrinceMake His DebutTFV12 Baby Prince TankBaby Beast KingTFV12 PrinceCloud Beast PrinceTFV8 Big Baby Light EditionHalo of GloryTFV8 X-BabyBaby Beast BrotherTFV8 Baby Carbon FiberTFV8 Big BabyBig Baby BeastTFV8 BabyThe Baby BeastTFV8Cloud BeastTFV12Cloud Beast KingSpirals PlusHit By Taste StormSpirals TankHit By Taste StormBrit MiniYour Cloud&Flavor MateHelmetCare For VapingVape Pen TankCost-Effective & DesirableSkyhook RDTA TankThe 260W RDTA Cloud Beast!MinosVaping Taste KingTFV8 Coils TFV8 Baby & Big Baby Coils TFV8 X-Baby Coils TFV12 Coils TFV12 Prince CoilsVape Pen CoilsTFV8 Big FamilyTurbo Engines For YouTFV8 Baby Big FamilyUniversal For TFV8 Baby and Big BabyTFV8 X-Baby Big FamilySmoothTFV12 Big FamilyCloud HunterTFV12 Prince Big FamilyVape Pen Tank Big FamilyTaste and CloudDrip Tip Tank Tube Silicone Ring & Case Battery Cover Battery ChargerLuminous Cobra Drip TipDrip TipBulb Pyrex Glass TubeGlass TubeSilicone RingsBattery CoverCharger The max output power of ProColor can up to 225W, and provides two modes for you. Temp Mode can enhance consistency and taste of every puff. Watt Mode is perfect for cloud chasing.", "- Traeger P settings question for ya'll. I read this somewhere online a little while ago. The lower the P#, the shorter the cycle time on the auger when on the smoke setting. So the the controller will take into consideration the temperature from the probe and as long as the temp is hot enough, it will not run the auger.", "- [–]freeze-dried 0 points1 point2 points 1 year ago (0 children) A controller gives much finer foot-movement ability and with Halo that is huge for things like ledge jumping. A keyboard makes that shit inordinately difficult. And while a mouse gives more precise aiming, it's actually a little too easy to aim for Halo. Halo pros would get something like 90% 4-shot kills while good/great players would get 70%.", "Hiroshima The growth of Hiroshima as a city continued after the First World War, as the city now attracted the attention of the Catholic Church, and on May 4, 1923, an Apostolic Vicar was appointed for that city.", "- Make Infernal Cape Unique (self.2007scape) submitted 7 months ago by HutchensRSRSN: Hutchens | Maxed Completionist. I think the models Ghost made looked great, however, it'd be cooler to make it something totally different and unique. When it's a recolored Firecape with shoulder pads it looks too copy and paste. I think Ghost and West could make something totally new and still make it look fantastic.", "- Haunter, The Gas Pok mon. It saps life by licking. By doing this it causes shaking that wont stop till the opponent dies. If you trip or fall for no reason, A Haunter caused it.If you hear a sound and theres nothing around, a Haunter caused it. It lurks its victims in total darkness. It's tongue is made of gas.aunter, The Gas Pok mon. It saps life by licking. By doing this it causes shaking that wont stop till the opponent dies. If you trip or fall for no reason, A Haunter caused it.", "- When I set my steam controller to gyro aiming - always on, and have the right pad as a mouse for nice resolution fluid camera movements...", "- The Similar, But Different Game! Old man V2 Avatar of Fire fire Snow Texture III 5184 x 3456 Pixels Desert Earth Planet 2.0 Premade stock 18 This was a lot of fun and I did change the model to an o...", "Survival Guide: Fractional CO2 Resurfacing (Active FX) You can sit or lie down and relax during this time. After about 30 minutes, Dr. Zimmet performs nerve block injections to the face above your eyebrows, mid-face and around your mouth. The injections may sting a bit but are over quickly. Acetone wipes are used to remove the numbing cream and get your skin clean.s an aesthetician, I’ve experienced a variety of skin treatments but this was by far the most challenging and rewarding. Active FX requires dedicated post-procedure care and maintenance by the patient at home. This process is imperative for proper healing.", "- Steam Controller gyro / mouse bug When I set my steam controller to gyro aiming - always on, and have the right pad as a mouse for nice resolution fluid camera movements the A button starts and stops recordings even if it mapped to the space bar, the X & B buttons turn toggle the recording feature on and off. This happens even if the button pad is completely unbound.", "A Safe Tan, Faster? Posted by: Ruth Crilly on May 28, 2012 28 Comments. I am deeply impressed with Piz Buin’s Tan and Protect range. I have used loads of Piz Buin products before, including the amazing In Sun Ultra Light Spray which is an absolute cinch to apply.I’ll hold my hands up and admit to the fact that I like having a tan.uring these “lying-out” periods I’ve been giving Piz Buin’s Tan Accelerating range a good, thorough testing. The products contain a tan-accelerating ingredient called Melitane which speeds up the natural tanning process so that you need to spend less time in the sun to achieve a beautiful (and safe) golden glow.", "The best way to play FPS games with the steam controller - Guide - Settings - CSGO These settings take advantage of the steam controllers gyroscope / accelerometer for precise aiming, whilst using the touch pad for quick rotational movement and navigation. Though not as good as using a mouse and keyboard it allows for far better control and aim then what is possible with an Xbox controller. After some practice with these settings I believe you could easily get up to master Guardian rank in CSGO and would allow you to play any FPS game on PC on harder difficulty with ease.", "- Forum Counter-Strike Counter-Strike Global Offensive Strafe shooting broken in CS:GO. Strafe shooting broken in CS:GO. Hello. After the 50% inaccuracy patch the AK feels nerfed alot, since you can't strafe shoot anymore. Now you're forced to either press down shift or the usual CTRL+spray to be able to hit anything.That's why AUG's are so hard to be countered now, sometimes the AK doesn't hit what it's supposed to, I've made a video showing the difference between shift shooting and normal strafing:ow you're forced to either press down shift or the usual CTRL+spray to be able to hit anything. That's why AUG's are so hard to be countered now, sometimes the AK doesn't hit what it's supposed to, I've made a video showing the difference between shift shooting and normal strafing:", "GeForce Experience 2.1 Adds In-Game FPS Counter, Shadow Mode For Desktop Capture & More To enable push-to-talk, select the option in the ShadowPlay Preferences screen and you’re done. Before venturing in-game you may wish to rebind the keyboard shortcut using the setting below. By default, push-to-talk is bound to the grave key (`) key, above Tab and to the left of '1'.eForce Experience 2.1, available now, improves several of those features and adds an in-game frame rate counter, push to talk microphone capture, ShadowPlay ‘Shadow Mode’ Desktop Capture support, plus additional tweaks and changes. Download now via GeForce.com or open GeForce Experience's self-update function.", "MTG / Aether Revolt Creature — Human Artificer (1/1) Deathtouch (Any amount of damage this deals to a creature is enough to destroy it.) When Aether Poisoner enters the battlefield, you get (two energy counters). Whenever Aether Poisoner attacks, you may pay . If you do, create a 1/1 colorless Servo artifact creature token.", "- Give a man a fire and he is warm for a day, but set a man on fire and he is warm for the rest of his life. -Terry Pratchett. I quit the same way I do on PS3. Hold the PS button for about a second and a menu comes up. On PS3 I pick Quit Game, and on PS4 I pick Close Application.", "Razer Lycosa Support The Razer Lycosa Gaming Cluster with anti-ghosting capabilities are specific to the following keys: The keys will have the following characteristics : * CTRL, ALT, SHIFT are dedicated * Able to press any of the above 2 keys (CTRL, ALT or SHIFT key) + any other key on the keyboard.", "Work with Smart Guides With the Move tool and the BBQ layer selected, hold down the Option (Mac)/Alt (Windows) key and drag the layer. Notice how measurement information appears in pink. Drag the BBQ 480 px below the First BBQ. Option/Alt-drag another one 480 px to the right. You'll see a new layer each time you use Option or Alt drag.ith the Move tool and the BBQ layer selected, hold down the Option (Mac)/Alt (Windows) key and drag the layer. Notice how measurement information appears in pink. Drag the BBQ 480 px below the First BBQ. Option/Alt-drag another one 480 px to the right. You'll see a new layer each time you use Option or Alt drag.", "- You can stack normal and Add-on buffs, for instance sorc can skill into her kik to giver her a 6% Accuracy buff, i can stack that with a Accuracy Add-on. but 2 Add-on's that do the same will not stack. Same with DoT effekts, you can have a normal Burn and a Add-on burn on the same target, but not 2 Add-on burns.", "- EBA's Endura airbrush tattoo paint can be used through multiple gun systems, color changers, and EBA's exclusive ZeroG II airbrush. Read More. EnduraColor's highly realistic look, longevity and remarkable spraying characteristics set EBA airbrush tattoo inks as a benchmark of quality and performance.", "- Start by using Taunt (Dark Command) into Blood Boil when you get in range, into Death Strike. If you are not close enough to Blood Boil the target before taunt wears off, then pull using Taunt into Icy Touch into Plague Strike into Blood Boil or Death Strike as needed.ffectively it heals you only 25% of max HP now, however it provides more ‘burst’ healing. Honestly even with relatively higher HP pools, this talent feels worse than on live, however unless I find a way to make Death Siphon work, this will be the choice taken by 100% of Blood Death Knights.", "- Turn the top layer back on. Add another Hue/Saturation adjustment layer as before, and set the clipping as you did with the bottom layer. Change the properties of the top adjustment layer to Hue: 50, Saturation: 100, Lightness: -50. This will make it a yellow color. 16. Select the remaining white shape (middle layer).n the resulting smudge tool adjustment window, use these settings: 1 With these settings, you're going to draw the fire. 2 As with any kind of brush work in Photoshop or other graphics applications, the use of a tablet is recommended.", "- Introducing Dr Philip Bekhor FACD. Dermatologist Dr Philip Bekhor began using lasers to treat birthmarks in 1983. When he heard about the then new laser technology to remove tattoos without damaging the skin he introduced Melbourne's first Q-switched Medlite™ tattoo removal laser in 1993.", "- Place the baking dish on the center rack in the oven and cook the fish for 15 to 18 minutes. When the fish is cooked, it should flake apart easily when prodded with the tines of a fork.Step 7. Remove the baking dish from the oven and allow the fish to rest for about five minutes before plating and serving it.lace the baking dish on the center rack in the oven and cook the fish for 15 to 18 minutes. When the fish is cooked, it should flake apart easily when prodded with the tines of a fork.", "Fire Manipulation Users can create, shape and manipulate fire, the rapid oxidation of a material in the exothermic chemical process of combustion, releasing heat, light, and various reaction products, flame being the visible portion of the fire.", "- Bring your own flair to the floor in custom-designed Dance UrTempo Mid 2.0 Go bold or keep it sleek-however the music moves you. Design InstaPump Design an Icon Custom InstaPump Fury Unlock your creativity with new materials, colors and graphics, now available on the InstaPump Fury.ring your own flair to the floor in custom-designed Dance UrTempo Mid 2.0 Go bold or keep it sleek-however the music moves you. Design InstaPump Design an Icon Custom InstaPump Fury Unlock your creativity with new materials, colors and graphics, now available on the InstaPump Fury.", "- 1 Apparition: Aaron takes several pictures and captures several transparent orbs on camera. 2 Physical Contact: Aaron feels a cold breeze but Zak doesn't feel it, to make it more credible, Zak was sweating and Aaron received the chill. 3 Apparition: Zak and Aaron claim to have seen a light at the end of a corridor.", "- If you hold the cigarette so that the fire is above your fingers, the smoke will rise so that the tars to do not condense onto your fingers and nails. For a passionate anti-smoker this is a very controlled answer, as requested.", "- Unfortunately @MaxDiehard @flyinb11 is correct, it is official, the Move Sharpshooter peripheral is not supported on Farpoint so you don’t “already have another I could use” in actuality. Your only options are to use the Dualshock controller or purchase the the fully supported PSVR Aim.", "- If that patient is exposing it to heat (cooking, BBQ) the crazing is more likely to be even across the lens. See if you can have the lenses processed on a digital generator for more even surface pressure, or switch AR's. Last edited by sharpstick777; 10-04-2011 at 07:47 PM.egassing is when the water is taken out of the lens through heat before the coating process. If any moisture remains, it could be detrimental later. If the lens is warmed with trapped moisture it can cause crazing months or years down the road.", "- Just like a new grill it is a good idea to have a few fires before you use your fire pit for cooking. Never use gasoline or other petroleum based accelerants to get the fire going! Fat wood or fire starters work best! Never touch your fire pit while it is burning or even immediately after the fire is out.Keep children and pets a safe distance away from the fire pit. To keep flying embers under control in your fire pit use the mesh spark screen provided.pressure treated.ue to their excellent heat output, care must be taken to sit your Fire Pit on a firm, level, non-combustible base, not directly onto wooden surfaces and away from wooden fences or other combustible materials. The Fire Pit should not be positioned underneath overhanging branches, or anything else that may be set alight.", "- 1 Derivan Blackboard Paint. 2 Zombie Face Paint Set extends the range of themed sets. 3 Derivan has just released a new artist medium that creates smooth and glossy finishes, MM37 Self Leveling Medium. 4 Derivan Oil Based Patina has now been discontinued and no longer in production. Add even more fun to your face painting. 2 Derivan continues to expand its range of artists materials with the new, professional artist grade, Derivan Watercolours range. 3 Three new colours extends Derivan Block Ink range. 4 Just released, MM32 Light Modelling Paste a NEW modelling compound added to Matisse Mediums range.", "Application Frame Host If I open store or a metro title the Frame host is not closing, this cause problems with NVidia SLI setup. Is there a way to flush the frame host after a store or metro item is open. Then Closed. When a store item is closed the frame turns into a ghost HOST until a title is opened. I discovered this through winflip, when I activate winflip I have only desktop and one other desktop open. When I open store or any other metro item, a new frame is opened. I can use winflip to flip through pages and open a page. When I close the store, I now have a black active frame. When I go to options in winflip I see the frame is still open. Application frame host. Few times the option sees the frame as a ghost host.", "Press F to Pay Respects Press F (X) to Pay Respects is an action prompt featured in a quick time event from the 2014 first-person shooter Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare. Upon the release of the game in November 2014, many players of the game mocked the funeral cutscene for its forced element of interactivity that seemed out-of-place at a memorial service.", "- THIS MOVE IS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FIRST TIMERS. zoe wanted to try the THE FLAMING DRAGON so she put thick a layer of hot sauce on sams dick then intense it, she then getting down on her knees to give him a gobby she quickly realised that this was more intense than she expected.", "- While Thunderlord’s does upfront damage, Deathfire Touch is a bleed. So for champions like Zed, LeBlanc and Ahri, that want Burst amplification and have no trouble applying three instances of damage Thunderlord’s is clearly the better option.", "How to Play Roadrunner Cash Overall odds of winning a prize are approximately 1 in 7.97 Play Up to 14 Drawings with Multi-Draw Whether you play your favorite numbers or choose Quick Picks, you can play up to 14 drawings in a row. Simply mark the appropriate box next to MULTI DRAW on your play slip or ask the clerk for a Multi-Draw ticket ($1 per play per drawing).", "- Featured Items! 1 Ember Poster - A Blaze Restrained. 2 Excalibur Plush. 3 Mag Limited Edition Collector’s Statue. Rhino Limited Edition Collector’s 1 Statue. Tenno Hockey Jersey. Valkyr Limited Edition Collector's 1 Statue. Warframe Mug. White WARFRAME® Lotus Cap.", "Ezreal's Role Oh it's Sona, that explains a lot. Somehow Ezreal managed to get the last hit in Oh my god Ezreal killed something? Who killed it for him? Oh god it's American Ezreal. We lose. It would have been okay if it was Canadian Ezreal, that's why we still let Chaox play Ezreal, but American Ezreal is just the worst thing I've ever seen. Ever. Can't pick Ezreal and expect to win, it is the moral of today's story.", "Anyone ever actually use the flares? Actually the one time I used it was on a pretty funny death moment, I was walking around with a flare in my hand, when I saw the Alien, accidentally lit the flare, so it started coming towards me and my only reaction was to throw the flare at the Alien which promptly murdered the living hell out of me.", "- #1) don't pop your blisters. #2) when the condition flairs up, have cortisone creams on hand. They are your only ammunition. #3) don't pick the skin after the blisters have healed, this can cause trauma to the area and more blisters! #4) Try sticking your hands in a high intensity tanning bed.This worked well for me.1) don't pop your blisters. #2) when the condition flairs up, have cortisone creams on hand. They are your only ammunition. #3) don't pick the skin after the blisters have healed, this can cause trauma to the area and more blisters! #4) Try sticking your hands in a high intensity tanning bed. This worked well for me.", "Glaze Crazing I accidentally fired a low-temperate talc body at cone 6 (the glaze is the Alberta Slip base cone 6 glossy). The clay body is not overly mature, but it just has an extremely high thermal expansion (talc is added to increase the expansion to fit low fire commercial glazes, they would craze without it).", "Kael the Invoker Allows manipulation of fire elements and grants a permanent intelligence bonus. Each Exort instance provides increased attack damage. Combines the properties of the elements currently being manipulated, creating a new spell at the Invoker's disposal. The invoked spell is determined by the combination of Quas, Wex and Exort. UPGRADABLE: Decreases cooldown and removes mana cost. Number of Invoked Spells Allowed: 1/2/2/2.", "PRODUCT COMMUNITY STORE SUPPORTAIR POD KIT KIT ATOMIZER COIL ACCESSORY SMOK ProductsNEW ARRIVALRolo BadgeEnter Wonderful Vaping WorldFITFIT is FitINFINIXFollow SimplicityNEW ARRIVALS GETTING STARTED ADVANCED ULTIMATE PEN STYLE GUARDIAN PIPEDevilkin KitInvincible GloryV-FINLead Your Vaping WayMag Baby KitEvery Shot ToldResa StickThe Pen-style Cloud HunterH-PRIV 2The Return Of HeroX-Priv KitIt's all screenMajesty Kit Luxe EditionLuxury In HandT-Priv 3 KitPrime Returns For ExcellenceStick PrinceThe Pen-Style Cloud PrinceG-PRIV 2 Kit Luxe EditionBorn NobleMag KitLock And LoadPriv OneMake It HappenPriv V8Tango Passion In HandQ-BoxCompact Size And Outstanding PerformanceOSUB OneNot Another Flask Just OSUB OneOSUB 40WNew Favorite In Jackâs PocketOSUB MiniGive You A Hybrid HitH-Priv Mini 50WMini Figure Amazing Vaping Kung FuS-PrivRule the NightVenenoThe Vapor FighterMajesty Carbon FiberDare To BeMajesty Resin EditionDare To BeG-Priv 2Slimmer Yet StrongerProColorColor Me InOSUB KingFor Vaping HeydayAL85Love Like The BeastOSUB 80W BabyLove This Baby Is Love YourselfG150Various Flavors For YouG80The Mini Kit You Can't MissSkyhook RDTA BoxAll-in-one RDTA BoxKOOPOR BeastIgnite Passions For VapingOSUB PlusMiracle As You SeeKnight KitTo Be A Vaping KnightT-PrivThe Limited Edition - Prismatic is comingAlienSold Over 3 million sets Around The WorldGX2/4Twins MissionGX350Smallest Size With Strongest PowerH-Priv ProAstonishing PerformanceG320The Powerful MarshalG-PrivStand OutH-PrivHigh Quality Vaping LifestyleStick M17Another Pen Style All-in-OneStick X8Top Airflow Pen Style KitStick AIOIn Your PocketStick V8Carbon Fiber EditionStick V8 BabyThe Pen Style Cloud ChasingStick V8The Pen Style Cloud BeastVape Pen 22Own It, Enjoy ItBrit OneFrom The OceanVape Pen PlusChanges For Better Vaping PleasureGuardian 40WClassicality Encounters TechnologyGuardian Sub KitSuperior To Your Former SelfGuardian IIIFreedom And PowerNEW TANKS TFV8 TFV12 FLAVOR TANKS HELMET Vape Pen Tank RDA/RDTAResa PrinceMake His DebutTFV12 Baby Prince TankBaby Beast KingTFV12 PrinceCloud Beast PrinceTFV8 Big Baby Light EditionHalo of GloryTFV8 X-BabyBaby Beast BrotherTFV8 Baby Carbon FiberTFV8 Big BabyBig Baby BeastTFV8 BabyThe Baby BeastTFV8Cloud BeastTFV12Cloud Beast KingSpirals PlusHit By Taste StormSpirals TankHit By Taste StormBrit MiniYour Cloud&Flavor MateHelmetCare For VapingVape Pen TankCost-Effective & DesirableSkyhook RDTA TankThe 260W RDTA Cloud Beast!MinosVaping Taste KingTFV8 Coils TFV8 Baby & Big Baby Coils TFV8 X-Baby Coils TFV12 Coils TFV12 Prince CoilsVape Pen CoilsTFV8 Big FamilyTurbo Engines For YouTFV8 Baby Big FamilyUniversal For TFV8 Baby and Big BabyTFV8 X-Baby Big FamilySmoothTFV12 Big FamilyCloud HunterTFV12 Prince Big FamilyVape Pen Tank Big FamilyTaste and CloudDrip Tip Tank Tube Silicone Ring & Case Battery Cover Battery ChargerLuminous Cobra Drip TipDrip TipBulb Pyrex Glass TubeGlass TubeSilicone RingsBattery CoverCharger The ProColor kit comes with the ProColor 225 wattage mod, which has the industry’s leading design. and new features. It has RGB backlights shaped like a shield and a super large OLED colorful screen of. 1.3 inch with high definition. Besides, it owns a totally new designed software interface, a fire bar of.", "- This feature is not available right now. Please try again later. This video will show you, how to unlock Smoke in Mortal Kombat 3. The Ultimate Kombat Kode(UKK) is 1-0-9-0-2-2-2-2-3-4. On controller 1 press High Punch-1x, Low Punch-0x, Block-9x, Low Kick-0x, and High Kick-2x.", "Deathfire Touch Table below gives some figures to give feel what is the threshold for bonus attack damage and ability power to Deathfire Touch to do more damage than Thunderlord's Decree at level 18. Before level 18 these thresholds are roughly 10% lower per level as base damage of Deathfire Touch does not increase per level.", "Destiny: How to kill Urrox, The Flame Prince Destiny: How to kill Urrox, The Flame Prince. Urrox , the Flame Prince is the boss of Urrox’s Grudge, one of several Level 34 variations of the Prison of the Elders in Destiny, and he can pack a serious punch. One of his moves in particular, where he sets the ground on fire when there is a solar burn modifier active, has many players getting reduced to slag.", "Pyrophoricity The pyrophoricity of hydrides and oxides forming on the surface of plutonium can cause it to look like an ember under certain conditions. A pyrophoric substance (from Greek πυροφόρος, pyrophoros, fire-bearing) ignites spontaneously in air at or below 55 °C (130 °F).xamples are iron sulfide and many reactive metals including uranium, when powdered or thinly sliced. Pyrophoric materials are often water-reactive as well and will ignite when they contact water or humid air. They can be handled safely in atmospheres of argon or (with a few exceptions) nitrogen.", "Krylon Spray Paints Krylon's exclusive EZ Touch 360° Dial Spray Tip rotates to change the direction of the spray to vertical, horizontal, or any angle, ensuring precise control, less overspray, less finger fatigue, and a perfect finish. Its focused fan spray covers 34% more area with fewer passes than a traditional conical spray tip.", "- PSN: VT-14. Give a man a fire and he is warm for a day, but set a man on fire and he is warm for the rest of his life. -Terry Pratchett. I quit the same way I do on PS3. Hold the PS button for about a second and a menu comes up. On PS3 I pick Quit Game, and on PS4 I pick Close Application.", "- Applying the Keystone’s Damage. This one is definitely one of the deciding factors when picking between one or the other. While Deathfire Touch applies on any ability, Thunderlord’s Decree requires the application of 3 damage sources (basic attacks or abilities) to proc the damage.", "- Comments about Firestix Light-Up Drumsticks : If you want to play with lightsaber sticks, BUY THESE! If you want to play the drums correctly with real sticks, then don't buy these. lol No these don't suck, but they bounce will take a bit to get used to.", "How hot is too hot? (Or, how my graphics card burned my fingers) How hot is too hot? (Or, how my graphics card burned my fingers) Note: I originally set setup logo, I meant startup logo. This system has had Windows installed for awhile now. I installed a new Core 2 Quad in my system and was getting ready to do burn-in testing, but the thing froze during the Windows startup logo.", "Fooops! SenseCosmetics Color Remover â I prefer using the Fooops! SeneCosmetics Color Remover to remove my LipSense. This remover takes off anything from the long lasting LipSense to the LashSense mascara. Neutrogena clear facial cleansing bar-take a damp cotton ball, rub on Neutrogena bar until lathered, rub on lips, wipe clean.", "Ecoza Foam •Use Ecoza topical foam exactly as your doctor tells you to use it. • Apply Ecoza topical foam to the affected skin areas of your feet 1 time a day for 4 weeks. • If Ecoza topical foam gets in or near your eyes, rinse them well with water. ● Wash your hands after you apply Ecoza topical foam.coza topical foam is flammable. Avoid heat, flame, and smoking during and immediately. following application. Contents under pressure. Do not puncture and/or incinerate the containers. Do not expose containers to heat and/or store at temperatures above 120°F (49°C) even when. empty.", "- Eye of Eternity Stuck Character. I died after killing Malygos, yes I clicked Dismount not the portal to leave. When I zoned back in I was placed on the drake, stuck in place. I could not use my Hearthstone, I could not dismount again. I tried using the Character Stuck option. It would not let me use the hearthstone.", "New Nintendo 3DSXL - Fire Emblem Fates Edition - Nintendo 3DS New Controls. The C Stick opens a new world to your games. With certain games, you can freely control the in-game camera to get a new point of view. And, new ZL and ZR buttons give you more options than ever.", "- 16 reviews for CZ Scorpion EVO 3 Theta Extended Charging Handle (Red or Black) 1 5 out of 5. Just got in the charging handle. 2 5 out of 5. Great product great customer service the handle saves the knuckles also looks really good I have the red one along with the trigger and safety delete….. 3 5 out of 5.", "GroundFX ® Interactive Floor Projection System GroundFX works with GestureTek ’s patented motion driven video gesture control technology. This state-of-the-art body tracking and gesture recognition system intelligently monitors and responds to the position of the body, allowing for real-time motion control and interaction with display graphics.", "The Shoot You can even slot your motion controller into the PlayStation Move shooting attachment for added realism and extra comfort for your itchy trigger finger. Before you can attempt to pull in the crowds, you must convince your toughest audience of all, the temperamental director, that you’re the real deal.", "Razer DeathAdder Ergonomic PC Gaming Mouse 6400dpi 4G Optical Sensor. The all-new Razer DeathAdder has been upgraded with the world's first 6400dpi Optical Sensor. Achieve high levels of performance while retaining the feel of the optical sensor most DeathAdder users have come to love.", "FAQ Body Comfort click and heat packs retain their heat for a period of 30 minutes and up to an hour. As your body draws heat from the heat pack the temperature will decrease gradually.ody Comfort click and heat packs are suitable for children, adults and even pets. They are great for cold hands, feet or for comforting purposes, but should NOT be used as toys. Since sodium acetate is a food additive, it is non-toxic. It is safe, however we do NOT urge you to drink or eat it.", "- Urrox, Flame Prince Exalted Hive 15 Exotic. The ground upon which you walk shall burn. YOU shall burn.. Prince to none, Urrox kept watch over a long-forgotten brood long ago. With the remnants of that spawn at his side, Urrox calls out to all wielders of the Light— to burn away all they are until only the Darkness remains.", "In Red dead redemption, how do you use Dead Eye? I have PS3? While still holding L2, press R3 (Right stick pressed down INTO the controller) Once you press R3, the screen will turn sepia color, (A really light brownish color) Then release R3 and using the right stick move the cursor around and place the targets on your victim by pressing R1 to place a target on a desired spot. just now. Report Abuse. While squeezing the aiming trigger (L2), press R3 (the right joystick is pressed straight down into the controller base until you feel or hear a slight click). To exit the mode, click R3 again, or let go of the aiming trigger (L2).", "- 1 Galactic Oil Pen™ Vape Pens don’t combust so there is very little to no waste of your product. 2 Galactic Oil Pen™ Vape Pens don’t combust, and since there is no combustion, there is no smell that is discourteous to others. 3 Being buttonless, using the vape pen is easy, and can be done with one hand. Galactic Oil Pen™ Vape Pens don’t combust so you don’t have to worry about tar. 2 Galactic Oil Pen™ Vape Pens don’t combust so there is very little to no waste of your product. 3 Galactic Oil Pen™ Vape Pens don’t combust, and since there is no combustion, there is no smell that is discourteous to others.", "- What this means is if you have 1 Scent of Blood stack, and you Death Strike, you go to 0 stacks. If you have 2-5 stacks, and Death Strike, you go to 1 stack. If you have 6-10, you go to 2 stacks after Death Striking.What this means is to maximize this bonus you have to 'game' it.Get to 2 stacks of Scent of Blood.ffectively it heals you only 25% of max HP now, however it provides more ‘burst’ healing. Honestly even with relatively higher HP pools, this talent feels worse than on live, however unless I find a way to make Death Siphon work, this will be the choice taken by 100% of Blood Death Knights.", "\"Does anyone get \"\"on fire\"\" feelings?\" dermarfx. 1 Hello....... 2 I dont get a feeling of my face being on fire but I do get that feeling in my feet, more my left than my right and usually at night when im in bed, its that type of feeling when your feet have got to cold on a really cold day then when you get into the heat the burn starts,", "- 1 Blaze and ghast fireballs share their texture with fire charges. 2 When a dispenser with a fire charge is placed with a block directly in front of it, the dispenser shoots through it and lights a fire on the other side.", "Ghost Adventures: The Beginning Evidence. 1 Apparition: Aaron takes several pictures and captures several transparent orbs on camera. 2 Physical Contact: Aaron feels a cold breeze but Zak doesn't feel it, to make it more credible, Zak was sweating and Aaron received the chill. 3 Apparition: Zak and Aaron claim to have seen a light at the end of a corridor.", "- It just adds the fear effect. For damage boost, you have +50% Augmented Flames (2 perks). You can further increase the fire damage with Aspect of Terror perk in Illusion. (+10) This is a very nice perk for boosting fire damage.", "- 1 Zyra's death timer begins when she dies, not when Rise of the Thorns has finished. 2 In the event that the respawn timer is shorter than the time she spends in Rise of the Thorns, her respawn timer is extended so that she has a minimum respawn time of 2 seconds. In the event that the respawn timer is shorter than the time she spends in Rise of the Thorns, her respawn timer is extended so that she has a minimum respawn time of 2 seconds. 2 Zyra can only fire Vengeful Thorn with an ability she has ranked.", "- Aspect of Terror doesn't have too much of an effect on most fire spells, e.g. taking Firebolt from 25 to 35 or 2xAF Incinerate from 90 to 100. The biggest effect it has is on spells like Flames, Wall of Flames and Flame Cloak which do x amount of damage per second.", "- Better Fire Charges by zennel. en 1.8 /summon Game mods. Better Fire Charges is a command blocks system which add some utility to the craftable Fire Charge. Just drop a Fire Charge on the ground and it will transform into a Fireball in 5 seconds.", "Overview Fire Blast is the main choice in the second moveslot as it allows Nidoqueen to hit Steel-types who don't care about Earthquake, such as Skarmory and Forretress, for solid damage. However, Super Fang is a viable alternative, allowing Nidoqueen to immediately strip any switch-ins of half their health, bar Ghost-types. Stealth Rock is the main option in the fourth moveslot, as it allows Nidoqueen to further support her team; she can set it up in the same situations where she sets up Toxic Spikes.", "Eight Steps to Stop Crazing If you're using a low-fire body and the glaze is crazing, try bisque firing one or two cones higher. 8. If you're using a fritted low-fire glaze and it's crazing, try using a frit with a lower coefficient of expansion.", "- Verizon Communications Inc., based in New York City and incorporated in Delaware, was formed on June 30, 2000, with the merger of Bell Atlantic Corp. and GTE Corp. Learn more about the history and timeline of Verizon Communications. Bell Atlantic stock certificates remain valid and should not be sent in for exchange. We do, however, encourage you to take advantage of Book- Entry, which allows shares to be issued in statement based ownership.", "Blade Inductrix RTF Ultra Micro Drone with Safe Technology 4-Pack of E-flite 3.7 volt 150mAh 25C Lipos for Blade mCX mCX2 mSR mSR X Nano QX Nano CPX UMX AS3Xtra.", "Adderall Common Side Effects of Adderall. Taking Adderall may make you dizzy. It is recommended that you do not drive or operate machinery until you know how Adderall affects your body. Adderall has not been studied in children younger than age 6. Adderall may affect your child's growth. Your child's doctor will check your child's height and weight often. Let your doctor know if you or your child has heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of heart problems. Heart-related problems reported with stimulants include:", "Search results See all results for cz rami. 1 G10 Grips for CZ RAMI, Sunburst Texture, Cool Hand Brand. by Cool Hand. 2 Desantis Mini Scabbard Holster fits CZ 2075 Rami. by DeSantis. 3 NT Hybrid, Inside Waistband (IWB), holsters for more than 135 different handguns. Left & Right versions. by Outlaw Holsters." ]

[ 0.7402300239 ]

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[ "There are a lot of political changes involving women and abortions." ]

[ "There's no changes in the political sphere.", "Old men are outside gathered together.", "Frank Lynch maintains the Samuel Johnson Sound Bite Page.", "The group is relaxing in the park.", "Projects will always be completed within the given timeline.", "ABC's problems will be easy to solve.", "The girl is pulling weeds" ]

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[ "On 19 November 1968, following progressive economic decline, the Keïta regime was overthrown in a bloodless military coup led by Moussa Traoré, a day which is now commemorated as Liberation Day. The subsequent military-led regime, with Traoré as president, attempted to reform the economy. His efforts were frustrated by political turmoil and a devastating drought between 1968 to 1974, in which famine killed thousands of people. The Traoré regime faced student unrest beginning in the late 1970s and three coup attempts. The Traoré regime repressed all dissenters until the late 1980s." ]

[ "In addition to the six boards, there was a Lifan Yuan unique to the Qing government. This institution was established to supervise the administration of Tibet and the Mongol lands. As the empire expanded, it took over administrative responsibility of all minority ethnic groups living in and around the empire, including early contacts with Russia — then seen as a tribute nation. The office had the status of a full ministry and was headed by officials of equal rank. However, appointees were at first restricted only to candidates of Manchu and Mongol ethnicity, until later open to Han Chinese as well.", "A treaty is null and void if it is in violation of a peremptory norm. These norms, unlike other principles of customary law, are recognized as permitting no violations and so cannot be altered through treaty obligations. These are limited to such universally accepted prohibitions as those against the aggressive use of force, genocide and other crimes against humanity, piracy, hostilities directed at civilian population, racial discrimination and apartheid, slavery and torture, meaning that no state can legally assume an obligation to commit or permit such acts.", "Recent molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that most placental orders diverged about 100 to 85 million years ago and that modern families appeared in the period from the late Eocene through the Miocene. But paleontologists object that no placental fossils have been found from before the end of the Cretaceous. The earliest undisputed fossils of placentals come from the early Paleocene, after the extinction of the dinosaurs. In particular, scientists have recently identified an early Paleocene animal named Protungulatum donnae as one of the first placental mammals. The earliest known ancestor of primates is Archicebus achilles from around 55 million years ago. This tiny primate weighed 20–30 grams (0.7–1.1 ounce) and could fit within a human palm.", "Schwarzenegger has admitted to using performance-enhancing anabolic steroids while they were legal, writing in 1977 that \"steroids were helpful to me in maintaining muscle size while on a strict diet in preparation for a contest. I did not use them for muscle growth, but rather for muscle maintenance when cutting up.\" He has called the drugs \"tissue building.\"", "The cosmopolitan and multicultural nature of modern Guam poses challenges for Chamorros struggling to preserve their culture and identity amidst forces of acculturation. The increasing numbers of Chamorros, especially Chamorro youth, relocating to the U.S. Mainland has further complicated both definition and preservation of Chamorro identity.[citation needed] While only a few masters exist to continue traditional art forms, the resurgence of interest among the Chamorros to preserve the language and culture has resulted in a growing number of young Chamorros who seek to continue the ancient ways of the Chamorro people.", "Numerous recordings of Chopin's works are available. On the occasion of the composer's bicentenary, the critics of The New York Times recommended performances by the following contemporary pianists (among many others): Martha Argerich, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Emanuel Ax, Evgeny Kissin, Murray Perahia, Maurizio Pollini and Krystian Zimerman. The Warsaw Chopin Society organizes the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin for notable Chopin recordings, held every five years.", "Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission." ]

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[ "Hatch Lane (ward) Hatch Lane Ward is a political division of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, and is one of the six Waltham Forest wards of the Chingford and Woodford Green Constituency represented by Iain Duncan Smith MP.", "Iain Duncan Smith George Iain Duncan Smith (born 9 April 1954), often referred to by his initials IDS, is a British Conservative Party politician. The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions from 2010 to 2016, he was previously the Leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of the Opposition from 2001 to 2003. He was first elected to Parliament at the 1992 general election as the MP for Chingford—which he represented until the constituency's abolition in 1997—and he has represented its successor constituency of Chingford and Woodford Green ever since." ]

[ "Linda Lingle Linda Lingle (\"née\" Cutter; June 4, 1953) is an American politician, who was the sixth Governor of Hawaii from 2002 until 2010. She was the first Republican elected governor of Hawaii since the departure of William F. Quinn in 1962. Lingle was also the first female governor of Hawaii; first Jewish governor of Hawaii; first county mayor elected governor of Hawaii; and the first governor of Hawaii not to have any children. Prior to her gubernatorial administration, Lingle served as Maui County mayor, council member, and chair of the Hawaii Republican Party.", "Ron Kirk Ronald Kirk (born June 27, 1954) is an American lawyer, politician and member of the Democratic Party.", "Elease Evans Elease Evans (born June 6, 1943) is an American Democratic Party politician who served in the New Jersey General Assembly from November 2007 until January 2012, representing the 35th legislative district. Ms. Evans held a seat that was vacated by former Assemblyman Alfred E. Steele on September 10, 2007. She was first sworn into the Assembly on November 9, 2007.", "Vi Daley Vi Daley was an alderman in the Chicago City Council, representing Chicago's 43rd ward. The 43rd ward includes much of the Lincoln Park and a small portions of the Near North Side Community areas. Daley was elected to three four-year terms, and chose not to seek reelection when her last term ended in 2011.", "Rick Crawford (politician) Eric Alan Crawford, known as Rick Crawford (born January 22, 1966), is an American politician who has been the U.S. Representative for 2=nd", "Rick Boucher Frederick Carlyle \"Rick\" Boucher ( ; born August 1, 1946) is an American politician who was the U.S. Representative for 's 9 congressional district from 1983 to 2011. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was defeated in the 2010 elections, while trying to be elected to a 15th term, when he was challenged by Morgan Griffith.", "Beth Johnson (politician) Elizabeth \"Beth\" McCullough Johnson (1909–1973) was an American politician. She served as a Democratic member of the Florida House of Representatives and Florida Senate for nearly a decade. Johnson became the first female state senator in Florida history upon her election in 1962. She had previously become the second woman elected to the Florida House, when she was chosen to represent Orange County in 1958.", "Lacy Clay William Lacy Clay Jr. (born July 27, 1956), usually known as Lacy Clay, is the U.S. Representative for 2=nd", "Ray Haynes Raymond Neal Haynes, Jr. (born August 26, 1954) is an American politician and member of the Republican Party from the state of California.", "Thomas V. Hatch Thomas V. Hatch was a Republican politician from southern Utah. He served as chair of the Garfield County, Utah Board of Commissioners, state representative and state senator, retiring from the later post at the end of 2006.", "Henry Ward (Kentucky politician) Henry Ward (June 20, 1909 – October 8, 2002) was a Democrat from Kentucky who held positions in state administrations and was his party's nominee for governor in 1967. Ward lost the general election to Republican Louie B. Nunn, who received 454,123 votes (51.2%) to Ward's 425,674 (48.0%).", "Fred Quayle Frederick MacDonald \"Fred\" Quayle (born February 16, 1936, in Suffolk, Virginia) is an American politician and former Republican State Senator who represented the 13th District in the Commonwealth of Virginia. His district included parts of the cities of Chesapeake, Franklin, Hopewell, Portsmouth, Suffolk, all of Surry County and parts of Isle of Wight and Southampton counties. Quayle has been reelected four consecutive times since he was first elected in 1991. Senator Quayle currently sits on the following committees: Courts of Justice, Education and Health, Finance, Rules, and Local Government, for which he is the Chair. On November 6, 2007, Quayle defeated his Democratic opponent, Steve Heretick, by a margin of over 18%. He retired in 2013.", "Walter Ward (politician) Walter Ward (1911–1994) was a member of the New York City Council for a quarter of a century, serving 13 terms from 1968 until 1993. Ward, who took courses at the Dale Carnegie Institute, was the owner of the Ward Advertising Company, which specialized in outdoor signs. Ward sold the business in 1971 to devote himself solely to representing the 32nd Legislative District, which incorporated Broad Channel, Howard Beach, Ozone Park, South Ozone Park, and the Rockaways. Towards the end of his tenure, Ward was the oldest member of the legislative body, and had earned the unofficial title “Dean of the Council.”", "Cecil Bothwell Cecil Bothwell (born 16 October 1950) is an American politician, writer, artist, musician and builder. Bothwell was elected to the Asheville, North Carolina city council in 2009 and reelected in 2013.", "William Hatch (New Hampshire politician) William Hatch (D) is a member of the New Hampshire House of Representatives.", "E. J. Pipkin Edward Joseph Pipkin, Jr. (born November 1, 1956) is a Republican a former member of the Maryland State Senate, had represented Maryland's 36th Senate district, and was first elected in 2002 and served until 2013. Prior to his election to the state senate, he worked in the field of business finance, trading bonds in New York City. He also founded an environmental group known as \"Citizens Against Bay Dumping,\" during which he was successful in lobbying for legislation that banned irresponsible disposal of dredge spoils in the Chesapeake Bay. Pipkin currently lives in Dallas. In 2004, he unsuccessfully ran for the U.S. Senate against Barbara Mikulski. Then, in 2008, he unsuccessfully ran for Congress in Maryland's 1st congressional district, against incumbent Wayne Gilchrest and State Senator Andy Harris, losing the primary to Andy Harris. On August 5, 2013, Pipkin announced he would retire from the State Senate to attend graduate school.", "Vicki Ward Vicki Ward (born 30 June 1969) is an Australian politician. She has been an Australian Labor Party member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since November 2014, representing the Legislative Assembly seat of Eltham.", "Chris Davis (politician) Dr Christopher Karl \"Chris\" Davis (born 13 October 1953) is a former Australian Liberal National politician who was the member of the Legislative Assembly of Queensland for Stafford, having defeated Stirling Hinchliffe at the 2012 state election until he resigned in May 2014. He was appointed Assistant Minister for Health on 3 April 2012, but was expelled from the ministry for breaches of cabinet solidarity.", "Althea Garrison Althea Garrison (born October 7, 1940) is an American politician from Boston, Massachusetts who was elected as a Republican to the Massachusetts House of Representatives in 1992 and served one term from 1993 to 1995. Both before and after Garrison's successful bid for office, she has run unsuccessfully in multiple elections for the state legislature and Boston City Council, as a Republican, Democrat, or independent, which has resulted in her being described in the media as a \"perennial candidate\". Garrison is also known as the first transgender or transsexual person to be elected to a state legislature in the United States.", "Raymond Ward Raymond P. Ward (born October 24) is an American politician from Utah. He is a Republican member of the Utah State House, representing the state's 19th house district." ]

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[ "2017 Africa Cup of Nations Anniversary. Cameroon won their fifth title after defeating seven-time champions Egypt 2–1 in the final. As champions, Cameroon qualified for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup in Russia. Tournament hosts Gabon and defending champions Ivory Coast were both eliminated in the group stage after failing to win any of their three group games. Bids : CAF received 3 bids before 30 September 2010, the deadline, to host either the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations or 2017 from DR Congo, Morocco and South Africa. All three bids were originally put on a shortlist. CAF then began an inspection procedure, on November and" ]

[ "Chad national football team Stadium in Blantyre, but they lost 3–1 in Chad for the game to end three all on aggregate. The Flames went through on away goals rule. Forward Robin Ngalande turned into a savior for Malawi national team when he came off the bench to score a crucial goal in a 3–1 loss at Idriss Mahamat Ouya Stadium in N'Djamena. \"Les Sao\" had a disappointing start into their qualifying campaign for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, losing 2−0 to Nigeria and slumping to a 5−1 defeat at home against Egypt. But it was then that things took a turn for", "Essam El-Hadary held in Ghana and for the 2010 African Cup of Nations, held in Angola. In January 2013 his agent tweeted that El-Hadary had retired from international football after being benched for a run of games, being the 23rd most capped international player in history and also the player with most African Cup of Nations titles. He returned to the national team in a match against Bosnia Herzegovina on 5 March 2014, winning 2–0. On 4 June 2016, El-Hadary played the full 90 minutes in a 2–0 win against Tanzania which secured Egypt's qualification for 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. On", "2015 Africa Cup of Nations Guinea. The Ivory Coast won the tournament for their second Africa Cup of Nations title, defeating Ghana 9–8 in a penalty shoot-out after the final finished goalless following extra time. The DR Congo came third and the hosts Equatorial Guinea fourth, while defending champions Nigeria did not qualify. Bids: CAF received 3 bids before 30 September 2010, the deadline, to host either the 2015 or 2017 Africa Cup of Nations from DR Congo, Morocco and South Africa. All three bids were originally put on a shortlist. CAF then began an inspection procedure, on November and December 2010, intending to visit", "Aristide Bancé penalty shootout in \"Les Étalons\"' semi-final defeat of Ghana at the 2013 edition to put the nation in the final for first time in its history. Burkina Faso went on to lose the final to Nigeria and finish as runner-up. At the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations, Bancé scored Burkina Faso's goal in a 2–1 loss to Congo which saw the 2013 runner-up knocked out at the group stage. In 2017, he scored a crucial goal in his team's quarter-final against Tunisia and in the semi-final scored a late equaliser against Egypt to take the game to a penalty shootout.", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group G 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group G Group G of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the 13 groups to decide the teams which qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The teams in the group played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format, between June 2015 and September 2016. The group originally consisted of four teams: Nigeria, Egypt, Tanzania, and Chad. However, on 27 March 2016 it was announced that Chad had withdrawn from the competition on financial grounds. As per the competition's regulations, the matches involving Chad and", "Nigeria national football team Nigeria came back in the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations hosted in South Africa; after playing through the tournament with an unbeaten run, they defeated Burkina Faso in the finals to lift the Cup for the third time. However, they did not qualify for either of the next two tournaments. On 13 January 2017, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) released the draw for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. The Super Eagles were grouped in group E alongside South Africa, Seychelles, and Libya. despite failing to qualify for both the 2015 and 2017 Africa Cup of Nations they", "José Antonio Camacho and China lost 1–2 against Saudi Arabia. Following a 1–5 shock friendly loss to Thailand on 15 June 2013, he was relieved of his duties. One reason cited for Camacho's shortcomings in Asia was the limitation of football boots. The Chinese FA ordered that all the national team players were to wear Adidas, whilst most players in the Chinese Super League wore Nike, thus creating discomfort. Camacho was appointed as Gabon manager 43 days before the start of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations who was to take place in that country, replacing Jorge Costa. The team exited in the", "South Africa national football team to secure Nigeria's qualification as Congo beat Sudan 1–0 to book their place at the tournament. Under Mashaba, South Africa failed to qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. This, in addition to the various controversies, disparaging remarks that Mashaba allegedly made about SAFA top officials, his supposedly arrogant nature and his ill treatment of overseas based stars, led to his suspension after leading South Africa to a 2−1 victory over Senegal in a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier. \"Bafana Bafana\" is a nickname given to the national side by its fans. It is Zulu and translates literally as", "Pape Souaré a goalless friendly draw against South Africa at the Moses Mabhida Stadium in Durban. He later competed at the 2012 Summer Olympics, and was a squad member at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. He scored his first international goal from a 20-yard free kick on 29 March 2016 as the \"Lions de Teranga\" won 2–1 away to Niger in 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. Following his car crash, he returned to the national team in March 2018. He was not included in Senegal's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. On 11 September 2016, Souaré was airlifted to", "Walid El Karti stage after losing to Nigeria. Walid El Karti Walid El Karti is a Moroccan professional footballer, who plays as an attacking midfielder for Wydad Casablanca . He is the goal scorer of the winner champions league 2017. He is one of the most talented players in Morocco . CAF African Super Cup 2018 Morocco In January 2014, coach Hassan Benabicha, invited him to be a part of the Morocca squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team to top group B after drawing with Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe and defeating Uganda. The team was eliminated from the", "South Africa national football team in Libya throughout 2011, CAF made the decision to move the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations from Libya – who were the original hosts – to South Africa on the grounds of safety and security. Libya was then given the right to host the 2017 edition of the tournament, which was originally awarded to South Africa. As hosts of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, South Africa would automatically qualify for the competition. South Africa, as hosts, were seeded and drawn in Group A along with Angola, Morocco and tournament debutants Cape Verde. South Africa kicked the tournament off on", "2013 Africa Cup of Nations Nations. The 2013 tournament is the highest attended edition of the Africa Cup of Nations under the current, 16-team format. The South African team was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Mali, following a penalty shoot-out. Nigeria won its third Africa Cup of Nations championship with a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Nigeria participated in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup in Brazil as the representative from CAF. Bids : Rejected Bids : On 4 September 2006, the Confederation of African Football (CAF) approved a compromise between rival countries to host the Africa Cup of Nations after it ruled", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations held in South Africa. However, due to the Libyan Civil War, Libya and South Africa traded years with South Africa hosting in 2013 and Libya hosting in 2017. Bids : After Libya was withdrawn as the venue on 22 August 2014, the CAF announced that they would be receiving applications for the new hosts until 30 September 2014. Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, and Ghana, were determined by the CAF to be compliant with the host criteria. Later, Egypt withdrew. Other countries which expressed an interest but did not bid included Ethiopia, Mali, and Tanzania. Kenya discussed a joint bid with neighbors", "Onduparaka FC season courtesy of a Gaddafi free-kick. Ondu's leading goalscorer Muhammad Shaban (aka [I]jagason) was voted the 2016 FUFA MVP (Most Valuable Player) in a year when Mamelodi Sundowns goalkeeper Denis Onyango also performed well and actually won the CAF Best Player in Africa Award and Farouk Miya scored the goal against Comoros that took Uganda to the tournament. In 2017, the three travelled to Gabon for AFCON; Onyango only played in the two narrow 0–1 defeats to Ghana and Egypt. Shaban came on as a substitute in both games while Miya was substituted but scored Uganda's only goal in the", "Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub Egyptian senior squad from manager Bob Bradley in January 2013 at the age of nineteen. Having played only seven senior matches at club level, he was named in the squad for a friendly match against Chile but did not feature. He made his debut for Egypt in August 2013, scoring once during a 3–0 victory over Uganda. In 2017, Kouka was named in Egypt's squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. However, after featuring in his country's victory over Morocco in the quarterfinal, he was ruled out of the remainder of the tournament with a pelvic injury as Egypt", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group I 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group I Group I of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the 13 groups to decide the teams which qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of three teams: Ivory Coast, Sudan, and Sierra Leone. The hosts of the final tournament, Gabon, had also been drawn into this group and played games against the other three teams in the group; however, these matches were only considered as friendlies and not counted for the standings. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads 2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations is an international football tournament hosted by Gabon from 14 January to 5 February 2017. Coach: José Antonio Camacho The final squad was announced on 27 December 2016, with Axel Méyé, Johann Lengoualama and Donald Nzé being called as standby players. Coach: Paulo Duarte A 24-man provisional squad was announced on 15 December 2016. Souleymane Koanda was added to the provisional squad on 21 December. The final squad was announced on 6 January 2017, with Ernest Congo and Issoumaila Lingane being left out of the team. Coach: Hugo", "Leon Balogun a 2–0 win over Chad in the opening game of qualifying for the 2017 African Nations Cup. In June 2018, he was named in Nigeria’s final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Balogun was born to a Nigerian-Yoruba father and a German mother. Balogun was raised Roman Catholic and sent to Catholic school from a young age, but he resent his strict upbringing and became an Atheist in his formative years. However during the hardships of early footballing career Balogun started believing in God again and is now a devout Christian. Balogun speaks fluent English and", "Issoufou Dayo Issoufou Dayo Issoufou Dayo (born 6 August 1991) is a Burkina Faso professional footballer, who plays as a defender for Nahdat Berkane and the Burkina Faso national football team. In January 2014, coach Brama Traore, invited him to be a part of the Burkina Faso squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship which is the Locaux African Cup. The team was eliminated in the group stages after losing to Uganda and Zimbabwe and then drawing with Morocco. He was part of the squad in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations which is his first African cup. In the team's first", "Johnny McKinstry game in charge, McKinstry guided Rwanda to their first away win in 4-years with a 1-0 victory over Mozambique in the opening round of 2017 African Nations Cup qualifying In December 2015, Rwanda finished as Runners-up in the CECAFA Senior Challenge Cup 2015, defeating hosts Ethiopia, reigning champions Kenya, and previous tournament runners-up Sudan en route the final before losing 1-0 to Uganda - the most successful team in the region, who claimed their 14th title. McKinstry was named as 'Coach of the Tournament' by sponsors DSTV. In January 2016, McKinstry led Rwanda to the knock-out stages of a major", "Essam El-Hadary 17 January 2017, two days after his 44th birthday, he became the oldest player to ever appear in an Africa Cup of Nations match after replacing Ahmed El-Shenawy in Egypt's first match of the tournament. On 1 February 2017, El-Hadary saved two penalties as Egypt defeated Burkina Faso 4–3 in a penalty shoot-out to advance to the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Final. In June 2018, at the age of 45, he was named in Egypt’s 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He was the oldest of all players selected for the tournament, beating the record", "Medhi Benatia he played the entirety of all three matches as they again were defeated at the first stage. Benatia was Morocco's captain at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon and played every minute until the 1–0 elimination by Egypt in the quarter-finals. In March that year, he dropped himself from the national team until he became a regular for Juventus, stating \"I think it’s unfair to come and play for the national team when I lack competitive football and take the place of someone who is in a better position\". On 11 November, he scored in a 2–0 win", "Ghana Football Association twice. Ghana became the first African country to win a medal in Football at the 1992 Summer Olympics. In 2009, Ghana became the first African country to win the U-20 FIFA World cup by defeating Brazil. With regard to women's football, the Ghana Black Queens have participated in two World Cup tournaments and the Olympic Games. They have also been runners-up to the Falcons of Nigeria in the Africa Cup of Nations series. Ghana last hosted the African Cup of Nations Tournament in January 2008. Ghana successfully qualified for the African Cup of Nations Tournament in January 2017 after finishing", "Mohamed Salah the opening goal in a 1–2 away defeat to Tunisia, as Egypt missed out on qualifying for the Africa Cup of Nations finals for a third consecutive time, with their latest successful qualification being in 2010, when they won the competition for a third straight time. Salah was a member of the Pharaohs' squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations held in Gabon. On 25 January, he scored in Egypt's 1–0 win over Ghana to secure first place in Group D. He went all the way to the final with Egypt, scoring twice and assisting two times in 6", "Diafra Sakho by coach, Alain Giresse, for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualification games against Egypt and Botswana. Sakho missed the final tournament due to a back injury. In November 2017 Sakho scored the first goal in a 2–0 win against South Africa in Polokwane. The win resulted in Senegal qualifying for the 2018 World Cup in Russia, their first global finals since 2002. In May 2018, he was named in Senegal's 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. Sakho was arrested on 6 August 2015 on suspicion of common assault, criminal damage and malicious communication towards his", "Alain Traoré the sixth minute of injury time) which took Burkina Faso through to the 2013 African Cup of Nations at the expense of the Central African Republic and then scored three goals in the 2013 final tournament itself. On 4 February 2017, Traoré scored a wonderful free kick against Ghana in the third-place playoff in the 2017 Africa cup of nations in Gabon. The goal was scored in the 89th minute and went on to win the bronze medal for Burkina Faso. His younger brother, Bertrand Traoré plays for French football club Lyon. The two were part of the Burkina Faso", "Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub during his first season at the club. He represented Egypt at under-20 and under-23 level before making his debut for the senior squad in August 2013, scoring in a victory over Uganda. He was part of the Egypt squad that reached the final of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub was born on 5 March 1993 in Cairo, Egypt. He was given the nickname Kouka (sometimes spelt Koka) because he liked the soft drink Coca-Cola as a child. Kouka began his career as a youth player with Al Ahly. He trained regularly with the first team but", "2018 African Nations Championship Unlike the African Cup of Nations, the competing national teams must be composed of players playing in their domestic league. For example, a Moroccan player is only eligible to play for the Morocco national team if he is playing for a Moroccan club. Hosts Morocco defeated Nigeria in the final to win their first title. DR Congo were the defending champions but failed to qualify for the first time ever after losing to Congo on away goals rule. Initially, Kenya was announced as the host nation in February 2016. But in September 2017, CAF decided to change the host nation", "Egypt national football team seeded into Group G with Nigeria, Tanzania, and Chad. In their first game, against Tanzania, Egypt won 3–0. This made Egypt joint group leader by goal difference with Nigeria, with both nations having won their first game. On 4 June 2016, in their qualifying away match against Tanzania, Egypt won 2–0 and managed to secure their berth in the 2017 edition of the championship. This marked Egypt's return to the competition after 7 years having missed out on the previous 3 editions. In Gabon, Egypt registered a 0–0 draw against Mali in their first match in Group D. Successive 1–0", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads December 2016. Coach: Callisto Pasuwa A 31-man provisional squad was announced on 19 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Nelson Chadya, Liberty Chakoroma, Talent Chawapiwa, Ronald Chitiyo, Tafadzwa Kutinyu, Blessing Moyo, Marshal Mudehwe and Tendai Ndlovu being left out of the team. Coach: Michel Dussuyer A 24-man provisional squad was announced on 28 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Ousmane Viera being left out of the team. Coach: Florent Ibengé A 31-man provisional squad was announced on 23 December 2016. Benik Afobe rejected the call. The final squad", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group I round-robin format, between June 2015 and September 2016. Ivory Coast, the group winner, qualified for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. Since this group only had three teams, the runners-up were not eligible to qualify as one of the two runners-up with the best records. 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group I Group I of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the 13 groups to decide the teams which qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of three teams: Ivory Coast, Sudan, and Sierra Leone. The hosts of", "Moussa Konaté (footballer) rejected Premier League clubs in favour of Krasnodar. On 12 July 2013, Konaté joined Italian Serie A side Genoa on a season-long loan deal. On 13 August 2017, Konaté signed a four-year contract with Amiens SC. Konaté started all of Senegal's matches at the 2012 Olympic tournament in which the nation reached the quarter-finals. In the first group game at Old Trafford, he scored an 82nd-minute equaliser in a 1–1 draw with hosts Great Britain. Konaté was named in the Sengalese squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations after Diafra Sakho withdrew due to injury. In May 2018 he", "Sudan national football team up for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Matches against Madagascar on 18 November 2018. Sudan national football team The Sudan national football team () represents Sudan in association football and is controlled by the Sudan Football Association, the governing body for football in Sudan. Sudan's home ground is Khartoum Stadium in Khartoum. Sudan were one of the three teams to participate in the inaugural Africa Cup of Nations in 1957, the other two being Egypt and Ethiopia. They won the 1970 Africa Cup of Nations as hosts with Mustafa Azhari as their best player. After beating Ethiopia 3–0,", "Egypt national football team Gabon and Equatorial Guinea, even though Egypt were the defending champions, they failed to qualify. After the Port Said Stadium riot which caused the deaths of 74 people, the Egyptian government shut down the domestic league for two years, which affected the Egyptian national team, resulting in their failure to qualify for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations. For the third consecutive time, Egypt failed to qualify for the Africa Cup of Nations, this time in Equatorial Guinea in 2015. For the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, which was hosted in Gabon, Egypt had to qualify to enter. Egypt were", "Youssef Msakni of a knee injury. On 14 December 2009, he received his first convocation in national team from coach Faouzi Benzarti for a friendly against Gambia in preparation for the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations. On 9 January 2010 at Stade El Menzah. He entered the field in the 35th minute following Oussama Darragi's injury. On 25 February 2011, he won the CHAN with Tunisia on a 3-0 victory over Angola; he scored a single goal during this competition, against Angola but this time in the group stage. On 7 October 2017, Msakni scored a hat-trick against Guinea in the 2018", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads 2017, with Fatau Dauda replacing an injured Adam Kwarasey, while Raphael Dwamena, Joseph Larweh Attamah and Abdul Majeed Waris were being left out of the team. Coach: Alain Giresse A 26-man provisional squad was announced on 30 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Souleymane Diarra, Falaye Sacko and Adama Traoré being left out of the team. Coach: Héctor Cúper A 27-man provisional squad was announced on 29 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Mohamed Awad, Ahmed Gomaa, Mohamed Ibrahim and Hamada Tolba being left out of the team.", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads Coach: Milutin Sredojević A 26-man provisional squad was announced on 30 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Edrisa Lubega, Muzamir Mutyaba & Benjamin Ochan being left out of the team. 2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations is an international football tournament hosted by Gabon from 14 January to 5 February 2017. Coach: José Antonio Camacho The final squad was announced on 27 December 2016, with Axel Méyé, Johann Lengoualama and Donald Nzé being called as standby players. Coach: Paulo Duarte A 24-man provisional squad was announced on 15", "Tyronne Ebuehi the Nigeria national team for a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Algeria. However, he declined the call-up stating that he needed some time to settle into his team ADO Den Haag. He was later called up for friendlies against Senegal and Burkina Faso in March 2017 and joined up with the squad. He made his senior debut for Nigeria in a 3–0 friendly win over Togo on 1 June 2017. Ebuehi was in Nigeria's 23-man squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia. He came on as a substitute in the second half of Nigeria's game against Iceland on", "Ramadan Sobhi the first round of 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier at the age of 17 years, 11 months and 18 days, to become the second youngest player to ever play for the Egyptian national team after Mido. On 29 March he scored his first international goal on top level, in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification game against Nigeria. In January Sobhi was selected by Héctor Cúper in the Egyptian squad that competed in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. Sobhi was mainly used as a substitute in the competition, featuring in four games out of the six as", "Botswana national football team elude Botswana. Despite beating Burundi and Guinea-Bissau in the knockout rounds, they finished last in their difficult qualifying group for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations with just a single point. In their qualifying group for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, they finished third - seven points behind qualifiers Burkina Faso and Uganda. In the qualifiers for the 2018 World Cup, they beat Eritrea in the first round and won 2−1 at home against Mali in the first leg of the second round. However, a 2−0 win for Mali in Bamako meant that Botswana lost on aggregate and failed", "Sabri Lamouchi FIFA World Cup, ranked 23rd at the time – highest ranked in Africa – and started their group play with a 2–1 victory over Japan. That was followed by a 2–1 loss to group favorite Colombia. On his last game as Ivory Coast's manager, he and his team lost 2–1 against Greece and they were eliminated from the FIFA World Cup. The team featured stars such as Yaya Touré, Gervinho, Wilfried Bony and Didier Drogba. Lamouchi resigned from the position following Les Elephants' exit from the competition. On 8 November 2017, Lamouchi signed with French side Rennes. He led the", "Egypt national football team 2017, Egypt set a new record, not being defeated for 24 consecutive African Cup of Nations matches, since their last match at the 2004 African Cup of Nations. Egypt also won their 9th consecutive match in the ACN, beating Ghana in the 2010 African Cup of Nations final match, and becoming the first team to win three consecutive ACN titles. Subsequent to leading Egypt to its third consecutive ACN victory under his tenure, Egypt coach Hassan Shehata was offered the role of coaching the Nigeria national football team in the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa. In February 2010,", "Marcel Tisserand subsequently stated that he desired to play for the DR Congo. The following month, he debuted for the DR Congo in a friendly 1–1 tie with Romania in May 2016. In January 2017, Tisserand was called up to the squad for the Africa Cup of Nations. He played on matchday 1 of the group stage, in a 1–0 win over Morocco on 16 April 2017. He went on to make five appearance in the tournament, as DR Congo were eliminated in the quarter–finals by Ghana. Tisserand grew up in Meaux, France, and supported Paris Saint-Germain. He has an older brother,", "Tom Saintfiet at Al-Ittihad Sports Club of Qatar (now called Al-Gharafa Sports Club). In 2004, he Coached the Qatar U17 team to third place in the AFC Asian Championships and qualified for the U17 FIFA World Championships. Prior to FIFA World Cup 2010, Saintfiet was one of the candidates to lead the African Super Eagles, Nigeria, for the World Cup campaign in South Africa. Saintfiet started very successfully with Namibia by beating Comoros and Malawi and playing a draw against Lesotho in the Cosafa Senior Challenge Cup in South Africa in July 2008. Namibia were eliminated from the Quarter Final at the", "Kalidou Koulibaly Senegal squad that took part at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He was named to the side that represented Senegal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Koulibaly was born on 20 June 1991, to Senegalese parents in Saint-Dié-des-Vosges, France. His footballing career began with local club SR Saint-Dié. Koulibaly is a practicing Muslim and always prays before a game. Koulibaly began his career playing for his hometown club SR Saint-Dié's youth team, and spent two seasons playing on the club's senior team in the Championnat de France amateur 2, before joining the youth academy of professional club Metz on", "Mostafa Fathi called to represent the first national team for the first time by Egypt national team manager Héctor Cúper in a 14 June 2015 game against Tanzania. He played for 20 minutes. He played his second international match against Chad on 17 November 2015. He assisted a goal in winning 4–0. Although Fathi was a key player with Cuper, he missed 2017 Africa Cup of Nations because of an injury. Fathi's uncle is former ENPPI player Hamada El Hawary. He has one brother and one sister and he is the youngest of them. In an interview, Fathi said that his amateur", "Pape Seydou N'Diaye in the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations which took place in Gabon. Pape Seydou N'Diaye Pape Seydou N'Diaye (born 11 February 1993) is a Senegalese professional footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for ASC Niarry Tally. Since 2012 N'Diaye has played in ASC Niarry Tally. Following his selection for the Olympic Games, N'Diaye took part 2015 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations in his native country. Senegal came fourth in the tournament after losing the semifinals to Nigeria and the final for third place to South Africa. N'Diaye played his first match for Senegal's senior team on 10 February 2016,", "Hakim Ziyech May 2016, he scored his first two goals for Morocco, in a 2–0 win over Congo. On 4 September, Ziyech scored in a 2–0 win over São Tomé and Príncipe in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. Ziyech was not selected for the final 23-man squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. On 1 September 2017, Ziyech scored in a 6–0 win over Mali, in a qualifying match for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. He was selected for the final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Hakim Ziyech Hakim Ziyech (; born 19 March 1993)", "Walid El Karti Walid El Karti Walid El Karti is a Moroccan professional footballer, who plays as an attacking midfielder for Wydad Casablanca . He is the goal scorer of the winner champions league 2017. He is one of the most talented players in Morocco . CAF African Super Cup 2018 Morocco In January 2014, coach Hassan Benabicha, invited him to be a part of the Morocca squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team to top group B after drawing with Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe and defeating Uganda. The team was eliminated from the competition at the quarter final", "Georges Leekens 1-2 by Equatorial Guinea, the host country of the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations. On June 27, 2015, the Tunisian federation announces having terminated its contract amicably. In 2016, he coached the Algerian national football team, and he made the team to the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations in Gabon. On 24 January 2017, he resigned being a coach after being eliminated in Group B stage. In February 2017 he was one of a number of managers on the shortlist for the vacant Rwanda national team manager role. In October 2017 it was announced, that Leekens will coach the Hungarian", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads of the team. On January 11, 2017, Ismaël Bennacer was called up to replace Saphir Taïder, who suffered an injury in training. Coach: Henryk Kasperczak A 41-man provisional squad was announced on 20 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Ghazi Abderrazzak, Khaled Ayari, Änis Ben-Hatira, Issam Ben Khémis, Farouk Ben Mustapha, Saad Bguir, Nejmeddin Daghfous, Oussama Haddadi, Hamdi Harbaoui, Bilel Ifa, Issam Jebali, Ali Machani, Iheb Mbarki, Yassine Meriah, Idriss Mhirsi, Iheb Msakni, Abdelkader Oueslati and Yoann Touzghar being left out of the team. Coach: Aliou Cissé The final squad was announced on 30", "Mohamed Salah PFA Fans' Player of the Year awards. Salah also came third in the award for the 2018 Best FIFA Men's Player. At international level, Salah represented Egypt at youth level, winning a bronze medal in the Africa U-20 Cup of Nations, and participated in the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup and the 2012 Summer Olympics. He was awarded the CAF Most Promising African Talent of the Year in 2012. Making his debut with the senior national team in 2011, he helped Egypt reach the final of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, and he became the top scorer during CAF", "Libya national football team knockout stage, where they were defeated by West Germany. Africa Cup of Nations: Arab Cup of Nations: African Nations Championship: The following squad was selected The following players have been selected for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification match against Nigeria on 13 and 16 October 2018. \"Caps and goals as of 8 September 2018, after the match against South Africa.\" Libya national football team The Libya national football team () is the national association football team of Libya and is controlled by the Libyan Football Federation. , Libya has never qualified for the FIFA World Cup, the only", "South Sudan national football team due to the South Sudanese Civil War. On 5 September 2015, South Sudan won its first FIFA-recognized match, against Equatorial Guinea in 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification. The following players were called up for the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification matches against Burundi on 10 June 2017. \"Caps and goals updated as of 30 April 2017 after the game against Somalia. The following players have been called up for South Sudan in the last 12 months. In addition, the players that are participating in the 2018 African Nations Championship qualification (which features only players registered with clubs in", "Africa Cup of Nations Cup tournament. On 29 January 2011, Morocco won the bid to host the 2015 edition and Libya won the right to host the 2013 tournament. But due to the 2011 Libyan civil war, Libya and South Africa traded years with South Africa hosting in 2013 and Libya hosting in 2017, (though CAF ultimately decided to hold the 2017 tournament in Gabon due to ongoing fighting in Libya) In 2012, Zambia won the final after a penalty shootout against Côte d'Ivoire. This drew increased media attention since the match took place in Gabon, only a few hundred meters from the crash", "Mouhcine Iajour the tournament in fourth place after a 2–1 loss to Brazil. In January 2014, coach Hassan Benabicha, invited him to be a part of the Moroccan squad for the 2014 African Nations Championship. He helped the team to top group B after drawing with Burkina Faso and Zimbabwe and defeating Uganda. The team was eliminated from the competition at the quarter final zone after losing to Nigeria. Mouhcine Iajour Mouhcine Iajour (born 14 June 1986) is a Moroccan football striker who currently plays for Raja de Casablanca and the Moroccan national team. In 2013, Iajour became the first African footballer", "Clemens Westerhof and Gabon. They drew with Egypt and beat Gabon to advance to the quarter-finals where they beat Zaire. A penalty shootout win over Côte d'Ivoire in the semi-finals set up a final match against Zambia, which they won 2–1. It was Nigeria's second African Cup of Nations championship, the first since 1980, and the first trophy in Westerhof's career as a manager. Westerhof is credited with turning Nigeria into a perennial powerhouse in African football and showing that they, and other African nations, can compete on the world stage. He is responsible for what could be described as a \"golden\"", "Ismaël Bennacer 14 April 2017 against Sochaux off of a free kick. On 31 July 2016, the Algerian Football Federation announced that Bennacer had opted to switch his international allegiance and represent Algeria internationally. He debuted for the Algeria national team in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations Qualifier, a 6–0 win over Lesotho. Bennacer was called up on 11 January 2017 to Algeria's squad for the African Cup of Nations of 2017. to replace Saphir Taïder, who suffered an injury in training. Bennacer was born in Arles, France and is of Algerian and Moroccan descent. Ismaël Bennacer Ismaël Bennacer (born 1", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations Rwanda and Uganda, but eventually bid alone. On 8 April 2015, CAF President Issa Hayatou announced Gabon as the replacement hosts following votes by the CAF Executive Committee. The draw for the qualification stage took place on 8 April 2015, immediately after the announcement of the host nation. The host nation team were also drawn into a group and would play games against those in that group; however, those matches would only be considered as friendlies and not counted for the standings. 51 nations entered the qualifying stage with Eritrea and Somalia declining to enter and Chad withdrawing. Due to", "2017 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations qualification on aggregate.\" \"Kenya advanced after Malawi withdrew.\" \"Tanzania won 9–0 on aggregate.\" \"2–2 on aggregate. Namibia won on away goals.\" \"Mauritius advanced after Lesotho withdrew.\" \"Comoros advanced after Zimbabwe withdrew.\" The first legs are scheduled for 5–7 August 2016, and the second legs are scheduled for 19–21 August 2016. \"Ghana won 6–5 on aggregate.\" \"Ivory Coast won 4–2 on aggregate.\" \"Niger won 3–2 on aggregate.\" \"Gabon won 1–0 on aggregate.\" \"Mali advanced after Chad withdrew from the second leg.\" \"Ethiopia won 5–2 on aggregate.\" \"Senegal won 6–4 on aggregate.\" \"2–2 on aggregate. Guinea won 3–2 on penalties.\" \"Sudan won 2–0", "Mandla Masango a 2005 Under-17 Youth Championship qualifier. The game was played at the same Al-Merrikh Stadium where South Africa played their 2015 African Nations Cup Group A opener against the Sudan. He played in the 3–0 win over Sudan and 0–0 draw over Nigeria. Masango scored a stunning goal referred to as a \"stepback volley\" against Ghana in the 2015 African Cup of Nations Group C final clash and made rounds in Spain and has been compared to Colombia's James Rodriguez famous volley in the 2-0 victory over Uruguay in last in the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil. Bleacher Report", "Pitso Mosimane was named as the new head coach of South Africa. He had been an assistant to former coach Carlos Alberto Parreira at the 2010 FIFA World Cup, and was handed a four-year contract. He won his first game in charge in a 1–0 win over World Cup Quarter Finalists Ghana. South Africa failed to qualify for the 2012 African Cup of Nations after Mosimane mistakenly played for a draw in the final qualifier, when in fact a victory was required. He won the 2016 CAF Champions League with Mamelodi Sundowns after defeating Egypt's Zamalek 3-1 on aggregate. In December 2016,", "Mohamed Amine Ben Amor his team led him to the Tunisian national team for the first time by coach Georges Leekens on 15 June 2015 against Morocco in 2016 African Nations Championship qualification. He scored his first goal against Niger in the group stage of this competition so that Tunisia reached the quarter-finals. Had been injured just before the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations held in Gabon, which prevented him from participating in the first game against Senegal, where Tunisia was defeated (0-2). He returned in the match Algeria and contributed significantly to the qualification of his team for the quarter-finals of the competition", "Cédric Bakambu the 9th, and started that match, a 1–1 draw at the Stade Charles Tondreau in Mons, Belgium. On 26 March the following year, Bakambu scored his first international goal, opening a 2–1 win over Angola at the Stade des Martyrs with a penalty, in qualification for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. He added two more on 5 June, in a 6–1 win away to Madagascar. He was chosen in Florent Ibengé's squad for the final tournament in Gabon, and started in the opening group match, a 1–0 win over Morocco at the Stade d'Oyem. He then did not play", "2017 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations qualification winner (no extra time would be played). The seven winners of the third round qualified for the final tournament. The first legs were played on 1, 2 and 3 April, and the second legs were played on 22, 23 and 24 April 2016. \"Tunisia won 4–1 on aggregate.\" \"Ethiopia won 4–1 on aggregate.\" \"Gambia won 4–0 on aggregate.\" \"Guinea won 3–1 on aggregate.\" \"Mauritania won 3–2 on aggregate.\" \"Sudan advanced after Kenya were disqualified.\" \"Burundi advanced after DR Congo withdrew.\" \"Uganda won 3–2 on aggregate. However, Rwanda advanced after Uganda were disqualified.\" \"Angola advanced after Chad withdrew.\" \"2–2 on aggregate.", "Ramy Rabia 2–0 victory over Qatar. On 7 March 2013, Rabia scored his first senior international goal in a friendly match against Qatar, scoring his side's only goal in a 3–1 defeat. He scored another goal in his following appearance, a 2–0 victory over Zambia before scoring his first competitive goal in 2015 during a 3–0 victory over Tanzania during the qualifying rounds of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations. In October 2017, Rabia was part of the Egyptian side that qualified for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, the first time the nation had reached a tournament since 1990, after defeating Congo", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D Group D of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the 13 groups to decide the teams which qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of four teams: Burkina Faso, Uganda, Botswana, and Comoros. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format, between June 2015 and September 2016. Burkina Faso, the group winner, qualified for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, while the runners-up Uganda also qualified due to being one of the two runners-up with the best records.", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D Group D of the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament was one of the 13 groups to decide the teams which qualify for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations finals tournament. The group consisted of four teams: Burkina Faso, Uganda, Botswana, and Comoros. The teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format, between June 2015 and September 2016. Burkina Faso, the group winner, qualified for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, while the runners-up Uganda also qualified due to being one of the two runners-up with the best records.", "Kingsley Michael 79th-minute substitute for Raffaele Bianco. He represented Nigeria national under-17 football team at the 2015 African U-17 Championship, where Nigeria finished 4th, and 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup, which Nigeria won. Michael scored a goal in the 3–0 quarterfinal victory over Brazil, but did not appear in the semifinal or final. Kingsley Michael Kingsley Dogo Michael (born 26 August 1999) is a Nigerian football player. He plays in Italy for Perugia on loan from Bologna. He joined Italian club Bologna on 29 August 2017 and was assigned to their Under-19 team. At the end of the 2017–18 Serie A season", "Isaac Twum Isaac Twum Isaac Twum (born 14 February 1998) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for Norwegian club Start, as a midfielder. Twum began his career in his native Ghana, playing for Heart of Lions and International Allies. On 1 December 2017, Start announced the signing of Twum. After appearing for Ghana U17 and Ghana U20, Twum made his senior debut for Ghana in a 3–0 win against Saudi Arabia on 10 October 2017. Twum was captain of the Ghanaian team that won the 2017 WAFU Cup of Nations, being named Most Valuable Player of the tournament in the process.", "Isaac Twum Isaac Twum Isaac Twum (born 14 February 1998) is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays for Norwegian club Start, as a midfielder. Twum began his career in his native Ghana, playing for Heart of Lions and International Allies. On 1 December 2017, Start announced the signing of Twum. After appearing for Ghana U17 and Ghana U20, Twum made his senior debut for Ghana in a 3–0 win against Saudi Arabia on 10 October 2017. Twum was captain of the Ghanaian team that won the 2017 WAFU Cup of Nations, being named Most Valuable Player of the tournament in the process.", "Emmanuel Emenike scored a 30-yard free kick giving his country a 2–1 win over Côte d'Ivoire in the African Cup of Nations. In 2013, he became part of the third Nigerian team to win the African Cup of Nations – Nigeria's first continental victory since 1994. His four goals proved crucial to Nigeria's progress through the tournament, and he was named to the team of the African Cup of Nations Team of the Tournament. However, Emenike wasn't included in the final, due to a thigh injury. He also received the Pepsi Tournament Top Scorer, with four goals, along with Ghana's Wakaso Mubarak.", "Kelechi Iheanacho World Cup in New Zealand, and featured in two matches. He was selected by Nigeria for their 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics, but failed to make the final 18. Iheanacho made his senior debut as a substitute in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifying match against Swaziland in which Nigeria drew 0–0. His first start for the senior team was on 25 March 2016, a 1–1 draw with Egypt in a 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. Iheanacho was selected by Nigeria in friendly games against Mali and Luxembourg in May 2016. He scored in the", "Lawrence Lartey Ethiopian Premier League champions Hawassa City S.C. at the start of the 2017-18 season. In August of 2018 the club announced they had come to an agreement with Lartey on a one year extension. Lartey plays for the Ghana national team having played for the U17, U20 and U23 selections of the team. He has captained Ghana at both the 2013 Africa U-20 Cup of Nations, where his team finished as runners-up to Egypt U20, losing the final 5-6 on penalties, as well as the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup where he captained Ghana to a third-place finish in Turkey.", "Niger national football team U-17 coach Frederic Costa was appointed the new head coach of the Niger national side. Harouna Doula Gabde, a former Nigerien international, succeeded them in 2009. On 10 October 2010, Niger earned a shock 1–0 win over Egypt at home in the 2012 African Cup of Nations qualification. Despite a failed run for ACON 2010, Niger hosted and won the UEMOA Tournament in November 2010, and followed up with their first ever qualification for the African Nations Championship in February 2011. After home wins—as well as away losses—over South Africa and Sierra Leone, on 8 October 2011 Niger qualified for", "Didier Drogba arm. The match ended in a goalless draw at the Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium with Drogba coming on in the 65th minute. On 20 June 2010, Drogba became the first player from an African nation to score against Brazil in a World Cup match, scoring with a header in the 78th minute as the Ivory Coast were defeated 1–3. On 25 June 2010, the Ivory Coast went out of the competition despite winning 3–0 against North Korea in their final match. In the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations, the Ivory Coast were drawn in a group with Sudan, Angola and", "Getaneh Kebede time league champions Saint George S.C. announced they had signed Kebede to a two year contract. Getaneh is part of the Ethiopia national football team where he made his debut in a 2014 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Somalia in November 2011. In the second-leg against Somalia, he scored two goals in a 5–0 win, which sent Ethiopia to the second round of World Cup qualification. Getaneh Kebede scored twice against Algeria in 2017 African cap of nations qualifier held in Addis Ababa to deny the Desert Foxes booking their tickets for cap of nations. Ethiopia draw 3–3 with superb", "Nigeria national football team Nigeria national football team The Nigeria national football team, also known as the Super Eagles, represents Nigeria in international association football and is controlled by the Nigeria Football Federation (NFF). They are three-time Africa Cup of Nations winners, with their last title in 2013, after defeating Burkina Faso in the final. In April 1994, the Super Eagles was ranked 5th in the FIFA rankings, the highest FIFA ranking position ever achieved by an African football team. Throughout history, the team has qualified for six of the last seven FIFA World Cups (as of 2018), missing only the 2006 World Cup", "Chad national football team with Chad officials, he said that nothing was ever finalised. Yaya thus led the team for their next matches as well, and again he achieved considerable success as they managed to beat Gabon 1−0 in the qualifiers for the 2016 African Nations Championship. Although they were knocked out 2−1 on aggregate, it was another step forward. Chad's most popular players today are Rodrigue Ninga, Ezechiel N'Douassel, Marius Mbaiam, Leger Djime, Mahamat Labbo, and Karl Max Barthelemy. The following is the list of players for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match against Egypt, on 6 September 2015. \"As of", "Yaya Touré of Nations Final in nine years. On 8 February, Touré captained the Ivory Coast to its first AFCON win since 1992 with a penalty shootout defeat of Ghana at the Estadio de Bata in Equatorial Guinea. On 20 September 2016, Touré announced his retirement from international football. He returned to the national team set-up in March 2018. Formerly a defender, Yaya Touré plays primarily in the centre as a box-to-box midfielder, often switching between offensive and defensive stances throughout matches. Touré is a complete and versatile midfielder, who can play in several midfield positions, is regarded as one of the", "Paulo Jorge Rebelo Duarte with Tunisia's CS Sfaxien, Duarte was again named manager of Burkina Faso. He led the latter to the third place at the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, after a 1–0 win against Ghana in Port-Gentil. Duarte selected players to play for the Burkina Faso national team who he believed were eligible to play for the nation after they married Burkinabé women. Namibia complained about the fielding of Herve Xavier Zengue in two 2012 CAN qualifying games, stating that the player was not eligible under FIFA's statutes. Duarte also chose to play Zengue after the complaint was received by CAF, fielding", "Philtzgérald Mbaka with a Brazilian, a Chilean, and a Central Asian. Supplying assists instead of scoring, he helped \"Al-Ahmar\" qualify for the semi-finals of the 2016–17 Sultan Qaboos Cup, beating Suwaiq Club 1-0 before being knocked out in the second leg. causing them to not reach the final. Mbaka played two matches for the Congolese national team, including a 1-1 draw with Kenya in African Cup of Nations qualifying and a friendly against Ghana. Philtzgérald Mbaka Philtzgérald Grégory Kévin Mbaka, commonly known as Philtzgérald Mbaka, (born 24 January 1993) is a Congolese professional footballer who plays as a midfielder, last time for", "Rabiu Ibrahim league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse. The following January, both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released. Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea, scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition. Before the tournament, he had been dubbed \"the new Jay-Jay Okocha\", and helped the side win that year's Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo, scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage (8–0). Aged 16, he was included", "Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu of Nations in Côte d'Ivoire and represented his team at 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Egypt. Badu scored the winning sudden death penalty on 16 October 2009 in the 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup Final against Brazil. The penalty made Ghana the first African nation to win the FIFA U-20 World Cup. In 2010, Badu was selected for his first Africa Cup of Nations as the Black Stars finished runners-up to Egypt, and went on to appear in the 2012 and 2013 editions of the tournament, with the team twice recording fourth-placed finishes. During the 2012 Africa Cup of", "2018 African Nations Championship Final Karti flicked the ball in from close range. The hosts thought they had scored just four minutes later when Ayoub El Kaabi headed home, only for the assistant referee's flag to go up – claiming the corner had swung out of play before it reached the striker. Morocco unsettled Nigeria with their early dominance as the West Africans laboured in search of their rhythm. And they kept the Nigerian backline busy till the quarter-hour mark during which Ayoub El Kaabi was denied by the crossbar from a Zakaria Hadraf cross from the left. The Super Eagles came into the fore", "Munir Mohand Mohamedi 2016, Munir was included in Hervé Renard's 23-man squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, and started the whole tournament ahead of Yassine Bounou. He was also selected to the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia, making his first appearance in the competition on 15 June in the 0–1 group stage defeat to Iran. Munir Mohand Mohamedi Munir Mohand Mohamedi El Kajoui (born 10 May 1989), known simply as Munir, is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays for Spanish club Málaga CF as a goalkeeper. Born in Melilla, Munir graduated from lowly CG Goyu Ryu's youth setup, and made", "2015 Africa Cup of Nations decision by citing that the World Health Organization gives every country the right to protect its citizens. On 6 February 2015, CAF announced that Morocco had been banned from the next two AFCON tournaments, fined 1 million US dollars, as well as demanding 9 million US dollars in compensation. However, the ban was overturned by the Court of Arbitration for Sport, meaning Morocco may enter the tournaments. Egypt, Ghana, South Africa and Sudan all declined to take over as hosts. Angola, the hosts of the 2010 edition, were spoken of as a potential replacement due to existing stadia and infrastructure", "Amido Baldé 3–1 success, their first-ever at the opposition's ground. Baldé chose to represent Portugal internationally. He was part of the under-20 squad that finished as runners-up at the 2011 FIFA World Cup in Colombia. In May 2014, Baldé switched nationalities to Guinea-Bissau after being called up to the squad for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations qualifier against the Central African Republic. He earned his first cap over a year later on 13 June 2015, playing the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 draw in Zambia for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying phase. Baldé scored his first goal for", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations squads the call. The final squad was announced on 4 January 2017, with Abudu, Guti Almada, Mama Samba Baldé, Edelino Ié, Edouard Mendy, Formose Mendy, Mesca, Pelé, Bruno Preira, Jean-Paul Mendy, Cícero Semedo and Zé Turbo being left out of the team. Though not part of the preliminary squad, Rui Dabó was added to the squad. Coach: Georges Leekens A 32-man provisional squad was announced on 22 December 2016. The final squad was announced on 31 December 2016, with Ayoub Azzi, Ishak Belfodil, Ismaël Bennacer, Yassine Benzia, Sofiane Feghouli, Houari Ferhani, Carl Medjani, Adam Ounas and Idriss Saadi being left out", "Ramy Rabia under-20 level, captaining the side to victory in the 2013 African U-20 Championship. He scored the goal that confirmed the squad's qualification for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup with a header during a 1–0 victory over Algeria and sent the side through to the semi-finals. He led the side to their fourth tournament title and first since 2003 after defeating Ghana in the final. Rabia later represented Egypt at under-23 level, playing in the side's unsuccessful qualifying campaign for the 2016 Summer Olympics. Despite still being in recovery after undergoing knee surgery, Rabia was named in manager Rabie Yassin's", "Daddy Birori win in the second leg on 2 August. Rwanda qualified for the group stage (third round) where they were drawn with Nigeria, South Africa and Sudan. The Congolese Football Association also complained about the eligibility of Birori. On 18 August, CAF announced that they had suspended the player for using two different names and dates of birth. The Rwandan passport Daddy Birori listed the date of birth as 12 December 1986 while the Congolese passport listed the name Etekiama Agil Taddy with a date of birth of 13 December 1990. In addition, Rwanda were disqualified from the 2015 Africa Cup", "Alain Traoré till the end of the 2014–15 season, with an option for AS Monaco to make the deal permanent. In July 2018, he joined Moroccan team RS Berkane on free transfer and was part of their Confederation Cup participating side. He also scored a goal in their Confederation Cup group stage match against Sudanese team Al-Hilal. Traoré first represented Burkina Faso at under-17 level where they qualified for the 2005 African U-17 Championship. He scored one goal in the 3–1 defeat to Mali. Traoré scored one goal in the 2012 African Cup of Nations, versus Angola. He scored the goal (in", "Malik Asselah the Algerian Under-23 National Team in a 1-0 friendly win over Saudi Arabia in Riyadh. On April 17, 2008, he was called up to the Algerian A' National Team for an African Championship of Nations qualifier against Morocco but withdrew from the squad with an injury. Asselah was called up to the senior Algeria squad for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers against Seychelles on 2 June 2016. Malik Asselah Malik Asselah (born July 8, 1986) is an Algerian footballer who currently plays as a goalkeeper for Saudi Pro League side Al-Hazem and the Algeria national football team. Born", "Mamadou Fofana a 2018 World Cup qualification tie against Ivory Coast on 6 October 2017. Mamadou Fofana Mamadou Fofana (born 21 January 1998), also known as Nojo, is a Malian professional footballer who plays as a defender for the French club FC Metz. Fofana transferred to Alanyaspor in 2016, joining from the academy of Stade Malien. Fofana made his professional debut for Alanyaspor in a 2–3 Süper Lig loss to Çaykur Rizespor on 14 January 2017. Fofana represents Mali internationally, and represented the Mali U17s at the 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup, and the Mali U20s at 2017 Africa U-20 Cup of", "2017 Africa Cup of Nations \"New World Hackers\" claimed to have taken the official CAF website down in response to CAF's decision to choose Gabon as host nation. \"We did this in protest against Gabon\", the person claiming to be one of the hackers wrote in an email. \"They are running the Africa Cup in a country where the dictator Ali Bongo is killing innocent people!\" - Available in the following countries: Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Macedonia 2017 Africa Cup of Nations The 2017 Africa Cup of Nations, known as the Total Africa Cup of Nations, Gabon 2017 (also referred to as", "2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group C 2015 Africa Cup of Nations Group C Group C of the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations was played from 19 January until 27 January in Equatorial Guinea. The group consisted of Ghana, Algeria, South Africa, and Senegal. Ghana and Algeria advanced as group winners and runners-up respectively, while Senegal and South Africa were eliminated. <onlyinclude></onlyinclude> In the quarter-finals: All times local, WAT (). Ghana took the lead in the 14th minute through a penalty by André Ayew, awarded after Christian Atsu was brought down by Bouna Coundoul. Senegal equalized in the 58th minute as Mame Biram Diouf headed in the", "2015 Africa Cup of Nations of playoffs, with the winners advancing. 51 nations entered the tournament (excluding initial hosts Morocco). It was the competitive debut of South Sudan. Djibouti and Somalia declined to enter. Morocco would have automatically qualified as hosts; however, after their refusal to host, they were expelled from the tournament by the CAF. Equatorial Guinea was chosen as the new host, and despite having played in the qualifiers and been disqualified due to fielding an ineligible player, they qualified for the tournament automatically. The defending champions Nigeria failed to qualify for the tournament. The following sixteen teams qualified for the tournament. The", "Alex Iwobi international for England, with whom he won the Victory Shield of 2011. Iwobi went on though to play for Nigeria. He made his senior debut for the Super Eagles on 8 October 2015, replacing Ahmed Musa in the 57th minute of a 2–0 friendly defeat to DR Congo in Visé, Belgium. He was selected by Nigeria for their 35-man provisional squad for the 2016 Summer Olympics. He was not a part of the 18-man final squad. In August 2017 Iwobi pulled out of Nigeria's squad for that month's World Cup qualifiers due to injury. On 7 October 2017, Iwobi scored", "Demba Ba goal in a 1–0 home win over Tianjin TEDA. Ba has played a total of 17 games and scored four goals for Senegal, the country of his parents, including on his debut against Tanzania in June 2007. He represented the nation at the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations, playing all three matches as they were eliminated from Group A with three defeats. Ba is a practising Muslim. He observes fasting during the Islamic month of Ramadan, along with celebrating his goals by performing the Sujud. On 26 June 2017, Ba co-founded with Eden Hazard, Yohan Cabaye and Moussa Sow, an", "Amr Warda played on loan last year. The feud between PAOK manager, Razvan Lucescu, and the Egyptian midfielder remains evident, with Warda being dropped from the squad on several occasions already, due to being disrespectful towards Lucescu during training sessions. On 11 October 2015, Warda made his debut for the first team in a friendly match against Zambia in Abu Dhabi. Warda exceptional season year with Panetolikos was his passport to be called by Héctor Cúper to the 30 man provisional 2017 Africa Cup of Nations squad . Warda helped Egypt reach the final by scoring the last penalty in the semifinals" ]

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[ "Pam Beesly that he will propose to Pam that evening. Just as Jim is preparing to propose, however, Andy Bernard stands up and makes his own impromptu proposal to Angela. Having had his thunder stolen by Andy, Jim reluctantly puts the ring back in his jacket pocket, leaving Pam visibly disappointed as she was expecting Jim to propose that night. In the Season 5 premiere, \"Weight Loss\", Pam begins her three-month course at the Pratt Institute. In this episode, Jim proposes in the pouring rain at a rest stop, saying that he \"can't wait\". In \"Business Trip\", Pam learns that she is" ]

[ "Pam Beesly airport in time and is the last person to see Michael before he leaves. At the beginning of Season 8, Pam is revealed to be pregnant with her and Jim's second child, Philip Halpert. The child coincided with Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy. She begins her maternity leave after \"Gettysburg\". Pam returns in \"Jury Duty\", where she and Jim bring Cece and Phillip into the office. In both \"Tallahassee\" and \"Test the Store\" Pam is shown helping, and developing her friendship with Andy. Early in season 9, Jim is restless about his life in Scranton and helps a friend start a", "Gossip (The Office) having an affair, then spreads a series of false rumors to try to convince everyone the original rumor was not true. The rumors cause Andy to question his sexuality, and Pam and Jim to debate whether or not to tell the office that Pam is pregnant. \"Gossip\" confirmed the fact that protagonist Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, \"Company Picnic\". \"Gossip\" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a regular cast member, and the first \"Office\" episode since Ed Helms achieved box office success with the summer comedy film, \"The Hangover\". \"Gossip\"", "Pam Beesly and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam embrace, looking shocked and ecstatic. It is implied that she is pregnant and is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, \"Gossip\". Jim and Pam marry early in the season, at Niagara Falls, during the highly anticipated, hour long episode, \"Niagara\". The ending of the episode, in which their co-workers dance down the aisle, is an imitation of a viral YouTube video — JK Wedding Entrance Dance. Following the wedding, a multi-episode story arc begins in which it is revealed that Michael hooked up with", "Jim Halpert encourages Jim to speak to Michael. As a new receptionist has already been hired, Pam is re-hired in sales alongside Jim. During \"Company Picnic\", Pam injures her ankle during a volleyball game and Jim takes her to the hospital. The camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim and Pam on her condition. There is no audio as the camera shows Jim and Pam suddenly embracing, looking shocked and ecstatic, before Jim emerges to call Dwight and inform him they won't be returning to the game. It is heavily implied that Pam is pregnant, and", "Company Picnic writer Jen Celotta confirmed that the news was that Pam was pregnant; the script included an off-hand question from a nurse to Pam about whether she was pregnant so that viewers would make the connection later. Celotta said the idea of the pregnancy came as the writers were working on this specific episode, although she felt the show had always been heading in that direction. The series producers considered filming the scene with audible dialogue, but they thought the scene was more powerful without audio and felt actors John Krasinski and Jenna Fischer \"are such great actors and have the", "Margene Heffman three wives, due to her much younger age, Margene has given birth to three babies, but she yearns for a sense of purpose beyond being sister-wife and mother. In seasons 3-5 she discovers her entrepreneurial talent. Margene becomes friends with their neighbor Pam, who doesn't know she's married to Bill and tries to set her up on a blind date. Margene becomes pregnant for the third time. Margene becomes friends with Bill's potential fourth wife Ana. Margie's mother visits without knowing that Margie is in a polygamous relationship. Bill outs Margene as his wife to his business partners. Margene starts", "Jim Halpert the pregnancy is confirmed in the Season 6 premiere, \"Gossip\". Jim is promoted to Regional Co-Manager, alongside Michael, in \"The Meeting.\" His promotion causes problems in the office as the staff doesn't take him seriously and he is often in a power struggle with Michael. When Dunder Mifflin files for bankruptcy and is taken over by Sabre, a company that sells printers, Jim chooses to become a salesman again (largely because Sabre's uncapped commission means a huge pay increase). Jim and Pam marry in the highly anticipated, hour-long episode, \"Niagara\". When their guests' craziness threatens to ruin the wedding day,", "The Office (U.S. season 8) and Dan Greaney. The season also saw the directorial debuts of cast members Ed Helms and Brian Baumgartner; Helms directed the episode \"Christmas Wishes\", and Baumgartner directed \"After Hours\". The series was renewed for an eighth season on March 17, 2011, began filming on July 25, 2011, and the season concluded filming on March 9, 2012. Jenna Fischer's pregnancy was written into the show, and Pam was again pregnant at the start of the season with a boy as she was in real life. Unlike the sixth season, there was no episode focusing on the baby's birth; it was instead", "Gossip (The Office) he confesses that he created the rumors to conceal the one true rumor. Andy fears that it might be the one about him. The employees urge Michael to tell them which one is true, but just as Michael is about to give in, Jim announces that Pam is actually pregnant to save Stanley. Michael denies it, but Pam shows her baby's ultrasound picture to prove it. Later, while Michael discusses her pregnancy with Jim and Pam in his office, Stanley's wife Teri returns Michael's call from earlier. He picks up the phone with the intention of making an excuse for", "Pam Beesly season's 4th and 5th episodes (hour long), a feat considered noteworthy by many television critics, as bringing together the two lead love interests in a television series is often thought to be a risky venture. Their child is born in the second half of the season, during another hour long, \"The Delivery\". Pam and Jim's second child is born during season 8. In season 9, their marriage becomes strained when Jim takes up a second job in Philadelphia. They ultimately decide to leave Dunder Mifflin together so Jim can pursue his dream job. When the series begins, Pam is engaged", "The List (The Office) joining the cast, \"The List\" also revealed that Andy (portrayed by Ed Helms) would ascend to the position of manager; the series' executive Producer and showrunner Paul Lieberstein revealed this information to Ed Helms during lunch in June. Prior to their decision, the writers had gone through the main contenders for the job, Darryl, Dwight and Andy, and concluded that Andy would be the best choice. Finally, this episode opens with the announcement that Pam is pregnant with her second child. Pam's pregnancy was written into the show so as to correspond with Jenna Fischer's real-life pregnancy. The Season Eight", "Todd Manning and Blair Cramer where he is spared jail time. Blair is arrested for shooting Max and is put in jail. In the hope that he will testify on her behalf to keep her and her baby out of jail, she lies when she tells Max that she is pregnant with his child. Blair is unaware, however, that she really is pregnant. She later discovers this when Max drags her to the hospital for a pregnancy test — except, she privately discovers that she is pregnant with Todd's child. Max agrees to testify on her behalf, but Starr locks him in Asa's wine cellar", "Pam Beesly Pam's mother the night of the wedding. The two break up during \"Double Date\", an episode that ends with Pam slapping Michael in response to his actions. In \"The Delivery\" of Season 6, Pam and Jim have their first child, a daughter named Cecelia Marie Halpert. Jenna Fischer was granted naming rights by show producers, and chose to name her after her own niece. In \"Counseling\", Pam feels inadequate about her poor performance in sales and tricks Gabe into promoting her to a phony new salaried position called office administrator. In \"China\", Pam tries to use her authority as office", "Danny Messer Danny learns that Lindsay is pregnant with his child in episode 509, \"The Box\". . In \"The Box,\" much of the episode is shown from Danny's point of view and details his reaction to Lindsay's admission of her pregnancy and her remarks that she \"knows him\" and does not expect anything from him. Though he is scared of the changes that Lindsay's pregnancy will bring, by the end of the episode, he makes the decision to stand by Lindsay, figuratively (and literally, in context). In episode 510, \"The Triangle,\" Danny expresses concern over the baby's health and asks Lindsay to", "Libby Fox decision. The following day, as Libby returns to the abortion clinic to terminate her pregnancy, a hungover Denise arrives to support her alongside Kim. She then thanks Denise for being a good mother to her before leaving again. Libby returns in November after Kim calls her and is shocked to see that Denise is seven months pregnant. She vows to remain in Walford and help Denise with the birth. Denise is frustrated when Libby insists that Denise should eat only vegan food. After Denise is suspended from her job, Libby helps her get it back by threatening legal action. However,", "Angela Martin Pastor Davis?\" prompting Creed to switch the envelopes between Angela and Meredith. After reading the note, Angela appears to be heavily embarrassed. In The Chump, Angela reveals that her four cats are named \"Ember, Milky Way, Diane, and Lumpy\". In the season eight premiere Angela is married to Robert and pregnant. She is pregnant with her first child but she has a step son with Robert. Angela wanted to name her son \"Philip\" after her cat, but Pam (who is pregnant with her 2nd child) wanted the name \"Philip\" after her grandfather. Angela tried browbeating Pam into giving up the", "The Delivery (The Office) waits for Pam and Jim's baby to be born; Jim urges Pam to let him take her to the hospital, but Pam would rather wait until midnight like she and Jim wanted to do initially (arriving after midnight means a longer hospital stay under the terms of their health insurance). She finds comfort in watching the rest of the office performing absurd activities to distract her from the pain. When Jim reaches his breaking point, Pam reveals that their baby is a girl, which calms Jim's nerves a bit, but then she tells him that her water broke. Since Pam", "Nancy Hayton can't wait to see how it all plays out\". Nancy soon feels that she may be pregnant, Fox said that if Nancy were pregnant \"It would be great to watch them trying to cope with it\", adding that the potential scenes would be \"hilarious\". Nancy discovers she is pregnant and suffers a pregnancy scare. Fox told an \"Inside Soap\" reported that if Nancy suffered a miscarriage the couple's relationship may not survive. Her portrayer explained that Nancy begins to suffer stomach pains and blood loss but believes going to the hospital will solve the problem. Fox said that Nancy is", "Stanley Hudson \"Scott's Tots\", Stanley laughs out loud at Michael's suffering. During the office Christmas party, Phyllis as Santa asks if he's been a good boy, Stanley deadpans that he has only for Michael to blurt out a reference to his affair. In \"The Delivery\", Stanley shows that he cares very little about Pam being pregnant, as when she goes in labor and Jim and Michael rush her into the elevator, Stanley notices it is 5:00 and makes them hold the elevator for him. In \"New Leads\", Stanley, along with the rest of the sales staff, lets Sabre's new \"sales is king\"", "Jim Halpert they run off and are privately married on the \"Maid of the Mist\" before returning to take part in their planned church wedding. Their daughter, Cecelia Marie Halpert (named after Jenna Fischer's niece who was born the day they shot \"The Delivery\") is born in another hour-long episode several months later, in \"The Delivery\". In season 7, some of Jim's vulnerabilities are displayed. Jim displays some mild jealousy when he meets Danny Cordray, a superior paper salesman who went on a few dates with Pam while he was in Stamford. In \"Costume Contest\", after hearing that Danny never called Pam", "Obvious Child apartment without saying goodbye. Several weeks after their one-night stand, Donna discovers that her breasts are sore while trying on bras and suspects she is pregnant. A home pregnancy test later confirms this. Donna visits a Planned Parenthood clinic to schedule an abortion and discovers the only dates available are her mother's birthday and Valentine's Day; she picks Valentine's Day. Max tracks Donna down at the bookstore where she works and they have the first of several awkward conversations. Donna then runs into Max when he stops by her mother's apartment to return a book to her mother, Nancy (Polly", "Julie Carp Brian have been talking loads about having a child together, and he's seemed really into the idea. The viewers may have been aware that he's been looking a little bit shifty about the whole thing – but Julie hasn't noticed that anything's wrong.\" After discovering that Julie is pregnant, Brian accuses her of having an affair because he has had a vasectomy. While speaking on \"This Morning\", Cavanagh revealed her character is unaware of why Brian is not as excited about the pregnancy as she is. The actress said \"Obviously they've been trying extremely hard to make babies! It's going", "Samantha Fitzgerald Rosetta. When Rosetta is told that she had had a false pregnancy, she remains convinced that she is pregnant and Sam tells Rosetta that she believes her. Dan later decides to give his marriage with Sam another try. Sam decides to try for another baby and stops taking her medication, so she can get pregnant. Sam does not tell Dan about her plans, but her symptoms begin to show and she tells Dan that she wants a child with him. When Libby spots Sam with a pregnancy test, Sam lies that she is pregnant and Dan is delighted. Sam's behaviour", "Gossip (The Office) by Paul Lieberstein, a producer and screenwriter for the series who also plays Toby. The episode confirmed the fact that Pam was pregnant, which was strongly hinted in the fifth season finale, \"Company Picnic\". \"Gossip\" was the first episode to feature Ellie Kemper as a full cast member; she had guest starred in several episodes at the end of the fifth season as receptionist Erin Hannon. It was also the first episode of \"The Office\" to air since the release of the Ed Helms comedy film \"The Hangover\". The film was a surprise box office success, grossing more than twice", "Miss Conception had never stopped. Zach reveals that he wants children too, however an upset Georgina leaves and Ben has to explain to Zach what had been going on. At work, Georgina's worker reveals that he understands why she left and leaves before Zach comes in with a dozen roses. Four months later, while Georgina is running her breasts and belly feel sore and goes to a clinic for a pregnancy test. She receives a call informing her that she is, in fact, pregnant. At a birthday party for Zach, it is revealed that they are engaged and Georgina tells him that", "Beth Raines unhappily allows her to be in Philip and Harley's wedding. In 1998, Beth makes a play for Matt Reardon, but later dates Jim Lemay (legally father to Harley's daughter Susan, who she gave up for adoption as a teen mom). When Beth, Philip and Jim are in a plane crash, Jim escapes to find help. Beth and Philip, thinking they are about to die make love. After being rescued, Beth accepts Jim Lemay's proposal. In 2000, Beth found out that she was pregnant with Philip's baby. She convinced Philip to allow her to pass the baby off as Jim's, in", "Linda Carter as she thinks that Linda is \"scared and terrified\". In May 2016, Bright announced that she is pregnant with her second child, and on 28 September 2016 it was confirmed that Bright would take six months maternity leave. Linda's on screen departure aired on 25 December 2016. Bright interrupted her maternity leave for two episodes in March 2017, a voiceover on 14 March 2017 and on 23 May 2017 and a physical appearance on 16 March 2017. Bright returned to filming full-time on 22 April 2017, and after making a guest appearance on 30 June 2017, her full-time return aired", "Ann Perkins lets Tom off the hook. Ann decides she wants to have a child and begins the process of fertilization, asking Chris Traeger to father her child. Chris accepts her offer in the episode \"Bailout\". Ann and April's friendship expands this season, culminating in a hug and an admission on April's part that she considers Ann a friend. In the season six premiere, Ann reveals that she is back together with Chris, and she is pregnant. In the episode \"New Beginnings\", Chris and Ann briefly get engaged but decide that they don't need to be married since they're both happy with", "Baby (musical) of them. While exercising together, Arlene tells Alan that she has been pregnant for about a month. While singing, they surmise that she must have gotten pregnant on their anniversary trip the night they both had too much champagne. Alan is ecstatic about having the child, while Arlene seems unsure. Meanwhile, Pam and Nick are ecstatic that Pam is finally pregnant. They sing to their unborn child about how loved it will be and how they will do everything for him or her. Arlene and Alan reminisce about their past. The three couples then sing together about the babies they", "Temperance \"Bones\" Brennan through the emotional fallout. In the second to last episode of season 6 Booth and Brennan had sex, consummating their relationship, and it is revealed in the last few moments of the season finale that as a result, Brennan has become pregnant, with Booth the father. Throughout the episode (\"The Change in the Game\") Brennan has been seen asking Angela questions and making comments that make her seem excited and apprehensive; when she sees that Booth is happy with the news, she also seems overjoyed. This reflects her earlier desire to become a mother, circa season 4, as well as", "Pam Ewing of the episode \"Jock's Trial, Part II\" in Season 3, in which Pamela's mother is pregnant with Pamela after the 1952 presidential election. The character of Pamela has been well received by television critics. Principal received a Golden Globe nomination in the category of \"Best Actress in a Television Series\" at the 40th Golden Globe Awards for her work as Pam. Principal was nominated for a \"Soap Opera Digest\" award for \"Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial\" in 1986. She also shared a nomination with Patrick Duffy for \"Favorite Super Couple: Prime Time\" in 1988.", "Baby Shower process of birth with a watermelon, as Michael (Steve Carell) wants to be prepared for Jan's (Melora Hardin) baby. The Party Planning Committee is planning Jan's baby shower, and collects money for a present, to which many employees are reluctant to donate. Angela (Angela Kinsey) makes a \"guess whose baby picture\" game for the shower, and she is angered when Andy (Ed Helms) unintentionally makes fun of her picture. Jim (John Krasinski) and Pam (Jenna Fischer) feel awkward trying to communicate with each other throughout the day, with Pam telling the documentary crew that the two of them were having", "Baby Shower 10. Baby Shower \"Baby Shower\" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the television series \"The Office\", and the show's seventy-sixth episode overall. The episode aired in the United States on October 16, 2008 on NBC. In this episode, Michael's ex-girlfriend Jan Levinson comes to the office for a baby shower, although she has already given birth, to her daughter Astrid. Her arrival causes Michael to be rude to his love interest Holly in order to fool Jan and causes Dwight to spend most of his day testing out Jan's expensive new stroller. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) acts out", "Rosanna Cabot could. A few weeks later, Meg was indeed pregnant. Both Craig and Rosanna were happy about this, until Rosanna learned that Megs baby wasn't Craig's, but Paul's. Rosanna switched the result of the tests that were done to find out who the father was. Meg and Craig heard that Craig was the father and once again, Rosanna felt safe now that Meg was bonded to Craig. Unfortunately for Rosanna, Craig found out the truth and discovered that Meg had cheated on him and the baby was Paul's. Craig fell back into his old habits and is currently looking for medication", "The Delivery (The Office) part two is written by Charlie Grandy and directed by Harold Ramis. The episode received mixed reviews from critics and came first in its time slot helping NBC be third highest rated network of the night. Pam (Jenna Fischer) and Jim (John Krasinski) both acquire sales while making small talk about their baby's upcoming birth. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) wants to do the same and asks Angela (Angela Kinsey) to have a baby with him. Angela is initially excited, but gets annoyed with Dwight making a parenting contract with absurd demands he wants her to agree to. Michael (Steve Carell) anxiously", "The Delivery (The Office) time to leave for the hospital). Pam finally acquiesces and Michael drives her and Jim to the hospital, with Dwight \"escorting\" them. Pam realizes she has forgotten her iPod with her desired birth music on it so they request that Dwight retrieve it from their house, asking that he not \"touch anything\". After 19 hours of labor Cecelia Marie Halpert is born at 1:21 pm, weighing in at 7 lbs 2oz. Pam's breastfeeding does not go well, and though a male lactation consultant (Lee Kirk, Jenna Fischer's husband, and at that time Jenna's fiance) is summoned to provide apparently successful", "Eva Price \"ultimate 'diva' revenge\" after discovering Aidan and Maria's affair. On 20 June 2017, it was revealed that Eva would discover that she's pregnant with Aidan's baby around the same time she discovers Aidan's affair with Maria. In an interview with \"Digital Spy\", Tyldesley said: \"If she'd found out she was pregnant a week previous, it would have been all she'd ever wanted. That was her goal – to meet a Prince Charming, settle down and have a family, but now she's discovered this, it's even more heartbreaking. She can't even begin to get her head round the fact that she's", "Pam Ewing and Bobby for her mother's death. Pam leaves Bobby and they divorce in the fall of 1983. By 1985, Bobby and Pam realize that they want to be together. Bobby proposes, Pam accepts and they spend the night together. The next day, Bobby is tragically cut down by a car driven by her half-sister, Katherine Wentworth, and dies hours later, leaving Pam heartbroken. Pam goes on to make television history by dreaming Bobby's death. Pam awakes and finds Bobby in the shower, alive and well. Pam receives good news at the end of the 1986–87 season finale: she is finally", "Creed Bratton (character) confused, Creed can be seen becoming emotional. In \"Double Date\", when Pam tries to avoid the launch with Micheal and his Mom by faking to have lost a load of paper, Creed appears worried. When Jim announces that everything is fine, Creed says that \"Something is up\" and \"That load was never supposed to arrive\" In \"Murder\", Creed shows up late to work and steps in during the middle of the office's murder mystery game. When Michael tells him that they have discovered a murder and he is a suspect, Creed steps out under the guise of settling at his", "Pam's Replacement and received a 3.0 rating/7% share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 marking a slight drop in the ratings from the previous episode, \"Doomsday\". Pam Halpert (Jenna Fischer) trains a temporary worker Cathy Simms (Lindsey Broad) so that she can take her place when she goes on maternity leave. In the break room, the other workers discuss how attractive Cathy is and how excited they are to have her in the office. Pam, being well into her pregnancy, is sensitive about her looks and so becomes offended by their discussion. Most of them respond by assuring Pam", "Poppy Montgomery on \"Without a Trace\" in the season-five episode \"At Rest\" as Brian Donovan, Samantha's love interest for the rest of the series. In June 2007, Montgomery announced her pregnancy with Kaufman, which was written into season six. In December 2007, she gave birth to their son Jackson Phillip. Montgomery's \"Without a Trace\" co-star Anthony LaPaglia became Jackson's godfather. On 10 October 2011 in \"Life & Style\", Montgomery and Kaufman were reported to have separated. In late 2011, Montgomery began dating Shawn Sanford, director of lifestyle marketing for Microsoft, whom she met in Puerto Rico. In April 2013, she gave birth", "Angela Martin Angela to have his baby. The two write up a contract and plan to have a baby together, but in \"Happy Hour\", Dwight hooks up with Pam's friend Isabel, and tells Angela he doesn't want her to have his baby. In \"The Chump\" the two call in a lawyer, and Angela refuses to release him from the contract unless he agrees to have sex with her five times. She later voids the contract after meeting Senator Robert Lipton. After she gives birth (Jury Duty), Dwight realizes the baby was conceived before her marriage to Robert and makes the assumption that", "Pam's Replacement Lindsey Broad, and her character was described as \"Pam’s competent and likable pal,\" Cathy. She appeared in a recurring role in the eighth season. The episode also relates to Pam's pregnancy. Jenna Fischer was actually pregnant and her pregnancy was written into the series with Pam and Jim having their second baby. The man who played Robert's skilled drummer friend is Steve Moore, better known as \"The Mad Drummer\" for the viral video he featured in, \"This drummer is at the wrong gig\". In its original American broadcast, \"Pam's Replacement\" was viewed by an estimated 5.96 million viewers and received", "Company Picnic and 49. Alan Sepinwall of \"The Star-Ledger\" described the episode as \"a great end to what may have been my favorite season of \"The Office\" to date.\" He said the episode included great laughs and sublime dramatic moments, including Michael's moment with Holly after the sketch and the silent moment in which Jim learns Pam is pregnant. Sepinwall said Jim's moment of composing himself in the hallway after calling Dwight in that scene was, \"Maybe Krasinski's single best moment on the series to date.\" Margaret Lyons of \"Entertainment Weekly\" said she had \"some mixed feelings\" about the episode and wished", "Baby Shower Baby Shower \"Baby Shower\" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the television series \"The Office\", and the show's seventy-sixth episode overall. The episode aired in the United States on October 16, 2008 on NBC. In this episode, Michael's ex-girlfriend Jan Levinson comes to the office for a baby shower, although she has already given birth, to her daughter Astrid. Her arrival causes Michael to be rude to his love interest Holly in order to fool Jan and causes Dwight to spend most of his day testing out Jan's expensive new stroller. Dwight (Rainn Wilson) acts out the", "Debbie Dingle the explosion and the helicopter crash aired from 3 August 2015, and the helicopter crash leaves Debbie fighting for her life. In June 2015, Webb announced she was pregnant with her second child and took her maternity leave later that year. Debbie departed on 1 January 2016 and it was confirmed in December 2016 that Webb will make her return in January 2017. Her return scenes aired on 24 January 2017. For her portrayal of Debbie, Webb won the \"Best Young Actor\" award at the 2005 \"Inside Soap\" Awards. In 2007, Webb was nominated for \"Best Actress\" at the British", "Michael McBain Starr talking about her regrets, Marcie returns Hope to Starr to raise on June 15, 2009. Michael tells Marcie about an exciting job offer at Seattle Grace Hospital, and they decide to leave Llanview and start over. Waiting for a cab to pick them up on June 17, 2009, they are overjoyed when a home test reveals that Marcie is pregnant. Michael briefly returned in July 2009 to help Rex and Gigi to prove that Stacy was not Shane's stem cell donor, before he returned to Seattle to be with Marcie, where she gave birth to their son, whom they", "Betty Draper the Season 2 finale, Betty discovers she is pregnant. Although she brings up the subject of abortion with her doctor and has sex with a random man she picks up at a bar, at the end of the episode she asks Don to return home, and tells him she is pregnant. Season 3 begins with Betty in her third trimester, seemingly reconciled with Don. In Episode 5, she gives birth to Eugene Scott Draper, whom she names after her father. After giving birth, Betty comes to the quick realization that her dream of everything being perfect will never come true.", "Pam Ewing is innocent. Shortly after the pilot episode, Pam becomes pregnant with Bobby's child. However, she argues with a drunk J.R. and falls from the rafter of a barn, prompting her to miscarry the baby. After her miscarriage, much of the hostility from the family evaporates, with the exception of J.R. He openly despises her and her brother. In 1979, Pam is told by Digger's doctor that Digger was a carrier of neurofibromatosis, and that she and Cliff, as his children, were carriers; as neurofibromatosis is a potentially fatal disease to infants. Ironically, Pam soon discovers she is pregnant again. As", "Nick Tilsley him straight. She then leaves the street to look after her mother. When Erica returns, she tells Nick that she is pregnant and he decides to be there for Erica. At a pub quiz in May 2015, Erica has stomach pains and she is rushed to hospital, where Nick and Erica learn that she has had a miscarriage. In July 2015, Nick soon starts a relationship with Carla and he helps her get help for her gambling addiction. In December 2015, Carla later proposes to Nick and Nick accepts. The next day, Nick gathers his and Carla's families together and", "Mike Delfino a big, expensive wedding. In Season Four, Mike and Susan discovered that she was pregnant (result of WB). Mike told Susan that he had never been happier but problems arose when Julie asked for permission to go to a party. Susan agreed but Mike said no as he'd seen some crazy parties at the house in question. Susan agreed with Mike but later told Julie she could go but asked her not to tell Mike, wanting him to feel part of the decision-making process, and Julie went. Later that night, after Mike said he had driven past the house and", "Lin Blakley for their characters to leave the Square. There is still plenty more drama to come from the Cokers before they leave Walford.\" Pam departed in the episode broadcast on 14 October. Blakely filmed two appearances for the soap in 2017 and Pam appeared in the episodes broadcast on 25 May and 22 June. Pam made another appearance in the soap in February 2018. Blakley married founding member of the 1960s pop band The Tremeloes, Alan Blakley in 1969. Two years later they had a daughter, Kirsten, who would become the lead singer in indie band named Little Spitfire, and in", "Melissa Hastings from shopping, and drops a bag. Spencer picks it up, discovering an ovulation test. Melissa confesses to sister that she is trying to start a family. Ian overhears and seems a bit unhappy, stating they \"planned to keep it a secret.\" Melissa assures her husband that Spencer is capable of withholding information. Thomas replies, \"I know she can\", alluding to the fact that Melissa is still in the dark about the kiss that occurred between her husband and sister. During a later episode, Melissa announces a pregnancy. Her relationship with Spencer takes a turn for the worst when Spencer comes", "Denise Sherwood and nearly committed suicide with it. Frank and Denise returned home in time to intervene and were forced to let the MPs take him and admit him to a psychiatric ward. After Roxy has a miscarriage in Season 4, Denise finds out she's pregnant (this was due to the actress Catherine Bell becoming pregnant in real life). She tells Frank by giving him a box with a mobile in it when he's in bed. In \"Army Strong\", Denise finds out that they are expecting a girl. She and Frank plan to name their daughter Molly. In the season finale, Denise", "Spencer Moon leaves her pregnant. Spencer soon warms to the idea of being a father but a horrified Vicki has an abortion behind his back. Spencer finds it difficult to forgive her, but eventually does on New Year's Eve 2003, when they are both stranded on the Scottish moors following a motor accident. Vicki tries to set Spencer up with Kelly, locking them in the office at nightclub Angie's Den. After initially arguing, and a revelation from Kelly that she only slept with him out of pity, they being talking. When Vicki lets them out, she finds them kissing. During the summer,", "Phyllis Vance frequently describes her as non-feminine and old, despite having been classmates with her in high school. She was also apparently very promiscuous in high school, which resulted in an unplanned pregnancy. The baby was given up for adoption, and was first mentioned in the season seven episode \"Goodbye, Michael\". Where Michael said he knew a secret about Phyllis, but apparently did not know about the baby. The baby was implied to be a girl because Erin Hannon later approached Phyllis to take a maternity test since she was born in the same year and area as her child, but the", "Cheers (season 3) and Shelley Long were announced after at least four episodes of the season were completed. Perlman's second pregnancy was incorporated into the show by having her character, Carla Tortelli, become pregnant again (with another man, not her ex-husband Nick as in the series' first season). Long's character's (Diane Chambers') unmarried pregnancy was considered, with the father of her child either Sam or Frasier. However, the producers felt that incorporating Long's pregnancy into the show would adversely impact her character and the romantic storyline. Therefore, Long's pregnancy was concealed by either putting her behind a bar stool or filming her above", "Phillip Spaulding their separate lives. In 2000, the unexpected happened: Beth found herself pregnant with Phillip's child. Convinced Phillip would leave Harley to marry her again, Beth told him about the child. When Phillip refused to marry her, she became afraid Jim would leave her and threatened to have an abortion if Phillip told anyone the child was his. And so worried about Beth's state of mind (as well as his own marriage), Phillip reluctantly agreed to keep the child's true paternity a secret while Beth married Jim, Phillip giving the bride away. Their tryst wasn't a complete secret: the missing video", "Samantha Fitzgerald to fall pregnant that month and no one would have to know about her lie. When Sam became aware that Dan was about to find out the truth, she told him she had suffered another miscarriage. Buchanan told Jackie Brygel of \"TV Week\", \"With each day that Sam's off her medication, she becomes more and more paranoid about Dan's feelings for Libby. Sam's really not thinking straight and she's going into a manic phase. Everything is falling apart around her, but it's very difficult for her to realise she's going down.\" When Libby found out about Sam's lie, she decided", "Patrick Jane love affair secret from their team members. In the series finale, White Orchids, Jane proposes to Lisbon and she tearfully accepts. In a simple ceremony, Patrick and Teresa exchange vows in front of family and friends, on the land Jane has purchased for their future home. At the end of the episode, Teresa turns to Patrick and says, \"There's something I need to tell you\". Patrick looks down to see Teresa's hand on her belly. He is rapt with joy as Teresa confirms she is pregnant with the newlyweds' first child together. Jane characteristically wears a three-piece suit with no", "Peggy Olson Junior Copywriter, heading up the new Clearasil account. Just after receiving the promotion, Peggy begins experiencing severe abdominal pain; she attributes it to a \"bad sandwich\" from the office cart and heads to St. Mary's Hospital in Brooklyn. She is shocked and in denial when informed she's actually in labor. As she gets up to leave, she collapses, and the hospital staff moves her into a hospital room in labor and delivery. She gives birth to a healthy baby boy, whom she refuses to hold or look at. Season 2 begins 15 months later, on February 14, 1962, with a", "Bobby Simpson (Home and Away) marriage the green light and they married. Dickson later stated: \"Everyone wanted to sort of see them finally get together because Bobby was keen on him for such a long time.\" Concluding that their marriage served as relief to everyone because Bobby finally got her happy ending. In 1990, Bobby discovers she is pregnant. Though in the 1991 series return episode, Bobby is told she has miscarried her unborn baby. Dickson said the scenes were \"very harrowing\". Bobby tries \"to keep calm\" throughout her ordeal. In a March 1995, a \"TV Week\" reporter revealed that Dickson had reprised the role", "Meg Griffin episode \"Stewie Kills Lois\", Peter tells guests on a cruise ship about how he and Lois had gone to get an abortion but decided against it when they arrived at the clinic and found out the abortionist had one hand. He then says \"two and a half months later, our daughter Meg was born\" – indicating that they had tried to abort her when Lois was already over six months pregnant. Another hint to this is when Meg is in the car with Lois and at an attempt to make civilized conversation, says, \"Hey Meg, did you know that if", "Pam Ewing able to conceive a baby, after confirming that there would be no health risks involved. However, she never gets that chance. While calling her husband to tell him the good news, she is in a massive auto accident where she hits an oil tanker and is severely burned in a subsequent fire. While recovering from her burns, she decides to get away from the Ewings and everyone else, including her son, disappear and divorce Bobby for a second time. Pam made a brief appearance in the season 12 premiere, with a different appearance as a result of plastic surgery (which", "Wish Me Luck a hidden agenda, and Colin rouses the suspicions of a young milice officer. He later finds her searching his rooms and has to shoot her. Colin is in shock at the beginning of Episode 3. Vivien and Gordon hastily get rid of the milicienne's body. Emily's pregnancy is confirmed, much to Cad's fury, but she decides to have an abortion so as to continue her work. Vivien's secret is revealed: 19 years ago she had a baby in France and released her for adoption; she seeks the help of a priest in trying to trace her - but he appears", "Katja Brandner can't lie any longer to Lydia and that she needs to know. Several times, Sebastian is short before to tell her everything, but refuses always in the last moment. Katja and Sebastian come to the end, that it's for the best, when Lydia doesn't know about their night. But then, Katja gets sick and has the deep feeling that she might be pregnant. When she takes a test, Katja finds herself in a bad position. She is pregnant! And the child could be from Sebastian or her husband Matthias. Matthias, who already knows that she betrayed him, but doesn't now", "Jordan McDeere try, the first to buy.\" In \"B-12\", Jordan tells Danny Tripp that she is pregnant. Jordan's pregnancy was written into the script following the September news of Peet's real-life pregnancy. The father is her ex-boyfriend who had previously given Jordan the information that Danny had failed his drug test, which led to his and Matt's being signed to Studio 60. During the final episode of 2006, Tripp announced to McDeere that he intended to pursue her romantically, to which she gave no reply (possibly due to having a mouth full of food at the time). In Harriet Dinner Part II,", "Jan Levinson fight over each other's eccentricities and Jan throws a Dundie Award at his cheap plasma television before breaking down and nearly being arrested on a destruction of property charge. The two split up, with Michael staying at Schrute Farms a few weeks until Jan packed up her things (mostly Michael's, it turns out) and moves away for good. Jan is seen again in the fourth-season finale, in which she is revealed to be pregnant via artificial insemination. Michael goes to her Lamaze classes when Jan asks him to (where he apparently annoyed the teacher) and is incredibly excited to be", "Angela Martin pleased expression on her face). In \"Viewing Party\", she and Dwight agree to have sex during the night as part of their contract. However, Pam and Jim prevent him from going to Angela due to the fact that their baby seems to be attracted to Dwight, so she's left waiting in the back seat of her car, visibly topless when Pam comes out to see her. In \"WUPHF.com\", Dwight's hay festival distracts him from fulfilling a request for sex from Angela (per their contract). Angela's at her most irritated when she meets a charming, friendly single father named Robert Lipton", "Vicki Fowler in the 1980s. Johnson quit the role in 2004. The media was generally critical about the character upon her return due to her American accent and its sudden disappearance. During the character's original stint, a storyline featuring Vicki being kidnapped was criticised due to its coincidental airing alongside the real-life abduction and murder of toddler James Bulger. 16-year-old Michelle Fowler gets pregnant in 1985 after a one-night stand with her best friend Sharon's (Letitia Dean) father, Den Watts (Leslie Grantham). Her family decide Michelle should have an abortion but she refuses, keeping the baby but keeping the father's name a", "Phyllis Vance Andy Bernard proposed to her at the party and she accepted. This made Phyllis the fourth person made aware of the intimate relationship between Dwight and Angela, after Pam, Jim and Ryan found out along the way. In the fifth-season premiere, \"Weight Loss,\" it is revealed that Phyllis has parlayed her secret knowledge of Dwight and Angela's renewed affair into the head spot on party-planning committee, which allows a role reversal in the group's meetings; Phyllis is shown calling the shots about party details, to which Angela quietly, if grudgingly, acquiesces. In \"Baby Shower\" Phyllis gloats further about gaining the", "Christmas Wishes (The Office) directed by cast member Ed Helms, making his directorial debut. The episode also marks the fourth appearance of Lindsey Broad who plays Cathy, Pam's replacement during her maternity leave. She appeared in a recurring role for the season and she initially appeared in \"Pam's Replacement\". Due to Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy, Pam did not appear in the episode. The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include shoots of several of the staff member's Christmas wishes being revealed, Dwight and Jim's pranks start turning on Cathy, and Meredith hitting on a newly", "Laurel Thomas pneumonia and Laurel is distraught when she finds that Ashley only has days to live. She brings him back home. On 7 April 2017, Ashley wakes up and recognises Laurel, who is overjoyed. However, she is devastated when she finds Ashley dead a minute later. In 2004, Bellamy announced she was pregnant with her first child. Laurel was briefly written out while she took maternity leave. Bellamy did not have to hide her pregnancy while filming. In 2006, Bellamy announced her second pregnancy and took maternity leave in 2007. Her pregnancy was written into Laurel's storylines. In 2009, Bellamy announced", "Jackson Avery can deal with his own grief. After discussions over the phone via Facetime, Kepner tells Avery that she is extending her service time. The sound of gunfire and explosions are heard at April's base camp, leaving her to quickly terminate the call. On Valentine's Day, Kepner returns to the hospital, where she and Avery embrace in the foyer. In season 12, their marriage begins to fall apart and they grow estranged. In episode 11, they file for a civil divorce. After their divorce is completed, Kepner reveals that she is pregnant with Avery's child. In Season 14 Jackson begins a", "The List (The Office) to tears throughout the day. Angela is also pregnant, having married the state senator Robert Lipton over the summer, and says that she's \"Little Preg\" to Pam's \"Big Preg\". When Jim picks up his things to leave for the day, he \"accidentally\" drops a piece of paper. Pam picks it up and sees Jim's personal winners and losers list: Pam, Cece and their new baby are on the left, and the words \"everything else\" is written on the right. Pam tearfully vows to frame it. The episode was written and directed by executive producer B. J. Novak, who also portrays", "Patrick Drake and Robin Scorpio sex, but that she just wants him to hold her. Caught in a moment, they end up making love. That night, a condom breaks and Robin becomes pregnant, although she is unaware of this until weeks later. Dr. Kelly Lee tells Robin that the date of conception would have to be sometime around Christmas, which was around the time when Patrick and Robin had sex. Robin, worried that Patrick now has HIV, is about to tell him, but when she walks into the locker room she hears Dr. Julian tell Patrick that the HIV test he took (after he realizes", "Kelly Cramer becomes pregnant. While out of town in 2004, Kelly lost the baby and was sent onto the verge of a breakdown. Meanwhile, Kelly's half-brother Paul Cramer finds himself delivering the babies of both his ex-wife Babe Carey and her friend Bianca Montgomery during a rainstorm in nearby Pine Valley on March 24, 2004. Paul stages a crash with his MEDEVAC helicopter and takes Babe's son for Kelly, who is desperate for a child to save her marriage and has not yet told Kevin about the miscarriage. Paul initially tells Babe that the child had died in the accident; threatened at", "Angela Martin to Pam's chagrin who wanted that name for her son). Angela claims that he was born prematurely, but when her co-workers visit her at the hospital and see how large the baby is, she is forced to admit that the baby was conceived before her wedding. This leads Dwight to suspect that the baby may be his, but later in \"New Guys\", it is revealed that Dwight is not the father. In \"The Whale\", Angela suspects that Robert is cheating on her and after confiding this to Oscar, they follow Robert to his gym. When they see Robert acting intimately", "Philip DeFranco Season 8 Episode 6, \"I Do...Does Dad?\", airdate January 16, 2015. On October 8, 2013, DeFranco and Lindsay announced they were expecting their first child in April. Their son, named Philip James \"Trey\" DeFranco III, was born on April 22, 2014. Their wedding took place on March 7, 2015, and was noted for being amply captured on social media. On February 24, 2017, the couple announced they were expecting a second son in September. Carter William DeFranco was born on September 8, 2017. Philip DeFranco Philip James DeFranco (born Philip James Franchini Jr.; born December 1, 1985), sometimes known online", "Lori Grimes leads her to have a sexual relationship with Shane, which she deeply regrets afterward. She continually brushes off Shane's attempts at advancing and ignores him even more when Rick miraculously arrives at their campsite. Lori soon finds out, after counting her missed periods, that she is pregnant; however, she hesitates to tell anybody until after Shane's death and their move back onto the road. Lori faces typical pregnancy issues such as morning sickness and mood swings throughout the first few months of her term. She and everyone else find relative stability at an abandoned prison, with hot showers, supplies, and", "Pam Beesly in hand-drawn works. In \"Two Weeks\", Pam agrees to become Michael's first saleswoman in his not-yet-established company, The Michael Scott Paper Co., as a supportive Jim looks on. When David Wallace makes an offer to buy the company Michael negotiates in order to get their jobs at Dunder Mifflin back instead, including adding Pam to the sales team. In \"Company Picnic\", Pam, after dominating the company volleyball tournament, injures her ankle during a game and is taken to the hospital against her wishes. At the hospital, the camera crew is stationed outside an exam room while a doctor updates Jim", "Diane Chambers Sam or Frasier as its father. However, the producers found the pregnancy idea undesirable and scrapped it. Instead, Diane became without child, and scenes of Diane and Frasier in Europe were filmed before Long's pregnancy manifested. During the third season, Long was filmed from either above her waist or standing behind the bar to disguise her pregnancy. In March 1985, she gave birth to a baby girl. Les Charles said that he felt, if her character was pregnant with Sam's child and did not marry Sam, she would be seen as unsympathetic, and he did not want the character to", "Jury Duty (The Office) the sixth season, there was no episode focusing on the baby's birth; it was instead announced on a blog. According to showrunner Paul Lieberstein, she will come back \"with very little fanfare\". The episode also marks the seventh appearance of Lindsey Broad, who plays Cathy, Pam's replacement during her maternity leave. She appeared in a recurring role for the season, after she initially appeared in \"Pam's Replacement\". The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode. Notable cut scenes include Andy getting a friend of his, who starred in the Scranton production of \"Sweeney Todd\", to", "The Janus List and watch as Ashby finally succumbs to his injuries and dies despite the doctors attempting to save him. At the house, the brothers discuss Ashby’s life and death with Alan while toasting Ashby's memory. Diane Farr's baby was born in March, enabling her to return to \"Numb3rs\" for the end of season three. She was pregnant throughout season three, and Farr's character was written out several episodes before \"The Janus List\". When asked about writing out Megan temporarily, creator Cheryl Heuton told Michael Ausiello that Megan's posting ended when Farr felt ready to return and that Megan's posting would affect", "Meredith Lord she is pregnant. He breaks the news to Meredith and then marries Karen to prevent her from having a dangerous and potentially fatal back-alley abortion. The character of Pat Matthews (Susan Trustman) on \"Another World\" had the soaps' first abortion in 1964, and suffered the consequence of sterility, until she underwent a procedure and was then able to conceive. Abortion was still illegal in the United States in 1969 when the character of Karen Martin was pregnant, and would remain so until \"Roe v Wade\" in 1973, when the \"All My Children\" character Erica Kane (Susan Lucci) would undergo the", "Gettysburg (The Office) The episode also marks the second appearance of Lindsey Broad, who plays Cathy, Pam's replacement during her maternity leave. She appeared in a recurring role for the season. Due to Jenna Fischer's actual pregnancy, \"Gettysburg\" would be the last episode of 2011 to feature Pam. The episode was not filmed on location in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. \"The A.V. Club\" reviewer Myles McNutt noted that the writers' used Andy's \"overeager qualities\" to have the office group skip the official tour, allowing for \"some random California heritage site\" to stand in for the real Gettysburg. The Season Eight DVD contains a number of", "Natasha Blakeman of many women that Nick has been involved with. Despairing at Nick's lack of commitment, her problems worsen when she learns that she is pregnant in August. She is about to tell Nick this but he ends their relationship first as he feels she is too needy. Later, Natasha sees Nick and Leanne together at the factory and angrily tells him about the baby but Nick is angry that she didn't tell him sooner and storms off. Fearing she'd be a single parent, Natasha has an abortion but Nick visits Natasha, telling her that he wants them to be a", "Nick Jordan (character) brings it up with her, she breathes a sigh of relief believing her secret is out, but she soon realizes that he only knows about the fertility treatment; not about the pregnancy. Nick discovers the real truth about the pregnancy when Zoe tells him after he says that he has something also to focus on now. Nick later rebuffs Zoe in recess. The couple then break up. On 6 November Jordan is forced to operate on a bulimic patient in spite of the fact that he is not supposed to, at the end of a shift in a meeting with", "Rebecca Harper too close to Rebecca for Justin's comfort. Rebecca and Justin are now engaged at the end of season 3 \"Mexico\". This season sees Rebecca still working at Ojai Foods as she plans her wedding with Justin. In Episode 7, she discovers she is pregnant but has yet to tell Justin. In the episode \"Pregnant Pause,\" she tells Kitty about her pregnancy. Justin hears the news through the grapevine and Rebecca confirms it. Justin tells her he is happy, while actually he begins to have second thoughts about everything. When their rehearsal dinner arrives, Rebecca and Justin have a huge argument", "Sara Tancredi women on TV right now\" and that she was given \"lot of latitude in establishing a sense of who [the character] is\". As the characterization of Sara continues to develop, Scheuring describes the character as \"one of [the series'] strongest components\". Towards the end of the production of the second season of \"Prison Break\", Callies' pregnancy was announced. With the pregnancy not incorporated into the show, the story was written in such a way to account for Sara's disappearance during Callies' maternity leave. At the time Paul Scheuring commented, \"It actually fits into what we were already planning.\" He also", "Dwight Schrute Delivery\", Dwight shows more signs of his begrudging friendship with Jim and Pam during Pam's pregnancy. In the episode, he is sent to the Halperts' house to retrieve Pam's iPod, while they are at the hospital. Instead of finding the iPod and bringing it back to her, Dwight completely rebuilds and repaints their kitchen, after discovering mold. He also advises Pam on how to keep her daughter, Cece, from crying, during \"Viewing Party\", by relating his child rearing experiences. Dwight's odd friendship with Pam is explored again in \"Doomsday\". At this point, Pam is the only one in the office", "Mindy Lewis portrait of Phillip as a clown—for $20, the picture led Rick and Mindy to right to Phillip and Beth. By January 1984, the group was back in Springfield and Mindy had fallen in love with Rick. Mindy discovered that she was pregnant by Phillip. Mindy told Rick the truth and he told Ed and Maureen while Mindy told her stepmother, Vanessa, and swore her to secrecy. Meanwhile, Phillip and Beth made plans for their February wedding. After Mindy changed her mind about having an abortion, Rick decided that the baby needed a father so he proposed but Mindy turned him", "Niagara (The Office) and after fumbling through several weak excuses Jim finally admits that Pam is pregnant. Meemaw then decides not to attend the wedding out of moral outrage. Michael later visits Meemaw in her hotel room. Despite his indelicate approach to the subject of sex, he establishes an instant rapport with Meemaw and convinces her to attend the wedding. Andy hosts a dance party in his room later that night, with the office staff attending. Andy punctures his scrotum trying to do a split. The guests rouse Pam, the only sober person, to take him to the hospital. Pam reluctantly agrees, but", "Angela Martin rest of the season that he's gay, which almost everyone eventually notices. Angela remains oblivious however. In the season 7 finale, he proposes to her and they're officially engaged (marking her second engagement on the show). It was confirmed by Angela Kinsey at the NBC Press Tour that she and Robert will have gotten married over the summer. In the season 8 premiere, it is revealed that Angela and Robert are married and she is pregnant. Angela tends to be somewhat abrasive towards other office workers, often outright insulting them. In the season 3 premiere, she expresses an open homophobia", "Angela Martin Oscar, who strongly believes that Robert is gay, shares his feelings with Pam and the rest of the office; Ryan Howard states that Robert is definitely gay because he liked a Facebook picture at 3 o'clock in the morning. The office eventually decides not to share their suspicions with Angela out of respect for her feelings, although Angela's constant obnoxious and upbeat attitude about her forthcoming nuptials annoys Pam to the point where she nearly tells Angela the truth about Robert before stopping herself short. Midway through season eight, in \"Jury Duty\", Angela gives birth to her son Philip (much", "Shannon Torrez later died out. Shannon Torrez lived just down the road from the Woods'. Later that evening, her husband, Rodney Beck, returned home from work, to check on Shannon, who had claimed to have just delivered her own baby that day. In the spring of 2006, Shannon told her husband and her family that she was pregnant. On the morning of September 15, Torrez, began to feel what she thought were symptoms of false labor. Rather than calling a doctor, Shannon said she went about her day, and went out to the barn to feed her animals. By the time she", "Brooke Logan Katie and hide her pregnancy from Bill. Eric refuses and urges her to come clean to both Katie and Bill. Taylor who has suspected that Brooke and Bill were having an affair finds out about the pregnancy. At a surprise birthday party for Brooke, Taylor tells the guests including Katie about the affair. By that time, Brooke's body had mysteriously \"absorbed\" the pregnancy according to her doctor and she was hoping it would never come out. In 2013, Katie goes missing shortly after giving birth to Will, and suffering from post-partum depression. Bill tracks Katie down in Aspen, Colorado, and", "Pam Ewing also doubled as an explanation for Margaret Michaels playing the role, rather than Victoria Principal). She tells her brother Cliff that she is happy in her new life and plans to marry her doctor. Later, after Cliff leaves, her doctor asks why she didn't tell Cliff that she has a terminal disease and only has a year to live. This was the character's final appearance in the series, although Pam was not immediately declared dead on the show. During the airing of J.R. Ewing's funeral on March 11, 2013, viewers learned that J.R. had been investigating Pam's disappearance before he", "Destiny Evans the hospital. Destiny, joined by Dani, Bo and Nora, and a clandestine Nate learn Matthew to be nearly brain dead with minimal chance of recovery. In summer 2011, Matthew's longtime friend Starr Manning (Kristen Alderson) finds Destiny with a pregnancy test which Destiny tells her is for a friend. With Matthew still sick and Starr and Dani suspecting her to be pregnant, Destiny takes the test, revealing her to have conceived Matthew's child. In August, Destiny receives permission to have an abortion from legal mother Phylicia. But, Nora soon learns the news of Destiny carrying her first grandchild and begs", "Two Weeks (The Office) Two Weeks (The Office) \"Two Weeks\" is the twenty-first episode of the fifth season of the television series \"The Office\", and the 93rd overall episode of the series. It originally aired on NBC in the United States on March 26, 2009. In this episode, Michael, who has given his two weeks' notice to Dunder Mifflin, tries to convince others in the office to quit and join him in starting a new paper company. Meanwhile, Pam spends her day trying to put together the new photocopier and becomes frustrated with her job. The episode was written by Aaron Shure and directed" ]

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[ "A man is outside by a building." ]

[ "A man is seated on a park bench in the open park.", "A father jumps on a bed while his son watches.", "Individual savings and pensions are not at all suitable for retirement savings.", "The Rose Bedroom was only created after Jackson's death.", "A person watches ongoing rail road construction.", "Correct, from one side to the other side.", "a girl splashing in the water" ]

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[ "Dorothy Howell Rodham Dorothy Emma Rodham (née Howell; June 4, 1919 – November 1, 2011) was an American homemaker and the mother of former First Lady, U.S. Senator, United States Secretary of State, and 2016 Democratic Presidential Nominee, Hillary Clinton.", "United States Secretary of State The Secretary of State is a senior official of the federal government of the United States of America, and as head of the U.S. Department of State, is principally concerned with foreign policy and is considered to be the U.S. government's equivalent of a Minister for Foreign Affairs." ]

[ "Helene A. von Damm Helene Antonia von Damm (born May 4, 1938) is a former United States diplomat and Ambassador to Austria who also worked as an assistant to President Ronald Reagan.", "Clinton House (Fayetteville, Arkansas) The Clinton House is a historic house museum at 930 West Clinton Drive in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Built in 1931, it was the first home of Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham while they both taught at the University of Arkansas School of Law and was where they married in 1975. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010.", "Bess Truman Elizabeth Virginia \"Bess\" Truman (born Wallace; February 13, 1885 – October 18, 1982) was the wife of U.S. President Harry S. Truman and First Lady of the United States from 1945 to 1953.", "Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration The foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration was the foreign policy of the United States from 1993 to 2001 under the Administration of President Bill Clinton. Clinton's main foreign policy advisors were Secretaries of State Warren M. Christopher and Madeleine Albright and National Security Advisors Anthony Lake and Sandy Berger.", "Francis L. Kellogg Francis L. Kellogg (January 5, 1917 – April 6, 2006) was a diplomat, a special assistant to the Secretary of State during the Nixon and Ford Administrations and a prominent socialite in New York City.", "Lillian Gordy Carter Bessie Lillian Gordy Carter (August 15, 1898 – October 30, 1983) was the mother of former President of the United States, Jimmy Carter. She was also known for her contribution to nursing in her home state of Georgia and as a Peace Corps volunteer in India as well as writing two books during the Carter presidency.", "Patricia Diaz Dennis Patricia Diaz Dennis (born October 2, 1946) is a United States lawyer who served as Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs 1992-93.", "Happy Rockefeller Margaretta Large Fitler Murphy \"Happy\" Rockefeller (June 9, 1926 – May 19, 2015) was a philanthropist and the second wife of the 49th Governor of New York and 41st Vice President of the United States, Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (1908–1979). She was First Lady of New York from her marriage to then-Governor Rockefeller in 1963 until he left office in 1973, and Second Lady of the United States from her husband's swearing in as Vice President on December 19, 1974 until his term ended on January 20, 1977.", "Nancy Walker Bush Ellis Nancy Walker Bush Ellis (born February 4, 1926) is the only sister of former U.S. President George H. W. Bush and aunt of former President George W. Bush and the former governor of Florida John Ellis \"Jeb\" Bush. Her parents were Prescott Sheldon Bush (1895–1972) and Dorothy Walker (1901–1992). Media consultant John Prescott Ellis and Josiah \"Joe\" Ellis, President and CEO of the Denver Broncos, are two of her four children. She is widowed and lives in Boston.", "Thomas E. Dewey Jr. Thomas Edmund Dewey Jr. (born October 2, 1932 in New York City, New York) is the elder son of the former governor of New York and two-time Republican presidential candidate, Thomas E. Dewey.", "Judith McHale Judith A. McHale is a former Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. Appointed by President Obama, she was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on May 21, 2009 and sworn in on May 26. She resigned effective July 1, 2011.", "Patience Jonathan Patience Faka Jonathan (born 25 October 1957) is a former First Lady of Nigeria and the wife of former President of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan. She has served as a permanent secretary in her native Bayelsa State.", "Mary E. Peters Mary E. Peters (born December 4, 1948) served as the United States Secretary of Transportation under President George W. Bush from 2006 to 2009. She is the second woman to hold the position after Elizabeth Dole.", "Hillary's Choice Hillary's Choice is a 1999 biography of Hillary Rodham Clinton, who at the time of publication was First Lady of the United States. Sheehy revealed much new detail regarding Clinton's girlhood and college days; her desire to balance family and career, and her tempestuous but tenacious personal relationship with her husband, President Bill Clinton.", "John Kerry John Forbes Kerry ( ; born December 11, 1943) is an American politician who served as the 68th United States Secretary of State from 2013 to 2017. A Democrat, he previously served Massachusetts in the United States Senate from 1985 to 2013. He was the Democratic nominee in the 2004 presidential election, losing to Republican incumbent George W. Bush.", "Craig T. Smith He was described by \"TIME\" magazine as \"something of an adopted son\" to President Bill Clinton and Hillary Clinton. He was the first hire of President Bill Clinton's successful campaign during the 1992 election. He began working for President Clinton while the later was governor of Arkansas.", "Betty Ford Elizabeth Ann \"Betty\" Ford (née Bloomer; April 8, 1918 – July 8, 2011) was First Lady of the United States from 1974 to 1977, as the wife of the 38th President of the United States, Gerald Ford. As First Lady, she was active in social policy and created precedents as a politically active presidential wife.", "Lady Randolph Churchill Lady Randolph Spencer-Churchill, (née Jennie Jerome; 9 January 1854 – 29 June 1921) was an American-born British socialite, the wife of Lord Randolph Churchill and the mother of British Prime Minister Sir Winston Churchill.", "Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Jacqueline Lee \"Jackie\" Kennedy Onassis (née Bouvier; ; July 28, 1929 – May 19, 1994) was the wife of the 35th President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, and First Lady of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.", "Jane Hadley Barkley Elizabeth Jane Rucker Hadley Barkley (September 23, 1911 – September 6, 1964) was Second Lady of the United States, as the second wife of Vice President Alben W. Barkley. She was known as Jane Hadley Barkley." ]

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[ "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels is a 1998 British-American crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, produced by Matthew Vaughn and starring an ensemble cast featuring Jason Flemyng, Dexter Fletcher, Nick Moran, Jason Statham, Steven Mackintosh, Vinnie Jones, and Sting. The story is a heist involving a self-confident young card sharp who loses £500,000 to a powerful crime lord in a rigged game of three card brag. To pay off his debts, he and his friends decide to rob a small-time gang who happen to be operating out of the flat", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Year. In 2000, Ritchie won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. In 2004, \"Total Film\" named it the 38th greatest British film of all time. Focus Features released the \"Locked n' Loaded Director's Cut\" in 2006. This version of the film contains more of each of the characters' backstories, and runs at a total time of 120 minutes. Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels is a 1998 British-American crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, produced by Matthew Vaughn and starring an ensemble cast", "Lock, Stock... Lock, Stock... Lock, Stock... is a seven-part British television crime drama series, co-written and created by Guy Ritchie, as a spin-off from his 1998 film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". The series first broadcast on Channel 4 on 29 May 2000 with a feature-length pilot, \"Lock, Stock and Four Stolen Hooves\". The series stars Daniel Caltagirone, Del Synnott, Scott Maslen and Shaun Parkes as close friends Moon, Jamie, Bacon and Lee, who run \"The Lock\", a public house in London. Each episode focuses on the four friends attempting a different business venture, and the comedy of errors that ensues.", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels the United States in 1999 but omitted nine tracks from the UK release. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Track omitted from 1999 US release. The production of the film followed Guy Ritchie's single short film which preceded \"Lock, Stock\". As stated in filmscouts.com:Although it was Ritchie's first feature, his previous short film \"The Hard Case\", was sufficiently impressive to secure interest not only from financial backers but also persuaded Sting to take the role of JD. \"I'd seen Guy's short film and was excited by the pace and energy in it. The way in which he handles violence and action appealed to me. I", "Lock, Stock... album featuring music used in the series was issued on 9 June 2000 via Virgin Records. The complete series was released on DVD Universal Studios for Region 2 on 4 December 2000. The series was later released by Siren Visual Entertainment for Region 4 in Australia. The series is also available to purchase as a box-set on iTunes. Lock, Stock... Lock, Stock... is a seven-part British television crime drama series, co-written and created by Guy Ritchie, as a spin-off from his 1998 film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". The series first broadcast on Channel 4 on 29 May 2000", "London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998 London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998 The 19th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1998, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 4 March 1999. \"Saving Private Ryan\" \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" \"Shall We Dance?\" • Japan Peter Weir - \"The Truman Show\" John Boorman - \"The General\" Andrew Niccol - \"The Truman Show\" and \"Gattaca\" Guy Ritchie - \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" Jack Nicholson - \"As Good as It Gets\" Cate Blanchett - \"Elizabeth\" Brendan Gleeson - \"The General\" Helena Bonham Carter - \"The Wings of the Dove\"", "London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998 Nigel Hawthorne - \"The Object of My Affection\" Peter Mullen - \"My Name Is Joe\" Alison Owen, Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner - \"Elizabeth\" London Film Critics Circle Awards 1998 The 19th London Film Critics Circle Awards, honouring the best in film for 1998, were announced by the London Film Critics Circle on 4 March 1999. \"Saving Private Ryan\" \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" \"Shall We Dance?\" • Japan Peter Weir - \"The Truman Show\" John Boorman - \"The General\" Andrew Niccol - \"The Truman Show\" and \"Gattaca\" Guy Ritchie - \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" Jack Nicholson -", "Dexter Fletcher Dexter Fletcher Dexter Fletcher (born 31 January 1966) is an English actor and director. He appeared in Guy Ritchie's film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", crime comedy \"Smoking Guns\" as well as television roles in such shows as the comedy-drama \"Hotel Babylon\", the HBO series \"Band of Brothers\", and earlier in his career, the children's show \"Press Gang\", and the film \"Bugsy Malone\". He also had a short-lived stint at presenting the third series of Channel 4's \"GamesMaster\" that aired between 1993 and 1994. Fletcher made his directorial debut with \"Wild Bill\" (2011), and also directed \"Sunshine On Leith\"", "Matthew Vaughn a film director. He later returned to London, and attended University College London studying anthropology and ancient history. He dropped out after a few weeks. Aged 25, Vaughn produced a low-budget thriller, \"The Innocent Sleep\" (1996), starring Annabella Sciorra and Michael Gambon. He continued as a producer on close friend Guy Ritchie's film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". The film was a critical, popular and financial success, earning Vaughn and Ritchie £9 million each. Vaughn would later produce Ritchie's \"Snatch\" and \"Swept Away\". Vaughn made his directorial debut in 2004 with \"Layer Cake\". The film was well received and", "Culture of the United Kingdom pattern for British-set romantic comedies, including \"Sliding Doors\" (1998) and \"Notting Hill\" (1999). Grant also made headlines for his high-profile relationship with Elizabeth Hurley, which was the focus of much attention in the British and international media. Guy Ritchie filmed the crime comedies \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) and \"Snatch\" (2000), both set in the London criminal underworld. London visual effects company The Mill produced the computer-generated imagery effects for Ridley Scott's \"Gladiator\" (2000); the film was dedicated to Oliver Reed who died during filming. The Mill created a digital body double for his remaining scenes. At the", "Lenny McLean drama \"The Knock\" and had a small part as a police chief in \"The Fifth Element\" (1997). His largest acclaimed role was in Guy Ritchie's \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), playing the part of 'Barry The Baptist'. During the filming of Guy Ritchie's \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" McLean was struck ill by what he believed to be the flu. He was subsequently diagnosed with pleurisy, although further X-ray examination proved he was suffering from lung cancer which had metastasised to his brain. He died shortly afterwards on 28 July 1998, in Bexley, London, a few weeks", "Vinnie Jones also currently Club President of non-league Soham Town Rangers. In 1998 Vinnie Jones made his film debut in Guy Ritchie's crime comedy \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", in which he played a mob enforcer, Big Chris. Jones was typecast in similar roles as criminals or villains, including the dapper gun-for-hire \"Bullet-Tooth Tony\" in Ritchie's 2000 follow up \"Snatch\". Jones became known to American audiences in the 2000 film remake of \"Gone in 60 Seconds\", in which he played \"Sphinx\". Although this was a major role with significant screen time, he only had one line of dialog because his character", "Police and Thieves Strummer and Paul Simonon of the Clash were involved in the rioting, which inspired them to cover the song on their debut album, in a style that they called \"'punk reggae', not 'white reggae'\". Murvin's version became a Top 30 UK hit in 1980, peaking at no. 23. It appeared in Ted Bafaloukos' 1978 film \"Rockers\", and also in Guy Ritchie's 1998 film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". The song has since been re-recorded by Murvin several times; A digital version appeared on a 1987 single produced by Prince Jammy, an acoustic version was included on the 2007 album", "Jason Flemyng Guy Ritchie's popular 1998 London gangster film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Flemyng later claimed to have lost so much money while playing poker with the film's backers in between takes on set that he had to work on the four days of re-shoots the film required for no fee. He went on to appear in films such as \"The Red Violin\" and \"Deep Rising\" (1998), \"Snatch\" (2000), George A. Romero's \"Bruiser\" (2000) and \"Rock Star\" (2001). Flemyng also starred in the short film \"Feeling Good\", written by Dexter Fletcher, whom he met while working on \"Lock, Stock and", "Alan Ford (actor) 'Big' Basil Steel in \"Brian Pern: 45 Years of Prog & Roll\". In 1998, Ford narrated and appeared in the Guy Ritchie directed crime comedy \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", and, in 2000, he appeared in his most memorable role as crime boss 'Brick Top' in Ritchie's film \"Snatch\". Ford was featured in the 2010 music video \"For He's a Jolly Good Felon\" by Welsh rockers Lostprophets. In 2011 he starred as crime boss 'Carter' in the film noir \"Jack Falls\" alongside his \"Lock, Stock\" co-stars Jason Flemyng and Dexter Fletcher, while in 2014, he was cast in the", "Steven Mackintosh College and Dramawise Theatre School. He made his stage debut aged 12 at the Bush Theatre, London and then landed the lead role in the National Theatre production of \"Brighton Beach Memoirs.\" Mackintosh's first film appearance was in \"Prick Up Your Ears\". He went on to star in \"Memphis Belle\", \"Twelfth Night\", and David Leland's \"Land Girls\" with Rachel Weisz and Anna Friel. He played Winston in Guy Ritchie's film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". His other notable films include Roger Michell's \"The Mother\", \"The Jacket\", \"Good\" with Viggo Mortensen, \"\" and \"\". He played Tony in Rupert Wyatt's", "St George's Day (film) O'Neill, who reviewed the film for \"The Guardian\", stated that 'it's a low-budget film with enough ambition to take the action overseas, and it's nicely shot'. Joanna Ebuwa, who reviewed the film for \"Britflicks\", stated that 'this is the best British gangster film since \"Lock, Stock & Two Smoking Barrels\", it's thoroughly entertaining, funny, nostalgic and pokes fun at the police and the establishment. Harper has been studying from Guy Richie and is definitely one to watch'. Matthew Bond, who reviewed the film for the \"Daily Mail\", stated that it is 'littered with f-words, guns and genre cliches' and speculated", "Weekend World (album) originally released on a single in 1997. It's approximately 1 minute and 34 seconds shorter than the 1998 album version. The track \"Walk This Land (Smoking Barrel Mix)\" is identical to the mix from the 1998 release. \"Walk This Land (Edit)\" was featured in the Guy Ritchie film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Weekend World (album) Weekend World is the British drum and bass group E-Z Rollers' second album. It was released in 1998. In 1999, the album was re-released with two bonus tracks and slightly altered track listing and cover art. The 1999 release shifts the whole track", "Stephen Marcus Richard Harris in \"Savage Hearts\". In 1996 Marcus's agent arranged a meeting for a small low-budget movie with a then-unknown director named Guy Ritchie; Ritchie offered Marcus the role of Nick the Greek in \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" alongside Nick Moran, Vinnie Jones, Jason Statham and Matthew Vaughn. Three years later, the film was released and garnered a high level of success. \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" led to further movie roles. Marcus completed a small role in Alan Parker's \"Angela's Ashes\"; he played Bouchon in \"Quills\", alongside Kate Winslet, Michael Caine, Joaquin Phoenix and Geoffrey Rush;", "Guy Ritchie Guy Ritchie Guy Stuart Ritchie (born 10 September 1968) is an English filmmaker, businessman and occasional actor, known for his crime films. He left secondary school and got entry-level jobs in the film industry in the mid-1990s. Ritchie eventually went on to direct commercials. In 1995, he directed his first film, \"The Hard Case\", a 20-minute short that impressed investors who backed his first feature film, the crime comedy \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). He then directed another crime comedy, \"Snatch\" (2000). Ritchie's other films include \"Revolver\" (2005), \"RocknRolla\" (2008), \"Sherlock Holmes\" (2009), and its sequel \"\" (2011).", "Mean Machine (film) Mean Machine (film) Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick. It stars former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film \"The Longest Yard\", featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast who have starred in the Guy Ritchie blockbusters \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" and \"Snatch\". Danny \"The Mean Machine\" Meehan is a retired footballer and former captain of the England national football team, who was banned from football for life for fixing a match they played against Germany. After a", "Mean Machine (film) or perhaps that kind of football is inherently less cinematic than ours. It's certainly no less brutal.\" Mean Machine (film) Mean Machine is a 2001 British sports comedy film directed by Barry Skolnick. It stars former footballer Vinnie Jones. The film is an adaptation of the 1974 American film \"The Longest Yard\", featuring association football rather than American football. It also reunites most of the cast who have starred in the Guy Ritchie blockbusters \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" and \"Snatch\". Danny \"The Mean Machine\" Meehan is a retired footballer and former captain of the England national football team,", "Jason Flemyng Jason Flemyng Jason Iain Flemyng (born 25 September 1966) is an English actor. Flemyng is known for his film work, which has included roles in British films such as \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) and \"Snatch\" (2000), both for Guy Ritchie, as well as Hollywood productions such as \"Rob Roy\" (1995), the Alan Moore comic book adaptations \"From Hell\" (2001) and \"The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen\" (2003), and \"The Curious Case of Benjamin Button\" (2008). He has also appeared in prominent roles in both theatre and television in the UK. Flemyng speaks French fluently, and has made three", "Snatch (film) \"Though perhaps a case of style over substance, Guy Ritchie's second crime caper is full of snappy dialogue, dark comedy, and interesting characters.\" On Metacritic, the film has a score 55 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\". \"Snatch\" also appears on Empire magazine's 2008 poll of the 500 greatest movies of all time at number 466. While the film received mostly positive reviews, several reviewers commented negatively on perceived similarities in plot, character, setting, theme and style between \"Snatch\" and Ritchie's previous work, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". In his review, Roger Ebert", "Lenny McLean feared figure, he often associated with such people as the Kray twins, Henry Simpson, Ronnie Biggs and Charles Bronson. He was also known in the London nightclub scene as a bouncer, where he often managed security. In his later life, McLean became an actor, playing Barry The Baptist in Guy Ritchie's 1998 British gangster comedy film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Lenny McLean was born into a large working-class family in Hoxton in the East End of London. His father, Leonard McLean senior, had been a Royal Marine during the Second World War, but after being debilitated by a", "Jason Flemyng young people with cancer charity CLIC Sargent with comedians Reece Shearsmith, Steve Pemberton, Helen Lederer and David Baddiel. For nine years, Flemyng and actress Lena Headey were a couple; the relationship ended in 2001. Flemyng married Elly Fairman in the summer of 2008, in Tuscany, Italy. Flemyng enjoys long-distance running and has completed several marathons. Jason Flemyng Jason Iain Flemyng (born 25 September 1966) is an English actor. Flemyng is known for his film work, which has included roles in British films such as \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) and \"Snatch\" (2000), both for Guy Ritchie, as well", "P. H. Moriarty P. H. Moriarty Patrick H. \"P.H.\" Moriarty, 27 February 1939, Deptford, London) is an English actor, known for his role as 'Razors' in John Mackenzie's \"The Long Good Friday\". Moriarty came to acting late in life, he had worked as a boxer and a docker previously. He began acting when he was discovered by a film crew shooting a scene on the English docks. As well as being known for his role as 'Razors' in John Mackenzie's \"The Long Good Friday\" (1979; released 1981), he also portrayed 'Hatchet Harry' in Guy Ritchie's \"Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), Gurney", "Revolver (2005 film) \"The chess game has many mystical meanings. The Temple of Solomon was chequered like a chess board, which has 64 squares and 32 pieces.\" The lift that Jake enters near the end of the movie has buttons for 32 floors. The dollar bills shown in Jack's money bags have a denomination of 23. According to director Guy Ritchie, the music for the film was initially intended to follow in a similar vein to his previous crime movies, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" and \"Snatch\", in that it was to be primarily source-based (i.e. using non-original music). Those source tracks", "Daniel Caltagirone \"Friends\" for a role in \"The One with Ross's Wedding\", shot mostly in London. In 1999, he was cast by Guy Ritchie as one of the leads in \"Lock Stock\", the TV spin off to hit British film \"Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Caltagirone then starred in Roman Polanski's \"The Pianist\" which went on to win an array of international awards, including Academy Awards for Best Actor, Best Director and Best Screen Play. In 2003 he appeared in \"Lara Croft Tomb Raider: The Cradle of Life\" with Angelina Jolie and Gerard Butler. Shortly after finishing filming on \"Tomb Raider\"", "John Murphy (composer) with Guy Ritchie on his film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", Michael Mann's \"Miami Vice\", Matthew Vaughn's \"Kick-Ass\" and scoring various films by Danny Boyle. His instrumental tracks \"In the House – In a Heartbeat\" from \"28 Days Later\" and \"Adagio in D Minor\" from \"Sunshine\" have been featured in a variety of TV shows, commercials and film trailers. Born in Liverpool, England, Murphy began composing music for films in the early 1990s and scored his first hit with \"Leon the Pig Farmer\". Together with former OMD member David Hughes, he worked on several successful British movies, enjoying particular" ]

[ "Lock, stock, and barrel not have to go from craftsman to craftsman to get it finished. \"Lock Stock & Barrel\" is a book dealing with the restoration and repair of antique firearms, in two volumes. Lock, stock, and barrel is also referenced in the title of the British crime film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), as well as in the TV film \"Lock, Stock and Barrel\" (1971). Officer Lockstock and Officer Barrel are two characters from \"Urinetown: the Musical\". Another musical that used it was the animated musical \"The Nightmare Before Christmas\" by Tim Burton featured three infamous children, the 'Trick or", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels next door. The film brought Ritchie international acclaim and introduced actors Jones, a former Wales international footballer, and Statham, a former diver, to worldwide audiences. Based on a $1.35 million budget, the film had a box office gross of over $28 million, making it a commercial success. A television series, \"Lock, Stock...\", followed in 2000, running for seven episodes including the pilot. Long-time friends and small-time criminals Eddy, Tom, Soap, and Bacon put together £100,000 so that Eddy, a genius card sharp, can buy into one of \"Hatchet\" Harry Lonsdale's high-stakes three card brag games. The game is rigged however,", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels A one-hour documentary of the production of the film was released featuring much of the cast along with Ritchie. The film was released on 28 August 1998 in the United Kingdom, and on 5 March 1999 in the United States. Its total gross in the US was $3,753,929. John Ferguson, writing for the \"Radio Times\", called the film \"the best British crime movie since \"The Long Good Friday\"\". The film has ratings of 77% on Rotten Tomatoes and 66 on Metacritic. The film was nominated for a British Academy Film Award in 1998 for the outstanding British Film of the", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels the duffel bag, from which he has taken all the money for himself and his son, and which is empty except for a catalogue of antique weapons. After leafing through the catalogue, the friends learn that the shotguns are actually quite valuable, and quickly call Tom. The film ends with Tom's mobile phone, stuffed in his mouth, ringing as he hangs over the side of a bridge, preparing to drop the shotguns into the River Thames. The soundtrack to the film was released in 1998 in the United Kingdom by Island Records. Madonna's Maverick Records label released the soundtrack in", "Lock, Stock... Ralph Brown also stars as local gangland boss Miami Vice. \"Lock, Stock...\" was Ginger Productions' first commission for television. The series prominently featured the use of the rhyming slang of London's East End, making it harder for some viewers to comprehend. In Australia, the series first aired in 2001 on ABC. In Portugal, the series first aired in 2005 on cable channel SIC Radical. In Germany, the series first aired on cable channel RTL Crime in 2011, under the title Bube, Dame, König, grAS (which in turn, is the German translation of \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\"). A soundtrack", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels robbers. Eddy and his friends spend the night at Eddy's father's bar to celebrate. Meanwhile, Dog's crew accidentally learns that their neighbours are the ones who robbed them, and set up an ambush in Eddy's flat. Rory and his gang arrive instead and a shootout ensues, resulting in the deaths of all but Dog and Winston. Winston leaves with the drugs; Dog leaves with the two shotguns and the money but is waylaid by Big Chris, who knocks him out and takes everything. Gary and Dean, having learned who bought the shotguns and not knowing that Chris works for Harry,", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels don't like gratuitous violence. I think it's much more chilling when it's suggested rather than graphic.\" For Ritchie, getting exactly the right actor for each role was essential. \"The casting took forever and we auditioned hundreds of people, but I was determined to hold out until we got the real McCoy.\" This led to employing several genuine ex-cons, who certainly invest the film with its menacing undertones. Ritchie also looked to the celebrity arena to secure the right cast such as Vinnie Jones. \"I didn't hesitate in casting Vinnie as I have the most incredible respect for his acting capabilities.\"", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels and the friends end up massively indebted to Harry for £500,000. Harry then sends his debt collector Big Chris, who is often accompanied by his beloved son, Little Chris, to ensure that the debt is honoured within a week. Harry is also interested in a pair of expensive antique shotguns that are up for auction, and gets his enforcer Barry \"the Baptist\" to hire a couple of thieves, Gary and Dean, to steal them from a bankrupt lord. The two turn out to be highly incompetent and unwittingly sell the shotguns to Nick \"the Greek\", a local fence. After learning", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels this, an enraged Barry threatens the two into getting the guns back. Eddy returns home one day and overhears his neighbours — a gang of robbers led by a brutal man called \"Dog\" — planning a heist on some cannabis growers loaded with cash and drugs. Eddy relays this information to the group, intending for them to rob the neighbours as they come back from their heist. In preparation for the robbery, Tom buys the antique shotguns from Nick the Greek. The neighbours' heist gets under way, and despite a gang member being killed by his own Bren gun, and", "4th Empire Awards 4th Empire Awards The 4th Empire Awards ceremony, presented by the British film magazine \"Empire\", honored the best films of 1998 and took place in 1999 at the Park Lane Hotel in London, England. During the ceremony, \"Empire\" presented Empire Awards in nine categories as well as three honorary awards. The honorary Movie Masterpiece award was first introduced this year. The awards were sponsored by Stella Artois for the second consecutive year. \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", \"Titanic\" and \"Saving Private Ryan\" were tied for most awards won with two awards apiece. \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" won", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels an incriminating encounter with a traffic warden, the job is a success; they return home with a duffel bag filled with money and a van loaded with bags of marijuana. Eddy and his friends ambush them as planned, and later return to stash their loot next door. They then have Nick fence the drugs to Rory Breaker, a gangster with a reputation for violence. Rory agrees to the deal, but later learns that the drugs were stolen from his own growers. Rory threatens Nick into giving him Eddy's address, and brings along one of the growers, Winston, to identify the", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels are able to leave, Chris crashes into their car to disable Dog, and then brutally bludgeons him to death with his car door. He then takes the debt money back from the unconscious friends, but allows Tom to leave with the antique shotguns after a brief standoff in Harry's office. The friends are arrested, but declared innocent of recent events after the traffic warden identifies Dog and his crew as the culprits. Back at the bar, they send Tom out to dispose of the only evidence connecting them to the case: the antique shotguns. Chris then arrives to give back", "Manolete (film) Manolete (film) Manolete, also known as The Passion Within in the United Kingdom, Blood and Passion in Canada, and A Matador's Mistress in the United States, is a 2008 biopic of bullfighter Manuel Laureano Rodríguez Sánchez, better known as Manolete. The film was written and directed by Menno Meyjes. This is the first film from HandMade Films since \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). The Menno Meyjes directed drama stars Adrien Brody as Spanish bullfighter Manolete, in a film that covers his late life love affair with actress Lupe Sino (Penélope Cruz) before he was gored to death in", "Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels follows Chris to Harry's place. Chris delivers the money and guns to Harry, but when he returns to his car he finds Dog holding Little Chris at knife point, demanding the money be returned to him. Chris complies and starts the car. Meanwhile, Gary and Dean burst into Harry's office, starting a confrontation that ends up killing them both, and Harry and Barry as well. Returning to see the carnage at their flat and their loot missing, Eddy and his friends head to Harry's, but when they discover Harry's corpse they decide to take the money for themselves. Before they", "Lock, stock, and barrel barrel, to put her into repair.\" It is, however, thought that this term evolved into a popular saying some years before in England. In the early days of firearms manufacturing, individual craftsmen made individual components one at a time. One craftsman made the \"lock\" which would have been a \"match lock\", \"wheel lock\", \"flint lock\" etc. The next craftsman made the barrel, and the last craftsman, who was a woodworker made the stock. At some point, a craftsman or a merchant started advertising \"Lock Stock and Barrel\" meaning that you could get your entire gun at one location and did", "Insomnia (Feeder song) 10. It also seen their only performance on TFI Friday, also a now defunct TV show. \"Insomnia\" is inspired by singer Grant Nicholas's experience of Feeder's first US tour in 1998 when he broke his ankle (among other injuries) and found it hard to sleep at nights. Michael Gallucci of Allmusic called \"Insomnia\" a \"fine moment.\" In the 2000 Channel 4 TV series \"Lock, Stock...\", which was a spin-off of the film \"Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", \"Insomnia\" was heard playing at high volume from a gang members ghetto blaster during one of the episodes. It also features on", "Killing with a Smile as they see it, but instead they were content to trace the works of those who came before.\" The name for the song \"Guns for Show, Knives for a Pro\" is a quote from the film, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Australian surf group the Bra Boys featured four songs from the album in the documentary film \"\", the songs featured are \"Gimme a D\", \"Anasasis (Xenophontis)\", \"Mutiny\" and \"It's Hard to Speak without a Tongue\". The songs were all released on the soundtrack except for \"It's Hard to Speak without a Tongue\". Production and performance credits are adapted", "Triggermen choices were fine, they were \"generally wasted\" and that the film, \"lacking equally in humor and action, looks headed directly to home vid and cable.\" In agreement, Film4 wrote that the cast choices were reasonable, but the film might have been better if in other directorial hands. They considered its soundtrack inappropriate and the director's use of slow motion or high-speed for certain scenes as an unsuccessful lending of style, making it look \"ridiculous and cheap, like a poor man’s \"Lock, Stock And Two Smoking Barrels\".\" They wrote \"A comedy-thriller short on laughs and thrills, Triggermen is a rather misjudged", "Nick Moran \"Buddy's Song\" (1990). He then went on to star with Britpack waifs Hans Matheson and Samantha Morton in a Coky Giedroyc short, \"The Future Lasts a Long Time\" (1996). In \"Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), he shared the screen with Jason Statham, Dexter Fletcher, Jason Flemyng, Vinnie Jones and British rocker Sting, who played the role of his father, JD. Moran co-starred with John Hurt in \"New Blood\" (1999), and also starred with Joseph Fiennes, Sadie Frost and Tara FitzGerald in \"Rancid Aluminium\" (2000). In 2001, he played the role of Aramis in \"The Musketeer\", a film loosely", "Dexter Fletcher Detective Edwards in the British film noir \"Jack Falls\", alongside his \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" co-stars Jason Flemyng and Alan Ford. In 2012, Fletcher had a small role in horror-comedy \"Cockneys vs Zombies\", where he played the character 'Dad Maguire'. In 2015 Fletcher played the role of 'Scooter' in episode 5 of the 8-part BBC TV drama \"The Interceptor\". He also took the lead role as history teacher Mr Sheers in supernatural British teen film \"Coven\". In 2016 Fletcher played the role of 'Paul' in the cult British crime comedy, \"Smoking Guns\". Fletcher's debut as a director, \"Wild", "Steve Collins 1998 he appeared in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" as a boxing gym bouncer. In 1999 he made a cameo appearance in \"Sweetest Thing\", a music video by U2. On 15 January 2013, at the age of 48, Collins announced plans to fight his longtime nemesis Roy Jones Jr. He went on to appear in a number of exhibition bouts in preparation for the proposed Jones fight. In 2017 Collins joined the 4th Regiment Royal Military Police in London where he had been living for the previous 20 years. His brother Roddy Collins is a former professional", "Spark (1998 film) stay overnight in a motel, and the situation soon gets grim as Byron starts spending more time with Mooney and his true colors start to show revealing a disturbing town story. The characters in the low-budgeter were first introduced in a 1996 short. \"Spark\" was shown at 1998 film festivals (Sundance, Berlin). \"Spark\" was released on DVD on May 15, 2007. Spark (1998 film) Spark is a 1998 film directed by Garret Williams and starring Terrence Howard and Nicole Ari Parker. Williams made his directorial debut with this tale of an urban black couple trapped in a desert town of", "Jason Statham After learning about Statham's past as a black market salesman, Ritchie cast him to play the role of \"Bacon\" in his 1998 crime comedy thriller \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". The movie was well received by both critics and audiences, and helped put Statham in the public eye. For his role in the film he was paid £5,000 ($6,937). Statham's second collaboration with Ritchie came in the 2000 film \"Snatch\", playing the role of \"Turkish\". Cast alongside popular actors Brad Pitt, Dennis Farina, and Benicio del Toro, and with the movie earning more than $80 million in box-office revenue.", "Vera Day Ritchie’s \"Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). Vera Day Vera Day (born 4 August 1935 in London), is a British film and television actress. From the late 1950s Day was a popular figure in British films, a glamorous blonde bombshell who appeared most memorably in the classic Stanley Baker drama \"Hell Drivers\" (1957) and the Hammer science fiction film \"Quatermass 2\" (1957). Her other film roles include that of George Cole’s girlfriend in Mario Zampi’s comedy \"Too Many Crooks\" (1959) and as the heroine in the horror film \"Womaneater\" (1958), one of her few leading parts. Many years later,", "Vas Blackwood Vas Blackwood Vasta Roy \"Vas\" Blackwood (born 19 October 1962) is a British actor from London. Blackwood played Lenny Henry's sidekick Winston Churchill in \"The Lenny Henry Show\" (1987) and David Sinclair in \"Casualty\" (1996–97). Since playing Rory Breaker in the hit film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) he has had a number of film roles, including \"Mean Machine\" (2001), \"9 Dead Gay Guys\" (2002) and \"Creep\" (2004). In 2005 he appeared in A Bear's Tail, a spin-off of \"Bo' Selecta!\". He also made an appearance as Lennox Gilbey in \"Only Fools and Horses\". He also played main", "Steven Mackintosh Steven Mackintosh Steven Mackintosh (born 30 April 1967) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Andreas Tanis in the action horror films \"\" (2006) and \"\" (2009). Mackintosh received a British Academy Television Award for Best Actor nomination for his role in the BBC One television film \"Care\" (2000). His other notable roles were in \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), \"The Land Girls\" (1998), and the first season of \"Luther\" (2010). Mackintosh was born in Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, the son of Dorothy Parris and Malcolm Mackintosh. He attended Icknield Primary School in Sawston, Sawston Village", "Va (film) sold to Kalaignar. The film was given a \"U/A\" certificate by the Indian Censor Board. Soundtrack scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar. The track \"Unnai Kan Thedudhe\" is heavily inspired by his own \"Un Mela Aasadhan\" from Aayirathil Oruvan. Several parts of the score are adapted from soundtracks of the films Kill Bill, Amelie, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, Sherlock Holmes and Snatch. Va (film) Va (; Tamil numeral for 1/4; working title: \"Va Quarter Cutting\") is a 2010 Indian Tamil-language neo-noir comedy film written and directed by Pushkar-Gayathri. It stars Shiva, SPB Charan and Lekha Washington in the", "Golmaal (1998 film) Golmaal (1998 film) Golmaal is a 1998 Tamil comedy film directed by Selva, making his directorial debut. The film features Selva himself and newcomer Monica Nerukkar in lead roles, with Rajan P. Dev, K. S. Ravikumar, Dhamu, Sathya Prakash, Mahanadi Shankar, Bhanu Prakash playing supporting roles. The film, produced by director K. S. Ravikumar and C. Sudhakar, had musical score by Bala Bharathi and was released on 5 June 1998. Ganesh (Selva), a good-for-nothing youth, falls in love with Aishwarya (Monica Nerukkar). Her father Colonnel Rajappa (Rajan P. Dev) is a very strict father who hates love. Ganesh and Aishwarya", "Layer Cake (film) 134 reviews. The critical consensus states that it is \"A stylized, electric British crime thriller\". The film has an average score of 73 based on 30 reviews on Metacritic. Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun Times\" remarked, \"The movie was directed by Matthew Vaughn, who produced \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" and \"Snatch\", and this one works better than those films because it doesn't try so hard to be clever and tries harder to be menacing\". Of Craig's performance, he said, \"Craig is fascinating here as a criminal who is very smart, and finds that is not an advantage", "John Murphy (composer) success with the soundtrack to 1998's \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Since 2000's \"Snatch\" and \"Shooters\", Murphy has been mainly based in Los Angeles. His successes include \"City by the Sea\" and Danny Boyle's box-office success \"28 Days Later\" and its sequel \"28 Weeks Later\". He also collaborated with Underworld to score Danny Boyle's science fiction film \"Sunshine\". In 2006 Murphy composed the score for Michael Mann's \"Miami Vice\". In 2009, he composed the music for the 2009 remake of the 1972 film \"The Last House on the Left\", followed by 2010's \"Kick-Ass\", based on the comic book of", "London in film underworld have been portrayed in a small number of films. Examples include \"Where's Jack?\" (17th century), \"The First Great Train Robbery\" (Victorian era), \"Chicago Joe and the Showgirl\" (World War II) and \"The Krays\" (the 1960s), while \"10 Rillington Place\" (1971) recreated 1940s London, filming in the actual street where John Christie carried out his infamous murders. Other films have evoked London's underworld in the modern era, including \"Robbery\" (1967), \"Performance\" (1970), \"Villain\" (1971), \"Brannigan\" (1975), \"The Long Good Friday\" (1980), \"Mona Lisa\" (1986), \"Face\" (1997), \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), \"\" (1999), \"Snatch\" (2000), \"Sexy Beast\" (2000)", "The Night Before Larry Was Stretched to a 'Curren' in \"The Universal Songster\", 1828, this possibly being the witty barrister John Philpot Curran or JW Curren. The Newgate cant in which the song was written was a colloquial slang of 18th-century Dublin, similar to the thieves' cant still used in London (an example of the London use is seen in the 1998 film\" Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\"). This is only one of a group of execution songs written in Newgate Cant or slang style somewhere around 1780, others being \"The Kilmainham Minuet\", \"Luke Caffrey's Ghost\" and \"Larry's Ghost\", which, as promised in the seventh", "Frank Harper Frank Harper Frank Harper (born 12 December 1962) is an English actor and film producer. He is best known for his \"hard man\" roles, such as \"Billy Bright\" in \"The Football Factory\" (2004) and \"Dog\" in \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). Frank Harper had an early interest in acting and appeared in a play based around football supporters, at the Albany Theatre in Deptford, while he was still at school. He appeared as a white nationalist in \"South West 9\", and as the bank robber in Harry Enfield's film \"Kevin & Perry Go Large\". He was featured in", "Guy Ritchie production of Ritchie's second film production following his 1995 short \"The Hard Case\", which Styler had seen and decided that co-funding the project would be a worthwhile opportunity. The production of the film, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", was completed in about eight months. Released in Great Britain in 1998 to positive reviews, it became an international success. It starred Nick Moran and also introduced actors Jason Statham, Jason Flemyng and Dexter Fletcher to worldwide audiences, while launching a new acting career for former footballer Vinnie Jones. Ritchie was introduced to Madonna, whom he would later wed, when the", "Lock, stock, and barrel Lock, stock, and barrel Lock, stock, and barrel is a merism (figure of speech) used predominantly in the United Kingdom and North America, meaning 'all', 'total', 'everything'. The effective portions of a gun (or more specifically a musket) are the lock (used to hold ready the sparking mechanism), the stock (the portion held), and the barrel (the aiming guide and conveyor for the explosive-driven projectile). Collectively they are the whole weapon, and therefore everything. The term was first recorded in the letters of Sir Walter Scott in 1817, in the line \"Like the High-landman's gun, she wants stock, lock, and", "Danny John-Jules for two characters in \"Labyrinth\" (1986), then appeared in the 1986 version of \"Little Shop of Horrors\", \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), and \"Blade II\" (2002). He has also appeared, uncredited, in the 1979 British film \"Scum\", playing a look-out during a fight scene. He appeared in the 2009 independent film \"The Tournament\", produced by Shakabuku Films. He has also appeared in the 2008 British films \"The Grind\" and \"Sucker Punch\". He has a small role as Rachel Weisz' manager in the Lincoln, Nebraska police force in the 2010 film \"The Whistleblower\". John-Jules also played one of the", "Spark (1998 film) Spark (1998 film) Spark is a 1998 film directed by Garret Williams and starring Terrence Howard and Nicole Ari Parker. Williams made his directorial debut with this tale of an urban black couple trapped in a desert town of rednecks after their car breaks down after hitting a dog. Byron (Terrence Howard) and Nina (Nicole Ari Parker) are driving a BMW from Chicago to L.A. to take Nina to school when they experience a back-road breakdown. Teen Mooney (Brendan Sexton III) tows them to a white-trailer-trash town where they are charged $500 for repairs. When the BMW dies again, they", "Vinnie Jones he said: \"It was like \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\" in there – and I was Jack Nicholson.\" In 1998, Jones penned an autobiography, \"Vinnie: The Autobiography\", which was later revised and reprinted a year later to include information on his first film appearance in \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". During his football career Jones resided in Dronfield, near Sheffield. Jones married Tanya Terry (born 1966) in 1994 in Watford. She has a daughter by her first husband, footballer Steve Terry. Jones's son joined the British Army, completing his training in August 2008, and serves in the Life", "Borough Market parts of the UK, and traditional European products are also imported and sold. Amongst the produce on sale are fresh fruit and vegetables, cheese, meat, game, baked bread and pastries. The market is a charitable trust administered by a board of volunteer trustees, who have to live in the area. Borough Market and the surrounding streets have been used as a film location for such features as \"Bridget Jones's Diary\" (2001), \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) and \"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\" (2004). More recently some scenes in \"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus\" (2009) were shot", "Snatch (film) as a \"pikey\", arms-dealer Boris \"the Blade\" Yurinov (Rade Šerbedžija), professional thief and gambling addict Franky \"Four-Fingers\" (Benicio del Toro), American gangster-jeweller Abraham Denovitz known as \"Cousin Avi\" (Dennis Farina), getaway driver Tyrone (Ade) and bounty hunter Bullet-Tooth Tony (Vinnie Jones). It is also distinguished by a kinetic direction and editing style, an intricate double plot featuring numerous ironic twists of chance and causality, and a fast pace. The film shares themes, ideas and motifs with Ritchie's first film, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". It is also filmed in the same visual style and features many of the same", "Matthew Vaughn Matthew Vaughn Matthew Allard de Vere Drummond (born Matthew Allard Robert Vaughn; 7 March 1971) is an English film producer, director, and screenwriter. He is best known for producing such films as \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998) and \"Snatch\" (2000) and directing the films \"Layer Cake\" (2004), \"Stardust\" (2007), \"Kick-Ass\" (2010), \"\" (2011), \"\" (2014), and its sequel \"\" (2017). Vaughn was born in London. He had thought that he was the child of an affair between his mother, Kathy Ceaton (died 20 July 2013), and American actor Robert Vaughn. A paternity investigation subsequently identified his father as", "Guy Ritchie soundtrack for the film was issued on her Maverick Records label. In 2000 Ritchie won an Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. Ritchie created and produced a spin-off television series called \"Lock, Stock...\". Ritchie's second feature film, \"Snatch\", was released in 2000. Originally known as \"Diamonds\", it was another caper comedy, this time backed by a major studio with a cast featuring such major Hollywood names as Brad Pitt, Benicio del Toro and Dennis Farina, along with the returning Statham and Vinnie Jones. Similar to \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" in featuring", "Drum and bass in soundtracks; for instance, \"Ultrasonic Sound\" was used in \"The Matrix's\" soundtrack and the E-Z Rollers' song \"Walk This Land\" appeared in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Ganja Kru's \"Super Sharp Shooter\" is heard in the 2006 film \"Johnny Was\". The Channel 4 show \"Skins\" uses the genre in some episodes, notably in the first series' third episode, \"Jal\", where Shy FX and UK Apache's Original Nuttah was played in Fazers club. Lately, drum and bass have found more mainstream popularity than ever with tracks like Sigma's Nobody to Love and Rudimental's Waiting All Night getting over", "Golmaal (1998 film) the story. The film score and the soundtrack were composed by film composer Bala Bharathi. The soundtrack, released in 1998, features 4 tracks with lyrics written by Arivumathi, Vasan and Thirumaran. Golmaal (1998 film) Golmaal is a 1998 Tamil comedy film directed by Selva, making his directorial debut. The film features Selva himself and newcomer Monica Nerukkar in lead roles, with Rajan P. Dev, K. S. Ravikumar, Dhamu, Sathya Prakash, Mahanadi Shankar, Bhanu Prakash playing supporting roles. The film, produced by director K. S. Ravikumar and C. Sudhakar, had musical score by Bala Bharathi and was released on 5 June", "Frank Harper between 1957 and 1965. He once scored to knock Fulham, then in the First Division, out of the FA Cup. Frank Harper Frank Harper (born 12 December 1962) is an English actor and film producer. He is best known for his \"hard man\" roles, such as \"Billy Bright\" in \"The Football Factory\" (2004) and \"Dog\" in \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). Frank Harper had an early interest in acting and appeared in a play based around football supporters, at the Albany Theatre in Deptford, while he was still at school. He appeared as a white nationalist in \"South", "The Grind (2012 film) and gambling spirals out of control and he now owes a huge amount of money to Vince's boss, Dave, owner of The Grind and an East End loan shark. Vince's life takes a dramatic turn for the worse. \"The Grind\" features a cast including Jamie Foreman (Layer Cake, Nil By Mouth, Oliver Twist, Doctor Who, Eastenders), Danny John-Jules (Death in Paradise, Red Dwarf, Lock Stock and Two Smoking Barrels), Zoe Tapper (Survivors, Desperate Romantics) and Kellie Shirley (Eastenders, The Office). Also appearing in cameo roles are Dynamo (the street magician whose latest series ‘Dynamo: Magician Impossible’ on Watch has been", "The Man Who Quit Smoking The Man Who Quit Smoking The Man Who Quit Smoking () is a 1972 Swedish comedy film directed by Tage Danielsson, starring Gösta Ekman, Grynet Molvig, Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt and Gunn Wållgren. The film is known as a Hasse & Tage film and is a great cult classic in Sweden. The Plot focuses on Dante Alighieri, a young man who loves smoking. When his father dies Dante inherits 17 million kr on one special condition: He must give up smoking in 14 days and then stay smoke-free for an entire year. If he fails, his uncle inherits the 17 million instead.", "HandMade Films 1991 and was sold three years later to Paragon Entertainment, a Canadian corporation. Afterwards, Harrison sued O'Brien for $25 million for fraud and negligence, resulting in an $11.6 million judgement in 1996. In 1994, the company was acquired by the Canadian company Paragon Entertainment, which restarted production under the HandMade name. The company's most notable release of that era was \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998). In 1999 Patrick Meehan and Cartier Investments acquired HandMade from Paragon. In June 2006 the Equator Group plc acquired Handmade Holdings Limited, and in November of that year Sequence Film Limited (a film", "Oxide & Neutrino Oxide & Neutrino Oxide & Neutrino are an English DJ and MC garage duo from London, consisting of Alex Rivers (born 1982 in Isleworth, London) and Mark Oseitutu (born 1982 in Brixton, London). Their first single \"Bound 4 Da Reload (Casualty)\" entered at the top of the UK Singles Chart in April 2000. It is known for sampling the theme music to the BBC medical drama series \"Casualty\", and also contains samples of dialogue from the 1998 film, \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Their music appears in the film \"Ali G Indahouse\" in the form of the track \"Shoot", "Pete Wingfield record-chart parlance, referring to a song still selling strongly and/or moving up the charts. It entered the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 chart on 23 August 1975. On the Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending 22 November 1975, the tune lived up to its name by charting at no. 18 – with a bullet. The song peaked at no. 15 a week later. It also reached no. 7 in the UK Singles Chart. Taken from the album, \"Breakfast Special\", \"Eighteen with a Bullet\" later featured on the soundtrack to the 1998 film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". He played piano", "The Man Who Quit Smoking his loved one is called Beatrice, just as in Dante's \"Inferno\". At the 9th Guldbagge Awards in 1973 Gösta Ekman won the award for Best Actor. The Man Who Quit Smoking The Man Who Quit Smoking () is a 1972 Swedish comedy film directed by Tage Danielsson, starring Gösta Ekman, Grynet Molvig, Carl-Gustaf Lindstedt and Gunn Wållgren. The film is known as a Hasse & Tage film and is a great cult classic in Sweden. The Plot focuses on Dante Alighieri, a young man who loves smoking. When his father dies Dante inherits 17 million kr on one special condition:", "Lock, stock, and barrel Treaters' 'Lock', 'Shock' and 'Barrel'. Politician Mike Pence, Vice President of the United States under Donald Trump, has heavily favored the phrase since at least 2010 when urging for the repeal of Obamacare, and used the phrase extensively during and after the 2016 presidential campaign. \"Lock, Stock and Barrel\" is a foxtrot written by Sammy Fain. Joe Loss and his orchestra recorded a version in London in 1950. It was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalogue numbers BD 6070 and HE 2832. The term is used by W.B. Yeats in his poem The Tower. Lock,", "Streetwise (1998 film) Streetwise (1998 film) Streetwise (originally titled as 24/7) is a 1998 hood-action-crime thriller film written and directed by Bruce Brown in his directorial debut, and stars Tim Taylor, Kurt Matthews, Jerry Cummings, D.C. Scorpio and Sidney Burston. \"Streetwise\" also stars Taraji P. Henson making her acting debut in a featured film. The film is set in the Anacostia neighborhood of Southeast, Washington, D.C. during the crack epidemic of the late-1980s and early-1990s. \"Streetwise\" follows the lives of three brothers as they pursue different methods trying to make it out of their drug-infested neighborhood that's surrounded by poverty, neglect and drug-related", "Frankie Fraser London in a one-man show, \"An Evening with Mad Frankie Fraser\" (directed by Patrick Newley), which subsequently toured the UK. Fraser also appeared as East End crime boss Pops Den in the feature film \"Hard Men\", a forerunner of British gangster movies such as \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\", and had a documentary made of his life, \"Mad Frank\", which was released as part \"The Ultimate Gangster DVD\" (2003 Gangster Videos), which featured crime figures Charles Bronson, John McVicar, Paddy Joe Hill, Albert Reading, Dave Courtney, Roy Shaw, Norman Parker, Marilyn Wisbey and axe victim Eric Mason. This programme", "Rang De Basanti that the character sketches were loosely inspired by himself and his friends. Mehra approached Angad Paul after having been impressed with his production work on British films \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" and \"Snatch\". Paul, who was keen to work in India, liked Mehra's story and agreed to produce the film, bringing with him David Reid and Adam Bohling as executive producers. Despite having no prior knowledge of Hindi cinema, Reid and Bohling's belief in the script was strong enough that they each were willing to work at half their normal rate. While it was originally suggested that language", "The Hard Easy (film) good story and reminds me in some ways of films like \"Snatch\" and \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". There is not one dull moment from start to the very twist-filled end. Additionally, the robbery scene is shown repeatedly from a few different perspectives, thus breaking traditional linear narrative form.\" Ben Odgren of CHUD.com gave a negative review, writing, \"\"The Hard Easy\" tries to incorporate every possible cliché genre staple that comes standard with the type of films it's trying to emulate. When a new character is introduced, the image freezes for a few seconds, changes color, a name pops", "Kevin Lock Griffin Park in May 1998. It was his final job in football. After leaving football in 1998, Lock entered the pub trade. West Ham United Fulham Kevin Lock Kevin Lock (born 27 December 1953 in Plaistow, Essex) is an English former professional footballer who played as a central defender in the Football League, most notably for Fulham and West Ham United. Lock began his career with First Division club West Ham United as a ground staff boy in 1969. He made his debut against Sheffield United on 29 February 1972. After the departure of Bobby Moore in 1974, he broke", "Thank You for Smoking genre for Aaron Eckhart's portrayal of Nick Naylor. The Broadcast Film Association recognized Cameron Bright for his performance as Joey with a nomination for Best Young Actor, and also gave the film itself a nomination in the Comedy category. Jason Reitman received the Best Directorial Debut award from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures. The \"Thank You for Smoking\" soundtrack was released April 14, 2006 and the CD came out on April 18, 2006. The first nine tracks are popular songs about smoking taken from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. The famous track \"Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)\"", "Triggermen the same time that Cutler is trying to track down the missing money, mobster Terry falls for Emma Cutler (Claire Forlani), unaware that her father is the man he was supposed to kill. \"The Daily Telegraph\" wrote that despite its billing as a comedy thriller, the film was \"neither noticeably comic nor remotely thrilling.\" After its US premiere at the Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival, \"Variety\" made note of the film seeming to \"borrow heavily\" from \"Lock, Stock And Two Smoking Barrels\", and called it a \"late, lame entry in the comic assassin genre\". They offered that while the cast", "Thank You for Smoking of its wide release. Although the film's box office performance was excellent for Reitman's directorial debut, it paled in comparison with his next two films, \"Juno\" and \"Up in the Air\", both of which went on to make well over $150,000,000 worldwide. As of 2017, the movie is the 14th highest-grossing political satire film. The main contention most critics had with the film was its lack of continuity. Karina Longworth of Cinematical notes \"\"Thank You for Smoking\" has a vague emotional arc, but narratively it plays out like a constellation of sitcom sketches, connected by the most tenuous threads of", "Get Carter writes that many British filmmakers \"have stolen from Hodges without matching the cold, realistic kick\" of \"Carter\". Films such as \"The Long Good Friday\", \"Face\" and \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" borrow from the \"Carter\" blueprint. Steven Soderbergh's 1999 film \"The Limey\" is a homage to \"Carter\" and other British gangster films, and contains similar plot elements and themes of revenge, family and corruption. Soderbergh said he envisioned \"The Limey\" as \"\"Get Carter\" made by Alain Resnais\". Shane Meadows' film \"Dead Man's Shoes\" has also drawn comparisons to \"Get Carter\", being as it is a revenge gangster story set", "Stuntman (video game) shown that combines pre-rendered scenes with highlights from the car scenes based on the actual performance of the player. After succeeding a scene, the player is rewarded with money based on accuracy and time, and unlocking of vehicles and tools for the construction mode. After completing a scene, the player can watch a playback and optionally save it. The career mode allows the player to participate in six films, each filmed in a different location and in a different genre. \"Toothless in Wapping\" is a gangster film made in London and resembles \"Snatch\" and \"Lock, Stock, and Two Smoking Barrels\"", "Stephen Marcus at the London Olympians and at Valley Trojans. Stephen Marcus Stephen Marcus (born Stephen Mark Scott; 18 June 1962) is a British actor, best known for his role as Nick the Greek in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Marcus became an actor in 1984 after three years of training at Arts Educational Schools in London; he spent the first six months of his career touring throughout London's parks and schools in \"Robin Hood & The Tree Trick\", which was quickly followed by his first film role as Moose in the cult film \"My Beautiful Laundrette\". After a", "Stephen Marcus Stephen Marcus Stephen Marcus (born Stephen Mark Scott; 18 June 1962) is a British actor, best known for his role as Nick the Greek in the film \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\". Marcus became an actor in 1984 after three years of training at Arts Educational Schools in London; he spent the first six months of his career touring throughout London's parks and schools in \"Robin Hood & The Tree Trick\", which was quickly followed by his first film role as Moose in the cult film \"My Beautiful Laundrette\". After a few years working in theatre, commercials and supporting", "Kaminey Roy Sanyal, Shiv Subramnayam, Hrishikesh Joshi, Rajatava Dutta and Deb Mukherjee were cast in supporting roles. For the role of drug dealer Tashi, Bhardwaj chose his friend Tenzing Nimaa tour operator in Mussooriesaying he had the character and attitude he wanted, and a weird sense of humour. Bhardwaj instructed the film's entire cast and crew to watch caper classics such as \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), \"Snatch\" (2000), \"Pulp Fiction\" (1994) and \"True Romance\" (1993) to study the nuances and become familiar with the genre. Shahid Kapoor played both Charlie and Guddu, twin brothers with speech impediments; Charlie", "Streetwise (1998 film) prison instead of death. \"Streetwise\" screened for a few months exclusively at the \"AMC Rivertowne Commons 12 Theatre\" in Oxon Hill, Maryland before being released on VHS in 1998, and released on DVD in 2004 through Maverick Home Entertainment. The original soundtrack for \"Streetwise\" was released on Capital City Records and included original musical performances by Drama City, Inner City Groove, Junkyard Band, Rare Essence, Triple Threat, and Trouble Funk. The album is currently out-of-print. Streetwise (1998 film) Streetwise (originally titled as 24/7) is a 1998 hood-action-crime thriller film written and directed by Bruce Brown in his directorial debut, and", "Who (film) Who (film) Who is a 2018 Indian Malayalam-language science-fiction film, written and directed by Ajay Devaloka as his directorial debut. The film features Shine Tom Chacko, Shruthy Menon, Pearle Maaney, Rajeev Pillai and Sreekanth Sreedharan in the lead roles. The teaser was released on YouTube in September. The film will be sold at the Marché du Film. A beautiful yet mysterious valley spread across 200 km. In Mercada, strange things happen every year on the Christmas day. A young girl, a dream interpreter, a criminal psychologist and a team of two police officers try to solve the puzzles in the", "Dexter Fletcher an adult, he has appeared on television as rebellious teenager Spike Thomson in \"Press Gang\" and also \"Murder Most Horrid\" (1991) with Dawn French. His American accent had some fans convinced that he actually is an American. He has starred in the films \"Caravaggio\" (1986), \"The Rachel Papers\" (1989), \"Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels\" (1998), \"Layer Cake\" (2004), AffirmFilm's \"Solomon\" as Rehoboam, and Universal's \"Doom\" as a communications officer nicknamed \"Pinky\". On television, he has appeared in the major HBO drama, \"Band of Brothers\" and in a supporting role in the BBC One historical drama \"The Virgin Queen\" (US", "Kubo and the Two Strings Kubo and the Two Strings Kubo and the Two Strings is a 2016 American stop-motion action fantasy film directed and produced by Travis Knight (in his directorial debut). It stars the voices of Charlize Theron, Art Parkinson, Ralph Fiennes, Rooney Mara, George Takei, and Matthew McConaughey. It is the fourth feature film produced by Laika. The film revolves around Kubo, a young boy who wields a magical shamisen (a Japanese guitar) and whose left eye was stolen during infancy. Accompanied by an anthropomorphic snow monkey and beetle, he must subdue his mother's corrupted Sisters and his power-hungry grandfather Raiden (The", "The Girl Who Returned The Girl Who Returned The Girl Who Returned is a 1969 American comedy film, notable as the directorial debut of Lloyd Kaufman, future co-founder and president of Troma Entertainment. It was made during his sophomore year at Yale University. The story is set in an alternate reality in which the world is made up of just two countries: Luxembourg and Mongolia. Luxembourg is inhabited only by women and Mongolia only by men. Every four years, the two countries hold an Olympics competition to determine the supremacy of the world. The film was shot on a Bolex camera which did not" ]

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[ "I enjoy that a little bit." ]

[ "I hate that a lot.", "The workers rights center is on the campus.", "A girl is gazing at the fountain that has water spouting from it", "Get ugly looking ones and people will love you.", "Do you have one or several papers?", "The man is walking down the street.", "A'deem isn't sure if they will come north." ]

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[ "The objective of the study was to determine whether risk of recurrent preterm birth differs based on the clinical presentation of a prior spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB): advanced cervical dilatation (ACD), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM), or preterm labor (PTL).", "This retrospective cohort study included singleton pregnancies from 2009 to 2014 complicated by a history of prior SPTB. Women were categorized based on the clinical presentation of their prior preterm delivery as having ACD, PPROM, or PTL. Risks for sonographic short cervical length and recurrent SPTB were compared between women based on the clinical presentation of their prior preterm birth. Log-linear regression was used to control for confounders.", "Of 522 patients included in this study, 96 (18.4%) had prior ACD, 246 (47.1%) had prior PPROM, and 180 (34.5%) had prior PTL. Recurrent PTB occurred in 55.2% of patients with a history of ACD compared with 27.2% of those with PPROM and 32.2% with PTL (P = .001). The mean gestational age at delivery was significantly lower for those with a history of ACD (34.0 weeks) compared with women with prior PPROM (37.2 weeks) or PTL (37.0 weeks) (P = .001). The lowest mean cervical length prior to 24 weeks was significantly shorter in patients with a history of advanced cervical dilation when compared with the other clinical presentations." ]

[ "We performed a prospective cohort study of women with symptoms of preterm labor (22-33 6/7 weeks). Maternal serum was analyzed for hsCRP and PlGF. Median biomarker values were used as analytic cut-points. We performed chi-square tests of association between biomarkers and PTB, nonparametric tests to compare medians, and logistic regression to determine the odds of PTB associated with biomarker values. Test characteristics of each biomarker were calculated.", "To examine whether extending AVT beyond birth influences the post-partum course.", "Pre-eclampsia and maternal blood pressure at the term of pregnancy.", "To assess in individuals born <32 gestational weeks whether antenatal glucocorticoid treatment for preterm birth is associated with long-term metabolical risks, including renal function, in adulthood.", "Prenatal tobacco exposure interferes with neonatal outcomes.", "This prospective clinical trial was designed to assess the ability of the mammary stimulation test to predict preterm birth in a private nulliparous population.", "Preterm birth (PTB) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. There is strong evidence of genetic susceptibility. Objective of this study was to identify genetic variants contributing to PTB.", "To examine the relationship between preterm birth and socioeconomic factors, past history, cervical length, cervical interleukin-8, bacterial vaginosis, underlying diseases, use of medication, employment status, sex of the fetus and multiple pregnancy.", "To determine whether the mode of delivery has a protective value on the immediate adverse neonatal neurological outcome of infants born from pregnancies complicated by preterm chorioamnionitis.", "To determine the prevalence of malpresentation among preterm births and to evaluate the clinical significance of malpresentation as a predictor of neonatal complications in preterm delivery.", "Preterm survivors exhibit neurodevelopmental impairments. Whether this association is influenced by antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and glucocorticoid sensitivity is unknown.", "To determine the effects of preterm birth and gender on subsequent cardiovascular risk factors among urban adolescents in a capital in the Brazilian northeast and to compare them with a group of adolescents term at birth.", "Pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia are serious clinical manifestations during late pregnancy and the cause for increased maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis is unknown but experience from treatment schemes suggests that minerals may be of importance. Mineral homeostasis is influenced by acid-base conditions. The aim of the study was to elucidate the relation between acid-base balance, urinary mineral excretion and blood pressure during pregnancy.", "Outcome of untreated pregnancies.", "To evaluate the usefulness of prenatal risk assessment for prediction of need for obstetric interventions.", "Exposure to perinatal infection is associated with the multiple morbidities complicating preterm birth. How a relatively immature innate immune response contributes to this is unknown.", "The pathogenesis of late preterm birth remains elusive for the mechanisms of disease responsible. Placental examination can often provide important clues for the pathogenesis of pregnancy complications. This study was conducted to determine placental pathologic findings according to the gestational age and the clinical circumstances of preterm birth.", "This retrospective population based cohort study included patients who delivered after a primary cesarean section (n = 9983). The rate of placenta previa, its recurrence, and the risk for recurrent preterm birth were determined.", "A population based prospective study was performed among 7,236 consecutive pregnancies over seven years delivered at one birth clinic. Smoking habits were obtained at a routine ultrasound examination around 18 gestational weeks, and preterm birth was defined as delivery of a child between 24 and 37 gestational weeks. We estimated relative risk (odds ratio) between smoking, possible confounding variables and preterm birth using multiple logistic regression analysis.", "Clinical pregnancy rate." ]

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[ "Two women are preparing something" ]

[ "The women were not preparing something to sell.", "Two people are sitting.", "The people are wearing ice skates.", "A tractor is on.", "A boy is inside.", "The building contains two departments from the university.", "Nobody has come into the shop today." ]

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[ "Kansas City Kansan The Kansas City Kansan is an online newspaper that serves Kansas City and other towns in Wyandotte County, Kansas, USA.", "Wyandotte County, Kansas Wyandotte County ( ; county code WY) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 157,505, making it the fourth-most populous county in Kansas. Its county seat and most populous city is Kansas City, with which it shares a unified government. Wyandotte County lies immediately west of Kansas City, Missouri." ]

[ "Marshall County, Kansas Marshall County (standard abbreviation: MS) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 10,117. The largest city and county seat is Marysville.", "Inman, Kansas Inman is a city in McPherson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,377.", "Mission Hills, Kansas Mission Hills is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States, and part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,498. The east city limits is the Kansas-Missouri state line at State Line Road. Mission Hills was originally developed by noted Kansas City developer J. C. Nichols beginning in the 1920s as part of his Country Club District plan.", "Smith Center, Kansas Smith Center is a city in and the county seat of Smith County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,665.", "Logan, Kansas Logan is a city in Phillips County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 589.", "Platte City, Missouri Platte City is a city in Platte County, Missouri, along the Little Platte River. The population was 4,691 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Platte County.", "Grant County, Kansas Grant County (county code GT) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 7,829. Its county seat and only city is Ulysses.", "Aurora, Kansas Aurora is a city in Cloud County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 60.", "Liberal, Kansas Liberal is the county seat of Seward County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 20,525.", "Anthony, Kansas Anthony is a city in and the county seat of Harper County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 2,269.", "Kansas City metropolitan area The Kansas City metropolitan area is a 15-county metropolitan area anchored by Kansas City, Missouri, that straddles the border between the U.S. states of Missouri and Kansas. With a population of about 2,340,000, it ranks as the second largest metropolitan area with its core in Missouri (after Greater St. Louis). Alongside Kansas City, the area includes a number of other cities and suburbs, the largest being Overland Park, Kansas; Kansas City, Kansas; Olathe, Kansas; and Independence, Missouri; each over 100,000 in population. The Mid-America Regional Council (MARC) serves as the Council of Governments and the Metropolitan Planning Organization for the area.", "Westwood, Kansas Westwood is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States, and part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,506.", "Edwards County, Kansas Edwards County (county code ED) is a county located in the U.S. states of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 3,037, Its county seat and most populous city is Kinsley. The county was founded in 1874 and named for W. C. Edwards, of Hutchinson, a pioneer settler, who played an active role in its organization.", "Holton, Kansas Holton is a city in and the county seat of Jackson County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,329.", "Washington, Kansas Washington is a city in, and the county seat of, Washington County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,131.", "Sedgwick County, Kansas Sedgwick County (county code: SG) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the population was 498,365, making it the second-most populous county in Kansas. The county seat is Wichita, the most populous city in the state.", "Kechi, Kansas Kechi is a city in Sedgwick County, Kansas, United States, and a suburb of Wichita. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 1,909.", "Barber County, Kansas Barber County (county code BA) is a county located in the south-central portion of the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 4,861. Its county seat and most populous city is Medicine Lodge. It was named for Thomas Barber, an abolitionist who was killed in Douglas County in 1855 during the Wakarusa War.", "Rose Hill, Kansas Rose Hill is a city in Butler County, Kansas, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 3,931.", "Jackson County, Kansas Jackson County (county code JA) is a county located in the U.S. state of Kansas. As of the 2010 census, the county population was 13,462. Its county seat and most populous city is Holton. The county was named for President Andrew Jackson. The Prairie Band Potawatomi Indian Reservation, located near the center of the county, comprises about 18.5% of the county's area." ]

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[ "Many organisms (of which humans are prime examples) eat from multiple levels of the food chain and, thus, make this classification problematic. A carnivore may eat both secondary and tertiary consumers, and its prey may itself be difficult to classify for similar reasons. Organisms showing both carnivory and herbivory are known as omnivores. Even herbivores such as the giant panda may supplement their diet with meat. Scavenging of carrion provides a significant part of the diet of some of the most fearsome predators. Carnivorous plants would be very difficult to fit into this classification, producing their own food but also digesting anything that they may trap. Organisms that eat detritivores or parasites would also be difficult to classify by such a scheme." ]

[ "The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.", "Local transit and paratransit bus service in Richmond, Henrico, and Chesterfield counties is provided by the Greater Richmond Transit Company (GRTC). The GRTC, however, serves only small parts of the suburban counties. The far West End (Innsbrook and Short Pump) and almost all of Chesterfield County have no public transportation despite dense housing, retail, and office development. According to a 2008 GRTC operations analysis report, a majority of GRTC riders utilize their services because they do not have an available alternative such as a private vehicle.", "Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a significant but declining share of employment, although the city's garment industry is showing a resurgence in Brooklyn. Food processing is a US$5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents.", "The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.", "Everton's biggest rivalry is with neighbours Liverpool, against whom they contest the Merseyside derby. The Merseyside derby is usually a sellout fixture, and has been known as the \"friendly derby\" because both sets of fans can often be seen side by side red and blue inside the stadium both at Anfield and Goodison Park. Recently on the field, matches tend to be extremely stormy affairs; the derby has had more red cards than any other fixture in Premiership history. The rivalry stems from an internal dispute between Everton officials and the owners of Anfield, which was then Everton's home ground, resulting in Everton moving to Goodison Park, and the subsequent formation of Liverpool F.C., in 1892.", "In June 1982, Diego Maradona was signed for a world record fee of £5 million from Boca Juniors. In the following season, under coach Luis, Barcelona won the Copa del Rey, beating Real Madrid. However, Maradona's time with Barcelona was short-lived and he soon left for Napoli. At the start of the 1984–85 season, Terry Venables was hired as manager and he won La Liga with noteworthy displays by German midfielder Bernd Schuster. The next season, he took the team to their second European Cup final, only to lose on penalties to Steaua Bucureşti during a dramatic evening in Seville.", "Since the end of the Second World War, France has become an ethnically diverse country. Today, approximately five percent of the French population is non-European and non-white. This does not approach the number of non-white citizens in the United States (roughly 28–37%, depending on how Latinos are classified; see Demographics of the United States). Nevertheless, it amounts to at least three million people, and has forced the issues of ethnic diversity onto the French policy agenda. France has developed an approach to dealing with ethnic problems that stands in contrast to that of many advanced, industrialized countries. Unlike the United States, Britain, or even the Netherlands, France maintains a \"color-blind\" model of public policy. This means that it targets virtually no policies directly at racial or ethnic groups. Instead, it uses geographic or class criteria to address issues of social inequalities. It has, however, developed an extensive anti-racist policy repertoire since the early 1970s. Until recently, French policies focused primarily on issues of hate speech—going much further than their American counterparts—and relatively less on issues of discrimination in jobs, housing, and in provision of goods and services." ]

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[ "Giannina Braschi\n\nBilingüismo y Spanglish: Yo-Yo Boing!\n\nSu libro \"Yo-Yo Boing!\" (1998) expresa el proceso cultural de tantos hispanos que han emigrado a los Estados Unidos y explora las opciones políticas de Puerto Rico. Yo-Yo Boing! plantea un bilingüismo e identidad nomádica, utilizando un code-switching para subrayar la complejidad de vivir contemporáneamente en más de una cultura y una lengua. Giannina Braschi posiciona el inglés y el español en el espacio de la creatividad y el arte, y sus temas son la inspiración, la poesía, el arte, el sexo, el cine, la nacionalidad, el lenguaje, entre otros.​\n​\n\"Desde la torre de Babel,\" dijo la boricua en la novela (como un ejemplo de code-switching entre el inglés y el español), \"las lenguas han sido siempre una forma de divorciarnos del resto de la humanidad. Poetry must find ways of breaking distance. I’m not reducing my audience. On the contrary, I’m going to have a bigger audience with the common markets—in Europe—in America. And besides, all languages are dialects that are made to break new grounds. Me siento como Dante, Petrarca and Boccaccio, y como Garcilaso forging a new language. Saludo al nuevo siglo, el siglo del nuevo lenguaje de América, y le digo adiós a la retórica separatista y a los atavismos. Saluda al sol, araña, no seas rencorosa. Un beso. Giannina Braschi\"​​\n\nPoesía postmoderna en español: El imperio de los sueños\n\nConsiderado un clásico postmoderno,​ su poemario \"El imperio de los sueños\" (1988) es una colección de seis libros de poesía en prosa que rompe las barreras entre ficción, poesía, y drama. La obra habla de su relación socio-política, cultural y lingüística con la ciudad de Nueva York que ha atraído por tanto tiempo a tantos inmigrantes hispanos.​ La plataforma de observación del Empire State Building es el sitio de una revolución; los pastores del campo invaden a la ciudad de Nueva York en una celebración bucólica durante la parada puertorriqueña en quinta avenida.​\nUno de los poemas de \"La pastoral; o la inquisición de los recuerdos\" en \"El imperio de los sueños\":\n\"En el último piso del Empire State se ha parado un pastor a cantar y a bailar. Qué cosa más grande. Que la ciudad de Nueva York haya sido invadida por tantos pastores. Que ya no se trabaja y que sólo se canta y se baila. Y que los periódicos, el New York Times, en titulares, y el Daily News griten: Nueva York. Nueva York. Nueva York. Escúchenlo. Óiganlo en la radio. Y en la televisión. Escuchen el altoparlante. Escúchenlo. Ya han muerto los fantoches. Y el soldadito de plomo. Los pastores han invadido a Nueva York. Han conquistado a Nueva York. Han colonizado a Nueva York. El especial del día en el restaurante más caro de Nueva York es bellota de oro. Es huevo. Es manzana. Es pájaro. Pescado. Melodía. Poesía. Y epigrama. Ya sólo se canta. Ya sólo se baila. Ya sólo se hace lo que nos da la real gana. Lo que nos da la real gana. Lo que nos da la realísma gana.\"​​\n\nBiografía\n\nNacida en San Juan y radicada en la ciudad de Nueva York, Giannina Braschi fue una niña privilegiada. Estudió en el Colegio de las Madres y partió del país a los 18 años, después de ser campeona de tenis, una de las miembros fundadoras del Coro de Niños de San Juan y hasta modeló.​ Se fue a estudiar literatura y filosofía en Francia, Inglaterra, y España donde se dedicó al siglo de oro en la literatura española. Obtuvo un doctorado en literatura en la universidad del estado de Nueva York, Stony Brook, en 1980. La profesora ha escrito sobre Cervantes, Garcilaso, Machado, Lorca, y Bécquer, y ha enseñado en las universidades de Rutgers, Colgate, y la Ciudad de Nueva York. Braschi vivía muy cerca de la llamada zona cero de Manhattan en septiembre del 2001 porque se dedicaba a estudiar los simbolismos de la Estatua de la Libertad y quería ver el monumento a menudo. Tras los atentados, la autora se inspiró para analizar las olas migratorias que han llegado a la ciudad y la relación de las anteriormente llamadas \"repúblicas bananeras\" con Estados Unidos.​\n\nRecepción crítica\n\nDiversos estudiosos de las literaturas latinoamericanas y estadounidenses han explorado la obra de Braschi.​​​​​<​" ]

[ "Saturday Night Live\n\nFormato\n\nEl programa cuenta con su propio formato. Usualmente suele consistir en por una parte un artista invitado y por otra un cantante o banda musical invitado. Al principio del programa se presenta un sketch \"cold open\" centrado en un tema específico (usualmente una noticia política), que termina con la proclamación famosa \"Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!\" (\"¡En vivo, desde Nueva York, es sábado por la noche!\")​ Esto es seguido por la introducción del programa, en la cual se presentan cada uno de los actores principales, el artista invitado, y el cantante o banda musical invitado. Seguidamente el artista invitado se presenta ante el audiencia con un monólogo humorístico. Después de esto, el programa continúa con varios sketches que varían de un programa a otro. Entre los más destacados se encuentra una parodia a un noticiero (llamado \"Weekend Update\") que presenta noticias reales y/o ficticias de forma sarcástica e hilarante y parodias hacia anuncios publicitarios, entre otros. A la mitad del programa el artista invitado presenta al show musical que será interpretado por el cantante o banda invitada. Al final del programa el artista invitado despide el programa, y tanto los actores principales como los invitados se abrazan y saludan a las cámaras mientras transcurren los créditos.\n\nConcepto y creación\n\nDesde 1965 hasta septiembre de 1975, la NBC emitió reposiciones de The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson en las noches de sábados y domingos, a la discreción de sus afiliados locales. Sin embargo, en 1974, Johnny Carson anunció que quería retirar estas reposiciones para que pudieran ser emitidos en días laborables, permitiéndole tomar un descanso.​\nEl presidente de NBC, Herbert Schlosser, le pidió a su vicepresidente de programación nocturna, Dick Ebersol, en 1974, crear un programa para llenar el intervalo de tiempo para las noches de los sábados. Schlosser y Ebersol luego acercaron a Lorne Michaels, queriendo crear un programa de variedades que empujaría los límites con su estilo vanguardista del humor. Ebersol sabía que Michaels fue capaz de crear un programa porque había trabajado en Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In.\n\nPrimera era (1975–1980)\n\nEl programa fue estrenado el 11 de octubre de 1975, y fue originalmente titulado como NBC's Saturday Night, porque el título actual estaba siendo usado por la American Broadcasting Company (ABC), uno de los rivales de la cadena, como el título de un programa de formato similar, con presentación de Howard Cosell. La NBC compró los derechos al nombre en 1976, oficialmente adoptando el título nuevo el 26 de marzo de 1977.​\nEl programa fue un éxito instantáneo tras su debut, y como resultado, los miembros del repertorio repentinamente llegaron a ser famosos. El repertorio original era conocido como \"The Not Ready for Prime-Time Players,\" que significa \"La Compañía No Apta para las Horas de Máxima Audiencia.\" Los primeros miembros del reparto incluyeron algunos antiguos integrantes de The Second City (Dan Aykroyd, John Belushi, y Gilda Radner) y de los \"Lemmings\" de National Lampoon (Chevy Chase, Jane Curtin, Laraine Newman y Garrett Morris). También se presentaban cortometrajes de Albert Brooks y segmentos con personajes adultos y abstractos de los Muppets de Jim Henson.\nEn 1976, durante la segunda temporada, se unió Bill Murray en lugar de Chevy Chase. Después de la cuarta temporada, Aykroyd y Belushi dejaron el programa. Durante la siguiente temporada, Michaels decidió dejar el programa y explorar otros caminos. La salida de Michaels llevó también a las resignaciones de la mayoría de los miembros del repertorio y del equipo.\n\nSegunda era (1980–1985)\n\nA pesar de que SNL era todavía popular, Michaels pensó que su salida podría llevar a la cancelación del programa. Sin embargo, la NBC ya había planeado para reemplazarlo con Jean Doumanian, una productora asociada durante los primeros cinco temporadas. NBC quería construir un nuevo repertorio y continuar con el programa, dejando Doumanian con la totalidad del control creativo del programa. Después de revisiones, desastres y confusión detrás de las escenas, Doumanian fue despedida después de una sola temporada. Fue reemplazada por Dick Ebersol, quien había sido contratado originalmente con Michaels para crear el programa.\nEl primer episodio de esa era, llamado Saturday Night Live '80 en los créditos iniciales, se estrenó el 15 de noviembre de 1980, con un reparto totalmente nuevo: Eddie Murphy, Charles Rocket, Denny Dillon, Gilbert Gottfried, Gail Matthius, Joe Piscopo, y Ann Risley. Para 1984 entraron Jim Belushi, Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Billy Crystal, Martin Short, Christopher Guest, Rich Hall, y Harry Shearer.\n\nTercera era (1985–1990)\n\nMichaels retornó al programa durante la temporada 1985-1986. Ningunos de los miembros del reparto anterior regresaron, obligando a Michaels a reconstruir el programa. En esa era, Michaels y su nuevo equipo contrataron a Randy Quaid, un nominado para el Academy Award que era conocido por su trabajo en The Last Detail y National Lampoon's Vacation; así como a incógnitas del momento, tales como Joan Cusack, Robert Downey Jr., Danitra Vance, Terry Sweeney (el primer miembro del reparto abiertamente gay), y Anthony Michael Hall (quien apareció con Quaid en National Lampoon's Vacation y protagonizó en The Breakfast Club ese mismo año; a la edad de 17 años, era el miembro más joven en la historia del reparto). Los entonces desconocidos comediantes incluyeron Dennis Miller y Damon Wayans y los comediantes de improvisación Nora Dunn y Jon Lovitz. Don Novello regresó con su personaje, el Padre Guido Sarducci. En 1987 ingresó Ben Stiller.\nDe todo el reparto, solo Dunn, Lovitz, y Miller regresaron para la temporada 1986-1987. Para la nueva temporada, Michaels retornó a su táctica original de reunir un ensemble fuerte de relativos desconocidos, liderados por Dana Carvey, Phil Hartman, Jan Hooks, Victoria Jackson, y Kevin Nealon. Como un resultado de esto, el programa experimentó mejoras en sus índices de audiencia y en su recepción crítica.\n\nCuarta era (1990–1995)\n\nLa temporada 1990-1991 introdujo a una cantidad de actores que rápidamente se convirtieron en las estrellas del programa — Chris Farley, Mike Myers, Tim Meadows, Adam Sandler, Rob Schneider, David Spade y Julia Sweeney. El comediante notorio Chris Rock apareció en el programa durante 3 temporadas. Los personajes más memorables de este periodo incluyeron \"Pat\" de Sweeney, \"Opera Man\" y \"Canteen Boy\" de Sandler, \"Matt Foley\" de Farley, \"El Richmeister\" de Schneider, \"Nat X\" de Rock, \"Abogado Cavernícola Descongelado\" de Hartman, y el cáustico comentario de Spade durante el \"Hollywood Minute.\" La popularidad de estos nuevos miembros del elenco minimizó el impacto de la salida de algunos actores como Jan Hooks y del mediador de Weekend Update Dennis Miller después de la temporada 1990-1991, y de Victoria Jackson después de la temporada 1991-1992.\nMichaels agregó al reparto a Michael McKean y Chris Elliott. Ninguno los dos se sentía a gusto con el programa, y ambos lo dejaron al final de la temporada 1994-1995. Los comediantes Norm Macdonald y Janeane Garofalo unieron al reparto al inicio de la temporada 1994-1995, y Mark McKinney unió a mediados de la misma temporada, después del cierre de otro programa creado por Michaels, The Kids in the Hall. Sin embargo, cuando Garofalo llegó, Adam Sandler comenzó a gritarle por los comentarios que había hecho en su contra sobre su rutina cómica. Otras dos actrices del reparto se pusieron también en su contra (Ellen Cleghorne y Laura Kightlinger). Garofalo se hundió en la depresión y dejó el programa a mediados de la temporada, solo para ser remplazada por Molly Shannon.\n\nQuinta era (1995–2000)\n\nLa temporada 1995-1996 fue la última para David Spade, y el debut de un fuerte grupo de nuevos reclutas: Jim Breuer, Will Ferrell, Tracy Morgan, Darrell Hammond, David Koechner, Cheri Oteri, Nancy Walls, Chris Kattan, Colin Quinn y Molly Shannon. Ana Gasteyer se añadió al reparto durante la siguiente temporada. Jimmy Fallon, Chris Parnell, y Horatio Sanz entraron al reparto durante la temporada 1998-1999, y Rachel Dratch y Maya Rudolph entraron el siguiente año.\n\nSexta era (2000–2005)\n\nEn 1999, Tina Fey se convirtió en la primera mujer en encabezar el equipo de guionistas del programa. El siguiente año, comenzó a actuar en los sketches, convirtiéndose en uno de los co-presentadores de Weekend Update, junto con Jimmy Fallon. También durante esa era, los intérpretes Colin Quinn, Tim Meadows, y Cheri Oteri dejaron el programa, y Horatio Sanz, Seth Meyers, Jeff Richards, Finesse Mitchell, y Kenan Thompson entraron al reparto. Amy Poehler ingresa en 2001, y Fred Armisen junto a Will Forte en 2002.\nEl programa experimentó un contratiempo tras los atentados del 11 de septiembre de 2001, significado por la aparición de Rudolph Giuliani, el alcalde de la Ciudad de Nueva York en ese momento, en el primer episodio de la temporada 27. Como resultado de eso, los comentarios políticos en el programa se redujeron. Con el tiempo, el programa dio más atención al humor político.\n\nSéptima era (2005–2010)\n\nSaturday Night Live prometió cambios para la temporada 2005-2006, entre ellos comenzar transmisiones en alta definición. Lorne Michaels agregó a cuatro nuevos talentos: Andy Samberg, Bill Hader, Kristen Wiig, y Jason Sudeikis. Esta era también vio la salida de Rachel Dratch, Tina Fey, Horatio Sanz, Finesse Mitchell, y Chris Parnell.\n\nOctava era (2010-2014)\n\nLa temporada de 2010-2011 comenzó con Amy Poehler como la presentadora y Lady Gaga invitada musical. En esa era, Will Forte y Jenny Slate dejaron el programa, y Taran Killam, Paul Brittain, Vanessa Bayer, y Jay Pharoah unieron al reparto como actores destacados.\nLa temporada 2011-2012, comenzó el 24 de septiembre de 2011, con Alec Baldwin e invitado musical Radiohead. En esta temporada salen Paul Brittain y entra Kate McKinnon. Esta es la última temporada para Kristen Wiig, Andy Samberg y Abby Elliott.\nEn la temporada 2012-2013, comenzó el 25 de septiembre de 2012, con Seth MacFarlane e invitado musical Frank Ocean. En esta temporada llegan los actores Aidy Bryant, Tim Robinson y Cecily Strong. También marca la salida de los actores, Bill Hader, Jason Sudeikis, Fred Armisen y Tim Robinson, este último quien ahora es escritor del programa.\nEn la temporada 2013-2014, comenzó el 28 de septiembre de 2013, con Tina Fey e invitado musical, Arcade Fire. En esta temporada marca la entrada de siete nuevos actores, Beck Bennett, John Milhiser, Kyle Mooney, Mike O'Brien, Noël Wells, Brooks Wheelan, Sasheer Zamata.\nEl 15 de septiembre de 2013, se dio a conocer que Cecily Strong, sería la nueva conductora de la sección “Weekend Update” debido a que en febrero de 2014, Seth Meyers será el nuevo conductor de Late Night, causado por la salida de Jimmy Fallon, en Late Nightpara conducir The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.\nDebido a la salida de Meyers, el puesto de \"Weekend Update\" fue ocupado por el jefe de guionistas Colin Jost, quien asumió el 1 de marzo.​\n\nNovena era (2014-presente)\n\nLa temporada 40 de SNL comenzó el 27 de septiembre de 2014, con Chris Pratt, como conductor invitado, esta temporada trae varios cambios en su reparto, salieron, Nasim Pedrad (para unirse a una serie producida por Michaels), John Milhiser, Noël Wells y Brooks Wheelan, mientras que Mike O'Brien, se retiró del reparto para ser escritor del programa. Kenan Thompson, anunció que sería su última temporada. Y Cecily Strong, salió de la sección Weekend Update, para participar de los sketches. También esta temporada se agregaron los actores, Michael Che, Pete Davidson y desde el episodio del 25 de octubre, Leslie Jones.\nAdemás hubo cambios en la locución del programa, que ahora estará a cargo de Darrell Hammond.\n\nLocutores\n\nDon Pardo fue el locutor de la serie cuando empezó, y ha actuado como locutor del programa para todas las temporadas a excepción de la séptima, cuando Mel Brandt y Bill Hanrahan llenaron ese papel. Desde su retiro de la NBC en 2004 hasta 2010, Pardo (quien tenía 57 años cuando el programa debutó) continuó volar desde su casa en Tucsón, Arizona, para presentar el programa.​\nPardo anunció en 2010 que para la temporada 36, a los 92 años, pre-grabaría sus papeles desde su casa en Arizona, en lugar de actuar en vivo en la ciudad de Nueva York.​\nEn agosto de 2014, fallece a los 96 años, Don Pardo, la locución será reemplazada por Darrell Hammond.\n\nThe Saturday Night Live Band\n\n\"The Saturday Night Live Band,\" también conocido como \"The Live Band,\" es la banda oficial del programa. Howard Shore, un compositor quien ganó del Premio Óscar, sirvió como el primer director musical desde 1975 hasta 1980, apareciendo en muchos sketches musicales, incluyendo \"Howard Shore and His All-Nurse Band\" y (apoyando un coro de la Guardia Costera de Estados Unidos) \"Howard Shore and the Shore Patrol.\" Durante los años, la banda ha contado con varios músicos de Nueva York, incluyendo Paul Shaffer (1975-1980), Lou Marini (1975-1983), David Sanborn (1975), Michael Brecker (a principios de 1980), Ray Chew (1980-1983), Alan Rubin (1975-1983), Georg Wadenius (1979-1985), Steve Ferrone (1985), David Johansen (actuando como \"Buster Poindexter\"), Tom Malone (quien asumió el cargo como director musical desde 1981 hasta 1985), y G. E. Smith (director musical desde 1985 hasta 1995). La banda está actualmente dirigida por Lenny Pickett, un alumno de Tower of Power, con Leon Pendarvis y Katreese Barnes como teclistas. El número de músicos ha variado a lo largo de los años, pero la instrumentación básica ha consistido en tres saxofones, un trombón, una trompeta, y una sección rítmica (que cuenta con dos teclados, una guitarra, bajo, tambores, y un percusionista extra). Las temporadas de 1983-1984 y 1984-1985 contaron con la más pequeña banda, un combo de seis piezas. La banda toca instrumentales que entran y salen de los descansos; los afiliados que emiten ningún tipo de publicidad durante estos intervalos escuchen canciones completas tocadas por la banda detrás de un gráfico de Saturday Night Live hasta que el programa resume.​\n\nPresentadores e invitados musicales\n\nUn episodio típico de Saturday Night Live contará con un solo presentador, quien ofrece el monólogo introductorio y actúa en sketches con el reparto, y un solo invitado musical, quien ocasionalmente presentará dos o tres números musicales. En algunos casos, el invitado musical será también el presentador, llenando los dos deberes. Se ha convertido en costumbre que el presentador de la serie acabe el monólogo introductorio presentando los invitados musicales para la noche. George Carlin fue el primer presentador del programa, y Candice Bergen fue la primera mujer en presentar el programa unas pocas semanas más tarde. Los clientes que han presentado cinco o más episodios se refieren a veces como pertenecientes al \"Five-Timers Club,\" un término que se originó en un sketch que apareció en el quinto episodio de Tom Hanks.\n\nEstudio\n\nDesde sus inicios, Saturday Night Live ha sido emitido desde el Estudio 8H, ubicado en los pisos 8 y 9 del Edificio GE (30 Rockefeller Plaza, o \"30 Rock\"). Debido al hecho que el estudio original fue un escenario de sonido radiofónico para Arturo Toscanini y la Orquesta Sinfónica de la NBC, los diseños del piso de estudio y del posicionamiento de la audiencia cause que algunos miembros del audiencia tienen una vista obstruida de muchos de los sketches. Según la NBC, el Estudio 8H tiene un acústica casi perfecto. Las oficinas de los guionistas, productores, y otros miembros del personal del programa se puede encuentran en el piso 17 de \"30 Rock.\"\nDurante la pausa de grabación en el verano de 2005, los equipos comenzaron sus renovaciones en el Estudio 8H. Con el estreno de su temporada 31o en octubre de 2005, el programa comenzó a transmitir en televisión de alta definición, y desde entonces, el programa ha aparecido con un letterbox en las pantallas de televisores convencionales.\nTres de los cuatro primeros conciertos de la temporada 1976-1977 fueron grabados en la ubicación antigua de los NBC Studios en Brooklyn, debido a que NBC News fue utilizando el Estudio 8H para su cobertura de las elecciones presidenciales.​\nMary Ellen Matthews—la fotógrafa quien está responsable por tomar retratos de las celebridades que aparecen en SNL, y usarlos en parachoques comerciales para el programa—generalmente toma fotografías del presentador invitado del programa en el estudio mientras el invitado musical práctica sus canciones.​\n\nPost-producción\n\nCon instalaciones interiores ubicados en los pisos 8 y 17 de Rockefeller Plaza, deberes de post-producción en transmisiones de Saturday Night Live incluyen la mezcla de elementos de audio y video por el \"Senior Audio Mixer\" (\"Mezclador Superior de Audio\"), junto con señales adicionales de audio que consisten de música, efectos de sonido, orquestraciones de música, y pre-grabaciones de voces en off. Todas las fuentes se almacenan digitalmente, con episodios capturados y separados en distintos elementos a los fines de reorganización para repeticiones futuras y sindicación. El sistema de seguimiento de producción fue migrado totalmente del sistema de grabación analógico al sistema digital en 1998, y como resultado, los episodios típicamente requieren 1.5 terabytes de almacenamiento, que consta de los elementos de audio y unos de los elementos visuales.​\nElementos de Saturday Night Live que son pre-grabados, tales como ciertas parodias de comerciales, los cortometrajes llamados los \"SNL Digital Shorts,\" y los gráficos del programa, son procesados fuera del estudio, en las instalaciones de post-producción de Broadway Video.​​\n\nFilmación y fotografía\n\nLas instalaciones de producción en el Estudio 8H se mantienen por NBC Production Services. Los equipos de videocámara incluyen cuarto cámaras Sony BVP CCD-700, y dos cámaras Sony BVP-750 CCD, ambos utilizando pedestales por Vinten. El GVG 4000-3 (un conmutador para componentes digitales de producción) y el GVG 7000 (un conmutador para componentes digitales de enrutamiento) se utilizan para enrutar imágenes visuales a la sala de control, con múltiples grabadoras de vídeo digital y analógico que se utilizan para almacenar imágenes. Los gráficos son proporcionados por el generador de caracteres Chyron! Infinit y el Quantel PictureBox. Las instalaciones de audio consisten en una consola digitalmente controlada para mezcla analógica, y una consola de mezclas digital fabricada por Yamaha que se utiliza para soporte de reproducciones de cinta y trabajo sobre utilidades de audio.​\nA partir de la temporada 35, la secuencia introductoria con el logotipo del título y la montaje apertura se han tomados con las cámaras digitales de Canon EOS 5D Mark II y Canon EOS 7D SLR. Los elementos típicos se graban a 30 imágenes por segundo, con las secuencias de moción lenta siendo rodadas en 60 imágenes por segundo, ambos completamente en alta definición en el modo de vídeo 1080p.​\n\nEn vivo\n\nEl programa generalmente comienza a las 23:29:30, horario de la costa este,​ excepto en casos cuando ocurre un retraso. El programa se emite por una hora y media, terminando a las 01:00. Para el horario de la montaña y el horario del Pacífico, la NBC emite el programa pre-grabado en vivo, generalmente sin edición, a pesar de los errores. Después del sketch introductoria, el programa siempre comienzo con las palabras: \"Live, from New York, it's Saturday Night\" (\"En vivo, desde Nueva York, es sábado por la noche\").\nEn España se emite el programa de la semana en versión original los sábados a las 22:00 en Movistar CineDoc&Roll, emite el programa pre-grabado en vivo, generalmente sin edición, a pesar de los errores.\n\nReposiciones\n\nReposiciones de SNL se emiten fuera de su secuencia de emisión original, generalmente determinada por cuales episodios no se han repetidos, pero tuvieron altas calificaciones o aclamaciones para sus emisiones en vivo. Programas generalmente se emiten dos veces durante una temporada particular, pero frecuentemente los episodios de mayor audiencia de la temporada tienen una segunda emisión hacia el final de la temporada inactiva, o episodios será repitidos una segunda o tercera vez, para coincidir con un nuevo evento conectado con la persona quien lo presentó. Por ejemplo, el episodio de Natalie Portman que se emitió en marzo de 2006 para promover la película V de Vendetta se repitió el 5 de agosto de 2006, antes del lanzamiento en DVD de la película en el 8 de agosto del mismo año. Del mismo modo, un episodio presentado por Jeff Gordon se re-emitió tras la cobertura de la NBC de la Pepsi 400.\nNBC y Broadway Video son titulares de los derechos subyacentes, mientras que los derechos de autor de cada episodio del programa hasta ahora son propiedad exclusiva de la NBC. Desde 1990 hasta 2004, Comedy Central y de su predecesor Ha! re-transmitieron reposiciones de la serie, después de lo cual la cadena de entretenimiento de televisión por cable E! firmó un acuerdo para las repeticiones.​ Versiones abreviadas con treinta y sesenta minutos de las primeras cinco temporadas fueron emitidos como \"The Best of Saturday Night Live\" en sindicación a principios de la década de 1980, y más tarde en Nick at Nite en 1988. En septiembre de 2010, las reposiciones de la mayoría de los episodios posteriores a 1998 se inició al aire en VH1.​\n\nCompilaciones\n\nOcasionalmente, SNL emite programas de compilación. Tales programas contarán con sketches seleccionados de la temporada anterior, de un miembro particular del reparto o de varios presentadores en tiempo, o centradas en un tema particular (por ejemplo, Halloween o Navidad). Sketches políticos son típicamente sacrificadas para un especial en años de elecciones presidenciales; el especial de 2000 fue notable por haber apariciones autocríticas (aunque separadas) de los candidatos George W. Bush y Al Gore. Durante la campaña presidencial del 2008, Hillary Rodham Clinton, Mike Huckabee, John McCain, Barack Obama, Rudolph Giuliani, y Sarah Palin hicieron apariciones en el programa.\n\nDVD\n\nEn la actualidad, Universal Studios Home Entertainment y Lions Gate Entertainment son los titulares de los derechos de vídeo para la serie. Universal ha estrenado conjuntos completos en DVD para las primeras pocas temporadas, mientras que la cuota de Lions Gate de los derechos son el resultado de contratos anteriores con la cadena NBC golpeados antes de la fusión en NBC Universal. La mayoría de los DVD de SNL lanzados por Lions Gate son compilaciones con títulos comenzando con \"Best Of...\".\n\nLibros\n\nEl primer libro autorizado para la serie fue publicada por Avon Books en 1977. Saturday Night Live (ISBN 0-380-01801-2) fue editado por Anne Beatts y John Head, con la fotografía de Edie Baskin;​ los tres trabajaron para Saturday Night Live en el momento de la publicación del libro. El bolsillo de gran tamaño incluyó los guiones de varios sketches por el repertorio original, conocido en ese momento como \"The Not Ready for Prime-Time Players\".​\nEn 1994, el segundo libro sobre SNL fue publicada, llamado Saturday Night Live: The First Twenty Years (ISBN 0-395-75284-1). El libro fue escrito por Michael Cader. The First Twenty Years ofrece información sobre el reparto, los personajes, y momentos notables visto en el programa hasta 1994.​\nOtro libro sobre la serie fue publicada en 2002. Se llama Live From New York: An Uncensored History of Saturday Night Live, as Told by Its Stars, Writers, and Guests (ISBN 0-316-73565-5). El libro fue escrito por Tom Shales y James Andrew Miller. El libro consta de entrevistas (conducidas por los autores) con las personas que han trabajado en el programa. Las entrevistas revelan experiencias personales de lo que sucedió detrás del escenario y las dificultades en la producción de cada episodio semanal del programa.​\nOtros libros notables sobre SNL incluyen: Saturday Night: A Backstage History of Saturday Night Live (ISBN 0-688-05099-9), un libro sobre el trabajo que ocurrió detrás de las escenas en los primeros diez temporadas; y Gasping for Airtime: Two Years in the Trenches of Saturday Night Live (ISBN 1-4013-0801-5), que detalló las luchas de Jay Mohr durante sus dos temporadas en el programa.\nEn el 2015, y con motivo de su cuadragésimo aniversario, se editó un libro conmemorativo con la historia de SNL en fotos y con algunos testimonios escritos por quienes pasaron alguna vez por el programa.\n\nElogios\n\nSaturday Night Live ha ganado numerosos premios desde su debut, incluyendo 21 Premios Primetime Emmy,​ dos Premios Peabody,​ y tres Premios WGA.​ En 2009, recibió un total de 13 nominaciones de Premios Emmy para un total de 126, convirtiéndolo en el programa con la cantidad más larga de nominaciones para un Premio Emmy de cualquier programa en la historia de la televisión, un récord previamente establecido por el drama médico ER con 124.​​\n\nCríticas\n\nEn 2002, el programa fue honrado por TV Guide con el décimo puesto en su listado \"The 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time\" (\"Los 50 Mejores Programas de Televisión de Todos Los Tiempos\"),​ y en 2007, fue listado por la revista Time como uno de los 100 mejores programas de televisión de todos los tiempos.​​\n\nImpacto electoral\n\nSNL también ha tenido un efecto en las elecciones. Los votantes habían informados que sketches políticos que se mostraron en el programa habían influidos sus votaciones reales. Los medios de comunicación denominaron esto como \"The SNL Effect\". Esto efecto se observó durante las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2008, según Mike Dabadie. Dos tercios de los votantes quienes respondieron a una encuesta dijeron que habían visto una emisión de Saturday Night Live con contenido políticamente cargada, con un 10 por ciento diciendo que había hecho una diferencia en su decisión. Barack Obama fue el beneficiario de los contenidos políticos, con el 59 por ciento diciendo que votaron para el candidato demócrata;​ sin embargo, en la campaña presidencial demócrata, Hillary Rodham Clinton principalmente recibió un tratamiento más favorable que el de Barack Obama.\n\nIncidentes sobre Sinéad O'Connor\n\nSinéad O'Connor fue planificada para ser el invitado musical en el episodio emitido el 12 de mayo de 1990. Andrew Dice Clay era el presentador, y O'Connor boicoteó el programa en protesta por su humor misógino, que obligó a los productores a encontrar sustitutos musicales. Nora Dunn también boicoteó el episodio de esa semana, y no se incluyó en el elenco del próximo año.​​ Según se informa, Andrew Dice Clay fue abucheado durante el monólogo de apertura, y el monólogo en el ensayo se mostró en las repeticiones.​\nEl 3 de octubre de 1992, Sinéad O'Connor apareció en Saturday Night Live como la invitada musical. Estaba cantando una versión a capella de la canción \"War\" de Bob Marley, la cual utilizó como una protesta por los casos de abuso sexual cometidos por miembros de la Iglesia católica, cambiando la lírica de \"luchar contra la injusticia racial\" a \"luchar contra el abuso de niños.\"​Luego presentó una foto del Papa Juan Pablo II a la cámara mientras cantando la palabra \"mal,\" tras lo cual rompió la foto, diciendo: \"Lucha contra el verdadero enemigo,\" y arrojó los pedazos hacia la cámara.​​\nSaturday Night Live no tuvo conocimiento previo del plan de O'Connor. A partir de 2011, NBC todavía se niega a retransmitir la secuencia con la excepción de una entrevista con O'Connor en The Rachel Maddow Show en MSNBC, que se emitió el 24 de abril de 2010, cuando MSNBC completamente emitió el clip durante la entrevista. NBC reemplazó el incidente con imágenes del ensayo general en donde O'Connor sostiene una foto de un niño balcánico antes de retirarse de la etapa. La versión del ensayo también se utilizó durante retransmisiones sindicadas (vistos en los canales Comedy Central y E! Entertainment Television). Sin embargo, el episodio original está disponible en cuatro volúmenes de la especial en DVD Saturday Night Live: 25 Years of Music, con una introducción sobre el incidente por el creador y ejecutivo del programa, Lorne Michaels. Sin embargo, el 20 de febrero de 2011, el vídeo fue retransmitido en el especial de SNL \"Backstage,\" que mostró imágenes de un ensayo general y la actuación juntos. En las dos actuaciones, dos fotos diferentes son sostenidas, uno donde O'Connor sostiene la imagen de un niño hambriento y el otro donde sostiene una foto del Papa —pero con un corte a los entrevistados durante el momento en lo cual la foto fue arrancado—.\n\nIncidente sobre Rage Against the Machine\n\nEl 13 de abril de 1996, la banda Rage Against the Machine fue invitada para interpretar dos canciones. El programa fue presentado esa noche por Steve Forbes, un multimillonario republicano y antiguo candidato para la presidencia de Estados Unidos. Según Tom Morello, guitarrista de RATM, \"Rage Against the Machine quería estar en la contrataposición aguda a un multimillonario contando chistes y promotando su impuesto de tasa única al hacer nuestra propia declaración\".​ Con este fin, la banda colgó dos banderas de Estados Unidos al revés en sus amplificadores. Segundos antes de llegar en la etapa para interpretar \"Bulls on Parade\", SNL y NBC enviaron tramoyistas para eliminar las banderas.​ Luego de la eliminación de las banderas durante la primera actuación, la banda fue abordado por los funcionarios de SNL y NBC y ordenado de salir inmediatamente del edificio. Al oír esto, el bajista Tim Commerford presuntamente irrumpieron en el vestidor de Forbes, lanzando fragmentos de una de las banderas. Morello señaló que miembros del reparto y equipo de Saturday Night Live, a quienes se negó a nombrar, \"expresaron su solidaridad con nuestras acciones, y un sentimiento de vergüenza de que su programa había censurado la actuación\".​\n\nIncidente sobre Ashlee Simpson\n\nAshlee Simpson, hermana menor de la estrella pop Jessica Simpson, apareció como la invitada musical el 23 de octubre de 2004, y, como es habitual en el formato del programa, estaba prevista para interpretar dos canciones. Su primera canción, \"Pieces of Me,\" se llevó a cabo sin problemas. Sin embargo, cuando empezó su segunda canción, \"Autobiography\", las voces de la canción \"Pieces of Me\" se escuchó de nuevo, antes de que había alzada el micrófono a su boca. Simpson comenzó a hacer una plantilla improvisada cuando se dio cuenta del error embarazoso, pero luego dejó la etapa.​ Durante el fin del programa, Simpson apareció con el presentador invitado, Jude Law, y dijo: \"Lo siento mucho. Mi banda comenzó tocar la canción incorrecta, y yo no sabía qué hacer, así que pensé en hacer una contradanza\".\nEl 25 de octubre del mismo año, Simpson llamó al programa de videos musicales Total Request Live y explicó que debido a complicaciones derivadas de un caso severo de reflujo gastroesofágico, que había sido visto molestándola en The Ashlee Simpson Show, había perdido completamente su voz y su médico la aconsejó que no podía cantar. Dijo que debido al reflujo, su padre le quería hacer usar una pista de guía vocal para la actuación. Simpson dijo sobre el incidente, \"hice una tonta de mí misma\". Según Simpson, el baterista pulsó el botón incorrecto, causando que la canción incorrecta fuese tocada.", "Barbara Dane\n\nBarbara Dane (nacida el 12 de mayo de 1927) es una cantante estadounidense de folk, blues y jazz.\n\"Bessie Smith en estéreo\", escribió el crítico de jazz Leonard Feather en la década de los 50. Time dijo de Dane: \"La voz es, pura y rica ... rara como un diamante de 20 quilates\", y citó la exclamación de Louis Armstrong después de oírla en el festival de jazz de Pasadena: \"Viste a esa chica? Es fantástica!\"​\n\nComienzos\n\nLos padres de Barbara Dane llegaron a Detroit de Arkansas en la década de los años 20. Al salir de la secundaria, Dane comenzó a cantar regularmente en las manifestaciones por la igualdad racial y la justicia económica. En su adolescencia, actuó con bandas de la ciudad y se ganó el interés de los promotores de música locales. Recibió una oferta de gira con la banda de Alvino Rey, pero los rechazó en favor del canto en las puertas de las fábricas y en los salones sindicales.​\n\nCarrera como cantante\n\nSe muda a San Francisco en el año 1949. Allí Dane comenzó a cuidar de su propia familia y a cantar folk y canciones de actualidad alrededor de la ciudad, así como en la radio y la televisión. En esa época el jazz vivió un renacimiento en la ciudad, y en la década de los 50 se convirtió en una figura familiar en los clubes a lo largo del Embarcadero, con sus propias versiones del blues femenino y las melodías de jazz. Músicos de jazz de New Orleans como George Lewis y Kid Ory y lugareños como Turk Murphy, Burt Bales, Bob Mielke y otros la invitaron a cantar en sus grupos con regularidad. Su primer trabajo profesional de jazz fue con Turk Murphy en el Tin Angel en 1956.\nPara la revista Ebony, ella parecía \"increíble rubia, especialmente cuando la poderosa oscura voz de alto comienza a quejarse de los problemas, de los hombres y de la libertad ... con obstinada determinación, entusiasmo y un amor profundo por los débiles, [se] hace un nombre a sí misma ... ayudada e instigada por algunos de los nombres más antiguos en el jazz que ayudaron a dar a luz al blues.\" Las siete páginas del artículo de Ebony estaban llenas de fotos de Dane trabajando con Memphis Slim, Willie Dixon, Muddy Waters, Clara Ward, Mama Yancey, Little Brother Montgomery y otros.​\nEn 1959, Louis Armstrong la invitó a aparecer con él en la televisión nacional. Ella apareció con Louis Armstrong en el Timex All-Star Jazz Show organizado por Jackie Gleason de 7 de enero de 1959.​ Luego realizó una gira por la Costa Este con Jack Teagarden, apareció en Chicago con Art Hodes, Roosevelt Sykes, Little Brother Montgomery, Memphis Slim, Otis Spann, Willie Dixon y otros, actuó en Nueva York con Wilbur De Paris y su banda, y apareció en The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson como artista invitada única. También actuó en la televisión en The Steve Allen Show, Bobby Troop's Stars of Jazz, y Alfred Hitchcock Presenta. En 1961, la cantante abrió su propio club, Sugar Hill: Home of the Blues, en San Francisco, en la calle Broadway, en el distrito de la Playa Norte, con la idea de crear un lugar de encuentro para el blues en un distrito turístico, donde un público más amplio podía oírlo.​ Allí Dane actúa regularmente con sus dos más constantes compañeros musicales: Kenny \"Good News\" Whitson en el piano y la corneta y Wellman Braud, ex bajista de Ellington.​\nEn su discurso en las Protestas contra la Guerra de Vietnam (cuyo texto puede encontrarse en el folleto que se incluye en el disco de Paredon Records FTA! Songs of the GI Resistence, álbum de 1970), Barbara Dane dijo, \"yo era demasiado terca para contratar a gerentes codiciosos, probablemente porque soy una mujer a la que le gusta hablar por sí misma. Siempre he hecho mis propios tratos y contratos, y después de averiguar las tarifas, yo era libre de elegir cuando y donde trabajaba, era capaz de pasar mucho más tiempo con mis tres hijos y haciendo trabajo político, e incluso traía a casa más dinero al final, por no ir a por el \"bigtime.\" Hice algunos discos realmente agradables, porque era capaz de elegir y trabajar con músicos maravillosamente talentosos.\"​\n\nActivismo político\n\nContinuó sus apariciones, como artista en solitario en el circuito de cafeterías con su estilo folk a la guitarra. También ha intensificado su trabajo en los movimientos por la paz y la justicia, como la lucha por los derechos civiles y la contra la guerra de Vietnam. Cantó en las manifestaciones de paz en Washington, DC, y en todo el país y recorrió en contra de la guerra cafeterías de todo el mundo. En 1966, Barbara Dane se convirtió en la primera música estadounidense en hacer una gira después de la revolución, en Cuba.​\nEn 1970 Dane funda Paredon Records con su marido Irwin Silber,​ una etiqueta que se especializa en la canción protesta. Ella produjo 45 álbumes, tres de ella misma, durante un período de 12 años. La etiqueta más tarde fue incorporada en la Smithsonian-Folkways, una etiqueta de la Institución Smithsoniana, y está disponible a través de su catálogo.​\nEn 1978, Dane apareció con Pete Seeger en un mitin en Nueva York para ayudar a los mineros del carbón.​\n\"El mundo necesita más gente como Barbara, alguien que está dispuesto a seguir su conciencia. Ella es, si el término debe ser utilizado, una heroína\", dijo Bob Dylan en una carta abierta al Broadside Magazine en el año 1964. ​\n\nCantante de blues y modelo a seguir\n\nCuando estaba a finales de los años 70, Philip Elwood, crítico de jazz del San Francisco Examiner, dijo de ella: \"Dane está de vuelta y hermosa... tiene una inmensa voz, muy bien entonada...capaz de exquisitas presentaciones, independientemente del material. Como cantante de blues ella es incomparable.\" El escritor sobre blues Lee Hildebrand la llama \"...quizás la mejor intérprete viva del blues clásico de los años 20.\" En 2010 en un perfil de Barbara producido por Steven Short para la KALW en San Francisco, Bonnie Raitt dijo \"ella siempre ha sido un modelo a seguir y una heroína para mí – musicalmente y políticamente. Pienso que el arco de su vida ha influenciado la mía. Realmente no puedo pensar en alguien a quien admirar más, por la forma en que vivió su vida\". La entrevista está archivada en la web de la KALW.​\n\nFamilia\n\nDane estuvo casada con el cantante de folk Rolf Cahn. Su hijo, Jesse Cahn, también se convirtió en un popular músico.​ Pablo Menéndez, hijo de Dane con el joyero Byron Menéndez, lidera Mezcla, un conjunto de jazz fusión en Cuba. Su hija, Nina Menéndez, es la directora artística del Bay Area Flamenco Festival y el Festival Flamenco Gitano. En 1964, Dane se casó con Irwin Silber.", "Zoids: Genesis\n\nAntecedentes\n\nAl igual que Zoids: Fuzors , Génesis sigue teniendo lugar en el planeta Zi, sino que también parece no compartir ninguna conexión con la serie anterior. Pero el espectáculo tiene un mayor postapocalíptico ajuste, después de un evento ambiental / geológico catastrófico conocido como \"Furia de los dioses\" que ha destruido gran parte de las civilizaciones en Zi y devastado el planeta. Muchos de los sobrevivientes de Zi han creado nuevas civilizaciones con el uso de estructuras gigantes llamados \"generadores\" que se encuentran dispersos en todo el planeta. Sin embargo, de las cenizas de \"Furia de los dioses\", la tecnología de la Zoids sigue existiendo y están constantemente excavada para el uso humano. El espectáculo vuelve a los estilos de más aventureros y temas de guerra que recuerdan a Zoids: Chaotic Century . Se centra en un chico llamado Ruuji que vive en un pequeño pueblo costero llamado Miroodo y, finalmente, se convierte en el piloto de la Murasame Liger después de haber excavado desde el océano.\n\nArgumento\n\nGeneraciones atrás en el planeta Zi, a la altura del desarrollo humano, los Zoids fueron utilizados en una guerra épica, que finalmente llevó a la destrucción del mundo. Así era el mundo devastado que el planeta era apenas habitable para la humanidad y la naturaleza. La catástrofe fue nombrado \"Furia de los dioses\" y fue considerado un evento sobrenatural por la gente que cree que el mundo fue castigado a causa de la necedad de la humanidad.\nEl uso de uno de sus Zoids más potentes y más grandes, las personas que sobreviven de este conflicto montaron en Gildragons de seguridad y refugio. Mientras que un grupo regresó a la tierra y fundó Hierro Rock City, otro grupo construyó una ciudad flotante en el cielo llamado Sky City. La gente de allí reconstruyen su sociedad y, finalmente, comenzó a investigar formas de restaurar el planeta. Después de muchos años de investigación, que planean utilizar su tecnología avanzada bio-mecánica para restaurar el mundo con el fin de, finalmente, volver a habitar la tierra de sus antepasados casi destruidas; ya que vivían en su ciudad avanzada, se convirtieron en la arrogancia, cómodos donde están y ya no desean volver.\nA pesar de no regresar, la tecnología que desarrollaron fue implementado en el planeta, que utilizó a lo que los locales se refieren como generadores supervivientes. Tiene capacidades únicas para mantener la energía y el crecimiento de la maquinaria y la vida en los alrededores. Con el tiempo, la ciudad del cielo se encontraría con el agotamiento de la energía y explorado Zi con sus propios agentes secretos. Como otros agentes observaron el crecimiento y progreso de los seres humanos que sobrevivieron \"Furia dioses\", otros se acercaron a la gente a hacer arreglos especiales. El consejo de la ciudad del cielo eligió una ciudad llamada Digu y se negocian fuera de tecnología avanzada para Reggel (recurso de energía universal, como el petróleo, de sus generadores). Su disposición no sólo los tratados involucradas, sino también el envío de un ciudadano del cielo para ser adoptadas como parte del acuerdo. El Rey de Digu aceptaría Jiin como su hijo y desde Digu ha invertido recursos y desarrollado sus propias tecnologías para formar su propio ejército, el Ejército Digald. Con el tiempo, Digald podría producir en masa sus propias unidades especiales, Bio-Zoids (una unidad casi indestructible en combate, única debilidad son las armas hechas de Zi-aleación y daños en el interior de su boca), con la ayuda de la tecnología proporcionada por Iron Rock.\nLos Zoids Bio se hicieron en los números rápidos y poco a poco comenzó a conquistar vecinas aldeas, pueblos y ciudades que tenían generadores para ayudar a producir más energía para el consumo de energía de Digald. Utilizaron piedras especiales que podrían detectar la capacidad de un ser humano para pilotar un Bio-Zoid y los reclutados en las fuerzas Digald, no volver a ver a sus amigos y familia. Aunque conocido y temido en todo el continente, la gente no podía hacer mucho para defenderse a sí mismos como sus Zoids no podían competir contra el formidable armadura del Bio-Zoids y no podían sobrevivir sin tener un generador; la gente o se rindieron o fueron destruidos.\nLa historia de Zoids Génesis en realidad comienza por aquí, como Señor Ra-Kan (heredera de la Kira Unido) vaga por el mundo con la princesa Mii (sobrina a Ra-Kan) después de su reino ha caído a Digald. A pesar de su reino había caído, los sobrevivientes de Kira reconstruyeron una nueva ciudad llamada Zuuri en una nueva ubicación secreta lejos de la influencia de Digald. Joven Ruuji Familon trabajaba con su padre para ayudar a recuperar Zoids desde el fondo del océano en su pueblo, Miroodo. Mientras Mii y Ra-Kan fue dentro del área local, por lo que era el mayor Zairin (un comandante superior de Digald). Zairin descubriría que Miroodo tenía un pequeño generador de fuerzas Digald para reclamar; sus tropas llegaron y atacaron Miroodo. Ruuji nunca podría activar un Zoid, pero la situación era grave y se metió en el justo excavado-Mursasame Liger (que utiliza una katana Zi-aleación). Este Zoide respondió a la llamada de Ruuji y activado en su ayuda contra el Bio-Raptors atacar a su pueblo.\nRa-Kan, y el Mii se unieron Ruuji en su lucha contra Digald. Con el tiempo, una batalla entre Zairin y Ruuji llevó a los daños accidentales sufridos por el generador de Miroodo. Con el generador dañado, esto llevó al temor a la destrucción de Miroodo (como todos los asentamientos dependían de ellos); Ra-Kan accedió a ayudar Ruuji en la búsqueda de un mecánico generador. Esta búsqueda de la búsqueda de un técnico generador llevaría Ruuji hacerse amigo Kotona (asesino entrenado formalmente de Iron Rock), Puertas de garaje (ex líder rebelde anti-Digald), Ron (Sky City agente de espionaje), y Seijuurou (ex campeón Zoid y maestro de combate de Ruuji ; morir de cáncer). En medio de la búsqueda de Ruuji, descubrieron Murasame Liger tenía la capacidad de EVOLT (formas de combate el cambio) en Hayate Liger (forma de combate de alta velocidad) y que jugó un papel fundamental en su supervivencia. Eventualmente, sin embargo, Ruuji y su Liger desempeñarían un papel más importante en lo que vendrá.\nA través de sus aventuras, Ruuji fue incapaz de encontrar una persona capaz de reparar el generador; sus viajes le hizo darse cuenta, incluso si el generador podría ser fijado, la expansión de Digald finalmente descartar todo, incluyendo Miroodo; Ruuji sugirió a Ra-Kan para luchar contra Digald y, finalmente, Ra-Kan acordó que la expansión del Digald no podía continuar. Con los recursos y las fuerzas de Zuuri, Ra-Kan comenzó a organizar un ejército de lucha contra el delito. Se invitó a muchos grupos de resistencia a su causa, pero sólo unos pocos tenían interés en unirse a ellos como hubo un fuerte temor y reticencia a enfrentarse al Ejército Digald; con los eventuales éxitos de la represión del Ejército Digald , su reputación llamado la atención de muchos y sus fuerzas eventualmente creció en número.\nRon siempre había estado preocupado por las actividades de Jiin y en secreto utilizado sus recursos avanzados para ayudar a Ruuji y Ra-Kan; el equipo finalmente se presentó a la ciudad del cielo (donde Seijuurou fue curado de su condición) con la esperanza de convencer al Consejo para prestar ayuda en su causa. Desgraciadamente, el Consejo no se movió para ayudar, ya que consideraban los problemas más adelante no les afectan ni idea de Jiin como una amenaza seria contra sus tecnologías superiores; que se demostraría muy mal. En la arrogancia de la ciudad del cielo, Jiin traicionado a su propio pueblo y lanzó Bio-Raptor Guis en un asalto aéreo contra la ciudad del cielo y se hundió la ciudadela; muchos de sus ciudadanos sobrevivido y encontrado refugio en Zuuri, pero tenían dificultades para adaptarse a la vida primitiva y obligado a reconocer su presunción. Fue sólo entonces los ancianos cielo de la ciudad revelaron su intención original de la rebelión: se proponían Jiin para hacerse cargo de Digald tener una fuerza vasallo basada en la Tierra de la fuerza militar, así como el suministro de reggel largo plazo. Por desgracia, la ambición de Jiin era demasiado grande y que fueron traicionados por su exceso de confianza en él el control, lo que lleva a su desaparición. Con Sky City destruido, no había ningún poder real dejó a oponerse a él, a excepción de las fuerzas de la resistencia, que él consideraba como una simple molestia.\nMientras tanto, el poder y la influencia de Jiin crecieron dentro Digu. Después de la muerte de su rey, Jiin declaró emperador y, finalmente, un dios para Digald. Sus nuevas políticas no sólo eran más draconianas , pero alienados muchos de los oficiales bajo Jiin. Sin embargo, no fue un problema para Jiin, ya que es capaz de extraer las almas humanas en los cuerpos de Bio-Zoid pilotos droides; triplicó sus fuerzas y sin la necesidad de que los pilotos humanos. Zairin estaba obsesionado con derrotar Ruuji hasta que descubrió la verdad impactante de sus fuerzas reforzadas, que lo sacó de su obsesión y le llevó a desertar. Con el tiempo, había corrido la voz dentro de las fuerzas Digald acerca de sus pilotos se extrajeron las almas humanas, muchas de las Fuerzas Digald desertó a la represión Digald Ejército.\nDespués de largas batallas duras contra las fuerzas Digald, que era una alianza inusual cuando la mayoría de los agentes humanos de Digald se pasaron al ejército anti-Digald. Ruuji sentir su título contra el ejército Digald ya no era apropiado y renombró a sí mismos la represión Jiin Ejército . Una gran batalla final se libró contra Jiin en su Bio-Tyranno. Después de una pelea muy difícil, Ruuji destruido Jiin con Mugen Liger (forma después de EVOLT Hayate Liger) y terminó el conflicto para restablecer la paz en las tierras. Después de la batalla, se descubrió que tenía Liger Murasame tecnologías de regeneración únicos que pueden ayudar a reactivar el generador de Miroodo; Ruuji regresó a su pueblo y ayudó a restaurar la vida de vuelta a su ciudad natal.\n\nZoids\n\nA pesar del desastre hace más de mil años, Zoids todavía están en uso por las naciones y ciudades del planeta Zi. La diferencia principal entre otras series es el uso de una sustancia llamada Regel . Procedentes de una serie de generadores de forma de árbol que ayudan a mantener el ecosistema del planeta, Regel es una naranja, líquido savia similar a la que dependen de Zoids. Debido al tamaño y volumen de admisión es necesario, es posible que Zoids lo utilizan para funciones de mantenimiento, como el aceite lubricante, más que como una fuente de energía; También se puede utilizar de esta manera para evitar la propagación de Zoids demasiado lejos de control humano.\n\nDigald Zoids\n\nLa nación militarista de Digald ha sido constantemente expandiendo por el planeta Zi, el cumplimiento de poca oposición. ciudades ocupadas tienen sus poblaciones utilizados como mano de obra forzada o pilotos Zoid. La clave de su éxito ha sido una de plateado sobre su Zoids, que es inmune al haz de armamento. Sin embargo, es extremadamente vulnerable a las altas temperaturas, o el efecto de las armas hechos de una sustancia llamada de metal Zi. Al entrar en contacto con cualquiera de ellos, las masas fundidas-recubrimiento de plata y se evapora, y la estructura interna carmesí se desintegra, dejando esqueletos blancos solamente blanqueadas.\nZoids piloteados por oficiales de alto rango tienen garras o picos de oro que pueden bloquear las armas de metal Zi, aunque éstas son raras. Los pilotos, a diferencia de la mayoría de Zoids, permanecen suspendidas en una cabina oscura, y llevan trajes voluminosos con la conexión de cables para controlar su Zoids. La mayoría están controlados utilizando aviones no tripulados con humanoides rotatorio, cascos de tres ojos, reveló más tarde a ser la conciencia de los pueblos ocupados drenado encerradas en formas robóticas. Más tarde modelo de tipo comandante Bio-Zoids como el Bio-volcán y, presumiblemente, el Bio-Kentro han armadura hecha de cristal que son completamente resistentes a las armas de metal Zi.", "Rock del Perú\n\nPeriodo 1955 - 1959\n\nLa primera vez que se escuchó masivamente rock & roll en el Perú fue el 28 de agosto de 1955 durante el estreno de Blackboard Jungle en el cual se ejecutaba el tema Rock Around the Clock de Bill Haley & His Comets.​ El impacto del film en la juventud fue impresionante, ya que suscitó una identificación inmediata en los jóvenes.​\nDurante el verano de 1957, Los Millonarios del Jazz y Eulogio Molina y sus Rock and Rollers lanzaron, casi simultáneamente, los primeros discos de 45 de rock grabado por músicos peruanos, seguidos por sendos LP de 10 pulgadas. Ambos con cantantes extranjeros.\n\nPrimeros estilos, Rock and Roll y Proto Punk (década de 1960)\n\nA inicios de la década de 1960, empezaría una movida muy fuerte y la aparición de muchas bandas, las cuales tendrán cabida en los distritos de Miraflores y en el Callao.​\nDe esta forma, en Miraflores se empezarían a llevar a cabo las primeras movidas de rock en donde sonaban bandas como Los Kreps, Los Sunset, Conjunto Astoria, Los Zodiac, Los Alfiles y Los Stars.​\nTambién alcanzaría el éxito Jorge Botteri con su estilo Rock and roll y Twist. En 1963 la banda proveniente del Callao llamada Los Incas Modernos editaron uno de los primeros álbumes de rock peruano.​\nEn 1964, surge Los Saicos, una banda del distrito de Distrito de Lince considerada como una de las principales exponentes del Proto-Punk en el mundo​ componiendo temas propios en Castellano, lo cual no era común en esa época.​ Dicha banda tomó elementos del Surf Rock, así como de la banda estadounidense The Trashmen, principalmente de su interpretación del tema «Surfin' Bird». Su mayor éxito y que los inmortalizaría fue el tema «Demolición», el cual se mantiene vigente hasta nuestros días, siendo re interpretado años después por bandas tanto nacionales como extranjeras.​\nOtra banda muy importante de la década fue Los Shain's, también formados en el 1964. Fueron influenciados por bandas como The Ventures, propias de un estilo surf rock estadounidense, para luego pasar a un estilo más psicodélico. Otra banda importante fueron Los York's, quienes más bien eran influenciados por bandas británicas como The Beatles, The Rolling Stones y The Kinks. Llegaron a grabar cuatro LP.\nA mediados de la década de 1960, es cuando aparecen una gran multitud de grupos con un éxito abrumador. La banda de la ciudad de Arequipa llamada \"Los Texao\" con su tema «Stone», figuraron en el puesto #2 y con \"La pelea del gobernador\" el puesto #28 en la lista de los Billboard en Estados Unidos en 1968.​ Siendo la primera banda Peruana en llegar al ranking de los Billboards.​ En 1970 llegan al puesto 13 de la Billboards, aunque se enteraron de este acontecimiento por amigos que vivían allá, le restaron importancia en ese momento ya que no contaban con un representante que les hubiera aconsejado no desperdiciar dicha oportunidad.​\nThe Mad's fue una banda que no llegó a editar una placa en la década pero cuyo nivel musical ha sido redescubierto en los últimos años, por una edición del álbum Molesto que contiene -entre otros temas- Fly Away.\nLa banda Laghonia, surge a fines de la década con los principales integrantes de The New Juggler Sound. Los hermanos Saúl Cornejo y Manuel Cornejo lideraron una formación que editó dos álbumes: el Glue en 1969 y el Etcétera en 1971. Entre los principales temas se encuentran Glue, Trouble Child y Billy Morsa. Saúl Cornejo y Manuel Cornejo desarrollarían en la nueva década de los setenta un proyecto denominado We All Together.\n\nLa nueva ola\n\nDurante ese periodo también apareció una corriente musical conocida como la Nueva ola.​ Los grupos y solistas de esta corriente se caracterizaban por un sonido alejado de las estridencias, los grupos más destacados fueron Los Doltons, que con temas como su versión del tema \"The Last Kiss\" perteneciente J. Frank Wilson and The Cavalliers o \"La Ventana\" lograran mucho éxito y atención de medios especializados de la época. Otras bandas muy destacadas también fueron Los Belking's y Los Silverston's.​\n\nRepresión y censura (década de 1970)\n\nEn 1968, se instauró en el Perú una dictadura militar encabezada por el General Juan Velasco Alvarado. Los argumentos centrales de su discurso remarcaban su carácter nacionalista y antimperialista. Esto implicó una serie de medidas de rechazo a la penetración cultural yanqui en la que el rock se vio directamente afectado, ya que se consideraba un medio de \"alienación juvenil\".\nEn primer lugar se prohibieron las matinales en 1969, que era la forma más fácil que tenían las bandas de rock para presentarse ante el público. Los medios de comunicación fueron confiscados y se dejó de transmitir el rock. La importación de equipos de sonido encareció con lo cual era casi imposible conseguir buenos equipos. Y finalmente, debido a la política internacional, el Rock peruano fue aislado de su conexión con la escena internacional.\nTodo esto quedó expresado con la cancelación del concierto de Carlos Santana, cuando este se encontraba ya en el aeropuerto, que se iba a realizar en el Estadio de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. El Gobierno no halló excusa mejor para evitar el espectáculo que la posesión de marihuana sumado a los disturbios creados por estudiantes de izquierda de la Universidad San Marcos, algunos de ellos aún vigentes en la política peruana, que en sus manifestaciones le gritaban a Santana (un chicano pobre, marginal nacido en Tijuana) \"Yankee Go Home\".\nDurante este periodo, surgieron orquestas de salsa, baladistas y grupos de música criolla que coparon el espectro de los medios. El rock estaba dominado por el Billboard norteamericano y las principales radios del país en ese género difundían música en inglés. Esta situación perduró hasta mediados de la década de 1980.\n\nHard Rock\n\nA pesar de todo algunas bandas lograron seguir adelante durante el periodo entre 1968 y 1972, como The St. Thomas Pepper Smelter, encabezado por Gerardo Manuel que se volvió uno de las bandas más populares de su tiempo. Luego, la banda Pax, encabezado por el guitarrista Pico Ego Aguirre, antiguo miembro de Los Shain's, se convirtió en la primera banda de Heavy metal en el Perú. Otra banda importante fue We All Together quienes desarrollaron un estilo bastante melódico influenciado directamente de The Beatles y especialmente por Paul McCartney.\nPero la banda más importante de este periodo fue Traffic Sound, quienes desarrollaron un estilo a veces hard rock y a veces psicodélico que luego se fusionó con ritmos andinos y afroperuana. Además fue la primera banda peruana que realizó una gira en el extranjero, llegando hasta Brasil y Argentina.\nA principios de la década de los 70, también se forma la banda peruana-argentina Tarkus, otra banda de Heavy metal el cual no tocó muchas veces en los escenarios pero si grabó dos discos. Durante este periodo además, surgieron los primeros intentos de la fusión entre el rock y ritmos latinos y peruanos, en busca de un utópico mestizaje cultural que sigue hasta nuestros días. En ese sentido encontramos bandas como Polen y El Opio que llegaron a hacerse conocidas incluso a nivel internacional.\n\nEl renacimiento del rock peruano (década de 1980)\n\nEl inicio de la década fue marcado por el exitoso lanzamiento del disco Avenida Larco de Frágil a comienzos de los ochentas, producido por Pantel, el cual colocó al Rock peruano nuevamente en los medios de comunicación. El canal de televisión quería ingresar al negocio discográfico, pero solo lanzó un LP más: The Elite, con selecciones de música en inglés, y luego desapareció. Otros temas editados en sendos discos simples pertenecientes a este período de la historia del rock peruano fueron Tormenta de la banda hard rock Up Lapsus (Odeon/Iempsa), Patinando de Rollets (IEMPSA) y El rock del vago de Hielo.\nEl movimiento roquero nacional tuvo un nuevo impulso al popularizarse el rock en español a partir de 1983 con Miguel Ríos y la incursión de Charly García y las bandas argentinas a partir de 1984. El fin del gobierno de Belaúnde y el comienzo del gobierno aprista marcan asimismo el inicio de una nueva popularización del Rock peruano. El regreso de Pax con Pico Ego Aguirre en 1.ª guitarra, Coco Silva en bajo y voz, Juan Carlos Caipo en teclados y Nicolás Mantani en batería. También aparecerían bandas y solistas que empezarían a tocar temáticas de la realidad nacional y popular tal es el caso de RIO (quienes alcanzaron mucha popularidad fuera del país, como en el caso de Bolivia, donde el tema \"La Universidad\" fue 16 semanas número uno en dicho país) y Miki González, que empezaba a tocar las problemáticas del país con sus temas como \"Dimelo, Dimelo\" y \"Vamos a Tocache\".\nEs también en esta década que incursiona en la escena del rock peruano el grupo JAS lanzando talentosas composiciones como \"Rock de los 80's\", \"Personalidad\", \"Ya no quiero más ska\", \"Hubo en el mundo\", \"Me voy de aquí\" y \"La fórmula del ska\" las cuales le permitieron dejar huella en la historia del rock peruano.\nEn 1988 aparecería la popular y recordada Arena Hash con Pedro Suárez-Vértiz y su gran éxito \"Cuando la Cama me da Vueltas\". Dentro del llamado circuito comercial del rock peruano cuyo período de apogeo se inició en la segunda mitad de 1985 y finalizó en la primera mitad de 1989 destacaron también artistas de la talla de Dudó, Autocontrol, Areopagus, Trama, Duwetto, Chachi Luján, B/O, Isis, Paradero, Clip, T-Lex, S.O.S., Beto Danelli, La Mafia, Yesabella, La Banda Azul, Siberia, Anexo 3, Pepe Ortega, Taxi, Danai y Pateando Latas, Imágenes, Johnny Rojas, Calle Sexta, Rhuedas, Samir, Fahed Mitre, Julio Caipo, Censura X, entre muchos otros cuyas canciones llegaron a los primeros lugares de los rankings radiales y realizaron giras por todo el territorio peruano, incluso abriendo shows de muchas de las bandas foráneas del género que se presentaban en suelo patrio.\n\nLa movida del rock subterráneo\n\nLos primeros años de los años ochenta, fueron los más intrincados y revueltos en el ambiente político peruano tanto por la inflación existente como por el avance inclemente del terrorismo de guerrillas armadas al comenzar la década. Situaciones como ésta generaron inestabilidad social y para la música peruana esto fue letal; las disqueras no producirían más a las bandas de rock pues no había dinero para concretar proyectos ni tampoco posibilidades que permitieran avizorar un futuro promisorio para el rock en el Perú. Es ese contexto que se gesta el movimiento subterráneo, una banda de jóvenes capitalinos que se siente al margen del sistema establecido que tambaleaba y está a punto de colapsar, pero que pretendía, a pesar de ello, seguir dictando las normas; algo que estos jóvenes músicos no aceptarían pues querían experimentar cosas diferentes.\nSi bien la primera etapa del rock subterráneo tuvo la magia de la gestación, del nacimiento, de la rebeldía propuesta por sus miembros; en la segunda tuvo la magia de la madurez no solo por la cantidad y diversidad de bandas, sino también por la producción de eventos y por los hechos políticos que tuvo que enfrentar para mantenerse vigente; fueron los años en los cuales hubo mayor represión, muertes, encarcelamientos y locura que de alguna manera terminaron por acorralar también a los subterráneos; muchas veces por equivocación o decisión propia sindicados como elementos disociadores. La separación y desaparición de varias bandas importantes de la escena fue inevitable.\nEn sus inicios, la movida subterránea era pequeña. Eran pocos los jóvenes que asistían a los conciertos, que se desarrollaban básicamente en las universidades por iniciativa de los mismos alumnos involucrados en el movimiento. Los conciertos subtes eran eventos en los que casi todos los asistentes se conocían. Las bandas que aparecían en ese momento como Narcosis, Guerrilla Urbana, Zcuela Cerrada, G-3, Leusemia, Autopsia, Éxodo, Kaoz, Eructo Maldonado, Sor Obscena, Voz Propia, Salón Dada, entre otras, no solo manejaban criterios comunes, si no que además se conocían entre sí. El anarquismo, la rebeldía en abierta postura en contra del sistema establecido, eran su marca de origen, pero su gusto por la música que la mayoría de gente en el país desconocía, despreciaba o no escuchaba era lo que más los unía.​\n\nDécada de 1990 y nuevas corrientes\n\nA inicios de la década se desintegraría una de las bandas más importantes de la década anterior para dar vida a las exitosas carreras en solitario de sus integrantes como Pedro Suárez-Vertiz y Christian Meier, también aparecerían Sangre Púrpura con el tema «Travesti (Que te pasa Javier)» y los Nosequién y los Nosecuántos quienes, con temas como «Las Torres» (donde hacían referencia a las épocas de terrorismo) y «Los patos y las patas»; obtendrían bastante éxito y difusión. Pelo Madueño, proveniente de la banda de Miki González, forma La Liga del Sueño, que fusiona ritmos latinos con pop. Con ellos, a excepción del baladista pop Meier, se da lugar a un estilo único en el país, el rock pituco, que destacó por abarcar temas (supuestamente) cómicos (o \"chacoteros\" como se le suele decir a un humor algo refinado y a la vez un poco salido de tono), románticos y/o referentes de fiestas, alcohol y la playa, también por contener poco riesgo musical, dándose mayor predominancia a las influencias musicales latina y pop, al comercialismo de este último, a la nula de protesta y al poco manifiesto. Sería este el tipo de rock que se vería más beneficiado durante la década, y cuya influencia se perpetúa hasta el día de hoy en el ámbito comercial. Artistas de los ochenta como Rio y Miki González se convierten a aquél, y conforme va avanzando la década, aparecen otros exponentes, como Afrodisíaco, Libido y Los Borgia.\nEsta década también vería el regreso de Leusemia y con su disco A la mierda lo demás: Asesinando al mito (1999), junto a ellos aparecieron bandas de su mismo género (punk) como 6voltios, Dalevuelta, Generación Perdida (de tendencia anarkopunk), Futuro Incierto (hxc punk), 3 al Hilo (rockandroll) y Ni Voz Ni Voto (NvNv) con tendencia al metal moderno.\nTambién aparecería en la escena Limeña rockera Mar de Copas, Vírgenes Verdugos y Amén.\nLos grupos que hicieron fusiones con lo cual consiguieron llegar al público en general como Los Mojarras, La Sarita, y La Raza (que fusionaron el rap con el rock alternativo).\nY las bandas que fueron influenciadas por los movimientos de la época como el grunge y el britpop, entre los más destacados están Libido (que en sus inicios tuvo fuerte influencia de grupos como Radiohead y Nirvana), Cementerio Club, Huelga de hambre, Vêrtical, Arcana, Actitud Frenética (pionera del grunge en el Perú)​ y Gaia con un sonido netamente grunge.\nA pesar del apoyo que dieron al polémico gobierno autoritario de Alberto Fujimori, artistas como Pedro Suárez-Vértiz y Nosequien y Los Nosecuantos, continuaron siendo exitosos, suerte que no corrieron los artistas de cumbia, quienes también contribuyeron a la aceptación del régimen.\n\nEl reconocimiento internacional\n\nPara inicios del nuevo milenio el rock & pop peruano llega a todos los medios y es así como en (2000) El grupo juvenil VOX el proyecto más ambicioso de la desaparecida casa disquera Sony Music Perú, abre el camino para grupos independientes mostrando un producto nuevo y fresco para lo que hasta ese entonces había estado acostumbrado el público peruano. De la mano del entonces novato productor audiovisual Percy Céspedez VOX realiza el primer videoclip peruano en formato cine. \"A navegar\" fue el título de la canción que abrió las puertas para la música peruana en el exterior, es así que Campo de Almas, Supersónicos, Madre Matilda y Libido empezarían a tener mucha difusión por cadenas internacionales como MTV, Ritmoson Latino entre otras, para 2001 temas como \"En esta habitación\", \"Gris\", \"Sin Llorar\" figurarían en el los rankings de fin de año de MTV y para 2002 en la primera entrega de los premios MTV la cual se llamó MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica 2002. Libido obtendría el premio a Mejor Artista Sur Oeste y sería la primera banda en obtener un reconocimiento internacional para este género.\nPara 2003 el rock invadiría las radios limeñas y en la 2ª entrega de los MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica 2003, Libido obtendría su segunda lengua como Mejor Artista Central y TK obtuvo el premio a Mejor Artista Nuevo Central categoría en la que también compitió la banda nacional Zen y para los MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica 2004, TK obtendría su segundo premio, esta vez como Mejor Artista Central y Cementerio Club obtendría el premio a Mejor Artista Nuevo Central, sin duda uno de los mejores momentos del rock peruano el cual gozó de mucha popularidad. Para los siguientes años siguieron sacando éxitos y temas sin embargo la disolución de algunas bandas, partidas de integrantes hicieron disminuir un poco su popularidad, pero esto no fue impedimento ya que muchas bandas siguieron cosechando éxitos y nominaciones.\n\nLa difusión del rock peruano\n\nTras los éxitos conseguidos por los grupos de rock en medios nacionales e internacionales, los medios de comunicación empezarían a brindar una mayor difusión tanto a bandas de Lima como también de provincias tales como Grinder y Trémolo de Tacna y el movimiento rock da paso al nuevo movimiento punk y metal en la ciudad de Tacna a partir de 1990 con las bandas: \"extrema neurosis\" \"mutamorfo\" \"slogra\", \"cementerio\", etc y sus conciertos \"devastaciones Metal\" , En Ayacucho se formó la movida del \"Chapla Rock\" con grupos tales como \"Oxígeno\", Geizer\"(Tranvía),\"Apocalipsis\", \" Tóxicos\", \"Anarquía\" y muchos otros que hasta hoy siguen manteniéndolo en vigencia, por su parte en el año 2004 Javier Guerra(ex Tranvía) en solitario llegó a ganar el concurso de la ONG \"SER\" (servicios educativos rurales), igualmente en Ayacucho se formó ushpa que originariamente fue un Dúo, pero sus raíces fueron los músicos Ayacuchanos como Tampa, Jaime Pacheco,y el guitarrista Mr.Blues, posteriormente en la capital se consolidó Uchpa de Andahuaylas, X Dinero de Arequipa entre otras.\nEntre los principales programas de difusión fueron Radioinsomnio, programa conducido por el actor y músico Sergio Galliani quien luego obtendría un espacio en Televisión llamado Tv Insomnio, Distorsión en la televisora estatal TNP, conducido por el exmúsico subterráneo Pedro Cornejo Guinassi y TV Rock programa que fue conducido por Cucho Peñaloza.\nEn la radio no comercial del momento destacó también \"Club Nacional\" con la conducción de Pedro Arévalo por Radio Miraflores, donde se emitían sesiones acústicas.\nLa Radio FM fue el principal medio de masificación del Género Rock en español, con Radios como Miraflores y Peru Rock con Javier Lishner, Radio Panamericana y sobre todo la emisora limeña que se apoderaba de los primeros lugares de sintonía de la gente joven Radio Studio 92 presentando \"Rocas\" Rock en Castellano con la conducción de Billy Morris.\n\nAños recientes y festivales con roce internacional\n\nLas nuevas tendencias marcarían la formación de bandas como Alerta Rocket (banda de indie rock), Emergency Blanket (ganadora del People's Music Awards en Londres), Space Bee (finalista del concurso del Festival de Glastonbury), Ádammo (cuarteto juvenil de pop rock ganador de un premio MTV en 2009), Gris Volta (banda dentro del ranking de los mejores lanzamientos mundiales según el diario inglés “The Guardian” en 2011), Animesika (banda con mayor proyección internacional) y Efecto Domino (banda Pop Rock promesa 2010) actualmente en el año 2012 la agrupación peruana StereonoiZ sorprendió y obtuvo el primer lugar en la competencia internacional People’s Voice del International Songwriting Competition con la canción “Someday You Will Know”. El jurado del concurso estuvo conformado por gigantes del rock como Robert Smith, Ozzy Ozbourne, Keane, Duran Duran, entre otros. También Theremyn_4 (Música electrónica/New wave/Rock) recibe un Grand Prize y un Lennon Award en el prestigioso concurso internacional John Lennon Songwriting Contest por la canción \"Fiat Lux\".\nTras algunas leyes aprobadas en el congreso nacional del Perú, empezarían la llegada de muchos artistas internacionales para lo cual se empezó con teloneros para luego ir convirtiéndose en festivales tales como el Lima Hot Festival, festival de talla internacional que hasta el momento ha tenido dos ediciones, la primera en 2008 con R.E.M. y Travis, la cual contó con la participación de Cementerio Club y Turbopótamos y la segunda edición llevada a cabo en noviembre de 2010 con Smashing Pumpkins y Stereophonics, la cual contó con la participación de las bandas nacionales Space Bee y Leusemia. En el 2012, \"Las Amigas de Nadie\" sacuden la escena local con su álbum \"Sincronía\". En el 2013, la banda peruana Tourista fue telonera de diversas bandas del extranjero, como Capital Cities y The Killers.\n\nEl nuevo rock peruano (2010 en adelante)\n\nLa nueva década trajo nuevas bandas y nuevos sonidos por explorar. La facilidad para grabar, la madurez de muchos músicos, y la desfachatez para exponer sonidos personales ha generado la multiplicación de artistas con ganas de demostrar su trabajo. La salida al mercado de sellos discográficos independientes (los únicos) como A Tutiplén, Repsychled, Descabellado Records y Hype Records derivaron en el lanzamiento de nuevas bandas y solistas, como en la re-edición de clásicos peruanos, en muchos casos poco conocidos.\nEntre las nuevas bandas de rock peruanas, con influencias del punk, surf rock, reggae y música latinoamericana, se encuentran Kanaku y El Tigre, Cocaína, Laguna Pai, Los Protones, Alejandro y María Laura, Mundaka, Banana Child o We The Lion. Así también aparecen solistas como Francisco Chirinos, Francois Peglau, Pipe Villarán, Alex Darko, Rafo de la Cuba, La Lá, Danitse, Lorena Blume, Negra Valencia, Astronaut Project, Fabricio Robles, NoX, Juan Gris entre otros.\n\nProblema con la difusión y la revolución del rock peruano (2013)\n\nA principios del mes de mayo de 2013, se emitió un debate entre el secretario general de la Sociedad Peruana de Radio y Televisión, Alfredo Ferrero, y el presidente de la Asociación Peruana de Autores y Compositores (APDAYC), Armando Massé. El tema a tratar era sobre el porcentaje de música hecha en el Perú que debía sonar en las radios. Ante esto, Ferrero declaró que las bandas actuales no hacen un \"clic\" con el oyente. Sin embargo, sostuvo que sí había porcentaje de rock nacional sonando en las radios, mencionando a las bandas que siguen sonando desde los años 80.​\nLas declaraciones fueron el detonante para que muchas de las bandas locales empezaran a hacer sentir su malestar en redes sociales. Esto devino en una serie de acciones hechas por músicos, productores y disqueras independientes, con el fin de demostrar la calidad de las bandas actuales de rock nacional y afines. Entre las ideas, se logró reunir un gran número de firmas, con la finalidad de exigir un porcentaje de rock nacional en las radios. Con esto, algunas emisoras de rock, empezaron a incluir rock nacional contemporáneo, independiente y underground en su catálogo, y se generó más conciencia por parte de un público que ya estaba hambriento de material nuevo, lo que propulsó a muchos a interesarse por las nuevas bandas que estaban sonando, marcando así una nueva era en la historia del rock del Perú. Actualmente existen colectivos como Sonidos Latentes quienes trabajan por crear un circuito alternativo de bandas, dentro del colectivo se pueden encontrar grupos como Circo Al Eden, Era Miscela, Voz Y Noz, Liken, Kikasban; Agusto Hohagen & los Incorruptibles; etc.\nLlama mucho la atención, también, el renacimiento de la llamada \"Nueva Psicodelia Latinoamericana\", que viene gestando a bandas y solistas que cuentan con ediciones internacionales de su material, ya sea en CD y/o vinilo, y muchas de ellas, con exposición y giras europeas. Entre ellas encontramos al Chino Burga (La Ira de Dios, 3AM), Spatial Moods, Cholo Visceral, El Jefazo, Ancestro, The Dead-End Alley Band, Liquidarlo Celuloide, etc, y a esta nueva escena, se le anexa una movida que venía activa desde los años 80, y que hoy se ha convertido en una pieza fundamental dentro del rock subterráneo peruano: La escena \"stoner\" o \"pesada\" ​. Este círculo, gracias a las nuevas vías de difusión autogestionada, las redes sociales y demás, no solo han conseguido expandir la difusión de las bandas que desde hace treinta años estaban en actividad dentro del rock subterráneo, tales como Mazo, Óxido, Reino Ermitaño, entre otros, sino que también, ha dejado entrever un gran potencial en el sub-género psicodélico-pesado peruano, con nuevos talentos como Cuarzo, Satánicos Marihuanos, etc., que también están empezando a llamar la atención de sellos y difusoras internacionales. \nPara inicios del año 2014, la revista argentina Mute Magazine publicó un artículo sobre las 25 promesas del nuevo rock peruano,​ todo esto como consecuencia de la problemática sobre la difusión de la música nacional en los medios peruanos; el resultado ha sido la aparición de bandas nuevas de distintos géneros, todas con la característica común de ser independientes, como Contrabanda, The Waybirds, Los Outsaiders, Tourista, The Mellows, Blum, Los Raybans, Locomotor, Riviere, Vicious, Millones de colores, Imaginaria, Aeria, Los Panchos Pistolas, Subway Elephant, Fabula; Los Puficanes etc.\nEn el 2017, fueron convocadas para el Primavera Sound las bandas Inzul, Riviere, Tourista y Astronaut Project reinsertando la industria independiente peruana en el radar mundial.", "Devo\n\nPrimeros años de la formación\n\nEl nombre Devo viene del concepto de \"des-evolución\", que plantea que en lugar de seguir evolucionando, la humanidad ha comenzado realmente a retroceder, como lo demuestra la disfunción mental de la sociedad americana. En 1960, esta idea fue desarrollada como una broma por estudiantes de arte de la Universidad Estatal de Kent, Gerald Casale y Bob Lewis, que crearon una serie de piezas de arte satíricas en una vena de desconcentración. En aquel entonces, Casale también había actuado con la banda local 15-60-75 (The Numbers Band). El dúo conoció en 1970 a Mark Mothersbaugh, un teclista talentoso que había estado tocando con la banda Flossy Bobbitt. Mothersbaugh trajo un estilo más humorístico a la banda, introduciéndolos en material como el folleto \"Jocko Homo Heavenbound\", que incluye una ilustración de un demonio alado llamado \"D-EVOLUCIÓN\", que más tarde inspiraría la canción \"Jocko Homo\". La \"broma\" sobre la de-evolución se tomó en serio después de la masacre de la Universidad de Kent, ocurrida el 4 de mayo de 1970. Este evento sería citado varias veces como el impulso para la formación de la banda.\nLa primera alineación de Devo fue en forma de sexteto. Actuaron en el festival de arte de Kent en 1973, con la presencia de Casale, Lewis y Mothersbaugh, además del hermano de Gerard, Bob Casale (guitarra) y dos de sus amigos, Rod Reisman y Fred Weber en batería y voces respectivamente. Esta primera actuación fue grabada y una parte de ella fue incluida en el video The Complete Truth About De-Evolution. Fue el único concierto de la banda con esta formación. También actuaron en el Festival de Arte de 1974, con los hermanos Casale, Lewis, Mothersbaugh, y Jim Mothersbaugh en la batería.\nDevo se reformó como un cuarteto, incluyendo a los hermanos de Mark Mothersbaugh, Jim y Bob. Bob tocaba la guitarra eléctrica y Jim proveía al grupo de percusión electrónica gracias a una batería electrónica casera. Esta alineación duró hasta 1976, cuando Jim abandonó la banda. A veces Bob Lewis era quien tocaba la guitarra durante aquel periodo. En aquellos conciertos, solían aparecer como personajes teatrales, como por ejemplo Booji Boy y Chinaman. Las actuaciones en vivo de aquel periodo solían ser agresivas y se mantendrían de esa forma hasta 1977; en uno de sus conciertos en 1975, que puede escucharse en DEVO Live: The Mongoloid Years, los promotores del concierto terminaron desconectándoles los equipos.\nTras la marcha de Jim Mothersbaugh, el nuevo baterista fue Alan Myers, que tocaba una batería convencional. Gerlad convocó de nuevo a su hermano Bob y así se formó la formación más popular de Devo, que duraría casi diez años.\n\n1976 - 1980\n\nDevo había adquirido cierta fama en 1976 cuando el cortometraje The Truth About De-Evolution, dirigido por Chuck Statler, ganó un premio en el Festival de Ann Arbor. Esto atrajo la atención de David Bowie e Iggy Pop, quienes comenzaron a trabajar para hacer llegar a la banda un contrato de grabación con Warner Music Group. En 1977, Devo fue invitado por Neil Young a participar en la realización de su película Human Highway. Lanzada en 1982, la película contó con la banda en el papel de \"basureros nucleares\". A los miembros del grupo se les pidió que escribieran sus propias piezas y Mark Mothersbaugh compuso y grabó gran parte de la banda sonora, la primera de muchas que haría después.\nEn marzo de 1977, Devo lanzó su primer sencillo, \"Mongoloid\" (con \"Jocko Homo\" como lado B) en su sello independiente Booji Boy. Esta provenía de la banda sonora de The Truth About De-Evolution. Esto fue seguido por una versión de los Rolling Stones, \"(I Can not Get No) Satisfaction\".\nEn 1978, el EP B Stiff fue lanzado por el sello independiente británico Stiff, que incluía el single \"Be Stiff\", además de dos anteriores canciones publicadas por su sello Booji Boy. \"Mechanical Man\", un EP de 4 pistas de demos, un aparente bootleg, pero que se rumorea que fue hecho por la propia banda, también fue lanzado ese año.\nLas recomendaciones de David Bowie e Iggy Pop hacia Devo les aseguraron un contrato de grabación con Warner Bros. En 1978, después de que Bowie se retirara del acuerdo de negocios debido a compromisos previos, su primer disco, Q: Are We Not Men? A: We Are Devo! fue producido por Brian Eno y contó con regrabaciones de sus anterioires sencillos \"Mongoloid\" y \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\". El 14 de octubre de 1978, Devo ganó exposición nacional con una aparición en el programa nocturno Saturday Night Live, una semana después de los Rolling Stones, tocando \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\" y \"Jocko Homo\".\nDespués de que la banda alcanzó el éxito, su co-fundador Bob Lewis exigió al resto de la banda su acreditación y compensación por sus contribuciones. Pero el conjunto se negó a negociar y demandó a Lewis en la Corte Superior del condado de Los Ángeles, con la que buscaron obtener una sentencia declarativa de que Lewis tenía ningún derecho sobre el nombre o la teoría de la de-evolución. Lewis presentó entonces una acción basada en el robo de la propiedad intelectual. Durante su presentación, Lewis mostró artículos, materiales promocionales, pruebas documentales y una entrevista, hecha en el Museo de Arte de Akron tras el estreno de In the Beginning was the End en el que Mothersbaugh y otros miembros de la banda acreditan a Lewis el desarrollo de \"la teoría de la de-evolución\". La banda rápidamente negoció con Lewis por una suma hasta ahora no revelada.\nLa banda siguió con Duty Now For The Future en 1979, que se trasladó a la banda hacia una instrumentación más electrónica. Aunque no fue tan exitoso como su primer disco, produjo algunos favoritos de los fans con las canciones \"Blockhead\" y \"The Day My Baby Gave Me a Surprize\", así como una versión de \"Secret Agent Man\". \"Secret Agent Man\" había sido registrado por primera vez en 1974 para la primera película de Devo y presentado en vivo ya en 1976. En 1979, Devo viajó a Japón por primera vez, y un espectáculo en vivo de esta gira fue parcialmente grabado. Devo apareció en concierto de rock de Don Kirshner en 1979, la realización de \"tonto\", \"Secret Agent Man\", \"Impulso incontrolable\", y \"mongoloides\". También en 1979, Rhino-conjuntamente con la estación de radio de Los Angeles KROQ-lanzado devotos, un álbum tributo. Contenía un conjunto de versiones de canciones de Devo intercalados con interpretaciones de canciones populares en el estilo de Devo.\n\n\"Whip It\" y éxito mundial\n\nDevo llegó a su mayor nivel de popularidad hasta el momento en 1980 con Freedom of Choice que incluyó su mayor éxito, \"Whip It\", que inmediatamente entró al Top 40.\nAunque se iniciaron con una mezcla de instrumentos tradicionales y efectos electrónicos, durante los inicios de la década de 1980 Devo adoptó mayormente los sintetizadores electrónicos, convirtiéndose así en una de las primeras bandas en presentarse en vivo usando solamente sintetizadores (excepto por Bob en guitarra) También fueron uno de los primeros grupos en el mundo en usar regularmente los micrófonos en forma de headsets en escena.\nDevo activamente promocionaba la Iglesia de los SubGenios. En concierto, a veces ellos presentaban su propio acto de apertura, pretendiendo ser la banda de rock cristiano \"Dove (la banda del amor)\". Se presentaron como \"Dove\" en TV, en una parodia llamada Pray TV. También grabaron música, lanzada en el disco E-Z Listening Disc (1987), con versiones Muzak de sus propias canciones, que tocaban antes de sus conciertos.\nEn el año 1977 Neil Young invitó a Devo a participar en su película Human Highway lanzada recién en 1982. Aparecieron en ella como Basureros nucleares. Los miembros de la banda pudieron escribir sus propias partes y Mark Mothersbaugh escribió y grabó la banda sonora.\nDevo se mantuvo popular en países como Australia, donde el show musical Countdown, emitido en todo el país, fue uno de los primeros programas en el mundo en pasar sus videoclips. Se les dio mucho apoyo desde la radio no comercial Double Jay, una de las primeras estaciones fuera de América que pasaba sus propios discos. El show nocturno Nightmoves transmitió \"The Truth About De-Evolution\". De este modo, en agosto de 1981, encontraron éxito comercial en Australia, cuando su nuevo álbum, Devo Live E.P, pasó tres semanas en las listas australianas. Más tarde en el año, llegaron a Australia y aparecieron en Countdown.\n\nNew Traditionalists (1981)\n\nDurante los años 80, Devo grabó los álbumes New Traditionalists (1981), Oh, No! It's Devo (1982) y Shout (1984), pero tras el poco éxito de Shout, la Warner Brothers dejó de producirles. Seguidamente, Alan Myers abandonó la banda diciendo que no se sentía creativamente inspirado. Así, Devo se mantuvo inactivo durante dos años. En la actualidad, los miembros de Devo se presentan de forma esporádica.", "Mad (revista)\n\nTrayectoria\n\nEl primer número apareció en las calles de Nueva York en octubre de 1952, con guion y edición de Harvey Kurtzman. En sus inicios el nombre original fue \"Tales calculated to drive you MAD\" (Cuentos calculados para volverte DEMENTE), siendo la última palabra la que terminó siendo la más representativa. Más tarde, en 1956, para personalizar un poco el cómic, se diseñó un icono -presentador o mascota-, al cual se le nombró Alfred E. Neuman, cuyo rostro típico del estadounidense promedio (aunque más de campo que de ciudad) hacía que la revista se convirtiera al mismo tiempo en un producto típico de la cultura estadounidense, aunque satirizara a la misma.\nDada la crisis sufrida por el resto de publicaciones de EC Comics, Gaines se dedicó en exclusiva a editar MAD y Panic! como revistas. Así, aplacaba a su editor, Harvey Kurtzman, que había recibido una oferta de trabajo de la revista \"Pageant\", pero prefería seguir a cargo de su propia revista. El cambio de MAD de comic book a revista hizo que ya no estuviera bajo la sombra del Comics Code. Mientras que ningún comic book de EC duró más de seis años, MAD ha sido publicada ininterrumpidamente durante más de 50 años.\nFinalmente, Kurtzman no duró mucho más en MAD, ya que abandonó cuando Gaines no quiso darle el 51% de control de la revista. Entonces, Gaines trajo a Al Feldstein como sustituto. Tras esto, la revista disfrutó de un éxito sin rival durante décadas, siendo una de las fuerzas satíricas más poderosas de Estados Unidos del siglo XX.\nLa edición más vendida fue la número 161, con la portada The Poseidon Adventure, con más de dos millones de copias vendidas.\nDurante un tiempo la revista cayó en manos de una administración que comenzó a distorsionar los dibujos y los temas, dando lugar a la aparición de personajes que después se conocieron como \"Garbage\" (Pandilla Basura en Hispanoamérica), originando el enérgico rechazo de las familias hispanas. Más tarde, se cambió dicha administración, y la revista volvió a su clásico estilo.\nEn junio de 1992, William M. Gaines, fundador y editor de la revista, murió en su apartamento en la ciudad de Nueva York.\nEn 1998 se puso a la venta los archivos digitalizados de todas las ediciones de la revista, desde su primera publicación en 1952 hasta aquella fecha. El pack de CD incluía un rollo de papel higiénico con ilustraciones de sus reconocidos caricaturistas.\nEn marzo de 2001, la revista cambió de formato y colores, y los críticos opinan que William M. Gaines está \"revolcándose en su tumba\", pero -en un alarde de su estilo- la revista desmiente esto, aclarando que el fundador fue incinerado. Es más -añaden-, su asistencia a las oficinas es mejor que cuando estaba vivo.\nLa revista fue cambiada a ser una publicación trimestral a partir del número 500, en junio de 2009, y aumentando el número de páginas de 48 a 56; esto, debido a los problemas económicos causados por la recesión y la baja de lectores. Recuperó terreno de nuevo, ya que DC Comics cambió su periodicidad a bimestral en marzo de 2010 (#503), sin reducir el número de hojas.\nEn septiembre del 2018 la revista es comprada por Marc Benioff en conjunto con otras revistas de la familia de Time Inc. separándose después de una larga trayectoria de años con DC Comics siendo ahora parte de la compañía Meredith Corporation.\n\nHistoria en la televisión\n\nSe realizó un programa llamado MADtv para el Canal FOX en Estados Unidos, emitido en vivo desde Nueva York. \nNingún colaborador de la revista ha trabajado de manera directa con el programa televisivo, pues este contaba con su propio elenco y equipo de escritores.\nEl programa fue cancelado en 2009 por la FOX, siendo la última emisión el 16 de mayo de 2009. El elenco espera una continuación (aunque sea de otra cadena) en el futuro cercano, aunque por lo menos estará inactivo en el periodo 2013-2014.\nUna serie animada con temas y personajes de la revista, producida por Warner Brothers fue emitida en Cartoon Network a partir del 9 de septiembre de 2010 hasta su última emisión el 2 de diciembre de 2013. Cabe mencionar que en esta producción sí tiene colaboración con los escritores de la revista, y que incluye diversos estilos artísticos de los ilustradores de MAD. En Latinoamérica se emite actualmente por Cartoon Network, llamado Mad simplemente. Esta serie trata de cortas escenas con muñecos representando cómicamente reconocidas películas y series de televisión. En resumen esta serie se \"burla\" (de una forma no tan ofensiva) de Hollywood, en resumen con una sátira mucho más suave y enfocada de manera familiar debido a las políticas de Cartoon Network. En Latinoamérica es mucho más conocida esta versión que la de FOX.", "Indira Páez\n\nTelevisión\n\nPáez ha sido libretista en su país de origen (Venezuela) de los programas televisivos\nFlash (Televén, 1998-1999),\nJuana la Iguana (1997-1999),\nLa casa de Rebecca (2000).\ny ha sido autora de los unitarios\nMientras pueda soñar (2000),\nCinco pa’ las doce (2001) y\nA que no me conoces (2002), junto a Doris Seguí y Mariana Reyes.\nHa sido dialoguista de telenovelas como Las amazonas (1999), de César Miguel Rondón (remake), Amantes de luna llena (2000) bajo la tutela de Leonardo Padrón, y Lejana como el viento (2001), con César Sierra. En RCTV formó parte del staff de escritores, participando en las telenovelas Mi gorda bella (2002) junto a Rossana Negrín y Qué buena se puso Lola (2003) bajo la égida de José Manuel Peláez. En Venevisión dio forma a la idea original de la telenovela Se solicita príncipe azul (2005). Fue la libretista y conductora del programa de variedades Novatas (2007) para Canal I, una producción nacional independiente de La Fábrica. En el año 2008 llega a Miami y trabaja como co escritora de la miniserie para televisión Gabriel, amor inmortal, creada por Raúl Alarcón y Agustin para Mega TV. La miniserie fue transmitida en diez capítulos y protagonizada por Chayanne.\nEn el 2009 trabajó para Discovery Network Latinoamérica en el desarrollo de diversos guiones para la fuerza de ventas.\nA finales de 2009 se hace merecedora del premio Emmy (Capítulo Suncoast Regional) como coescritora de Gabriel, amor inmortal\nEn el 2010 comienza a trabajar con la productora Get Real Films en el desarrollo del contenido de varios documentales temáticos.\nTrabajó como directora de contenidos de la página web de entretenimiento www.YessYouToo.com\nA partir de 2010 trabaja como Multiplattform Story Teller Writer en Telemundo Network, desarrollando contenido para diversas plataformas digitales.\nAsimismo, ha sido libretista de las telenovelas de Telemundo Relaciones peligrosas (Roberto Stopello, 2012) y Rosa diamante (Sandra Velasco, 2012).\n\nTeatro\n\nSe formó como actriz con Enrique Porte en el Taller del Actor. Actuó en los montajes El David roto (Dir. César Rojas), Ángeles y arcángeles (Dir. José Simón Escalona), City Tour en Noche de Estrellas: Calígula (Dir. Elio Palencia), Detrás de la avenida (Dir. Daniel Uribe), Urbe: anatomía de un viaje (Dir. Marco Purroy), y La princesa triste (Dir. Oscar Gil). Autora del cuaderno de poesía Poemaria (1995), del libro de texto Historia del Arte y la Civilización (IUDET, 1994) y de varias obras teatrales: La princesa triste (1996), Había una vez un teatro (1997), Primero muerta que bañada en sangre (1998) con la que ganó una Mención Especial por Dramaturgia en la décima edición del premio Marco Antonio Ettedgui, Esperanza inútil en compañía de Dairo Piñeres (1999) por la cual recibió una nominación al Premio Nacional del Artista 1999, como Dramaturga. En 1999 obtuvo el Premio del Teatro Infantil Nacional (TIN) como mejor dramaturga por su obra Fabricantes de sueños, escrita junto a su hermana Amaris Páez. En octubre del 2001 estrenó su cuarto montaje infantil: Oriana en la Luna, con música de Frank Quintero, nominada al Premio TIN 2001 como mejor texto infantil. En julio de 2002 se estrenó Crónicas desquiciadas, ganadora de una mención especial en el concurso de dramaturgia Marita King y del Premio Municipal de Teatro 2002 como mejor obra. En noviembre de ese mismo año, se estrenó Locas, trasnochadas y melancólicas, con una temporada que alcanzó más de cuatro mil espectadores. En abril de 2003 asistió al estreno de Crónicas desquiciadas en Nueva York, en presentación bilingüe a cargo de Water People Company. La pieza fue seleccionada para participar en el Fringe Festival y ha sido estrenada además en Miami (2004), Madrid y Barcelona (España, 2007). En julio de 2003 se estrena en Caracas Amanecí como con ganas de morirme, a cargo de Water People Theatre Company y con las actuaciones de Rebeca Alemán, Ana María Simon y Martín Brassesco. En el 2004, la obra repite temporada en Caracas y se presenta en Chicago y Nueva York con gran éxito de crítica y público. Se ha mantenido desde entonces en cartelera en varias capitales del mundo y se estrenará próximamente en Miami. Ha escrito además las obras Sólo agregue agua y es coautora junto a Catherina Cardozo de la obra De velo y corona, estrenada en febrero de 2007 con Ana María Simon, Mónica Pasqualotto y Catherina Cardozo. En esta oportunidad Páez además dirigió el montaje. Luego vino el éxito teatral Angustias de la mediana edad, estrenada en Caracas el 5 de julio de 2007, bajo la dirección de Sebastián Falco, con excelente recibimiento por parte de la crítica y del público. Ese mismo año obtuvo el premio Monteavila para autores inéditos por Crónicas desquiciadas, obra que fue publicada por Monteavila Editores Latinoamérica a principios de 2008.\nEn Miami, ciudad donde reside actualmente, estrenó, el 14 de noviembre de 2008, el café concert Mujeres de par en par, bajo la dirección de Juan David Ferrer y con la producción de Beatriz Urgelles. El espectáculo tuvo gran éxito de público y crítica y fue reseñado como uno de los mejores espectáculos del año. La pieza fue estrenada en Caracas en julio de 2009 bajo la dirección de Daniel Uribe y con la producción de Amaris Páez.\nEn marzo de 2009 se estrenó en Miami Amanecí como con ganas de morirme, en el Teatro Abanico y bajo la dirección de Juan David Ferrer.\nEn septiembre de 2009 vuelve a la cartelera caraqueña el musical infantil El circo de los sueños, bajo la dirección de Dairo Piñeres.\nEn octubre de 2009, publicó con Lulu.com una recopilación de textos teatrales llamada Mujer tenía que ser: el teatro de Indira Páez.\nEse mismo mes se estrena en Miami Sonrisa vertical, con la actriz argentina Laura Ferretti, el actor invitado Esteban Villarreal y la dirección de David Chacón.\nEn el 2010 volvió a la escena miamense Mujeres de par en par con gran éxito de público, esta vez en El bar de teatro para todos. Allí se ha mantenido en cartelera hasta la actualidad. En el 2012 estrenó Hombres de bar en bar con gran éxito de público y crítica. En marzo de 2013 se estrenó en Miami Primero muerta que bañada en sangre.\nEn el 2015 Angustias de la mediana edad es reestrenada en Caracas en el Teatro Santa Fe bajo la dirección del joven director Alejandro Bello, quien también realiza uno de los personajes junto a la primera ganadora del concurso chica htv, Andrea Urribarrí. también conforman el elenco la actriz Kenia Carpio y la actriz y vocalista de la banda Le Folle, Mayte Folle.\n\nLas actrices de Indira\n\nDado que la mayor parte de los personajes escritos por Páez son mujeres, reconocidas actrices venezolanas han participado en estos montajes. Entre ellas se encuentran: Ana María Simon, Rebeca Alemán, Catherina Cardozo, Mónica Pasqualotto, Nohely Arteaga, Mirtha Pérez, Lourdes Valera y Daniela Bascopé, entre muchas otras.\nEn Miami ha trabajado en varias oportunidades con Laura Términi, Sandra Velasco, Marisol Calero, Rosalinda Rodríguez, Marisol Correa, Vivian Ruiz y muchas otras.\n\nImpresos, radio, producción\n\nPáez ha sido articulista de las revistas venezolanas Impacientes, El Chunche magazine, 40 semanas y AXV (órgano divulgativo de la fundación Artistas por la Vida). Condujo durante dos años y junto a su esposo Frank Quintero un programa radial diario llamado A simple vista a través de 88.1 FM. Se ha desarrollado también como productora: Es directora de IQ PRODUCCIONES C.A., empresa organizadora de espectáculos desde 2004, que tiene en su haber la organización de los Encuentros Internacionales de Batería en Caracas (tres ediciones, 2005, 2006, 2007), el espectáculo Frank Quintero: celebración, 35 años de música en el Poliedro de Caracas, 15 de noviembre de 2006, las obras de teatro De velo y corona y Angustias de la mediana edad, y el disco De vuelta a la calle del atardecer. En Miami, registró recientemente IQ PRODUCTIONS, LLC con el fin de promover espectáculos musicales y teatrales en la ciudad.\nFue editora de la prestigiosa publicación TARGET STYLE, editada por Nancy Clara y perteneciente al grupo HISPANIC TARGET.\nFue columnista fija de la revista SEXO SENTIDO (Caracas).\nFue directora de contenidos de la página web www.YessYouToo.com", "Clifford, el gran perro rojo\n\nPersonajes\n\nLos personajes de Clifford son seres antropomórficos (humanos y perros) de distinta personalidad y carácter. En realidad, los canes se comunican con sus dueños normalmente, con ladridos, expresiones, movimientos de cola, etc. Entre ellos, la comunicación es hablada entre todos los personajes.\n\nT-Bone\n\nT-Bone Es el primer amigo de Clifford, , lomo en su espalda, cola y orejas cortas, un poco gordo, parecido a un bulldog, en su historia al ver a Clifford por primera vez, tiene miedo porque ve que es más grande que otros perros, pero al verlo con Emily en la playa, cuando un cangrejo le muerde el dedo T-Bone cree que Clifford es inofensivo y amable, T-Bone desea ser defensivo, grande y fuerte. Es la mascota del policía Lewis.\n\nCleo\n\nCleo: Es la french poodle morada que parece un león, la segunda amiga de Clifford y T-Bone, tiene una cinta roja en el cabello. Ella siempre es la reina y se pone en papel de villana al jugar con Super T-Bone en la playa, es la mascota de la Sra. Diller, no le gusta la hora de los baños y cuando desea jugar con lodo u otras cosas que Clifford T-bone o Mac no estan de acuerdo su frase es: \"¡Alguna vez te di un mal consejo!\".\n\nMac\n\nMac:\nMac es el perro de Jetta, su verdadero nombre es Machiavelli, es gris y muy bien parecido. Pese a que es algo tirando a muy arrogante, puede ser un muy buen amigo cuando se lo propone.\n\nK. C.\n\nK.C. (Se pronuncia Kei Ci) Es un perro salvador de tres patas, puede caminar pero no puede subir las montañas, es el perro que ayuda a la anciana que es la madre de su dueño, es amigo de Cleo. Su nombre verdadero es desconocido, se le dice por sus iniciales.\n\nMinny o Mimi\n\nMinny: Es una perra linda, de color marrón, tiene una cinta en la cabeza. Al llegar a la isla T-Bone se enamora. Minny es la mascota de una fotógrafa, aparece en pocos episodios.\n\nBilly y Betty\n\nSon dos gatitos traviesos. Son amigos de los perros, aparecen en tres episodios, el primero es cuando los perros tratan de asustar a los gatos, aunque Clifford y sus amigos tienen problemas con la manguera, los dos los salvan, el segundo es cuando están atrapados en un árbol mientras Cleo y T-Bone los rescatan, sin la ayuda de Clifford y el tercero es cuando se meten en el jardín del Señor Bleakman, que culpa a Clifford.\n\nEmily Elizabeth Howard\n\nEs una niña rubia que lleva una camiseta manga larga de color rosa y es bonita, buena, amorosa, saca 100 en los exámenes, pasa de año e inteligente, una falda negra, unas medias a rayas rosadas y negras, y zapatos negros. En un episodio ella llevaba la misma ropa solo que la camiseta era de color azul celeste, al igual que los calcetines a rayas. Ella es la dueña de Clifford y sus mejores amigos son Jetta, Charley y Vaz. El nombre de su padre es Mark y el de su madre es Carolina. También tiene una prima llamada Laura.\n\nCharley\n\nEs el mejor amigo de Emily, es jamaiquino, moreno y de cabello oscuro, lleva camisa de rayas blancas y amarillas, que le dan suerte cuando juega al fútbol (es un buen jugador). Charley no solo juega al fútbol, si no que, a veces, también al baloncesto. Ayuda a su padre en un restaurante de la isla, que es, también, su casa (un bote flotando en el mar).\n\nJetta\n\nEs la amiga de Emily Elizabeth. Tiene el cabello atado, camisa amarilla, suéter verde y pantalón azul. Su mamá se parece a ella, su papá aparece en el episodio \"Lecciones de Pesca\" sentado viendo a los niños nadar. Anda en bicicleta. A veces es un poco gruñona, y trata de ordenar a su perro Mac pero el nunca la obedece, pero Jetta siempre logra que Mac obedezca dándole una galleta.\n\nVaz\n\nEs el amigo de Emily y Charley. En un episodio aparece su mamá y su mascota que hacía travesuras y Jetta creía que era Clifford. Es olvidadizo, le gusta jugar con sus amigos pero su pasatiempo favorito es ver la televisión.\n\nDan\n\nEs otro de los niños, aparece en algunos episodios, en la escuela y acompaña a sus amigos. En un episodio se descubre que tiene una hermana menor.\n\nMerry\n\nEs otra niña sobre silla de ruedas, aparece en 5 episodios, sabe tocar el piano pero le da miedo tocar frente al público, pero gracias a su amiga Emily, aunque no la acompañe, lo hace sola sin que le de nervios.\n\nCosmo\n\nEs el hermano menor de Jetta, en su primer episodio acaba de nacer, Jetta cree que su hermanito es mejor que ella pero lo quiere mucho, es un bebé y tiene un año y medio.\n\nSerie de televisión\n\nComenzó a emitirse en el año 2003. La serie animada Clifford fue transmitida por Discovery Kids en Latinoamérica.\nTambién está Clifford de cachorrito, la serie animada en la antigua vida de Clifford. Los personajes de dicha serie son diferentes a la de la otra.\n\nLos éxitos de Clifford\n\nClifford ha alcanzado éxitos desde sus inicios por televisión al atraer a muchos niños. La serie, en la actualidad se sigue emitiendo por televisión desde su creación en 2004.\nClifford ha alcanzado un éxito total cuando salían sus álbumes de recortar y pegar para infantiles.\n\nAdaptación cinematográfica de acción real/animación\n\nEl 1 de agosto de 2014, Universal Pictures había programado la adaptación cinematográfica en acción real/animación de la serie para su estreno el 8 de abril de 2016.​ En el comienzo de 2015, la fecha de estreno de la película fue adquirida por otra película de Universal, Michelle Darnell, sin informarse la nueva fecha de estreno.​", "Carlos Santana\n\nInicios\n\nSantana nació en Autlán de Navarro, Jalisco, México. Su padre tocaba el violín en un mariachi. De joven, Carlos aprendió a tocar el violín, pero se empezó a interesar en la guitarra cuando tenía ocho años, influenciado principalmente por el músico Ritchie Valens.​ En 1955 su familia se mudó a Tijuana, Baja California. Carlos se dedicó a estudiar la guitarra emulando los sonidos de B. B. King, T-Bone Walker y John Lee Hooker bajo la tutela de Javier Bátiz. Mientras tanto tocaba en conjuntos locales como Los T.J.'s, del cual era bajista, grupo donde añadió su propio toque y sentido original a las canciones populares de rock and roll de la década de 1950.\nAl principio se quedó en Tijuana para mejorar su pericia musical en los clubes locales, cuando su familia se mudó de nuevo, esta vez a San Francisco, California en el año 1961, pero pronto la siguió, se encontró matriculado en la escuela, aprendiendo inglés, y queriendo tocar música. Al mismo tiempo, Carlos fue sumergido en el ambiente pintoresco de San Francisco, con sus diversas influencias culturales y estilos musicales. El destino llevó a Carlos al sitio y época correcta, colocándole en medio de la floreciente y enorme escena musical que era el área de la Bahía de San Francisco, la cuna del movimiento hippie.​ En 1965 recibió la nacionalidad estadounidense.​\n\nContrato discográfico, Woodstock y popularidad: 1969-72\n\nLa agrupación Santana firmó un contrato discográfico con CBS Records y entró al estudio para grabar su primer álbum en enero de 1969. No estaban satisfechos con el lanzamiento posterior (que consistía en pistas grabadas en mayo de 1969) y decidieron que era necesario hacer cambios. Esto generó la salida del baterista Bob Livingston. Santana lo reemplazó con Mike Shrieve, que tenía una sólida formación en jazz y rock. El percusionista Marcus Malone se vio obligado a abandonar la banda debido a cargos de homicidio involuntario, y la banda volvió a reclutar a Michael Carabello. Carabello trajo consigo al percusionista José \"Chepito\" Areas, quien ya era muy conocido en su natal Nicaragua.​\nBill Graham, un aficionado de la música latina, había sido un fanático de la banda desde sus inicios, y aseguró la participación de la banda el en Festival de Arte y Música de Woodstock antes de que su álbum debut fuera publicado. Fueron una de las sorpresas del festival. La exposición de su instrumental de once minutos \"Soul Sacrifice\" en la película de Woodstock y el álbum de la banda sonora aumentó enormemente su popularidad. Graham también le dio a la banda algunos consejos clave para grabar la canción de Willie Bobo \"Evil Ways\", ya que sintió que les daría buena radiodifusión. Su primer álbum, Santana, se publicó en agosto de 1969 y se convirtió en un gran éxito, alcanzando el puesto No. 4 en las listas de éxitos estadounidenses.​\nLa actuación de la banda en el festival de Woodstock los presentó a un público internacional y obtuvo elogios de la crítica, aunque el repentino éxito presionó a sus integrantes, destacando las diferentes direcciones musicales que Rolie y Santana empezaban a pretender. Rolie, junto con algunos de los otros miembros de la banda, quería enfatizar un sonido hard rock básico que había sido un componente clave en el establecimiento de la banda desde el principio. Santana, sin embargo, estaba cada vez más interesado en ir más allá de su amor por el blues y el rock y quería elementos más jazzeros y etéreos en su música, influenciados por su fascinación con Gábor Szabó, Miles Davis, Pharoah Sanders y John Coltrane, así como por su creciente interés en la espiritualidad.​ Al mismo tiempo, Chepito Areas sufrió una hemorragia cerebral casi fatal, y Santana esperaba continuar encontrando un reemplazo temporal (primero Willie Bobo, luego Coke Escovedo), mientras que otros en la banda, especialmente Michael Carabello, sintieron que no era una buena idea presentarse sin Chepito. Empezaron a formarse divisiones en la agrupación.\nLa banda grabó su segundo álbum, Abraxas, en septiembre de 1970. La mezcla de rock, blues, jazz, salsa y otras influencias en el álbum fue bien recibida, mostrando una maduración musical y refinando el sonido inicial de la banda. Abraxas incluyó dos de los éxitos más duraderos y conocidos de Santana, \"Oye Como Va\" y \"Black Magic Woman / Gypsy Queen\". El álbum pasó seis semanas en el puesto No. 1 en la lista Billboard a fines de 1970.​ El álbum permaneció en las listas durante 88 semanas y fue certificado como disco de platino en cuatro ocasiones en 1986.​\nUn nuevo guitarrista llamado Neal Schon se unió a la banda en 1971, a tiempo para completar el tercer álbum, Santana III. La grabación del disco también vio el regreso de Chepito Areas y la asistencia de Coke Escovedo en la sección de percusión. Santana III fue otro éxito, alcanzando el No. 1 en las listas y vendiendo dos millones de copias, produciendo éxitos como \"Everybody's Everything\" y \"No One to Depend On\".​\nSin embargo, la tensión entre los miembros de la banda siguió en aumento. Junto con las diferencias musicales, el consumo de drogas se convirtió en un problema. Coke Escovedo animó a Santana a tomar más control de la dirección musical de la banda, para gran consternación de algunos de los otros que pensaban que la banda y su sonido eran un esfuerzo colectivo. Además, las irregularidades financieras se expusieron bajo la dirección de Stan Marcum, a quien Bill Graham criticó por ser incompetente. Los crecientes resentimientos entre Santana y Michael Carabello por cuestiones de estilo de vida dieron como resultado su partida en malos términos. James Mingo Lewis fue contratado en el último minuto como reemplazo en un concierto en la ciudad de Nueva York. David Brown más tarde abandonó la formación debido a problemas de abuso de sustancias. Una gira sudamericana fue interrumpida en Lima, Perú, debido a protestas estudiantiles contra las políticas gubernamentales de los Estados Unidos. El general Juan Velasco Alvarado le prohibió a Carlos Santana tocar en dicho país y lo expulsó tras calificarle de \"hippie imperialista\".​ \nEn enero de 1972, Santana, Schon, Escovedo y Lewis se unieron al ex baterista de Band of Gypsys, Buddy Miles, para un concierto en el Diamond Head Crater de Hawai. Un álbum fue grabado y registrado como Carlos Santana & Buddy Miles! Live!. El álbum logró alcanzar la certificación de disco de oro.​\n\nCaravanserai\n\nA comienzos de 1972, Santana y los miembros restantes de la banda comenzaron a trabajar en su cuarto álbum, Caravanserai. Durante las sesiones de estudio, Santana y Michael Shrieve reclutaron a los percusionistas James Mingo Lewis y al veterano Armando Peraza en reemplazo de Michael Carabello, y a los bajistas Tom Rutley y Doug Rauch en reemplazo de David Brown. También ayudaron en los teclados Wendy Haas y Tom Coster. Con la afluencia inquietante de nuevos músicos en el estudio, Gregg Rolie y Neal Schon decidieron abandonar la agrupación tras el lanzamiento del álbum, a pesar de que ambos contribuyeron en las sesiones. Rolie regresó a su casa en Seattle, y más tarde, junto con Schon, se convirtió en miembro fundador de la banda de AOR Journey.\nCuando Caravanserai fue publicado en 1972, marcó un fuerte cambio en la dirección musical hacia la fusión del jazz. El álbum recibió elogios críticos, pero el ejecutivo de CBS, Clive Davis, advirtió a Santana y a la banda que sabotearía la posición de la banda como un \"Top 40\". Sin embargo, a lo largo de los años, el álbum alcanzaría el nivel de platino. Carlos conoció a Deborah King, con quien se casó en 1973. Deborah es la hija del cantante y guitarrista de blues Saunders King. Tuvieron tres hijos, Salvador, Stella y Angelica. Junto con su esposa Deborah, Santana fundó una organización sin fines de lucro, la Fundación Milagro, que proporciona ayuda financiera para necesidades educativas, médicas y de otro tipo.​\n\nCambio de estilo y espiritualidad: 1972–79\n\nEn 1972, Carlos se interesó en la banda de fusión Mahavishnu Orchestra y en su guitarrista, John McLaughlin. Consciente del interés de Santana en la meditación, McLaughlin le presentó a Santana y a su esposa Deborah a su gurú, Sri Chinmoy. Chinmoy los aceptó como discípulos en 1973. A Santana se le dio el nombre de \"Devadip\", que significa \"La lámpara, la luz y el ojo de Dios\". Santana y McLaughlin grabaron juntos un álbum, Love, Devotion, Surrender (1973) con miembros de Santana y Mahavishnu Orchestra, junto con el percusionista Don Alias ​​y el organista Larry Young.​\nEn 1973 Carlos Santana obtuvo los derechos legales del nombre de la banda y formó una nueva versión de la misma con Armando Peraza y Chepito Areas en percusión, Doug Rauch en el bajo, Michael Shrieve en la batería y Tom Coster y Richard Kermode en los teclados. Posteriormente reclutó al vocalista de jazz Leon Thomas para realizar una gira en Japón los días 3 y 4 de julio de 1973. Dichas presentaciones fueron recopiladas e incluidas en el álbum Lotus (1974). El grupo ingresó al estudio y grabó Welcome (1973), álbum que reflejó aún más los intereses de Santana en la fusión del jazz y su creciente compromiso con la vida espiritual de Sri Chinmoy.\nUna colaboración con la viuda de John Coltrane, Alice Coltrane, fue grabada y publicada en el álbum Illuminations de 1974. Poco después, Santana reemplazó a los miembros de su banda nuevamente. Esta vez, Kermode, Thomas y Rauch se separaron del grupo y fueron reemplazados por el vocalista Leon Patillo (más tarde un exitoso artista cristiano contemporáneo) y por el bajista David Brown. También reclutó al saxofonista soprano Jules Broussard. La banda grabó un álbum de estudio llamado Borboletta, publicado en 1974. El baterista Leon \"Ndugu\" Chancler se unió más tarde a la banda como reemplazo de Michael Shrieve, quien abandonó la formación para seguir una carrera en solitario.\nEn ese momento, la empresa de gestión de Bill Graham había asumido la responsabilidad de los asuntos del grupo. Graham fue crítico con el nuevo estilo de Santana, más inclinado hacia el jazz, y sintió que necesitaba concentrarse en hacer que Santana volviera a las listas con el sonido étnico vanguardista que los había hecho famosos. El mismo Carlos Santana veía que la dirección del grupo estaba alejando a muchos de sus fanáticos. Aunque los álbumes y las actuaciones recibieron buenas críticas, las ventas de discos empezaron a desplomarse.​\nSantana formó una nueva versión de la banda, añadiendo al vocalista Greg Walker. El álbum de 1976, Amigos, que presentaba las canciones \"Dance, Sister, Dance\" y \"Let It Shine\", tenía un fuerte sonido funk y latino. El álbum recibió una gran difusión en las estaciones de rock, especialmente por el instrumental \"Europa (Earth's Cry Heaven's Smile)\" y volvió a introducir a Santana en las listas de éxitos. En 1976 la revista Rolling Stone publicó una historia completa sobre Santana titulada \"Santana Comes Home\".\nLos álbumes concebidos a finales de la década de 1970 siguieron la misma fórmula, aunque con varios cambios de formación. Entre los nuevos músicos que se unieron a la formación estaba el percusionista Raul Rekow, que se unió a principios de 1977. Lo más notable en términos comerciales que publicó la banda en dicha época fue una versión del éxito de The Zombies de 1960, \"She's Not There\", del álbum doble de 1977 Moonflower.\nCarlos grabó dos proyectos solistas en ese momento: Oneness: Silver Dreams - Golden Reality en 1979 y The Swing of Delight en 1980, con las colaboraciones de Herbie Hancock, Wayne Shorter, Ron Carter y Tony Williams. Las presiones y tentaciones de ser un músico de rock de alto perfil y los requisitos del estilo de vida espiritual que el gurú Sri Chinmoy y sus seguidores exigían se encontraban en conflicto e imponían un estrés considerable sobre el estilo de vida y el matrimonio de Santana. Cada vez estaba más desilusionado con las reglas irrazonables que Chinmoy le imponía a su vida, y en particular a su negativa a permitir que Santana y Deborah formaran una familia. También sentía que su fama se estaba utilizando para aumentar la visibilidad del gurú. Santana y Deborah finalmente terminaron su relación con Chinmoy en 1982.​\n\nDécada de 1980\n\nLos sencillos \"Winning\" de 1981 (del álbum Zebop!) y \"Hold On\" (una nueva versión de la canción del artista canadiense Ian Thomas) de 1982 lograron ingresar en el Top 20 de las listas de éxitos. Después de su ruptura con Sri Chinmoy, Santana entró al estudio para grabar otro álbum en solitario con Keith Olson y el productor de R&B Jerry Wexler. El álbum de 1983 Havana Moon revisitó las primeras experiencias musicales de Santana en Tijuana con \"Did Do You Love\" de Bo Diddley y la canción homónima, composición de Chuck Berry. Los invitados del álbum incluyeron a Booker T. Jones, The Fabulous Thunderbirds, Willie Nelson y la orquesta de mariachi del padre de Santana. Nuevamente, Santana rindió homenaje a sus primeras raíces rockeras al componer la banda sonora para la película La Bamba, basada en la vida de Ritchie Valens y protagonizada por Lou Diamond Phillips.​ Con su banda retornó al estudio en 1985 para grabar el álbum Beyond Appearances, seguido de Freedom dos años después.\nCada vez más cansado de tratar de apaciguar a los ejecutivos de las compañías discográficas que le exigían componer canciones con potencial radiodifusión, Santana realizaba frecuentes colaboraciones con músicos y bandas como Weather Report, el pianista de jazz McCoy Tyner, la leyenda del blues John Lee Hooker, el guitarrista Vernon Reid y el cantante de África Occidental Salif Keita. Él y Mickey Hart de Grateful Dead más tarde grabaron y actuaron con el baterista nigeriano Babatunde Olatunji. En 1988, Santana organizó una reunión con miembros anteriores ​​de su banda para una serie de fechas de conciertos. CBS Records publicó un recopilatorio de la banda llamado Viva Santana!. Ese mismo año, Carlos formó un grupo totalmente instrumental con la leyenda del jazz Wayne Shorter. El grupo también incluyó a Patrice Rushen en los teclados, Alphonso Johnson en el bajo, Armando Peraza y Chepito Areas en la percusión, y Leon \"Ndugu\" Chancler en la batería. Realizaron una breve gira y recibieron mucha aclamación de la prensa especializada, que comparó el proyecto con la banda Santana en la época de Caravanserai (1972). Santana lanzó otro disco en solitario, Blues for Salvador (1987), que ganó un premio Grammy a la \"mejor interpretación instrumental de rock\".​\nEn 1990, el músico terminó su contrato con Columbia Records después de veintidós años y firmó con Polygram. Un año después, Santana colaboró en el álbum de Ottmar Liebert Solo Para Ti, en las canciones \"Reaching Out 2 U\" y en una grabación nueva de su propia canción, \"Samba Pa Ti\". En 1992 contrató a la agrupación Phish como su acto de apertura.\n\nRegreso al éxito comercial\n\nEn 1990 fue publicado el disco Spirits Dancing in the Flesh, seguido por Milagro (1992), Sacred Fire (1993) y Santana Brothers (una colaboración con su hermano Jorge y su sobrino Carlos Hernández en 1994). Sin embargo, las ventas de dichos discos fueron relativamente pobres. Santana realizó una extensa gira durante los siguientes años, pero no hubo más lanzamientos de nuevos álbumes. Clive Davis de Arista Records, quien había trabajado con Santana en Columbia Records, lo contrató y lo animó a grabar un álbum lleno de estrellas con artistas en su mayoría jóvenes. El resultado fue Supernatural de 1999, que incluyó colaboraciones con Everlast, Rob Thomas de Matchbox Twenty, Eric Clapton, Lauryn Hill, Wyclef Jean, Cee Lo Green, Maná, Dave Matthews, entre otros. La intervención de Maná en el disco acompañando a la guitarra se debió a su buena relación con Fher Olvera. Supernatural se convirtió en el álbum más exitoso comercialmente de Santana, alcanzando el tope de la lista Billboard, manteniendo esa posición durante 12 meses y ganando nueve Premios Grammy. La canción \"Smooth\" (interpretada junto a Rob Thomas) permaneció en el tope de la lista Billboard Hot 100 por doce semanas y se mantuvo en la lista por 58 semanas consecutivas en total.​\nCarlos Santana, junto a la alineación clásica de Santana, fue incluido de manera individual en el Salón de la Fama del Rock and Roll. Interpretó la canción \"Black Magic Woman\" con Peter Green de Fleetwood Mac. Green también fue incluido en el salón de la fama en esa velada. En 2001 Carlos trabajó con Michael Jackson en la canción \"Whatever Happens\" del álbum Invincible.\nEn 2002 la banda publicó el disco Shaman, revistando el formato de artistas invitados, con colaboraciones de P.O.D., Seal y Michelle Branch. En 2005, Herbie Hancock solicitó la colaboración de Santana en un álbum nuevamente usando la fórmula exitosa de Supernatural. Possibilities fue lanzado el 30 de agosto de 2005, con Carlos Santana y Angélique Kidjo colaborando en la canción \"Safiatou\". Ese mismo año Carlos fue invitado a la grabación de la canción \"Illegal\" del álbum de la cantante colombiana Shakira Oral Fixation Vol. 2.​\nEl álbum de Santana All That I Am (2005) consiste principalmente en colaboraciones con otros artistas. \"I'm Feeling You\", colaboración con Michelle Branch, fue publicada como primer sencillo. Otros músicos que se unieron a la grabación fueron Steven Tyler de Aerosmith,​ Kirk Hammett de Metallica, el artista y productor de hip-hop will.i.am, el guitarrista George Pajon, la estrella del hip-hop Sean Paul y la cantante Joss Stone. Entre abril y mayo de 2006, Santana recorrió Europa, donde promovió la banda de su hijo Salvador Santana como su acto de apertura.\nEn 2007, Santana apareció junto a Sheila E. y José Feliciano en el álbum de Gloria Estefan 90 Millas en el sencillo \"No Llores\". También se asoció nuevamente con Chad Kroeger para el sencillo \"Into the Night\" y tocó la guitarra en el éxito de Eros Ramazzotti \"Fuoco nel fuoco\" del álbum e².​\nEn 2010 salió al mercado el álbum Guitar Heaven, con versiones de canciones como \"Back in Black\" de AC/DC y \"Whole Lotta Love\" de Led Zeppelin. Dos años más tarde fue publicado Shape Shifter, seguido del álbum Corazón, el cual incluyó a varios artistas latinos como Romeo Santos, Diego Torres, Juanes y Los Fabulosos Cadillacs.​\nEl 4 de noviembre de 2014 fue publicada su biografía, titulada The Universal Tone: Bringing My Story to Light (El tono universal: Exhibiendo mi historia a la luz).​ El 12 de septiembre de 2015, Carlos apareció como miembro de Phil Lesh & Friends, banda del bajista de Grateful Dead, Phil Lesh, en la tercera versión del Lockn' Festival.\n\nActualidad\n\nEl 30 de enero de 2016, el guitarrista Alex Ligertwood, el cantante Tony Lindsay y Raúl Rekow dieron un concierto en honor a Santana en el Teatro Auditorio de Roquetas de Mar en España,​ titulado The Magic of Santana.\nEse mismo año, Carlos Santana se reunió con los antiguos miembros de la banda de Santana Gregg Rolie, Michael Carabello, Michael Shrieve y Neal Schon para publicar el álbum Santana IV y para realizar una breve gira. Un conjunto completo de esta alineación fue filmado en el club House of Blues en Las Vegas y fue lanzado como un álbum en vivo y un DVD titulado Live at the House of Blues Las Vegas. En 2017, Santana colaboró ​​con Isley Brothers en el lanzamiento del álbum The Power of Peace, el 28 de julio de 2017.​\nEn 2019 el músico anunció el lanzamiento de un nuevo álbum de estudio con la banda Santana, titulado Africa Speaks. El disco fue producido por el experimentado Rick Rubin.​\n\nInfluencias\n\nA una temprana edad, Carlos Santana desarrolló un gusto por la música de B.B. King, Javier Bátiz y John Lee Hooker. El trabajo de guitarra jazz de Gábor Szabó a mediados de la década de 1960 también influyó mucho en la forma de tocar de Santana. De hecho, la composición de Szabó \"Gypsy Queen\" se usó como la segunda parte del tratamiento que Santana hizo en 1970 de la composición de Peter Green \"Black Magic Woman\". El álbum instrumental de Santana, Shape Shifter, incluye una canción llamada \"Mr. Szabo\", interpretada en homenaje a Gábor Szabó. Santana también ha mencionado a Jimi Hendrix, Mike Bloomfield, Hank Marvin y Peter Green como importantes influencias. Considera a Bloomfield como un mentor directo.​\nSantana se mudó a San Francisco y, en octubre de 1966, fundó la agrupación Santana Blues Band. En 1968, la banda había comenzado a incorporar diferentes tipos de influencias en su blues eléctrico. \"Cuando entraba a la habitación de cualquier chico\", recuerda el guitarrista, \"este escuchaba a Sly Stone y a Hendrix, otro chico a los Rolling Stones y a los Beatles. Otro tipo escuchaba a Tito Puente y a Mongo Santamaría, y otro a Miles Davis y a John Coltrane... Para mí era como estar en una universidad\".​\n\nGuitarras y equipos\n\nLas guitarras predilectas de Carlos Santana son las Paul Reed Smith. Entre otras que ha usado se encuentra una Yamaha SG 2000 y una Gibson SG con la que tocó en el famoso Festival de Woodstock. También se le llegó a ver durante la década de 1970 con las famosas Gibson Les Paul, Fender Stratocaster, Telecaster, y también en 1992 en un concierto en Japón, interpretó \"Blues for Salvador\" con una Yamaha RGX que en ese entonces era un prototipo fabricado especialmente para el músico. La Gibson SG roja que Santana usó en Woodstock, se encuentra ahora expuesta en el Hard Rock Café de Marbella.\nGuitarras: PRS (Paul Reed Smith) Modelo Santana SE, Santana I, II, III y ahora la MD teniendo siempre como favoritas las Santana I y II a nivel público.\nAmplificadores: 70's Marshall 100w head with a single 4x12” cab, ’65 Blackface Fender Twin, Mesa/Boggie Mark IV & Dumble Overdrive Special 100w head trough single 1x12 Altec-Lansing cab (este último para solos).\nPedales: Mu-Tron Wah, Ibanez TS-9 Tube Screamer, ProCo Rat, Ibanez Digital Delay, Alesis Midiverb, Custom made 4-way cambiador para los amplificadores.\n\nVida personal\n\nEl 19 de octubre de 2007, Deborah Santana solicitó el divorcio con el músico citando \"diferencias irreconciliables\" después de 34 años de matrimonio.​ Santana se comprometió con la baterista Cindy Blackman, después de proponerle matrimonio durante un concierto en el Universal Tone Tour en Tinley Park en los suburbios de Chicago, Illinois, el 9 de julio de 2010. Se casaron en diciembre de 2010.​​ Actualmente viven en Las Vegas.​ Carlos tiene 3 hijos: Salvador, Stella y Angélica.​", "Crying in the Club\n\nAntecedentes\n\nCabello colaboró anteriormente con los productores Benny Blanco y Cashmere Cat en la canción «Love Incredible» de este último, grabada en mayo de 2016. Tras la salida de Cabello del grupo Fifth Harmony, y después de años de escribir en su tiempo de inactividad, comenzó a escribir canciones individuales para su debut. En febrero de 2017, durante una sesión de composición con Blanco, la cantante y compositora Sia presentó el concepto para un demo, y ambos compusieron la canción. Después de que Blanco le ofreciera «Crying in the Club», Cabello reescribió el puente de la canción y grabó la canción. La misma aseguró «Tenía un mensaje sobre la curación a través del poder de la música», y continuó «Ese tema era una parte clave de lo que quería para mi álbum».​\nLa canción fue lanzada a la venta el 19 de mayo de 2017 a través de descarga digital y servicios de streaming, después de varias colaboraciones musicales de Cabello, incluyendo «Bad Things» con Machine Gun Kelly, que alcanzó el top 10 en varias listas de Billboard. El sencillo fue lanzado en las radios contemporáneas estadounidenses el 23 de mayo de 2017.​\n\nComposición\n\n«Crying in the Club» es una canción pop y dance de ritmo medio, con un ritmo de baile de bajo nivel y un ritmo dancehall.​ Algunos críticos lo describieron como una pista tropical. Liricamente, la canción habla sobre temas relacionadas con la curación de la música.​ La canción posee fracciones del tema «Genie in a Bottle» de Christina Aguilera, escrita por David Frank, Steve Kipner y Pamela Sheyne.​ La canción fue compuesta en clave F♯ menor,​ con vocales por parte de Cabello yendo desde notas bajas E3 a notas más altas F♯5. Sia Furler interpretó el coro de la canción.\n\nRecepción crítica\n\nJoe Lynch, de la revista Billboard, opinó que la canción \"demuestra bastante talento vocal por parte de la ex estrella de Fifth Harmony que escapa de los \"tropas\" más genéricas de los 40 mejores\", mientras que Ryan Reed de Rolling Stone notó que Cabello \"encuentra una redención emocional\" en la canción.​ Editores de la revista Rap-Up escribieron: \"la canción mezcla los sabores de la isla con sonidos pop intensos, convirtiéndola en una banda sonora lista para el baile para el optimismo\". Anna Gaca de Spin describió la canción como un \"ritmo inspirado en el dancehall que tiene un parecido con el tema «Cheap Thrills» de Sia\".​ El escritor de Idolator Mike Wass llamó a la canción un \"bop de temperamento, mid-tempo\" y opinó \"la veinteañera siguió a la demostración de Sia un poco demasiado de cerca. Ella es casi irreconocible y eso es preocupante para alguien que esta tratando de establecer su independencia\".​\n\nVideo musical\n\nDirigido por Emil Nava, el video musical de la canción fue lanzado el 19 de mayo de 2017.​ El mismo abre en un escenario blanco y negro con Cabello de pie contra una pared de ladrillo, bailando a través de la niebla y remojándose en una bañera mientras ella interpreta la canción «I Have Questions», antes de la transición a la canción, así mismo con la cantante que se mueve y baila en un club. El video ha recibido críticas positivas. Gil Kaufman de la revista Billboard, relacionó el concepto con el Dr. Jekyll y el Sr. Hyde. Ryan Reed de Rolling Stone opinó que el video \"refleja el emotivo viaje de la canción y se abre con fotos en blanco y negro de la cantante llorando y reclinándose en una bañera antes de explotar con color en la discoteca\".​\n\nPresentaciones en vivo\n\nCabello interpretó la canción en vivo por primera vez el 21 de mayo en los Billboard Music Awards 2017.​ La cantante comenzó su actuación interpretando «I Have Questions» antes de realizar la transición a «Crying in the Club».​ Disfrazado de oro brillante, Cabello bailó en medio de bailarines y modelos masculinos mientras los fuegos ardían detrás de ellos. La cantante también interpretó la canción en Britain's Got Talent el 31 de mayo,​ y el 18 de junio de 2017 en iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.​\nEl 22 de junio interpretó el tema en el programa The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Mike Wass de Idolator la consideró una de sus mejores interpretaciones hasta el momento.​ El tema fue incluido también en la lista de canciones de su repertorio para el \"24K Magic World Tour\" de Bruno Mars en el cual fue acto de apertura.", "Cementerio Club (banda)\n\nInicios\n\nEsta banda empezó a mediados de Noviembre de 1996, cuando José Arbulú (ex Cadena Perpetua y Los Vagabundos) comienza a asistir más que regularmente a los ensayos de sus amigos Luis (El Pollo) Callirgos y Pedro Solano (ambos ex - Los Pollos).\nLos tres amigos se dedican, apasionadamente, durante tres meses a componer y dar forma al primer material del grupo, el mismo que grabarían junto a Caroline Cruz, como cuarto integrante, en un demo maqueta editado en el circuito independiente en mayo de 1997, bajo el nombre de Cementerio Club, inspirado en la canción homónima del roquero argentino Luis Alberto Spinetta, que integra el álbum Artaud (1972). El demo tuvo el efecto de interesar a algunas disqueras nacionales. En julio de 1997, el músico Miki González invitó a la banda (para ese entonces trío, ante la salidad de Cruz del grupo) a participar con dos temas (\"Underground\" e \"Inseguridad\") en el CD compilatorio Mil Gritos Contra el Tedio de su sello APU records. \"Underground\" fue el single promocional de este álbum, ingresando en la programación de las radios de rock de Lima y provincias. Al final del año, Cementerio Club era elegido como Mejor Grupo Nuevo por los lectores de la revista de rock alternativo Caleta.\nEn agosto de 1997 participan en el compilatorio Audición Radical con una versión en vivo del tema \"El Río\".\n\nCementerio Club (1998-1999)\n\nFrontera Records, sello de Pablo Boner (teclista de Nosequién y Los Nosecuántos), fue la disquera que fichó a Cementerio Club para su álbum debut. Llamado simplemente Cementerio Club, se editó en mayo de 1998 y fue distribuido junto al número 21 de la revista Caleta. El disco tuvo excelentes comentarios de la prensa, radios y público en general.\n\"El Río\" y \"Barco Viejo\" serían esta vez, los temas encargados de liderar la difusión del álbum, logrando ambos ubicarse en el primer lugar en radios de Lima y otras ciudades del Perú. Los siguientes dos años verían a Cementerio Club llevando su show a todos los bares, clubes, universidades, festivales, estadios y centros culturales. Desde julio de 1998, Ricardo Solís se incorporaría como guitarrista invitado para las presentaciones en vivo de la banda. En enero de 2000, y luego de un año y medio con el grupo, Ricardo fue invitado también a poner su cara en las fotos y su nombre en las reseñas, esta vez ya como miembro estable del Cementerio Club.\nLa prestigiosa BBC de Londres les grabó una entrevista, realizada por el periodista Julio García, que fue posteriormente difundida para toda Hispanoamérica, junto con el material de Cementerio Club, en un especial de 30 minutos para el programa radial Nuestro Son.\nLuego, en el verano de 1999, la cadena MTV empezó a difundir en sus espacios Raizónica y Conexión, el primer video clip de la banda \"Barco Viejo\". A mediados de 1999, se produjo también el esperado relanzamiento del CD debut de Cementerio Club, agotado desde fines de 1998, esta vez en formato de casete y con tres bonus tracks. Ese mismo año, la banda se dio el gusto de actuar como grupo invitado de Mar de Copas, como parte de la temporada de presentaciones del Suna, quinto disco de los Copas. Finalmente, Cementerio Club cerró el año ofreciendo una temporada de conciertos acústicos, acompañado de diez músicos invitados. Como parte de esta temporada, la banda se presentó en el prestigioso Ciclo de Conciertos Desenchufados que organiza anualmente el Centro Cultural de la Universidad Católica del Perú.\n\nCerca (2000-2001)\n\nEn el mes de marzo participan en el recopilatorio Acidéz con el tema \"No Puedo Dormir\", original de Los Pollos, que luego sería regrabado e inserto en el álbum Vacaciones en Mediocielo.\nLos conciertos acústicos provocaron un nuevo disco, editado en mayo de 2000: Cementerio Aclúbstico: Una Crónica de Noches Desenchufadas y Demos Solitarios, conteniendo tanto material en vivo como de estudio. Todas las copias de este CD, de edición limitada, fueron individualmente numeradas y firmadas por los miembros de la banda. El CD además, se constituyó en el primer disco acústico editado por una banda de rock en el Perú.\nAgosto de 2000 trajo consigo la grabación en estudio del nuevo álbum de Cementerio Club: Cerca. El grupo había reunido cerca de treinta temas para esta nueva aventura por lo que organizó previamente una temporada de conciertos en el Pub La Parada para tocar el material nuevo y elegir, junto a su público, las canciones del nuevo disco. Boleta de votación en mano, y sin fraude de por medio, se eligieron trece temas.\nLa grabación de Cerca, realizada en MEGA Studios fue dirigida y producida por el productor inglés Chris Miley, profesional en producción musical egresado del Liverpool Institute for Performing Arts - LIPA, una de las más reconocidas escuelas de música de Europa que cuenta entre sus profesores y auspiciadores con Paul McCartney, George Martin y Mark Knopfler, entre otros. Miley, ha trabajado con éxito en su país con bandas del área de York y Liverpool, siendo actualmente bajista de la banda Penfold, de York. Cerca contó además con músicos invitados: una sección de cuerdas formada por Inkeri Petrozzi (cello) y Pauchi Sasaki (violín); la percusión de Dante Oliveros, de La Sarita; Ricardo Ponciano en el corno francés y el propio Chris Miley en hammond organ y teclados. Jeni y L.A.S.E. de Electro-Z, Raúl Montañez \"Montaña\" y Gisele Rodríguez sumaron sus voces a la grabación de \"Año 2000... Retrofuturo\", tema que cierra el álbum. \"Mar Salvaje\" fue elegido como primer single de Cerca.\nEl 2001 fue el año de las presentaciones de Cerca y de algunos nuevos hitos importantes para la banda: un nuevo desenchufado en el Centro Cultural de la Universidad Católica; el video de \"Sometimes Bonita\" en rotación en MTV; esa misma canción encabezando los rankings de programas nacionales y de una radio en Nueva Jersey, Estados Unidos; conciertos en Huánuco.\n\n2002\n\nPara el 2002 los proyectos continuaron. Como primer acto, Cementerio Club lanzó un nuevo disco \"aclúbstico\", recopilando los conciertos desenchufados de fines del 2001 y comienzos del 2002. El nuevo disco Canciones desnudas para iluminar los cuerpos fue editado esta vez a través de la página web de la banda, mediante entregas quincenales y de acceso gratuito al público, quienes pudieron descargar las canciones en formato MP3 y la carátula del disco a sus computadoras.\nEn el mes de agosto participan con una versión muy especial del tema \"Jade\" para el recopilatorio Caleta Finale, editado junto al número final de la revista Caleta.\nCementerio Club cerró la gira de Cerca presentándose en bares limeños y clubes de Cajamarca y Trujillo, así como en el multitudinario concierto Nacional Sale a la Calle 2 ante más de 15,000 personas en Lima.\nFinalmente, ese año Cementerio Club, se dio el gusto de abrir el álbum compilatorio Tributo A La Niñez, con su particular versión de \"El Do Del Clarinete\".\n\n2003\n\nEl 2003 trajo un nuevo disco en estudio: Vacaciones en Mediocielo. La banda trabajó este disco bajo la producción de Rafo Arbulú (hermano de \"El Capi\") y siempre en MEGA Studios. Esta vez, consiguieron además cumplir un viejo sueño al lograr masterizar el álbum en los prestigiosos estudios Abbey Road de Londres, el mismo donde grabaran bandas emblemáticas del rock mundial como The Beatles, Pink Floyd, Oasis, Radiohead y Gustavo Cerati, entre otros. El ingeniero a cargo de este trabajo por los estudios Abbey Road fue Chris Blair, quien es doble ganador de Premios Grammy por sus trabajos con Sting y Radiohead.\nVacaciones en Mediocielo contó con un primer video para el single \"Esfera De Cristal\", el cual al igual que sus antecesores logró instalarse en la programación del MTV hispano y los programas de televisión nacionales de difusión de Rock y Pop. El segundo single de Vacaciones en Mediocielo fue \"Inmortales\", que ingresó a rotación en las principales radioemisoras de Lima y provincias y cuenta con un video dirigido por el prestigioso Percy Cespedez. Este video está también instalado en la programación nacional e internacional vía MTV. Con este material Cementerio Club busca consolidarse en el medio local y en el mercado internacional, objetivo que se está cumpliendo poco a poco.\nAdemás ese año participan en el Tributo a Leuzemia (legendaria banda de punk peruano) con su versión del tema \"Oirán Tu Voz, Oirán Nuestra Voz\".\n\n2004\n\nPara el 2004 Cementerio Club participa en la serie de conciertos acústicos organizados por el Centro Cultural La Noche de Barranco. La participación del grupo fue grabada para un nuevo disco acústico: ¿Aún crees en la magia?. Para estos conciertos se contó con la participación de amigos de la banda como Manolo Barrios (Mar de Copas), Salim Vera (Libido) y Gabriel Gargurevich (El Ghetto). Salieron de estos conciertos algunos reconocidos temas como el arreglo de Barco Viejo con introducción de Taxman de Los Beatles incluida. El popurrí Inmortales/La Máquina Del Tiempo/Tres/Hotel Apocalipsis, y la versión de In Between Days de The Cure también fueron parte del repertorio.\nEl 21 de octubre de 2004 Cementerio Club fue ganador en la categoría Mejor Artista Nuevo Región Central en la 3a. Entrega Anual de los MTV Video Music Awards Latinoamérica 2004​ realizado en la ciudad de Miami Beach, ceremonia a la que asistieron a recibir su trofeo.\nAntes de terminar el año participan en el disco Gracias Por El Refugio. Tributo Peruano a Los Rolling Stones con su versión del clásico tema \"Jumpin' Jack Flash\".\n\n2005\n\nEn junio la banda lanza un disco recopilatorio titulado 1997–2005. En julio de 2005 la banda estrenó el videoclip de su tema \"Crepúsculo\", bajo la dirección de Percy Céspedez.​\n\n2006 - 2007\n\nEn enero de 2006, José Arbulú presentó su disco solista Libres (2006, Lamparín Producciones), siendo el primer disco del proyectado box set Cementerio Club: Colección Solistas. A este proyecto se añadiría, en junio de 2006, el disco solista de Pedro Solano titulado + amor (2006, Lamparín Producciones).\nEn julio de 2007 después de 4 años de ausencia discográfica Cementerio Club regresó con su nuevo álbum Bailando En El Muladar teniendo amplia acogida entre sus fanáticos y en la prensa especializada.\nPara diciembre de 2007 en un concierto especial llamado Navidad Beat entregaron a sus fanes el tema \"En Navidad\" a través de dispositivos USB así también por medio de su página en My Space.\n\n2008 - 2009\n\nEn enero de 2008 lanzaron el tema \"Stereoman\" como primer single de su nuevo álbum, para el cual se realizó un videoclip animado.\nEn febrero de 2008, la banda es nominada como Mejor banda de rock en los Premios APDAYC.\nEl 14 de noviembre de 2008 la banda participó en la primera edición del Lima Hot Festival, realizado en el Estadio Nacional del Perú donde la banda compartió escenario con los internacionales R.E.M. y Travis.​\nDurante 2009 la banda realizó una serie de conciertos en Lima junto a bandas locales.\n\n2010 - 2014\n\nPara abril del 2010 la banda anuncia un nuevo disco (aún no editado) y del cual lanza dos temas de adelanto: \"Luces De Neón\" y \"Llevas Mi Fe\", las cuales se pudieron descargar gratuitamente a través de su web,,​ como en otras ocasiones lo habían hecho.\nDurante el año 2011 la banda se tomó un lapso de tiempo para volver a reunirse a inicios de 2012. CC ha participado en el tributo al músico y cantante hispanoperuano Miki González, titulado Radio Marginal, con su versión del tema \"Ponte Tu Vestido\", original de 1987.\nEn el año 2014, la banda volvió a los escenarios de Lima, entre otros junto al cantautor español Mikel Erentxun. En el mes de septiembre publican en su canal de YouTube un nuevo video single con su versión del tema \"La Esquina Es La Misma\", original del grupo peruano Zcuela Crrada.\n\n2015 - 2016\n\nEn el 2015 la banda termina de grabar su disco \"Tiempo\" el cual presentarían el 27 de enero de 2016 en el Jammin', concierto en el cual tocaron junto a Mobivstrip y a Zcuela Crrada. El disco cuenta con nueve canciones grabadas entre el 2010 y 2015.", "José Antonio Bottiroli\n\nBiografía\n\nJosé Antonio Bottiroli nació en la ciudad de Rosario, Argentina el 1 de enero de 1920 y murió en Rosario el 15 de marzo de 1990. Desde su niñez vivió alternativamente en Rosario y en Los Cocos, en las Sierras de Córdoba. Su madre, Rosa Elena Bertora, era hija de inmigrantes genoveses, mientras que su padre, Carlos Hermenegildo Antonio Bottiroli, era hijo de lombardos provenientes de Pavia. A través de su abuela paterna, María Ottone Ratti, estaba vinculado a uno de los personajes más importantes de la historia moderna de Italia, ya que era prima de Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (1857-1939), futuro Papa Pío XI (1922-1939), que dio nacimiento al estado independiente y soberano de la Ciudad del Vaticano Ciudad del Vaticano.​\nEstudió música con los compositores José de Nito (1887-1945), pionero de la música académica de la ciudad de Rosario y José Francisco Berrini (1897-1963), quien fuera su profesor de armonía y contrapunto en el del Colegio de Profesores No. 2 Juan María Gutiérrez de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL). en Rosario.​ En 1948 se graduó de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral con el título de Profesor Nacional de Música y fue condecorado por el Rotary Club como el mejor estudiante de música.​​ Hasta 1985 recibió el asesoramiento de su amigo, compañero de estudios y colaborador Nicolás Alfredo Alessio (1919-1985).​ En 1970 fue becado a Europa.​\nFue el director del Sexteto Vocal Femenino Juan María Gutiérrez, más tarde Sexteto Loreley,​ al que dirigió en importantes actuaciones en la Ciudad de Rosario, Radio El Mundo Radio El Mundo (LR1) y en el Teatro Nacional Cervantes Teatro Nacional Cervantes de la ciudad de Buenos Aires.\nCompuso Belgrano Marcha-Canción con letra de Ernesto Arturo Sánchez Queirolo,​ obra que en 1960 fue aprobada por decreto del Concejo Nacional de Educación y el Concejo General de Educación de la Provincia de Santa Fe para ser incorporada al repertorio musical de las escuelas de la República Argentina y en el repertorio de las escuelas de la Provincia de Santa Fe.​​ También, por decreto municipal de la Ciudad de Rosario, Belgrano Marcha Canción fue declarada “canción oficial en jurisdicción de la Ciudad a ser cantada en ceremonias en el Monumento Nacional a la Bandera, en conmemoración a la Bandera Argentina y en memoria del General Don Manuel Belgrano.​ Belgrano Marcha Canción es la única obra musical dedicada el General Don Manuel Belgrano Manuel Belgrano, creador de la bandera Argentina.​ Fue estrena el 11 de mayo de 1962 por el Coro del Instituto Militar y la Banda del Regimiento 12 de Infantería General Arenales bajo la conducción del Capitán Antonio Rabuffetti.​\nComo pianista Bottiroli dio recitales solo y en dúos de música de cámara con el violista Oscar Costa,​​ chelista Pedro Farruggia, soprano Gabriela Moner,​​ contralto Azucena Racca de Deseta,​ y en dúos a dos pianos y piano a cuatro manos con Jacinto Terán Fernández y Nicolás A. Alessio.​\nEl 4 de octubre de 1951 dirigió la Orquesta Sinfónica de Rosario en el Teatro El Circulo Teatro El Círculo, ocasión en la que condujo el estreno americano del Concierto para oboe y orquesta de Nicólas A. Alessio y de la Misa festiva Opus 154 de Alexander Gretchaninov.​\nEn 1962 Bottiroli recibió el premio Crisol de composición de Rosario y en 1963 compone el himno de la Escuela San Antonio María Gianelli con letra de Minerva Marchiori de Bruno. En 1970 recibió del Instituto de Cultura Hispánica una beca de perfeccionamiento para estudiar en Europa, primero en Madrid y Barcelona, y luego Roma, donde dos de sus obras para música de cámara fueron estrenadas: Trío para instrumentos de viento y Cuarteto de cuerdas.​\nJosé Antonio Bottiroli fue el Director de la Escuela Normal de Maestros No. 3 y del Colegio Nacional de Comercio General Belgrano de Rosario, a lo que se sumó su trabajo docente en la enseñanza musical en el Colegio Nacional No. 1, Colegio Sagrado Corazón y para los prisioneros de la cárcel de la Ciudad de Rosario.\nCompuso 117 obras musicales: 73 para piano, 23 para música de cámara, 1 para guitarra, 8 para coro y 12 obras sinfónicas. Además de su obra musical escribió 85 poemas. Sus obras musicales y poemas fueron catalogadas en 2011 y el 1 de febrero de 2012 su obra completa, musical y poética, fue registrada ante la Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos Biblioteca del Congreso de Estados Unidos bajo el titulo: Obra Completa Musical y Poética de José Antonio Bottiroli.​\n\nMúsica\n\nDespués de un periodo inicial nacionalista en el cual compuso obras influenciadas por el folklore argentino, como Pequeña Suite Norteña B-2 para orquesta y Carnavalito B-4 y Vidalita B-14 para coro, la música de José Antonio Bottiroli se adhiere a la tradición musical del Romanticismo. Para sus obras para piano adoptó como principal estructura formal la micro-forma en la que expresó su propia subjetividad dentro del una trama ternaria. Sus obras para piano se distinguen por su carácter improvisatorio y por la extensión de mano que requieren; mientras que sus trabajos para orquesta sinfónica siguen la narrativa del poema sinfónico establecido por Franz Liszt. Harmónicamente, su música se aventura dentro de las ricas texturas del Romanticismo tardío y de los colores atmosféricos del Impresionismo.\nEn su prefacio para José Antonio Bottiroli, Obra Completa para Piano Vol. 1 y Vol. 2 el musicólogo argentino Diego M. Orellana sostiene que \"en general, la obra de Bottiroli se distingue por su diverso y refinado gusto musical, su lenguaje aventurado, por momentos complejo, en el que alterna múltiples estilos, oscilando mayormente entre el impresionismo y el neo-romanticismo francés de fines del siglo XIX a lo que incorpora originales gestos extraídos del jazz.​ \nLa producción artística de José Antonio Bottiroli debe ser vista dentro del contexto de sus obras artísticas completas las cuales incluyen un número extenso de poemas y otros escritos.", "Parte del aire\n\nContexto\n\nEl álbum La la la fue el resultado de la colaboración musical de dos figuras máximas del rock nacional argentino, Luis Alberto Spinetta y Fito Páez. En el momento de la grabación Spinetta tenía 36 años y era una figura consagrada con diecinueve álbumes grabados, en tanto que Páez tenía 23 años y recién comenzaba a ser una estrella con dos álbumes grabados.\nLa colaboración de dos figuras máximas para sacar un álbum conjunto, como hicieron Spinetta y Páez en 1986, fue un hecho inusual en el rock nacional argentino.​ Argentina transitaba el tercer año de democracia luego de la caída de la última dictadura. En ese contexto democrático el rock nacional, que había aparecido en los años finales de la década de 1960, se estaba masificando y desarrollaba nuevas sonoridades, a la vez que ingresaba una nueva generación.​\nLa asociación entre Spinetta y Páez canalizó precisamente ese encuentro entre la generación que fundó el rock nacional y la segunda generación marcada por la Guerra de Malvinas (1982) y la recuperación de la democracia (1983).​\n\nEl tema\n\nEl tema es el 13º track y tercero del Disco 2 (tercero del lado A) del álbum doble La la la. Se trata de una canción de tono litoraleño (\"música de grillos del Paraná\"), una de las principales influencia musicales de Fito Páez, por su condición de rosarino.\nFito compuso esta canción en la Navidad de 1985, bajo el dolor que le produjo la muerte de su padre el día anterior:​\n\n \n\n \nMe dejó unos discos en el placard\nun reloj de plata y un samurai\ntodo detallado en un expediente.\n\n \n\"Parte del aire\" (fragmento)\nEn la canción imagina a su padre como \"parte del aire\", reencontrándose con su madre -fallecida cuando Páez tenía sólo ocho meses de vida:\n\n \n\n \nY allí van... Parte del aire\nY allí van... en libertad...\n(...)\nPor la vía láctea se encontrarán\nen algún planeta, en algún lugar.\n\n \n\"Parte del aire\" (fragmento)\nLa canción finaliza preguntándose dónde va la gente y a dónde irá él mismo, solo y con sus padres muertos:\n\n \n\n \nDonde va la gente y su corazón\ndonde van los años y este dolor\ny donde voy yo... no me importa ya\nvengo de dos ríos que dan al mar.\n\n \n\"Parte del aire\" (fragmento)\nFito Páez ha contado que Spinetta lloró emocionado cuando le mostró la canción para incluirla en el álbum La la la:\n\n \n\n \nMe acuerdo de Luis y de cómo se emocionó cuando la escuchó. Estábamos en la casa que teníamos con Fabi y se puso a llorar. Me dijo: \"Sos un hijo de puta, cómo hacés eso\". Él quiso que forme parte del álbum, fue una canción que le gustaba mucho. Mercedes (Sosa) la grabó también. Tiene algo impactante e insólito el tema. Dentro del género de la canción, hablar de un encuentro post mortem es curioso.\n\n \nFito Páez​\nEstilísticamente, \"Parte del aire\" es un tema litoraleño. Fito ha destacado su aporte al rock nacional de ritmos ternarios provenientes del folklore argentino, sello personal que resulta visible en casi todos sus temas:\n\n \n\n \nEl 6 por 8... Eso no estaba acá. Desde el rock no había sido abordado... Yo traigo esa herencia del interior, de estar en contacto con el folklore y con el tango... Incluso Luis ha tenido contactos con el folklore, de utilizar ritmos ternarios ligados al folklore, no al jazz, no al 3/4 del vals sino a los pulsos en 6 por 8.\n\n \nFito Páez​\nLa misma cuestión del aporte folklórico en la música de Páez fue tema de una pregunta de la revista Pelo, cuando la grabación del disco era solo una posibilidad:\n\n \n\n \n-Pregunta: ¿Qué tipo de música haría juntos (con Fito Páez)? Fito últimamente se encuentra en la exploración de ritmos autóctonos.\n-Spinetta: Bueno, ¿por qué no? Yo ya hice zambas, bagualas. Tengo la zamba de Jade que todavía no estrené, y \"Luna nueva\" o la chacarera del Mono de Madre en años luz. Esto te confirma que las temáticas y los géneros se pueden unir tanto como queramos.​\n\n \nEn el tema se destacan también las cuerdas arregladas por Carlos Franzetti. La idea de convocar a Franzetti para realizar arreglos de cuerdas en algunos temas de La la la fue de Fito Páez.​ Franzetti, que estaba radicado Estados Unidos y en las décadas siguientes alcanzaría un gran éxito internacional, también hizo en el álbum los arreglos de cuerdas en \"Asilo en tu corazón\", \"Dejaste ver tu corazón\" y \"Pequeño ángel\", además de componer el tema \"Retrato de bambis\".", "Chicano\n\nConnotación\n\nLa connotación de la palabra puede ser negativa y no sería inusual que alguien a quien se le llame chicano se ofenda, pensando que se está diciendo que es menos mexicano que aquel que lo dice.\nParalelamente hay quienes se sienten orgullosos de ser una mezcla de las dos culturas, popularizando dichos como \"100% Chicano\" (el '100' pronunciado en inglés, \"One hundred por ciento chicano\" para enfatizar el spanglish característico de los chicanos) y \"Ni de aquí ni de allá\" (refiriéndose a no clasificarse ni como estadounidense, ni como mexicano, sino como puro 'chicano'). Muchos estadounidenses piensan que esto es falta de una cultura desarrollada debido a las deformaciones en la lengua española y la lengua inglesa. La misma palabra existe en inglés con un significado menos particular, queriendo decir un habitante estadounidense de origen mexicano. Este segundo significado se ha vuelto tan popular y tan oficial que formó parte del censo estadounidense en la encuesta racial.\nOriginalmente se utilizaba este término de forma peyorativa, siendo sinónimo de “callejero”, “maleducado”, “pillo” o “pícaro”, entre otros. Sin embargo, a partir del Movimiento Chicano (1965 a 1979) adquirió una connotación con tintes políticos, lo que le dio también un valor semántico de mayor prestigio. Actualmente el término se utiliza para designar a todos aquellos ciudadanos estadounidenses de ascendencia mexicana. Si bien entre este grupo social se utiliza el término con orgullo, el grupo en sí sigue siendo en muchas ocasiones relegado tanto por los estadounidenses (que lo consideran un ciudadano de segunda o tercer clase) como por sus compatriotas mexicanos. ​\n\nMúsica\n\nLalo Guerrero empezó a componer música en los años treinta y es considerado el padre de la música chicana. Durante el transcurso de su carrera musical Guerrero escribió música de todo tipo diferente de género y también música que atrajo a personas de todas las edades. Los niños de México y Estados Unidos crecieron con sus parodias como \"Pancho Claus\", \"There's No Tortillas\", \"Tacos for Two\", y especialmente su proyecto de \"Las Ardillitas de Lalo Guerrero\". Lalo Guerrero es también famoso por sus canciones que recuerdan la historia de los chicanos. Guerrero inspiró a la gente con sus canciones acerca de César Chávez y la UFW (la \"United Farm Workers\" en inglés), el antiguo periodista Rubén Salazar y las dificultades de inmigrantes ilegales.\n\nRock\n\nEl Chicano es considerado uno de los grupos chicanos de rock más exitosos. Ellos empezaron en el este de Los Ángeles (East Los Angeles) en el final de la década del sesenta y fueron llamados originalmente los V.I.Ps. Ellos cambiaron su nombre a El Chicano durante el despertar cultural del nuevo Chicano o mexicano-estadounidense, movimientos culturales en los Estados Unidos durante los años setenta.​\nTres otros famosos grupos de rock chicanos de los años sesenta fueron The Premiers, Cannibal and the Headhunters, y The Blendells. The Premiers fue el primer grupo de rock chicano en lograr éxito nacional cuando su álbum \"Farmer John\" alcanzó el número 19 en julio de 1964. Cannibal and the Headhunters son conocidos por su canción popular \"Land of a Thousand Dances.\" El grupo recorrió el país con famosos músicos como The Four Tops y Smokey Robinson. The Blendells grabaron la canción \"La La La La La\", originalmente de Stevie Wonder, y su versión de la canción fue el número 62 en la lista éxitos de nacionales de la música.​\nOtro famoso grupo de rock chicano del este de Los Ángeles es la banda Tierra. Dos hermanos, Steve y Rudy Salas, formaron Tierra en 1973. La canción más famosa que Tierra compuso fue \"Together,\" que alcanzó el número 18 en la lista éxitos de nacionales de la música en diciembre de 1980. Trini López nació y creció en Dallas, Texas. Él también alcanzó la fama en este género. Durante su carrera musical, López grabó más de cuarenta álbumes, incluido el más popular de los álbumes llamado \"Live at PJ’s.\"​\nLos Lobos encontraron también un lugar en el rock chicano. Algunos de sus álbumes más populares son \"And a Time to Dance,\" que incluyó la canción que ganó un Grammy \"Anselma,\" y \"How Will the Wolf Survive,\" que incluyó la canción popular \"Will The Wolf Survive.\" Durante toda su carrera musical, Los Lobos viajaron con grupos famosos tales como U2, The Eagles y The Grateful Dead.​\n\nRap\n\nEl rap chicano es una combinación de hip-hop y rap latino, cantado por músicos de rap de América de ascendencia mexicana. El artista chicano más conocido y temprano de rap es Kid Frost surgido en los años noventa. Kid Frost nació en el este de Los Ángeles con el nombre de Arturo Molina, Jr. Él cambió su nombre a Kid Frost como un tributo para Ice T, uno de sus rivales de rap. Su álbum de debut \"Hispanic Causing Panic\", incluyó la canción popular \"La Raza,\" que abrió la puerta a otros músicos chicanos de rap. Entre otros álbumes famosos grabados por Frost se incluyen “East Side Story,” “Till the Wheels Fall Off,” y “Blunts N Ballerz.”​\nLil Rob es otro famoso músico chicano del rap de San Diego, California que empezó su carrera musical en 1992. Su álbum de debut fue \"Crazy Life\" en 1997, que incluyó las canciones populares \"Do My Thing\" y \"Oh What a Night.\" Lil Rob ha grabado recientemente dos otros álbumes titulados \"Twelve Eighteen, Pt. 1” en 2005 y \"Twelve Eighteen, Pt. 2” en 2007. Entre las canciones populares de estos álbumes se incluyen “Summer Nights” y “Bring Out the Freak in You.”​\nDelinquent Habits son otro famoso grupo de Rap chicano que se formó en Los Ángeles en 1991. Los miembros actuales del grupo son Ivan Martin, a.k.a. Ives o Huero Loco, Alejandro Martínez, a.k.a. O.G. Style y Michelle. Los álbumes recientes de Los Delincuentes son “Merry Go Round,” “Freedom Band,” y “New and Improved.”​\nBaby Bash es otro músico chicano famoso de rap que nació en Vallejo, California. Su interés por la música empezó con un viaje a Houston, Texas donde él colaboró con el grupo South Park Mexican y escribió una canción para ellos que se tituló \"Wiggy.\" Antes de empezar su carrera en solitario, Baby Bash colaboró también con Frankie J. y los Kumbia Kings. Baby Bash entonces se unió con el famoso productor de música Happy Pérez y empezó su carrera en solitario. \"Suga Suga\" fue su primera canción popular, y fue publicada en su primer álbum titulado \"Tha Smokin Nephew\" en 2003. Sus álbumes actuales incluyen \"Super Saucy\" en 2005 y su más reciente, de 2007, titulado \"Cyclone\". Éstos, incluyen los canciones populares de \"Cyclone\" y \"What Is It.\"\n​​Serio es otro famoso músico chicano del rap de Los Ángeles, California que empezó su carrera musical en 2005.​Su álbum de debut fue \"Nightmares Turned Into Reality\" en 2006, que incluyó las canciones populares \"I Got To Have You\" y \"They Call Me Serio\". En él 2008, para dar una muestra su próximo álbum, Serio lanzo él sencillo \"Serio Controla\".\n​\nEsta canción iba a ser incluida en su segundo álbum, “Part 2: The Revenge of Serio”, lanzado en él 2009. Esta vez, su CD incluyó una aparición de, nada más y menos que el padrino de Chicano Rap, Kid Frost, \"In LA\" una canción muy popular.​Serio lanzó su tercer álbum, “Part: 3 Gansterism”, que cuenta con MC Magic en 2 canciones, \"Serio Come Back\" y \"Ill Never Forget\". También se incluyen en el álbum, Lighter Shade of Brown, Conejo, y Mr. Midget Loco. En 2012, Serio lanzó su nuevo sencillo \"Don't Hate Me Because I'm Mexican\", con Proper Dos y Conejo del nuevo álbum “Soy Chicano Rap”, publicado el 13 de febrero de 2013.\nKinto Sol, es un grupo Mexicano de hip-hop con base en la ciudad de Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Está conformado por cuatro hermanos: DJ Payback García (Javier García), El Chivo (Eduardo García), Antorcha (Mario García) y Skribe (Manuel García) este último líder del grupo.\nKinto Sol, emprendió su primer álbum en inglés, su segundo álbum fue \"De norte al sur\", tercer álbum \"Hecho en México\" por su amor a México y le ganó fama en las calles, después \"la sangre nunca muere\" habla de la situación familiar, seguido de \"\"Los Hijos Del Maíz que fue el álbum que les dio más fama por tocar temas de racismo, malinchismo, amor a la sangre azteca entre otros. Su último álbum fue \"La tumba del alma\".\n​\nEl Pecador. Mexicano-estadounidense criado en Long Beach, California. Él es un pionero original de la comunidad Hip-Hop Latino (Chicano) y continúa ganando reconocimiento como uno de los más prolíficos letrista español de todos los tiempos. \nEl Pecador, también miembro del grupo de rap latino \"Tha Mexakinz\", quien debutó su primer álbum titulado \"Zig Zag\" en 1993 y el primer grupo latino en ser firmado a los expedientes de Motown elevadas en Billboards Top 40 Buscador de Calor Gráfico.\nHa colaborado con algunos de los artistas más finos de la industria de la música, incluyendo: Dr. Dre, Pitbull, Beyonce, Fat Joe, Lil Wayne, Bun B, E-40, Xzibit, Chino XL, Talib Kweli, Bobby Valentino, Kanye West, Akwid , Cartel de Santa, Beenie Man, Liga de la Justicia, sólo para nombrar unos pocos. También ha trabajado con productores de mesa smith: DJ Quik, Dr Dre, el enfoque y DJ Khalil y próximos y productores con sede en California Los Mechaniks ataque.\n​\nEl disco \"La luz\" del rapero español Mitsuruggy está lleno de referencias a la cultura chicana (léxico, instrumentales, el videoclip de la canción \"Inmortal\",​etc)​\n\nOtros músicos\n\nLydia Mendoza fue una reconocida guitarrista y cantante de música folk mexicano-estadounidense.\nFlaco Jiménez es un famoso músico chicano de acordeón. Él ha ganado tres Grammys durante su carrera musical. Su último Grammy fue en 1996 para \"la mejor actuación mexicano estadounidense\".​\nOtro famoso músico de rock es Don Totsi, formó parte de la generación del rock and roll temprano de músicos chicanos. Don Totsi compuso música combinando los géneros de música swing y el rhythm & blues. La canción más famosa de Totsi es \"Pachuco Boogie\".​\n\nArtes plásticas\n\nLos historiadores afirman que las primeras obras de la plástica chicana fueron creadas en las comunidades campesinas del valle central de California durante los años 60. Esos trabajos fueron inspirados, con frecuencia, en el desarrollo político y cultural de la clase humilde trabajadora de mexicanos californianos.\nSegún el teórico Víctor ZamudioTaylor, la ideología del movimiento artístico chicano se concretó principalmente en el muralismo. Estos artistas se inspiraban en el muralismo mexicano, pero se diferenciaban de él en el hecho de que se apropiaban de los espacios públicos sin autorización previa y sus autores no eran patrocinados ni apoyados por el gobierno sino por comerciantes locales y residentes. Otra manifestación importante en el arte chicano es la gráfica, y uno de sus cultores más conocidos es Rupert García, nacido al norte de California. Este arista combina diversos aspectos de la Escuela Mexicana y el pop art. Su producción gráfica trata temas como los derechos y los conflictos civiles y personajes de la historia.​\nEl “movimiento de arte chicano” es un arte especialmente callejero que comenzó en los años 60´ entre México y el suroeste de estados unidos. Por la relación de este arte con la mitología mexicana y el arte azteca, también son conocidos como “Los pintores de Aztlán”, siendo esta una isla de mitología azteca y un paraíso misterioso.​\nUn movimiento artístico heredero y muy relacionado en estilo y temática con el famoso muralismo mexicano de principios del siglo XX y representado por las grandes obras de famosos muralistas como Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros y José Clemente Orozco.\nLos artistas chicanos expresan la vida tal y como la conocen. Algunos de los artistas chicanos que contrastan en su trabajo, expresando vida con colores y formas rotundas son:\n1.- Carlos Almaraz (pintura “el Lobo”)\n2.- Ruppert García (carteles “Maya” 1969 y “Zapata” 1970)\n3.- Luis Jiménez (Bailarines en la fiesta “Fiesta Dancer” 1986)\n4. - Leo Limon (“Rising Heart Over L.A.” 1987)\n5.- Gilbert S. Lujan llamado también “Magu” (“Todos locotes” 1986) \n6.- Frank Romero (“Gost of evergreen cementery” 1987)\n7.- John Valadez (“Tony y Edie” 1986)\n8.- Judithe Hernández (“Sueños Oaxaqueños” 1981 y “Una mujer indígena”)\n9.- Patssi Valdez. (“Cocina”)\n10. - Esther Hernández (“If This Death, I Like It” 1995\n\nEl mito de Aztlán\n\nEl mito de Aztlán tiene una fuerte influencia en la cultura chicana, quienes comienzan a incorporar motivos indígenas en la pintura, poesía y novela. Con el tiempo deja de funcionar como un símbolo para entrar de lleno en la poesía y fundar un espacio de ficción. Existen ejemplos claros como la antología poética “Floricanto en Aztlán” de Alurista, o la novela “Peregrinos de Aztlán” de Miguel Méndez. El movimiento chicano de Aztlán no es monolítico, ya que dentro de él hay múltiples tendencias.\nLas chicanas feministas han tomado a Frida Kahlo como su símbolo. Otros chicanos que han aceptado su mestizaje se identifican con la Virgen de Guadalupe. Las chicanas intelectuales tienen a Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz como su símbolo de identificación. Otro grupo reivindica la figura de la “Adelita”, una concepción muy fuerte dentro del ideario chicano ya que un número importante de chicanas son de origen campesino.​\n\nAntecedentes\n\nEl Movimiento Chicano fue un movimiento cultural y político que construyó una identidad cultural nueva y cambió las políticas para los chicanos. Empezó en el año 1960 pero perdió impulso durante la década de 1980. Sin embargo, recientemente el movimiento ha resurgido con la generación nueva de las activistas chicanas.\nEl movimiento incluyó muchas cuestiones tal como la restauración de las cesiones de terreno, los derechos de las agriculturas trabajadores agrícolas, la educación, los derechos políticos y a votar, y la conciencia de la historia chicana. Además, el movimiento trató los estereotipos étnicos que la media y los estadounidenses identificaran los mexicanos y mexicano-estadounidenses.\n\nOrígenes\n\nEn 1848, la guerra de Estados Unidos-México terminó con el tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo. Los estados unidos ganó el territorio de México que ahora compone la frontera de los estados unidos y México. En este momento, la discriminación, el racismo, y la explotación de indígenas empezaron. Entonces, el movimiento chicano estaba influenciado por los héroes de este tiempo.\nDespués de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, los grupos, tal como el Foro Americano de G. I. (American G.I. Forum-AGIF), y otras organizaciones de los derechos civiles unían. En 1947, el tribunal supremo declaró en el caso de Méndez v. Westminster que segregar los jóvenes de la ascendencia latina fue inconstitucional y prohibió segregar los jóvenes latinos desde los jóvenes caucásicos. Además, en 1954 el caso, Hernández v. Texas, declaró que los mexicano-estadounidenses y otros grupos raciales en los estados unidos tuvieron derecho a protección indicado en la enmienda 14 de la constitución de EEUU.\n\nLa misión y la intención\n\n“El Movimiento” fue una protesta pacífica entre americanos de descendencia que promovió apoderamiento étnico. Redefinió las nociones de orgullo por la herencia mexicana y también desafió a las instituciones que practicaban la discriminación contra los mexicanos. El movimiento fue dividido en cuatro componentes que incluyeron un movimiento juvenil en contra de la discriminación en las instituciones educativas y en contra de la guerra, un movimiento de trabajadores agrícolas, un movimiento político para obtener poder político, y un movimiento por tener viviendas en el suroeste de los Estados Unidos.\n\nEl Movimiento de los Trabajadores Agrícolas\n\nEn California rural, líderes laborales César Chávez, Dolores Huerta y Larry Itliong protestaron contra las condiciones duras del trabajo agrícola en la década de 1960. En el año 1962, Chávez fundó La Asociación Nacional de Campesinos (“National Farm Workers Association” y renombrado “United Farmworkers Union Organizing Committee\" – UFWOC – en 1972). Después de muchas huelgas, muchos boicots, y mucha diplomacia, el 29 de julio de 1970, UFWOC persuadió a John Guimara Sr. a solamente contratar trabajadores de la unión.\nEn 1973, trabajadores de las uvas hicieron huelga por tres meses en Coachella y San Joaquín, California. Varios fueron arrestados y golpeados. Dos huelguistas fueron asesinados. Sin embargo, dos años después, en 1975 California aprobó el “Agricultural Labor Relations Act” que les garantizó a los trabajadores agrícolas, el derecho a organizarse.\n\nArte Chicano\n\nImpulsado por la combinación del activismo político y el orgullo cultural y como una respuesta pacífica de la sensibilidad de los pueblos que componen el universo chicano, se han desarrollado: el arte visual, la música, la literatura, el baile y el teatro.", "Centro Cultural Recoleta\n\nHistoria\n\nEl Centro Cultural Recoleta es conocido históricamente como la sede de lo nuevo. Desde su inauguración como centro cultural en 1980, sus salas se convirtieron en el lugar para que los artistas pudieran reflejar libremente inquietudes y búsquedas alejadas de una mirada conservadora. En una época dónde había pocos espacios institucionales para expresarse, el Recoleta alojó las nuevas disciplinas, al diseño y a la moda -entendida como actividad artística-, y a todas las tendencias emergentes que en estas salas se convertían en muestra y objeto de reflexión.\nCon una impronta arquitectónica que tuvo distintas etapas y el sello original de Clorindo Testa, Jacques Bedel y Luis Benedit, el Recoleta fue uno de los principales centros que albergó en los 80’ el clima de época que se había forjado en los últimos años de la dictadura militar, durante los cuales los artistas jóvenes se unieron en espacios clandestinos y construyeron una cultura underground y transgresora en sótanos, locales nocturnos y discotecas. En los primeros años de democracia y bajo la dirección del arquitecto Osvaldo Giesso, el Recoleta fue uno de los primeros circuitos oficiales en incluir en sus salas estas expresiones artísticas que habían nacido en los márgenes. El concepto de “joven”, que había sido asociado a lo peligroso durante la dictadura militar, fue en el Recoleta una reivindicación fundamental que se logró al darle más visibilidad a las nuevas generaciones.\nDurante los 80’, con la idea de seguir el modelo del Centro Pompidou de París y el espíritu del Instituto Di Tella de los 60’, el Recoleta reflejó a través del arte la apertura democrática que transitaba el país. Se reunieron voces diversas y lenguajes artísticos distintos: música, teatro, artes plásticas, performance y propuestas artísticas alternativas. Además, fue sede del cruce de lenguajes: lo académico con lo callejero, lo consagrado con las nuevas tendencias, lo lúdico con lo educativo. En poco tiempo, su idea de pluralismo y diversidad repercutió en la ciudad y su público se multiplicó de manera exponencial.\nArtistas de varias generaciones fueron influidos por el Recoleta y, muchas veces, sus carreras fueron impulsadas por la exposición que les daba el centro cultural. Así fue el caso de Liliana Maresca, quien encontró en este centro un espacio receptivo para sus acciones, instalaciones y performances. También tuvieron su espacio de exploración y crecimiento, artistas como Ana Gallardo, Res, Marcos López, Duilio Pierri, Guillermo Kuitca, Juan Lecuona, Miguel Harte, Cristina Schiavi, Gustavo Marrone, Alejandro Kuropatwa y Luis “Búlgaro” Freisztav.\nEntre los momentos fundantes del arte argentino, en esta sede se presentó Gota de agua hidroespacial y Arco de triunfo del fundamental Gyula Kosice, obras de Rómulo Macció y la escultura El pibe Bazooka de Pablo Suárez, que reveló el submundo porno-gay de fines de los 80’. Se exhibió Naturaleza de la naturaleza, de Luis Felipe Noé, trabajos de León Ferrari, Matilde Marín, Alfredo Prior, Inés Tapia Vera, Federico Klemm, Marta Minujín, Juan Doffo, Hermenegildo Sábat, Elba Bairon, Jorge Demirjián, Tulio De Sagastizábal y Diana Aizenberg, entre muchos otros.\nEn 1989 se hizo la primera Bienal de Arte Joven, que incluyó la construcción de un puente hecho con andamios que iba del Palais de Glace al Recoleta. Afuera, sobre un escenario, se exhibieron obras de arte mientras Batato Barea y Alejandro Urdapilleta interpretaban La fabricante de torta, una obra sobre la represión, la homofobia y la culpa religiosa.\nEn 1988, el Recoleta exhibió la muestra multidisciplinaria Mitominas I, coordinada por Monique Altschul, en la que se canalizaban los discursos de reivindicación de las mujeres. Esta muestra fue una experiencia fundante para la introducción del problema de género en Buenos Aires. El centro estaba siendo pionero en discusiones hoy muy instaladas en la sociedad pero que en aquella época no estaban en el foco de la agenda social. También fue el espacio para que las Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo pudieran hacer visible la búsqueda de sus nietos. En 1998, se inauguró la muestra Identidad, una instalación hecha por artistas como Carlos Alonso, Nora Aslán, Mireya Baglietto, Remo Bianchedi, Diana Dowek, León Ferrari, Adolfo Nigro, Luis Felipe Noé y Marcia Schvartz, en la que se desplegaba un gran friso hecho de espejos y 173 fotos de personas desaparecidas durante la última dictadura. \nComo centro cultural, el Recoleta se caracterizó, en sus distintas etapas, por dialogar siempre con su entorno y representar en su programación artística un clima de época, con muestras, recitales y obras escénicas que hacían referencia al contexto político y social de la Argentina y el mundo. \nSi en los 80’ fue la sede del arte que estaba fuera del mercado y el espacio que albergó a los artistas contraculturales y visionarios que hasta ese entonces trabajaban en los márgenes, en los 90’ fue la época de la internacionalización. El Recoleta se convirtió en el epicentro del circuito comercial del arte gracias a la llegada de grandes artistas internacionales, y a que fue sede de las ediciones de arteBA entre 1991 y 1997.\nEn 1997, David Bowie se presentó en vivo en la mítica capilla del Recoleta y cantó \"Allways Crashing The Same Car\", \"Can´t Read\" y \"The Superman\" acompañado por una guitarra de doce cuerdas en un breve concierto acústico que funcionó como side show antes de su presentación en el estadio de Ferro.\nEn 1998, llegó Yoko Ono con su muestra En Trance, en la que cien ataúdes se ubicaban en un enorme galpón y del interior de cada uno de ellos crecía un árbol. Durante la muestra, Charly García y Gustavo Cerati vinieron a saludar a Yoko en un encuentro inolvidable para el archivo del centro cultural. Ese mismo año, Cerati dio un show histórico en la terraza del Recoleta en el cual presentó “Plan V”, un proyecto solista y electrónico en un momento de transición entre la ruptura de Soda Stereo y el ingreso definitivo a su carrera solista.\nEn los 2000, el francés François-Marie Banier inauguró la década con una muestra de retratos fotográficos de personajes públicos y anónimos conocida mundialmente. También se presentó La Vanguardia Rusa, una muestra excepcional de 30 artistas rusos de las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Fue la época de las grandes instalaciones del Grupo Mondongo y la consolidación de las performances de Fuerza Bruta en la sala Villa Villa del Recoleta.\nAntes de ser un espacio para los artistas, el Recoleta era, durante el siglo XVIII, el convento de los franciscanos. Luego, con la Revolución de Mayo, fue su academia de dibujo. En 1822 el predio devino escuela de agricultura, jardín botánico, prisión y cuartel. En 1834, después de la rebelión de Juan Lavalle, fue el primer Hospital de Clínicas y un asilo para enfermos mentales. Más tarde, Valentín Alsina inauguró allí el Asilo de Mendigos (llamado también “Asilo de los Inválidos”) y luego pasó a ser un asilo de ancianos, en 1944. El Recoleta cambió de destino para siempre en los 80’ cuando se convirtió en el epicentro del arte joven, ecléctico y de vanguardia. Su historia define su presente.\n\nConvento de los Recoletos\n\nEl solar donde se encuentra el Centro Cultural fue originalmente donado a los frailes franciscanos recoletos en 1716, y en el lugar donde se encuentra el edificio funcionaba el claustro. Los planos de la obra fueron diseñados por los arquitectos jesuitas alemanes Johann Kraus y Johann Wolff, mientras que el diseño de la fachada y los espacios interiores son atribuidos al arquitecto italiano Andrea Bianchi.\nEl conjunto es uno de los edificios más antiguos aún en pie de la ciudad, ya que su construcción finalizó en 1732. Con la llegada de la Revolución de Mayo y la independencia Argentina, los recoletos nacidos en España fueron trasladados a Catamarca debido a su oposición a la Primera Junta y el edificio cambió sus funciones, ya que allí Manuel Belgrano creó una Academia de Dibujo, dirigida por el padre Francisco de Paula Castañeda.​\n\nAsilo de Mendigos y otros usos\n\nEn 1822 el Gobernador Martín Rodríguez desalojó a la orden del Convento, trasladando a los monjes que quedaban a la Iglesia de San Francisco o a la recolección en Catamarca, e instaló allí el Asilo de Mendigos. Todo era a causa de la Reforma Eclesiástica impulsada por su ministro Bernardino Rivadavia, mediante la cual se exclaustró a las órdenes católicas y sus edificios fueron utilizados para organismos públicos: el complejo fue utilizado como escuela de agricultura, jardín botánico, prisión y cuartel.​\nEn 1828, las tropas del General Juan Lavalle se instalaron en el antiguo Convento, dando inicio a la rebelión en la que sería asesinado el Gobernador Manuel Dorrego.​ En 1834, por iniciativa de Juan José Viamonte, un sector se transformó en el primer Hospital de Clínicas de la ciudad y en un asilo para enfermos mentales, y el 17 de octubre de 1858 el Gobernador Valentín Alsina inauguró allí el Asilo de Mendigos, luego Asilo de Inválidos, mientras se prohibía la limosna callejera.​\n\nAsilo de Ancianos “Gobernador Viamonte”\n\nDurante diez años el asilo funcionó bajo la dirección de la Corporación Municipal de Buenos Aires, pero ante la crítica situación presupuestaria, se entregó la administración de la institución a la orden de las hermanas de San Vicente de Paul. Recuperando el carácter del antiguo convento, las monjas reordenaron el asilo y se mantuvieron a cargo del ahora llamado Asilo de Ancianos, a lo largo del siguiente siglo.​ La Sociedad de Beneficencia fue la institución civil a cargo de la financiación y el mantenimiento del conjunto.\nLa zona de “la Recoleta”, como ya se la llamaba, fue privilegiada por Torcuato de Alvear, primer intendente de Buenos Aires (1880-1887), para realizar allí remodelaciones y embellecimiento del espacio público, y el edificio del asilo no fue la excepción. Comenzando con las ampliaciones a partir del mismo año 1880, el pabellón de acceso, de estilo italianizante, y la capilla de estilo neogótico fueron construidos, junto con pabellones de una sola planta, entre 1881 y 1885. Las obras fueron financiadas con donaciones de porteños de clase alta y encargadas al arquitecto municipal Juan Antonio Buschiazzo, quien diseñó todos los edificios.​ También Buschiazzo fue el paisajista de la actual Plaza Intendente Alvear, a la cual dotó de una laguna artificial y unas falsas ruinas que años más tarde serían demolidas; y fue quien proyectó el actual pórtico del Cementerio de la Recoleta y el paredón con esculturas que sostiene la terraza del antiguo asilo, salvando el fuerte desnivel del terreno. Así, el área de Recoleta se transformó en la privilegiada por el Intendente Alvear, y pasó a ser uno de los paseos favoritos de la clase alta porteña, como lo documentan numerosas fotografías de comienzos del siglo XX. \nEntre 1893 y 1894 se realizaron nuevas ampliaciones a cargo de Buschiazzo, mientras el asilo crecía en su número de alojados y agregaba nuevas dependencias: lavaderos, panadería, etc. Luego de una breve crisis económica que afectó a la Municipalidad a mediados de la década en 1897, se le volvió a encargar al ingieniero una nueva remodelación. Buschiazzo imbuido en el espíritu higienista de su época, en muchas ocasiones insistió en la importancia de la ventilación. Era éste el punto central de muchas teorías de la época acerca de la higiene y la sanidad. Sobre estas últimas remodelaciones Buschiazzo remarcaba : \"presenta el conjunto un aspecto pintoresco y armónico, bastante agradable en su elegante sencillez. Esta obra ofrece amplias comunicaciones, escaleras de rampas suaves y derechas, servicios sanitarios completos, luz y aire en abundancia, siendo todo sencillo, económico y sin lujo, como corresponde a la morada de los ancianos desvaliidos que asila y acoge la caridad pública.\" ​. Ahora acompañado por su hijo Juan Carlos, el arquitecto trabajaba diseñando las ampliaciones de manera gratuita, y esto se mantuvo hasta que en 1907 el Asilo fue transferido al Estado Nacional como parte de pago por el terreno donde se levantaría luego el Hospital Torcuato de Alvear.​ A lo largo de las siguientes décadas sobrevino en Recoleta un lento período de decadencia y deterioro que afectó especialmente al Asilo de Mendigos, que en 1944 pasó a llamarse Asilo de Ancianos “General Viamonte”. Llegó a tener capacidad para 800 personas (de ambos sexos), con la condición de que no tuvieran ni familiares ni medios para subsistir. Las mismas eran atendidas por 341 empleados, distribuidos en 3 turnos y entre las instalaciones se contaban 17 comedores, una cocina moderna, enfermería, biblioteca y ambientes calefaccionados.​\nSin embargo, la década de 1960 significó un punto de inflexión para la zona, ya que por un lado se instaló el primer restaurante de lo que llegaría a ser un polo gastronómico, a cargo del luego reconocido chef Gato Dumas,​ y por el otro la Plaza Francia fue el lugar elegido por la juventud porteña para pasar su tiempo libre y vender artesanías, a medida que se instalaba como moda el movimiento hippie y el rock. Sobre el paredón del Asilo se instaló la feria de artesanía, y en las barrancas de la plaza se reunieron algunos de los padres del rock argentino, como Pappo, Claudio Gabis, Miguel Abuelo, Moris y el mítico Tanguito entre otros.\nMientras la Plaza Francia se consolidaba nuevamente como lugar de encuentro y esparcimiento para nuevos sectores de la sociedad, más jóvenes y menos aristocráticos que los que antes habían privilegiado la Recoleta, el asilo de anciano continuaba su proceso de deterioro, como lo documenta una serie fotográfica de 1969, realizada por Diana Frey.​​\n\nCentro Cultural Recoleta\n\nLa segunda gran remodelación ocurriría casi un siglo después, en 1979. Argentina era gobernada por una dictadura militar y el intendente de facto Osvaldo Cacciatore impulsó un pretencioso proyecto para transformar el viejo asilo en el nuevo Centro Cultural Ciudad de Buenos Aires, adonde se instalarían en una sede única: el Museo del Cine, el Museo de Arte Moderno y el Museo de Artes Plásticas, además de alojar a parte de la colección del Museo de Arte Hispanoamericano.\nLa obra fue proyectada por los prestigiosos arquitectos y artistas plásticos Clorindo Testa, Jacques Bedel y Luis Benedit, mientras los ocupantes del asilo eran trasladados a la localidad de Ituzaingó y al Asilo Rawson. Aunque Cacciatore propuso mantener en las reformas el estilo clásico de los antiguos edificios, los arquitectos eligieron un lenguaje completamente contemporáneo para su obra, instalando escaleras metálicas junto a los viejos pasillos abovedados y demoliendo varios de los viejos pabellones diseñados por Buschiazzo hacía ya cien años.\nEl Centro Cultural se inauguró en diciembre de 1980, y fue durante la dirección de Osvaldo Giesso (1983-1989), ya de nuevo en democracia, que comenzó a crecer para desarrollarse plenamente, y cambiando su nombre por «Centro Cultural Recoleta» a partir de 1990. En el interior del CCR funciona el Museo de Ciencia Participativo «Prohibido no tocar», un lugar especialmente diseñado para jóvenes y niños donde la experiencia interactiva los acerca a los fenómenos físicos.\nEn un sector del edificio, cedido por la Municipalidad de Buenos Aires al volver a la democracia en 1983, funcionan las oficinas de Naciones Unidas y la Organización de Estados Americanos en la Argentina.\nEn 2001 se inauguró un nuevo y amplio espacio, la Sala Villa Villa, construida con 250 000 dólares donados por el grupo teatral De la Guarda, quien había debutado en 1995 en el mismo Centro Cultural Recoleta.​ En 2005, Clorindo Testa volvió al CCR para proyectar una remodelación en el marco de su 25 Aniversario. Así, durante los siguientes años se reformó el hall de acceso, se remodelaron y restauraron las salas de exposiciones.​ En 2010, ya para el 30 Aniversario del centro cultural, se restauró el Auditorio El Aleph, que ocupa el edificio de la antigua capilla.​\n\nBuenos Aires Design Center\n\nEn 1990, se constituyó el Emprendimiento Recoleta S.A., con el objetivo de instalar un centro comercial y un centro de convenciones en parte del predio del Centro Cultural Recoleta. A la hora de diseñar la intervención, la firma eligió contratar nuevamente a Clorindo Testa, quien diez años antes había proyectado el centro cultural, y se hizo cargo del Buenos Aires Design Center, dotándolo de un espacio interior colorido y vibrante, y tomando la idea de aprovechar el antiguo paredón bajo la terraza del ex Asilo para excavar bajo la barranca, abrir una galería y construir el nuevo centro comercial debajo de la terraza del Centro Cultural Recoleta, sobre el nivel inferior de la plaza. Esto significó a su vez una remodelación para el centro cultural, ya que debió cerrar mientras se retiraba toda la tierra necesaria para el centro de compras que se instalaría debajo.​\nInaugurado en 1993, el Buenos Aires Design se dedica exclusivamente al diseño, cuenta con un patio de comidas que ocupa la galería excavada en el antiguo paredón y es sede de la sucursal porteña de Hard Rock Café desde 1997. Además, desde 2003 funciona en uno de los edificios diseñados por Testa, el Auditorio de Buenos Aires.​\n\nProyecto original\n\nCuando Testa, Bedel y Benedit recibieron el encargo para instalar el Centro Cultural en el Asilo Viamonte, su análisis se centró en que el conjunto estaba compuesto por: el antiguo convento franciscano, organizado en claustros alrededor de cinco patios sucesivos, y por otro lado la terraza, la capilla neogótica y los pabellones eclécticos diseñados por Buschiazzo entre 1880 y 1900. Así, el criterio que adoptaron fue restaurar el convento de los recoletos, quitando un segundo piso añadido posteriormente, y modificar libremente los pabellones de fines del siglo XIX. En cuanto a las adiciones demolidas sobre el edificio colonial, se dejaron fragmentos de muros cortados en diagonal, dejando una marca del pasado y pensando esos pisos demolidos como nuevas terrazas al aire libre, un paseo sobre las azoteas con varios miradores y jardines, enmarcadas por los restos de paredes recortadas.​ El equipo de arquitectos agregó al conjunto un par de escaleras pensadas con aspecto contemporáneo y realizadas en hormigón y vidrio, una en el patio de la fuente, y la otra accediendo al auditorio (ex capilla).\nPensando la terraza del viejo asilo como un espacio de esparcimiento, propusieron construir una estructura de hormigón armado con una escalera que partiera de la Plaza Intendente Alvear, salvara el paredón del asilo y sirviera como acceso independiente a la terraza al aire libre, adonde se encontrarían una confitería y la biblioteca del futuro centro cultural. Esta idea no fue concretada, y finalmente en 1991, Testa propondría perforar el paredón para instalar el patio de comidas del Buenos Aires Design. Los pabellones diseñados por Buschiazzo sobre la terraza, iban a conservarse según el proyecto original, aunque cegando sus aberturas originales y perforando sus muros con nuevas ventanas triangulares. Sin embargo, según avanzó el proyecto y Testa diseñó el Buenos Aires Design, dos de los edificios de Buschiazzo serían demolidos y reemplazados por nuevas construcciones proyectadas por Testa. Se mantuvieron en pie parte de sus fachadas y muros, marcando su existencia pasada. Esto despertó una discusión en la comunidad de arquitectos argentina, ya que mientras muchos exigieron la mantención de lo existente interviniendo lo menos posible,​ otro apoyaron a Testa y su equipo en modificar todo lo necesario.​\nMudando un conjunto de museos municipales al nuevo centro cultural, el primer patio debería haber sido ocupado por el Museo Fernández Blanco, el segundo, el tercero y el cuarto por el Museo Sívori, el edificio cedido a la ONU y la actual Sala Cronopios al Museo de Arte Moderno y el pabellón hacia la calle Azcuénaga (finalmente demolido) por el Museo del Cine. Sobre la azotea del pabellón del Museo de Arte Moderno (hoy Sala Cronopios) se proyectaba otro bar y espacio al aire libre, accesible desde pasarelas.\nHacia el frente de la calle Azcuénaga, el proyecto original de Testa, Bedel y Benedit ocupaba el último de los patios del antiguo convento con un teatro al aire libre y el sector de personal y mantenimiento, rematando con un acceso de servicio desde Azcuénaga. Pero esta parte de la idea tampoco sería construida, y en 1991 este sector del viejo asilo sería demolido para construir el edificio \"Ballena\" y el acceso al Buenos Aires Design. Con esta modificación del proyecto, además se perdió definitivamente la opción de instalar en el Centro Cultural Recoleta el Museo del Cine, la Escuela de Restauración y una biblioteca pública.\nAsí, el Centro Cultural Recoleta es un curioso conjunto que combina la arquitectura de por lo menos tres períodos bien diferenciados de la historia de Buenos Aires: la primera época colonial y católica, la “Belle Époque” de fines del siglo XIX y la élite porteña enriquecida por el modelo agroexportador, con un fuerte gusto por la arquitectura europea, y la Buenos Aires moderna reflejada por las adiciones de lenguaje contemporáneo realizadas por Testa, Bedel y Benedit entre 1980 y 2005. Mientras sobre la medianera compartida con la Iglesia del Pilar se observan restos de arcos pertenecientes al templo franciscano, sobre la terraza abierta se exponen las ruinas de los pabellones demolidos en 1980, frente a las estatuas que adornan la baranda, que alguna vez se encontraronn en el antiguo Banco Provincia de Buenos Aires en la calle San Martín.​ Desde el piso de la terraza se pueden observar unas aberturas escalonadas que permiten el ingreso de luz al Buenos Aires Design Center que funciona debajo del centro cultural, y en definitiva los numerosos edificios del CCR están pintados de variados colores (ocre, azul siena y rojo pompeyano) porque la intención de sus autores fue demarcar que se trata de una acumulación de construcciones de diversos períodos históricos.\n\nActualidad\n\nCon su acceso principal por el mismo edificio que funcionaba como Pabellón de Acceso y sede de la Dirección y administración general del Asilo de Ancianos, en la calle Junín 1930, el Centro Cultural Recoleta se estructura con el clásico esquema de patios que se utilizaba para los conventos y casas en general en los tiempos coloniales. Así, desde el hall de acceso parten las dos circulaciones principales del conjunto. La primera es al aire libre y fue llamada Patio del Tilo por el añejo árbol que la protagoniza. A su lado derecho se suceden una serie de edificios intercalados con patios abiertos que la conectan con la terraza mirando hacia Plaza Francia y el río. En un pabellón muy reformado que perteneció al asilo funcionan: la Sala Cronopios, las Salas J y C, y en la planta alta la Dirección de Música y el Museo Participativo de Ciencias. Siguiendo por el Patio del Tilo se llega al Auditorio El Aleph, ocupando la antigua capilla neogótica, y finalmente un edificio contemporáneo que aloja dependencias de personal. Se mantuvo en pie la fachada de uno de los pabellones demolidos, en donde se exhiben una serie de placas de bronce conmemorativas de los porteños de clase alta que donaron fondos para la construcción del asilo, entre 1884 y 1897. Así también se eligió mantener en pie una de las galerías del primer piso que recorre el Patio del Tilo sobre columnas, y conecta la planta alta del auditorio y de la Sala Cronopios con las salas ubicadas en el edificio opuesto. Esta galería elevada remata en un curioso reloj que adorna una pasarela vidriada, el llamado Puente del Reloj, donde finaliza el centro cultural y se pasa al sector perteneciente al Buenos Aires Design y al Auditorio Buenos Aires, atravesado por otra pasarela diseñada por Testa con estructura metálica, haciendo referencia a las pasarelas anteriores sobrevivientes del asilo.​\nLa segunda circulación principal del Centro Cultural Recoleta también parte del hall de acceso desde la calle Junín a través de una estructura metálica y una rampa, pero se dirige directamente hacia los antiguos edificios jesuitas que se conservaron en pie, compartiendo la medianera del Cementerio. Se trata de un extenso pasillo con techos abovedados y pintado de blanco como se utilizaba en épocas coloniales, sobre el cual se sucede un número de galerías longitudinales hacia la derecha, y un conjunto de cuatro patios hacia la izquierda, que permiten el acceso de aire y luz natural, y están bordeados por salas transversales al pasillo principal. Patio de los Naranjos, de la Fuente, del Aljibe y del Tanque, cada uno posee una característica que lo distingue, aunque son idénticos en su forma ortogonal y los pabellones a su alrededor que alojan salas de exposiciones, un local de publicaciones artísticas y un pequeño café. Desde el Patio de la Fuente se abre un volumen vidriado que comunica la planta baja con el piso superior, adonde se encuentran la Dirección, la Asociación de Amigos, las aulas para cursos, la biblioteca, la videoteca, el microcine, los sectores de personal.​\nEn 2015 se presentó una iniciativa impulsada por el Ejecutivo porteño de Mauricio Macri que apunta a vender el Buenos Aires Design y parte del centro cultural; el Buenos Aires Design es una concesión operada por IRSA, de Eduardo Elsztain.​ La concesionaria Emprendimientos Recoleta SA logró previamente que Macri le renovara el permiso por cuatro años y 364 días, a partir de 2013. el legislador Campagnoli explicó que “si lo hacía por cinco años (un día más del plazo fijado), el procedimiento tenía que ser aprobado por la Legislatura”. El diputado Adrián Camps, rechazó el proyecto porque se trata de “un nuevo intento de beneficiar a sectores privados mediante la transferencia de bienes públicos”.​ En noviembre de 2018 se anunció el cierre de Buenos Aires Design, lo que produjo reclamos y protestas por parte de locatarios y trabajadores, que argumentaban que unas 1500 personas perderían sus fuentes de trabajo. ​ Finalmente, la orden de cierre fue postergada por un año.​\nLas instalaciones del Centro Cultural se renovaron en 2018, con parámetros de diseño que buscan atraer al público joven.​ La intervención efectuada sobre el edificio generó diversas críticas, sobre todo el cambio introducido en la fachada.​ Las críticas se basan en el daño a un edificio histórico preservado por la legislación vigente en su carácter de bien patrimonial, la pérdida de los espacios destinados a artistas del interior del país y la estética impuesta en la intervención.​ Jacques Bedel, uno de los responsables de la recuperación edilicia y puesta en marcha del Centro Cultural en 1980, opinó: \"Me parece el mamarracho más grande que vi en mi vida. Esto se hizo hace 40 años y se suponía que era un centro cultural, no un circo. No un centro de diversión payasística. [...]\".​", "Textures\n\nFormación y Polars (2001-2003)\n\nEn 2001, los guitarristas Jochem Jacobs, Bart Hennephof, el baterista Stef Broks, el bajista Dennis Aarts y el tecladista maestro Richard Rietdijk formaron la banda y se unió el vocalista Rom De Leeuw poco después de un año De Leeuw decide abandonar la banda en 2002 por lo que es remplazado con Pieter Verpaalen para grabar el álbum debut \"Polars\" con el sello \"Listenable\". El álbum fue producido completamente por ellos mismos, con la mezcla y la grabación realizada por Jacobs y la obra de arte realizada por Hennephof.\nEl nombre \"textures\" fue acuñado por Stef Broks como un indicador de la utilización de muchas capas de sonidos en sus canciones, así como la mezcla de diferentes orígenes y gustos musicales, así como diferentes personalidades de los miembros de la banda también.\n\nDrawing Circles y Silhouettes (2004–2008)\n\nEl vocalista Pieter Verpaalen fue reemplazado por Eric Kalsbeek para su segundo álbum, Drawing Circles, publicado el 17 de octubre de 2006. Se grabó el vídeo musical de la canción \"Millstone\". En apoyo del álbum, Textures salió de gira con bandas como The Ocean, Gojira y Arch Enemy y culminó en una gira por Europa con All That Remains y Misery Signals más las nominaciones en tres categorías de los Premios XS vivo de Holanda.\n\nCambio de formación y Dualism (2009-Presente)\n\nDespués de 6 años, el cantante Eric Kalsbeek anunció su salida de la banda alegando la falta de tiempo personal y su capacidad para continuar con la banda. En marzo de 2010, Daniel de Jongh (ex-Cilice) se unió a la banda como reemplazo. Debido al cambio de cantante, el lanzamiento del siguiente álbum fue aplazado hasta principios de 2011.\nPoco después de que Daniel de Jongh fue anunciado como el nuevo cantante, el tecladista Richard Rietdijk dejó la banda. Fue reemplazado por Uri Dijk, originalmente como músico en vivo y, finalmente, como miembro permanente en septiembre de 2010.\nEl 27 de enero de 2011, la banda anunció en su página web oficial que entró al estudio para comenzar la grabación de su cuarto álbum de estudio, con la siguiente declaración:\n\"\"Hemos empezado a grabar nuestro cuarto álbum en Split Second Sound Studios en\nAmsterdam, Países Bajos. El álbum será producido por el guitarrista de textures Jacobs Jochem, que también fue responsable de la producción de los álbumes anteriores de textures.\"\"\nEl guitarrista y productor Jacobs describe el progreso en la grabación del álbum como:\n\"\"Es todo muy emocionante! Este álbum realmente va a expresar el lugar y en lo que estamos en estos días .... Y eso es una bueno. Hemos pasado por mucho últimamente, sobre todo el último año. Ahora, con nuevas ideas y aire fresco, por fin llegamos al punto en el que en realidad estamos .... A veces usted sólo tiene que arrastrarse por el barro primero para llegar al terreno seco. Estamos en medio de la pre-producción ahora, pondremos nuestros culos en la marcha ... para crear a este bebé. Es un poco divertido ver a esta banda crezca más y más y para continuar este viaje musical que hemos estado durante 10 años! Vamos a hacer que esta cosa pesada!\"\"\nEn marzo de 2011 la banda lanzó su primer podcast que cubre el regreso de la banda al estudio para grabar su cuarto álbum. El nuevo álbum está siendo grabado en Split Second Sound Studios en Ámsterdam, Países Bajos. Jacobs y Broks confirman que el nuevo álbum saldrá a la venta en el otoño de 2011 con Nuclear Blast Records. En mayo de 2011, la banda confirmó su primer lanzamiento a nivel europeo en el Festival de Euroblast en Colonia, Alemania en octubre junto Chimp Spanner.\nEl 11 de mayo de 2011, el guitarrista Jacobs fue adjudicado como el mejor guitarrista holandés en los premios en la Gala Duiveltjes van de Pop Muziek 2011 organizado por Muziek Centrum Nederland, superando a Anne Soldaat y Mircetic Vedran.\nEl 14 de julio se anunció Que El Sucesor de \"Silhouettes\" se titula \"Dualism\". El listado de Obras de Arte se dio a conocer en la página oficial de Facebook y Textures.com, el álbum fue Lanzado El 23 de septiembre en Europa, Sudamérica y Asia, Mientras Que en Norteamérica fue el 27 de septiembre a través de nuclear Blast Records.\nEl primer sencillo del álbum \"Reaching Home\" fue lanzado junto con un video musical.\nEn septiembre de 2011, Textures se embarcó en el \"The Frak The Gods Tour\", junto con la periphery y The Human Abstract en apoyo de su nuevoálbum. En esta gira Textures toco por primera vez en los Estados Unidos, en 2013 Jochem Jacobs decide dejar textures por lo cual es sustituido por Joe Tal, en 2014 la banda dio una gira para conmemorar el décimo aniversario de su álbum debut \"Polars\", en 2015 la banda anuncio que están trabajando en el sucesor de \"Dualism\" que llevara por nombre \"Phenotype\" el cual fue lanzado en 2016.\nLa banda anuncio en mayo de 2017 su separación definitiva, ofreciendo un show final en diciembre del mismo año.", "Black Rock Shooter\n\nArgumento\n\nBlack Rock Shooter comienza en el inicio del año escolar en el mes de abril. En su primer día de escuela secundaria, Mato Kuroi, se hace amiga de una chica llamada Yomi Takanashi quien recientemente se mudó a la ciudad. Mato, rápidamente se une al club de baloncesto, que incita a Yomi a unirse al club de voleibol ya que ambos clubes se practican al mismo tiempo en el gimnasio. Las dos pasan mucho tiempo juntas durante el año siguiente, y en una salida Mato le regala a Yomi un colgante para el móvil. En su segundo año de secundaria, acaban en clases diferentes, lo que reduce la cantidad de tiempo que pueden pasar juntas. Por otra parte, Yomi comienza a sentir celos de Yuu, secretaria del club de baloncesto que sí quedó en la clase de Mato y ese año comenzaron a compartir más.\nCuando Yomi aparentemente desaparece, Mato se preocupa por no presentarse a la escuela al día siguiente y por no responder a los mensajes de texto. Mato se deprime más cuando ella se entera de que Yomi ha sido reportada como desaparecida y es interrogada por dos detectives sobre su paradero. Un día, Mato recibe un mensaje de texto en blanco de Yomi y va a su lugar favorito en la ciudad donde se encuentra el colgante para el móvil que le regaló. El colgante comienza a brillar y es transportada a un mundo extraño donde se encuentra con su otro 'yo' del mundo paralelo, Black Rock Shooter.​ Como Mato intenta encontrar a Yomi, que se une con Black Rock Shooter y lucha contra Dead Master​\n, quien en realidad es el otro 'yo' de Yomi personificado. A medida que batallaban, Dead Master (quien en realidad es la alternativa Yomi) está a punto de caer a su muerte, Black Rock Shooter evita que Dead Master caiga, y la abraza, haciendo que el cuerpo de Yomi se libere de los sentimientos impuros que habían provocado la batalla entre estos dos personajes en el mundo paralelo. Los acontecimientos de su larga batalla están dispersos por todo el anime. Aún se desconoce en que terminará la aparentemente interminable batalla entre los personajes de este mundo alternativo.\n\nCanción\n\nEl origen de Black Rock Shooter se encuentra en la ilustración de un personaje original llamado \"Black Rock Shooter\" que el artista Huke dibujó, y luego posteó en la comunidad online de artistas Pixiv el 26 de diciembre de 2007.​​ Ryo, de la banda Supercell se inspiró por la ilustración y creó la canción \"Black Rock Shooter\" basada en el personaje.​​ Huke se unió a Supercell y creó las ilustraciones usadas en el vídeo musical de la canción, la cual se posteó en Nico Nico Douga el 13 de julio de 2008. En agosto de 2009, el vídeo tenía sobre 2,2 millones de visitas.​ \"Black Rock Shooter\" contiene la voz del sintetizador de Vocaloid Hatsune Miku.​\n\nAnime\n\nUna original video animation (OVA) basada en \"Black Rock Shooter\" y su vídeo musical, producida por el estudio de Yutaka Yamamoto Ordet y dirigida por Shinobu Yoshioka, se anunció el 22 de agosto de 2009.​ Nagaru Tanigawa y Shinobu Yoshioka se encargaron de la historia. Ryo compuso la banda sonora y el tema de cierre, \"Braveheart\", interpretado por The Gomband.​\nUna \"Edición Piloto\" del anime salió en DVD y Blu-ray Disc (BD) el 30 de septiembre de 2009, por Good Smile Company.​ El piloto contenía tres cortos animados mostrando las mismas escenas del anime mientras se escuchaban diferentes versiones de la canción \"Black Rock Shooter\". El primer vídeo usa la versión instrumental de la canción original, el segundo vídeo usa el remix \"2M Mix\" de la canción, el cual está hecho usando a Hatsune Miku Append y el tercer vídeo usa la versión instrumental de \"2M Mix\". El DVD/BD también vino incluido con un libreto con imágenes y un CD con las versiones vocales e instrumentales de \"2M Mix\".​\nLa versión completa de 50 minutos de Black Rock Shooter está subtitulada en siete idiomas,​ y salió en un DVD gratis incluido en la revista Hobby Japan el 25 de julio de 2010. La OVA también vino incluida en la revista Megami Magazine, publicada por Gakken, el 30 de julio de 2010 y en la revista Animedia el 10 de agosto de 2010.​ Con la OVA están incluidas una figura Figma y Nendoroid de Black Rock Shooter. \nSe lanzó una versión comercial el 17 de diciembre de 2010 en ediciones especiales (BD+DVD) y regulares (BD). Ambas ediciones contienen un corto de 30 segundos stop motion con un remix de fondo de la canción \"Black Rock Shooter\" realizado por Joe Hahn, el DJ de Linkin Park, así como un vídeo making-of.​\nEn agosto de 2011, un comercial de televisión anunció que Ordet estaba produciendo un anime que se emitiría en enero de 2012, que se retrasaría hasta el 2 de febrero y se transmitirá en el espacio televisivo noitaminA, en la cadena Fuji TV. El productor Kōji Yamamoto y el creador Huke confirmaron la notícia en su Twitter. Yutaka Yamamoto anunció que no estaba involucrado en el proyecto.​\nEl anime de Black Rock Shooter toma un muy camino diferente al del OVA. Los diseños cambian moderadamente, pero los personajes que cambian radicalmente son Dead Master y Yomi Takanashi. También cambian por completo los uniformes escolares y se hace referencia a un cuento de un pequeño pajarito de todos los colores. En el anime se integra nuevos personajes principales: Kagari Izuriha, que es la mejor amiga Yomi, y Saya Irino, la consejera de la escuela. La personalidad de los personajes no cambian en relación al OVA, a excepción de Yomi, que se volvió un personaje más serio y siniestro. Yomi y Mato se conocen de formas distintas, Yuu ya era amiga de Mato y las historias se entralazan de una forma completamente distinta, además de que se hace mayor énfasis en Yuu. Conforme el anime avanza los 2 mundos se van relacionando hasta el punto en el que Mato se ve forzada a viajar a este con ayuda de Yuu y se desenvuelve una batalla con el protagonismo de Black Rock Shooter.\n\nBlack★Rock Shooter: The Game\n\nUn videojuego de rol, llamado Black Rock Shooter: The Game (ブラック★ロックシューター THE GAME), fue desarrollado por Imageepoch para la consola PlayStation Portable​ y salió a la venta el 25 de agosto de 2011. Localizado en un universo diferente del de la OVA, contiene escenas animadas por el estudio Ufotable.​ \nEl tema de apertura del juego es \"No Scared\", por One Ok Rock.​ La edición limitada \"Premium Box\" del juego salió con una figurita Figma del antagonista del juego, White Rock Shooter, un artbook y un CD con música del juego.​ El juego se publicó en Norteamérica y Europa por NIS America.​ Saliendo a la venta el 23 de abril de 2013 en América y el 24 de abril en Europa, aunque no todos los países (como México o Canadá) podrán acceder a ella.\n\nPuchitto★Rock Shooter\n\nUna juego de navegador, Puchitto★Rock Shooter (ぷちっと★ロックシューター Puchitto Rokku Shūtā, llamado a veces Pettite Rock Shooter) se lanzó en Nico Nico Douga el 9 de marzo de 2011. El jugador empieza con el avatar de Black Rock Shooter, pero se puede cambiar a voluntad. El juego contiene ilustraciones del artista CHAN×CO.​\n\nOtros\n\nVarios elementos de Black Rock Shooter son disponibles para la PlayStation Home japonesa.​ Los personajes de Black Rock Shooter aparecerán en el juego de PSP Nendoroid Generation, producido por Namco Bandai, Good Smile Company y Banpresto, basado en las series de figuritas Nendoroid.​\n\nBlack Rock-chan\n\nUn manga de estilo Yonkoma llamado Black Rock-chan (ぶらっくろっくちゃん Burakku Rokku-chan), ilustrado por Ringo, empezó su serialización en la edición de abril de 2011 de la revista de Kadokawa Shoten 4-Koma Nano Ace, puesta a la venta el 9 de marzo de 2011. La serie contiene versiones super deformed de Black Rock Shooter y Dead Master, llamados respectivamente Rock-chan y De-chan.​\n\nBlack★Rock Shooter: Innocent Soul\n\nOtro manga, realizado por Sanami Suzuki, llamado Black Rock Shooter: Innocent Soul (ブラック★ロックシューター -イノセントソウル- Burakku Rokku Shūtā: Inosento Souru) empezó su serialización en la edición de julio de 2011 de la revista de Kadokawa Shoten de Young Ace, vendida el 4 de junio de 2011. La historia ocurre en Hazama, un mundo entre el cielo y la tierra donde las almas impuras que no pudieron ascender al cielo se encuentran en constante batalla.​", "Para los arqueólogos del futuro\n\nHistoria\n\nLuego del triunfo de la opción No en el plebiscito de 1988, Congreso compone y graba este disco, bajo el concepto de que sea encontrado en el futuro, con el propósito de rescatar y preservar los hechos ocurridos durante la dictadura militar en Chile, como los asesinatos y la persecución política.\nNo obstante, no se trata de un disco político, ni propagandístico, sino de una auténtica obra de arte, que muestra temáticas que no pudieron ser expresadas en discos anteriores de forma tan directa, por lo cual es probablemente una verdadera catarsis musical, Según Francisco Sazo, el álbum \"apunta a la capacidad de olvido de los latinoamericanos. El olvido para con los muertos, especialmente con los del último tiempo\"\nEl grupo grabó dos videoclips en 1988: \"Cacharpaya\" y \"En todas las esquinas\" para presentar lo que ya se venía en el nuevo disco.\n\nMúsica y lírica\n\nEl concepto de esta nueva placa es dejar un vestigio para las generaciones del futuro, como el grupo expresó en una entrevista de 1989: \"antes de que la bomba estalle\".\nMusicalmente, el disco toma elementos que van más allá del folclor chileno, acercándose al concepto de música total que el jazz fusión hegemonizaba por aquellos años, logrando con ello un estilo más internacional.\nSin embargo el uso de tales elementos desemboca en una propuesta sumamente auténtica, un excelente trabajo rítmico y armónico, pasajes envolventes que se apoderan del oyente, técnica y compositivamente soberbios. Es el mejor trabajo musical chileno de las últimas décadas y quizás para muchos el último antes de una decadencia del intelectualismo underground Chileno sobreviviente del golpe y la consiguiente degradación cultural de los 90, pero al mismo tiempo el primero de su género desarrollado en Chile.\nLa composición \"un sueño perdido\" destaca por sus texturas y la perfecta amalgama entre el componente técnico y emotivo; \"el trapecista\" a pesar de ser un tema evidentemente popular abraza un profundo sentido intelectual, las incursiones en los ritmos afrocolombianos y la imponente presencia de la percusión se encuentran perfectamente equilibrados en la canción. \nEn lo lírico, Sazo incorpora temáticas apocalípticas, que evocan todos los sentimientos reprimidos durante la dictadura militar durante la cual \"ni siquiera podías tener una conversación abierta o intelectual en el metro sin temer. El tema \"chatarras y cacerolas\" rememora una época algo tácita en que el cacerolazo era el único medio de expresión política posible. El grupo aprovecha también, de reivindicar a los pueblos indígenas, a través del tema \"Cacharpaya\".\nUno de los puntos más altos del disco corresponde por una parte a \"Para los arqueólogos del futuro\" tema que adopta una mirada apocalíptica para reseñar con el sentido poético habitual el holocausto vivido por el pueblo chileno durante los años de la dictadura:\n\"...Nadie dormía cuando nos eliminaron, reconstruyan cuidadosos nuestras últimas pisadas, las claves del miedo en éstos, nuestros cuerpos enterrados...\"\ny cuyo estribillo es como un mantra que busca instalar en la memoria la identidad de todas las víctimas: \"...Eramos, ni buenos ni malos, eramos, simples seres humanos...\"\nEste tema aprovecha por supuesto la profundidad del registro vocal de Sazo, la sólida base rítmica que proporciona Sergio González desde la batería, lo que permite el lucimiento de Jaime Atenas en el solo de saxo, muy bien matizado por el excelente dulcista que es Hugo Pirovic.\nY por otra parte está \"En todas las esquinas\" tema que tiene una parte cantada en Lingala y que se convirtió prácticamente en uno de los himnos de la banda. La canción que se introduce con los teclados inconfundibles del fallecido Jaime Vivanco que se mantienen como un leit motiv durante toda el tema, continúa con un diálogo permanente entre el saxo de Atenas y la Batería de González, en intervalos todos los integrantes toman instrumentos de percusión conformando una verdadera ceremonia ritual propia de todas la culturas del mundo, en el intermedio el bajo de Campos da el espacio para que Vivanco desarrolle una melodía cadenciosa que rompe con el ritmo de la canción y que concluye con un solo del talentoso bajista. La letra de la canción, tiene un sentido universalista haciendo un llamado a que en todas partes del mundo, desde el África de Mandela que empezaba a respirar nuevos aires hasta el Chile postplebicito, se viviera en libertad.", "Wake Me Up (canción de Avicii)\n\nAntecedentes\n\nAvicii estrenó la canción en el escenario del Ultra Music Festival de Miami. La prestación experimental (que fue acompañado por una banda en vivo con instrumentos y vocalistas, incluyendo a Blacc, Einziger y los miembros de Incubus, Ben Kenney en el bajo y José Pasillas en la batería electrónica) ​ Según los informes, causó en aquel momento, confusión y hasta ira por parte de la comunidad del festival de música electrónica.​​ Posteriormente Avicii logró revertir este hecho mediante críticas positivas y con buena recepción por parte del público con el lanzamiento del sencillo en todo el mundo. La canción ha sido descrito como un \"himno de verano\"​ por Variance Magazine y, a lo largo de la temporada de festivales del año 2013, Avicii lo incluyó como parte de la apertura o el cierre en la serie de sus presentaciones en vivo en EDC Las Vegas, EDC Londres, Tomorrowland, Creamfields, Electric Zoo y el iTunes Festival.\nAloe Blacc fue contactado por Avicii a través del integrante de Linkin Park, Mike Shinoda, quién comparte amistad con Avicii.​ En una entrevista con el Daily Star, Avicii, confesó que \"Wake Me Up!\" comenzó como \"un experimento divertido\". Durante una charla exclusiva con MTV UK,​ dijo: \"Tuve una versión demo con las voces de Mac Davis, la persona que escribió varias de las obras de Elvis Presley, pero necesitaba a otro cantante para que hiciera las partes con otra tonalidad. Al mismo tiempo me avisó que teníamos que comenzar una pista con Aloe Blacc, y empecé a trabajar en ella. Cuando estaba con Mike Einziger de Incubus, se nos ocurrió la progresión de acordes y la melodía de 'Wake Me Up!' pero no teníamos una idea clara sobre la letra. Ya que ninguno de nosotros sabe cantar y la única persona que sabía que vivía en Los Ángeles era Aloe, así que lo llamó ya que estaba disponible en ese momento. Las letras de la canción no fue una complicación para él, ya que la escribió en un par de horas y terminamos finalmente la pista.\"​​\nAloe Blacc quién no está acreditado en el título del sencillo explicó a The Huffington Post: \"Empecé a escribir las letras en la primera parte de 2013, regresando de un viaje por Suiza. Empecé en la música hip hop en los años 90 y nunca esperaba que fuese a cantar y tener una verdadera carrera como músico, pero ahora que estoy viajando por varias partes del mundo pensé: ‘La vida es un sueño, despiértenme cuando todo haya terminado’. Fui invitado al estudio por Avicii y Mike Einziger de Incubus y cuando llegué, ya habían estado trabajando en la progresión de los acordes de la canción. Como ya tenía la letra, me encargue de desarrollar la melodía al oír los acordes, y a todos nos pareció que era algo muy fuerte. Terminamos la canción esa noche como una versión acústica, entonces Avicii hizo la mezcla con la música dance en un par de días, y eso es lo que hemos lanzado al mundo.\"\n\nVideo musical\n\nEl video musical fue producido por At Night Studios y dirigido por Mark Seliger y CB Miller. Fue filmado en los naranjales de Santa Clara River y en la ciudad de Piru, California, y en algunos lugares del centro de Los Ángeles. Es protagonizado por dos hermanas, la mayor interpretada por la modelo rusa Kristina Romanova,​ y la menor por Laneya Grace, que tienen el símbolo ◢◤ de Avicii en el cuerpo, las cuales parecen estar desconectados de su entorno rural. Su hermana mayor encuentra consuelo en la gran ciudad reuniéndose con otros jóvenes que poseían la misma marca en el cuerpo y juntos se dirigen a un festival de música al aire libre donde se presenta el mismo Avicii interpretando la canción junto al cantante Aloe Blacc. Al finalizar, se reencuentra con su hermana y ambas se van a vivir a la ciudad. La imagen final muestra la atenta mirada de una pueblerina misteriosa. El clip fue nominado a un premio MTV Video Music Award 2014 en la categoría Mejor video de pop.\n\nRendimiento comercial\n\nEl sencillo encabezó las listas musicales de al menos 30 países, entre ellos Suecia, Alemania, Australia, Nueva Zelanda, España, Irlanda, el Reino Unido, Israel y varios países europeos, además de ingresar en los primeros diez en otros seis, además de obtener el disco de platino en 15 de ellos.\nTambién ha obtenido buenos resultados en los mercados musicales de América del Norte, al haber alcanzado su mejor posición en Canadá y los Estados Unidos, el número dos y número cuatro, respectivamente.\nEn los Estados Unidos, se mantuvo fuera de los tres primeros puestos en los que se ubicaron «Roar» de Katy Perry, «Wrecking Ball» de Miley Cyrus, y «Royals» de Lorde. Permaneció 21 semanas entre los diez primeros del Billboard Hot 100, y a su vez se mantuvo 53 semanas dentro de la lista del Dance/Electronic Songs. También lideró las listas de música dance y pop. En Canadá fue la segunda canción más vendida de 2013 con 519 000 copias vendidas (523 000 para todas las versiones combinadas).​ Es la primera canción de música electrónica y dance en llegar a vender más de 4 millones de copias en los Estados Unidos.​\nEn el Reino Unido, vendió 88 000 copias en su primer día. Según The Official Charts Company predijo que la canción se convertirá en el sencillo más rápidamente vendido de todo el año 2013, permaneciendo tres semanas en el número uno y llegando a vender 267 000 copias en su primer semana,​ adicionalmente, llegó a ser el tercer sencillo más vendido del año en este territorio.​ Es el primer sencillo en lograr este registro desde diciembre de 2012, cuando el sencillo con fines benéficos \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother\", realizado por varios artistas bajo el nombre de The Justice Collective debutó en el número uno.​ Después de tres semanas en la cima de la lista, estuvo otras cuatro semanas consecutivas en el número dos, y un total de 11 semanas consecutivas entre los primeros diez. Permaneció un total de 32 semanas consecutivas entre el top 40, antes de su egreso.​ En octubre de 2013, el sencillo logró vender más de 1 millón de copias en el Reino Unido, convirtiéndose en el número 140 en hacerlo en la historia de las listas del Reino Unido y el tercero más vendido de 2013, solo por detrás de «Get Lucky» de Daft Punk y «Blurred Lines» de Robin Thicke.​\nEn Alemania, se mantuvo 10 semanas en la cima de la lista de sencillos recolectando un total de 1 millón de copias hasta la fecha por lo que le fue otorgado el disco de diamante.​\nMientras en Australia, la canción debutó en el número 42 el 24 de junio. En la próxima semana, la canción escaló directamente hacía al número 2, solo por detrás de «Blurred Lines». Alcanzando así en la semana sucesiva, la primera ubicación por 6 semanas consecutivas convirtiéndose en el número uno de mayor permanencia logrado por un artista sueco desde el éxito de 1989 «The Look» de Roxette.​\nEn su natal Suecia, se convirtió en uno de los sencillos más vendidos de la historia logrando recibir el terciodécuplo platino con un total de 520 000 ventas certificadas.​ Logró mantenerse en la primera ubicación durante 12 semanas consecutivas, con una permanencia de más de 90 semanas de manera no consecutiva, llevando casi dos años en la lista.", "Michel Fokine\n\nComienzos\n\nNacido en el seno de una familia acomodada Fokine creció en un ambiente abierto a las artes. Fue admitido en la Escuela Imperial de Danza en 1888 y se graduó en 1898 pasando al Ballet Imperial directamente con el rango de premier danseur (primer bailarín) algo inhabitual​. En su debut oficial en el Teatro Mariinski protagonizó Paquita junto a estrellas como Liubov Yegórova y Julia Sedova. Cuando fue nombrado profesor de la Escuela Imperial en 1904, Fokine, que ya estaba en rebeldía contra el academicismo que reinaba en el Escuela y el Ballet Imperiales bajo la dirección de Marius Petipa, soñaba con coreografiar sus propios ballets. Su inspiración en aquel momento era la danza libre de Isadora Duncan, entonces de gira por Rusia. Al retirarse Petipa en 1903​Fokine fue considerado su sucesor indiscutible por los reformistas pero mirado con desconfianza por los conservadores. Realizó varios espectáculos para el teatro Mariinski, entre ellos Chopiniana, primera versión de lo que serían Las Sílfides, pero no fue nombrado maestro de ballet y coreógrafo titular hasta 1907​. Sus primeras creaciones importantes para el Ballet Imperial fueron en 1907 Le Pavillon d´Armide, en colaboración con Alexandre Benois, y Une nuit d´Égypte (luego Cléopâtre) con las estrellas del Mariinski Olga Preobrajenska, Anna Pavlova y Vaslav Nijinsky en 1908. Como escribe Serge Lifar: \"Fokine ya era reconocido en Rusia, pronto obtendría reconocimiento universal\"​.\n\nCon los Ballets Rusos de 1909 a 1914\n\nA través de Benois Fokine estaba en contacto con los artistas e intelectuales en torno a la revista Mir iskusstva (El Mundo del Arte) a cuyo director Sergei Diaghilev fue presentado en 1908. Diaghilev había visto las recientes creaciones de Fokine y deseaba enseñarlas en París​. Así surgió el proyecto de la 1ª gira de los Ballets Rusos a París en la primavera de 1909. Fokine figuraba como coreógrafo titular de la compañía y el programa se basaba fundamentalmente en sus obras. En el debut de los Ballets Rusos en el Théâtre du Châtelet parisino, el 19 de mayo de 1909, se presentaron además de Le Pavillon d´Armide, Les danses polovtsiennes du Prince Igor y un divertimento de piezas sueltas titulado Le Festin. En el segundo programa del 24 de mayo se estrenaron Les Sylphides y Cléopâtre​. El público y la crítica franceses recibieron las actuaciones de los Ballets Rusos como una verdadera revolución estética y celebraron especialmente el nuevo concepto del espectáculo balletístico como una totalidad artística de coreografía, escenografía, libreto, música y ejecución.\nLa siguiente gira de los Ballets Rusos a París en 1910 también estuvo bajo el signo del genio de Fokine con una serie de ballets nuevos como Carnaval, Sheherezade y El pájaro de fuego, sólo superados por las obras maestras de la gira de 1911 Petrushka y El Espectro de la rosa en las que brillaron Tamara Karsavina y Nijinsky. Esta gira estuvo marcada por la separación de los Ballets Rusos de su matriz, el Teatro Imperial Mariinski, y su conversión en una compañía privada dirigida por Diaghilev como empresario y con sede en Montecarlo​. La ruptura obligó a los artistas a escoger entre el Mariinski y Diaghilev, algunos --como Fokine-- optaron por seguir en el Mariinski y colaborar con Diaghilev. Hacia 1912 la posición de Fokine en la compañía se debilitó debido a la irrupción de Nijinsky en el terreno de la coreografía y a la pérdida de confianza de Diaghilev en Fokine como creador. En la temporada de París de mayo-junio de 1912 sus nuevas creaciones Le Dieu bleu, Thamar y Daphnis et Chloé fueron eclipsadas por el éxito-escándalo de L´après-midi d´un faune de Nijisnky. Fokine se sintió traicionado por Diaghilev y abandonó la compañía​.\nFokine vivió desde San Petersburgo y ocupado por su trabajo en el Mariisnki el desconcierto producido en los Ballets Rusos por la inesperada boda de Nijinski durante la gira sudamericana del verano de 1913 y su consiguiente despido fulminante. Una de las consecuencias de este suceso que dejaba a la compañía sin su bailarín estrella y sin su coreógrafo titular, fue la reconciliación entre Fokine y Diaghilev. Éste hizo todas las concesiones necesarias y encargó a Fokine los ballets de la próxima temporada de 1914​. En la primavera de 1914 se estrenó en Montecarlo Les Papillons, una secuela de Carnaval, creada por Fokine ya en 1913, y luego en París se presentaron La légende de Joseph, una gran producción con música de Richard Strauss y libreto de Hugo von Hofmannsthal con el jovencísimo Léonide Massine como protagonista, y la ópera-ballet Le Coq d´or o El gallo de oro según la ópera de Rimski-Korsakov.\nAl estallar la Primera guerra mundial en agosto de ese año Fokine y su esposa, Vera Fokina, regresaron como otros artistas de los Ballets Rusos precipitadamente a Rusia. Allí Fokine pasó los años de la guerra como coreógrafo y maestro de ballet en el Mariinski, donde creó algunos ballets entre otros Eros (1915) y Stenka Razin (1917)​, sin contacto alguno con el resto de Europa y con los Ballets Rusos, que Diaghilev intentaba mantener a flote en Montecarlo. Fokine vivió la Revolución rusa de 1917 en San Petersburgo, y cuando terminó la guerra en 1918 aceptó una invitación a Estocolmo del Real Ballet de Suecia. No volvería ya a Rusia y tampoco volvería a colaborar con los Ballets Rusos de Diaghilev​.\n\nEn Estados Unidos de 1920 a 1942\n\nLa estancia de Fokine en Suecia fue breve y ya en 1920 se trasladó con su familia a Nueva York, donde abrió su primera escuela de danza en 1921. Con su compañía propia, el American Ballet (1924), apareció en el Metropolitan Opera House neoyorquino e hizo giras por las principales ciudades norteamericanas con sus antiguos ballets y creaciones nuevas. En 1936 volvió a Europa para colaborar con los Ballets Rusos del Coronel de Basil. Para ellos creó, entre otros, L´Épreuve d´amour (mús. Mendelssohn, Montecarlo 1936), Don Juan (mús. Gluck, Londres 1936), Les Élements (mús. Bach, Londres 1937), Paganini (mús. Rachmaninov, Londres 1939) y con ellos viajó hasta Australia en 1938. Una de sus últimas producciones fue The Russian Soldier​ (mús. Prokofiev, Boston 1942).\nFokine murió en Nueva York a los 62 años, su mujer , Vera Fokina, le sobrevivió hasta 1958. Su hijo Vitale Fokine (1905-1977) fue maestro de ballet en Nueva York y conservador del legado de su padre. Su nieta, Isabelle Fokine (n. 1958), dirige la fundación-archivo que gestiona los derechos de autor del coreógrafo y vela por la autenticidad de las reposiciones de sus ballets. Las memorias de Fokine, Memoirs of a Ballet Master se publicaron en Boston en 1961.\n\nEl estilo Fokine\n\nFokine formuló sus teorías sobre la danza en varias ocasiones, entre otras en una carta al diario londinense The Times (6 de julio de 1914) y en sus memorias. Se pueden resumir como sigue: a) La relación entre la coreografía y los demás elementos del espectáculo como la música, la escenografía, el vestuario y el libreto ha de ser equilibrada, la coreografía no se debe supeditar a ninguno de ellos. b) El drama se expresa bailando y no a través de la pantomima. c) El bailarín ha de utilizar todo el cuerpo como una totalidad. d) El corps de ballet ha de ser un protagonista más, no un elemento subalterno. e) La coreografía debe adaptarse al mundo histórico-cultural en el que se sitúa un ballet.​​" ]

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[ "A woman does not know how to jump with a bike.", "Man with curly brown hair fell down from table.", "A man dressed as a clown entertains children.", "They did not issue OMB control numbers listed in the preamble.", "A group of poor children is waiting to be seen by a doctor.", "The girl with long hair is outside on a swing.", "It takes over four hours to get there and my brother doesn't live in the area." ]

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[ "Box lacrosse 1998, the NLL entered into the Canadian market for the first time with the Ontario Raiders. Although 5 of the league's 9 teams are based in American cities, more than two-thirds of the players are Canadian. During play, a team consists of six players: a goaltender and five \"runners\". A runner is any non-goalkeeper position player, including forwards, transition players, and defenders. Runners usually specialize in one of these roles and substitute off the field when the ball moves from one end to the other. When the sport originated teams played with six runners. However, in 1953 the sixth runner," ]

[ "Box lacrosse Box lacrosse Box lacrosse, also known as boxla, box, or indoor lacrosse, is an indoor version of lacrosse played mostly in North America. The game originated in Canada in the 1930s, where it is more popular than field lacrosse and is the national summer sport. Box lacrosse is played between two teams of five players and one goalie each, and is traditionally played on an ice hockey rink once the ice has been removed or covered. The playing area is called a box, in contrast to the open playing field of field lacrosse. The object of the game is to", "National Lacrosse League National Lacrosse League The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America. Headquartered in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, the NLL currently has eleven teams: seven in the United States and four in Canada. Unlike other box lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the National Lacrosse League Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,800 and 10,700 spectators per game each year since 2004. The NLL plays four 15-minute quarters with 2-minute breaks between quarters and", "Lacrosse The team that has taken the penalty is said to be playing man down, while the other team is man up. Teams will use various lacrosse strategies to attack and defend while a player is being penalized. Box lacrosse is played by teams of five runners plus a goalie on a hockey rink where the ice has been removed or covered by artificial turf, or in an indoor soccer field. The enclosed playing area is called a box, in contrast to the open playing field of the traditional game. This version of the game was introduced in Canada in the", "Starting lineup officials before the game. If a team inserts any other player into the lineup at game time, the opposing captain can direct the official to call a \"starting the wrong lineup\" penalty, a two-minute minor. The starting lineup in field lacrosse comprises ten players: 3 Attackmen, 3 Defensemen, 3 Midfielders, and 1 Goalkeeper. A team may start a Long-Stick Midfielder for a defensive advantage. A team may have a player reserved exclusively to take face-offs, known as a FOGO. In netball, a team starts with seven players on the court: A Rugby league football starting lineup is Rugby union starting", "National Lacrosse League Triple B Games developed \"Inside Lacrosse's College Lacrosse 2010\" in 2009 before approaching the NLL to license their next game. The NLL game won Kotaku's Indie Sports video game of the year for 2010. National Lacrosse League The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's professional box lacrosse league in North America. Headquartered in Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, the NLL currently has eleven teams: seven in the United States and four in Canada. Unlike other box lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams", "Box lacrosse the 2003 NLL season, goaltender Ginny Capicchioni appeared in two preseason and one regular season games to become the only woman to make an appearance in the NLL. Box lacrosse Box lacrosse, also known as boxla, box, or indoor lacrosse, is an indoor version of lacrosse played mostly in North America. The game originated in Canada in the 1930s, where it is more popular than field lacrosse and is the national summer sport. Box lacrosse is played between two teams of five players and one goalie each, and is traditionally played on an ice hockey rink once the ice has", "Major League Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse Major League Lacrosse (MLL) is a professional field lacrosse league consisting of nine teams in the United States. The league's inaugural season was in 2001. Teams play 14 regular-season games from late April to early August, with a four-team playoff for the championship trophy, the Steinfeld Trophy. MLL averaged 3,844 spectators per game during the 2017 season, down from a peak of 6,417 in 2011. As a professional league, MLL players earn annual salaries in the $10,000–$35,000 range. Players and staff generally hold other jobs and the league does not provide health insurance coverage. The current champion", "Professional sports leagues in the United States lower salaries than the major sports leagues. The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's semi-professional box lacrosse league in North America. It currently has 9 teams: 5 in the United States and 4 in Canada. The NLL plays its games in the winter and spring. The league's American teams have historically been concentrated in the northeastern United States, and two of the league's longest-established and most commercially successful teams, the Buffalo Bandits and Rochester Knighthawks, still reside there. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Champion's Cup. The NLL has averaged between 9,400 and 10,700 spectators per game", "Lewis & Clark Baseball League roster maximum of 23 players. These spots are specifically broken down position-by-position, with very little flexibility or deviation. Mahrt did not want a scenario where a college catcher joined a team that already had two. Players come to the LCBL to hone their skills at their primary positions, not platoon 33% of the time or get thrown into an unknown place on the field. Thus, each manager in the league is restricted in recruiting two catchers, three middle infielders, three corner infielders, five outfielders, seven (primary) pitchers, and one designated hitter. There is one bonus recruit: a utility piece with", "NLL Team Capsules were unable to host the Championship game due to a scheduling conflict at the Blue Cross Arena.. NLL Team Capsules The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a semi-professional men's indoor lacrosse league in North America. It currently has 9 teams; 4 in Canada and 5 in the United States. Unlike the Canadian box lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Champion's Cup. A complete summary of NLL teams' performance is below. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Buff McCready only coached the Bandits", "Eight-in-the-box defense Eight-in-the-box defense In American football, an eight-in-the-box defense is a defensive alignment in which 8 of the 11 defensive players are close to the line of scrimmage. The area occupied by defensive linemen and linebackers is often referred to as \"the box\". The box is usually about 3-5 yards in depth and spans the offensive line in width. Normally five to seven defensive players occupy this area but frequently another player is brought into the box for run support against smashmouth-oriented offensive teams or short yardage situations. The most common occurrence of eight in the box in the NFL involves", "Eight-in-the-box defense Eight-in-the-box defense In American football, an eight-in-the-box defense is a defensive alignment in which 8 of the 11 defensive players are close to the line of scrimmage. The area occupied by defensive linemen and linebackers is often referred to as \"the box\". The box is usually about 3-5 yards in depth and spans the offensive line in width. Normally five to seven defensive players occupy this area but frequently another player is brought into the box for run support against smashmouth-oriented offensive teams or short yardage situations. The most common occurrence of eight in the box in the NFL involves", "Lacrosse during the late 1800s and first half of the 1900s was primarily a regional sport centered around the Mid-Atlantic states, especially New York and Maryland. However, in the last half of the 20th century, the sport spread outside this region, and can be currently found in most of the United States. According to a survey conducted by US Lacrosse in 2016, there are over 825,000 lacrosse participants nationwide and lacrosse is the fastest-growing team sport among NFHS member schools. Field lacrosse is the men's outdoor version of the sport. There are ten players on each team: three attackmen, three midfielders,", "Peterborough Lakers (MSL) Peterborough Lakers (MSL) The Peterborough Lakers are Senior \"A\" box lacrosse team from Peterborough, Ontario. They play in the Major Series Lacrosse league where under the current format, they compete in 16 regular season games from May through July and playoffs beginning in August and ending with the Mann Cup in September. The Lakers play their home games at the 4,329-seat multipurpose Peterborough Memorial Centre. Peterborough has won the Ontario Championship 25 times in total (1951 to 1957, 1959, 1966, 1970, 1973, 1978, 1979, 1982 to 1984, 2004 to 2007, 2010, 2012, 2015, 2017 and 2018) and the Mann Cup", "Lacrosse that seats 76,000. Overall league average attendance is around 4,000 per game, but Denver has averaged around 10,000 per game since its founding in 2006. The rookie salary is $7,000 per season and most players make between $10,000 and $20,000 per season. Therefore, players have other jobs, often non-lacrosse related, and travel to games on the weekends. The Chesapeake Bayhawks, who have played in the Annapolis–Baltimore–Washington, DC area since 2001, are the most successful franchise with five championships. The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a men's semi-professional box lacrosse league in North America. The NLL currently has nine teams, five", "Box lacrosse use a lacrosse stick to catch, carry, and pass the ball in an effort to score by shooting a solid rubber lacrosse ball into the opponent's goal. The highest levels of box lacrosse are the National Lacrosse League (NLL) (professional), Box Lacrosse League (semi-pro), Senior A divisions of the Canadian Lacrosse Association (semi-pro), the Western Lacrosse Association (semi-pro), and Major Series Lacrosse (semi-pro). While there are 59 total members of the Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL), only fifteen have competed in international box lacrosse competition. Only Canada, the Iroquois Nationals and the United States have finished in the top three", "United States national indoor lacrosse team United States national indoor lacrosse team The United States national indoor lacrosse team represents the U.S. in box lacrosse at the World Indoor Lacrosse Championship. Team USA has won the bronze medal in all four WILC tournaments. The team is organized by US Lacrosse, the national governing body. The roster usually consists of professional players, some of which play in the National Lacrosse League or Major League Lacrosse. At the 2011 FIL World Indoor Lacrosse Championship, Team USA came very close to reaching the Gold medal game. In group play, they were beaten by the Iroquois Nationals only by one", "LABR the minimum innings pitched or at-bats will be ranked in the standings with 15 points for 1st place and so on until all qualifying teams have received points. Rosters shall consist of a lineup of 23 players and a bench of 6 reserve players. A team's active roster consists of the following players: 5 outfielders, 2 catchers, 1 second baseman, 1 shortstop, 1 middle infielder (either second baseman or shortstop), 1 first baseman, 1 third baseman, 1 corner infielder (first or third baseman), one utility player who may be of any position and 9 pitchers (who may be either starters,", "Ringball team consists of nine (9) players, viz., three (3) goal shooters, three (3) centre players and three (3) defenders. Only three (3) players of a team are allowed in each section. 2. At least eight (8) players of a team must be present at the start of a game. A player who arrives late, is allowed to join the game only when the ball is out of play and with the permission of the referee. No team is allowed to play with seven (7) or less players after the game has started with eight (8) or nine (9) players; e.g.", "Federation of International Lacrosse Federation of International Lacrosse The Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) is the international governing body of lacrosse, responsible for the men's, women's, and indoor versions of the sport. It was established in 2008 by the merger of the previously separate men's and women's international lacrosse associations. Its headquarters are located in New York City, New York. The Federation currently has 60 members, 34 of which are full members. FIL is the only international sport organization to recognize First Nations bands and Native American tribes as sovereign nations. The Iroquois Nationals (men) and the Haudenosaunee Nationals (women) of the First Nations", "United States men's national lacrosse team United States men's national lacrosse team The United States men's national lacrosse team has won ten of thirteen World Lacrosse Championships, the most recent being 2018. Team USA finished second in the other three field lacrosse tournaments, losing to Canada in 1978, 2006, and 2014. The team is organized by US Lacrosse, the national governing body. The roster usually consists of professional lacrosse players who play in Major League Lacrosse. US Lacrosse announced the final 23-man roster for the 2018 World Lacrosse Championship on January 7, 2018. US Lacrosse finalized its 23-man roster on June 30, 2014 by cutting eight", "Field lacrosse Field lacrosse Field lacrosse is a full contact outdoor men's sport played with ten players on each team. The sport originated among Native Americans, and the modern rules of field lacrosse were initially codified by Canadian William George Beers in 1867. Field lacrosse is one of three major versions of lacrosse played internationally. The other versions, women's lacrosse (established in the 1890s) and box lacrosse (originated in the 1930s), are played under significantly different rules. The object of the game is to use a lacrosse stick, or crosse, to catch, carry, and pass a solid rubber ball in an effort", "Box lacrosse A penalty shot, where a player from the non-offending team is given an attempt to score a goal without opposition from any defending players except the goaltender, may be awarded under certain circumstances. By rule, teams must have at least three runners in play. If a team commits a third penalty resulting in a \"three man down\" situation a penalty shot is awarded in favor of having the offending player serve in the penalty box. A penalty shot may also be awarded, at the referee's discretion, if a defensive player causes a foul to prevent a goal (by throwing his", "Lacrosse the attacking team to take a shot on goal within 30 seconds of gaining possession of the ball. Box lacrosse is also a much more physical game. Since cross checking is legal in box lacrosse, players wear rib pads and the shoulder and elbow pads are bigger and stronger than what field lacrosse players wear. Box lacrosse players wear a hockey helmet with a box lacrosse cage. There is no offsides in box lacrosse, the players substitute freely from their bench areas as in hockey. However, most players specialize in offense or defense, so usually all five runners substitute for", "St. Catharines Athletics Jr. A Athletics have gone on to successfully play in the National Lacrosse League, such as: There is also a notable amount of players outside of St. Catharines who have gone on to successful careers after playing for the Athletics. Players included are: \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against\" St. Catharines Athletics Jr. A The St. Catharines Athletics are a Junior \"A\" box lacrosse team from St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. The Athletics play in the OLA Junior A Lacrosse League. The St. Catharines", "BC Junior A Lacrosse League BC Junior A Lacrosse League The British Columbia Junior A Lacrosse League is a junior box lacrosse league based in British Columbia, Canada. The BCJALL is one of three leagues that constitute as Junior A within the Canadian Lacrosse Association as the highest level of junior, ages 16 to 21 years old, box lacrosse in Canada. The BCJALL currently consists of eight (8) teams located throughout the Lower Mainland (6) and Vancouver Island (2). Regular Season play begins the last week of April through to the first week of July. Teams compete annually for the British Columbia Provincial Championship, with", "Too many men it is not an infraction. In the NHL, substitution is allowed when the outgoing player is within of their bench. Similar to hockey, too many men is a minor penalty in lacrosse, and a player from the offending team is sent to the penalty box. Too many men Too many men is a penalty that may be called in various team sports when the team has more players on the field or other playing area than are allowed by the rules. Penalties vary from one sport to the next. In association football, if a team is found to have more", "Ontario Junior C Lacrosse League Ontario Junior C Lacrosse League The Ontario Junior C Lacrosse League (OJCLL) is a box lacrosse league sanctioned by the Ontario Lacrosse Association in Canada. The league features teams split into two regional divisions. OJCLL annually play a 16-game schedule and playoffs for the Meredith Cup league championship. Junior C lacrosse was first sanctioned in Ontario in 1972. A seven-team league played a 20-game schedule and playoffs. After peaking in 1975 with 18 teams and three divisions, Junior C lacrosse dissolved after the 1979 season. A new OJCLL began operation in 2008 with five teams (Caledon Bandits, Center Wellington Warlords,", "Georgia Swarm Georgia Swarm The Georgia Swarm are a box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League. They have been playing at the 13,000-seat Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth, Georgia since their 2016 season. The team was formed as the Minnesota Swarm and played at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 2004 until 2015. On May 22, 2015, team owner John Arlotta announced that the Xcel Energy Center, home of the Swarm, did not renew the contract for the team. Instead of negotiating for a new lease, the Swarm began looking for potential relocation sites and eventually chose the", "Box-and-one defense there is no defensive player responsible for this area of the court, good passing offensive teams are often able to exploit this gap. One variation is the \"diamond-and-one defense\", where the four players in the box are arranged in a diamond pattern (one under the basket, two between the basket and foul line, and the fourth at the foul line). Another variation is the triangle-and-two defense, in which three defenders play zone defense while the remaining two play man-to-man defense. This strategy is also used in a man down situation in lacrosse. When a team has a penalty and is", "Lacrosse in the United States “on the fly” meaning that the players may enter and exit the field during gameplay assuming each team has a maximum of ten players on the field at the time. The game essentially has the same rules as hockey and is played both indoor (box lacrosse) and outdoor (full field). Lacrosse started out as a tribal ritual for native Americans to play before going to war. Differences between groups may have been settled through large, multi-day games covering expansive fields and many players. The game was originally known as stickball. Ever since its creation, it has been considered a collision", "Lacrosse strategy are several different systems that the riding team may use. In a zone clear, the riding players divide into 6 different zones, with the attackmen generally around the box line, and the midfielders around the half-field line. Zone rides generally aim to force the clearing team to make long passes, or take 20 seconds to cross the half-field line. Zone rides are usually easier for less defensively skilled attackmen, and are less likely to result in fast breaks. Another system is to use man-to-man defense, usually leaving the goalie or a defenseman with weak skills unguarded, and forcing them to", "Marcus Holman and 2013. There were 13 other attackmen on the nominee list in 2013, including the winner from the previous year, attackman Peter Baum from Colgate, and a repeat finalist, Mike Sawyer, an attackman from Loyola University. Major League Lacrosse (MLL) currently has nine teams. The 2013 season starts at the end of April and ends in August. The Ohio Machine selected Holman in the second round of the last MLL draft. Marcus Holman Marcus Holman (born May 2, 1991, Baltimore, Maryland, United States) is an American professional lacrosse player for the Ohio Machine. Holman was an attackman for the University", "Georgia Swarm Atlanta metro area. In 2017 the Swarm won the NLL championship title against the defending Saskatchewan Rush 2-0 in a best of three series. \"Note: This list does not include coaches from the Minnesota Swarm.\" Georgia Swarm The Georgia Swarm are a box lacrosse team in the National Lacrosse League. They have been playing at the 13,000-seat Infinite Energy Arena in Duluth, Georgia since their 2016 season. The team was formed as the Minnesota Swarm and played at the Xcel Energy Center in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 2004 until 2015. On May 22, 2015, team owner John Arlotta announced that", "1997 NLL Draft 1997 NLL Draft The 1997 NLL Draft composed of nine rounds where 72 lacrosse players. Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Pro Team and had won at least one NLL Award<br> Denotes player who won at least one NLL Award<br> Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who won at least one NLL Award<br> Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or", "Lacrosse in the United States field, 10 vs 10 contact sport. Each team has one goalie, three defenders, three mid fielders, and three attackmen. Throughout the contest, players attempt use their sticks to shoot the ball into the opponent’s goal. At the end of the game, the team with the most goals wins. In college lacrosse, the games consist of four, fifteen minute quarters. This game length decreases to twelve minutes per quarter at the high school level, and decreases to ten minute per quarter at the little league level. Each team must have four players (a goalie and three defenders typically), on their defensive", "Professional sports leagues in the United States each year since 2004. Major League Lacrosse (MLL) is a men's field lacrosse league consisting of nine teams in the United States. Founded in 1999, the league's inaugural season was in 2001. MLL averaged 3,844 spectators per game during the 2017 season. MLL is a semi-professional league. MLL players reportedly earn annual salaries in the $10,000–$25,000 range; players and staff generally hold other jobs. The Arena Football League is the highest level of play in the indoor/arena styles of gridiron football. The sport is played in an indoor arena on a much smaller field than American football. The league was", "Kahnawake Hunters The Hunters expansion marked the first time a Kahnawake team was put together in Junior B in almost a decade. In their first season, the Hunters finished with a record of 3 wins, 15 losses, and 2 ties. \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against\" Kahnawake Hunters The Kahnawake Hunters are a Junior \"B\" box lacrosse team from Kahnawake, Quebec, Canada. The Hunters play in the Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League and are eligible for the Founders Cup National Championship. The Hunters", "Alex Smith (lacrosse) to hold this distinction. The Silver Anniversary Team honored the top athletes over the last twenty five years. The team included fourteen men and eleven women who were picked from 21 different sports. The team was chosen from over 50,000 student-athletes. This group was representative of USA Olympic team members, national players of the year, and many professional athletes. Smith played professionally for the Rochester Rattlers. He was selected with the third overall pick in the 2007 Major League Lacrosse (MLL) Collegiate Draft. Smith was elected to the 2007 MLL All-Star game, when face-off specialist Peter Vlahakis was unable to", "Lacrosse Championship for box lacrosse, and the Under-19 World Lacrosse Championships for men and women. Each is held every four years. The World Lacrosse Championship (WLC) began in 1968 as a four-team invitational tournament sponsored by the International Lacrosse Federation. Until 1990, only the United States, Canada, England, and Australia had entered. With the expansion of the game internationally, the 2014 World Lacrosse Championship was contested by 38 countries. The WLC has been dominated by the United States. Team USA has won 9 of the 12 titles, with Canada winning the other three. The Women's Lacrosse World Cup (WLWC) began in", "Canada national indoor lacrosse team Canada national indoor lacrosse team The Canada national indoor lacrosse team represents Canada in international tournaments of indoor lacrosse. It is the best national box lacrosse team in the world, having won all four World Indoor Lacrosse Championships, starting with the 2003 ILF World Indoor Lacrosse Championship held in Canada. Team Canada has never lost a game in the tournament. Their biggest rivals are the Iroquois Nationals, who have finished in second place in all four tournaments. Team Canada consists of primarily of professional players from the National Lacrosse League. Many players also play Major Series Lacrosse or in the", "Sid Jamieson that tour, Taro Yoshitome came from Japan to play lacrosse at Bucknell and was twice selected to the All Conference first team. Jamieson coached 19 All Americans and 13 players who were invited to play in the North-South lacrosse game. 111 of his players earned All Conference distinction. In addition to his responsibilities as Bucknell's Head Lacrosse Coach Jamieson also served for 25 years as an Assistant Coach to the football team. In 1983 Jamieson also became the co-founder and first head coach of what was to become the Iroquois National Team, a team composed of Native American players. As", "Fédération de crosse du Québec Fédération de crosse du Québec The Fédération de crosse du Québec (FCQ) is the governing body of lacrosse in Quebec, Canada. Its purpose is to encourage the development of lacrosse in Québec and to contribute to the sport's growth internationally. The FCQ governs all box, field, and women's field lacrosse in Québec. The Fédération has approximately 2,000 members including players, coaches, referees and others. The Fédération has two teams registered in the Ontario Lacrosse Association JrC league. The Fédération de crosse du Québec also has a SrB league that is considered semi-pro as some players are paid. It is not", "Western Lacrosse Association Western Lacrosse Association The Western Lacrosse Association (WLA) is a men's Senior A box lacrosse sanctioned by the Canadian Lacrosse Association. It consists of seven teams, based in cities throughout southwestern British Columbia. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the right to compete against the Major Series Lacrosse champion for the Mann Cup every September. The championship is hosted alternately between Ontario and British Columbia every year. The calibre of lacrosse in the WLA is very high, as the majority of its players also play in the National Lacrosse League during the winter months, while the WLA schedule runs", "Lacrosse Men's and women's lacrosse were played under virtually the same rules, with no protective equipment, until the mid-1930s. Both the number of players and the lines on the field differ from men's lacrosse. There are 12 players in women's lacrosse and players must abide by certain boundaries that do not exist in men's play. The three specific boundaries are the 8-meter \"fan\" in front of the goal (11 meters internationally), the 12-meter (15 meters internationally) half circle that surrounds the 8-meter fan, and the draw circle in the center of the field, which is used for draws to start quarters", "Box lacrosse very different and do not lend well to one another. A defender is a player position whose primary responsibility is to prevent the opposing team from scoring. Unlike in field lacrosse where some defensive players carry longer sticks, all box lacrosse defenders play with a maximum long stick. Defensive tactics include cross checking (where a player uses the shaft of his stick to push the opposition player off balance), body checking (where a player makes contact with the opposition player in order to slow him down), and stick checking (where a player makes contact with the opposition player's stick in", "Hamilton Bengals first round of the playoffs to the Wallaceburg Red Devils, losing 3 games - 2. 2018 also marked team bests for goals against (149) and goals scored (211). The Bengals Coaching Staff were selected by their peers as Jr B West Coaching Staff of the year in both 2017 and 2018 \"Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against\" Hamilton Bengals The Hamilton Bengals are Junior \"B\" box lacrosse team from Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The Bengals play in the OLA Junior B Lacrosse", "Federation of International Lacrosse World Lacrosse Championships, tournaments taken over by the FIL. Federation of International Lacrosse The Federation of International Lacrosse (FIL) is the international governing body of lacrosse, responsible for the men's, women's, and indoor versions of the sport. It was established in 2008 by the merger of the previously separate men's and women's international lacrosse associations. Its headquarters are located in New York City, New York. The Federation currently has 60 members, 34 of which are full members. FIL is the only international sport organization to recognize First Nations bands and Native American tribes as sovereign nations. The Iroquois Nationals (men)", "Brett Queener or box lacrosse goaltenders are very different from the field lacrosse goaltender). After attending a free agent camp, Queener was invited to participate in the Blazers regular camp. Prior to the season, the Blazers announced that Queener made the roster as a transition or forward player. In his first professional indoor lacrosse game, Queener recorded two assists and nine looseballs. Queener played three seasons with the Blazers before the team folded in the summer of 2011. He was chosen in the fourth round of the resulting dispersal draft by the Philadelphia Wings. Queener comes from a lacrosse family. His father", "Major League Lacrosse people attended the game and watched fireworks afterward in 2015. The Fourth of July game has regularly attracted around 30,000 people. Outside of this special event game, Denver currently draws about 6,000 per game. Other top attendance teams – Chesapeake, Boston, and New York – have attracted between 5,000 and 7,000 fans to each game in recent years, while low attendance teams struggle to get 2,000 people into the seats. The league is owned by Major League Lacrosse, LLC, which is controlled by the founders and the nine franchises. The founders – Steinfeld, Morrow, Robertson, and Davis – control five", "Box lacrosse lacrosse stick, each player must also wear a certain amount of protective equipment, including a lacrosse helmet with facemask, lacrosse gloves, arm and shoulder pads, and back/kidney pads. Rib pads are optional in some leagues. In some box leagues, especially the NLL, the five \"runners\" wear helmets specifically designed for box lacrosse. These helmets consist of a hockey helmet with a box lacrosse face mask attached instead of a hockey cage. During a typical game the number of officials can range from one to three, depending on the league and level of play. In most games there are at least", "National Lacrosse League a 16-minute half-time. If a game is tied after regulation, the two teams play sudden death overtime. Each team dresses 19 players: 2 goaltenders and 17 \"runners\". NLL goals are 4'9\" wide and 4' tall. The NLL uses a 30-second shot clock. Fighting is a 5-minute major penalty and does not result in an automatic ejection. Each team in the NLL plays 18 games during the regular season, nine at home and nine away. The teams are divided into two divisions: the 6-team East Division and the 5-team West Division. Each team plays at least 12 of its 18 regular", "Field lacrosse lacrosse is played by numerous club teams and is overseen by the European Lacrosse Federation. Lacrosse was brought to Australia in 1876. The country sponsors various competitions among its states and territories that culminate in the annual Senior Lacrosse Championship tournament. In 1985, the Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association (CUFLA) was established, with twelve universities in the Ontario and Quebec provinces competing in the intercollegiate league. The league plays its season during the autumn. Unlike the NCAA, the CUFLA allows players that are professional box lacrosse players in the National Lacrosse League to participate, stating that \"although stick skills are", "Field lacrosse ten players on the field: a goalkeeper; three defenders in the defensive end; three midfielders free to roam the whole field; and three attackers attempting to score goals in the offensive end. Players are required to wear some protective equipment, and must carry a lacrosse stick (or crosse) that meets specifications. Rules dictate the length of the game, boundaries, and allowable activity. Penalties are assessed by officials for any transgression of the rules. The game has undergone significant changes since Beers' original codification. In the 1930s, the number of players on the field per team was reduced from twelve to", "Lacrosse strategy defenseman covers the man on the crease, while the other 4 players form a box. This defense is used against an offense with only one player on the crease. Another zone is the 2-3, which is almost exactly like the basketball defense of the same name, with three low zones and 2 higher zones. The offense often chooses to run the same base offense as they run in settled situations, such as a 2-3-1, although offenses with two players on the crease, such as the 1-4-1, are less common. Another common offense that is run in man-up situations is the", "Formation (American football) most commonly occupied by defensive linemen and linebackers. The \"secondary\" can refer to the defensive backs as a group, or to the area behind the linebackers usually occupied by defensive backs. The two standard NFL defenses, the 4-3 and the 3-4, have 7 players in the box. The phrase \"8 in the box\" is used to indicate that 1 of the 2 safeties has moved into the box to defend against the run. The three basic defensive positions are: Rules regarding defensive formations are not as complex or strict as their offensive counterparts. The defense may line up anywhere on", "NLL Team Capsules NLL Team Capsules The National Lacrosse League (NLL) is a semi-professional men's indoor lacrosse league in North America. It currently has 9 teams; 4 in Canada and 5 in the United States. Unlike the Canadian box lacrosse leagues which play in the summer, the NLL plays its games in the winter and spring, from December to June. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the Champion's Cup. A complete summary of NLL teams' performance is below. <nowiki>*</nowiki> Buff McCready only coached the Bandits for the first three games. <nowiki>*</nowiki> The Knighthawks had the overall top seed in the playoffs, but", "Box Lacrosse League Winter Meeting that took place on March 19, the CILL heard the application, and accepted, the expansion St. Louis Centurions. During the Winter Meeting, the Board of Governors voted to rebrand as the Box Lacrosse League. Governors also accepted the expansion Wallaceburg Satans. St. Louis would go undefeated during the season capturing the BLL Cup. <nowiki>**</nowiki> = were added as expansion teams, but never competed in league play Box Lacrosse League The Box Lacrosse League (BLL) is a senior men's semi-professional box lacrosse league in the United States. The league presently consists of five teams with a geographical footprint centered", "Women's lacrosse these rules. Women’s lacrosse is played with a team of 12 players, including the goalkeeper during usual play. The ball used is typically yellow, unless both teams agree to use a different coloured ball. The duration of the game is 60 minutes, with two halves. Halftime is ten minutes unless both the coaches agree on less than ten minutes prior to the start of the game. Each team is allowed two 90-second team time-outs per game (two 2-minute timeouts in the USA). In the USA, a time-out may be requested by the head coach or any player on the field", "2016 Major League Lacrosse season 2016 Major League Lacrosse season The 2016 Major League Lacrosse season was the 16th season of Major League Lacrosse. The season featured 9 teams (all in the United States) after the addition of the Atlanta Blaze via expansion. It was the first season since 2008 that the league fielded more than eight teams. The defending champion New York Lizards are coming off their third Steinfeld Cup victory in franchise history and first since 2003 after defeating the Rochester Rattlers 15–12 August 8, 2015 at Fifth Third Bank Stadium in Kennesaw, Georgia. On August 20, the Denver Outlaws won their second", "Lacrosse in the United States growing demand of lacrosse both in the United States and around the world. Major League Lacrosse is currently a nine-team professional league with the bulk of the teams in the Northeastern United States. Many of these players are considered some of the best if not the best in the world. The current Major League Lacrosse teams include: Atlanta Blaze, Boston Cannons, Florida Launch, Charlotte Hounds, New York Lizards, Chesapeake Bayhawks, Ohio Machine, Denver Outlaws, Dallas Rattlers. After starting teams in Georgia, Florida, and Ohio, they are attempting to expand into Texas as well. Unlike high school and college lacrosse, the", "Langley Thunder the visitors. The Langley Junior Thunder of the BC Junior A Lacrosse League and the Langley Intermediate Thunder also play at the LEC, operating under the same management as the WLA Thunder. The Thunder has undergone multiple name changes and transfer since their origination in 1994. Beginning in 2004, the team has been known as the Langley Thunder: Langley Thunder The Langley Thunder are a Senior A box lacrosse team, based in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The team competes in the 7-team Western Lacrosse Association (WLA), playing their home games at the 5,276 capacity Langley Events Centre. The LEC is", "Box Lacrosse League name. In March 2013 MILA became the Continental Indoor Lacrosse League. In May 2013 a league administration was announced. Grand Rapids GM Russ King was named commissioner of the CILL. Detroit GM Owen Blank (secretary) and Ray Kincaid (treasurer) of Chicago were also appointed. Seven teams made up the CILL in 2013, with Colorado going undefeated to win the regular season and #1 seed for the CILL Cup playoffs. The Sabertooths went on to defeat Chicago 14-11 in the championship game and were crowned CILL Cup champions. Cleveland Demons announced that they will return to the CILL in 2014. The", "Box Lacrosse League before the end of the calendar year. Three more teams (\"Madison Capitals\", Minnesota Jaxx and Colorado Sabertooths) were also announced for the 2012 season. Nebraska never materialized and a group from Indiana took over the franchise rights, adding \"Indy Swagger\" to the league. Colorado was crowned champion after the 2012 season, when 10 teams competed in league play. St. Louis and Nebraska/Indy failed to get their teams off the ground. Expansion was again on the off-season agenda as the \"Upstate Bears\" were named the 11th league member in February 2013. With the new geographical boundaries, the league again changed its", "Referee its environment, to enforce the rules and to take action against misbehaviour. He is assisted by an assistant referee, who alerts the referee to out balls and fouls and may have other tasks determined by the referee, and where possible by a timekeeper and scorer. A lacrosse match is presided over by a crew of either two, three, or in some cases four on-field officials. In two-man crew, a Referee and an Umpire are utilized. In a three-man crew, a Referee, Umpire, and Field Judge are utilized. The Referee shall always have the final ruling on any and all matters.", "Iroquois national indoor lacrosse team Iroquois national indoor lacrosse team The Iroquois national indoor lacrosse team, known as the Iroquois Nationals, represents the Iroquois Confederacy in international box lacrosse competitions. They are currently ranked second in the world by the Federation of International Lacrosse and have won Silver medals in all four World Indoor Lacrosse Championships. The team is organized by the First Nations Lacrosse Association. In the first World Indoor Lacrosse Championship, the Nationals only lost to Canada, but twice, a close 15–13 game in round-robin play and a blowout 21–4 loss in the championship. John Grant Jr. of Team Canada scored 7 goals", "Box lacrosse places at the World Indoor Lacrosse Championships. Lacrosse is a traditional indigenous people's game and was first encountered by Europeans when French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley witnessed the game in the 1630s. Lacrosse for centuries was seen as a key element of cultural identity and spiritual healing to Native Americans. It originated as a field game and was adopted first by Canadian, American, and English athletes as a field game, eventually settling on a 10 v 10 format. Box lacrosse is a modern version of the game that was invented in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s.", "Heritage Cup (box lacrosse) game once again featured Team USA against Team Canada, but this time Team Canada came out on top, winning 17-8. UNITED STATES Head Coach: Tony ReschAssistant Coach: Jamie BatleyAssistant Coach: Jimmy RogersGeneral Manager: Steve Govett CANADA Head Coach: Les BartleyAssistant Coach: Walt ChristiansonAssistant Coach: Ed ComeauAssistant Coach: Bob McMahonGeneral Manager: Johnny Mouradian Heritage Cup (box lacrosse) The Heritage Cup is an international box lacrosse tournament between the national teams of Canada, Iroquois and United States. The games feature mostly players that were members of National Lacrosse League teams. The inaugural Heritage Cup was played on October 2, 2002 at the", "Box lacrosse a face-off. If a ball travels over the boards and outside of the playing area, play is restarted by possession being awarded to the opposing team to that which last touched the ball. During play, teams may substitute players in and out freely. Sometimes this is referred to as \"on the fly\" substitution. Substitution must occur within the designated exchange area in front of the players bench in order to be legal. The sport utilizes a shot clock and the attacking team must take a shot on goal within 30 seconds of gaining possession of the ball. In addition, players", "Major League Lacrosse The Bayhawks prevailed 13–9, almost the same score as when they beat Long Island 15–9 five years earlier. The newly renamed Chesapeake Bayhawks went on to win two more championships in the next three years, in 2012 and 2013. Their five Steinfeld Cup trophies are the most in MLL history. The league's attendance peaked at 6,417 per game in the 2011 season. The individual franchises had a wide range of local support. Denver lead the league in attendance, drawing 12,331 fans per game in 2011, while the relocated Hamilton Nationals had 1,214 people per game, one-tenth of Denver's attendance. During", "Box lacrosse a minor or major penalty is assessed in conjunction with the misconduct (a \"two-and-ten\" or \"five-and-ten\"). In that case, the team designates another player to serve the minor or major; both players go to the penalty box, but only the designee may not be replaced, and he is released upon the expiration of the two or five minutes. In addition, game misconducts are assessed for deliberate intent to inflict severe injury on an opponent. A player who receives a game misconduct is ejected and may not return to play. Receiving two major penalties in a game risks a game misconduct.", "Slobbovia a lacrosse-style game played by 11-player teams on a court the size of a basketball court. [Anciently mongeef was played on a battlefield as it was a civilized version of warfare.] There were three periods, each called \"halves.\" The ball, known as a \"flamsch\", weighed about fifteen pounds and was covered with iron spikes. While the players were barred from deliberately harming spectators, a mongeef match was usually a bloody and dangerous business for both players and fans. [A scandal ensued during one Strakenville championship game when one team called in an air strike on the opposing team, and the", "Box lacrosse stick, holding, tripping, or by deliberately displacing the goal, or a defensive player intentionally falls and covers a ball in his own team's crease). In the NLL, a penalty shot is awarded against any team taking a too-many-men penalty in the final two minutes of the game or overtime. Similar to fighting in ice hockey, fighting is tolerated in professional box lacrosse. Professional players are not automatically subject to ejection, but incur a five-minute major penalty. In Canadian Lacrosse Association play, players are assessed a five-minute major penalty plus a game misconduct. Fighting in youth or club level box lacrosse", "Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League The Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League (OJBLL) is a box lacrosse league sanctioned by the Ontario Lacrosse Association in Canada. The league features twenty-five teams in Ontario, one in Quebec, and one in the Akwesasne (which straddles the two aforementioned provinces and New York) that annually play a 20-game schedule and four rounds of playoffs for the J. A. MacDonald Trophy. After the conclusion of the playoffs, a league champion represents the OJBLL at the Founders Cup National Junior B Championship. The Ontario Junior B Lacrosse League of the Ontario Lacrosse Association has been around", "Kitchener–Waterloo Kodiaks Ontario Lacrosse Association approved the sale of the St. Catharines Athletics franchise to the Kodiaks and the subsequent promotion to the Sr. A loop for the 2007 season. Kitchener–Waterloo Kodiaks The Kitchener-Waterloo Kodiaks are Senior \"A\" box lacrosse team from Kitchener, Ontario. The Kodiaks play in the Eastern Division of the Major Series Lacrosse Senior \"A\" Lacrosse League. where under the current format, they compete in 20 regular season games (10 at home) from May through July and playoffs beginning in August and ending with the Mann Cup in September. The Kodiaks play their home games at the Waterloo Memorial", "BC Junior A Lacrosse League The Salmonbellies winning nine and Vancouver winning three as the Vancouver Lacrosse Club, Vancouver Greenshirts, and Vancouver Terminals. Individual records Team records Annual awards BC Junior A Lacrosse League The British Columbia Junior A Lacrosse League is a junior box lacrosse league based in British Columbia, Canada. The BCJALL is one of three leagues that constitute as Junior A within the Canadian Lacrosse Association as the highest level of junior, ages 16 to 21 years old, box lacrosse in Canada. The BCJALL currently consists of eight (8) teams located throughout the Lower Mainland (6) and Vancouver Island (2). Regular Season", "Western Lacrosse Association Langley Thunder Nanaimo Timbermen the Indians Vancouver Athletic Club / Abbotsford Hotel New Westminster Adanacs Richmond Farmers Vancouver Bluebirds / Home Gas \"Norvans\" Military teams Nanaimo Burnaby Western Lacrosse Association The Western Lacrosse Association (WLA) is a men's Senior A box lacrosse sanctioned by the Canadian Lacrosse Association. It consists of seven teams, based in cities throughout southwestern British Columbia. Each year, the playoff teams battle for the right to compete against the Major Series Lacrosse champion for the Mann Cup every September. The championship is hosted alternately between Ontario and British Columbia every year. The calibre of lacrosse in", "Field lacrosse of the marathon. Field lacrosse Field lacrosse is a full contact outdoor men's sport played with ten players on each team. The sport originated among Native Americans, and the modern rules of field lacrosse were initially codified by Canadian William George Beers in 1867. Field lacrosse is one of three major versions of lacrosse played internationally. The other versions, women's lacrosse (established in the 1890s) and box lacrosse (originated in the 1930s), are played under significantly different rules. The object of the game is to use a lacrosse stick, or crosse, to catch, carry, and pass a solid rubber ball", "Bill Isaacs as a charter member in 1965. He was also inducted into the Brantford & Area Sports Hall of Recognition (1984), the Ontario Lacrosse Hall of Fame (2008), the Hamilton Sports Hall of Fame (2011), and the Canada Sports Hall of Fame (2015). Box lacrosse made its debut in North America in 1931. Box lacrosse was an indoor version of the field game, and borrowed heavily from ice hockey, with team owners selling this sport as \"summertime ice hockey. The rules committee made sure that box lacrosse looked and felt like ice hockey by dividing games into three 20-minute periods and", "Intercrosse per side, and the field size is 20 m wide and 40 m long. Goals are the same size as box lacrosse, 4 feet in height and width (1.2 x 1.2 m). As there is no contact allowed in the game, a player is not allowed to carry the ball for more than 5 seconds. Once it has obtained the ball a team must shoot on the goal within 30 seconds or lose possession. The international governing body is the Fédération Internationale d'Inter-Crosse (FIIC), it was formed in Paris in 1985. The FIIC hosts three international intercrosse competitions. The World", "Oakville Rock Oakville Rock The Oakville Rock are Senior \"A\" box lacrosse team from Oakville, Ontario. They play in the Major Series Lacrosse league where under the current format, they compete in 20 regular season games (10 at home) from May through July and playoffs beginning in August and ending with the Mann Cup in September. The Rock play their home games at the Toronto Rock Athletic Centre in Oakville. Formerly the \"Ajax-Pickering Rock\"¸ the team began competition in 2003 in the Senior \"B\" loop. Within 3 years of their founding, the Ajax Rock finished first in the OLA Senior \"B\" League", "Goaltender (box lacrosse) goalie stays on the inside of the post on the same side of the shot of the shooter, giving him the opposite side intentionally. This gives the shooter a bad angle shot that the goalie is trying to force him to take. When the player shoots, the goalie quickly steps across and covers the other side of the net and blocks the shot. This style can be highly effective but can fall victim to fake shots. \"Top goaltenders from modern NLL.\" \"Top OLA and NLL (1974-75) goaltenders before modern NLL was founded. These goaltenders listed have either won top honours", "College lacrosse Lacrosse League (NCLL) is a men's lacrosse league comprising mostly Eastern US college lacrosse clubs (non-varsity). There are approximately 130 teams divided into 12 conferences. The programs are split into Division I and Division II. Many of the clubs are at schools that currently have varsity NCAA Men's lacrosse programs. Conferences: The Women's Collegiate Lacrosse Associates (WCLA) is a collection of over 260 college club teams that compete under the US Lacrosse umbrella. Teams are organized into various leagues and two divisions. The association regulates different aspects of the teams, including minimum number of games played. A recent rule modification", "Langley Thunder Langley Thunder The Langley Thunder are a Senior A box lacrosse team, based in Langley, British Columbia, Canada. The team competes in the 7-team Western Lacrosse Association (WLA), playing their home games at the 5,276 capacity Langley Events Centre. The LEC is also home to the Vancouver Stealth of the NLL. The Thunder won back-to-back WLA Championships in the 2011 and 2012 seasons. Notable Thunder players include Athan Iannucci, Alex Turner, and Matt Leveque. The Langley Thunder hosted the Mann Cup in September 2011 at the Langley Events Centre where they played the Brampton Excelsiors, losing the series 4-1 to", "Box Lacrosse League Box Lacrosse League The Box Lacrosse League (BLL) is a senior men's semi-professional box lacrosse league in the United States. The league presently consists of five teams with a geographical footprint centered on the Midwest region of the United States and Ontario. Formerly known as Midwest Indoor Lacrosse Association (MILA), the league was renamed the Continental Indoor Lacrosse League due to expansion teams outside of the midwest region in March 2013. The league again changed their name in 2017 to Box Lacrosse League, citing the new commitment to following guidelines set by USBOXLA. On August 27, 2011 Grand Rapids defeated", "Lacrosse in Canada Lacrosse in Canada Modern lacrosse in Canada has been a popular sport since the mid 1800s. Only field lacrosse was played until the 1930s, when box lacrosse was invented. In 1994 Parliament passed the \"National Sports of Canada Act\" which declared lacrosse to be \"Canada's National Summer Sport\", with ice hockey as the National Winter Sport. Lacrosse was played by First Nations peoples before the arrival of European colonists. The first documented description of the game was in 1637. The game was called \"baggataway\" and \"tewaarathon\", which was played by two teams with 100 to 1,000 men each on a", "Box lacrosse slashing, tripping, elbowing, roughing, too many players, illegal equipment, holding, or interference. Five-minute major penalties are called for especially violent instances of most minor infractions that result in intentional injury to an opponent, as well as for fighting. Players are released from the penalty box when either the penalty time expires, or the opposition scores a goal (or three goals for the instance of a major penalty). At the officials' discretion a ten-minute misconduct penalty may be assessed. These are served in full by the penalized player, but his team may immediately substitute another player on the playing area unless", "Adam Fullerton goalie selected, when he was selected with the third-round selection (28th overall) by the Rochester Rattlers in Major League Lacrosse in the 2008 MLL Collegiate Draft. After being drafted by Rochester, Fullerton was picked up by Denver before the 2009 season. He was selected as one of the goalies on the US National team that recently won gold at the World Lacrosse Championship. He was one of the eight goalies invited to try out for the team. In 2011, Fullerton's professional career was put on halt when he received word of his deployment to Afghanistan and served as First Lieutenant", "Women's lacrosse \"left defensive wing\", and a \"center\"), three defenders (starting from the position closest to the net a team is defending, these positions are called \"point\", \"cover point\", and \"third man\"), and one goalie. The positions used to be pinned on the players, and the players used to be required to be marked on defense by their opposite number (third man or \"3M\" covering the opposing third home \"3H\"). Today, under North American rules, seven players play attack at one time and seven defenders are present. Generally, a team has four attackers, four close defenders, and three midfielders. There is a", "Lionel Conacher the game was too hard on his body physically, and neither he nor his team returned for a third season. Led by the owners of the Montreal Canadiens, the arena operators of Canada's NHL teams invented the sport of box lacrosse in 1931 in a bid to fill arena dates in the summer. The field variant of the sport had been in decline in Canada as the popularity of baseball and football grew, and it was hoped that lacrosse played in the confines of a hockey rink would create a faster, more exciting game. A summer professional circuit, the International", "Sports in the United States table shows additional sports that are played by over 500,000 people in the United States. Lacrosse is a team sport that is believed to have originated with the Iroquois and the Lenape. Lacrosse is most popular in the East Coast area. The National Lacrosse League and Major League Lacrosse are the national box and outdoor lacrosse leagues, respectively, with both leagues operating on a semi-professional level. Volleyball is also a notable sport in the United States, especially at the college and university levels. Unlike most Olympic sports which are sponsored widely at the collegiate level for both sexes, the support", "1997 NLL Draft playoffs Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs 1997 NLL Draft The 1997 NLL Draft composed of nine rounds where 72 lacrosse players. Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who has been selected for at least one All-Pro Team and had won at least one NLL Award<br> Denotes player who won at least one NLL Award<br> Denotes player who never played in the NLL regular season or playoffs Denotes player who never played in the", "Canadian University Field Lacrosse Association Referee-in-Chief. Only current students registered at their respective universities with a full course load are deemed eligible to play in CUFLA competitions. Players who have played professional field lacrosse (such as Major League Lacrosse) are prohibited from playing in CUFLA. However, players who play professional box lacrosse (such as the National Lacrosse League) are eligible to play. Throughout the years, the league has seen many current and former NLL players scattered throughout various teams. Many current and former players have met with a great deal of success representing their countries or playing professional lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League and", "Box Lacrosse League so it became a three-team event. Second place Grand Rapids defeated Pittsburgh Octane 20-7 in the semifinal to advance. Later that evening, the Chicago Outlaws defeated the Grand Rapids Dragonfish 20-13 to win their first CILL Cup. Leadership change came in the spring when A.J. Collier II took over as league commissioner. A schedule was released in early July with nine teams set to compete. Just before the regular season it was announced that the expansion Minnesota Ox would be joining the league as a probationary team. Minnesota would play exhibition games in 2015 then cease operations. At the 2016", "Goaltender (field lacrosse) most goals scored by a goaltender with 5 career goals. Greg Cattrano and Brian Dougherty hold the record as three time Major League Lacrosse Goaltender of the Year Award winners. Cattrano is the only goaltender to have won the Major League Lacrosse MVP Award. Goaltender (field lacrosse) In field lacrosse, the goaltender (goalie, goalkeeper, or the keeper) is the last line of defense between the opposing offense and the goal. The goaltender's primary roles are to defend the opposing team's shots on goal and to direct the defense. Goaltenders are the only ones on the field who can touch the", "Box lacrosse must advance the ball from their own defensive end to the offensive half of the floor within 10 seconds (8 in NLL). For most penalties, the offending player is sent to the penalty box and his team has to play without him and with one less player for a short amount of time. Most penalties last for two minutes unless a major penalty has been assessed. The team that has taken the penalty is said to be playing shorthanded while the other team is on the power play. A two-minute minor penalty is often called for lesser infractions such as", "Lacrosse protect against concussions. Women goalies wear a helmet, gloves, and chest protector. Lacrosse Lacrosse is a team sport played with a lacrosse stick and a lacrosse ball, commonly played indoors or outdoors. Players use the head of the lacrosse stick to carry, pass, catch, and shoot the ball into the goal. The sport is governed by the Federation of International Lacrosse; the most prominent international competition is the World Lacrosse Championship, which has been dominated by the United States. The sport has four versions that have different sticks, fields, rules and equipment: field lacrosse, women's lacrosse, box lacrosse and intercrosse.", "Lacrosse Canada in the finals. Australia won the bronze medal match. The Haudenosaunee Nationals women's lacrosse team could not participate. Collegiate lacrosse in the United States is played at the NCAA, NAIA and club levels. There are currently 71 NCAA Division I men's lacrosse teams, 93 Division II teams, and 236 Division III teams. Thirty-two schools participate at the NAIA level. 184 men's club teams compete in the Men's Collegiate Lacrosse Association, including most universities and colleges outside the northeastern United States. The National College Lacrosse League and Great Lakes Lacrosse League are two other lower-division club leagues. In Canada, 14", "National Lacrosse Association entrepreneurs looking to capitalize on the game's exciting aspects. Most of the teams in the NLA were amateur-level teams from Canada that decided to make their teams professional. Some organizations drew considerable crowds and had games televised while other teams struggled to bring in even a couple hundred fans. Players' salaries averaged between $3000 and $4000 per year. In the league's one and only season, The New Westminster Salmonbellies emerged as the champions by beating the Detroit Olympics four games to two. EASTERN DIVISION WESTERN DIVISION Source Playoffs National Lacrosse Association The National Lacrosse Association was a professional box lacrosse", "Culture of the United States as the National Hockey League pursued a policy of expansion. Lacrosse is a team sport of American and Canadian Native American origin and is the fastest growing sport in the United States. Lacrosse is most popular in the East Coast area. NLL and MLL are the national box and outdoor lacrosse leagues, respectively, and have increased their following in recent years. Also, many of the top Division I college lacrosse teams draw upwards of 7–10,000 for a game, especially in the Mid-Atlantic and New England areas. Soccer is very popular as a participation sport, particularly among youth, and the US" ]

[ 12.234375 ]

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[ "Tuppence listened, but nothing could be applied to Tommy." ]

[ "Tuppence didn't listen, stuck in her own world.", "Continue talking, my friend, Don Cazar encouraged him.", "Barro was offered a fairly modest paycheck.", "The students used the internet for playing games, not what it was supposed to be used for.", "A man playing his violin in the orchestra pit.", "Given the silence from all of the states, it's clear that we are still foundering in the initial phase.", "A woman is at a table executing her craft." ]

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[ "Professore di materie scientifiche in diverse università della Germania e dell'Austria e protetto dell'imperatore Rodolfo II, Keplero, contemporaneo di Galileo Galilei (nato sette anni prima), fu un convinto sostenitore del sistema copernicano.\n\nBiografia \nNato in una famiglia di umili origini, venne avviato dai genitori alla carriera ecclesiastica. Infatti, il 16 ottobre 1584 entrò nel seminario di Adelberg, trasferendosi il 26 novembre 1586 nel seminario superiore a Maulbronn. Nel 1588 cominciò i suoi studi presso l'università di Tubinga, seguendo due anni di istruzione generale, con lezioni di etica, dialettica, retorica, greco, ebraico, astronomia e fisica. Nel 1592 intraprese lo studio della teologia a Tubinga, università protestante dove insegnavano alcuni seguaci del copernicanesimo; tra questi vi era Michael Maestlin, che convinse Keplero della validità delle teorie di Niccolò Copernico.\n\nNel 1594 Keplero dovette interrompere gli studi teologici, perché gli venne affidato l'insegnamento di matematica presso la Scuola Evangelica di Graz (Austria) e successivamente divenne matematico territoriale degli Stati di Stiria. Tra i suoi compiti vi era l'obbligo di insegnare presso l'università di Graz, redigere carte astrali e com'era uso nel tempo fare previsioni astrologiche. Nel suo primo Calendarium & Prognosticum per l'anno 1595 previde un inverno molto rigido, le rivolte contadine e la guerra con i Turchi.\n\nNel 1596 pubblicò l'opera Mysterium Cosmographicum, nella quale tentò una prima descrizione dell'ordine dell'Universo. Nell'aprile 1597 sposò Barbara Mühleck, che morì prematuramente nel 1611 dopo avergli dato cinque figli (due dei quali morti in giovane età). Verso la fine del 1599 Tycho Brahe gli offrì un posto come suo assistente, che Keplero accettò, sfuggendo così anche agli editti contro i luterani che venivano emanati in Austria dai sovrani Ferdinando II d'Austria e Massimiliano III d'Austria, entrambi ferventi controriformatori. Il 4 febbraio 1600, Keplero si aggiunse alla squadra di assistenti di Brahe. \n\nNel 1601, dopo la morte di Brahe, ne divenne il successore nell'incarico di matematico, astronomo e astrologo imperiale a Praga. Nel 1604 osservò una supernova che ancora oggi è nota col nome di Stella di Keplero. Nel 1606 scrisse il pronostico per stabilire la data dell'anno di nascita di Gesù Cristo, che nel 1614 fissò all'anno 5 a.C., quando si era verificata la congiunzione massima di Saturno e Giove in cuspide del segno cardinale dell'Ariete, che secondo l'astrologia indica il cambiamento millenario. Le basi per le sue scoperte astronomiche furono gettate nel 1609, quando pubblicò il suo capolavoro Astronomia nova, in cui formulò le sue prime due leggi. Alla morte dell'imperatore Rodolfo II (1612), il nuovo imperatore Mattia (fratello di Rodolfo II) approvò che Keplero ricoprisse la carica di \"matematico territoriale\" (Landschaftsmathematiker) a Linz (Austria), pur mantenendo la nomina di matematico imperiale e quindi l'obbligo di portare avanti l'elaborazione delle Tabulae Rudolphinae. L'Università di Linz prende il nome da Giovanni Keplero.\n\nIl 30 ottobre 1613 Keplero si sposò per la seconda volta, con la ventiquattrenne Susanna Reuttinger, dalla quale ebbe altri sei figli, tre dei quali morti durante l'infanzia.\n\nIl 15 maggio 1618 Keplero scoprì la terza legge che prende il suo nome, che rese nota l'anno dopo nell'opera Harmonices Mundi. Nell'agosto 1620 la madre di Keplero venne arrestata dopo essere stata accusata di stregoneria dalla Chiesa protestante e rilasciata solo nell'ottobre 1621; il processo durò sei anni e Keplero assunse la sua difesa.\n\nLo scienziato, in disgrazia e in povertà, morì nel 1630 a 58 anni a Ratisbona, e venne qui sepolto presso il Cimitero di San Pietro. La sua tomba si perse nel 1632 quando le truppe di Gustavo Adolfo (impegnate nell'invasione della Baviera durante la guerra dei trent'anni) distrussero il cimitero; rimane però l'epitaffio da lui stesso composto: \"Mensus eram coelos, nunc terrae metior umbras. Mens coelestis erat, corporis umbra iacet\" (\"Misuravo i cieli, ora fisso le ombre della terra. La mente era nella volta celeste, ora il corpo giace nell'oscurità\"). Nel 1634 uscì postumo il Somnium a cura del figlio Ludwig, un racconto fantascientifico scritto in gioventù da Keplero, che lo aveva arricchito di note negli ultimi vent'anni della sua vita.\n\nLeggi di Keplero \n\nLo scopo principale del Mysterium Cosmographicum non è quello di difendere il sistema copernicano, ma piuttosto quello di dimostrare che per la creazione del mondo e la disposizione dei cieli, Dio si è ispirato ai cinque solidi regolari che hanno goduto di così grande fama da Pitagora e Platone in poi: il cubo, il tetraedro, il dodecaedro, l'icosaedro, l'ottaedro. Keplero si interroga circa le cause del numero, delle dimensioni e dei moti delle orbite, e sostiene che questa ricerca sia fondata sulla corrispondenza tra i tre \"corpi\" immobili dell'Universo (Sole, stelle fisse, spazio intermedio) e Padre, Figlio e Spirito Santo (la Trinità). Le leggi della struttura del cosmo vengono ricavate circoscrivendo e inscrivendo le orbite dei pianeti nelle varie figure solide, a partire dalla Terra, che è l'unità di misura di tutte le orbite.\n\nNell'Astronomia nova Keplero enuncia due delle tre leggi che portano il suo nome. La terza compare nel Harmonices mundi libri quinque del 1619.\nLe tre leggi di Keplero rappresentano un modello di descrizione del moto dei pianeti del sistema solare:\n\nL'orbita descritta da ogni pianeta nel proprio moto di rivoluzione è un'ellisse di cui il Sole occupa uno dei due fuochi.\nDurante il movimento del pianeta, il raggio che unisce il centro del pianeta al centro del Sole (raggio vettore) descrive aree uguali in tempi uguali. (Nel 1966 Koyrè, percorrendo i calcoli tortuosi di Keplero, concluse che questa legge è stata derivata da una premessa errata, e cioè che la velocità della Terra sia inversamente proporzionale alla sua distanza dal Sole, e con calcoli errati. Inoltre stabilì che questa legge venne ricavata prima della legge delle orbite ellittiche. La legge comunque è esatta ed è una semplice conseguenza della conservazione del momento angolare).\nIl quadrato del periodo di rivoluzione di un pianeta è proporzionale al cubo della sua distanza media dal Sole.\n\nKeplero ereditò da Tycho Brahe una gran quantità dei più precisi dati mai raccolti sulle posizioni dei pianeti. Il problema era dare loro un senso. I movimenti orbitali e gli altri pianeti sono visti dal punto vantaggioso della Terra, che orbita a sua volta intorno al Sole. Questo fa sì che i pianeti sembrino muoversi disegnando strane curve. Keplero volle concentrarsi sull'orbita di Marte anche se prima avrebbe dovuto studiare accuratamente l'orbita della Terra. Per far questo ebbe bisogno di una linea di base da topografo. Con un colpo di genio usò come linea di base il Sole e una delle due intersezioni dell'orbita di Marte con il piano dell'eclittica. Marte era particolarmente adatto allo scopo proprio perché la sua orbita ha la massima inclinazione con tale piano. Usando tale base poté calcolare le posizioni della Terra e ricavare poi l'intera orbita di Marte. Egli fu inoltre capace di dedurre le sue leggi sui pianeti senza conoscere le esatte distanze dei pianeti dal Sole, poiché le sue analisi geometriche richiedevano solo il rapporto tra le rispettive distanze dal Sole.\n\nSecondo Keplero, luce, calore, moto, armonia dei moti sono la perfezione del mondo e hanno un analogo nelle facoltà dell'anima. Le stelle fisse funzionano come una \"pelle\" protettiva che trattiene il calore del Sole. Questi è la causa del moto dei pianeti, poiché ruotando su di sé, trascina gli altri corpi. La potenza vegetativa dell'etere corrisponde alla nutrizione di animali e piante, alla facoltà vitale corrisponde il calore, a quella animale il movimento, alla sensitiva la luce e alla razionale l'armonia. Keplero, a differenza di Tycho Brahe, appoggiò il modello eliocentrico del sistema solare e partendo da questo per vent'anni provò a dare un senso ai suoi dati. Alla fine giunse a formulare le sue tre leggi sui movimenti planetari che enunciò nelle Tavole rudolfine, così chiamate in onore di Rodolfo II d'Asburgo, Imperatore del Sacro Romano Impero. In tali tavole introdusse anche i logaritmi neperiani per agevolare i calcoli astronomici.\n\nMentre le prime due leggi furono enunciate in un classico libro di astronomia, la terza, invece, fu inserita in un testo che si occupava anche di musica e di astrologia e che era denso di temi pitagorici. Keplero, convinto che Dio non fosse solo geometra ma anche un musico, sostenne l'idea che la musica e il sistema solare fossero manifestazioni della stessa armonia; quasi come se le posizioni dei vari pianeti, similmente ai tasti di un pianoforte, dovessero corrispondere alle note. La straordinaria importanza delle scoperte di Keplero non fu immediatamente riconosciuta. Fortemente interessato a tematiche mistiche e metafisiche di natura platonica e pitagorica, la sua \"modernità\" consiste nella ricerca delle variazioni quantitative delle forze che agiscono nello spazio e nel tempo e nel parziale abbandono del punto di vista animistico in favore di un meccanicismo allo stato embrionale.\n\nLa terza legge permette di stabilire la velocità del corpo celeste una volta stabilita l'orbita e viceversa. Si era scoperta una legge che non regolava semplicemente i moti dei pianeti nelle proprie orbite, ma si stabiliva un rapporto tra la velocità dei corpi che si muovono in orbite differenti. Galilei si congratulò con lui per avere accolto il Copernicanesimo ma non si pronunciò sul resto, aggiungendo che alcuni dei suoi pensieri fossero \"piuttosto a diminuzione della dottrina del Copernico che a stabilimento\" (Galilei). Bacone, pur essendo molto legato alla tradizione ermetica, lo ignorò e Cartesio lo riconobbe come il suo primo maestro di ottica, non considerando il resto come degno di attenzione. Solo dopo che Newton si servì delle leggi di Keplero, queste vennero accettate dalla comunità scientifica, ma non prima degli anni sessanta del Seicento.\n\nOpere\n\nRiconoscimenti \nLa comunità scientifica gli ha dedicato l'asteroide 1134 Kepler, un cratere lunare di 31 km di diametro, un cratere sul pianeta Marte di 233 km di diametro, una cresta di 15 km di lunghezza su Fobos (uno dei due satelliti di Marte) e Kepler-22 b, il pianeta più simile alla Terra scovato finora nell'Universo, che orbita attorno a Kepler-22, una stella nana gialla situata nella costellazione del Cigno e il telescopio spaziale Kepler della NASA.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nBibliografie su Keplero \n Max Caspar, Bibliographia Kepleriana. Ein Führer durch das gedruckte Schrifttum von (und über) Johannes Kepler Im Auftr. der Bayer. Akad. d. Wiss. hrsg. von Max Caspar, München 1936. 2. Aufl. bes. v. Martha List, München 1968, ISBN 3-406-01685-5 e ISBN 3-406-01684-7\n Jürgen Hamel, Bibliographia Kepleriana. Ergänzungsband zur zweiten Auflage. München: C.H. Beck, 1998. ISBN 978-3-406-01687-5.\n\nOpere di Keplero \n Astronomia nova\n Harmonices Mundi\n Mysterium Cosmographicum\n Somnium\n Tavole rudolfine\n\nTraduzioni italiane \n Johannes Kepler, Discussione col Nunzio Sidereo e Relazione sui quattro satelliti di Giove, introduzione, edizione critica, traduzione, commento a cura di Elio Pasoli e Giorgio Tabarroni, Torino, Bottega d'Erasmo, 1972.\n Johannes Kepler, Somnium: ovvero opera postuma sull'astronomia lunare, a cura di Edward Rosen; introduzione di Giovanni Godoli, traduzione di Antonio Luigi Meloni, Napoli, Theoria, 1984.\n Johannes Keplero, Lettera per la scelta di una moglie, a cura di Violetta Candiani, Roma, Stampa Alternativa - Millelire, 1992.\n Giovanni Keplero, L'armonia del mondo, traduzione, introduzione e cura (con Prodromo di Giovanni Fiaschi) di Cosimo Scarcella, Tirrenia, Edizioni del Cerro, 1994.\n Giovanni Keplero, ll Sogno di Keplero: la terra vista dalla luna nel racconto del grande astronomo tedesco, a cura di Anna Maria Lombardi, Milano, Sironi, 2009.\n\nStudi su Keplero \n Volker Bialas, Johannes Kepler, München, C. H. Beck, 2004, ISBN 3-406-51085-X\n Massimo Bucciantini, Galileo e Keplero, Torino, Einaudi, 2007\n Max Caspar, Johannes Kepler, Stuttgart, GNT-Verlag 1995 (Ristampa della terza edizione del 1958), ISBN 3-928186-28-0 (traduzione inglese: Max Caspar, Kepler; New York, Dover, 1993. ISBN 0-486-67605-6).\n James A. Connor, Kepler's Witch: An Astronomer's Discovery of Cosmic Order Amid Religious War, Political Intrigue, and the Heresy Trial of His Mother, New York, HarperCollins, 2004.\n Philippe Despondt, Guillemette de Véricourt, Kepler, 2005, Ed. du Rouergue, ISBN 2-84156-688-9\n Günter Doebel, Johannes Kepler – Er veränderte das Weltbild, Graz Wien Köln, Styria 1996, ISBN 3-222-11457-9\n Natacha Fabbri, Cosmologia e armonia in Kepler e Mersenne. Contrappunto a due voci sul tema dell'Harmonice Mundi, Firenze, Olschki, 2003, ISBN 88-222-5302-7\n Ernst Peter Fischer, Aristotele, Einstein e gli altri, Raffaello Cortina Editore, ISBN 88-7078-455-X\n Walther Gerlach, Martha List, Johannes Kepler, 2. Aufl. München, Piper, 1980, ISBN 3-492-00501-2\n Jürgen Helfricht, Astronomiegeschichte Dresdens, Hellerau, Dresden 2001, ISBN 3-910184-76-6\n Chardak Henriette, Kepler, le chien des étoiles, Paris, Séguier, 1989, ISBN 2-87736-046-6.\n Johannes Hoppe, Johannes Kepler, Leipzig, Teubner 1976\n Arthur Koestler, Die Schlafwandler, Bern 1959\n Mechthild Lemcke, Johannes Kepler, 2. Aufl. Reinbek, Rowohlt 2002, ISBN 3-499-50529-0\n Anna Maria Lombardi, Johannes Kepler – Einsichten in die himmlische Harmonie, Weinheim, Spektrum d. Wissenschaft 2000\n Wolfgang Pauli, Le cas Kepler; introd. par Michel Cazenave. Paris, Albin Michel, 2002. (Sciences d'aujourd'hui), ISBN 2-226-11424-6.\n Paolo Rossi, La nascita della scienza moderna in Europa, Bari, Laterza, 1997\n Paolo Aldo Rossi e Marco Ghione, Il figlio della strega, Aicurzio, Virtuosa-Mente, 2015\n Rosemarie Schuder, Der Sohn der Hexe – In der Mühle des Teufels, Berlin, Rütten & Loening 1968\n \n Wilhelm und Helga Strube, Kepler und der General, Berlin, Neues Leben 1985\n Berthold Sutter, Der Hexenprozess gegen Katharina Kepler, 1979\n Johannes Tralow, Kepler und der Kaiser, Berlin, Verlag der Nation 1961\n\nVoci correlate \n Leggi di Keplero\n Poliedri di Keplero-Poinsot\n Congettura di Keplero\n Rivoluzione astronomica\n Rivoluzione scientifica\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n\nAccademici dei Lincei\nCosmologi tedeschi\nFilosofi tedeschi del XVI secolo\nFilosofi tedeschi del XVII secolo\nScrittori in lingua latina\nTeologi tedeschi\nTeologi luterani\nTeorici della musica austriaci\nTeorici della musica tedeschi\nUomini universali" ]

[ "\n\nBiografia \nRicevuta la prima istruzione dai padri dell'Oratorio di San Filippo Neri con la prospettiva del sacerdozio, si laureò in teologia nel 1823 e, nel 1825, prese gli ordini sacerdotali. All'inizio condusse una vita ritirata, ma gradualmente acquisì sempre più interesse per gli affari del suo paese e le nuove idee politiche, come anche per la pubblicistica sui temi di attualità. Parzialmente influenzato da Mazzini, lo scopo principale della sua vita divenne l'unificazione dell'Italia sotto un unico regime: la sua emancipazione non solo dai signori stranieri, ma anche da concetti reputati alieni dal suo genio e sprezzanti del primato morale e civile degli italiani. Questo primato era associato nella sua mente alla supremazia papale, anche se inteso in un modo più letterario che politico.\n\nFu perciò notato dal re Carlo Alberto di Savoia, che lo nominò cappellano di corte nel 1826. Tuttavia la sua popolarità, grazie anche alle lezioni tenute all'Accademia teologica, e l'influenza del suo pensiero in campo privato, alimentavano i sospetti dei conservatori e del partito della corona, perciò, nonostante si fosse ritirato dal suo incarico nel 1833 e non si fosse mai iscritto alla Giovane Italia, fu improvvisamente arrestato il 31 maggio 1833 per essere stato coinvolto nella repressione della congiura a Mazzini e, dopo quattro mesi di carcere, fu bandito dal Regno sabaudo senza processo. Gioberti andò prima a Parigi e, un anno dopo, a Bruxelles dove rimase dal 1834 al 1845. Del settembre 1834 è una sua lettera a Mazzini, nella quale definisce i moti isolati avvenuti in Italia fino ad allora come \"invasioni armate dei fuorusciti\", che sono destinate a fallire e producono conseguenze negative (\"effetti calamitosi\"), dissociandosi in tal modo dai mazziniani.\n\nA Bruxelles restò fino al 1845 per insegnare filosofia e assistere un amico nella direzione di una scuola privata; in questo periodo si dedicò anche all'elaborazione del proprio pensiero filosofico e politico, scrivendo diverse importanti opere, tra le quali spicca \"Del Primato morale e civile degli italiani\" (1843).\n\nEssendo stata dichiarata un'amnistia da Carlo Alberto nel 1846, Gioberti divenne libero di tornare in patria, ma si rifiutò di farlo fino alla fine del 1847. Infatti, quando nel 1845 Gioberti ritorna a Parigi guarda i cambiamenti che avvenivano in Italia con l'elezione di Pio IX come Papa; Pio IX sembra dar strada alle riforme. Al suo ritorno a Torino, il 29 aprile 1848, fu ricevuto con il più grande entusiasmo. Rifiutò la dignità di senatore che Carlo Alberto gli aveva offerto, preferendo rappresentare la sua città natale nella Camera dei deputati, della quale fu eletto deputato e presidente.\n\nIl 16 dicembre 1848 cadde il governo. Il re nominò Gioberti nuovo presidente del Consiglio. Il suo governo terminò il 21 febbraio 1849. Con la salita al trono di Vittorio Emanuele II, nel marzo del 1849 la sua vita politica giunse alla fine. Per un breve periodo, infatti, ebbe un posto nel consiglio dei ministri, anche se senza portafoglio, ma un dissidio irriconciliabile non tardò a maturare. Fu allontanato da Torino con l'affidamento di una missione diplomatica a Parigi, da cui non fece più ritorno. Rifiutò la pensione che gli era stata offerta e ogni promozione ecclesiastica, visse in povertà e passò il resto dei suoi giorni a Bruxelles, dove si trasferì dedicandosi agli studi letterari. Morì improvvisamente a Parigi di un colpo apoplettico, il 26 ottobre 1852.\n\nI primi due licei istituiti a Torino, nel 1865, celebrarono uno l'opera diplomatica di Cavour (il Liceo classico Cavour) e l'altro il pensiero, anche politico, di Gioberti (il Liceo classico Vincenzo Gioberti).\n\nIl pensiero\n\nGli scritti di Gioberti sono più importanti della sua carriera politica; come le speculazioni di Rosmini-Serbati, contro cui scrisse, sono state definite l'ultima propaggine del pensiero medievale; anche il sistema di Gioberti, conosciuto come ontologismo, più nello specifico nelle sue più importanti opere iniziali, non è connesso con le moderne scuole di pensiero. Mostra un'armonia con la fede cattolica che spinse Victor Cousin a sostenere che la filosofia italiana era ancora fra i lacci della teologia e che Gioberti non era un filosofo.\n\nIl metodo per lui è uno strumento sintetico, soggettivo e psicologico. Ricostruisce, come afferma, l'ontologia e comincia con la formula ideale, per cui lEns crea l'esistente ex nihilo. Dio è l'unico ente Ens; tutto il resto sono pure esistenze. Dio è l'origine di tutta la conoscenza umana (le idee), che è una e diciamo che si rispecchia in Dio stesso. È intuita direttamente dalla ragione, ma per essere utile vi si deve riflettere, e questo avviene tramite i mezzi del linguaggio. Una conoscenza dell'ente e delle esistenze (concrete, non astratte) e le loro relazioni reciproche, sono necessarie per l'inizio della filosofia.\n\nGioberti è, da un certo punto di vista, un platonico. Identifica la religione con la civiltà e nel suo trattato Del primato morale e civile degli Italiani giunge alla conclusione che la Chiesa è l'asse su cui il benessere della vita umana si fonda. In questo afferma che l'idea della supremazia dell'Italia, apportata dalla restaurazione del papato come dominio morale, è fondata sulla religione e sull'opinione pubblica; tale opera sarà la base teorica del neoguelfismo. Nelle sue ultime opere, Rinnovamento e Protologia si dice che abbia spostato il suo campo sull'influenza degli eventi.\n\nLe opere \n\nLa sua prima opera, scritta quando aveva 37 anni, aveva una ragione personale per la sua esistenza. Un giovane compagno d'esilio e amico Paolo Pallia, avendo molti dubbi e sfortune per la realtà della rivelazione e della vita futura, lo ispirò alla stesura de La teorica del sovrannaturale (1838). Dopo questa, sono passati in rapida successione dei trattati filosofici. La Teorica è stata seguita dall'Introduzione allo studio della filosofia in tre volumi (1839-1840), dove afferma le ragioni per richiedere un nuovo metodo e una nuova terminologia. Qui riporta la dottrina per cui la religione è la diretta espressione dell'idea in questa vita ed è un unicum con la vera civiltà nella storia. La Civiltà è una tendenza alla perfezione mediata e condizionata, alla quale la religione è il completamento finale se portato a termine. È la fine del secondo ciclo espresso dalla seconda formula, l'ente redime gli esistenti.\n\nI saggi (inediti fino al 1846) su materie più leggere e più famose, Del bello e Del buono hanno seguito l'introduzione. Del primato morale e civile degl'Italiani e Prolegomeni sulla stessa e a breve trionfante esposizione dei Gesuiti, Il Gesuita moderno, pubblicato clandestinamente a Losanna da Stanislao Antonio Bonamici, ha senza dubbio accelerato il trasferimento di ruolo dalle mani religiose a quelle civili. È stata la popolarità di queste opere semi-politiche, aumentata da altri articoli politici occasionali e dal suo Rinnovamento civile d'Italia, che ha portato Gioberti ad essere acclamato con entusiasmo al ritorno nel suo paese natio. Tutte queste opere sono state perfettamente ortodosse e hanno contribuito ad attirare l'attenzione del clero liberale nel movimento che è sfociato, sin dai suoi tempi, nell'unificazione italiana. I Gesuiti, tuttavia, si sono radunati attorno al Papa più fermamente dopo il suo ritorno a Roma e alla fine gli scritti di Gioberti furono messi all'indice.Le altre sue opere, specialmente La filosofia della rivelazione e la Prolologia, espongono i suoi punti di vista maturi in molte parti. Tutti gli scritti giobertiani, tra cui quelli lasciati nei manoscritti, sono stati pubblicati da Giuseppe Massari (Torino, 1856-1861). Il Ministero dei beni culturali ha affidato la redazione dell'edizione nazionale all'Istituto di Studi Filosofici \"Enrico Castelli\", presso l'Università La Sapienza di Roma\n\nNel suo libro \"Il Primato morale e civile degli Italiani\", pubblicato nel 1843, Gioberti definì la Massoneria come \"l'organizzazione più segreta e più pericolosa del nostro tempo\". Nelle sue opere, Gioberti attaccò la Massoneria come un'organizzazione segreta che promuoveva un'agenda anticristiana e antimonarchica, spesso citandola come una forza destabilizzante nella politica italiana del suo tempo.\n\nOpere\nEdizione nazionale delle opere edite e inedite di Vincenzo Gioberti in 38 volumi.\nProlegomeni del Primato morale e civile degli italiani, a cura di Enrico Castelli (1938)\nDel primato morale e civile degli italiani, a cura di Ugo Redanò (1938)\nIntroduzione allo studio della filosofia, a cura di Alessandro Cortese (2001)\nTeorica del sovrannaturale, 3 voll., a cura di Alessandro Cortese (1970)\nDel rinnovamento civile d'Italia (1850)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n Giuseppe Massari, Vita di Vincenzo Gioberti, Firenze, 1848.\n Antonio Rosmini Serbati, Vincenzo Gioberti e il panteismo, Milano, 1848.\n Charles Bohun Smyth, Christian Metaphysics, 1851.\n Bertrando Spaventa, La Filosofia di Gioberti, Napoli, 1854.\n Achille Mauri, Della vita e delle opere di Vincenzo Gioberti, Genova, 1853.\n Giuseppe Prisco, Gioberti e l'ontologismo, Napoli, 1867.\n Pietro Luciani, Gioberti e la filosofia nuova italiana, Napoli, 1866-1872.\n Domenico Berti, Di Vincenzo Gioberti, Firenze, 1881.\n Giorgio Rumi, Gioberti, Bologna, Il mulino, 1999.\n Mario Sancipriano, Vincenzo Gioberti: progetti etico-politici nel Risorgimento, Roma, Studium, 1997.\n Francesco Traniello, Da Gioberti a Moro: percorsi di una cultura politica, Milano, Angeli, 1990.\n Gianluca Cuozzo, Rivelazione ed ermeneutica. Un'interpretazione del pensiero filosofico di Vincenzo Gioberti alla luce delle opere postume, Milano, Mursia, 1999.\n Marcello Mustè, La scienza ideale. Filosofia e politica in Vincenzo Gioberti, Soveria Mannelli, Rubbettino, 2000.\n Marcello Mustè, Il governo federativo, Roma, Gangemi, 2002.\n Alessio Leggiero, Il Gioberti Frainteso. Sulle tracce della condanna, Roma, Aracne, 2013.\n Luigi Ferri, L'Histoire de la philosophie en Italie au XIX' siècle, Paris, 1869.\n Karl Werner, Die italienische Philosophie des 18 Jahrhunderts, ii. 1885.\n Raffaele Mariano, La Philosophie contemporaine en Italie, 1866.\n L'esauriente voce della Allgemeine Encyclopädie di Ersch e Gruber, a firma di R. Seydel\n\nVoci correlate \n Società nazionale per la confederazione italiana\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nPersonalità del Risorgimento\nPresidenti del consiglio dei ministri del Regno di Sardegna\nStoria delle relazioni tra Santa Sede e Stato italiano\nPresidenti della Camera dei deputati (Regno di Sardegna)\nMembri dell'Accademia delle Scienze di Torino\nGoverno Balbo\nGoverno Casati\nGoverno Gioberti\nGoverno de Launay\nFederalisti\nDeputati della I legislatura del Regno di Sardegna\nDeputati della II legislatura del Regno di Sardegna\nDeputati della III legislatura del Regno di Sardegna\nSepolti al Cimitero monumentale di Torino", "\n\nBiografia\nNasce a Viterbo il 24 febbraio 1970, frequenta l'Università degli Studi della Tuscia-Viterbo, dove diventa la prima studentessa in Italia a laurearsi in Conservazione dei Beni Culturali..\nLa sua tesi di storia medievale, basata sull'esame di oltre 7000 documenti notarili del XIV secolo, è pubblicata dall'editore scientifico Vecchiarelli di Manziana (Orte 1303-1363. La città sul fiume, Manziana 1995) e vince il primo premio ex aequo per le opere inedite e tesi di laurea “Costantino Pavan” della città di San Donà di Piave..\nDopo la laurea svolge collaborazioni per il Museo Civico di Viterbo e la Soprintendenza ai Beni Archivistici del Lazio.\nNel 1996 consegue il Diploma di specializzazione post lauream in Paleografia, Diplomatica e Archivistica, presso la Scuola vaticana di paleografia diplomatica e archivistica dell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano, e nel 1998 anche quello in Paleografia Greca.\n\nNel 2000 consegue il dottorato di ricerca in “Storia della società europea”, presso l'Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia. Sempre nel 2000, ottiene una borsa di studio dall'Istituto Storico Germanico di Roma (Deutsches Historisches Institut in Rom). Dall'ottobre 2001 è in servizio come Officiale presso l'Archivio Segreto Vaticano.\n\nOpere e lavori\nNel 2001 pubblica per l'editore Viella di Roma una parte dei risultati della tesi di dottorato, svolta sui documenti del processo ai Templari (L'ultima battaglia dei Templari. Dal codice ombra d'obbedienza militare alla costruzione del processo per eresia): la sua tesi è che, nell'atto di accusa lanciato dal re di Francia Filippo IV il Bello che portò al processo a seguito del quale l'ordine fu sciolto, vi fosse una serie di fatti reali opportunamente stravolti dalla pubblicistica regia per costruire l'accusa di eresia, l'unico tipo di reato per i quali l'ordine non godesse della piena immunità. La colpa dei Templari, secondo l'autrice, non era l'eresia ma un rituale segreto d'ingresso come prova d'obbedienza militare che conteneva atti di vilipendio della religione.\n\nNel 2002 pubblica il saggio Il Papato e il processo ai Templari. L'inedita assoluzione di Chinon alla luce della diplomatica pontificia, in cui analizza e discute il contenuto di una pergamena conservata nell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano e a lungo trascurata dagli storici, la quale conserva gli atti di un'inchiesta svolta da tre cardinali plenipotenziari di papa Clemente V sull'ultimo Gran Maestro dei Templari Jacques de Molay e su altri membri dello Stato Maggiore dell'ordine rinchiusi dal re Filippo il Bello nel Castello di Chinon, a seguito della quale, avendo i capi templari chiesto il perdono della Chiesa, il papa fa concedere loro l'assoluzione. Lo studio della pergamena di Chinon diviene oggetto di attenzione di alcuni storici in ambito internazionale.\nI risultati della ricerca vengono poi presentati nel saggio I Templari, che riceve critiche positive sulle pagine culturali di diversi quotidiani italiani ed esteri e viene tradotto in inglese, francese, spagnolo, portoghese, polacco, ceco.\nIl libro riceve una recensione positiva da parte di Umberto Eco, che chiamerà l'autrice a redigere due capitoli sui Templari all'interno dell'enciclopedia sul Medioevo di cui è il curatore.\nAlcune tesi sostenute dalla Frale sono accolte da esperti di storia dei Templari, fra cui Malcom Barber,, Alain Demurger, Franco Cardini, e Simonetta Cerrini, allieva di Alain Demurger. L'autrice viene anche citata da autori del giornalismo italiano che scrivono opere di divulgazione, come Corrado Augias e Roberto Giacobbo.\n\nNell'ottobre del 2007 il Vaticano decide di pubblicare, nella Collezione degli Exemplaria praetiosa, una riproduzione di pregio di alcuni fra i maggiori documenti del processo ai Templari, fra cui l'ormai famosa pergamena di Chinon; la Frale scrive l'introduzione storica all'edizione dei documenti stessi, che viene presentata alla stampa da monsignor Sergio Pagano, vescovo titolare di Celene e Prefetto dell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano., ottenendo grande rilievo in ambito culturale con numerosi articoli su quotidiani nazionali ed esteri.\n\nIl 21 agosto 2008, in un articolo pubblicato sullOsservatore Romano, Frale ha sostenuto che «le carte originali del processo ai Templari rinvenute nell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano dimostrano l'infondatezza delle accuse di eresia».\n\nNel giugno 2009 la Frale pubblica I Templari e la sindone di Cristo, nel quale discute alcuni documenti secondo i quali il misterioso idolo che nel processo viene usato come un capo d'accusa contro l'ordine, per incolparlo di idolatria, sarebbe in realtà una particolare immagine di Cristo morto che ha caratteri analoghi alla Sindone di Torino. Il libro riceve il Premio Culturale Nazionale “Foemina d'oro” dell'Associazione Culturale “La vecchia Lizza” di Marina di Carrara per l'anno 2009; nel luglio 2010 è stato tradotto in portoghese (Edições, Lisboa) ed inglese (Maveryck house publishers).\n\nNel saggio La Sindone di Gesù Nazareno esamina alcune presunte tracce di scrittura scoperte sulla Sindone nel 1998 da un team di scienziati francesi esperti di analisi dei segnali dell'Institut Superieur d'Optique d'Orsay – Paris; confrontandole con papiri e altre iscrizioni antiche, la Frale ipotizza che quelle scritte abbiano i caratteri di un documento di sepoltura del I secolo, fatto che ovviamente farebbe pensare alla Sindone di Torino come un oggetto autentico. Il saggio riceve il Premio Nazionale Torre di Castruccio per il 2010, sezione Lettere, ed il Premio Culturale Nazionale “Brava Barbara!”, promosso dall'Associazione Culturale “Santa Barbara nel mondo” di Rieti. È stato tradotto in francese (Bayard, Paris 2010) e inglese (Maveryck house publishers).\n\nNell'aprile 2010 la Frale pubblica per la Libreria Editrice Vaticana il saggio storico La sindone e il ritratto di Cristo, e il 2 maggio svolge il commento storico in diretta dal Duomo di Torino in collegamento con la messa celebrata da papa Benedetto XVI in occasione del suo pellegrinaggio alla Sindone.\n\nNel giugno 2011 pubblica Il principe e il pescatore. Pio XII, il nazismo e la tomba di san Pietro in Vaticano, il quale si basa sullo studio di documenti custoditi nell'Archivio della Segreteria di Stato del Vaticano. La ricerca indaga gli scavi fatti eseguire da papa Pio XII (1876-1958) nei sotterranei della Basilica vaticana per verificare una tradizione millenaria secondo la quale il luogo ospita la tomba dell'apostolo Pietro, morto martire sotto Nerone nell'anno 64 d.C.; il tema era stato trattato in passato dalla nota esperta di epigrafia greca Margherita Guarducci. Il cantiere archeologico, proprio perché blindato da un cordone di rigida riservatezza, fu usato da alcuni monsignori tedeschi e antinazisti in servizio presso il Vaticano per mettersi in contatto con l'agente segreto Josef Müller, inviato della resistenza antinazista già attiva in Germania e capeggiata dall'ammiraglio Canaris, che cercava di rovesciare il regime e ripristinare la democrazia. Il personaggio chiave dell'operazione, monsignor Ludwig Kaas, dirigeva il cantiere degli scavi sotto la basilica vaticana come Economo e Segretario della Fabbrica di San Pietro; amico di Josef Müller, era stato capo del Partito di Centro in Germania prima dell'avvento di Hitler nel 1933, dopo il quale fu costretto ad espatriare. Rompendo la neutralità della Santa Sede, Pio XII offrì a questo braccio vaticano della resistenza contro Hitler un angolo riservato per collegarsi con gli Alleati tramite sir D'Arcy Osborne, diplomatico britannico ospite in Vaticano. Questi fatti, già discussi in passato da storici quali Andrea Riccardi, Andrea Tornielli, Owen Chadwick, David Alvarez, Robert Graham e Renato Moro, sono approfonditi e arricchiti di nuovi dettagli da parte dell'autrice: come mostrano due fascicoli di documenti dell'Archivio della Segreteria di Stato, già dall'autunno 1938 era iniziato un programma per aiutare gli ebrei tedeschi a lasciare in segreto il Terzo Reich, svolto dalla Segreteria di Stato in collaborazione con alcune associazioni di volontariato cattoliche e protestanti, come la Società di San Vincenzo de' Paoli, l'Opera San Raffaele di Amburgo e i Quackers. La ricerca ha avuto ampia eco da parte della stampa e ne hanno trattato le maggiori trasmissioni televisive e radiofoniche di carattere culturale come Mizar, a cura di Tommaso Ricci (RAI 2, 23 luglio e 10 settembre 2011), La Compagnia del Libro, a cura di Luigi Ferraiuolo (TV2000, 4 agosto 2011, il reportage), Zapping, a cura di Aldo Forbice (Radio 1, 8 luglio 2011), ma anche riviste di costume e divulgazione (Chi, articolo di Renzo Allegri, 14 giugno 2011).\n\nBarbara Frale ha partecipato a numerose trasmissioni televisive in Italia e all'estero, fra cui Le storie condotta da Corrado Augias su RAI 3; Impero, condotta da Valerio Massimo Manfredi su La7; Voyager, condotta da Roberto Giacobbo su RAI 2; Tg2 Dossier, condotta da Giorgio Salvadori; Enigma, su Rete 4, condotta da Claudio Brachino. Oltre agli scritti dedicati ai Templari e alla Sindone, è anche autrice di articoli su temi diversi di storia della Chiesa e del cristianesimo pubblicati in riviste scientifiche, e scrive sulle pagine culturali dei quotidiani la Repubblica, Avvenire, L'Osservatore Romano.\n\nBarbara Frale è solita trattare temi che abbiano vasto interesse generale, non solo nell'ambito strettamente tecnico dei cultori della materia, e discuterli con un linguaggio accessibile anche per il grande pubblico; oltre che in riviste specialistiche italiane ed estere, le sono stati dedicati numerosi speciali anche da riviste di attualità, costume o divulgazione, come Oggi, Gente, Chi, Focus, Panorama, Io Donna.\nLa rivista canadese \"The Messenger of Saint Anthony\" le ha dedicato la copertina nel 2010, mentre la rivista italiana \"Class\" le aveva già dedicato una delle sue copertine nel maggio 2008.\n\nCritiche e controversie\n\nI Templari e la sindone di Cristo\nBarbara Frale è stata criticata per le tesi sostenute nel suo libro I Templari e la sindone di Cristo (2009). Nel libro la studiosa sostiene che l'idolo che i templari adoravano - secondo le accuse mosse loro dall'Inquisizione del tempo - coincide con la Sindone di Torino. Si tratta della ripresa di una tesi proposta nel 1978 dallo scrittore e sindonologo inglese Ian Wilson. La tesi era già stata confutata anni fa dai maggiori esperti di storia dei Templari, in particolare dai già menzionati Malcolm Barber e Alain Demurger.\n\nLa riproposizione della Frale è stata oggetto delle medesime critiche da parte di vari studiosi esperti di Sindone (Gaetano Ciccone, Gian Marco Rinaldi) o di storia medievale (Massimo Vallerani, Raffaele Licinio); anche il direttore scientifico del museo della Sindone, Gian Maria Zaccone e il settimanale della Diocesi di Torino hanno preso le distanze dalle interpretazioni della Frale. In particolare, si accusa l'autrice di aver fornito argomentazioni insufficienti, capziose, congetturali e derivanti da errate traduzioni e interpretazioni dei documenti.\n\nNel maggio 2011 è stato pubblicato da parte dello storico Andrea Nicolotti un volume interamente dedicato alle presunte relazioni tra i Templari e la Sindone, che l'autore considera inesistenti: in esso tutte le dimostrazioni contenute nel libro della Frale sono prese in esame e qualificate come false, scorrette o ingannevoli. Alcuni testi erano già stati parzialmente pubblicati online. L'autore sostiene di aver individuato una lunga serie di errori ascrivibili all'autrice, che renderebbero il suo saggio inutilizzabile. In seguito, ha paragonato il suo genere di scrittura ai romanzi di Dan Brown. All'interno del libro di Nicolotti sono anche ospitate alcune dichiarazioni di studiosi che erano stati citati nel libro della Frale, i quali però dichiarano di essere stati fraintesi e di non condividere quanto l'autrice riteneva di aver dimostrato. Il libro contiene una premessa del già citato Malcolm Barber, il quale qualifica come “imbroglio” le tesi sostenute da Frale.\n\nDa ultimo Ian Wilson, il sindonologo sulle cui ipotesi Frale ha costruito il proprio libro, ha rigettato le sue conclusioni, definendole “stravaganti” e inconcludenti.\n\nIn seguito a queste prese di posizione, riprese anche dalla stampa generalista e cattolica, lo storico Sergio Luzzatto ha parlato di una “enorme mistificazione storica” messa in atto da Barbara Frale.\n\nLa sindone di Gesù Nazareno\nNel novembre del 2009 Barbara Frale ha pubblicato, per Il Mulino, \"La sindone di Gesù Nazareno\", un volume di 375 pagine, in cui conferma e approfondisce le tesi sulla sindone già esposte nell'opera I Templari e la sindone di Cristo.\nNe La sindone di Gesù Nazareno, la Frale afferma - attraverso un'analisi multidisciplinare - come il lino di Torino sia il lenzuolo che avvolse Gesù dopo la sua deposizione dalla croce.\nLa studiosa si impegna particolarmente a smentire l'esito della prova del carbonio 14 che nel 1988 aveva datato la sindone ad un'epoca bassomedievale. Altro aspetto che la Frale illustra in questa sua ultima opera è l'esistenza sulla sindone di iscrizioni che ella ritiene risalenti all'epoca della morte e del seppellimento di Gesù. Si tratterebbe di iscrizioni di natura burocratica legate all'esecuzione della condanna a morte e alle operazioni a essa strettamente connesse.\nSi tratta in realtà, come ammette la stessa studiosa, di scritte che erano già state individuate in passato, ma che la Frale ora interpreta diversamente.\n\nAnche in questo caso le tesi della Frale sono state confutate da vari studiosi (Andrea Nicolotti, Luciano Canfora, Bruno Barberis, mons. Giuseppe Ghiberti), i quali sottolineano che la stessa esistenza delle scritte è assai improbabile, non risultando né alla vista né direttamente sulle foto della Sindone. Le iscrizioni infatti sono il frutto dell'interpretazione di alcuni segni parziali e confusi evidenziati grazie ad elaborazioni e trattamenti fotografici moderni, effettuati a partire da lastre fotografiche della Sindone impresse da Giuseppe Enrie nel 1931, ma non riottenibili dalle foto più recenti. La stessa interpretazione linguistica di tale presunti segni è stata oggetto di severe critiche, per gli evidenti errori di grammatica e di traduzione presenti e per le forzature che la Frale avrebbe compiuto per piegare i dati alla propria tesi precostituita.. Anche il Prefetto dell'Archivio Segreto Vaticano, Mons. Sergio Pagano, parlando degli studi della sua dipendente l'ha criticata, affermando che \"il metodo di scrittura della storia della dottoressa Frale non è quello della tradizione dell'Archivio Vaticano\" in quanto \"in genere i nostri archivisti pubblicano saggi molto bene accolti poiché sono frutto di un solido metodo positivistico, di un duro e lungo lavoro di ricerca e di lima, dunque lontani mille miglia dai presunti scoop di cui il pubblico è ghiotto\".\n\nLa pseudonimia di Barbara Frale\nNel 2009 sulla rivista mensile Fenix (nº 13, pp. 48–51) è stato pubblicato un articolo, a firma di Giovanni Aquilanti, intitolato Sulla Sindone il sigillo di Bisanzio. In esso, dopo una presentazione con toni elogiativi del contenuto del libro di Barbara Frale I templari e la sindone di Cristo, era contenuta la risposta ad alcune critiche mosse al libro della Frale da parte di Gaetano Ciccone, Antonio Lombatti e Gian Marco Rinaldi. Dopo aver respinto le argomentazioni dei critici della Frale, Aquilanti si dedicava a presentare una sua personale scoperta: una delle scritte sulla Sindone descritte da Barbara Frale sarebbe, secondo lui, l'impronta di un sigillo bizantino.\n\nQualche mese dopo Andrea Nicolotti ha pubblicato un articolo nel quale, con una minuziosa analisi del testo, ha smascherato la vera identità di Giovanni Aquilanti: si trattava della stessa Barbara Frale, che aveva scritto l'articolo sotto falso nome.\nIn un articolo pubblicato il 30 maggio 2010 sul Domenicale del Sole 24 Ore (p. 48), dal titolo Figes e Frale, avanti furbetti, lo storico Sergio Luzzatto basandosi sull'articolo di Nicolotti ha messo alla berlina la studiosa, rivelando come ella abbia \"imbrogliato le carte per elogiare se stessa e svillaneggiare i suoi critici\".\n\nBarbara Frale ha replicato in un articolo pubblicato da Il Giornale, ammettendo di aver scritto quell'articolo sotto falso nome, ma sostenendo che non ci sarebbe \"nulla di male\". Secondo la Frale \"l'articolo su Fenix non era una recensione del mio libro. Era piuttosto una risposta ad alcune delle critiche più assurde che ho ricevuto. Non ho scritto per esaltare me stessa né per recensire in modo cattivo opere altrui\". Infatti l'articolo della Frale firmato da Aquilanti conteneva solo una difesa degli scritti dell'autrice e si dedicava a squalificare gli autori che l'avevano criticata, definendoli \"scrittori amatoriali\"; si dilungava poi nel commentare un libro pubblicato alcuni anni prima da uno dei tre, Antonio Lombatti, denunciando la \"sconfinata galleria di errori\" che esso conterrebbe, ed accusando il suo autore di ignoranza delle lingue antiche, di scorrettezza e persino di plagio.\n\nOpere\n\nRomanzi \n La lingua segreta degli Dei, Segrate, Mondadori, 2012 (ISBN 978-88-04-61612-2)\n Respice arcanum. Il Papa, Penne & Papiri, 2014 (ISBN 978-88-89336-60-1)\n Il gioco degli arcani, Centauria, 2016 (ISBN 978-88-6921-153-9)\n I sotterranei di Notre-Dame. Un grande thriller storico, Roma, Newton Compton, 2018 (ISBN 978-88-227-1431-2)\n In nome dei Medici. Il romanzo di Lorenzo il Magnifico, Roma, Newton Compton, 2018 (ISBN 978-88-227-2117-4)\n Cospirazione Medici, Roma, Newton Compton, 2019 (ISBN 978-88-227-3385-6)\n La torre maledetta dei Templari, Roma, Newton Compton, 2020 (ISBN 978-88-227-3823-3)\nLeonardo da Vinci. Il mistero di un genio, Roma, Newton Compton, 2021 (ISBN 978-88-227-5631-2)\nI labirinti di Notre-Dame, Roma, Newton Compton Editori, 2022 (ISBN 978-88-227-5643-5)\nL'idolo dei templari, Rai Libri, settembre 2022 (ISBN 9788839718556)\n\nAltri libri \n Le pergamene dell'Archivio comunale di Bolsena. Mostra documentaria, Bolsena, Dromos, 1994\n Orte 1303-1367. La città sul fiume, Manziana, Vecchiarelli, 1995 (ISBN 88-85316-57-3)\n L'ultima battaglia dei Templari. Dal codice ombra d'obbedienza militare alla costruzione del processo per eresia, premessa di Franco Cardini, Roma, Viella, 2001 (ISBN 978-88-8334-037-6)\n Strategia di un delitto. Filippo il Bello e il cerimoniale segreto dei Templari, Firenze, Giunti, 2001 (ISBN 88-09-02052-9)\n Il Papato e il processo ai Templari. L'inedita assoluzione di Chinon alla luce della Diplomatica pontificia, Roma, Viella, 2003 (ISBN 978-88-8334-098-7)\n I Templari, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2004 (ISBN 978-88-15-09798-9)\n I Templari e la Sindone di Cristo, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009 (ISBN 978-88-15-13157-7)\n La sindone di Gesù Nazareno, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2009 (ISBN 978-88-15-13374-8)\n La Sindone e il ritratto di Cristo, Roma, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2010 (ISBN 978-88-209-8389-5)\n Il Principe e il Pescatore. Pio XII, il nazismo e la tomba di San Pietro, Milano, Mondadori, 2011 (ISBN 978-88-04-60901-8)\n L'inganno del gran rifiuto. La vera storia di Celestino V, papa dimissionario, introduzione di Franco Cardini, Novara, UTET, 2013 (ISBN 978-88-418-9687-7)\n Andare per la Roma dei Templari, Bologna, Il Mulino, 2014 (ISBN 978-88-15-25203-6)\n Crimine di Stato. La diffamazione dei Templari, Firenze, Giunti, 2014 (ISBN 978-88-09-79739-0)\n La guerra di Francesco. Gioventù di un santo ribelle, Novara, UTET, 2016 (ISBN 978-88-511-3641-3)\n La leggenda nera dei Templari, Bari, Laterza, 2016 (ISBN 978-88-581-2579-3)\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \nCavalieri templari\nPergamena di Chinon\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n\nConfutazione delle tesi della Frale sulla Sindone di Torino. Dalla sezione \"Incredibile... ma falso!\" di Christianismus.it\n\nStorici del Medioevo\nFrale\nDiplomati alla Scuola vaticana di paleografia diplomatica e archivistica\nStorici del cristianesimo", "\n\nBiografia \nFu figlio di Damèo e nativo di Claros presso Colofone, nella Ionia d'Asia, luogo celebre per il culto di Apollo Clario e per un famoso santuario del dio (sembra attendibile la notizia secondo cui Nicandro ne fosse sacerdote).\n\nGià le fonti antiche mostrano una certa confusione nei dati biografici: alcuni, infatti, lo vollero coetaneo di Teocrito (310-260 ca. a.C.), altri lo ascrissero alla generazione successiva, altri ancora lo ritennero contemporaneo di Attalo III di Pergamo (138-133 a.C.). Proprio un carme dedicato a quest'ultimo inviterebbe a considerarlo attivo verso la metà del II secolo avanti Cristo. Tale incertezza sembra essere stata ingenerata dalla confusione con un altro Nicandro, figlio di Anassagora, colofonio pure lui e forse suo antenato, il cui floruit si colloca verso la metà del III secolo avanti Cristo e che l'iscrizione delfica n° 452 della raccolta di Dittenberger ricorda come poeta epico. La confusione ha avuto forti ripercussioni anche sull'attribuzione delle tante opere assegnate nell'antichità a Nicandro e per noi perdute.\n\nOpere \nAl Nicandro più giovane, il figlio di Damèo, si attribuiscono:\n due poemi didascalici, intitolati Rimedi contro i veleni animali (, Thēriaká), in 958 esametri, e Antidoti (, Alexiphármaka), in 630 esametri;\n Entrambi i poemi sono stati parafrasati in epoca imprecisata da un tale Eutecnio, cui i manoscritti si riferiscono come (Eutècnios sophistḕs, \"Eutecnio sofista\"), altrimenti ignoto. Le sue parafrasi nicandree vanno assieme a quelle anonime delle opere di un altro poeta ellenistico, Oppiano di Anazarbo, e a quella degli Ixeutica di Dionigi il Periegeta. Le ricerche hanno permesso di dimostrare che Eutecnio avesse presenti i commentari a Nicandro e anche gli scolî, dato che ne desume notizie e glosse che inframmezza alla propria parafrasi in modo da spiegare passaggi difficili e termini tecnici.\n le Georgiche ( Gheōrghiká), in due libri, di cui si conservano più numerosi i frammenti grazie al retore Ateneo di Naucrati, vissuto al tempo di Commodo. Secondo Quintiliano (10.1.56) l'opera avrebbe fornito molti spunti all'omonimo poema di Publio Virgilio Marone, ma non è possibile evincerlo dai versi superstiti, che trattano della coltivazione delle rose e di altre piante da fiore;\n le Metamorfosi ( Heteroiúmena), in cinque libri, su miti di eroi ed eroine trasformati dagli dei in piante o animali. Troppo pochi sarebbero i versi sopravvissuti per dare un'idea dell'argomento, se non avessimo i riassunti dei miti contenuti in un'opera di Partenio di Nicea e in un compendio di Antonino Liberale, forse liberto di Antonino Pio. Anche in questo caso è ancora sub iudice la questione del rapporto con l'omonima opera di Ovidio;\n Un'opera Sull’apicoltura ( Melissūrghikà);\n infine, si attribuiscono al Nicandro figlio di Dameo anche altre opere di carattere terapeutiche nonché, data la prassi di versificare opere scientifiche in prosa, una parafrasi in versi dei Prognostica di Ippocrate di Coo.\n\nTra gli altri scritti che non si sono conservati e che non si sa a quale dei due Nicandro attribuire vi era un poema sull'apicultura () che è stato probabilmente la fonte di Virgilio sull'argomento.\n\nSi aprono con un breve proemio dedicato a tale Ermesianatte (vv. 1-7) e con alcune notizie generali sui veleni, che sarebbero nati dal sangue dei Titanii; si prendono poi in considerazione i vari rimedi contro i veleni, mischiando genericamente nozioni scientifiche e credenze popolari, gli animali più letali (soprattutto i serpenti femmina) e le stagioni più pericolose (vv. 8-144). Seguono una lunga sezione sui rettili (vv. 145-492) e la descrizione degli antidoti (vv. 493-714); vengono poi esaminati i ragni (vv. 715-768), gli scorpioni (vv. 769-804) e le altre specie pericolose per l'uomo (vv. 805-836). In chiusura un'elencazione dei rimedi generali (vv. 837-956) e una σφραγίς sphraghís in cui il poeta invita Ermesianatte a serbare memoria dell'omerico Nicandro, che la città nevosa di Claro nutrì (vv. 957 s.).\n\nHanno struttura in tutto simile ai . Dopo il proemio dedicatorio a un certo Protagora (vv. 1-11) segue l'elencazione di ventidue veleni di origine animale, vegetale e minerale, degli effetti che sortiscono e degli antidoti da impiegare in ciascun caso (vv. 12-628). Di nuovo in chiusura una σφραγίς (vv. 629 s.), in cui si esorta Protagora a conservare il ricordo di Nicandro e a rispettare la prescrizione di Zeus Xenio.\n\nBibliografia\n\nEdizioni\n\nOpere di Nicandro \n Nicander, The Poems and Poetical Fragments, edited with a translation and notes by A.S.F. Gow and A.F. Scholfield (Cambridge 1953).\n Nicandrea, recensuit et emendavit ... Otto Schneider (Leipzig 1856).\n\nParafrasi di Eutecnio \n Eutecnii paraphrasis in Nicandri Theriaca, ed. Isabella Gualandri (Milano - Varese 1968).\n Eutecnii paraphrasis in Nicandri Alexipharmaka, ed. Marius Geymonat (Milano 1976).\n\nScolii alle opere di Nicandro \n Heinrich Keil in Nicandrea ed. Schneider, cit. supra. [scolî ai Theriaka e agli Alexipharmaka].\n Scholia in Nicandri Alexipharmaka cum glossis, ed. Marius Geymonat (Milano 1974).\n\nStudi \n G. Pasquali, I due Nicandri, “SIFC” 20, 1913, 53-111 = Scritti filologici, I, Firenze 1986, 340-387.\n W. Kroll, Nikandros (10 e 11), RE 17.1, 1936, 250-265.\n H. Schneider, Vergleichende Untersuchungen zur sprachlichen Struktur der beiden erhaltenen Lehrgedichte des Nikander von Kolophon, Wiesbaden 1962.\n H. White, Studies in the Poetry of Nicander, Amsterdam 1987.\n Dizionario degli autori greci e latini, vol. I, 1988, pp. 632-637.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni", "La scultura è probabilmente l'aspetto più conosciuto dell'arte greca. Ciò è dovuto al maggior numero dei reperti archeologici pervenuti ad oggi rispetto, ad esempio, a quelli della pittura che ha una minore resistenza dei materiali impiegati. Tuttavia, solo una piccola parte della produzione scultorea greca è giunta fino a noi. Molti dei capolavori descritti dalla letteratura antica sono ormai perduti, gravemente mutilati, o ci sono noti solo tramite copie di epoca romana. A partire dal Rinascimento, molte sculture sono inoltre state restaurate da artisti moderni, a volte alterando l'aspetto e il significato dell'opera originale.\n\nUso, tecniche e materiali\n\nScultura monumentale \nL'arte in Grecia era prevalentemente collegata alle esigenze del culto, almeno nei tempi più antichi, e così anche la scultura, benché non mancassero monumenti commemorativi per le vittorie in battaglia ad esempio. Le grandi realizzazioni artistiche avvenivano per commissione da parte della comunità religiosa o statale, tuttavia in Grecia il privato cittadino, che concepiva l'arte come offerta in onore degli dei o dei defunti, poteva investire le proprie pur modeste risorse per dedicare opere nei santuari mentre nelle civiltà orientali l'iniziativa dei privati nel campo dell'arte rimase del tutto sconosciuta. Le statue testimoniavano della continua presenza del devoto, benché slegate da ogni riferimento personale restando concepite secondo una tipologia astratta, quella del kouros o della kore. I temi erano gli stessi che venivano svolti nelle altre arti, la figura umana, il mito e le scene di vita quotidiana mentre la rappresentazione delle battaglie storiche avveniva in prevalenza tramite i racconti mitici e solo raramente in modo diretto, come invece avveniva presso egizi ed assiri. I materiali più usati erano la pietra (marmo o calcare), il bronzo, il legno, la terracotta, ecc.\n\nNei periodi più antichi le sculture in pietra erano eseguite con la diretta scalpellatura; gli strumenti impiegati erano la subbia, il trapano e i vari scalpelli, tutti azionati con la mazzuola. Il trasporto dei blocchi di pietra era problematico e dispendioso quindi le statue monumentali erano tagliate nella loro forma approssimativa nelle cave dove venivano abbandonate se mostravano rischi di frattura e dove sono rimaste fino ai nostri giorni. Teste e braccia, se non aderivano al corpo, erano scolpite separatamente e unite in seguito con cavicchi di metallo e cunei di pietra, di solito annegati nel piombo fuso, mentre i pezzi più piccoli potevano essere attaccati con cemento. Queste sculture erano sempre dipinte essendo il colore un aspetto della realtà fenomenica come ogni altro e oltre ad essere colorate le statue erano impreziosite con l'aggiunta di accessori di diverso materiale: si inserivano occhi di pietra colorata, pasta vitrea o avorio; riccioli di metallo, diademi, orecchini e collane; lance, spade, redini e briglie; materiale per lo più perduto e di cui resta traccia nei fori di sostegno.\n\nCon l'aumento delle dimensioni delle opere, durante il VII secolo a.C., le statue bronzee cominciarono ad essere prodotte con la tecnica della fusione cava che fin da tempi antichissimi era stata praticata in Egitto e che si diffuse nel corso del VI secolo a.C. Furono usate sia la tecnica a cera persa sia quella a matrice insabbiata. In quest'ultimo procedimento la figura era di solito realizzata in sezioni, il modello era di legno invece che di cera e veniva affondato in un recipiente colmo di sabbia umida dove lasciava l'impronta per la fusione. Contrariamente a quanto avveniva per la statuaria in pietra, ai bronzi veniva lasciato il colore naturale, ma come si è visto, illuminato coloristicamente da inserti in altro materiale.\n\nStatue in terracotta e rilievi di grande dimensione sono stati trovati a Cipro, in Etruria, in Sicilia e nell'Italia meridionale dove il marmo era scarso. Nel periodo più antico le statue di terracotta erano formate con rotoli di argilla a formare le pareti esterne; per prevenire la deformazione e il restringimento durante la cottura, l'argilla era unita a sabbia e a pezzi di argilla cotta. In epoca ellenistica e romana fu più comune l'uso dello stampo.\n\nSoltanto a metà del XX secolo ritrovamenti archeologici hanno svelato il procedimento della tecnica crisoelefantina.\n\nPiccola plastica e \"arti minori\" \n\nPer gli oggetti d'arte di piccole dimensioni i greci usarono, oltre ai materiali già citati, avorio, osso, oro, argento; molti degli oggetti che ci sono giunti isolati e scollegati erano in origine parti decorative di tripodi, vasi, specchi ed altri utensili e in questi casi presentano solitamente dei fori attraverso cui venivano collegati agli oggetti a cui appartenevano; altre volte erano offerte nei santuari e potevano presentare ganci per essere appesi. Molte statuette ci sono giunte poiché venivano ammassate nei fossati di scarico nei santuari, probabilmente per far posto a nuovi ex voto, dove sono rimaste seppellite sino ai nostri giorni.\n\nGli oggetti di metallo di piccole dimensioni venivano ottenuti per lo più tramite fusione solida, meno laboriosa di quella cava. Le statuette erano fuse insieme alle proprie basi o avevano perni in fondo alle gambe che permettevano di inserirle nelle basi corrispondenti. Il metallo preferito dai greci per la fabbricazione di oggetti decorativi era il bronzo in differenti leghe, seguito dall'argento e dall'oro. Negli inventari dei templi greci, i vasi e gli utensili di argento e bronzo appaiono costantemente catalogati, ma gli oggetti più preziosi divenivano ovviamente bottino di guerra e non sono giunti sino a noi. Gli scavi nei santuari hanno restituito soprattutto armature, parti di finimenti e arredi domestici vari, con motivi decorativi a sbalzo, graffiti o a tutto tondo. Le tecniche usate erano diverse: nel repoussé un foglio di metallo posto su un fondo di bitume solido era ribattuto sia nel diritto sia nel rovescio, nella martellatura il foglio di metallo veniva battuto dal rovescio in uno stampo in cui era scavato il modello, nella punzonatura la figura del conio era pressata direttamente sul metallo. Le incisioni avvenivano con strumenti di varia forma a seconda del disegno che si desiderava ottenere; era usato anche l'intarsio con pietre colorate, vetro, avorio, o altri metalli sempre allo scopo di ottenere effetti di policromia.\n\nNella antica Grecia le gemme incise venivano usate dai ceti abbienti come sigilli o segni di identificazione, a volte anche ufficialmente per cui il loro uso può essere menzionato nelle iscrizioni. Negli elenchi dei tesori dei templi del V e del IV secolo a.C., per esempio del Partenone, le gemme sono ricordate tra le offerte votive.\n\nIl materiale preferito dai greci per la produzione dei gioielli era l'oro, ricavato dai greti dei fiumi dell'Asia Minore, della Tracia e della Russia. Le possibilità di lavorazione erano molte: modellazione, fusione, repoussé, incisione, granulazione, filigrana, agemina e cesello, tecniche apprese probabilmente dai gioiellieri dell'Egitto e della Mesopotamia. Anche l'argento venne largamente utilizzato e l'elettro, una lega naturale di oro e argento assai usata nella gioielleria dell'epoca arcaica. Materiali meno preziosi come bronzo, ferro, piombo e terracotta venivano usati per anelli e braccialetti posti nelle tombe in sostituzione degli oggetti preziosi. Fonti primarie sono ovviamente i pezzi trovati nelle tombe e nei santuari, ma hanno fornito altri utili particolari le iscrizioni, come gli inventari dei templi o gli atti sacerdotali che sono riaffiorati dagli scavi; era infatti consuetudine rituale offrire agli dei ornamenti preziosi e oggetti in oro e argento anche quando, in tempi relativamente poveri come nella Grecia continentale dell'epoca arcaica, simili oggetti non venivano indossati. Inoltre nell'antichità i templi servivano spesso da tesori e vi erano custoditi oggetti preziosi che potevano essere fusi in epoche di emergenza. Analogamente agli altri settori dell'arte, anche i gioielli greci mutano attraverso i vari periodi: dapprima le figure antropomorfe e zoomorfe compaiono in forma schematizzata, poi secondo tipi convenzionali, infine in modo maggiormente naturalistico; allo stesso modo variano le composizioni che da semplici assumono col tempo maggiore complessità.\n\nPeriodi \n\nTradizionalmente si distinguono nella scultura greca cinque periodi:\n il periodo dedalico (VII secolo a.C.)\n il periodo arcaico (VI secolo a.C., fino al 480 a.C., distruzione da parte dei Persiani delle mura dell'Acropoli di Atene)\n il periodo severo (480-450 a.C. circa), rappresentato da scultori quali Mirone\n il periodo classico (V secolo a.C., fino al 323 a.C., morte di Alessandro Magno), rappresentato da Policleto, Fidia, Prassitele, Skopas e Lisippo\n il periodo ellenistico (dalla morte di Alessandro Magno nel 323 a.C. alla conquista romana del 146 a.C.)\n\nLa scultura presenta caratterizzazioni regionali progressivamente meno accentuate: benché realizzate soprattutto nella Grecia continentale, le opere arcaiche e soprattutto classiche si sono ampiamente diffuse per le vie del commercio marittimo nei secoli successivi. In epoca ellenistica le opere sono invece spesso prodotte ed utilizzate localmente, con la creazione di diverse scuole regionali.\n\nLe origini \nDella plastica che risale all'arte geometrica ci restano statuette in bronzo a fusione solida che rappresentano figure umane o animali (cavalli, buoi, cervi, uccelli, ecc.). Appartengono all'VIII secolo a.C. le figure in azione, i gruppi, i guerrieri all'assalto e gli aurighi, ma anche le figure di suonatori e di artigiani. Un discreto numero di bronzetti che ripropongono la tipologia del guerriero, a volte a cavallo o su carro da guerra, proviene dal santuario di Olimpia ed è oggi conservato al Museo archeologico locale. Al Metropolitan Museum of Art di New York si trova invece un gruppo bronzeo (metà dell'VIII secolo a.C., h 11 cm) per il quale è stata proposta la lettura di una lotta tra Zeus e un Titano (il gruppo comprende una figura umana e una figura metà uomo e metà cavallo): la commistione delle nature starebbe già in quest'epoca ad indicare i primigeni nemici degli dei e dell'ordine. Nei Musei Statali di Berlino si trova un cavallo, sempre appartenente all'VIII secolo a.C., che in particolar modo, tra tanti altri esempi simili, mostra il raggiungimento di una struttura quasi organica ma del tutto arbitraria rispetto alla reale morfologia equina: forme arrotondate delle membra, corpo filiforme e giunture aguzze. Tra le opere di maggiore importanza un bronzetto rappresentante Apollo o Ares proveniente dall'Acropoli di Atene (altezza 20 cm, conservato nel Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene, 6613), con arti tubolari e torso triangolare, con vita sottile e testa con grandi occhi spalancati.\n\nL'argilla fu largamente usata dai greci per le piccole statuette votive dipinte. Già comuni nell'epoca micenea, se ne trovano in abbondanza a partire dall'VIII secolo a.C. divenendo una delle produzioni costanti nel mondo greco, dove l'argilla era largamente reperibile. Le terrecotte del periodo geometrico e di quello immediatamente successivo, trovate nelle tombe e nei santuari, hanno le stesse forme schematizzate degli altri prodotti dello stesso periodo e mostrano scarsissima attenzione per gli elementi strutturali anatomici; per lo più modellate a mano, alcune hanno la testa ricavata da una matrice, o sono interamente eseguite a stampo; cavalli, cavalieri e uccelli sono i motivi prevalenti; talvolta servivano come anse sui coperchi dei vasi o come elementi decorativi per altri oggetti d'uso o votivi. Il capolavoro della plastica fittile proto-geometrica è una statuetta a forma di centauro, rinvenuta in una tomba, datata tra X e IX secolo a.C., di Xeropolis (Lefkandi) nell'isola di Eubea. Il corpo equino è un cilindro cavo orizzontale modellato al tornio e decorato con motivi geometrici dipinti. Si tratta di un centauro e probabilmente brandiva un ramo o un albero, l'arma tipica della specie. Potrebbe trattarsi di Chirone, il saggio precettore degli eroi (la mano destra del centauro ha sei dita, segno di saggezza nell'antichità); reca un taglio al ginocchio sinistro, una ferita subita in battaglia, o un rimando ad Eracle che nella leggenda ferisce per sbaglio al ginocchio Chirone. Appartengono al periodo geometrico le figurine provenienti dalla Beozia con corpi a forma di campana, lunghi colli e teste appiattite: il corpo era modellato al tornio ma il resto della figura veniva plasmato a mano e le vesti potevano recare dipinti motivi ornamentali, uccelli o altri animali. Altri esempi di piccola plastica in terracotta sono due teste fittili, un guerriero e un personaggio femminile, provenienti da Amicle (Sparta) conservate nel Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene, che mostrano affinità con i bronzetti ateniesi e testimoniano dell'influenza artistica di Atene sul Peloponneso in questo periodo.\n\nIn avorio furono realizzate quattro piccole figure femminili nude rinvenute in una tomba del Dipylon ad Atene (ora nel Museo archeologico nazionale), datate intorno alla metà dell'VIII secolo a.C. Traggono ispirazione da modelli orientali, ma il modellato morbido del corpo, la cura nella descrizione dei particolari, come le ciocche di capelli sulla schiena, sono innovazioni ateniesi.\n\nLe gemme greche servivano soprattutto come sigilli o marchi di identificazione e in epoca geometrica riflettono il carattere ancora primitivo di questa civiltà e la cesura per quanto riguarda i rapporti con la cultura micenea: rappresentazioni vivaci e naturalistiche nella glittica micenea lavorate al tornio su pietre dure, disegni lineari lavorati a mano sulla steatite tenera nelle gemme greche. La forma dei grani poteva essere conica, a cupola, angolare e arrotondata come in Siria, oppure a cilindro. Erano tutti perforati per essere portati sospesi a un filo. Solo durante l'VIII secolo a.C., cominciano ad apparire figure umane, animali o vegetali, ma sempre in forme schematizzate.\n\nRelativamente pochi sono i pezzi di gioielleria appartenenti a questo periodo che sono stati trovati negli scavi dell'Attica, del Peloponneso e di altre località greche. Si tratta per lo più di strisce di metallo con elementi decorativi a sbalzo, fibule con motivi ornamentali incisi, spilloni e collane dotate di pendagli di forma elementare.\n\nPeriodo orientalizzante (dedalico) \n\nCon il termine orientalizzante si indica un periodo dell'arte greca, successivo a quello geometrico, caratterizzato da un intensificarsi dei rapporti con l'oriente e dell'influenza orientale, i quali si manifestano con l'importazione e la rielaborazione locale di oggetti, materiali e tecniche dalle quali scaturisce infine un nuovo corso dell'arte greca in ogni sua manifestazione, dalla toreutica alla ceramica. In questo secolo di grandi trasformazioni, il VII a.C., la scultura propriamente detta dedalica corrisponde all'ultima fase, quella che vede in Grecia la nascita dell'arte monumentale. Col dedalico si sostituiscono alle forme esuberanti del primo periodo orientalizzante, un sistema di proporzioni e una nuova concezione unitaria della forma.\n\nPlinio attribuisce al sicionio Butades l'invenzione del rilievo in terracotta; egli avrebbe per primo decorato con tali rilievi la terminazione delle tegole (Nat. hist., XXXV, 151); le prime antefisse in terracotta comparvero intorno al 650 a.C., decorate a rilievo e dipinte con protomi femminili, mentre metope e sime venivano dipinte. Decorazioni in terraccotta dipinta occuparono nella stessa epoca lo spazio triangolare dei frontoni, con lastre che nel secolo successivo inizieranno ad essere realizzate in pietra. Esempi di queste decorazioni plastiche e pittoriche sono le antefisse e le metope dipinte, opere di maestranze corinzie, provenienti dal Tempio di Apollo a Thermos e dal santuario di Calidone (entrambe in Etolia), ora al Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene, datate intorno al 630-620 a.C.\n\nIn Beozia si continuarono a produrre statuine in terracotta: carri e cavalli, contadini e aratri. Alla fine dell'VIII secolo a.C. era comparsa la tecnica delle matrici, importata dall'oriente, e nel secolo seguente si assistette ad una vasta produzione di oggetti a stampo, in particolare a Gortyna (Creta) e a Corinto. Da Creta provengono numerose tavolette di terracotta (pinax) con immagini di guerrieri e divinità femminili; si trovano anche gruppi mitologici e tra i più noti è il pinax, rinvenuto nel tempio di Atena a Gortyna, rappresentante l'uccisione di Agamennone da parte di Clitennestra ed Egisto (seconda metà del VII secolo a.C., h 8 cm, al Museo archeologico di Iraklio): una scena rappresentata con grande efficacia drammatica attraverso la sapiente disposizione dei personaggi nello spazio. Anche i pithoi presentano di frequente decorazioni figurate a rilievo.\n\nRappresentazioni a rilievo e protomi fuse venivano applicate sui grandi recipienti in bronzo e rilievi figurati su lamine metalliche ornavano i grandi donari nei santuari.\nTipici esempi di arte orientalizzante sono gli scudi (circa 700 a.C.) trovati a Creta, decorati con rilievi a sbalzo di mostri e animali. Tra le armature rinvenute nei diversi santuari della Grecia appartiene a questo periodo il retro di un pettorale trovato ad Olimpia (chiamato Corazza Crow, seconda metà del VII secolo a.C., h 37 cm, Museo archeologico nazionale di Atene): reca incisioni di animali e mostri oltre a una scena di gruppo che è stata identificata come un incontro tra Zeus e Apollo. Teste di grifone sono state rinvenute in modo diffuso: l'animale fantastico di origine orientale viene sottoposto in territorio greco alle leggi organiche cui vengono sottoposti cavalli e altri animali domestici; tra le varie serie gli esemplari argivi sembrano distinguersi per questa nitidezza e incisività formale.\n\nL'influenza orientale si avverte anche nella produzione delle gemme incise; mentre nel Peloponneso si diffonde l'uso dei sigilli in avorio, nelle isole il revival miceneo conduce a forme più arrotondate e alle stesse tecniche micenee come la lavorazione al tornio delle pietre dure.\nSempre nella Grecia insulare e orientale sono frequenti le piastre d'oro e d'argento, probabili elementi appartenenti a collane o altri gioielli, decorate a sbalzo con immagini di centauri o con temi legati alla Potnia Theron. Frequenti nelle isole anche le rosette di elettro e argento finemente lavorate con al centro una testa di grifone, o altri elementi figurativi. Il tema del grifone torna negli orecchini provenienti da Rodi e da Milo.\n\nLe botteghe dei santuari proseguono inoltre la produzione di piccole sculture in avorio, uno dei materiali importati dall'oriente insieme alla sua tecnica di lavorazione, che venivano spesso utilizzate come decorazione per oggetti e mobili.\n\nScultura arcaica \n\nIn quest'epoca la produzione più abbondante è quella dei kouroi (\"ragazzi\") e delle korai (\"fanciulle\"), figure umane giovanili, rispettivamente maschili e femminili, al culmine dello sviluppo intellettuale e fisico, non ancora toccato dalla decadenza. Le forme e le movenze del corpo sono semplificate e ridotte, le statue sono stanti (in piedi), spesso a grandezza naturale o quasi naturale, con una gamba avanzata (generalmente la sinistra) ad indicare il movimento, ma ancora irrigidite in posa ieratica e con il tipico sorriso arcaico. La nudità deriva probabilmente dalla consuetudine degli atleti di gareggiare nudi. Le statue potevano essere poste in un santuario, dono della comunità o di un privato alla divinità, potevano rappresentare il dio stesso, il dedicante, o soltanto un'immagine umana bella e perfetta; potevano essere poste in una tomba e potevano essere immagini del defunto benché spersonalizzate; anche i vecchi potevano avere nella loro sepoltura un kouros, ne abbiamo fonti epigrafiche.\n\nVenivano utilizzati il marmo pario o la pietra locale o, ancora, la terracotta: le tecniche di fusione del bronzo, infatti, non consentivano ancora la realizzazione di statue di grandi dimensioni. Le opere erano nella maggior parte dipinte, anche a colori vivaci, in contrasto con l'aspetto candido che hanno attualmente dopo la perdita dei pigmenti e che ha formato l'estetica neoclassica.\n\nDella scultura arcaica si è soliti distinguere alcune correnti in rapporto alle varie zone della Grecia antica: la dorica, l'attica e la ionica. La prima che scolpisce corpi massicci, simmetrici, schematizzati, a volte tozzi, la seconda più slanciata ed elegante, che si qualifica per una maggiore attenzione alla linea e alle vibrazioni luministiche, la terza che infine sintetizza le due precedenti ricerche stilistiche, esprimendo un naturalismo intento a mettere in rapporto la statua con lo spazio circostante.\n\nUn aspetto importante della scultura arcaica consiste nello sviluppo della decorazione architettonica che riguarda frontoni, metope e fregi e che procede di pari passo con i progressi effettuati dalla civiltà greca nell'ambito dell'architettura religiosa. Un altro grande ambito produttivo e particolarmente collegato agli aspetti sociali e politici del momento è quello delle stele funerarie, costituito da lastre decorate a rilievo o colonne sormontate da figure simboliche come le sfingi o da più semplici palmette. Alcuni dei nomi dei grandi scultori del periodo ci sono stati tramandati dalle fonti o ci hanno lasciato le loro firme sulle basi delle loro opere. Dalla Ionia e dalle Cicladi giungono i nomi di Geneleos di Samo e Archermos di Chio, a Rhoikos e Teodoro, scultori e architetti, la tradizione assegna l'introduzione nella bronzistica greca della tecnica a cera persa. Figura di collegamento tra la Grecia orientale e l'Attica è Aristion di Paros, mentre scultori pienamente attici furono Endoios e Antenore.\n\nPeriodo severo \n\nVerso la fine del VI secolo a.C. si diffonde a partire dal Peloponneso uno stile che anticipa quello del periodo detto classico, e che viene definito severo o protoclassico. Esso contempla, tra l'altro, il definitivo superamento della tradizione arcaica secondo la quale il volto era costantemente atteggiato in un sorriso; grazie agli avanzamenti nella conoscenza della struttura anatomica umana, la testa diveniva tendenzialmente sferica, il volto tondeggiante e, di conseguenza, gli occhi e la bocca trovavano le giuste proporzioni e collocazioni. Diveniva possibile a partire dalle nuove possibilità tecniche atteggiare i volti all'espressione richiesta, avvicinando, anche in questo senso, la scultura ad una rappresentazione maggiormente naturalistica. La massa muscolare si distribuiva armoniosamente nella struttura corporea, spalle e busto si allargavano e si arrotondavano accrescendo la sensazione della potenza muscolare. L'arcata epigastrica si rilevava ad arco di cerchio, si assottigliavano le ginocchia e si slanciava l'insieme della figura.\n\nIl materiale più usato per le sculture di questo periodo fu il bronzo, che implicava l'impiego di una tecnica adatta all'attitudine sperimentale dei maestri protoclassici. Le figure venivano prima modellate in argilla, concedendo una libera creazione e manipolazione dell'opera, poi venivano rivestite con uno strato di cera; quest'ultimo veniva nuovamente ricoperto di argilla per creare lo stampo dove poi andava colato il bronzo fuso (tecnica di fusione a cera persa).\n\nI grandi bronzi del periodo severo sopravvissuti alla distruzione per il reimpiego del materiale sono: l'Auriga di Delfi, la testa proveniente da Cipro, già appartenente al Duca di Devonshire, e nota come Apollo Chatsworth, il Cronide, ritrovato in mare presso il Capo Artemision e almeno uno dei noti Bronzi di Riace. Sempre in bronzo, ma note solo tramite copie marmoree di età romana, erano le opere di Mirone quali il Discobolo e l'Athena e Marsia, che esemplificano gli esperimenti e le ricerche legate al movimento della figura, che acquisiva in questi anni l'aspetto di un movimento congelato nel tempo: si vedano anche il gruppo dei Tirannicidi, i frontoni di Egina e il frontone occidentale del tempio di Zeus a Olimpia.\n\nPeriodo classico e tardo classico \n\nL'immagine della scultura del periodo classico che emerge alla metà del V secolo a.C. è esemplificata dalla decorazione scultorea del Partenone e dalle sculture di Policleto. La conoscenza dell'anatomia del corpo e la competenza tecnica permettono ormai agli scultori, che conosciamo quasi tutti per nome, di raffigurare dei ed eroi in pose più naturali e variate rispetto ai periodi precedenti. La maestria tecnica fa della scultura del V secolo la vetta più alta dell'estetica classica, che proseguirà nel secolo successivo, fino all'apertura verso nuove problematiche da parte di Lisippo.\n\nPolicleto, del quale possediamo solo copie, fissa in un trattato, anch'esso perduto, intitolato Kanon (canone), una regola per le proporzioni armoniose delle varie parti del corpo (Doriforo, Diadumeno).\n\nInizia la costruzione delle statue di culto monumentali e crisoelefantine, ossia rivestite di oro ed avorio, come la statua di Zeus a Olimpia (una delle sette meraviglie del mondo) nell'omonimo tempio o quella di Atena Parthenos nel Partenone, entrambe eseguite da Fidia. Nelle celebri sculture del Partenone l'artista crea un vero e proprio poema epico, tutte le parti hanno un chiaro nesso tematico e una continuità plastica senza precedenti. Dall'umanità contemporanea della processione, nel fregio ionico, all'umanità eroica del mito nelle metope, alla divinità nei frontoni. Il culmine è raggiunto proprio nelle divinità raffigurate sul frontone orientale che hanno vesti con fitto e ricco panneggio reso in modo estremamente naturalistico (\"panneggio bagnato\").\n\nDopo Fidia e il periodo postifidiaco, all'interno del quale si comprendono gli allievi e collaboratori di Fidia quali Alcamene, Agoracrito e Cresila, oltre ad altri artisti educati in ambiente differente come Demetrio, Callimaco e Peonio di Mende, si verifica un periodo di transizione esemplificato da figure come Cefisodoto il Vecchio, scultore di grande rilievo che si ritiene generalmente padre di Prassitele, e Timoteo.\n\nDurante il periodo tardo classico (380-325 a.C.), la perdita di potere e ricchezza seguita alla sconfitta nella guerra del Peloponneso, non impedì ad Atene di continuare ad essere un importante centro culturale e artistico. Gli artisti tuttavia divengono in questo periodo grandi viaggiatori, chiamati dai poteri pubblici di piccole cittadine in crescita economica, o da ricchi cittadini privati. Lo scultore da sempre più acclamato del IV secolo a.C. è Prassitele e al suo fianco si pone Lisippo, l'artista preferito di Alessandro Magno, fautore di importanti innovazioni nel sistema proporzionale e nel rapporto tra la figura e lo spazio, che portarono alla rottura definitiva con l'arte classica e impostarono le nuove problematiche intraprese dall'arte ellenistica. Con Lisippo le proporzioni dei corpi si allungano e affinano e la naturalezza delle posizioni si accentua. \nAltri scultori importanti del periodo furono Skopas, Briasside, Leocare, grande scultore e bronzista che lavorò per Filippo II e per la dinastia macedone. Il più importante monumento del IV secolo a.C. fu senza dubbio il Mausoleo di Alicarnasso, ma nello sviluppo della scultura greca ebbero uguale importanza il tempio di Asclepio a Epidauro e il tempio di Atena Alea a Tegea.\n\nPeriodo ellenistico \n\nLa scultura del periodo ellenistico si distingue dal periodo precedente nelle sue manifestazioni più creative con un deciso rinnovamento formale, tematico e contenutistico. Essa non è più riservata a templi e santuari o a celebrazioni pubbliche, ma entra anche in ambito privato, come ricca e prestigiosa decorazione, si vedano ad esempio i ritrovamenti nelle case private di Delo. Viene ricercata la novità nei soggetti e si attinge a raffigurazioni realistiche o di vita quotidiana (la vecchia ubriaca, il fanciullo che gioca con l'oca), trattate con abilità tecnica consumata e rese virtuosistiche dei panneggi.\n\nLa scultura propriamente ellenistica si data dal secondo decennio del III secolo a.C., mentre i decenni precedenti, a partire dalla morte di Alessandro Magno sono dominati dai seguaci e dalle scuole di Skopas, Lisippo e Prassitele. Gli allievi di Lisippo in particolare portando avanti la nuova estetica del maestro ebbero grande importanza per l'elaborazione degli aspetti più innovativi della scultura dei nuovi centri artistici; tra le figure più importanti in questo ambito troviamo Eutichide e Carete di Lindo. La fase del medio ellenismo, dalla metà del III secolo a.C. alla metà del II, vede il sorgere dei nuovi centri di elaborazione culturale: Rodi, Alessandria e Pergamo. Quest'ultimo in particolare si caratterizza per la propaganda politica degli Attalidi, attuata attraverso il lavoro di artisti, filosofi e scienziati attratti alla corte pergamena. Tra i nomi più noti del periodo troviamo Epigono a Pergamo e Damofonte ad Atene. L'ultimo periodo ellenistico, dalla metà del I secolo a.C. all'epoca di Augusto, vede l'affermarsi del classicismo, chiamato talvolta neoatticismo, e del neoellenismo, con la riproposizione, talvolta rielaborazione, di opere del periodo classico e delle precedenti fasi ellenistiche, soprattutto in seguito alla domanda proveniente da committenti romani. Uno dei più noti classicisti è Pasitele.\n\nL'abilità tecnica raggiunta viene sfruttata fino ad esiti stilistici caratterizzati da pose tormentate, complesse, e composizioni virtuosistiche, quali il celebre Laocoonte e il noto torso del Belvedere dei Musei Vaticani. Sono queste opere, quelle delle ultime fasi ellenistiche, che saranno ammirate e studiate nel Rinascimento e alle quali si ispirerà Michelangelo. Anche le espressioni dei volti si fanno passionali e tormentate e si hanno con quelli dei sovrani ellenistici, i primi ritratti.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n \n \n \n W. Fuchs, Storia della scultura greca, Milano, Rusconi 1982\n\nAltri progetti", "\n\nBiografia \n\nIl nonno Francesco Giamberti lavorava il legno e gli zii Giuliano da Sangallo ed Antonio da Sangallo il Vecchio erano celebri architetti del tempo. Suoi cugini furono lo scultore Francesco da Sangallo e lo scenografo Bastiano da Sangallo.\n\nLa sua formazione avvenne a Firenze, nella bottega di famiglia che principalmente si occupava di lavori da legnaiolo. Nel 1503, molto giovane, si recò a Roma con lo zio Giuliano per mettersi al servizio del papa Giulio II e dopo un breve periodo di apprendistato divenne aiuto di Bramante, architetto del cantiere di san Pietro, anche se per diversi anni dovette anche lavorare come legnaiolo (faber lignarius) come risulta da diversi documenti e come appaltatore di piccoli lavori edili, facendosi comunque fama di tecnico e costruttore ingegnoso.\nIl suo primo progetto autonomo fu probabilmente quello per il palazzo Baldassini per incarico del giurista pontificio Melchiorre Baldassini (1515-1518). Il modello del piccolo palazzo fu in seguito riproposto dal Sangallo stesso in Palazzo Farnese.\n\nSi impose inizialmente soprattutto come specialista in fortificazioni militari, ottenendo incarichi direttamente dal papa.\n\nVisse e lavorò a Roma durante la maggior parte della vita e lavorò prevalentemente al servizio di diversi papi. Infatti alla morte del Bramante, dal 1516 fu coadiutore di Raffaello al cantiere della Basilica di San Pietro succedendo allo zio Giuliano che aveva occupato lo stesso ruolo e che era tornato a Firenze. Nel 1520, alla morte di Raffaello, fu nominato primo architetto della fabbrica, con coadiutore Baldassarre Peruzzi: fu l'inizio di un lungo predominio culturale a Roma.\nFu nominato da papa Paolo III architetto di tutte le fabbriche pontificie nel 1536.\nQuindi alla fine degli anni trenta, morti Bramante, Raffaello e Peruzzi, allontanatisi da Roma molti artisti come Serlio, Sansovino, Sanmicheli, Giulio Romano, anche a seguito del sacco del 1527, Sangallo si ritrovò protagonista assoluto dell'architettura romana, monopolizzando le committenze più prestigiose, a capo di una bottega molto ben organizzata o addirittura di una \"setta\" come Michelangelo e i contemporanei definirono gli artisti e i tecnici del suo seguito. \n\nLa raggiunta posizione sociale gli rese possibile edificare in vecchiaia un palazzo per sé in via Giulia (noto come Palazzo Sacchetti) \n\nMorì a Terni mentre dirigeva i lavori di ristrutturazione del taglio del lago Velino con la Cascata delle Marmore nel 1546.\n\nOpere \nDurante la sua lunga attività ebbe modo di confrontarsi con la i maestri del Rinascimento toscano, come Giuliano e Antonio da Sangallo, con i protagonisti del Rinascimento romano (Bramante Raffaello) con la generazione del manierismo (Peruzzi, Giulio Romano), oltre che con il grande Michelangelo di cui fu rivale. La sua opera accompagnò l'evoluzione culturale del suo tempo, anche se in generale egli si può considerare il capofila di una generazione in cui si assopirono le sperimentazioni manieriste e si impose un classicismo ormai collaudato.\n\nOpere giovanili \nLe opere del primo periodo possiedono caratteri innovativi soprattutto sotto l'aspetto tipologico, sia per quel che riguarda l'architettura civile che quella religiosa.\nIl progetto per il palazzo Baldassini divenne un modello tipologico della dimora urbana signorile fino alle soglie del Settecento. In particolare la sua facciata priva di ordini, scandita da cornici marcapiano e inquadrata da bugnato angolare e un forte cornicione, sarà subito riutilizzata largamente da Sangallo e da altri.\nFra le opere più interessanti dei primi decenni di attività va annoverata la chiesa, in mattone e travertino, di Santa Maria di Loreto, nei pressi della Colonna Traiana: costruzione notevole per l'effetto monumentale della composizione accentrata, completata sopra il basamento cubizzante da un imponente tamburo a pianta ottagonale su cui si leva una cupola nervata coronata da un'elaboratissima lanterna, singolare opera tardomanieristica del siciliano Giacomo Del Duca, allievo del rivale Michelangelo.\n\nIl Sangallo e la famiglia Farnese \n\nIl cardinale Alessandro Farnese, futuro papa Paolo III, gli commissionò i lavori a Palazzo Farnese, che portò avanti dal 1517 al 1541.\n\nIl progetto per la dimora principesca per la famiglia del pontefice regnante Paolo III fu un'impresa di vasto respiro che fu completata da Michelangelo. Nella parte superiore, ammirevole ripresa di motivi imperiali romani, è il sistema compositivo del vasto cortile interno, ispirato al motivo delle arcate su pilastri inquadrate dall'ordine architettonico del Colosseo. I prospetti esterni a tre livelli (conclusi dal sontuoso cornicione michelangiolesco) sono elaborati con nobile austerità dalle membrature in travertino sui piani levigati delle cortine murarie alla romana (sulle quali sono riemersi di recente convenzionali geometrismi ornamentali di losanghe disegnate semplicemente da mattoni di tono differente da quello di fondo): catene di bugne con lesene sui due ordini superiori, fascioni lapidei marcapiano-marcadavanzali con lastre dei parapetti in risalto, finestre ferrate inginocchiate al pianterreno, a edicola le altre. È un'opera nello stesso tempo sobria, elegante e serena.\n\nSempre per la famiglia Farnese progettò, a partire dal 1510 circa, la Chiesa di Sant'Egidio a Cellere: piccolo gioiello monumentale sorge all'esterno del paese medievale, immerso nella natura, ai piedi di una valle prossima a sorgenti d'acqua. Il disegno originale della pianta, a croce greca con cellette angolari, è conservato presso i Gabinetti della Galleria degli Uffizi. Caratteristica della chiesa è l'umile copertura, realizzata da maestranze locali, sull'impostazione di un tamburo che avrebbe richeisto una cupola. La Chiesa è dedicata all'abate eremita Gilles, raffigurato negli affreschi seicenteschi sulle pareti insieme alla simbolica cerva.\n\nProgettò in seguito il palazzo di Gradoli (1520a circa), che avrebbe dovuto essere il nido d'amore del figlio Pier Luigi e della nuora Gerolama Orsini, la ristrutturazione della Rocca di Montefiascone (1519), la costruzione della fortezza di Caprarola (1521-1525, poi trasformata nel Palazzo Farnese ad opera di Jacopo Barozzi da Vignola), la realizzazione di due tempietti sull'Isola Bisentina, i lavori per la fortezza di Nepi, dal 1540 e tutti i lavori per la città di Castro.\nQuesti ultimi presero avvio nel 1537 e proseguirono per il resto della sua vita.\nFurono suoi collaboratori nella realizzazione delle opere della capitale del ducato il fratello (Francesco) Battista detto Gobbo ed il cugino Bastiano detto Aristotele. Il Sangallo progettò per Castro la piazza maggiore ammattonata, il Palazzo Ducale, il Palazzo di Giacomo Caronio, il cosiddetto Palazzo A, la Zecca, il Palazzo di Antonio Scaramuccia e l'Osteria a tredici arcate, la chiesa ed il convento di San Francesco e varie case private, destinate a personaggi legati alla corte papale, desiderosi o obbligati a costruire casa a Castro per compiacere Paolo III o il Duca suo figlio.\nAntonio da Sangallo il Giovane servì casa Farnese per quasi trent'anni, dal 1517 fino alla morte.\n\nIl progetto per San Pietro \n\nFu architetto capo della Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano dal 1520 in poi, subentrando a Raffaello. Predispose un grandioso progetto che abbandonava definitivamente (come già previsto da Raffaello) la pianta centrale bramantesca. Nonostante l'incarico si sia protratto fino alla sua morte, solo per brevi periodi i lavori del grandioso cantiere poterono svolgersi con continuità, sia prima sia dopo il Sacco di Roma. Nell'ambito di tale incarico e proprio per poter salvaguardare il proprio progetto nel futuro svolgimento dei lavori, eseguì a partire dal 1536 e avvalendosi dell'aiuto di Antonio Labacco, un noto plastico ligneo, di proporzioni grandiose, per illustrare nei minimi dettagli il suo progetto per la basilica vaticana; ancor oggi il plastico è conservato nei locali sovrastanti la basilica. \n\nIl progetto era una sintesi tra la soluzione a pianta centrale di Bramante e la croce latina di Raffaello. All'impianto centrale, si innestava infatti una navata con cupole che si concludeva in una larga facciata affiancata da due altissime torri campanarie; anche la cupola principale si allontanava dall'ideale classico del Bramante, essendo a sesto rialzato con un doppio tamburo a pilastri e colonne. Dopo la sua morte, subentrando Michelangelo come primo architetto della fabbrica, il progetto di Sangallo fu abbandonato. Famose le aspre critiche che lo scultore rivolse al progetto di Sangallo.\n\nDurante il periodo dal 1538 al 1546, in cui fu responsabile del cantiere, Antonio da Sangallo coprì la volta del braccio orientale, cominciò le fondazioni del braccio nord, rinforzò i pilastri della cupola murando le nicchie previste da Bramante e rialzò la quota di progetto del pavimento creando così le condizioni per la realizzazione delle Grotte Vaticane.\n\nOpere della maturità \nDopo la morte di Raffaello nel 1520, Sangallo subentrò in molti dei suoi incarichi, oltre che nel cantiere di San Pietro. Diresse anche i lavori di Villa Madama per conto di Giulio de' Medici. \n\nIn tale periodo l'opera di Sangallo non rimane indifferente alle sperimentazioni manieriste. Il progetto più sorprendente in questo senso fu quello del Banco di Santo Spirito (1520 circa) che suscitò scalpore per la novità del suo aspetto leggermente concavo che anticipava soluzioni poi divenute caratteristiche dello stile barocco.\n\nIntorno al 1518 progettò la Chiesa di Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli, la prima chiesa di Roma progettata a navata unica rettangolare con tre cappelle per lato non passanti e un profondo presbiterio con terminazione absidale semicircolare.\n\nNegli anni '20 subentrò a Jacopo Sansovino sul difficile cantiere della chiesa di San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, riuscendo a risolvere il problema delle sostruzioni da edificare nelle sabbie del fiume Tevere vicino a Ponte Sant'Angelo, su cui la chiesa doveva affacciare la parte absidale. il suo progetto per l'edificio che già aveva visto un progetto di Bramante era basato sulla integrazione tra pianta centrica e longitudinale, ma non ebbe realizzazione visto che il cantiere rimase fermo per molti decenni.\n\nArchitetture militari \nAntonio da Sangallo il vecchio e Giuliano da Sangallo erano stati i massimi architetti militari della loro epoca, fondatori di una vera e propria scuola che sta all'origine della cosiddetta fortificazioni \"alla moderna\". Erede di tali conoscenze, dopo il sacco di Roma, il loro nipote Antonio lavorò come architetto militare sia per i possedimenti papali (come architetto di tutte le fabbriche pontificie dal 1536) che per il Granducato di Toscana. Suoi sono infatti tre poderosi esempi di fortificazione con fronte bastionato:\nla Cittadella di Ancona, a pianta stellare a cinque punte (1532);\nla Fortezza da Basso di Firenze, a pianta pentagonale (1534);\nla Rocca Paolina di Perugia, varie volte distrutta e ricostruita (1540). \n\nQueste opere ancor oggi sono fulcri urbanistici fondamentali delle città in cui sorgono. Nelle tre fortezze, il Sangallo elabora un'importante innovazione al fronte bastionato: contrariamente al disegno tradizionale, i fianchi del bastione sono perpendicolari alle linee di tiro.\n\nOperò anche a Roma dove organizzò la modernizzazione con la costruzione di bastioni della Città Leonina e delle Mura aureliane. Due esempi di tale opera sono in \"Bastione Sangallo\", ancora visibile, sopra Porta Cavalleggeri e il Bastione Ardeatino, detto anch'esso \"Bastione Sangallo\", recentemente restaurato, più fruibile perché meno assediato dal traffico e isolato da altre costruzioni.\n\nLe ultime opere \n\nTra le ultime opere va annoverano il palazzo in via Giulia che l'architetto costruì per sé stesso, oggi noto come Palazzo Sacchetti, molto alterato, tuttavia, in epoche successive, particolarmente severo nell'immagine esteriore. All'edificio l'architetto, dedicò gli ultimi anni della sua vita, volendo farne il \"palazzo perfetto\".\n\nAntonio inoltre edificò la Cappella Paolina, la Sala Regia dei Palazzi Vaticani ed altre costruzioni in Vaticano, proseguendo a partire dal 1541, anche i lavori al cortile del Belvedere.Antonio inoltre costruì il pozzo di San Patrizio a Orvieto, molto profondo ed ingegnosamente scavato nella roccia, con una doppia scala a spirale, come il Pozzo del Saladino nella cittadella de Il Cairo.\n\nOpere principali \n\nLe opere sono riportate in ordine cronologico.\n Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto a Roma (1507)\n Forte Michelangelo a Civitavecchia (1508)\n Palazzo Farnese a Roma (1512): Il palazzo fu compiuto, dopo la sua morte, da Michelangelo Buonarroti.\n Palazzo Spada a Terni\n Palazzo Baldassini a Roma (1510-1515)\n Mura di Civitavecchia (dal 1515)\n Rocca di Caprarola (1515), poi trasformata dal Vignola in palazzo Farnese\n Rocca dei Borgia a Viano (odierna Vejano) (1518)\n Chiesa di Santa Maria in Monserrato degli Spagnoli a Roma (dal 1518)\n Mura bastionate a merli curvi binati di Loreto (1518-1522)\n Palazzo del Banco di Santo Spirito (circa 1520)\n Palazzo Farrattini ad Amelia (1520-1525)\n Palazzo del Governatore di Borgo a Roma (1526)\n Pozzo di San Patrizio ad Orvieto (1527-1537)\n Cittadella di Ancona (1532)\n Fortezza da Basso a Firenze (1534)\n Chiesa di Santo Spirito in Sassia a Roma (1538-1545)\n Forte Malatesta ad Ascoli Piceno, (1540-1543)\n Rocca Paolina di Perugia (1540)\n Cappella Paolina in Vaticano (1534-1540)\n Palazzo Sacchetti a Roma (dal 1542)\n\nAltre opere \n Scavo della cava Paolina in località Marmore sul fiume Velino, poco fuori della città di Terni. Opera di ingegneria idraulica iniziata nel 1545 e completata nel 1547 dopo la morte di Sangallo\n Palazzo Farnese comunemente chiamata Rocca ad Ischia di Castro in provincia di Viterbo\n Villa Madama a Roma di cui diresse i lavori iniziati nel 1518 su progetto di Raffaello\n Palazzo Farnese a Gradoli in provincia di Viterbo\n Chiesa di Santa Maria Portae Paradisi (Roma)\n Chiesa di Sant'Egidio (Cellere - VT)\n Castello di Montalera (1534) (Panicale - PG). \n Fortezza di Braccio Baglioni costruita su richiesta del Papa Paolo III.\n Palazzo Crispo Marsciano (Orvieto - TR)\n Palazzo Azzolino - prima Rosati (Fermo)\n Palazzo Vitali Rosati (Fermo)\n Palazzo Piacentini parte della cintura muraria dell'incastellamento medioevale (Collevecchio)\n Palazzo Cervini (Montepulciano - SI)\n Palazzo Colonna a Marino (1532 circa)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Giorgio Vasari, Vita d'Antonio da Sangallo Architettore Fiorentino, in Delle vite de' più eccellenti Pittori Scultori et Architettori scritte da M. Giorgio Vasari Pittore et Architetto Aretino. Primo Volume della Terza Parte, In Fiorenza, Appresso i Giunti, 1568 (I ed. ivi 1550), pp. 313–323 (ritratto a p. 312). Testo dall'originale su books.google.it\n Gustave Clausse, Les San Gallo: architectes, peintres, sculpteurs, medailleurs XVe et XVIe siècles, vol. 2, Antonio da san Gallo le Jeune, Paris, E. Leroux, 1901.\n Gustavo Giovannoni, Antonio da sangallo il Giovane, a cura del Centro Studi di Storia dell'Architettura e della Facoltà di Architettura dell'Università di Roma, Roma, Tipografia Regionale, s.a. [1959], 2 voll.\n Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane: la vita e l'opera, Atti del XXII Congresso di Storia dell'Architettura, Roma, 19-21 febbraio 1986, a cura di Gianfranco Spagnesi, Roma, Centro Studi per la Storia dell'Architettura, 1986.\n The architectural drawings of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger and his circle, a cura di Christoph L. Frommel e Nicholas Adams, New York, The Architectural History Foundation, Cambridge (Mass.), The MIT Press, 1994, 2 voll.\n Roberto Marta, Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane: architetto, urbanista, archeologo, ingegnere, Roma, Edizioni Kappa, 2007.\n Giulio Zavatta, 1526 : Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane in Romagna; rilievi di fortificazioni e monumenti antichi romagnoli di Antonio da Sangallo il Giovane e della sua cerchia al Gabinetto Disegni e Stampe degli Uffizi, Imola, Angelini Editore, 2008.\n\nVoci correlate \n Antonio Labacco\n Architettura rinascimentale\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nIngegneri militari\n \nMembri dell'Accademia dei Virtuosi al Pantheon\nArtisti di scuola fiorentina", "Figli e amanti (Sons and Lovers) è il terzo romanzo di D. H. Lawrence, pubblicato nel 1913. Considerato uno dei capolavori di David Herbert Lawrence e tra i più celebri romanzi del XX secolo\n\nL'opera fu nella sua prima edizione pesantemente rimaneggiata da Edward Garnett (a cui peraltro è dedicata) che ne cancellò un'ottantina di brani, circa un decimo della lunghezza. Fu solo nel 1922 che ne venne pubblicata una versione in cui fu recuperato il testo integrale originale.\n\nIl libro è stato tradotto in 30 lingue. In Italia, la prima traduzione è stata pubblicata nel 1933 a cura di Alessandra Scalero; a questa ne seguirono numerose altre.\n\nTrama \nIn questo libro viene messo in risalto l'attaccamento quasi morboso che una madre prova verso il proprio figlio prediletto, non essendo amata dal marito: è il complesso di Edipo da poco messo chiaramente in luce dalla psicoanalisi di Sigmund Freud. Il rapporto affettivo che lo tiene legato diventerà sempre più per il giovane una catena fisica e psicologica, condizionandolo fino a rovinargli completamente l'esistenza.\n\nPrima parte \nGertrude Coppard è una giovane donna raffinata proveniente da una buona famiglia di stampo borghese; al ballo di Natale incontra un rozzo minatore di nome Walter Morel, con cui entra presto in una storia d'amore con lui caratterizzata più che altro da semplice passione fisica. Ma poco dopo il matrimonio inizia a rendersi conto delle difficoltà di vivere col suo solo misero stipendio in una casa in affitto nel Derbyshire.\n\nL'uomo, d'indole violenta ed assente e che non prova quasi nessun attaccamento per la moglie, ogni giorno dopo il lavoro va al pub, cosicché gli capita spesso di tornare tardi a casa ubriaco fradicio. Gertrude, allora, comincia a riversare tutto il suo affetto sui due suoi figli, William e Paul.\n\nInizialmente il complesso edipico di Mrs. Morel si rivolge solo sul figlio maggiore, William, ma alla morte di questi per una polmonite contratta a Londra (dov'era andato per cercar un posto di lavoro) è Paul che subisce il legame morboso, esclusivo ed egoistico della donna.\n\nSeconda parte \nPaul, pur temendo di lasciare da sola la madre, vuol nel contempo andar a vivere per conto proprio, alla ricerca della normale autonomia ed indipendenza finanziaria e sentimentale: ma l'attaccamento reciproco risulta esser talmente forte da rovinare in parte la vita del giovane Paul che non riesce a staccarsi dall'ala materna, la quale condiziona ogni sua azione e rapporto col mondo femminile.\n\nQuando incontra Miriam, una ragazza di campagna, stringe con lei una profonda amicizia che presto si trasforma in un sentimento più profondo; i due fanno lunghe passeggiate assieme conversando sui libri letti e su altri argomenti intellettuali (il giovane uomo si dedica a vari hobby, tra cui l'ippica e la pittura). Le pressioni della madre di Paul però lo costringono ad arrivare ad odiare e in seguito ad abbandonare la ragazza, pur avendo avuto per un breve lasso di tempo intenzione di sposarla.\n\nLa successiva relazione amorosa è con Clara Dawes, una giovane ragazza sposata ma che vive separata dal marito Baxter, di simpatie femministe ed attivista per i diritti delle donne, anche se non coinvolta direttamente nelle manifestazioni di protesta - per il suo modo di fare sprezzante e superiore è soprannominata Regina di Saba. Riescono a passare insieme un fine settimana e ad avere un rapporto sessuale; ma anche questa relazione è fatalmente destinata al fallimento e il loro rapporto viene oscurato dalla presenza incombente del marito di lei, col quale gli capita anche di avere un forte litigio.\n\nTerza parte \nPaul deve però tornare al capezzale della madre malata di tumore e il medico ritiene che non sarebbe vissuta a lungo, pur rifiutandosi di morire; egli sembra inconsciamente desiderarne la morte per sfuggir finalmente alla sua influenza ma, tuttavia, non sembra esser capace d'immaginarsi in un mondo senza di lei.\n\nAlla morte della madre, per una dose eccessiva di morfina che Paul le ha somministrato egli, nonostante il comportamento patologico della donna che gli ha causato la rovina delle sue storie affettive e della propria giovinezza, rimane profondamente scosso, tanto che ogni cosa per lui sembra perdere di significato e autentica realtà.\n\nClara è oramai tornata definitivamente col marito e Paul sviluppa a poco a poco idee di suicidio; dopo un ultimo incontro con Miriam l'uomo sembra decidersi ad un nuovo inizio senza la presenza incombente della figura materna.\n\nPersonaggi \nWilliam Morel\n figlio maggiore di Gertrude, bello e intelligente; ha dovuto sopportare in gioventù la natura manesca del padre. Concluse le scuole, dove è stato sempre il primo della sua classe, si mette a lavorare come impiegato mandando lo stipendio alla madre; gli capita di frequentare varie ragazze, ma con nessuna di esse sviluppa una storia seria. Infine a Londra si ammala e muore.\nPaul Morel\n protagonista della vicenda. Dopo gli studi non sa con precisione cosa voglia fare da grande, pur piacendogli molto disegnare; finirà per dedicare l'intera sua giovinezza alla madre.\n\nEdizioni \n(parziale)\n\nEdizioni in italiano \nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Alessandra Scalero, Milano, Corbaccio, 1933.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Italo Toscani, Roma, De Carlo, 1945.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Franca Cancogni, Torino, Einaudi, 1948, 1965, 1976; Mondadori, 1970; Orpheus Libri, 1971; De Agostini, 1986-1988.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Ugo Dettore, Collana BUR, Milano, Rizzoli, 1954; Introduzione di Elio Chinol, BUR-Rizzoli, 1980.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Paola Francioli, Milano, Garzanti, 1968; Introduzione di Piero Gelli, Garzanti, 2003.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Emanuela Gatti, Sesto San Giovanni, Peruzzo, 1985.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Elena Grillo, introduzione di Tommaso Pisanti, prima traduzione integrale italiana, Roma, Newton Compton, 1993.\nFigli e amanti, traduzione di Maria Antonietta Chiesa (parziale), edizione audio letta da Giuliana Lojodice, Novara, De Agostini, 1994.\nFigli e amanti, Introduzione di Giovanni Cianci, Nuova edizione integrale sulla traduzione di Franca Cancogni, versione integrata per le parti mancanti da Stefania Michelucci, Einaudi, Torino, 2003.\n\nAdattamenti cinematografici \nIl romanzo ha avuto alcuni adattamenti per lo schermo:\n Figli e amanti (Sons and Lovers), regia di Jack Cardiff (1960)\n Eine egoistische Liebe, film per la televisione, regia di Wolfgang Liebeneiner (1973)\n Sons and Lovers, miniserie TV, regia di Stuart Burge (1981)\n Sons & Lovers, film per la televisione, regia di Stephen Whittaker (2003)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n\nRomanzi di David Herbert Lawrence\nRomanzi di autori inglesi\nRomanzi ambientati a Londra\nRomanzi psicologici", "È stato un pioniere nel salvataggio di edifici industriali dalla demolizione. È autore di numerose pubblicazioni sulla cultura industriale del territorio della regione della Ruhr e delle sue seconde patrie: l'Italia e i Paesi Bassi. Inoltre Roland Guenter è il primo presidente della Deutscher Werkbund (\"Lega tedesca artigiani\") della Renania Settentrionale-Vestfalia.\n\nFormazione professionale \nDopo la maturità Guenter ha studiato storia dell'arte a Monaco di Baviera e si è laureato nel 1965 con la tesi muri, finestre e luce nell'architettura tardoantico e paleocristiano. In seguito ha lavorato per il ministero dei monumenti renano a Bonn, dove ha pubblicato una delle opere d'inventario di una città tedesca, Oberhausen, dal punto i vista della cultura industriale. Nel 1971 è stato professore d'arte e di teoria della cultura all'istituto superiore di qualificazione professionale e d'arte all'Università di Amburgo. Nel 1997 è andato in pensione e da allora lavora come libero autore. Dal 2003 è presidente del Deutscher Werkbund NW. L'architetto Bernhard Küppers gli ha eretto una biblioteca privata a Eisenheim in Oberhausen.\n\nOpera\n\nColonia Eisenheim e territorio della Ruhr \nOriginariamente, nei primi anni 1970, voleva documentare con un gruppo di studenti la più vecchia colonia di operai nel territorio della Ruhr, Eisenheim, a Oberhausen, prima della demolizione. In seguito questo gruppo ha diretto la protesta degli abitanti contro la demolizione della loro colonia secondo il modello delle iniziative civiche. Per analogia hanno coniato il termine “iniziative degli operai”. Successivamente nel territorio della Ruhr sono nate una decina di queste iniziative. Venivano consigliate da Roland Guenter e altri intellettuali critici che aiutavano con le loro conoscenze nei rapporti con la stampa, coi politici e con le questioni giuridiche. Durante questo movimento delle iniziative degli operai veniva conservata una gran parte delle colonie degli operai del territorio della Ruhr. Oggi molte di queste sono monumenti nazionali e fanno parte del percorso della cultura industriale. Nel 1974 Roland Guenter si è stabilito con la sua famiglia (Janne Guenter e le figlie Bettina e Birgitta) nella colonia Eisenheim, che è divenuta un centro di ricerche nella quale sono stati pubblicati molti studi sulla cultura degli operai e dell'industria.\n\nNel contesto della “fotografia degli operai” Guenter ha compreso la fotografia come arma. È stato partecipe di una considerazione nuova di monumenti industriali e colonie di operai. Come consigliere e autore ha partecipato alla Mostra Internazionale di Costruzione del Parco Emscher (IBA). Secondo Gert Seltmann, l'amministratore dell'IBA, “La valle dei re”, il libro di viaggio di Guenter sul territorio della Ruhr fatto per l'IBA, è stato “nel 1994 il libro di viaggio più venduto in Germania”. Inoltre nel 1996 Guenter ha realizzato il progetto delle “strade parlanti”: tavole di smalto messe sulle case raccontano vivacemente gli aspetti della storia e della vita quotidiana dei loro abitanti.\n\nItalia e Paesi Bassi \nSin dai tempi scolastici Guenter ha frequentemente visitato l'Italia. Come storico d'arte è stato affascinato dalla pittura del Rinascimento, e soprattutto dall'architettura urbana. Sostiene la tesi che lo studio degli spazi dell'architettura rinascimentale si riferiva strettamente all'uomo e questo dovrebbe essere importante anche per la pianificazione urbanistica attuale. Negli anni settanta sono nate analisi dello spazio a Roma (Piazza di Spagna) e Venezia. Più tardi seguivano libri di viaggio, tra l'altro della Toscana, Anghiari, Urbino, Ravenna e Rimini. Negli ultimi anni è interessato alle idee dei \"luoghi poetici\", realizzati nella Valmarecchia nell'Appennino da Tonino Guerra, lo sceneggiatore di Fellini, e da Gianni Giannini. Con delle sculture e rilievi i \"luoghi poetici\", situati in luoghi interessanti, raccontano delle storie e invitano a fare una sosta.\n\nAnche dai Paesi Bassi Guenter ha preso sempre nuovi impulsi per la creazione di una città umana. Ha imparato molto dalla pianificazione urbanistica, soprattutto però ha studiato la disubbidienza civile contro una distruzione urbanistica tecnocratica. La mentalità ribelle di tanti olandesi la si spiega con la loro storia, servendosi della pittura come fonte. Ha anche pubblicato una guida di viaggio su Amsterdam.\n\nAnghiari \nIl Consiglio Comunale di Anghiari (AR) il 4 novembre 2006 gli ha conferito la cittadinanza onoraria, per aver, in tanti anni di studio e lavoro, approfondito aspetti dell'urbanistica dei centri minori della Toscana ed in particolare di Anghiari. Le opere scritte da Gunter sulla Toscana hanno permesso a tantissimi cittadini tedeschi di visitare la Toscana con una conoscenza più approfondita. Difatti nelle varie pubblicazioni Gunter ha tratteggiato con dovizia di particolari le usanze, i costumi, le conoscenze, la storia e le \"storie\", insomma la vera vita vissuta. I suoi libri sono ricchi di documentazione fotografica: case, palazzi, vie, monumenti, persone, ecc., oltre alle testimonianze dirette di tanta gente che Gunter ha nel tempo intervistato. Con il suo operato possiamo ben dire che il prof. Roland Gunter è un portavoce eccezionale, un animatore culturale, vivo e sensibile alle necessità che emergono, per costruire davvero l'unità europea.\n\nPubblicazioni \n Krupp und Essen. In: Martin Warnke (Hg.), Das Kunstwerk zwischen Wissenschaft und Weltanschauung. Gütersloh 1970, S. 128/174.\n Rettet Eisenheim. Gegen die Zerstörung der ältesten Arbeitersiedlung des Ruhrgebietes. Projektgruppe Eisenheim. Bielefeld.1. Auflage 1972\n Oberhausen. Die Denkmäler des Rheinlandes, Bd. 22. Düsseldorf 1975. (Manuskriptabschluß 1969)\n Keine Zukunft für unsere Vergangenheit? Denkmalschutz und Stadtzerstörung. Gießen 1975 (con Heinrich Klotz e Gottfried Kiesow).\n Handbuch für Bürgerinitiativen. West-Berlin 1976 (con Rolf Hasse)\n Rom – Spanische Treppe. Hamburg 1978 (con Wessel Reinink e Janne Günter)\n Kultur-Katalog. Hamburg 1979 (con Rolf Rutzen)\n Fotografie als Waffe. Zur Geschichte und Ästhetik der Sozialfotografie. Reinbek 1982 (1. Auflage 1977)\n Toskana. Ein Reisebuch. Gießen 1985.\n Von Rimini nach Ravenna. Ein Reisebuch. Gießen 1988 (con Janne e Birgitta Günter)\n Anders reisen Amsterdam. Ein Reisebuch in den Alltag. Reinbek 1990 (zuerst 1982, aktualisierte Neuauflage 1990).\n Amsterdam: Die Sprache der Bilderwelt. Mediale und ästhetische Aspekte einer historischen Kultur, insbesondere am Beispiel der Stadt-Kultur von Amsterdam. Berlin 1991 (Habilitationsschrift, 1986)\n Aufbruch in Troisdorf. Herausgegeben vom Kulturamt der Stadt Troisdorf. Essen 1992, (con Tonino Guerra)\n Im Tal der Könige. Ein Reisebuch zu Emscher, Rhein und Ruhr. Essen 1994. (im Auftrag der IBA Emscher Park)\n Hexenkessel. Ein Reisebuch zu Sachsen-Anhalt. Halle 1998 (im Auftrag der Expo Sachsen-Anhalt)\n Poetische Orte. Im Tal der Marecchia zwischen dem Hochappennin und Rimini. Essen 1998\n ›Sprechende Straßen‹ in Eisenheim. Essen 1999 (con Janne Günter)\n Besichtigung unseres Zeitalters. Industriekultur in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Essen 2001\n Das süße Leben. Ein neuer Blick auf das Alter und die Chancen schrumpfender Städte. Essen 2005, (con Stephan Alexander Vogelskamp)\n Weltstar Hans Sachs-Haus. Bedrohtes Demokratie-Denkmal - Aufbruch statt Abbruch. Essen 2006, (mit weiteren Autoren, hg. vom Deutschen Werkbund NW)\n Stadt-Kultur und frühe Hofkultur in der Renaissance. Zusammenhänge zwischen Politik und Ästhetik. Essen 2003\n Anklage und Vision. Das Museum >Quadrat< für den Bauhaus-Meister Josef Albers in Bottrop von Bernhard Küppers. Essen 2006.\n Eine Stadt in der Toskana. Das Gewebe von Geschichte, Stadt-Entwicklung, Architektur und Bilder-Welt. Essen 2006\n Goti, Longobardi, Franchi, Lanzi, Austriaci, Tedeschi nelle memorie popolari toscane. Sestino-Arezzo 2006 (edito da Vittorio Dini)\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n Sito ufficiale con tutte le pubblicazioni", "La sua prolificità e le sue tecniche e generi pionieristici gli hanno valso i soprannomi di , il o addirittura \"dio dei manga\" (manga no kami-sama).\n\nUno dei tratti distintivi dell'animazione giapponese, gli \"occhioni\", furono inventati da Tezuka, che si basò su noti personaggi dei cartoni animati occidentali dell'epoca, come Betty Boop di Max Fleischer e Topolino di Walt Disney. Per avere un'idea della sua produttività, la raccolta , pubblicata in Giappone, comprende oltre 400 volumi e più di 80.000 pagine; tuttavia la sua produzione completa è stimata comprendere oltre 700 storie e un totale di circa 170.000 tavole.\n\nConsiderato spesso il più importante fumettista e animatore giapponese della storia, è riconosciuto come il padre dello \"story manga\". Ha avuto un ruolo fondamentale nel campo dell'animazione giapponese, contribuendo profondamente a popolarizzarla, fondando nel 1961 lo storico studio Mushi Production e producendo la prima vera e propria serie anime della storia, Astro Boy, del 1963.\n\nOsamu Tezuka usava, alle volte, prendere personaggi o situazioni presenti in alcune delle sue opere già realizzate, inserendole e modellandole dentro opere nuove; questa non era certo una cosa nuova, ma nonostante ciò tale metodo fu soprannominato \"metodo Osamu Tezuka\" in suo onore, che viene spesso usato da molti mangaka.\n\nBiografia \nTezuka nacque a Toyonaka, nella prefettura di Osaka (nella regione del Kansai), il 3 novembre 1928, ma si trasferì ben presto con la famiglia, all'età di cinque anni, nella piccola città di Takarazuka, nella prefettura di Hyōgo, dove crebbe, e dove, nel 1994, verrà poi edificato un museo in sua memoria. Era un discendente di Hattori Hanzō, celeberrimo samurai vissuto durante il periodo Sengoku (1467-1600).\n\nIncoraggiato dai genitori sin da giovanissimo a dedicarsi all'arte del disegno, avendo sin da allora mostrato particolari inclinazioni in quell'ambito, da ragazzo lo appassionano anche il contatto con la natura e la vita combattiva degli insetti. Scriverà: «Tanto tempo fa, molti dei piccoli inferni che si svolgevano nei campi proprio vicino a casa mia mostravano la gioia del vivere, instancabilmente e nonostante tutto».\n\nMentre frequenta le scuole medie, è colpito da una gravissima forma di micosi a entrambe le braccia, che rischiano di dover essere amputate. Il ragazzo si sottopone a una lunga cura, e resta per molto tempo senza poter utilizzare gli arti superiori, costretto a restare fermo giorno e notte in posizione seduta, dovendo dipendere dagli altri persino per i propri bisogni corporali. Una volta guarito, sarà colpito negli anni seguenti da altre micosi, ma non altrettanto gravi. Durante la malattia, Tezuka aveva temuto di non poter mai più disegnare, e il buon esito della cura lo convince che i medici siano persone straordinarie, il che lo spinge a voler diventare anche lui medico.\n\nIntanto infuria il secondo conflitto mondiale: il ricordo dei raid aerei e delle stragi di civili rimarrà un incubo indelebile nella memoria di Tezuka, che nelle sue opere tornerà sempre a descrivere le atrocità della guerra.\n\nTerminati gli studi scolastici, si iscrive nel 1946 alla facoltà di Medicina dell'Università di Osaka, laureandosi nel 1952. Dopo aver conseguito il titolo, si specializza nel 1961, ma non eserciterà mai il mestiere di medico. Infatti nel 1946, proprio mentre si iscriveva all'Università, esordisce, diciottenne, nel campo dei manga, grazie alla pubblicazione della serie Maa-chan no nikkichō. Il successo vero e proprio, però, arriva l'anno seguente con La nuova isola del tesoro, che lo pubblicizza agli occhi del grande pubblico giapponese, evidenziando la carica di originalità, che già le prime opere di Tezuka mostravano. Tra i tratti più interessanti ci sono l'uso innovativo delle inquadrature, quasi cinematografiche, che creano una forte dinamicità nelle tavole, ribaltando i canoni dei manga statici dell'epoca.\n\nI lavori successivi sono dedicati alla fantascienza: Lost World - Zenseiki (1948), Metropolis (1949) e Kitaru beki sekai (1951), che registrano un boom di vendite con oltre copie ciascuno.\n\nNel 1950 crea una delle sue opere più celebri, Jungle Taitei (Kimba, il leone bianco) per il mensile Manga Shonen, che anticipa in un certo senso le tematiche de \"Il re leone\" della Disney (ancora oggi i sostenitori di Tezuka continuano a chiedere alla Disney il risarcimento di una cospicua cifra per plagio del soggetto).\n\nIl personaggio più celebre della produzione di Tezuka prende vita due anni più tardi, nel 1952: nasce così Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy), un personaggio che ha avuto (ed ha tutt'oggi) un successo unico ed assolutamente ineguagliabile nella storia del fumetto giapponese.\n\nNel 1954, sulla rivista Shojo Club, nasce Ribbon no kishi (La principessa Zaffiro), che viene oggi considerato da molti il primo shōjo (fumetto per ragazze) moderno, che avrà un seguito nel 1959 e una seconda pubblicazione rivista e corretta nel 1963.\n\nSempre nel 1954 ha inizio il progetto più ambizioso di Tezuka: Hi no Tori (La Fenice), definita dall'autore stesso \"l'opera della vita\". Si tratta di un lungo affresco che narra la storia dell'umanità e la vana ricerca dell'immortalità da parte del genere umano, simboleggiata, appunto, dalla Fenice. La serie fu interrotta, dopo tredici volumi, dalla scomparsa dell'autore nel 1989.\n\nPresto il ruolo di mangaka non basta a Tezuka, che diventa anche animatore, dichiarando più volte che \"il fumetto è la vera moglie, l'animazione l'amante\". Nel 1958 collabora con la casa di produzione Toei Doga per la realizzazione del lungometraggio animato Saiyuki.\n\nNel giugno 1961 fonda la propria casa di produzione di anime, la Tezuka Osamu Production Doga-bu, divenuta nel 1963 la Mushi Production (\"mushi\" significa insetto, ed è un kanji usato spesso da Tezuka per scrivere il proprio nome).\n\nNel 1963 vede la luce la serie Tetsuwan Atom (Astro Boy), prima serie animata trasmessa dalla televisione giapponese, e l'anno seguente quella di Big X. Nel 1965 Jungle Taitei ottiene un nuovo primato come prima serie animata giapponese a colori. Tra le serie più curiose tra quelle create da Tezuka spiccano Uchuu Patrol Hopper, realizzata con pupazzi animati e trasmessa tra il 1963 e il 1965, e Banpaiya (Vampire), una serie che mescola insieme disegni animati ed attori in carne ed ossa, tratta da un suo manga di successo, trasmessa nel 1968 e 1969.\n\nAccanto alla produzione di serie commerciali, Tezuka affianca alcuni lavori più sperimentali, che sfruttano nuove tecniche di animazione non tradizionali. Tra le opere di questo tipo figurano Aru machikado no monogatari (1962), Memorii (1964), Tenrankai no E (1966) e Jumping (1984), grazie al quale vince il Grand Prix dello Zagreb International Animation Festival nel 1984; Onboro Film (1985) gli vale il Grand Prix alla prima edizione dell'Hiroshima International Animation Festival; seguono Push (1987) e Mori no densetsu (1987), che ottiene il Premio CIFEJ di nuovo allo Zagreb International Animation Festival.\n\nIl 14 giugno 1969 esce nelle sale Sen'ya Ichiya Monogatari, tratto da Le mille e una notte, seguito dal lungometraggio Kureopatora (Cleopatra) il 15 settembre 1970): si tratta di due film erotici a disegni animati, realizzati con un nuovo tipo di grafica sperimentale, influenzata dalla cultura pop.\n\nNel 1971 Tezuka abbandona la Mushi, che fallisce nel 1973, per dedicarsi alla sua nuova società, la Tezuka Productions, fondata a Tokyo nello stesso anno, con cui realizza la serie Fushigi na Melmo (I bon bon magici di Lilly).\n\nTezuka prosegue comunque la sua prolifica e continua produzione di manga: Budda, una personale rivisitazione avventurosa della vita di Gautama Siddharta viene pubblicato tra il 1972 ed il 1983, mentre nel 1973 dà inizio a Black Jack, una serie molto lunga, composta da 25 volumi per più di 5'000 tavole, dedicata alle avventure di un abilissimo medico senza licenza, apparentemente avido e cinico, in realtà una figura tragica e umana.\n\nNegli anni ottanta continua a sfornare albi di successo senza sosta. L'opera più significativa di questo decennio è il dramma storico Adolf ni tsugu (La storia dei tre Adolf), ambientato durante la seconda guerra mondiale e pubblicato tra il 1983 ed il 1985 su Shukan bunshun, vincitrice del Kodansha Manga Award nel 1986. Nel 1984 scrisse e produsse Bagi anime di protesta contro la legge a favore della manipolazione genetica promulgata dal governo giapponese lo stesso anno.\n\nTezuka continuò a disegnare fino a che si spense il 9 febbraio 1989, all'età di 60 anni, per via di un cancro allo stomaco. I dottori non comunicarono al paziente la sua malattia e Tezuka pretese di continuare a disegnare fino agli ultimi istanti di vita: la moglie ha dichiarato che le ultime parole del marito sono state . Si può visitare la sua tomba nel cimitero del tempio , a Tokyo.\n\nLa morte di Tezuka ha lasciato incompiute le due serie Ludwig B. (1987) e Neo Faust (1988). Poco prima della sua morte, più volte alcuni importanti giornali giapponesi hanno portato avanti una campagna a favore dell'assegnazione a Osamu Tezuka del premio Nobel per la Letteratura. Nel 1994 la città di Takarazuka ha aperto un museo in sua memoria, e, nel 1997, il governo giapponese gli ha dedicato una serie di francobolli.\n\nCarriera come fumettista \nOsamu Tezuka è stato uno dei fumettisti più prolifici della storia, scrivendo e disegnando più di 700 manga, per un totale di oltre 150,000 pagine di fumetto. Il suo primo manga, mai pubblicato in Italia, fu Maa-chan no nikkichō del 1946.\n\nLa prima opera importante, che lo lanciò al successo, fu La nuova isola del tesoro del 1947 che viene pubblicata per la prima volta in Italia da Rizzoli il 30 aprile 2018, seguita l'anno dopo da Lost World - Zenseiki, mentre nel 1949, uscì Metropolis, che costituì un altro grande successo, e rimane oggi tra le opere più famose di Tezuka.\n\nKimba, il leone bianco \nNel 1950, Osamu Tezuka creò Kimba, il leone bianco, una tra le serie cardine della sua produzione. Il manga fu pubblicato dal 1950 al 1954, in Giappone, sulla rivista Manga Shonen, ottenendo un grandissimo successo. Nel 1965, il fumetto divenne la prima serie animata a colori della storia dell'animazione giapponese, nonché primo anime ad avere animali umanizzati nel ruolo di protagonisti.\n\nLa serie animata conobbe successo anche in Italia, trovando una prima diffusione al cinema, nel 1966, e successivamente approdò in televisione, nel 1977. Nel 1989, dall'anime fu tratto un remake, dal titolo \"Una giungla di avventure per Kimba\". Nel 1997, uscì un lungometraggio ispirato alla serie, dal titolo Kimba - La leggenda del leone bianco.\n\nKimba, il leone bianco, fu un manga molto importante per Tezuka. Contribuì enormemente al suo successo come autore di fumetti, e fu un'opera di importante influenza per la storia del fumetto giapponese e per l'animazione in generale. Nel 1994, l'uscita del lungometraggio animato Il re leone della Disney, scatenò le ire di molti fan di Tezuka in Giappone e negli Stati Uniti, che accusarono la Disney di aver plagiato i personaggi creati dal fumettista. Dalla cosa nacquero varie controversie (per maggiori informazioni vedere \"Controversie\" alla pagina Kimba, il leone bianco).\n\nAstro Boy \nNel 1951, Osamu Tezuka creò una breve serie, dal titolo Atom Taishi, dalla quale ebbe origine, successivamente, il manga Astro Boy, considerato uno dei suoi massimi capolavori, nonché la sua opera più famosa ed uno dei più importanti e influenti manga della storia del fumetto giapponese. Una versione prototipo di Atom, il ragazzo robot protagonista di Astro Boy, detenne infatti, nella serie Atom Taishi, la sua prima apparizione.\n\nLa vicenda di Astro Boy prende il via da un tragico incidente: un bambino di nome Tobio, amato figlio di un professore e a capo del Ministero della Scienza, muore in un incidente stradale.\n\nIl padre costruisce allora un robot con le sembianze del figlio morto, per rimpiazzarlo. Ne risulta Atom, un robot ipertecnologico, dotato degli stessi ricordi e della stessa personalità di Tobio. Proprio lo stesso padre, però, accortosi che Atom in realtà non potrà mai sostituire il figlio morto, per la sua impossibilità di crescere, essendo un robot e non un bambino vero, lo vende ad un circo.\n\nPiù tardi, il Professor Ochanomizu, nuovo ministro della scienza, lo prende con sé e lo adotta. Il professore, inoltre, lo dota di potenti armi e di nuovi poteri, dando al robot bambino la capacità di provare emozioni umane.\n\nIl manga conobbe subito una notevole popolarità e contribuì a lanciare Tezuka nell'olimpo dei grandi autori di fumetti. L'opera vendette all'incirca cento milioni di copie, ed ebbe un'ampia diffusione in Giappone, influenzando profondamente una nuova generazione di autori di fumetti, cresciuti con le storie di Tezuka. Il celebre regista Stanley Kubrick, grande ammiratore di Tezuka e del fumetto in questione, dopo aver letto le avventure di Atom, invitò il fumettista a collaborare per lui nel film 2001: Odissea nello spazio, il quale rifiutò conoscendo il carattere spocchioso del regista sul set. Per il fumetto di Astro Boy, Tezuka ottenne i complimenti da Walt Disney in persona, che si disse affascinato dal personaggio di Atom.\n\nNel 1963, dal manga, fu tratta una serie animata di culto, considerata la prima vera e propria serie anime della storia, avendo avuto per prima le caratteristiche peculiari della produzione animata giapponese. Un remake ne fu tratto nel 1980.\n\nLa principessa Zaffiro \nNel 1953, con l'opera La principessa Zaffiro, Osamu Tezuka crea uno dei primi esempi di shōjo manga, ovvero quel tipo di manga destinato soprattutto ad un pubblico femminile. Nel 1967 ne fu tratto un anime di successo.\n\nIl manga ha avuto quattro diverse trasposizioni cartacee:\n\n La prima fu pubblicata tra il 1953 e il 1956, e segue la storia originale, che vede la principessa Zaffiro, nascondere al mondo la sua vera natura di donna e fingersi maschio per ereditare il trono visto che, nel regno fatato in cui la trama si ambienta, vige la lex salica. Vari problemi porteranno alla luce la vera identità della principessa la quale, con l'aiuto del suo animo forte, dovrà combattere contro mille avversità.\n La seconda fu pubblicata tra il 1958 e il 1959, e segue le vicende dei figli di Zaffiro, due gemelli, uno maschio e uno femmina, chiamati Sapphire e Frantz.\n La terza serie fu pubblicata tra il 1963 e il 1966, ed è in parte una riscrittura della serie originale.\n La quarta e ultima serie, pubblicata tra il 1967 e il 1968, vira di più verso una trama ed ambientazione fantascientifica.\n\nBudda \nIl manga Budda, pubblicato nel 1972 sulla rivista per ragazzi Kibo no Tomo, rappresenta un'altra opera importante di Osamu Tezuka. Il fumetto divenne una delle opere più lunghe disegnate dall'autore, il quale la portò a termine dopo ben undici anni di lavoro. In Italia la serie venne pubblicata in 14 volumi dalla Hazard Edizioni, dal 1999 al 2002.\n\nIl fumetto è ispirato alla vita di Gautama Buddha, con l'aggiunta di vari elementi avventurosi o fantastici, spesso anche comici. Per poter illustrare in maniera precisa la situazione contraddittoria del sistema indiano delle caste, Tezuka inserì nell'opera vari personaggi inventati.\n\nIn questo manga, Tezuka s'impegnò a dar vita a un Bildungsroman (romanzo di formazione) in cui la condizione degli esseri umani e i valori del Buddismo, fossero saldamente legati tra loro.\n\nBlack Jack \nNel 1973, la casa editrice Akita Shoten pubblicò il manga Black Jack, spesso considerato il fumetto preferito dai fan di Tezuka. In Italia, la serie giunse nel 1995, con una raccolta di episodi stampata dalla allora casa editrice Dynamic Italia.\n\nLa serie venne poi interamente pubblicata in 25 volumi dalla Hazard Edizioni a partire dal 2002. Dal manga, nel 1993 furono tratti 10 OAV diretti da Osamu Dezaki, che nel 1996 diresse anche il film \"La sindrome di Moira\", quindi nel 2004 è stato tratto un anime televisivo di 61 episodi, prodotto dalla Tezuka Production per la regia di Makoto Tezuka, figlio dell'autore scomparso.\n\nNel 2011 fu tratta dal manga una versione live action come film TV con Masaki Okada nel ruolo del personaggio protagonista.\n\nIl fumetto segue le vicende di un medico senza licenza, conosciuto con il nome di Black Jack, il quale risulta essere un chirurgo dalla straordinaria abilità che gli permette di curare malattie considerate incurabili da tutti gli altri medici. Questo lo rende molto ricercato da chiunque abbia un problema di natura medica, che nessun dottore riesce a curare. Sebbene spesso si dimostri scontroso, avaro e taccagno, ha in realtà un cuore d'oro e trova soddisfazione nell'aiutare il prossimo.\n\nDalla serie furono tratti tre film:\n\nLa storia dei tre Adolf \nNel 1983, Osamu Tezuka scrisse e disegnò La storia dei tre Adolf, un manga pubblicato in Giappone fino al 1985, dalla rivista Shukan Bunshun.\n\nIl manga è considerato da molti il suo capolavoro, nonché la sua opera più ambiziosa e matura, nella quale il fumettista ripercorre uno degli eventi più drammatici della storia dell'umanità: la seconda guerra mondiale e le vicende legate al razzismo del popolo tedesco nei confronti di quello ebraico.\n\nIl fumetto segue in parallelo le vicende di tre persone chiamate Adolf: Adolf Kamil, un ragazzo ebreo, Adolf Kaufmann, un ragazzo tedesco e Adolf Hitler, il famigerato dittatore conosciuto con il nome di Führer. Nel tracciare la personalità dei tre protagonisti l'autore crea uomini veri i cui drammi, paure, passioni e contraddizioni donano loro vita generando psicologie verosimili e profondamente complesse. Nelle vicende che vedono protagonista Adolf Kaufmann, trova la sua rappresentazione il tema portante dell'opera tutta: la stupidità e l'insensata violenza connaturate agli uomini, qui simboleggiate dalla follia nazista, che annienta le aspirazioni alla pace e all'amore di altri uomini. La condanna della guerra e degli odi razziali diviene così, per estensione, condanna del lato più oscuro della natura umana che inspiegabilmente prevale. Ma Tezuka non si limita a considerare ingenuamente il razzismo come qualcosa che viene da fuori: l'odio nei confronti degli altri uomini è dentro ognuno di noi, nessuno ne è immune, per questo motivo assistiamo a personaggi prima ritenuti buoni, cambiare improvvisamente e comportarsi come i criminali che tanto avevano condannato.\n\nNel fumetto si scopre che Adolf Hitler ha in realtà origini ebree. La cosa potrebbe non essere stata inventata da Tezuka stesso. Difatti, esiste una teoria mai del tutto confermata che vedrebbe il nonno paterno di Hitler avere discendenza ebraica.\n\nIl fumetto fu pubblicato in Italia tre volte, nel 1998, nel 2003 e nel 2010, dalla Hazard Edizioni, in 5 volumi. Per questa edizione la Hazard ricevette, nel 1997, il Premio Oesterheld «per aver favorito la comprensione e la conoscenza tra i popoli».\n\nLa Fenice \nLa Fenice è il manga a cui Osamu Tezuka lavorò tutta la vita; una versione prototipo fu scritta e disegnata nel 1956, il primo volume uscì ufficialmente nel 1967, e l'opera in generale rimase incompiuta, a causa del decesso dell'autore.\n\nLe tematiche affrontate nel manga spaziano per dodici cicli: l'Alba, il Futuro, Yamato, l'Universo, il Mito, la Resurrezione, il Manto di piume, la Nostalgia, la Guerra civile, la Vita, gli Esseri Fantastici, il Sole. L'opera consta di 12 libri, divisi in 16 volumi:\n\n Il libro dell'alba\n Il libro del futuro\n Il libro di Yamato\n Il libro dell'universo\n Il libro del mito\n Il libro della resurrezione\n Il libro della nostalgia\n Il libro della guerra civile\n Il libro della vita\n Il libro degli esseri fantastici\n Il libro del sole\n Le origini (Prequel 1956)\n\nCarriera come animatore\n\nNascita della Mushi Production \nNel 1961 Osamu Tezuka, fondò la Mushi Production, uno studio di animazione giapponese destinato a fare epoca. Fu di importanza vitale per la storia dell'anime, avendo gettato, con la produzione della serie animata di Astro Boy del 1963, le basi dell'intera industria dell'animazione giapponese moderna.\n\nLa decisione di dedicarsi all'animazione in modo indipendente, nacque in Tezuka dopo il successo riscosso dal suo primo film diretto, Saiyūki del 1960, prodotto dalla Toei Doga.\n\nL'anno dopo fondò lo studio, che inizialmente aveva il nome di Tezuka Osamu Productions Doga-bu, e nel 1962, dopo averlo ribattezzato Mushi Production, produsse, insieme al neonato studio, l'anime \"Aru machikado no monogatari\", opera prima della Mushi. Il mediometraggio animato vinse la prima edizione dell'Ofuji Award.\n\nLo studio ottenne il primo grande successo con l'anime di Astro Boy, e nel 1965 produsse la prima serie animata a colori della storia dell'anime, Kimba il leone bianco. A questa seguirono, nel 1967, Monkey e La principessa Zaffiro, che non riscossero però il successo sperato. L'ostinazione di Tezuka a voler produrre anime a colori, quando la maggior parte della popolazione giapponese possedeva una televisione in bianco e nero, innalzò inutilmente i costi di produzione e portò la Mushi in perdita.\n\nLe mille e una notte \nNel 1969, sotto contratto con la Nippon Herald, una casa di distribuzione cinematografica, Tezuka realizzò uno dei suoi progetti animati più ambiziosi: il kolossal animato Sen'ya Ichiya Monogatari (Le mille e una notte), tratto dalla celebre raccolta di novelle orientali Le mille e una notte. Il lungometraggio segna l'inizio di un nuovo genere dell'animazione giapponese, conosciuto con il nome di animerama, ovvero un tipo di anime destinato esclusivamente ad un pubblico adulto, comprendente un contenuto altamente erotico, e dallo stile grafico molto sperimentale, influenzato dalla pop art. La Mushi Production, a cavallo degli anni 60-70, era specializzata anche in questo tipo di produzioni.\n\nIl film, diretto da Eiichi Yamamoto, aveva una durata complessiva di ben 143 minuti, contava 120.000 disegni, e per la sua realizzazione furono coinvolte 800 persone. Riscosse un grande successo al botteghino. L'incasso fu di circa tre volte i costi di produzione, ma siccome per contratto solo un terzo fu destinato alla Mushi, quest'ultima registrò un ennesimo passivo di bilancio. La Herald, che al contrario se ne era uscita decisamente bene, commissionò alla Mushi un nuovo animerama.\n\nCleopatra \nFu così che l'anno dopo, nel 1970, uscì Kureopatora (Cleopatra), diretto da Tezuka stesso in collaborazione con Eiichi Yamamoto. Il film aveva un contenuto erotico maggiormente esplicito rispetto al precedente film, e si rivelò anche più costoso da produrre.\n\nQuando uscì nelle sale, riscosse un successo inferiore rispetto al precedente animerama.\n\nL'abbandono della Mushi e la nascita della Tezuka Productions \nI rapporti di Tezuka con la Mushi erano già incrinati da tempo, da quando lo studio decise di produrre la prima serie non tratta da un'opera del fondatore. Fu così che nel 1971, Tezuka decise di abbandonare la Mushi, la quale fallì nel 1973, dopo aver prodotto il terzo animerama per la Nippon Herald, il capolavoro Kanashimi no Belladonna alla cui realizzazione Tezuka non prese parte.\n\nNel 1968, Tezuka aveva fondato, a Tokyo, una nuova società: la Tezuka Productions. Avendo rotto i ponti con la Mushi, Tezuka decise quindi di dedicarsi esclusivamente al nuovo studio di animazione, la cui prima opera importante fu la serie Fushigi na Melmo, conosciuta in Italia come I bon bon magici di Lilly (1971-1972).\n\nAltre opere degne di nota del nuovo studio furono:\n\n Capitan Jet (1977-1978)\n Astro Boy; serie remake dell'originale prodotta tra il 1980 e il 1981\n Kimba, il leone bianco; serie remake dell'originale, conosciuta come \"Le nuove avventure di Kimba, il leone bianco\" e prodotta tra il 1989 e il 1990\n In principio: Storie dalla Bibbia (1992)\n Astro Boy; serie remake prodotta tra il 2003 e il 2004\n Black Jack (2004-2006)\n\nVita privata \nSuo figlio Makoto Tezuka, è un regista di film e anime.\n\nTezuka è stato il mentore di famosissimi autori di manga, come Shōtarō Ishinomori e Gō Nagai.\n\nSi divertiva a collezionare insetti, si interessava di entomologia, era un fan di Walt Disney, ed era un amante del baseball.\n\nStanley Kubrick era un suo ammiratore, tanto da averlo invitato a collaborare a 2001: Odissea nello spazio per gli elementi visivi. Tezuka avrebbe però cortesemente declinato per via del carattere inverosimilmente spocchioso per il quale Kubrick era noto sul set.\n\nEra un agnostico, ma fu seppellito in un cimitero buddista a Tokyo.\n\nVenne nominato in suo onore l'asteroide 3998 Tezuka, scoperto da Takuo Kojima proprio nell'anno della morte del mangaka.\n\nMuseo \nL'Osamu Tezuka Memorial Hall (Takarazuka's Tezuka Osamu Memorial Hall) fu inaugurato il 25 aprile 1994. Si presenta come un grande edificio a tre piani.\n\nNel piano interrato, si tiene un corso di animazione, nel quale i visitatori possono creare le proprie animazioni. Si trovano inoltre, un modellino della città di Takarazuka, e una replica del tavolo sul quale Tezuka creava le proprie opere.\n\nNel pianterreno, sulla via che precede l'entrata dell'edificio, si trovano imitazioni dei piedi e delle mani di vari personaggi delle opere di Tezuka, in perfetto stile \"walk of fame\". All'interno, nella Hall principale, si trovano vari articoli ispirati al mondo de La principessa Zaffiro.\n\nNel primo piano ci sono varie mostre e una libreria di manga consultabile, comprendente cinquecento opere di Tezuka (sono presenti varie edizioni). Si trovano inoltre una video libreria e un atrio con decorazioni ispirate a Kimba, il leone bianco.\n\nImportante presenza, è anche una rappresentazione in vetro del pianeta terra, basata su un libro scritto da Tezuka durante la sua infanzia, dal titolo \"La nostra terra di Vetro\".\n\nPremi \n 1958 Premio Shogakukan per i manga per Manga Seminar on Biology e Biiko-chan\n 1975 Bungeishunjū manga Award\n 1975 Japan Cartoonists Association Award — Special Award\n 1977 Premio Kodansha per i manga per Black Jack e The Three-Eyed One\n 1980 Inkpot Award, San Diego Comic-Con\n 1983 Premio Shogakukan per i manga per Il bisturi e la spada\n 1984 Animafest Zagreb Gran Premio per Jumping\n 1985 Hiroshima International Animation Festival per Onboro-Film\n 1986 Premio Kodansha per i manga per La storia dei tre Adolf\n 1989 Nihon SF Taisho Award - Special Award\n 1989 Ordine del Sacro Tesoro, classe terza (postumo)\n 2004 Eisner Award per Budda (voll. 1–2)\n 2005 Eisner Award per Budda (voll. 3–4)\n 2009 Eisner Award per Dororo\nLa casa editrice Shūeisha, ha dedicato all'autore un concorso per esordienti mangaka chiamato \"Premio Tezuka\".\n\nManga realizzati \n\n La nuova isola del tesoro (1947)\n Kenjū tenshi (1949)\n Metropolis (1949)\n Kimba, il leone bianco (1950)\n Astro Boy (1952)\n Pinocchio (1952)\n La principessa Zaffiro (1953)\n Kirihito (1966)\n Dororo (1967)\n La Fenice (1967)\n Sul fondo del cielo e altri racconti (1968-70)\n Alabaster (1970)\n I bon bon magici di Lilly (1970)\n La cronaca degli insetti umani (1970)\n Ayako (1972)\n Budda (1972)\n Barbara (1973)\n Black Jack (1973)\n Shumari (1974)\n MW (1976)\n Unico (1976)\n Don Dracula (1979)\n La storia dei tre Adolf (1983)\n Joe e il capitano (?)\n\nFilmografia parziale \nDi seguito sono stati selezionati alcuni dei lungometraggi animati prodotti da Osamu Tezuka o tratti dalle sue opere.\n\n Saiyūki (1960)\n Arabian Nights: Sinbad the Sailor (1962)\n Doggie March (1963)\n Astro Boy: The Brave in Space (1964)\n Ningyo (1964)\n Le mille e una notte (1969)\n Kureopatora; Cleopatra (1970)\n The Fantastic Adventure of Unico 1 (1981)\n The Fantastic Adventure of Unico 2 (1983)\n Broken Down Film (1985)\n Muramasa (1987)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Monica Piovan, Osamu Tezuka: L'arte del fumetto giapponese, Musa Edizioni, 1996. \n \n Helen McCarthy, Anime Encyclopedia, Berkeley, Stone Bridge Press, 2006. ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5\n\nVoci correlate \n Manga di Osamu Tezuka\n Osamu Tezuka Culture Award\n Mushi Production\n Metropolis (film 2001)\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n\nEisner Award Hall of Fame\n \nAnimatori giapponesi\nAutori e professionisti di anime e manga", "\n\nBiografia \nFiglio unico di Thomas Stevenson (1818-1887) e nipote di Robert Stevenson, entrambi ingegneri edili specializzati nella costruzione di fari, temperò la malinconia e la durezza del carattere scozzese con il brio e la gaiezza che gli derivavano dall'origine francese della madre, Margaret Isabella (1829-1897), figlia del reverendo Lewis Balfour (1777-1860), parroco di Colinton. Sia la madre che il nonno avevano problemi ai polmoni, con febbre e tosse frequenti. Si è parlato di sarcoidosi, tubercolosi o bronchiectasia, e comunque d'una eredità scomoda per il ragazzo che era spesso malato e aveva necessità di trascorrere parecchi mesi all'anno in un clima più salubre, come quello della Francia meridionale. Anche la sua inquietudine di viaggiatore e la costante magrezza erano per lui legate alla salute.\n\nDalla sua infanzia si portò sempre caro il ricordo di un'infermiera, Alison Cunningham, detta \"Cummy\", alla quale dedicherà poi un libro di versi, ma che contribuì a sviluppare la sua fantasia raccontandogli molte storie che non lo facevano dormire e allo stesso tempo lo affascinavano oltre misura.\n\nQuando s'iscrisse, secondo la tradizione familiare, alla facoltà di ingegneria dell'università di Edimburgo, lo studio passò presto in secondo piano, preferendo dedicarsi alla letteratura. Portava i capelli lunghi e vestiva, come il cugino Bob, da artista, e benché accompagnasse d'estate il padre nei suoi viaggi d'ispezione lungo le coste e i fari, finì con il cambiare facoltà verso giurisprudenza, laureandosi ma mai esercitando la professione.\n\nNel 1871 cominciò a collaborare come letterato alla Edinburgh University Magazine e a The Portfolio, da cui si fece pubblicare alcuni saggi.\nÈ solo nel 1878, tuttavia, con la pubblicazione di An Inland Voyage – impressioni di un viaggio in canoa attraverso i fiumi e i canali della Francia settentrionale – l'analogo resoconto dei Travels with a Donkey in the Cevennes (Viaggi con un asinello attraverso le Cevenne), che egli riuscì ad affermare il suo geniale spirito d'osservazione e il suo delizioso umorismo, arricchitosi anche con letture francesi.\n \nDurante un viaggio conobbe Fanny Van de Grift (1840-1914), un'americana separata (da tale Samuel Osbourne) e madre di due figli (Isobel e Lloyd Osbourne) della quale si innamorò e, nonostante il parere avverso dei suoi, decise di seguirla nel suo viaggio di ritorno in California. I due si sposarono a San Francisco nel 1880. Frutti del viaggio furono Gli accampati di Silverado (1883), Across the Plains (1892) e The Amateur Emigrant (1895), pubblicati più tardi.\n\nRitornato in Europa nel 1880, Stevenson entrò in una fase di grande attività creativa che, tenuto conto della sua sempre precarissima salute, sfociò in una produzione davvero ragguardevole, sia per mole sia per valore. Nel 1881 e nel 1882 pubblicò i saggi e le novelle, scritti fino a quella data, rispettivamente nei volumi Virginibus Puerisque e New Arabian Nights. Sempre nel 1882 scrive Familiar Studies of Men and Books, che contiene il massimo contributo di Stevenson alla critica letteraria, con saggi su Hugo, Whitman, Thoreau, Burns.\n\nNel frattempo la sua salute aveva risentito dello strapazzo, tanto che non gli si davano che pochi mesi di vita, e lo scrittore, dalla Scozia, dov'era tornato dopo essersi rappacificato con la famiglia, fu nuovamente costretto a vagabondare per le principali stazioni climatiche europee, da Davos a Hyères e poi a Bournemouth. Nel 1886 scrisse il romanzo storico Kidnapped (Il ragazzo rapito) e, in meno di una settimana, Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde (Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde). Questi romanzi contribuirono molto ad estendere quella popolarità che la pubblicazione di Treasure Island (L'isola del tesoro), avvenuta nel 1883, gli aveva procurato. Divenne amico di Henry James e scrisse anche due volumi di versi, A Child's Garden of Verses (1885) e Underwoods (1887).\n\nViaggio nel Pacifico \n\nNel 1887, dopo la morte del padre, Stevenson ritornò in America, dove enorme era stato il successo di dr. Jekyll. Ma la salute cagionevole l'obbligò ben presto a ritirarsi nella stazione climatica di Saranac, dove iniziò a scrivere nel 1889 The Master of Ballantrae (Il signore di Ballantrae) e il resoconto farsesco The Wrong Box (La cassa sbagliata), finché, spinto anche dai libri d'avventure esotiche di Melville, accettò l'invito di un editore a scrivere un volume sui mari del Sud e partì, con la famiglia, per una crociera verso le isole Marchesi (Polinesia Francese), Tahiti e le isole Sandwich (ovvero le Hawaii).\n\nIl viaggio fu positivo sotto ogni punto di vista, tranne che per il libro, giacché il lavoro su ordinazione non era cosa per lui. La sua salute però, sorprendentemente, migliorò in modo così notevole che lui decise di stabilirsi nel Pacifico e, dopo un'ulteriore esplorazione dei vari arcipelaghi e un soggiorno di alcuni mesi a Honolulu (dove finì i due libri sopraccitati), stabilì la sua dimora a Upolu, la principale delle isole Samoa. Qui visse dal 1890 fino alla morte, riverito dagli indigeni che lo chiamavano Tusitala, (\"narratore di storie\"). A questo periodo risalgono, tra gli altri, il seguito di Kidnapped, Catriona (1893), i Records of a Family of Engineers (uscito postumo nel 1912), quattro racconti dei mari del Sud, pubblicati con il titolo An Island Night's Entertainments (1893), e parecchie ballate, poesie e raccolte d'impressioni.\n\nLa morte, dovuta ad una probabile emorragia cerebrale, lo colse il 3 dicembre 1894, mentre stava scrivendo un tragico racconto sulla frontiera scozzese, Weir of Hermiston (che verrà pubblicato postumo nel 1896).\nÈ sepolto sul monte Vaea, nelle isole Samoa, dove gli fu eretto un monumento funebre. Oggi la casa di Stevenson accoglie una fondazione e un museo in suo onore. Il suo ritratto è un celebre quadro del pittore statunitense Abbott Handerson Thayer. Sulla tomba dello scrittore vennero incisi i versi che egli stesso aveva scritto per sé qualche anno prima e che aveva voluto come suo epitaffio:\n\nI romanzi \n\nStevenson fu essenzialmente un romanziere e, nel genere avventuroso, come ne L'isola del tesoro, rimane insuperato. Tuttavia la sua cultura e la sua educazione lo portavano piuttosto al romanzo storico, ad esaltare, sulle orme di Walter Scott, le gloriose vicende della vecchia Scozia, la cui atmosfera seppe evocare pure in terre lontane, in maniera così piena e vera da non far rimpiangere il modello.\n\nNacquero così Il principe Otto (1885), Kidnapped, probabilmente il migliore della serie, con il suo seguito Catriona, The Black Arrow (1888), The Master of Ballantrae - che presentava, non senza sottigliezze psicologiche, il lungo conflitto attraverso gli anni tra due fratelli eredi di una famiglia nobile scozzese, uno mascalzone e affascinante, l'altro onesto e maleamato, narrato da un codardo ma tenacissimo e fedele amministratore - e gli incompiuti St. Ives (1897) e Weir of Hermiston. In quest'ultimo, i difetti tipici degli altri romanzi, quali una certa artificiosità di costruzione ed un'eccessiva semplificazione, sembrano venir superati, mentre d'altro canto si ha una maggiore caratterizzazione dei personaggi (anche di quelli femminili che, trascurati fino ad allora dall'autore, vengono qui per la prima volta compresi e dipinti con viva penetrazione).\n\nL'autore eccelse anche nel racconto, sia fantastico, come quelli raccolti in The New Arabian Nights e nel seguito The Dynamiter (1885), che nell'esotico, come pure nel racconto del brivido (alla maniera di Poe) con il suo Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde, in cui affrontava, in anticipo sulle teorie freudiane, il problema del subconscio e dello sdoppiamento della personalità.\n\nFu tutt'altro che trascurabile anche la sua produzione poetica, da A Child's Garden of Verses (1885), in cui rivive liricamente le esperienze della sua fanciullezza, a Underwoods (1887), fino a Ballads (1889) e alla raccolta postuma Songs of Travel (1896).\n\nLa produzione saggistica \nÈ probabile tuttavia che la migliore produzione di Stevenson, almeno dal punto di vista stilistico, non risieda tanto nei romanzi, nei racconti o nelle liriche, quanto nei saggi, moraleggianti e spontanei, alla maniera dello \"Spectator\", e soprattutto nelle meravigliose raccolte d'impressioni che accompagnarono le sue peregrinazioni per il mondo, specialmente nelle isole del Pacifico. È nell'affascinante raccolta pubblicata postuma nel 1896, dal titolo In the South Seas, che l'efficacia narrativa e descrittiva dello scrittore raggiunge il massimo splendore e meglio hanno modo di risaltare la sua enorme sensibilità e la sua fresca curiosità. A ciò contribuisce appunto lo stile, non più ornato dagli arcaismi necessari al romanzo storico, eppure ancora di chiara derivazione letteraria, da Thomas Browne e da John Bunyan. Tuttavia, se evidenti sono le derivazioni, il risultato è dei più originali, poiché lo stile di Stevenson, sin dalle prime opere caratterizzato dalla delicatezza dei ritmi e dalla limpidezza delle frasi, aveva saputo con gli anni acquistare spontaneità ed affiancarsi alla scelta del tema esotico nel significare la reazione di Stevenson all'epoca vittoriana, al suo mondo familiare e borghese e al suo stile piatto e uniforme.\n\nGiacché Stevenson, benché vissuto nella seconda metà del XIX secolo, con il suo entusiasmo per il mondo che ci circonda e con il suo stupore e il suo incanto di fronte alla forza e all'intensità di una natura selvaggia e non guastata dalla civiltà, pare piuttosto da accostare all'ardore del primo romanticismo, egualmente lontano dall'ipocrisia vittoriana e dagli eccessi del realismo.\n\nPensiero e formazione culturale dell'autore \nLa formazione culturale ed umana di Stevenson va ascritta alla sua infanzia, come lui stesso ebbe a dire nell'autobiografico Memoirs of Himself (1880): \"Le mie sofferenze quand'ero malato, le gioie della convalescenza... e l'attività innaturale del mio cervello\". Con queste parole, infatti, l'autore non solo sintetizza le sue esperienze infantili, ma sembra anche indicare le componenti fondamentali della sua ispirazione letteraria, vale a dire la sofferenza, il gioco e la fantasia. Anche in A Chapter of Dreams, in cui fra l'altro spiega la genesi del Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson richiama alla mente i sogni – talvolta banali, a volte meno strani o informi – che lo tormentavano da bambino: \"una sfumatura d'oscuro di cui non gli importava nulla quando era sveglio, ma che temeva e aborriva nel sogno\". Reminiscenze dell'infanzia compaiono, del resto, ripetutamente nell'opera di Stevenson. Basti menzionare The Lantern Bearers, The Manse, Child's Play, e tutte le poesie contenute nella raccolta intitolata A Child's Garden of Verses. Non è facile, tuttavia, stabilire se sia stato il bambino gracile e sognatore a condizionare le scelte letterarie dell'adulto o se lo scrittore abbia cercato nell'infanzia la conferma della propria vocazione per la narrativa fantastica ed avventurosa.\n\nÈ certo però che una certa influenza sulla formazione di un giovanissimo Stevenson la ebbe l'infermiera-bambinaia \"Cummy\", a cui dedicò A Child's Garden of Verses, alla quale era stato affidato presumibilmente perché la madre era ammalata. Questa puericultrice aveva, infatti, una forte personalità e convinzioni religiose calviniste che cercò di trasmettere all'autore. Era però anche una donna dalla fervida immaginazione, che sapeva raccontare storie con impeto drammatico, come s'apprende dalla testimonianza indiretta della moglie di Stevenson, contenute nella prefazione alla raccolta di poesie dedicate alla bambinaia.\n\nDunque dai giochi dell'infanzia (rimasti a sedimentare nella psiche), come il teatrino di Skelt (grandi fogli da ritagliare e colorare per creare scenografie ispirate alle Mille e una notte o alla leggenda di Robin Hood) o da altri , dov'è quasi sempre presente l'elemento avventuroso , riaffioreranno più avanti al momento della creazione artistica quei motivi peculiari alla sua attività di scrittore immaginario e fantastico. In A Chapter on Dreams – un'indagine molto acuta dei processi creativi e forse anche più in generale di quelli psichici – lo scrittore confesserà d'avere come collaboratori instancabili, sia nel sonno che nella veglia, \"quegli uomini che dirigono il teatrino che c'è in ognuno di noi\". Invece dagli scritti The Lantern Bearers, in cui descrive gli avventurosi giochi svolti nella sua infanzia, e in Child's Play emerge un'immagine dickensiana dell'infanzia, come età in cui si mescolano terrori e fantasie. Così i ragazzi che si divertono a portare, nascosta sotto una giacca, una lanterna puzzolente di stagno o il bambino che stringe d'assedio una poltrona, come fosse un castello, sono proiezioni mitiche di un mondo perduto che l'adulto può recuperare solo grazie alla capacità di un artista che non obbedisca agli imperativi del realismo, ma lascia libero il bambino che è in lui.\n\nUna relativa importanza nella formazione dell'autore ebbero anche le storie tratte dalla Bibbia, Il pellegrinaggio del cristiano di Bunyan, il Macbeth di Shakespeare e il Robinson Crusoe di Daniel Defoe.\n\nStevenson ateo: intorno ai diciassette anni, il bambino gracile, sognatore e timoroso di Dio si tramutò in un giovanotto scapestrato e ribelle, effettuando un apprendistato diverso da quello previsto dal padre e poi professandosi ateo. In quegli anni imparò a conoscere la sua città sia negli aspetti più palesi sia in quelli più nascosti, come si evince dalle descrizioni di Edimburgo: Picturesque Notes e in una dei New Poems. Un simile comportamento, molto frequente nelle famiglie vittoriane negli ultimi decenni del secolo, era principalmente provocato dalla diffusione della teoria evoluzionista di Charles Darwin e dalla sociologia di Herbert Spencer, che inducevano i giovani ad assumere atteggiamenti di ribellione nei confronti della religione e del codice morale repressivo imposto dalla società. Tuttavia un certo pragmatismo di marca puritana rimase in Stevenson sino alla fine della sua vita, insieme a un radicato senso della famiglia, tanto che nella sua opera non sembra emergere alcuna testimonianza di quello scontro fra la vecchia generazione timorata di Dio e avversa alla letteratura e i giovani intellettuali agnostici.\n\nL'incontro, a Cockfield, con Francis Sitwell e con Sidney Colvin, avvenuto nel 1873, fu uno dei momenti più importanti della sua vita, quello che avrebbe determinato le future scelte letterarie dell'autore, mentre nel 1874 entrò al \"Sevil Club\", dove incontrò importanti personaggi della cultura, tra cui Edmund Gosse e Henry James.\n\nSe il soggiorno a Cockfield gli aprì le porte della scena letteraria, la sosta in Francia gli dischiuse le porte dell'amore e dell'avventura in terre lontane, proiettandolo concretamente negli spazi che aveva solo percorso con la fantasia. Frutto del soggiorno francese sono, innanzitutto, le opere An Inland Voyage e Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes, accomunate entrambe dal dichiarato amore per la vita nomade ed avventurosa e il mito romantico della solitudine a contatto con la natura. La seconda opera è invece caratterizzata da un tono più serio e meno svagato: il viaggiatore è qui attratto dalla storia tormentata dei luoghi che attraversa, un tempo teatro di sanguinose lotte fra Cattolici e Protestanti. Ciò gli permette di delineare paralleli con la storia della Scozia e di meditare sul significato e le motivazioni della ribellione dei Protestanti e sulla loro vocazione al martirio.\n\nSempre in Francia incontrò Fanny Osbourne, della quale s'innamorò e che più tardi raggiungerà negli Stati Uniti. Frutto di questo viaggio è la stesura di Amateur Emigrant, opera nella quale Stevenson descrive – fra distacco ironico e coinvolgimento emotivo, tra crudo realismo e slancio sentimentale – le sofferenze, i malanni degli emigranti, ma anche i giochi dei bambini e gli scherzi; insomma un documento realistico dei disagi affrontati da una folla di diseredati per garantirsi la pura sopravvivenza. Il tema degli emigranti fu poi ripreso nell'altrettanto sfortunato resoconto Across the Plains che, nel registrare le traversie degli emigranti durante il lungo e disagevole viaggio in treno dall'Atlantico al Pacifico, demoliva non solo il mito dell'America, ma anche quello della Frontiera che Stevenson aveva conosciuto attraverso i romanzi di James Fenimore Cooper. Entrambe le opere, criticate da Colvin, non ebbero molto successo.\n\nNel successivo romanzo, Gli accampati di Silverado (The Silverado Squatters, che racconta, sublimando, la sua poco felice luna di miele a Silverado con la Osbourne), Stevenson, memore della lezione inflittagli da Colvin, attua un processo di sublimazione del reale attraverso lo humour e la fantasia. È così che il soggiorno nella bicocca assediata dalle erbacce, dai crotali e dal pietrisco diventa un'avventura sognata, in un luogo fantastico pieno di luci, suoni e profumi nel quale i protagonisti della vicenda divengono personaggi da fiaba sul punto di prender possesso di un regno incantato. In tal modo vengono anche lasciati fuori gli aspetti riguardanti il rapporto amoroso tra un uomo ed una donna, rimanendo così legato alla morale vittoriana.\n\nChiusasi definitivamente la fase dell'autobiografismo, Stevenson decise di dedicarsi al romance, su cui egli scrisse anche saggi come A Gossip on Romance e A Humble Remonstrance. In essi l'autore difende la narrativa romanzesca o fantastica dagli attacchi degli assertori ad oltranza del realismo, mostrando una profonda consapevolezza dei processi psichici ed immaginativi che stanno alla base della scrittura: \"l'apoteosi e la sublimazione dei sogni ad occhi aperti dell'uomo comune. I suoi racconti possono essere alimentati dalla realtà della vita, ma il loro scopo e la loro caratteristica più vera consisteranno nel rispondere ai desideri inconfessati e indistinti del lettore, a seguire la logica ideale del sogno\" (A Gossip on Romance). Inoltre egli continuerà a rivendicare al romanzo d'avventure il compito di far affiorare i desideri inconsci e le fantasie adolescenziali, che si celano sotto l'apparenza pragmatica e moralistica dell'adulto. In A Gossip on Romance compare anche un insistente richiamo al Robinson Crusoe di Defoe (prototipo settecentesco del realistico, ma anche del romanzo d'avventura) il quale, rispetto agli altri rifacimenti (La famiglia Robinson svizzera o L'isola misteriosa di Verne), ha la capacità di conferire anche ai dettagli più banali un fascino irresistibile, in quanto il Robinson Crusoe possiede tutte le qualità che si richiedono ad un romanzo, tranne la capacità pittorica, o anche di evocare immagini fantastiche.\n\nE fu proprio questa capacità evocativa che Stevenson cercò di realizzare in Treasure Island, il cui tema centrale è l'avventura in luoghi esotici, anche se trattasi fondamentalmente di un racconto di formazione: il viaggio iniziatico di Jim Hawkins alla ricerca del tesoro dei pirati, sotterrato in un'isola lontana a forma di drago, compiuto da un gruppo d'inglesi.\n\nCon A Gossip on Romance e A Humble Remonstrance, Stevenson s'inserì prepotentemente in quel dibattito sul romanzo che, nell'ultimo quarto di secolo dell'Ottocento, ha visto contrapporre da un lato i difensori – per esempio Andrew Lang – della narrativa inglese tradizionale, dall'altro le infiltrazioni dei modelli realistici d'oltre Manica. In particolare Flaubert, Zola e quegli scrittori russi, le cui opere si basavano su un profondo scandaglio della psicologia dei personaggi e di racconti improntati ad una cupa visione della società e del destino dell'uomo. In questo senso Andrew Lang, sostenendo la necessità di una narrativa carica d'azione ed ottimismo, fu sostenuto da Stevenson, secondo il quale \"il vero pericolo è che nel tentativo di ritrarre la normalità lo scrittore... sia costretto a scrivere il romanzo della società anziché il romanzo dell'uomo\" (A Humble Remonstrance). Il dibattito, tuttavia, non riguardava solo il contrasto tra novel e romance, ma vedeva anche su fronti opposti i sostenitori di un realismo didascalico di derivazione britannica e i propugnatori di un realismo svincolato dai condizionamenti sociali.\n\nNon a caso, dunque, Henry James (in contrapposizione a Walter Besant, fautore invece dell'impegno sociale del romanzo) riaffermava la funzione mimetica della narrativa, nel senso che dovesse essere perfettamente libera, ma interessante. L'interesse, secondo James, doveva scaturire però dalla struttura interna del romanzo, in ciò trovandosi d'accordo, pur su un diverso fronte, con Stevenson, il quale manifestava in quegli anni un interesse crescente per le questioni tecniche e stilistiche. Non per nulla uno degli aspetti di Treasure Island, maggiormente apprezzati dai critici, era stato appunto la padronanza dello stile, una qualità che si farà sempre più determinante nella narrativa successiva dell'autore. Nell'ambito della saggistica va annoverato anche On Some Technical Elements of Style in Literature, dove Stevenson traccia paralleli e distinzioni fra i ritmi della prosa e i ritmi della poesia, ma soprattutto insiste sull'importanza dei suoni all'interno della frase letteraria accostandola per quest'aspetto alla frase musicale, al punto che gran parte dell'efficacia di un brano di prosa, a suo avviso, deriva dall'uso sapiente degli elementi sonori del linguaggio e dalla capacità dello scrittore di far appello non solo all'occhio, ma anche ad \"una specie di orecchio interiore, pronto a cogliere tacite melodie\". Stevenson insiste però anche sul fatto che non vi deve essere nulla d'ostentato in questi virtuosismi, perché lo stile è perfetto \"quando raggiunge il grado più elevato di consapevolezza senza farlo notare\". E Stevenson sembra esserci riuscito, secondo Roberto Mussapi, visto che Kidnapped e Treasure Island sono pervase da suggestioni sonore capaci di generare non solo voci e rumori, ma anche immagini. Stevenson, inoltre, non solo imposta il racconto come una ballata, ma v'introduce brani musicali o anche brevi allusioni a motivi popolari scozzesi.\n\nI temi dell'avventura e del mistero si ritrovano in New Arabian Nights, una serie di racconti ispirati alle storie di Sharāzād, nei quali Stevenson ricorre alla finzione di un anonimo arabo per introdurre le sue storie ambientate a Londra (quindi non più in spazi dilatati ed esotici, ma nell'area più angusta e familiare della città), e imperniati sulla figura di un principe di shakespeariana memoria, Florizel di Boemia. Benché non abbia la vera e propria veste del detective, il protagonista assume di tanto in tanto il ruolo di risolutore d'enigmi e di misteri; inoltre possiede quell'aristocratico distacco di fronte all'abiezione della gente che lo circonda, che è proprio di Sherlock Holmes. A differenza di quest'ultimo, in cui Conan Doyle privilegia l'aspetto razionale e positivista, Stevenson avvolge il protagonista di New Arabian Nights in un alone più vago e favoloso, anche se poi alla fine, con un tocco d'ironia, lo priva del suo trono in Boemia e lo mette a vendere sigari in una tipica tabaccheria londinese. L'autore sembra inoltre tutto proteso a realizzare quella \"limpida e schietta atmosfera romanzesca\", di cui parla in A Gossip on Romance, e a creare quella suspense in cui tiene avvinto il lettore, sollecitandone la curiosità.\n\nTale capacità di costruire la suspense, Stevenson non solo la mantenne in una seconda serie di racconti intitolata The Dynamiter, ma anche nei romanzi, specialmente in Lo strano caso del Dr. Jekyll e di Mr. Hyde. È la storia di un uomo, la cui metamorfosi e il cui sdoppiamento di personalità (prima volontario, poi sempre più incontrollabile), avvenuto in seguito ad alcuni esperimenti scientifici (privi di qualsiasi utilità, come li definisce il dr. Lanyon) perpetrati sulla sua persona, sottopone il lettore al manifestarsi degli istinti, pulsioni, manie e comportamenti spregiudicati di Mister Hyde, contrapposti alla parte razionale, controllata e comunemente accettata del dottor Jekyll. Tale sdoppiamento, presente non solo nel protagonista, si rende manifesto anche negli ambienti in cui i vari personaggi si muovono: un'atmosfera e un'ambientazione gotica nella quale prevalgono il freddo, la notte, la nebbia, il vento e l'intricato labirinto delle strade londinesi (che evocano la logica del mistero, dell'irreale, dell'assurdo e dell'orrore). Conferendo, inoltre, tratti scimmieschi al protagonista, Stevenson sembra aver voluto entrare nel merito dell'ormai dilagante controversia, che aveva coinvolto sociologi, letterati ed ecclesiastici. Il romanzo è, infatti, una testimonianza sconvolgente non solo dell'impatto delle teorie darwiniane sulla moralità vittoriana, ma anche del clima di sfiducia nella scienza e nell'uomo stesso, che si venne creando in Inghilterra verso la fine del secolo, in concomitanza con una vasta crisi economica, politica e sociale. Nella scena finale del romanzo infatti sembrano riemergere appunto le angosce esistenziali dei vittoriani: il timore dell'instaurarsi di un movimento regressivo all'interno del processo evolutivo e la paura di un prepotente riemergere degli impulsi irrazionali della civiltà.\n\nIl tema del doppio è predominante anche nel romanzo storico The Master of Ballantrae, una storia cupa, un resoconto dettagliato dei tragici fatti accaduti in un'antica casa nobiliare scozzese all'indomani dell'insurrezione giacobita del 1745. Tuttavia sul mito più antico della disintegrazione della famiglia s'innesta quello più moderno della disgregazione della personalità. La rivalità fra i due protagonisti/antagonisti, i fratelli Durrisdeer, fisicamente somiglianti (entrambi i fratelli sono scuri perché gli uomini della famiglia Durrisdeer sono neri), ma caratterialmente differenti (il primogenito affascinante, ma dissoluto e dissipatore, ed il secondogenito, ligio al dovere, morigerato, ma bruttino ed incapace di farsi amare) si configura nel corso della narrativa sempre più come una lotta interiore, un conflitto fra le opposte nature di uno stesso individuo. È dunque l'affinità fisica e la complementarità spirituale a far rientrare i due protagonisti del romanzo nella casistica del doppio. In particolare il fratello maligno opera una lenta, ma costante persecuzione sul fratello buono, per assorbirlo nella sfera della trasgressione morale, facendo emergere in quest'ultimo i lati oscuri, repressi della personalità dell'altro.\n\nIl malvagio compie, in altre parole, nei confronti del fratello buono quella che di prim'acchito può sembrare un'azione vendicativa, ma che alla lunga si trasforma in un seguito di molestie fini a sé stesse. Ma visto l'apparente insuccesso di quest'azione, cerca di provocarlo ulteriormente insidiandogli la moglie, e questa volta con successo. Il duello, infatti, oltre a mettere di fronte il personaggio e il suo doppio, fa emergere le potenzialità di violenza insite nel personaggio buono e ne rivela le ambiguità morali. Il personaggio buono, pur essendo in un primo momento sconvolto dell'atto delittuoso, tradisce in un secondo tempo il suo disappunto per non esser riuscito ad eliminare il rivale. Il finale vede un rovesciamento delle parti, nel quale il fratello perseguitato diventerà il persecutore. E date queste premesse il racconto non può che concludersi con la morte simultanea d'entrambi i fratelli e la loro sepoltura in un'unica tomba in mezzo ad un deserto di ghiaccio.\n\nL'altro tema caro a Stevenson è quello dell'avventura attraverso i mari, presente non solo in Treasure Island, ma anche in Kidnapped (il cui punto di riferimento sembra ancora il Robinson Crusoe di Defoe), le cui vicende toccano i temi romanzeschi del viaggio per mare, della lotta sanguinosa e del naufragio.\n\nL'amore per il mare porterà infine l'autore a trascorrere l'ultima parte della sua vita sulle isole del Pacifico, a rivivere almeno in parte quelle avventure che aveva sognato quand'era in Europa, prendendo nota in un diario d'ogni nuova esperienza ed impressione memorabile, che andava facendo nei suoi viaggi. La maggior parte di questa raccolta confluì in quelle lettere dai Mari del Sud (In The South Seas), che aveva promesso a McClure e che furono poi pubblicate a puntate su riviste americane ed inglesi dal 1891, ma anche in altri romanzi, quali The Wrecker o The Beach of Falesà. L'avventura, in ogni caso, non era ormai più concepita a tavolino, ma prendeva forma come esperienza autentica. Per la prima volta, nonostante la sua salute malferma, poteva godere degli spazi aperti e dell'avventura e rivivere fisicamente le esperienze di viaggiatori, come Cook o Darwin. E poteva dar corpo anche alle sue fantasie infantili, impersonando gli eroi dei suoi romanzi preferiti: Robinson, ovviamente, ma anche i ragazzi di Coral Island o della Famiglia Robinson svizzera. Nell'approdare alla prima isola lo scrittore rivive le emozioni dei primi esploratori, ma anche di Jim Hawkins, al suo arrivo nell'Isola del Tesoro. Diversamente dal suo personaggio, però, Stevenson non proverà delusioni e rimarrà in questo mondo per il resto della vita, rifiutando esplicitamente il ritorno in patria.\n\nI capitoli di In The South Seas sono pregni delle emozioni provate a contatto con i paesaggi e le figure di un mondo in larga parte ancora primitivo e genuino; lunghe pagine sono poi dedicate anche agli abitanti delle isole, soprattutto agli indigeni, i quali perlopiù vengono connotati positivamente quali eredi della nobiltà dell'uomo non contaminato dalla civiltà, ma che talvolta possono assumere tratti ambigui ed inquietanti. Sono rari, tuttavia, i momenti in cui lo scrittore tradisce, nei confronti di quella gente e di quei luoghi, un moto di repulsione, da lui stesso giudicato indegno di un viaggiatore, ma piuttosto una certa curiosità e simpatia. In tal senso si ricollega ad Emigrante per diletto, di cui riprende anche la romantica attenzione per gli umili e i diseredati.\n\nConvinto difensore sempre e comunque delle popolazioni polinesiane, non manca di criticare le autorità coloniali, a suo dire causa dei violenti sconvolgimenti operati nel tessuto sociale, denunciando il fatto che, tramite una dura repressione morale, agli abitanti delle Isole Marchesi è stata tolta la gioia di vivere. Ed esprime l'opinione che questa, ancor più del diffondersi delle infezioni e dell'oppio, sia la causa principale della progressiva estinzione di questa razza polinesiana. L'unico caso in cui lo scrittore sembra giudicare utile l'intervento dei bianchi nelle comunità indigene è quello concernente Padre Damiano De Veuster, fondatore del lebbrosario di Molokai, il quale aveva contratto la malattia, vivendo a stretto contatto con questi malati.\n\nDunque l'impressione che si ricava dalla lettura del romanzo è che l'autore, piuttosto che trasmettere al lettore un qualche senso della seduzione di quel mondo, si sia preoccupato di dare una mano per arginare il disfacimento di una cultura.\n\nOpere\n\nRomanzi \n 1883 - L'isola del tesoro (Treasure Island)\n trad. Piero Jahier, Einaudi, 1943\n trad. Angiolo Silvio Novaro, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Libero Bigiaretti, Giunti 1997\n 1883 - La freccia nera (The Black Arrow. A Tale of the Two Roses)\n a cura di Masolino D'Amico, Einaudi 2006\n trad. di Ester Piazza, DeAgostini 2011\n 1885 - Il principe Otto (Prince Otto. A Romance)\n trad. Enzo Giachino, Adelphi 1977\n trad. Masolino D'Amico, Nottetempo 2002\n 1886 - Lo strano caso del dottor Jekyll e del signor Hyde (Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)\n trad. Carlo Fruttero e Franco Lucentini, Einaudi 1996\n 1886 - Il ragazzo rapito (Kidnapped. Being Memoirs of the Adventures of David Balfour in the Year 1751)\n trad. Alberto Mario Ciriello, Garzanti 1976\n trad. Floriana Bossi, Einaudi 1977\n trad. Francesco Saba Sardi, come Rapito, Mondadori 1982\n 1887 - Ricordo di Fleeming Jenkin (Memoir of Fleeming Jenkin)\n trad. Paolo Zanotti, Sellerio 1996\n 1888 - Il signore di Ballantrae (The Master of Ballantrae. A Winter’s Tale)\n trad. Oriana Previtali, Rizzoli 1950\n trad. Giulia Celenza, Garzanti 1978\n trad. Simone Barillari, come Il master di Ballantrae, Nutrimenti 2012\n 1889 - La cassa sbagliata (The Wrong Box), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n come Eredità in pericolo, Mondadori, 1941\n trad. Henry Furst, Mursia 1966\n La cassa sbagliata (The Wrong Box), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2014 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-434-4\n 1892 - Il relitto (The Wrecker), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n come Il mistero del Turbine Volante, Sonzogno, 1925\n trad. Igor Legati, Einaudi 1991\n 1893 - Catriona (Catriona. Being Memoirs of the Further Adventures of David Balfour at Home and Abroad), seguito di Kidnapped\n trad. Aldo Fulizio, Paoline 1962\n trad. Henry Furst, Mursia 1972\n trad. Andrea Cariello, Leone Editore, 2015\ntrad. Maria Grazia Testi Piceni, Landscape Books, 2016\n 1894 - Il riflusso della marea (The Ebb-Tide. A Trio and a Quartette), scritto con Lloyd Osbourne\n a cura di Fabrizio Pasanisi, Sellerio 1994\n trad. Renato Prinzhofer, Bompiani 1997\n trad. Fabrizio Bagatti, Marlin 2006\n 1896 - Weir di Hermiston (Weir of Hermiston)\n trad. Francesco Fenghi, Garzanti 1982\n trad. Giovanna Saffi, Sellerio 1994\n 1897 - St. Ives (St. Ives. Being the Adventures of a French Prisoner in England), finito da Arthur Quiller-Couch\n a cura di Salvatore Rosati, Mursia 1968\n\nRacconti \n 1877 - Una vecchia canzone (An Old Song)\n trad. Ornella De Zordo, in L'incantatrice e Una vecchia storia, Milano, Mursia, 1990, pp. 37–89\n trad. Fabrizio Bagatti, Barbès, 2012; poi Clichy, 2014\n 1882 - Le nuove Mille e una notte (New Arabian Nights)\nIl club dei suicidi (The Suicide Club, 1878), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2015 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-473-3\n Il diamante del Rajah (The Rajah’s Diamond, 1878)\n Il padiglione sulle dune (The Pavillon on the Links, 1880), Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2016 traduzione di Livio Crescenzi ISBN 978-88-6261-597-6\n Un tetto per la notte (A Lodging for the Night, 1877)\n La porta del sire di Malétroit (The Sire de Malétroits Door, 1878)\n La provvidenza e una chitarra (Providence and the Guitar, 1878)\n trad. Laura Babini, come Le nuove notti arabe, Casini 1953\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982, in Romanzi, racconti e saggi\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi, 1999\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, come Il club dei suicidi e Il padiglione sulle dune, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2015-2016 ISBN 978-88-6261-473-3\n 1885 - Il dinamitardo (More New Arabian Nights: The Dynamiter), scritto con Fanny Osbourne\n trad. Enrico Scialoja, Longanesi 1980\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, come Il terrorista, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2017 ISBN 978-88-6261-631-7\n 1887 - Gli allegri compari e altri racconti (The Merry Men and Other Tales and Fables)\nGli Allegri Compari (The Merry Men, 1882)\n trad. Laura Merletti, Ibis 1995\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n trad. Fabrizio Pasanisi, prefazione di Dario Pontuale, Nutrimenti 2016\n Will del Mulino (Will o' the Mill, 1878)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Mondadori 1982\n Markheim (Markheim, 1885)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Marina Vaggi, Interlinea 2001\n trad. Luigi Marfè, Leone Editore, 2013\n Janet la Sbilenca (Thrawn Janet, 1881)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982\n Olalla (Olalla, 1885)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Einaudi 1974\n trad. Simone Garzella, Passigli 2006\n Il tesoro di Franchard (The Treasure of Franchard, 1883)\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n trad. Daniela Sandid, prefazione di Dario Pontuale, Passigli 2016\n 1889 - L'incantatrice o L'ammaliatrice (The Enchantress)\n trad. Ornella De Zordo, in L'incantatrice e Una vecchia storia, Milano, Mursia, 1990, pp. 13–36\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, in I racconti, Torino, Einaudi, 1999, pp. 767–85\n 1893 - Gli intrattenimenti delle notti sull'isola (Island Nights' Entertainments)\n La spiaggia di Falesà (The Beach of Falesà, 1892)\n Il diavolo nella bottiglia (The Bottle Imp, 1891)\n L’isola delle voci (The Isle of Voices, 1893)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori 1982\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi 1999\n 1896 - Favole (Fables)\n trad. Aldo Camerino, Einaudi 1960\n trad. Daniela Fink, Le lettere 1992\n 1905 - Tales and Fantasies (pubblicato postumo)\n (The Story of a Lie, 1879)\n Il trafugatore di salme (The Body Snatcher, 1884)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, , Mondadori, 1985\n trad. Alessandro Ceni, Einaudi, 1999 (in I racconti)\n trad. Livio Crescenzi, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2016 ISBN 978-88-6261-531-0\n Le avventure di John Nicholson (The Misadventures of John Nicholson: A Christmas Story, 1887)\n trad. Piero Pignata, Passigli, 2010\n\nTeatro \n con William Ernest Henley:\n 1880 - Deacon Brodie or The Double Life\n 1884 - Beau Austin\n 1884 - The Admiral Guinea\n 1885 - Macaire\n con Fanny Osbourne:\n 1915 - The Hanging Judge\n\nPoesie \n 1882 - Moral Emblems and Other Poems\n trad. parziale Roberto Mussapi e Teresa Sorace Maresca in Poesie, Mondadori 1997\n trad. racconto Il pirata e il farmacista Damiano Abeni, Orecchio Acerbo 2013\n 1885 - Un giardino di versi (A Child’s Garden of Verses)\n trad. Francesco Saba Sardi, Mondadori 1987\n trad. Roberto Mussapi, come Il mio letto è una nave, Feltrinelli, 1997\n trad. Raul Montanari, Nutrimenti 2010\n 1887 - Underwoods (38 poesie in inglese e 16 in scozzese)\n 1887 - Ticonderoga: A Legend of the West Highlands\n 1891 - Ballads\n The Song of Rahero. A Legend of Tahiti\n The Feast of Famine. Marquesan Manners\n Ticonderoga. Una leggenda delle Highlands occidentali (Ticonderoga. A Legend of the West Highlands, 1887)\n trad. Roberto Mussapi in Poesie, Mondadori 1997\n Heather Ale\n Christmas at Sea\n 1896 - Canti di viaggio (Songs of Travel and Other Verses)\n trad. Luigi Marfè, ETS 2019\n 1898 - Quattordici preghiere scritte a Vailima e un sermone di Natale\n Prayers Written at Vailima\n A Christmas Sermon\n trad. Edoardo Albinati, Stampa alternativa 1992\n 1918 - New Poems\n 2003 - Collected Poems, a cura di Roger C. Lewis\n\nSaggi e viaggi \n 1878 - Viaggio nell'entroterra in canoa tra Belgio e Francia (An Inland Voyage)\n trad. Donatella Tonitto e Marco Bettini, Muzzio 1991\n 1879 - Viaggio nelle Cévennes in compagnia di un asino (Travels with a Donkey in the Cévennes)\n trad. Piero Pignata, Ibis 1992\n 1879 - Edimburgo e tre passeggiate a piedi a zonzo tra Scozia e Inghilterra (Edinburgh: Picturesque Notes)\n trad. Valeria Bellazzi, Muzzio 1996\n 1882 - Familiar Studies of Men and Books\n Victor Hugo’s Romances\n Some Aspects of Robert Burns\n Walt Whitman\n Henry David Thoreau. His Character and Opinions\n Yoshida-Torajiro\n François Villon Student Poet and House-Breaker\n Charles of Orleans\n Samuel Pepys\n John Knox and Women\n trad. parziale Daniela Fink, come L'isola del romanzo, Sellerio 1987 \n 1882 - The Old and New Pacific Capitals\n 1882 - Una chiacchierata sul romanzesco (A Gossip on Romance)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1883 - Gli accampati di Silverado (The Silverado Squatters. Sketches from a Californian Mountain)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Studio Tesi 1985\n 1883 - Una nota sul realismo (A Note on Realism)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1884 - La casa ideale (The Ideal House)\n trad. Attilio Brilli, Mondadori, 1982 \n 1887 - I lanternai (The Lantern-Bearers)\n trad. Roberto Birindelli, Mondadori, 1982\n 1887 - Memories and Portraits\n Straniero in patria (The Foreigner at Home)\n Alcuni ricordi di collegio (Some College Memories)\n Vecchia morte (Old Mortality)\n Una rivista di collegio (A College Magazine)\n Un vecchio giardiniere scozzese (An Old Scotch Gardener)\n Pastorale (Pastoral)\n La casa parrocchiale (The Manse)\n Ricordi di un isolotto (Memories of an Islet)\n Thomas Stevenson (Thomas Stevenson Civil Engineer)\n Conversazioni e conversatori (Talk and Talkers)\n Il carattere dei cani (The Character of Dogs)\n Semplici un centesimo e colorate due soldi (A Penny Plain and Twopence Coloured)\n A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas’s\n A Gossip on Romance\n A Humble Remonstrance\n trad. parziale Flaminia Cecchi, come Memorie, Editori riuniti 1997\n trad. parziale Daniela Fink, come L'isola del romanzo, Sellerio 1987\n 1889 - Nei mari del sud (In the South Seas) \n trad. Corrado Alvaro, Arcana, 1989\n 1890 - Lettera al dottor Hyde (Father Damien: an Open Letter to the Rev. Dr. Hyde of Honolulu)\n a cura di Athos Bigongiali, Sellerio 1994\n 1891 - Virginibus Puerisque (Virginibus Puerisque, and Other Papers)\n trad. parziale a cura di Andrea Minucci, Robin 2004 \n 1892 - Attraverso le pianure (Across the Plains)\n trad. Giovanna Mochi, in Emigrante per diletto, Einaudi 1987\n 1892 - L'isola di Samoa. Note a piè di pagina della storia (A Footnote to History, Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa)\n trad. Fabio Macherelli, Shakespeare and company 1995\n trad. e cura di Fabrizio Bagatti, Otto anni di guai. Una nota in margine alla storia, Clichy 2016\n 1893 - Records of a Family of Engineers\n 1895 - Emigrante per diletto (The Amateur Emigrant)\n trad. Giovanna Mochi, Einaudi 1987\n trad. Teresa Bertuzzi, Nova Delphi 2018\n 1905 - Essays of Travel\n trad. parziale Valeria Bellazzi, come Appunti di viaggio in Francia e Svizzera, Muzzio 1998 \n L'isola del romanzo, trad. Daniela Fink, Sellerio, 1987\n Alcuni elementi tecnici dello stile nella letteratura (On Some Technical Elements of Style in Literature, 1884)\n I libri che hanno avuto influenza su di me (Books Which Have Influenced Me, 1887)\n Un'umile rimostranza (A Humble Remonstrance, 1887)\n A proposito di un romanzo di Dumas (A Gossip on a Novel of Dumas’s, 1887)\n I romanzi di Giulio Verne (Jules Verne’s Romances)\n I \"romances\" di Victor Hugo (Victor Hugo’s Romances)\n Le opere di Edgar Allan Poe\n Walt Whitman (Walt Whitman)\n Samuel Pepys (Samuel Pepys)\n \"Gentlemen\" e letteratura (Gentlemen)\n 1905 - The Art of Writing\n 1906 - Essays\n1905 - L'arte della scrittura\n trad. Francesca Frigerio, Mattioli 1885, Fidenza 2009 ISBN 978-88-6261-094-0\n\nLettere e testimonianze \n 1894 - Lettere da Vailima (Vailima Letters)\n trad. Adriana Crespi Bortolini, Mursia 1980\n Isobel Strong Field e Samuel Lloyd Osbourne, Memories of Vailima (1902)\n Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson, From Saranac to the Marquesas and Beyond. Letters to Her Sister (1903)\n Henry Jay Moors, With Stevenson in Samoa (1910)\n Fanny Osbourne, The Cruise of the \"Janet Nicholl\" among the South Seas Islands (1914)\n Margaret Isabella Balfour Stevenson, Stevenson’s Baby Book (1922)\n Samuel Lloyd Osbourne, An Intimate Portrait of R.L. Stevenson (1924)\n Rosaline Orme Masson (a cura di), I Can Remember R.L. Stevenson (1925)\n Robert T. Skinner (a cura di ), Cummy’s Diary. A Diary Kept by R.L. Stevenson’s Nurse Alison Cunningham while Travelling with him on the Continent During 1863 (1926)\n Isobel Strong Field, This Life I've Loved (1937)\n Fanny Osbourne, Our Samoan Adventure (1955)\n R.C. Terry (a cura di), Interviews and Recollections (1996)\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Letteratura vittoriana\n Scrittori scozzesi\n Fanny Van de Grift\n Samuel Lloyd Osbourne\n William Ernest Henley\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n Robert Louis Stevenson. Informazioni complete sull'autore, sito mantenuto dall'editore del Journal of Stevenson Studies .\n \n\nScrittori in lingua inglese\nScrittori di viaggio\nScrittori per ragazzi\nScrittori scozzesi\nAutori horror", "Narratore eclettico, ironico e dissacrante, è noto per avere rotto il tabù del sesso in questo genere letterario con i suoi romanzi e i suoi racconti. Si è aggiudicato alcuni tra i maggiori riconoscimenti nel campo fantascientifico.\n\nBiografia \nNacque il 25 gennaio 1918 a North Terre Haute nell'Indiana da una famiglia benestante e puritana di origini inglesi, olandesi e irlandesi da parte di padre scozzesi e tedesche da di madre. Il nome \"José\" è un omaggio ad una nonna materna (di nome Jose), reso maschile dall'accento.\n\nCercò sfogo da un'infanzia difficile, a causa della rigida educazione puritana paterna, nella lettura di romanzi fantastici e d'avventura. A nove anni comincia a leggere i classici della Letteratura greca e i libri di Oz, l'anno seguente scopre la fantascienza, Edgar Rice Burroughs, Verne, Sherlock Holmes e I viaggi di Gulliver di Jonathan Swift. La vista di un dirigibile all'età di sei anni gli fa scoprire ed amare i mezzi volanti più leggeri dell'aria.\n\nAlle scuole superiori, oltre ad avere buone doti letterarie dimostra anche buoni doti fisiche. Durante questi anni comincia a concepire le prime idee per il ciclo di romanzi che diventerà Il fabbricante di universi (The Maker of universes). Una volta diplomato nel 1937, si iscrive all'università del Missouri per studiare giornalismo, ma deve abbandonarla a causa della bancarotta dell'azienda del padre. Per due anni lavora come operaio in una centrale elettrica, in modo da permettere a suo padre di pagare i suoi debiti.\n\nNel 1939, risolta la questione finanziaria, si iscrive al corso di letteratura inglese, con specializzazione in filosofia al Bradley Polytechnical Institute di Peoria (Illinois). Vince una borsa di studio come premio di scrittura creativa, ma quando scopre che la vittoria è dovuta alle sue capacità di giocatore di football americano, abbandona la squadra.\n\nNel 1940 incontra Elizabeth Virginia Andre (l'attività di compravendita e ristrutturazione di case della moglie sarà parte delle ragioni dei frequenti spostamenti della coppia) che sposa l'anno dopo. Nel 1941 entra nell'Air Force come cadetto di aviazione, ma alla notizia dell'attacco a Pearl Harbor chiede di essere congedato dall'addestramento di pilota e torna dalla moglie a Peoria. Nel 1942 nasce il primo figlio Philip Laird e nel 1945 la secondogenita Kristen.\n\nNel 1946 riesce a pubblicare il suo primo racconto (una storia di guerra) O'Brien and Obrenov sulla rivista pulp Adventure.\n\nNel 1951 ritenta la strada della fantascienza e propone il racconto breve Un amore a Siddo o Gli amanti di Siddo (The Lovers) ad Astounding Science Fiction ed a Galaxy che lo rifiutano (il tema della relazione amorosa tra un umano e un'aliena era scabroso nell'America puritana e razzista degli anni cinquanta). Il racconto fu pubblicato sul numero di agosto 1952 di Startling Stories e proprio il tema lo rende il caso dell'anno, e nel 1953 ottiene il Premio Hugo come scrittore più promettente.\n\nSulla scia del successo degli Amanti di Siddo lascia il lavoro per dedicarsi a tempo pieno alla scrittura. Con I owe for the Flesh, primo germe del futuro \"Ciclo del Mondo del Fiume\", vince il concorso letterario indetto dall'editore Shasta, ma l'editore fallisce senza aver pagato i 4.000 dollari del premio e Farmer si ritrova sul lastrico. Per mantenere moglie e figli deve tornare ad un lavoro fisso. Negli anni successivi cambierà più volte residenza (Syracuse nello Stato di New York nel 1956, Scottsdale in Arizona nel 1958) e lavoro (facendo in genere lo scrittore tecnico per ditte di elettronica). Riesce comunque a pubblicare alcune opere, tra cui i primi racconti della serie di John Carmody (il primo di questi, Il frate e il giocatore – Attitudes –, viene pubblicato nel 1953) e il suo primo romanzo The Green Odyssey (la storia di un astronauta naufragato su uno strano pianeta).\n\nNel 1959 Horace Gold, curatore di Galaxy, lo contatta per chiedergli di scrivere un romanzo con tema legato al sesso per una nuova collana di libri e Farmer scrive e pubblica l'anno dopo Il figlio del sole (Flesh), la storia di un capitano d'astronavi e del suo equipaggio che tornano sulla Terra dopo un viaggio in ibernazione durato 800 anni e trovano la cultura del pianeta profondamente cambiata, con l'abbandono della tecnologia e un ritorno ai culti della fertilità (il romanzo si rifà alle teorie espresse da James Frazer ne Il ramo d'oro).\n\nLa fortuna finalmente sorride a Farmer, che ricomincia a pubblicare regolarmente e, a partire dal 1964, riesce finalmente a mantenersi con il suo lavoro di scrittore. Nel 1965 si trasferisce a Beverly Hills e pubblica Il fabbricante di universi (The Maker of Universes), il primo libro del ciclo omonimo: il professore di storia Robert Wolf suona un corno ritrovato in una vecchia casa e si ritrova catapultato in un altro universo, strutturato a forma di zigurrat, dove ritorna alla forma fisica della giovinezza.\n\nNel 1968 vince un secondo premio Hugo con il romanzo breve Il salario purpureo (Riders of the Purple Wage), pubblicato l'anno prima nell'importante antologia Dangerous Visions.\n\nNel 1970 si trasferisce di nuovo a Peoria (Illinois). Nel 1971 riesce finalmente a pubblicare Il fiume della vita (To Your Scattered Bodies Go), una versione riveduta di I Owe for the Flesh, il romanzo che Shasta avrebbe dovuto pubblicare anni prima.\n\nL'opera \nL'opera di Farmer può essere definito di \"metaletteratura\", avendo l'autore lungo tutta la sua opera continuamente rielaborato temi derivanti dalla letteratura popolare e avventurosa (ma anche da classici quali I viaggi di Gulliver o l'Odissea) mediante pastiche, che talvolta diventano vere e proprie riscritture (come nel caso di Il diario segreto di Phileas Fogg) in cui riscrive Il giro del mondo in 80 giorni trasformandolo nello scontro tra due fazioni aliene per il possesso della Terra.\nOltre alla letteratura, i temi ricorrenti dell'autore sono il sesso e l'avventura pura, ma anche la psicologia e la religione, che di norma fonde in costruzioni molto complesse.\n\nConsiderato da più parti uno dei massimi \"scenografi\" ed etnologi della fantascienza, Farmer ha costruito universi assolutamente alieni che è riuscito a caratterizzare nella loro perfetta alterità con un numero ridotto di pennellate, talvolta perfino in brevi racconti (come nei racconti appartenenti all'antologia Relazioni aliene o nel romanzo Venere sulla conchiglia).\n\nPeraltro, la scrittura di Farmer è spesso arruffata e affrettata, priva di una grande cura letteraria (al punto di scordare personaggi di contorno qua e là nei romanzi) e per questo raramente l'autore è apprezzato dagli amanti della bella pagina. D'altro canto, invece, l'autore è apprezzato da un enorme pubblico che bada più all'emozione e al coinvolgimento che sa comunque suscitare.\n\nTra le sue opere più famose non si possono non citare il ciclo del Mondo del Fiume (criticato dai fondamentalisti cristiani perché vi compare tra i \"risorti\" anche Gesù Cristo) e quello dei Fabbricanti di universi, a cui aggiungere i romanzi Un amore a Siddo, Notte di luce e Venere sulla conchiglia (originariamente pubblicato con il nome Kilgore Trout, ispirato a un personaggio di Kurt Vonnegut).\n\nRiconoscimenti \n Premio Hugo 1953 per il \"Più promettente nuovo talento\"\n Candidato al premio Hugo 1960 per il racconto Un dio dal passato\n Candidato al premio Hugo 1961 per Il fratello di mia sorella\n Candidato al premio Hugo 1966 per The Day of the Great Shout (pubblicato in Italia all'interno de Il fiume della vita)\n Candidato al premio Nebula 1967 per Il salario purpureo\n Premio Hugo come \"Miglior romanzo breve\" 1968 per Il salario purpureo\n Premio Hugo per il \"Miglior romanzo\" 1972 con Il fiume della vita\n Candidato al premio Nebula 1974 per Dopo la caduta di King-Kong\n Candidato al premio Hugo 1974 per Tra le rovine della mia mente\n Premio Grand Master alla carriera 2001\n\nOpere\n\nCiclo dei fabbricanti di universi (The World of Tiers) \nIn ordine di scrittura\n Il fabbricante di universi (The Maker of Universes, Ace, #F-367, 1965), traduzione di Ugo Malaguti, Galassia n. 74, La Tribuna 1967; ristampa in Fabbricanti di universi Cosmo Oro n. 15, Editrice Nord 1974\n I cancelli dell'universo (The Gates of Creation, Ace, #F-412, 1966), traduzione di Vittorio Varacca, Galassia n. 157, La Tribuna 1972; 1ª ristampa in Fabbricanti di universi Cosmo Oro n. 15, Nord 1974; 2ª ristampa all'interno de Il nostro uomo per Ganimede, Bigalassia 44, La Tribuna, 1979\n Un universo tutto per noi (A Private Cosmos, Ace, #G-724, 1968), traduzione di Luigi Dancelli, Galassia n. 103, La Tribuna 1969; 1ª ristampa in Un universo tutto per noi, Bigalassia n. 7, La Tribuna, 1971; 2ª ristampa in Fabbricanti di universi, Cosmo Oro n. 15, Nord 1974;\n Le muraglie della Terra (Behind the Walls of Terra, Ace, n. 71135, 1970), traduzione di Giampaolo Cossato, in Fabbricanti di universi, Cosmo Oro n. 15, Nord 1974;\n Il mondo di Lavalite, (The Lavalite World, Ace 47420-9, 1977) traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Cosmo Oro n. 39, Editrice Nord 1979\n La rabbia di Orc il Rosso (Red Orc's Rage, Tor, 1991), traduzione di Carlo Borriello, Il libro d'oro della fantascienza n. 81, Fanucci 1995. Libro collegato alla serie (ne sfrutta uno dei personaggi come strumento psicologico)\n La macchina della creazione (More Than Fire, Tor, 1993), traduzione di Gianluigi Zuddas, Cosmo Oro n. 141, Editrice Nord 1994\n\nCiclo del Mondo del Fiume (Riverworld) \n\nIn ordine di scrittura\n Il fiume della vita (To Your Scattered Bodies Go, Putnam, 1971), traduzione di Gabriele Tamburini, Cosmo Argento n. 8, Editrice Nord 1971; 1ª ristampa in cofanetto Grandi Cicli n. 2, Editrice Nord 1983; 2ª ristampa in Riverworld. Il Mondo del Fiume. Libro Primo, Grandi Opere n. 21, Editrice Nord 1992; 3ª ristampa Urania n. 1205, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1993; 4ª ristampa Oscar Fantascienza n. 115, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1994\n Alle sorgenti del fiume (The Fabulous Riverboat, prima pubblicazione sulla rivista If, giugno e agosto 1971, 1ª edizione in libro Putnam 1971), traduzione di Gabriele Tamburini, Cosmo Argento n. 20, Editrice Nord 1972; 1ª ristampa in cofanetto Grandi Cicli n. 2, Editrice Nord 1983; 2ª ristampa in Riverworld. Il Mondo del Fiume. Libro Primo, Grandi Opere n. 21, Editrice Nord 1992; 3ª ristampa Urania n. 1212, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1993; 4ª ristampa Oscar Fantascienza n. 120, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1994\n Il grande disegno (The Dark Design, Putnam, 1977), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Cosmo Argento n. 77/78, Editrice Nord 1978; 1ª ristampa in cofanetto Grandi Cicli n. 2, Editrice Nord 1983; 2ª ristampa in Riverworld. Il Mondo del Fiume. Libro Primo, Grandi Opere n. 21, Editrice Nord 1992; 3ª ristampa Urania n. 1222, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1994\n Il labirinto magico (The Magic Labyrinth, Putnam, 1980), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Cosmo Argento n. 113/114, Editrice Nord 1981; 1ª ristampa in cofanetto Grandi Cicli n. 2, Editrice Nord 1983; 2ª ristampa in Riverworld. Il Mondo del Fiume. Libro Secondo, Grandi Opere n. 21, Editrice Nord 1992; Urania n. 1230, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1994; Bestseller Oscar n. 583, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1995\n Gli dei del Fiume (The Gods of Riverworld, Phantasia Press, 1983), traduzione di Giampaolo Cossato e Sandro Sandrelli, Cosmo Argento n. 162, 1985; 1ª ristampa in Riverworld. Il Mondo del Fiume. Libro Secondo, Grandi Opere n. 21, Editrice Nord 1992; 3ª ristampa Urania n. 1248, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1995; 4ª ristampa Bestsellers Oscar n. 657, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1996\n Raccolta di racconti, il primo dei quali ambientato nel mondo del fiume, Il mondo di Philip José Farmer (Riverworld and Other Stories, Berkley, 1979), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, SF Narrativa d'Anticipazione n. 24, Editrice Nord 1981; contiene:\n Riverworld (Riverworld, sulla rivista Worlds of Tomorrow, gennaio 1966)\n Il vulcano (The Volcano, sulla rivista The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, febbraio 1976)\n Il problema del ponte delicato (tra le altre cose) (The Problem of the Sore Bridge - Among Others, sulla rivista The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, febbraio 1975)\n Brass e Gold. Ovvero: Cavallo e Zeppelin a Beverly Hills (Brass and Gold (or Horse and Zeppelin in Beverly Hills) nell'antologia Quark/4, 1971)\n La voce del sonar nella mia appendice vermiforme (The Voice of the Sonar in My Vermiform Appendix, nell'antologia Quark/2, 1971)\n Monologo (Monologue, nell'antologia Demon Kind, 1973)\n Il Fantasma delle fogne (The Phantom of the Sewers in Riverworld and Other Stories, 1979)\n Raccolta di racconti Gli avventurieri di Riverworld, traduzione di Piergiorgio Nicolazzini, Cosmo Argento n. 247, Editrice Nord 1994; contiene:\n Parte prima (Crossing the Dark River in Tales of Riverworld, Warner Questar, 1992)\n Parte seconda (Up the Bright River in Quest to Riverworld, Warner Questar, 1993)\n Coda (Coda in Quest to Riverworld, Warner Questar, 1993)\n\nNota: Tales of Riverworld e Quest to Riverworld sono due antologie che raccolgono racconti ambientati del ciclo del mondo del fiume scritti da autori diversi da Farmer (eccetto che per i tre racconti citati che sono stati raccolti in questa antologia). I rimanenti racconti sono inediti in italiano.\n\nNel 2003 è stato prodotto un film per la televisione basato su Il fiume della vita intitolato Riverworld - Il popolo del fiume (Riverworld), diretto da Kari Skogland e sceneggiato da Stuart Hazeldine. Nel 2010 è stato prodotto un secondo film per la televisione intitolato Riverworld (Riverworld), diretto da Stuart Gillard. Pur derivando l'ambientazione e alcuni dei personaggi dal ciclo farmeriano, nessuno dei due film appare direttamente in continuità col ciclo stesso, al punto che solo alcuni dei personaggi originali vi appaiono e talvolta con ruoli diversi (è il caso di Burton che nel primo dei due film diventa un \"cattivo\").\n\nCiclo di Dayworld (Dayworld) \nIn ordine di scrittura\n Il sistema \"Dayworld\" (Dayworld, SFBC, 1985), traduzione di Giampaolo Cossato e Sandro Sandrelli, Cosmo Argento n. 168, Editrice Nord 1986; 1ª ristampa nella raccolta La trilogia di Dayworld, Tascabili Omnibus, Editrice Nord 1994; 2ª ristampa Classici Urania n. 298, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1992\n Il ribelle di Dayworld (Dayworld Rebel, Berkley/Putnam, 1987), traduzione di Gianluigi Zuddas, Cosmo Argento n. 185, Editrice Nord 1987; 1ª ristampa nella raccolta La trilogia di Dayworld, Tascabili Omnibus, Editrice Nord 1994;\n La caduta di Dayworld (Dayworld Breakup, Tor, 1990), traduzione di Nicola Fantini, Cosmo Argento n. 210, Editrice Nord 1990; 1ª ristampa nella raccolta La trilogia di Dayworld, Tascabili Omnibus, Editrice Nord 1994;\n\nCiclo di Opar (Tarzan's Africa) \nIn ordine di scrittura\n Opar, la città immortale (Hadon of Ancient Opar, DAW n. 100, 1974), traduzione di Lidia Lax e Diana Georgiacodis, Oscar Fantasy n. 2, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1989\n Fuga a Opar (Flight to Opar, DAW n. 197, 1976), traduzione di Lidia Lax e Diana Georgiacodis, Oscar Fantasy n. 8, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1990\n\nExorcism Trilogy \nIn ordine di scrittura\n L'immagine della bestia (The Image of the Beast, Essex House, 1968), traduzione di Luigi Giambonelli, Collana Blu, Olimpia Press 1972; 1ª ristampa, Economica Tascabile n. 22, Fanucci 1994\n Nelle rovine della mente (Blown Essex House, 1969) traduzione di Luigi Giambonelli, Collana Blu, Olimpia Press 1973; 1ª ristampa, Economica Tascabile n. 32, Fanucci Editore, 1995;\n Primo contatto (Traitor to the Living, Ballantine, 1973), traduzione di Giampaolo Cossato e Sandro Sandrelli, Cosmo Argento n. 41, Editrice Nord 1975; 1ª ristampa Tascabili Fantascienza, Editrice Nord 1993\n\nWold Newton \n\nIn ordine di scrittura\n Festa di morte (A Feast Unknown, Essex House, 1969) traduzione di Federico Valli, Gamma. [Il Fantalibro]. I Capolavori della Fantascienza n. 11, De Carlo Editore, 1972.\n Lord of the Trees, Ace, 1970. (inedito in italiano)\n The Mad Goblin, Ace, 1970. (inedito in italiano)\n Lord Tyger (Lord Tyger, Doubleday, 1970) in I Massimi della Fantascienza n. 29, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1992.\n Tarzan Alive: A Definitive Biography of Lord Greystoke, Doubleday, 1972. (inedito in italiano)\n Doc Savage: una biografia apocalittica (Doc Savage: His Apocalyptic Life, Doubleday, 1972) in I Massimi della Fantascienza n. 29, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1992.\n Il diario segreto di Phileas Fogg (The Other Log of Phileas Fogg, 1973) traduzione di Riccardo Valla, Urania n. 1140, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1990. 1ª ristampa, Classici Urania n. 263, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1999.\n The Adventures of the Peerless Peer, Aspen Press, 1974. (inedito in italiano)\n A Barnstormer in Oz, Phantasia Press, 1982. (inedito in italiano)\n\nIl precursore \n\nIn ordine di scrittura\n\nSi tratta non già di un vero e proprio ciclo quanto di una serie di quattro opere (due romanzi, una novelette e un racconto) ambientati nello stesso universo ma totalmente indipendenti tra loro.\n Rastignac il maligno (Rastignac the Devil, nella rivista Fantastic Universe maggio 1954), traduzione di Ugo Fossati, Gamma n. 4, De Carlo Editore, 1966; 2ª traduzione di Valentino De Carlo, Nebula n. 2, De Carlo Editore, 1973 (Anche se del tutto separato, appartiene allo stesso universo narrativo di Gli amanti di Siddo, Gli anni del Precursore e del racconto La figlia del Comandante.)\n Gli anni del precursore (A Woman a Day, Galaxy-Beacon 291, 1960; originariamente pubblicata come Moth and Rust in Startling Stories giugno 1953; pubblicata anche come The Day of Time Stop e Time Stop!), traduzione di Ugo Malaguti, Galassia n. 94, La Tribuna 1968; 1ª ristampa in Bigalassia n. 7, La Tribuna, 1971; 2ª ristampa Urania n. 1018, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1986; 3ª ristampa in I Massimi della Fantascienza n. 29, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1992; 4ª ristampa Classici Urania n. 246; Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1997.\n Gli amanti di Siddo (The Lovers, 1961), come Un amore a Siddo Science Fiction Book Club, La Tribuna, traduzione di Gianni Fabrizi, 1966; Science Fiction Book Club 53, La Tribuna, 1978; Cosmo Serie Oro. Classici della Narrativa di Fantascienza 119, Nord, traduzione di Riccardo Valla, 1991; Urania Collezione 063, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2008 (sempre con la traduzione di Valla).\n Come diventare dio e godersela (The God Business, 1954), nell'antologia Un dio dal passato [ed altri romanzi brevi], traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Futuro. I pocket di fantascienza, Ubaldo Fanucci Editore, 1972; Sidera nello spazio e nel tempo, Fanucci Editore, 1982.\n\nAltri romanzi \nIn ordine di scrittura\n Pianeta in via di sviluppo (The Green Odissey, Ballantine, 1957), traduzione di Gianni Aimach, Slan 2, Libra 1970; traduzione di Barbara Piccioli, Classici Urania n. 234 con il titolo La rotta verde, 1996\n Il figlio del sole (Flesh, Galaxy-Beacon n. 277, 1960), traduzione di Gabriele Tamburini, Cosmo Argento n. 16, Editrice Nord 1972; 1ª ristampa Tascabili Fantascienza, Editrice Nord 1992\n Il segreto del tempo (Cache from Outer Space, Ace 1962), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Saturno. Collana di fantascienza 2, Libra Editrice, 1977\n L'inferno a rovescio (Inside-Outside, Ballantine, 1964), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Galassia n. 61, La Tribuna 1966; 1ª ristampa I Classici di Urania n. 113, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1986; 2ª ristampa in I Massimi della Fantascienza n. 29, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore 1992;\n Il tempo dell'esilio (Tongues of the Moon, Pyramid 1964), traduzione di Ugo Malaguti, Slan. Il Meglio della Fantascienza n. 19, Libra Editrice, 1973\n Una questione di razza (Dare, Ballantine, 1965), traduzione di Maurizio Cesari, Galassia n. 131, Casa Editrice La Tribuna, 1970\n Canzone d'amore (Love Song, Brandon House, 1970), traduzione di Luigi Giambonelli, Olympia Press Italia, 1974\n Si sveglia il dio di pietra (The Stone God Awakens, Ace, 1970) traduzione di Maurizio Nati e Sandro Pergameno, Futuro. Biblioteca di Fantascienza n. 16, Fanucci Editore, 1975\n Pianeta d'aria (The Wind Whales of Ishmael, 1971) traduzione di Alfredo Pollini, Futuro. Biblioteca di Fantascienza n. 37, Fanucci Editore, 1978. 1ª ristampa, Biblioteca di Fantascienza n. 4, Fanucci Editore, 1988\n L'ultimo dono del tempo (Time's Last Gift, Ballantine, 1972) traduzione di Ugo Malaguti, Slan. Il Meglio della Fantascienza n. 22, Libra Editrice, 1974\n Venere sulla conchiglia (Venus on the Half-Shell, 1974 - inizialmente pubblicato sotto lo pseudonimo Kilgore Trout), traduzione di Angela Campana, Urania n. 693, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1976. 1ª ristampa, Omnibus, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1979 (col titolo Lo spaziale errante). 2ª ristampa Classici Urania n. 87, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1984. 3ª ristampa, in Urania Collezione n. 015, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2004.\n Cristo marziano (Jesus on Mars, Pinnacle, 1978) traduzione di Riccardo Valla, Fantascienza Book Club n. 1, Sevagram, 1984. 1ª ristampa Classici Urania n. 175, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1991\n Il sole nero (Dark Is the Sun, Del Rey, 1979) traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, Cosmo. Collana di Fantascienza n. 124/125, Editrice Nord, 1982\n Roger Two Hawks (Two Hawks from Earth, 1979) traduzione di Nicoletta Vallorani, Cosmo Argento 156, Nord 1985; Tascabili Fantascienza, Nord 1994\n Il distruttore (The Unreasoning Mask, Putnam, 1981) traduzione di Giampaolo Cossato e Sandro Sandrelli, Cosmo. Collana di Fantascienza n. 147, Editrice Nord, 1984. 1ª ristampa, Tascabili Fantascienza, Editrice Nord, 1992\n Escape from Loki, Bantam, 1991. (inedito in italiano)\n The Caterpillar's Question, in collaborazione con Piers Anthony, Berkley, 1992 (inedito in italiano)\n\nRomanzi non di fantascienza \nIn ordine di scrittura\n Fire and the Night, Regency, 1962 (inedito in italiano)\n Un mestiere difficile (Nothing burns in Hell, Tor, 1998), Giallo Mondadori n. 2688, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 2000.\n The Dark Heart of Time: a Tarzan Novel, Del Rey, 1999. (inedito in italiano)\n\nAntologie \nIn ordine di prima pubblicazione\n Relazioni aliene (Strange Relations, Ballantine, 1960), traduzione di Alfredo Pollini, Futuro. Biblioteca di Fantascienza n. 3, Fanucci. Contiene:\n Padre (Father)\n Madre (Mother)\n Figlia (Daughter)\n Figlio (Son - pubblicato originariamente come Queen of the Deep)\n Il fratello di mia sorella (My Sister's Brother, pubblicato originariamente come Open to Me, My Sister)\n Un dio dal passato (The Alley God, Ballantine, 1962), traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, I Pocket di Fantascienza n. 2, Fanucci 1972; 1ª ristampa Sidera nello spazio e nel tempo n. 2, Fanucci 1982. Contiene:\n Un dio dal passato (The Alley Man)\n La figlia del comandante (The Captain's Daughter)\n Come diventare dio e godersela (The God Business)\n Notte di luce, traduzione di Riccardo Valla, Galassia 125, La Tribuna 1970; ristampa Cosmo Oro n. 22, Editrice Nord 1976. Raccolta dei racconti di padre John Carmody in modo da formare un unico romanzo. Composta da:\n Notte di luce (1ª parte di The Night of Light, in Fantasy & Science Fiction, giugno 1957)\n Un viaggio di poche miglia (A Few Miles in Fantasy & Science Fiction, ottobre 1960)\n Prometeo (Prometheus in Fantasy & Science Fiction, marzo 1961)\n Il giusto atteggiamento (Attitudes in Fantasy & Science Fiction, ottobre 1953)\n Il padre del pianeta (2ª parte di The Night of Light)\n\nRacconti \nIn ordine di prima pubblicazione\n Mordi il prossimo tuo oppure Una scodella più grande della Terra (A Bowl Bigger Than Earth, If, settembre 1967) traduzione di Hilja Brinis, Il primo libro delle metamorfosi, Urania n. 482, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1968; 2ª traduzione di Andrea Terzi, La grande avventura, Mistral n. 6, Rizzoli, 1989\n Fra le rovine della mia mente (Sketches Among the Ruins of My Mind, Nova 3, 1973) traduzione di Paolo Busnelli, Robot n. 26, Armenia Editore, 1978; 1ª ristampa, raccolta Robot n. 12, 1979; traduzione di Andre Terzi Vagando tra le rovine della mia mente, Mistral n. 6, Rizzoli, 1989\n Dopo la caduta di King Kong (After King Kong Fell, Omega 1973) traduzione di Paolo Busnelli, I Libri della Paura n. 15, SIAD Edizioni, 1980; 2ª traduzione di Andrea Terzi La grande avventura, Mistral n. 6, Rizzoli, 1989; 1ª ristampa, Mostri del cielo e della terra, Urania n. 1155, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1991; 2ª ristampa, Millemondi Primavera 1999: Creature dello spazio profondo, Millemondi n. 19, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1999\n Il problema del ponte delicato (tra le altre cose) oppure Il problema del ponte dolorante (The Problem of the Sore Bridge... Among others - scritto con lo pseudonimo di Harry Manders - Fantasy & Science Fiction, settembre 1975) traduzione di Roberta Rambelli, SF Narrativa d'Anticipazione n. 24, Editrice Nord, 1981; 2ª traduzione di Marco Pinna, Sherlock Holmes nel tempo e nello spazio, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1990\n Un bozzetto di Scarletin (A Scarletin Study - scritto con lo pseudonimo di Jonathan Swift Somers III - Fantasy & Science Fiction, marzo 1975) traduzione di Maura Arduini, Sherlock Holmes nel tempo e nello spazio, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1990\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n , su Delos n. 33\n Articolo di Peter Patti (in morte di Philip J. Farmer)\n \n\n \nVincitori del Premio Hugo", "Di seguito una lista di asteroidi dal numero 12001 al 13000 con data di scoperta e scopritore.\n\n12001-12100 \n\n|-\n| 12001 Gasbarini || || 12 marzo 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12002 Suess || || 19 marzo 1996 || P. Pravec, L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12003 Hideosugai || || 20 marzo 1996 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12004 - || || 15 maggio 1996 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12005 Delgiudice || || 19 maggio 1996 || R. Weber\n|-\n| 12006 Hruschka || 1996 OO || 20 luglio 1996 || L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12007 Fermat || || 11 ottobre 1996 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12008 Kandrup || || 11 ottobre 1996 || T. B. Spahr\n|-\n| 12209 Jennalynn || 1996 UE || 16 ottobre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12010 Kovářov|| 1996 UN || 18 ottobre 1996 || Osservatorio di Kleť\n|-\n| 12011 - || || 14 novembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12012 Kitahiroshima || || 7 novembre 1996 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12013 Sibatahosimi || || 7 novembre 1996 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12014 Bobhawkes || || 5 novembre 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12015 - || 1996 WA || 16 novembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12016 Green || 1996 XC || 1 dicembre 1996 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12017 - || || 2 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12018 - || || 10 dicembre 1996 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12019 - || || 8 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12020 - || || 11 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12021 - || || 12 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12022 Hilbert || || 15 dicembre 1996 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12023 - || 1996 YJ || 20 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12024 - || || 28 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12025 - || || 2 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12026 - || || 3 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12027 Masaakitanaka || || 3 gennaio 1997 || N. Sato\n|-\n| 12028 Annekinney || || 9 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12029 - || || 11 gennaio 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12030 - || || 30 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12031 Kobaton || || 30 gennaio 1997 || N. Sato\n|-\n| 12032 Ivory || || 31 gennaio 1997 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12033 Anselmo || || 31 gennaio 1997 || M. Tombelli, U. Munari\n|-\n| 12034 - || 1997 CR || 1 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12035 Ruggieri || || 1 febbraio 1997 || V. Goretti\n|-\n| 12036 - || || 11 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12037 - || || 11 febbraio 1997 || T. Kojima\n|-\n| 12038 - || || 12 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12039 - || || 13 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12040 Jacobi || || 8 marzo 1997 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12041 - || || 5 marzo 1997 || T. Urata\n|-\n| 12042 Laques || 1997 FC || 17 marzo 1997 || C. Buil\n|-\n| 12043 - || 1997 FN || 22 marzo 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12044 Fabbri || 1997 FU || 29 marzo 1997 || M. Tombelli, G. Forti\n|-\n| 12045 Klein || || 30 marzo 1997 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12046 - || || 31 marzo 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12047 Hideomitani || || 3 aprile 1997 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12048 - || || 2 aprile 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12049 - || || 3 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12050 Humecronyn || || 27 aprile 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12051 Pícha || 1997 JO || 2 maggio 1997 || L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12052 Aretaon || || 3 maggio 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12053 Turtlestar || || 9 agosto 1997 || Osservatorio di Starkenburg\n|-\n| 12054 - || || 5 ottobre 1997 || L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12055 - || || 30 dicembre 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12056 Yoshigeru || || 30 dicembre 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12057 Alfredsturm || || 18 febbraio 1998 || Osservatorio di Starkenburg\n|-\n| 12058 - || || 24 febbraio 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12059 du Châtelet || || 1 marzo 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12060 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12061 Alena || || 21 marzo 1998 || T. Stafford\n|-\n| 12062 Tilmanspohn || || 24 marzo 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12063 - || || 22 marzo 1998 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12064 Guiraudon || || 28 marzo 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12065 Jaworski || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12066 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12067 Jeter || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12068 Khandrika || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12069 Michaelbruno || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12070 Kilkis || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12071 Davykim || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12072 Anupamakotha || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12073 Larimer || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12074 Carolinelau || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12075 Legg || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12076 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12077 Frankthorne || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12078 Ikezi || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12079 Kaibab || || 22 marzo 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12080 - || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12081 - || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12082 - || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12083 Darone || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12084 Unno || || 22 marzo 1998 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12085 Susanmoore || || 18 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12086 Joshualevine || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12087 Tiffanylin || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12088 Macalintal || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12089 Maichin || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12090 - || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12091 Jesmalmquist || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12092 Erinorourke || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12093 Chrimatthews || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12094 Mazumder || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12095 Pinel || || 25 aprile 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12096 - || || 23 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12097 Peterlowen || || 23 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12098 - || || 23 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12099 Meigooni || || 23 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12100 Amiens || || 25 aprile 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|}\n\n12101-12200 \n\n|-\n| 12101 Trujillo || || 1 maggio 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12102 Piazzolla || || 5 maggio 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12103 - || 1998 KL || 19 maggio 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12104 Chesley || || 22 maggio 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12105 - || || 25 maggio 1998 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12106 Menghuan || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12107 Reneebarcia || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12108 Jamesaustin || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12109 - || || 23 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12110 - || || 22 maggio 1998 || M. R. Burleigh, N. P. Bannister\n|-\n| 12111 Ulm || 1998 LU || 1 giugno 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12112 Sprague || || 23 giugno 1998 || CSS\n|-\n| 12113 Hollows || || 29 luglio 1998 || J. Broughton\n|-\n| 12114 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12115 Robertgrimm || || 16 settembre 1998 || CSS\n|-\n| 12116 - || || 10 maggio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12117 Meagmessina || || 10 maggio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12118 Mirotsin || || 13 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12119 Memamis || || 13 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12120 Rebeccagrella || || 14 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12121 Greenwald || || 13 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12122 - || || 12 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12123 Pazin || 1999 OS || 18 luglio 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12124 Hvar || || 6 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12125 Jamesjones || || 3 settembre 1999 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12126 - || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12127 Mamiya || || 9 settembre 1999 || K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12128 Palermiti || || 13 settembre 1999 || C. W. Juels\n|-\n| 12129 - || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12130 Mousa || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12131 Echternach || 2085 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12132 Wimfröger || 2103 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12133 Titulaer || 2558 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12134 Hansfriedeman || 2574 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12135 Terlingen || 3021 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12136 Martinryle || 3045 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12137 Williefowler || 4004 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12138 Olinwilson || 4053 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12139 Tomcowling || 4055 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12140 Johnbolton || 4087 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12141 Chushayashi || 4112 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12142 Franklow || 4624 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12143 Harwit || 4631 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12144 Einhart || 4661 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12145 Behaim || 4730 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12146 Ostriker || 6035 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12147 Bramante || 6082 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12148 Caravaggio || 6636 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12149 Begas || 9099 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12150 De Ruyter || 1051 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12151 Oranje-Nassau || 1220 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12152 Aratus || 1287 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12153 Conon || 3219 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12154 Callimachus || 3329 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12155 Hyginus || 4193 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12156 Ubels || 1042 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12157 Können || 1070 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12158 Tape || 1101 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12159 Bettybiegel || 1142 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12160 Karelwakker || 1152 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12161 Avienius || 1158 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12162 Bilderdijk || 2145 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12163 Manilius || 3013 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12164 Lowellgreen || 3067 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12165 Ringleb || 3289 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12166 Oliverherrmann || 3372 T-2 || 25 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12167 Olivermüller || 4306 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12168 Polko || 5141 T-2 || 25 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12169 Munsterman || 2031 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12170 Vanvollenhoven || 2372 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12171 Johannink || 2382 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12172 Niekdekort || 2390 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12173 Lansbergen || 3135 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12174 van het Reve || 3164 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12175 Wimhermans || 3197 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12176 Hidayat || 3468 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12177 Raharto || 4074 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12178 Dhani || 4304 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12179 Taufiq || 5030 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12180 Kistemaker || 5167 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12181 - || || 9 novembre 1964 || Osservatorio di Purple Mountain\n|-\n| 12182 Storm || || 27 ottobre 1973 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12183 Caltonen || || 30 settembre 1975 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12184 Trevormerkley || || 30 settembre 1975 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12185 Gasprinskij || || 24 settembre 1976 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12186 Mitukurigen || || 12 marzo 1977 || H. Kosai, K. Hurukawa\n|-\n| 12187 Lenagoryunova || || 11 settembre 1977 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12188 Kalaallitnunaat || 1978 PE || 9 agosto 1978 || R. M. West\n|-\n| 12189 Dovgyj || || 5 settembre 1978 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12190 Sarkisov || || 27 settembre 1978 || L. I. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12191 Vorontsova || || 9 ottobre 1978 || L. V. Zhuravleva\n|-\n| 12192 Gregbollendonk || || 7 novembre 1978 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12193 - || 1979 EL || 4 marzo 1979 || N. G. Thomas\n|-\n| 12194 - || || 24 maggio 1979 || Osservatorio di Perth\n|-\n| 12195 Johndavidniemann || || 25 giugno 1979 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12196 Weems || || 25 giugno 1979 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12197 Jan-Otto || || 16 marzo 1980 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12198 - || || 6 agosto 1980 || R. M. West\n|-\n| 12199 Sohlman || || 8 ottobre 1980 || L. V. Zhuravleva\n|-\n| 12200 Richlipe || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|}\n\n12201-12300 \n\n|-\n| 12201 Spink || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12202 Toddgregory || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12203 Gehling || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12204 Jonpineau || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12205 Basharp || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12206 Prats || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12207 Matthewbeasley || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12208 Jacobenglander || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12209 - || || 11 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12210 Prykull || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12211 Arnoschmidt || 1981 KJ || 28 maggio 1981 || H.-E. Schuster\n|-\n| 12212 - || || 23 agosto 1981 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12213 - || || 26 agosto 1981 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12214 Miroshnikov || || 7 settembre 1981 || L. G. Karachkina\n|-\n| 12215 Jessicalounsbury || || 24 ottobre 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12216 - || || 16 novembre 1981 || Osservatorio di Perth\n|-\n| 12217 - || || 15 maggio 1982 || Osservatorio di Monte Palomar\n|-\n| 12218 Fleischer || 1982 RK || 15 settembre 1982 || E. Bowell\n|-\n| 12219 Grigor'ev || || 19 settembre 1982 || L. I. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12220 Semenchur || || 20 ottobre 1982 || L. G. Karachkina\n|-\n| 12221 Ogatakoan || || 14 novembre 1982 || H. Kosai, K. Hurukawa\n|-\n| 12222 Perotto || 1982 WA || 19 novembre 1982 || Osservatorio San Vittore\n|-\n| 12223 Hoskin || 1983 TX || 8 ottobre 1983 || Osservatorio di Oak Ridge\n|-\n| 12224 Jimcornell || || 19 ottobre 1984 || Osservatorio di Oak Ridge\n|-\n| 12225 Yanfernández || 1985 PQ || 14 agosto 1985 || E. Bowell\n|-\n| 12226 Caseylisse || 1985 TN || 15 ottobre 1985 || E. Bowell\n|-\n| 12227 Penney || || 11 ottobre 1985 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12228 - || || 11 ottobre 1985 || S. L. Gaiser, J. P. Leech\n|-\n| 12229 Paulsson || || 17 ottobre 1985 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12230 - || 1986 QN || 25 agosto 1986 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12231 - || || 27 agosto 1986 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12232 - || || 28 agosto 1986 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12233 - || || 29 agosto 1986 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12234 Shkuratov || || 6 settembre 1986 || E. Bowell\n|-\n| 12235 Imranakperov || || 9 settembre 1986 || L. G. Karachkina\n|-\n| 12236 - || || 22 febbraio 1987 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12237 Coughlin || 1987 HE || 23 aprile 1987 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12238 Actor || || 17 dicembre 1987 || E. W. Elst, G. Pizarro\n|-\n| 12239 Carolinakou || || 13 febbraio 1988 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12240 Droste-Hülshoff || || 13 agosto 1988 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12241 Lefort || || 13 agosto 1988 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12242 Koon || 1988 QY || 18 agosto 1988 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12243 - || || 9 settembre 1988 || P. Jensen\n|-\n| 12244 Werfel || || 8 settembre 1988 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12245 - || || 9 settembre 1988 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12246 Pliska || || 11 settembre 1988 || V. G. Shkodrov\n|-\n| 12247 Michaelsekerak || || 14 settembre 1988 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12248 Russellcarpenter || || 14 settembre 1988 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12249 Hannorein || || 16 settembre 1988 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12250 - || 1988 TT || 13 ottobre 1988 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12251 - || || 9 ottobre 1988 || Y. Oshima\n|-\n| 12252 Gwangju || || 8 novembre 1988 || M. Koishikawa\n|-\n| 12253 - || || 3 novembre 1988 || P. Jensen\n|-\n| 12254 - || || 7 dicembre 1988 || T. Hioki, N. Kawasato\n|-\n| 12255 - || || 7 dicembre 1988 || M. Arai, H. Mori\n|-\n| 12256 - || || 8 febbraio 1989 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12257 Lassine || || 3 aprile 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12258 Oscarwilde || || 3 aprile 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12259 Szukalski || || 26 settembre 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12260 - || || 30 settembre 1989 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12261 Ledouanier || || 7 ottobre 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12262 Nishio || 1989 UL || 21 ottobre 1989 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12263 - || || 30 dicembre 1989 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12264 - || 1990 CD || 1 febbraio 1990 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12265 - || 1990 FG || 23 marzo 1990 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12266 - || 1990 FL || 23 marzo 1990 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12267 Denneau || || 31 maggio 1990 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12268 - || || 29 luglio 1990 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12269 - || 1990 QR || 19 agosto 1990 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12270 Bozar || || 16 agosto 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12271 - || || 14 settembre 1990 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12272 Geddylee || || 22 settembre 1990 || B. Roman\n|-\n| 12273 - || || 9 ottobre 1990 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12274 - || || 19 ottobre 1990 || T. Hioki, S. Hayakawa\n|-\n| 12275 Marcelgoffin || || 15 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12276 IJzer || || 18 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12277 Tajimasatonokai || || 17 novembre 1990 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12278 Kisohinoki || || 21 novembre 1990 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12279 Laon || || 16 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12280 Reims || || 16 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12281 Chaumont || || 16 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12282 Crombecq || || 21 gennaio 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12283 - || 1991 EC || 9 marzo 1991 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12284 Pohl || 1991 FP || 17 marzo 1991 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12285 - || || 20 marzo 1991 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12286 Poiseuille || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12287 Langres || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12288 Verdun || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12289 Carnot || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12290 - || 1991 LZ || 14 giugno 1991 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12291 Gohnaumann || || 6 giugno 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12292 Dalton || || 6 giugno 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12293 - || || 13 luglio 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12294 Avogadro || || 2 agosto 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12295 Tasso || || 2 agosto 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12296 - || || 5 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12297 - || || 6 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12298 Brecht || || 6 agosto 1991 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12299 - || || 7 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12300 - || || 10 settembre 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|}\n\n12301-12400 \n\n|-\n| 12301 Eötvös || || 4 settembre 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12302 - || || 13 settembre 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12303 - || || 11 settembre 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12304 - || || 19 settembre 1991 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12305 - || || 12 ottobre 1991 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12306 Pebronstein || || 7 ottobre 1991 || C. P. de Saint-Aignan\n|-\n| 12307 - || 1991 UA || 18 ottobre 1991 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12308 - || || 4 novembre 1991 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12309 Tommygrav|| || 25 febbraio 1992 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12310 Londontario || || 29 febbraio 1992 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12311 Ingemyr || || 1 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12312 Väte || || 2 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12313 - || || 6 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12314 - || || 2 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12315 - || || 28 marzo 1992 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12316 - || 1992 HG || 27 aprile 1992 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12317 Madicampbell || || 24 aprile 1992 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12318 Kästner || || 30 aprile 1992 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12319 - || 1992 PC || 2 agosto 1992 || Osservatorio di Oak Ridge\n|-\n| 12320 Loschmidt || || 8 agosto 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12321 Zurakowski || || 4 agosto 1992 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12322 - || 1992 QW || 31 agosto 1992 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12323 Haeckel || 1992 RX || 4 settembre 1992 || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel\n|-\n| 12324 Van Rompaey || || 2 settembre 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12325 Bogota || || 2 settembre 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12326 Shirasaki || 1992 SF || 21 settembre 1992 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12327 Terbrüggen || || 21 settembre 1992 || L. D. Schmadel, F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12328 - || || 26 settembre 1992 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12329 Liebermann || || 23 settembre 1992 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12330 - || || 25 ottobre 1992 || N. Kawasato\n|-\n| 12331 - || || 31 ottobre 1992 || N. Kawasato\n|-\n| 12332 - || || 31 ottobre 1992 || N. Kawasato\n|-\n| 12333 - || || 18 novembre 1992 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12334 - || || 18 novembre 1992 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12335 Tatsukushi || || 21 novembre 1992 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12336 - || || 23 novembre 1992 || T. Urata\n|-\n| 12337 - || || 24 novembre 1992 || Y. Kushida, O. Muramatsu\n|-\n| 12338 - || 1992 XE || 14 dicembre 1992 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12339 Carloo || || 18 dicembre 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12340 Stalle || || 18 dicembre 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12341 Calevoet || || 27 gennaio 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12342 Kudohmichiko || || 30 gennaio 1993 || Y. Kushida, O. Muramatsu\n|-\n| 12343 Martinbeech || || 26 febbraio 1993 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12344 - || || 18 marzo 1993 || S. Shirai, S. Hayakawa\n|-\n| 12345 - || || 17 marzo 1993 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12346 - || || 21 marzo 1993 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12347 - || || 19 marzo 1993 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12348 - || || 19 marzo 1993 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12349 Akebonozou || 1993 GO || 14 aprile 1993 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12350 Feuchtwanger || || 23 aprile 1993 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12351 - || 1993 JD || 14 maggio 1993 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12352 Jepejacobsen || || 20 luglio 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12353 Màrquez || || 20 luglio 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12354 Hemmerechts || || 18 agosto 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12355 Coelho || || 18 agosto 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12356 Carlscheele || || 15 settembre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12357 Toyako || || 16 settembre 1993 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12358 Azzurra || || 22 settembre 1993 || A. Vagnozzi\n|-\n| 12359 Cajigal || || 22 settembre 1993 || O. A. Naranjo\n|-\n| 12360 Unilandes || || 22 settembre 1993 || O. A. Naranjo\n|-\n| 12361 - || 1993 TB || 9 ottobre 1993 || N. Kawasato\n|-\n| 12362 Mumuryk || || 15 ottobre 1993 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12363 Marinmarais || || 9 ottobre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12364 Asadagouryu || || 15 dicembre 1993 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12365 Yoshitoki || 1993 YD || 17 dicembre 1993 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12366 Luisapla || || 8 febbraio 1994 || O. A. Naranjo\n|-\n| 12367 Ourinhos || || 8 febbraio 1994 || O. A. Naranjo\n|-\n| 12368 Mutsaers || || 7 febbraio 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12369 Pirandello || || 8 febbraio 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12370 Kageyasu || || 11 aprile 1994 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12371 - || || 14 aprile 1994 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12372 Kagesuke || 1994 JF || 6 maggio 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12373 Lancearmstrong || || 15 maggio 1994 || C. P. de Saint-Aignan\n|-\n| 12374 Rakhat || || 15 maggio 1994 || C. P. de Saint-Aignan\n|-\n| 12375 - || || 8 luglio 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12376 Cochabamba || || 8 luglio 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12377 - || 1994 PP || 11 agosto 1994 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12378 Johnston || || 15 agosto 1994 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12379 Thulin || || 10 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12380 Sciascia || || 10 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12381 Hugoclaus || || 12 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12382 Niagara Falls || || 28 settembre 1994 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12383 Eboshi || || 2 ottobre 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12384 Luigimartella || || 10 ottobre 1994 || V. S. Casulli\n|-\n| 12385 - || 1994 UO || 31 ottobre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12386 Nikolova || || 28 ottobre 1994 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12387 Tomokofujiwara || || 28 ottobre 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12388 Kikunokai || || 1 novembre 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12389 - || 1994 WU || 25 novembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12390 - || || 27 novembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12391 Ecoadachi || || 26 novembre 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12392 - || || 30 novembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12393 - || || 28 dicembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12394 - || 1995 BQ || 23 gennaio 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12395 Richnelson || || 8 febbraio 1995 || D. J. Asher\n|-\n| 12396 Amyphillips || || 24 febbraio 1995 || C. W. Hergenrother\n|-\n| 12397 Peterbrown || || 27 marzo 1995 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12398 Pickhardt || || 25 maggio 1995 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12399 Bartolini || 1995 OD || 19 luglio 1995 || A. Boattini, L. Tesi\n|-\n| 12400 Katumaru || || 28 luglio 1995 || T. Okuni\n|}\n\n12401-12500 \n\n|-\n| 12401 Tucholsky || || 21 luglio 1995 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12402 - || 1995 PK || 3 agosto 1995 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12403 - || || 31 agosto 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12404 - || || 31 agosto 1995 || T. B. Spahr\n|-\n| 12405 Nespoli || 1995 RK || 15 settembre 1995 || F. Manca, V. Giuliani\n|-\n| 12406 Zvíkov || || 25 settembre 1995 || M. Tichý, Z. Moravec\n|-\n| 12407 Riccardi || || 23 settembre 1995 || Osservatorio San Vittore\n|-\n| 12408 Fujioka || || 20 settembre 1995 || A. Nakamura\n|-\n| 12409 Bukovanská || || 28 settembre 1995 || Osservatorio di Kleť\n|-\n| 12410 Donald Duck || || 26 settembre 1995 || P. Sicoli, P. Ghezzi\n|-\n| 12411 Tannokayo || || 20 settembre 1995 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12412 Muchisachie || || 20 settembre 1995 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12413 Johnnyweir || || 26 settembre 1995 || T. V. Kryachko\n|-\n| 12414 Bure || || 26 settembre 1995 || T. V. Kryachko\n|-\n| 12415 Wakatatakayo || || 22 settembre 1995 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12416 - || 1995 TS || 2 ottobre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12417 - || || 2 ottobre 1995 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12418 Tongling || || 23 ottobre 1995 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12419 - || || 25 ottobre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12420 - || || 25 ottobre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12421 Zhenya || || 16 ottobre 1995 || T. V. Kryachko\n|-\n| 12422 - || || 27 ottobre 1995 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12423 Slotin || || 17 ottobre 1995 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12424 - || 1995 VM || 2 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12425 - || || 12 novembre 1995 || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12426 Racquetball || || 14 novembre 1995 || AMOS\n|-\n| 12427 - || || 21 novembre 1995 || Osservatorio di Farra d'Isonzo\n|-\n| 12428 - || || 24 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12429 - || || 26 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12430 - || || 14 dicembre 1995 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12431 Webster || || 18 dicembre 1995 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12432 Usuda || || 12 gennaio 1996 || N. Sato, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12433 Barbieri || || 15 gennaio 1996 || M. Tombelli, U. Munari\n|-\n| 12434 - || 1996 BM || 16 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12435 Sudachi || 1996 BX || 17 gennaio 1996 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12436 - || || 24 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12437 Westlane || || 18 gennaio 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12438 - || 1996 CZ || 9 febbraio 1996 || W. Offutt\n|-\n| 12439 Okasaki || || 15 febbraio 1996 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12440 Koshigayaboshi || || 11 febbraio 1996 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12441 - || 1996 DV || 19 febbraio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12442 Beltramemass || || 23 febbraio 1996 || Stroncone\n|-\n| 12443 Paulsydney || || 15 marzo 1996 || AMOS\n|-\n| 12444 Prothoon || || 15 aprile 1996 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12445 Sirataka || || 24 aprile 1996 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12446 Juliabryant || || 15 agosto 1996 || R. H. McNaught, J. B. Child\n|-\n| 12447 Yatescup || || 4 dicembre 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12448 Mr. Tompkins || || 12 dicembre 1996 || M. Tichý, Z. Moravec\n|-\n| 12449 - || || 14 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12450 - || 1996 YD || 20 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12451 - || 1996 YF || 20 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12452 - || 1996 YO || 20 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12453 - || 1996 YY || 20 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12454 - || || 18 dicembre 1996 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12455 - || 1997 AR || 2 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12456 Genichiaraki || || 2 gennaio 1997 || N. Sato\n|-\n| 12457 - || || 2 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12458 - || || 2 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12459 - || || 6 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12460 Mando || || 3 gennaio 1997 || N. Sato\n|-\n| 12461 - || || 7 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12462 - || || 7 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12463 - || || 9 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12464 Manhattan || || 2 gennaio 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12465 Perth Amboy || || 3 gennaio 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12466 - || || 10 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12467 - || || 15 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12468 Zachotín || || 14 gennaio 1997 || L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12469 Katsuura || || 9 gennaio 1997 || N. Sato\n|-\n| 12470 Pinotti || || 31 gennaio 1997 || M. Tombelli\n|-\n| 12471 Larryscherr || || 6 febbraio 1997 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12472 Samadhi || || 3 febbraio 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12473 Levi-Civita || || 10 febbraio 1997 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12474 - || || 12 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12475 - || || 12 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12476 - || || 4 marzo 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12477 Haiku || || 4 marzo 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12478 Suzukiseiji || || 7 marzo 1997 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12479 Ohshimaosamu || || 5 marzo 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12480 - || || 9 marzo 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12481 Streuvels || || 12 marzo 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12482 Pajka || || 23 marzo 1997 || A. Galád, A. Pravda\n|-\n| 12483 - || || 28 marzo 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12484 - || || 31 marzo 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12485 Jenniferharris || || 7 aprile 1997 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12486 - || || 2 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12487 - || || 2 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12488 - || || 3 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12489 - || || 7 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12490 Leiden || || 3 maggio 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12491 Musschenbroek || || 3 maggio 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12492 Tanais || || 3 maggio 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12493 Minkowski || || 4 agosto 1997 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12494 Doughamilton || || 25 febbraio 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12495 - || 1998 FJ || 18 marzo 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12496 Ekholm || || 22 marzo 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12497 Ekkehard|| || 26 marzo 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12498 Dragesco || || 26 marzo 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12499 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12500 Desngai || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|}\n\n12501-12600 \n\n|-\n| 12501 Nord || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12502 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12503 Danielpeterson || || 24 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12504 Nuest || || 24 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12505 - || || 24 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12506 Pariser || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12507 - || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12508 Darcysloe || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12509 Pathak || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12510 - || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12511 Patil || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12512 Split || || 21 aprile 1998 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12513 Niven || || 27 aprile 1998 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12514 Schommer || || 20 aprile 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12515 Suiseki || || 30 aprile 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12516 Karenyoung || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12517 Grayzeck || || 30 aprile 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12518 - || || 27 aprile 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12519 Pullen || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12520 - || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12521 - || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12522 Rara || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12523 - || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12524 Conscience || || 25 aprile 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12525 Kathleenloia || || 23 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12526 de Coninck || || 25 aprile 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12527 Anneraugh || || 1 maggio 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12528 - || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12529 Reighard || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12530 Richardson || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12531 - || || 23 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12532 - || || 23 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12533 Edmond || 1998 LA || 2 giugno 1998 || T. Stafford\n|-\n| 12534 Janhoet || || 1 giugno 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12535 Fazlurahman || || 24 giugno 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12536 - || || 24 giugno 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12537 Kendriddle || || 24 giugno 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12538 - || 1998 OH || 19 luglio 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12539 Chaikin || || 16 luglio 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12540 Picander || || 26 luglio 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12541 Makarska || || 15 agosto 1998 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12542 Laver || || 10 agosto 1998 || J. Broughton\n|-\n| 12543 - || || 23 agosto 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12544 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12545 Taniamurphy || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12546 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12547 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12548 Erinriley || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12549 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12550 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12551 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12552 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12553 Aaronritter || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12554 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12555 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12556 Kyrobinson || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12557 Caracol || || 27 agosto 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12558 - || || 31 agosto 1998 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12559 - || || 24 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12560 - || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12561 Howard || || 20 settembre 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12562 Briangrazer || || 19 settembre 1998 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12563 - || || 20 settembre 1998 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12564 Ikeller || || 22 settembre 1998 || W. Bickel\n|-\n| 12565 Khege || || 16 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12566 Derichardson || || 16 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12567 Herreweghe || || 21 settembre 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12568 Kuffner || || 11 novembre 1998 || K. Korlević\n|-\n| 12569 - || || 10 novembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12570 - || || 18 novembre 1998 || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12571 Occhiogrosso || || 12 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12572 Sadegh || || 13 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12573 - || || 12 luglio 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12574 LONEOS || 1999 RT || 4 settembre 1999 || C. W. Juels\n|-\n| 12575 Palmaria || || 4 settembre 1999 || P. Pietrapiana, L. Sannino\n|-\n| 12576 Oresme || || 5 settembre 1999 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12577 Samra || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12578 Bensaur || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12579 Ceva || || 5 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio San Vittore\n|-\n| 12580 Antonini || || 8 settembre 1999 || L. Bernasconi\n|-\n| 12581 Rovinj || || 8 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12582 - || || 11 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12583 Buckjean || || 11 settembre 1999 || D. K. Chesney\n|-\n| 12584 Zeljkoandreic || || 12 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12585 Katschwarz || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12586 Juliaspeyer || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12587 - || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12588 - || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12589 Davidanand || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12590 Ballantine || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12591 Bergey || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12592 Brianchen || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12593 Shashlov || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12594 Sidorclare || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12595 Amandashaw || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12596 Shukla || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12597 Williamdaniel || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12598 Sierra || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12599 Singhal || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12600 - || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|}\n\n12601-12700 \n\n|-\n| 12601 Tiffanyswann || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12602 Tammytam || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12603 Tanchunghee || || 9 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12604 Lisatate || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12605 - || 1999 SK || 17 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12606 Apuleius || 2043 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12607 Alcaeus || 2058 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12608 Aesop || 2091 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12609 Apollodoros || 2155 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12610 Hãfez || 2551 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12611 Ingres || 2555 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12612 Daumier || 2592 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12613 Hogarth || 4024 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12614 Hokusai || 4119 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12615 Mendesdeleon || 4626 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12616 Lochner || 4874 P-L || 26 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12617 Angelusilesius || 5568 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12618 Cellarius || 6217 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12619 Anubelshunu || 6242 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12620 Simaqian || 6335 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12621 Alsufi || 6585 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12622 Doppelmayr || 6614 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12623 Tawaddud || 9544 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12624 Mariacunitia || 9565 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12625 Koopman || 9578 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12626 Timmerman || 1116 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12627 Maryedwards || 1230 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12628 Ackworthorr || 2120 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12629 Jandeboer || 2168 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12630 Verstappen || 3033 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12631 Mariekebaan || 3051 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12632 Mignonette || 3105 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12633 Warmenhoven || 3119 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12634 LOFAR || 3178 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12635 Hennylamers || 4220 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12636 Padrielli || 4854 T-1 || 13 maggio 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12637 Gustavleonhardt || 1053 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12638 Fransbrüggen || 1063 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12639 Tonkoopman || 1105 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12640 Reinbertdeleeuw || 1231 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12641 Hubertushenrichs || 1310 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12642 Davidjansen || 1348 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12643 Henkolthof || 3180 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12644 Robertwielinga || 3285 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12645 Jacobrosales || 4240 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12646 Avercamp || 5175 T-2 || 25 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12647 Pauluspotter || 5332 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12648 Ibarbourou || 1135 T-3 || 17 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12649 Ascanios || 2035 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12650 de Vries || 2247 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12651 Frenkel || 2268 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12652 Groningen || 2622 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12653 van der Klis || 2664 T-3 || 11 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12654 Heinofalcke || 4118 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12655 Benferinga || 5041 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12656 Gerdebruijn || 5170 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12657 Bonch-Bruevich || || 30 agosto 1971 || T. M. Smirnova\n|-\n| 12658 Peiraios || 1973 SL || 19 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12659 Schlegel || || 27 ottobre 1973 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12660 - || 1975 NC || 15 luglio 1975 || C. Torres, S. Barros\n|-\n| 12661 Schelling || || 27 febbraio 1976 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12662 - || 1978 CK || 2 febbraio 1978 || J. Gibson\n|-\n| 12663 Björkegren || || 2 settembre 1978 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12664 Sonisenia || || 27 settembre 1978 || L. I. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12665 Chriscarson || || 6 novembre 1978 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12666 - || 1978 XW || 6 dicembre 1978 || E. Bowell, A. Warnock\n|-\n| 12667 - || 1979 DF || 28 febbraio 1979 || N. G. Thomas\n|-\n| 12668 Scottstarin || || 25 giugno 1979 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12669 Emilybrisnehan || || 25 giugno 1979 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12670 Passargea || || 22 settembre 1979 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12671 Thörnqvist || 1980 FU || 16 marzo 1980 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12672 Nygårdh || || 16 marzo 1980 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12673 Kiselman || || 16 marzo 1980 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12674 Rybalka || || 7 settembre 1980 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12675 Chabot || || 9 ottobre 1980 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12676 Dianemerline || || 28 febbraio 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12677 Gritsavage || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12678 Gerhardus || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12679 Jamessimpson || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12680 Bogdanovich || || 6 maggio 1981 || C. S. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12681 Pevear || || 24 ottobre 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12682 Kawada || || 14 novembre 1982 || H. Kosai, K. Hurukawa\n|-\n| 12683 - || || 2 settembre 1983 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12684 - || 1984 DQ || 23 febbraio 1984 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12685 - || 1985 VE || 14 novembre 1985 || P. Jensen\n|-\n| 12686 Bezuglyj || || 3 ottobre 1986 || L. G. Karachkina\n|-\n| 12687 de Valory || || 17 dicembre 1987 || E. W. Elst, G. Pizarro\n|-\n| 12688 Baekeland || || 13 febbraio 1988 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12689 - || || 8 settembre 1988 || P. Jensen\n|-\n| 12690 Kochimiraikagaku || || 5 novembre 1988 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12691 - || || 7 novembre 1988 || Y. Kushida, M. Inoue\n|-\n| 12692 - || || 29 gennaio 1989 || A. Mrkos\n|-\n| 12693 - || 1989 EZ || 9 marzo 1989 || Y. Oshima\n|-\n| 12694 Schleiermacher || || 7 marzo 1989 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12695 Utrecht || || 1 aprile 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12696 Camus || || 26 settembre 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12697 Verhaeren || || 26 settembre 1989 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12698 - || || 22 ottobre 1989 || A. Mrkos\n|-\n| 12699 - || || 24 febbraio 1990 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12700 - || 1990 FH || 23 marzo 1990 || E. F. Helin\n|}\n\n12701-12800 \n\n|-\n| 12701 Chénier || 1990 GE || 15 aprile 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12702 Panamarenko || || 22 settembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12703 - || || 23 settembre 1990 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12704 Tupolev || || 24 settembre 1990 || L. V. Zhuravleva, Galina Ričardovna Kastel'\n|-\n| 12705 - || 1990 TJ || 12 ottobre 1990 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12706 Tanezaki || || 15 ottobre 1990 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12707 - || 1990 UK || 20 ottobre 1990 || T. Urata\n|-\n| 12708 Van Straten || || 16 ottobre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12709 Bergen op Zoom || || 15 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12710 Breda || || 15 novembre 1990 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12711 Tukmit || 1991 BB || 19 gennaio 1991 || J. Mueller\n|-\n| 12712 - || || 12 marzo 1991 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12713 - || || 22 marzo 1991 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12714 Alkimos || || 15 aprile 1991 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12715 Godin || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12716 Delft || || 8 aprile 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12717 - || 1991 HK || 16 aprile 1991 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12718 Le Gentil || || 6 giugno 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12719 Pingré || || 6 giugno 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12720 - || || 6 luglio 1991 || H. Debehogne\n|-\n| 12721 - || 1991 PB || 3 agosto 1991 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12722 Petrarca || || 10 agosto 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12723 - || || 7 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12724 - || || 6 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12725 - || || 7 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12726 - || || 7 agosto 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12727 Cavendish || || 14 agosto 1991 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12728 - || || 10 settembre 1991 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12729 Berger || || 13 settembre 1991 || F. Börngen, L. D. Schmadel\n|-\n| 12730 - || || 11 settembre 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12731 - || || 10 settembre 1991 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12732 - || 1991 TN || 1 ottobre 1991 || R. H. McNaught\n|-\n| 12733 - || || 13 ottobre 1991 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12734 Haruna || || 29 ottobre 1991 || A. Takahashi, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12735 - || || 4 novembre 1991 || Y. Kushida, O. Muramatsu\n|-\n| 12736 - || || 13 novembre 1991 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12737 - || || 10 novembre 1991 || S. Otomo\n|-\n| 12738 Satoshimiki || 1992 AL || 4 gennaio 1992 || T. Hioki, S. Hayakawa\n|-\n| 12739 - || || 29 febbraio 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12740 - || || 2 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12741 - || || 1 marzo 1992 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12742 Delisle || || 26 luglio 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12743 - || || 2 agosto 1992 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12744 - || 1992 SQ || 26 settembre 1992 || A. Sugie\n|-\n| 12745 - || || 21 ottobre 1992 || Y. Mizuno, T. Furuta\n|-\n| 12746 Yumeginga || || 16 novembre 1992 || M. Yanai, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12747 Michageffert || || 18 dicembre 1992 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12748 - || || 30 gennaio 1993 || A. Natori, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12749 Odokaigan || 1993 CB || 2 febbraio 1993 || T. Seki\n|-\n| 12750 Berthollet || || 18 febbraio 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12751 Kamihayashi || 1993 EU || 15 marzo 1993 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12752 Kvarnis || || 19 marzo 1993 || UESAC\n|-\n| 12753 Povenmire || 1993 HE || 18 aprile 1993 || C. S. Shoemaker, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12754 - || || 15 giugno 1993 || H. E. Holt\n|-\n| 12755 Balmer || || 20 luglio 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12756 - || || 19 agosto 1993 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12757 Yangtze || || 14 settembre 1993 || H. Debehogne, E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12758 Kabudari || || 22 settembre 1993 || O. A. Naranjo\n|-\n| 12759 Joule || || 9 ottobre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12760 Maxwell || || 9 ottobre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12761 Pauwels || || 9 ottobre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12762 Nadiavittor || || 26 ottobre 1993 || Osservatorio di Farra d'Isonzo\n|-\n| 12763 - || || 19 ottobre 1993 || E. F. Helin\n|-\n| 12764 - || || 11 novembre 1993 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12765 - || || 11 novembre 1993 || S. Ueda, H. Kaneda\n|-\n| 12766 Paschen || || 9 novembre 1993 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12767 - || 1994 AS || 4 gennaio 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12768 - || || 10 marzo 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12769 Kandakurenai || 1994 FF || 18 marzo 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12770 - || 1994 GF || 3 aprile 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12771 Kimshin || || 5 aprile 1994 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12772 - || || 14 aprile 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12773 Lyman || || 10 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12774 Pfund || || 12 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12775 Brackett || || 12 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12776 Reynolds || || 12 agosto 1994 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12777 Manuel || || 27 agosto 1994 || P. Antolini, G. Zonaro\n|-\n| 12778 - || || 4 novembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12779 - || || 28 dicembre 1994 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12780 Salamony || || 9 febbraio 1995 || D. di Cicco\n|-\n| 12781 - || || 12 marzo 1995 || L. Šarounová\n|-\n| 12782 Mauersberger || || 5 marzo 1995 || F. Börngen\n|-\n| 12783 - || 1995 GV || 7 aprile 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12784 - || || 31 agosto 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12785 - || 1995 ST || 19 settembre 1995 || S. P. Laurie\n|-\n| 12786 - || 1995 SU || 19 settembre 1995 || S. P. Laurie\n|-\n| 12787 Abetadashi || || 20 settembre 1995 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12788 Shigeno || || 22 settembre 1995 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12789 Salvadoraguirre || 1995 TX || 14 ottobre 1995 || C. W. Hergenrother\n|-\n| 12790 Cernan || || 24 ottobre 1995 || Osservatorio di Kleť\n|-\n| 12791 - || || 20 ottobre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12792 - || || 27 ottobre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12793 Hosinokokai || || 30 ottobre 1995 || T. Okuni\n|-\n| 12794 - || 1995 VL || 2 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12795 - || || 11 novembre 1995 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12796 Kamenrider || 1995 WF || 16 novembre 1995 || A. Nakamura\n|-\n| 12797 - || || 20 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12798 - || || 24 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12799 von Suttner || || 26 novembre 1995 || Osservatorio di Kleť\n|-\n| 12800 Oobayashiarata || || 27 novembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|}\n\n12801-12900 \n\n|-\n| 12801 Somekawa || 1995 XD || 2 dicembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12802 Hagino || || 15 dicembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12803 - || 1995 YF || 17 dicembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12804 - || || 27 dicembre 1995 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12805 - || || 21 dicembre 1995 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12806 - || 1996 AN || 11 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12807 - || 1996 AW || 11 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12808 - || || 12 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12809 - || 1996 BB || 16 gennaio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12810 Okumiomote || 1996 BV || 17 gennaio 1996 || K. Endate, K. Watanabe\n|-\n| 12811 Rigonistern || || 14 febbraio 1996 || U. Munari, M. Tombelli\n|-\n| 12812 Cioni || || 14 febbraio 1996 || M. Tombelli, U. Munari\n|-\n| 12813 Paolapaolini || || 14 febbraio 1996 || M. Tombelli, U. Munari\n|-\n| 12814 Vittorio || || 13 febbraio 1996 || M. Tombelli, U. Munari\n|-\n| 12815 - || || 23 febbraio 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12816 - || || 15 marzo 1996 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12817 Federica || || 22 marzo 1996 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12818 Tomhanks || || 13 aprile 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12819 Susumutakahasi || 1996 JO || 12 maggio 1996 || R. H. McNaught, Y. Ikari\n|-\n| 12820 Robinwilliams || || 11 maggio 1996 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12821 - || || 10 settembre 1996 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12822 - || || 2 dicembre 1996 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12823 Pochintesta || 1997 AP || 2 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12824 - || || 6 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12825 - || || 9 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12826 - || || 9 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12827 - || || 5 gennaio 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12828 Batteas || || 3 gennaio 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12829 - || || 10 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12830 - || || 29 gennaio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12831 - || || 29 gennaio 1997 || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12832 - || || 1 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12833 Kamenný Újezd || || 2 febbraio 1997 || J. Tichá, M. Tichý\n|-\n| 12834 Bomben || || 4 febbraio 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12835 Stropek || || 7 febbraio 1997 || Osservatorio di Kleť\n|-\n| 12836 - || || 13 febbraio 1997 || T. Kobayashi\n|-\n| 12837 - || || 4 marzo 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12838 Adamsmith || || 9 marzo 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12839 - || || 29 marzo 1997 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12840 Paolaferrari || || 6 aprile 1997 || L. Tesi, G. Cattani\n|-\n| 12841 - || || 2 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12842 - || || 6 aprile 1997 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12843 Ewers || || 9 aprile 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12844 - || || 9 maggio 1997 || F. Uto\n|-\n| 12845 Crick || || 3 maggio 1997 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12846 Fullerton || 1997 MR || 28 giugno 1997 || Spacewatch\n|-\n| 12847 - || || 6 luglio 1997 || Osservatorio di Farra d'Isonzo\n|-\n| 12848 Agostino || || 10 luglio 1997 || A. Boattini\n|-\n| 12849 - || || 27 agosto 1997 || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12850 Axelmunthe || || 6 febbraio 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12851 - || || 22 febbraio 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12852 Teply || || 20 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12853 - || || 31 marzo 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12854 - || || 29 aprile 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12855 Tewksbury || || 20 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12856 Autridas || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12857 Johandemessie || || 21 aprile 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12858 - || || 1 maggio 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12859 Marlamoore || || 18 maggio 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12860 Turney || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12861 Wacker || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12862 - || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12863 Whitfield || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12864 Ryandrake || || 23 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12865 - || || 23 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12866 Yanamadala || || 22 maggio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12867 Joëloïc || || 1 giugno 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12868 Onken || || 19 giugno 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12869 Ejiaga || || 24 giugno 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12870 Rolandmeier || || 24 giugno 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12871 Samarasinha || || 24 giugno 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12872 Susiestevens || || 21 luglio 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12873 Clausewitz || || 26 luglio 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12874 Poisson || 1998 QZ || 19 agosto 1998 || P. G. Comba\n|-\n| 12875 - || || 19 agosto 1998 || NEAT\n|-\n| 12876 Estrada || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12877 Rylangardner || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12878 Erneschiller || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12879 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12880 Juliegrady || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12881 Yepeiyu || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12882 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12883 Gassler || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12884 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12885 Hannahguan || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12886 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12887 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12888 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12889 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12890 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12891 Kassandraholt || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12892 - || || 17 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12893 Mommert || || 26 agosto 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12894 - || || 24 agosto 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12895 Balbastre || || 26 agosto 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12896 Geoffroy || || 26 agosto 1998 || E. W. Elst\n|-\n| 12897 Bougeret || || 13 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12898 Mignard || || 14 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12899 - || || 1 settembre 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12900 Rishabjain || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|}\n\n12901-13000 \n\n|-\n| 12901 - || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12902 - || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12903 Isabellekatz || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12904 - || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12905 - || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12906 Alexismacavoy || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12907 Giannanilvo || || 14 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12908 Yagudina || || 22 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12909 Jaclifford || || 17 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12910 Deliso || || 17 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12911 Goodhue || || 17 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12912 Streator || || 17 settembre 1998 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12913 - || || 26 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12914 - || || 26 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12915 Rinoliver || || 26 settembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12916 Eteoneus || || 13 ottobre 1998 || ODAS\n|-\n| 12917 - || || 13 ottobre 1998 || K. Korlević\n|-\n| 12918 - || || 29 ottobre 1998 || K. Korlević\n|-\n| 12919 Tomjohnson || || 11 novembre 1998 || CSS\n|-\n| 12920 - || || 10 novembre 1998 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12921 - || || 20 novembre 1998 || Y. Shimizu, T. Urata\n|-\n| 12922 - || || 27 novembre 1998 || F. B. Zoltowski\n|-\n| 12923 Zephyr || || 11 aprile 1999 || LONEOS\n|-\n| 12924 Madisonicole || || 7 settembre 1999 || LINEAR\n|-\n| 12925 - || || 29 settembre 1999 || Osservatorio di Višnjan\n|-\n| 12926 Brianmason || || 27 settembre 1999 || J. L. Schiff, C. J. Schiff\n|-\n| 12927 Pinocchio || || 30 settembre 1999 || M. Tombelli, L. Tesi\n|-\n| 12928 Nicolapozio || || 30 settembre 1999 || A. Boattini, G. Forti\n|-\n| 12929 Periboea|| || 2 ottobre 1999 || C. W. Juels\n|-\n| 12930 - || || 2 ottobre 1999 || K. Korlević, M. Jurić\n|-\n| 12931 Mario || || 7 ottobre 1999 || S. Sposetti\n|-\n| 12932 Conedera || || 10 ottobre 1999 || S. Sposetti\n|-\n| 12933 Muzzonigro || || 14 ottobre 1999 || Osservatorio di Farra d'Isonzo\n|-\n| 12934 Bisque || || 11 ottobre 1999 || C. W. Juels\n|-\n| 12935 Zhengzhemin || || 2 ottobre 1999 || Beijing Schmidt CCD Asteroid Program\n|-\n| 12936 Glennschneider || 2549 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12937 Premadi || 3024 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12938 - || 4161 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12939 - || 4206 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12940 - || 4588 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12941 - || 4638 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12942 - || 6054 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12943 - || 6670 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12944 - || 6745 P-L || 24 settembre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12945 - || 9534 P-L || 17 ottobre 1960 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12946 - || 1290 T-1 || 25 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12947 - || 3099 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12948 - || 4273 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12949 - || 4290 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12950 - || 4321 T-1 || 26 marzo 1971 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12951 - || 1041 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12952 - || 1102 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12953 - || 1264 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12954 - || 2040 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12955 - || 2162 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12956 - || 2232 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12957 - || 2258 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12958 - || 2276 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12959 - || 3086 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12960 - || 4165 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12961 - || 4262 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12962 - || 4297 T-2 || 29 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12963 - || 5485 T-2 || 30 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12964 - || 1071 T-3 || 17 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12965 - || 1080 T-3 || 17 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12966 - || 1102 T-3 || 17 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12967 - || 3105 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12968 - || 3261 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12969 - || 3482 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12970 - || 4012 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12971 - || 4054 T-3 || 16 ottobre 1977 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12972 Eumaios || || 19 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12973 Melanthios || || 19 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12974 Halitherses || || 19 settembre 1973 || C. J. van Houten, I. van Houten-Groeneveld, T. Gehrels\n|-\n| 12975 Efremov || || 28 settembre 1973 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12976 Kalinenkov || || 26 agosto 1976 || N. S. Chernykh\n|-\n| 12977 - || 1978 NC || 10 luglio 1978 || E. F. Helin, E. M. Shoemaker\n|-\n| 12978 Ivashov || || 26 settembre 1978 || L. V. Zhuravleva\n|-\n| 12979 Evgalvasil'ev || || 26 settembre 1978 || L. V. Zhuravleva\n|-\n| 12980 Pruetz || || 6 novembre 1978 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12981 Tracicase || || 7 novembre 1978 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12982 Kaseybond || || 25 giugno 1979 || E. F. Helin, S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12983 Mattcox || || 24 luglio 1979 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12984 Lowry || || 22 agosto 1979 || C.-I. Lagerkvist\n|-\n| 12985 Mattgarrison || || 31 ottobre 1980 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12986 Kretke || || 28 febbraio 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12987 Racalmuto|| || 5 marzo 1981 || H. Debehogne, G. DeSanctis\n|-\n| 12988 Tiffanykapler || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12989 Chriseanderson || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12990 Josetillard || || 6 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12991 Davidgriffiths || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12992 - || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12993 Luisafernanda || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12994 - || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12995 Wendellmendell || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12996 - || || 1 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12997 Lizjensen || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12998 - || || 2 marzo 1981 || S. J. Bus\n|-\n| 12999 Toruń || || 30 agosto 1981 || E. Bowell\n|-\n| 13000 - || || 25 agosto 1981 || H. Debehogne\n|}\n\nCollegamenti esterni\n \n\n0012001", "Tomb Raider: The Last Revelation è un videogioco action-adventure sviluppato da Core Design e pubblicato da Eidos Interactive, quarto capitolo della celebre serie videoludica di Tomb Raider, il videogioco ha visto la luce su PC, PlayStation e Sega Dreamcast rispettivamente il 31 ottobre 1999, il 22 novembre 1999 e il 13 aprile 2001.\n\nDal 26 gennaio 2011, il videogioco è scaricabile, in lingua inglese, per PlayStation 3 e PlayStation Portable da PlayStation Network e, per PC, da Steam e GOG.\n\nTrama \nAd Angkor Wat, in Cambogia, nel 1984, una giovane Lara Croft è impegnata, insieme al suo mentore Werner Von Croy, nella ricerca di un antico manufatto chiamato iride. Istruita e guidata da Von Croy attraverso le sale del tempio, Lara rivela già le sue grandi abilità atletiche, ma l'addestramento rivela anche la nascente rivalità tra lei e il suo mentore. Una volta giunti nella sala in cui è custodita l'iride, Lara cerca di convincere Von Croy a lasciare l'artefatto lì dove si trova, ma Von Croy, ignorandola, si avvicina per raccoglierla, quando un improvviso terremoto fa crollare il tetto della sala. Von Croy rimane intrappolato nella grande sfera che racchiudeva l'antico reperto, mentre Lara fugge appena in tempo dal crollo.\n\nAi giorni nostri (che nel gioco corrisponde al 1999), Lara si trova in Egitto alla ricerca di un antico manufatto chiamato amuleto di Horus. Lara scopre un antico passaggio nel deserto attraverso cui arriva, insieme alla sua guida, all'interno di una grande tomba sotterranea. Procedendo al suo interno, la guida fugge terrorizzata davanti ad un'iscrizione; tuttavia Lara, ignorandone lo strano comportamento, prosegue da sola all'interno della tomba, giungendo infine nella sala in cui è custodito l'amuleto, che rimuove da un sarcofago. Lara esce dalla tomba ed esamina i geroglifici incisi sull'amuleto:\n\nMentre termina di leggere l'iscrizione, Lara viene minacciata dalla guida fuggita, che le intima di consegnargli l'amuleto. Approfittando di una fortuita distrazione, Lara si sottrae alla minaccia e si lancia all'inseguimento della guida e del suo complice. Lara sale su una chiatta in navigazione sul Nilo, da dove scopre che la guida e il suo complice sono stati assoldati dal suo vecchio mentore, Werner Von Croy.\n\nLara si reca da un suo amico egittologo, Jean-Yves, che le rivela come il potere del dio Seth sia stato liberato rimuovendo l'amuleto del dio Horus, che fungeva da sigillo. Alla ricerca di soluzioni per fermare Seth, Lara si reca nel complesso templare di Karnak e nella tomba di Semerkhet. Ostacolata dai guerrieri Tuareg assoldati da Von Croy, Lara giunge all'ingresso della tomba di Semerkhet. Qui ha uno scontro con Von Croy che le sottrae l'amuleto e la rinchiude nella tomba. Al suo interno, Lara scopre che l'unico modo per fermare Seth è recuperare i pezzi dell'armatura di Horus e applicarli alla statua del dio all'interno della Grande Piramide di Giza, così da far rinascere il potere di Horus, l'unico in grado di fermare Seth. Ritornata in superficie, Lara nota Von Croy a bordo di un elicottero che si allontana dal sito di scavo e la guida traditrice messa a guardia dell'uscita dalla tomba di Semerkhet. La guida rivela a Lara che Von Croy è diretto ad Alessandria, e dopo aver tramortito la guida e rubatole i vestiti, si dirige ad Alessandria a bordo di una locomotiva, cui sgancia i vagoni per distanziare i sicari di Von Croy.\n\nLara giunge a casa di Jean-Yves. Aggiornato l'amico egittologo, Lara parte alla ricerca dei pezzi dell'armatura di Horus: \nJean-Yves ha scoperto che Cleopatra, consapevole del potere dell'Armatura, la fece nascondere nel suo palazzo personale. Per raggiungerlo Lara attraversa le catacombe, il tempio di Poseidone, la biblioteca ed il faro inabissato, tutte strutture riesumate e portate alla luce da Jean-Yves stesso. Nel palazzo di Cleopatra assiste ad alcuni fenomeni soprannaturali, quali il progressivo risveglio di scheletri, spettri e altre creature a guardia dell'armatura, ma riesce ad avere la meglio e a recuperarne tutti i pezzi; ritornando da Jean-Yves scopre che il suo amico è stato rapito da Von Croy, che propone di rilasciarlo in cambio dell'armatura. Von Croy è diretto al Cairo, dove si trova un'antica tavoletta cerimoniale che spiega il rituale per risvegliare o confinare definitivamente Seth. Il potere malvagio del dio prende possesso dell'uomo, dotandolo di poteri sovrannaturali e Lara, recuperata una motocicletta, si affretta a raggiungerlo. Un'aura malefica ha avvolto tutta la capitale, invadendola di locuste, mentre un gigantesco drago ha bloccato l'accesso alla Cittadella, dove Von Croy ha portato Jean-Yves. Aiutata dal coraggioso sacrificio di un militare, Lara raggiunge la Cittadella, libera Jean-Yves, ed incontra Von Croy ormai in possesso della tavoletta cerimoniale. Lara lo rinchiude sotto la cittadella, gli sottrae l'amuleto di Horus e si dirige verso Giza.\n\nLara si fa strada con molta fatica prima nei sotterranei della Sfinge e in seguito attraverso le piramidi del complesso archeologico, riuscendo infine ad entrare nel tempio di Horus sotto la Grande Piramide. Posizionati i pezzi dell'armatura e l'amuleto sulla statua di Horus, uno sciame di locuste la distrugge. Seth si manifesta davanti a Lara, che dopo aver recuperato l'amuleto fugge verso l'ingresso del tempio sfuggendo a Seth. Lara utilizza l'amuletomuleto di Horus per chiudere l'ingresso del tempio e imprigionarvi il dio.\n\nStanca e distrutta, Lara arranca verso l'uscita della Grande Piramide, dove appare Von Croy liberato dall'influenza di Seth. L'ingresso della piramide inizia a crollare, ma Lara non si fida di Von Croy e non accetta l'aiuto del suo mentore per salvarla: il cunicolo crolla, seppellendola sotto le macerie. Von Croy, togliendosi il cappello in segno di lutto, osserva impotente l'ingresso ormai distrutto: un busto di Seth marchia con la sua malvagità la tragedia appena avvenuta.\n\nCaratteristiche tecniche \n\nCore Design decise di utilizzare anche in The Last Revelation il motore grafico dei precedenti episodi della serie, a cui vennero aggiunte nuove funzioni e peculiarità, tra cui l'implementazione del bump mapping, nebbia ed effetti ottici, un nuovo sistema d'illuminazione e un livello interamente ambientato su un treno in movimento. Fu inoltre utilizzato per la prima volta un menu di gioco animato, costituito da una serie di ambientazioni ispirate a quelle del gioco inquadrate attraverso lunghe sequenze panoramiche, in cui Lara combatteva contro nemici, sfuggiva ad antiche trappole o recuperava preziosi reperti.\n\nModalità di gioco \nIl gameplay di The Last Revelation, seppur non discostandosi molto dai precedenti videogiochi della serie, venne arricchito da nuovi enigmi e da un'intelligenza artificiale dei nemici più varia e accurata. In The Last Revelation il numero dei livelli è praticamente raddoppiato rispetto ai capitoli precedenti, e inoltre appare per la prima volta la possibilità di passare da un livello all'altro del gioco, caratteristica essenziale per portare a termine alcuni di essi, in cui gli elementi necessari per proseguire vengono recuperati in più livelli collegati tra loro.\n\nLara \nLara venne dotata di nuove mosse, tra cui la possibilità di salire e scendere lungo pali verticali, appendersi e dondolarsi a corde appese al soffitto e svoltare gli angoli di percorsi sospesi. Per la prima volta Lara muove le labbra durante gli intermezzi filmati e furono implementate inoltre alcune nuove animazioni per l'attivazione di interruttori e leve. Il modello di Lara venne ulteriormente migliorato e arricchito con un maggior numero di poligoni e texture, anche per evitare alcuni antiestetici difetti presenti nei precedenti episodi.\nViene inoltre implementata la \"mira manuale\": nei precedenti episodi, nelle sessioni di combattimento e sparatorie Lara mirava automaticamente al nemico più vicino, consentendo al giocatore di eliminarlo con relativa facilità; grazie alla nuova opzione, invece, il giocatore può scegliere di evitare che Lara miri automaticamente, in modo da dover posizionare Lara in una posizione adatta a mirarlo e variare così il sistema di shooting.\n\nInventario \nIl classico inventario \"ad anello\" dei precedenti Tomb Raider venne sostituito da un'interfaccia in cui gli oggetti recuperati e i menù di salvataggio e caricamento sono disposti \"in linea\". I frammenti di alcuni oggetti possono essere combinati tra loro per creare l'oggetto completo o per applicare migliorie ad alcune armi, come per la balestra e la rivoltella, a cui è possibile applicare il mirino laser, utile per alcune prove di tiro al bersaglio. Ritorna dopo la sua assenza come oggetto dell'inventario nel primo Tomb Raider la bussola, presente come strumento sul lato sinistro dell'inventario, utile a risolvere un enigma del livello Cittadella e ad abilitare i trucchi disponibili. Core Design aveva inizialmente annunciato la presenza di un diario di Lara tra gli oggetti dell'inventario, che avrebbe rivestito una grande importanza in termini di gameplay, ma questo elemento non venne poi mantenuto nella versione finale.\n\nArmi \nIn questo capitolo mancano mitragliatrici a due mani e lanciarazzi, ed oltre alle classiche pistole il campionario è costituito da:\n\n Fucile a pompa, con munizioni normali o ad ampio raggio.\n Doppie mitragliette uzi.\n Balestra potenziabile con l'aggiunta del mirino laser, utilizza tre tipi di munizioni: frecce standard, avvelenate ed esplosive.\n Rivoltella, a cui è possibile applicare il mirino laser.\n Lanciagranate, equipaggiato con tre tipi di munizioni: granate standard, granate accecanti (utili solo contro bersagli umani) e granate a frammentazione.\n Medikit grandi e piccoli per il ripristino dell'energia.\n Razzi luminosi per illuminare luoghi con scarsità di luce.\n\nMusica \nLa musica originale fu composta, prodotta ed arrangiata da Peter Connelly. Il tema principale di questo episodio è una sinfonia elettronica con influenze egiziane, che conserva in gran parte le stesse note dei temi principali dei primi tre episodi ma è completamente riorchestrata.\n\nSegreti \nNel corso dei 35 livelli di gioco, Lara potrà recuperare un totale di 70 segreti. Mentre nel primo livello i segreti sono costituiti da piccoli teschi dorati, nei livelli successivi (eccetto nel livello Corsa per l'Iride, dove non sono presenti) i segreti sono costituiti da scorte extra di armi, medikit o munizioni, segnalati, una volta raggiunti, da un breve segnale sonoro. A differenza di Tomb Raider II: The Golden Mask, Tomb Raider III e Tomb Raider: Chronicles, in cui recuperare tutti i segreti del gioco permette di accedere a livelli bonus o contenuti speciali, il recupero dei 70 segreti di The Last Revelation non sblocca alcuna caratteristica aggiuntiva, anche se il percorso per i segreti spesso costituisce una porzione di gameplay a sé stante, con aree non pertinenti al percorso standard del livello, che aumentano la difficoltà generale del gioco.\n\nVeicoli \nLara può guidare due nuovi veicoli:\n\n Fuoristrada: disponibile nei livelli La Valle dei Re e KV5.\n Motocarrozzetta: disponibile nei livelli La Città dei morti, Moschea di Tulun, Bazar, Ingresso alla Cittadella e Fossati.\n\nPersonaggi \n Lara Croft: l'avventurosa archeologa inglese questa volta è alla ricerca dellAmuleto di Horus, ma si troverà a fronteggiare il terribile dio egizio del caos Seth.\n Werner Von Croy: famoso archeologo austriaco e vecchio mentore di Lara, è anch'egli alla ricerca dellAmuleto di Horus.\n Jean-Yves: archeologo francese amico di Lara, le cui profonde conoscenze dell'Antico Egitto le saranno di grande aiuto nel corso dell'avventura. Ispirato all'egittologo francese Jean-Yves Empereur.\n Guida: assunto da Lara per condurla alla Tomba di Seth, si rivelerà un uomo di Von Croy e abbandonerà Lara all'interno della Tomba di Seth.\n Sergente Azizus: Lara lo incontra, moribondo, cercando di entrare nella Cittadella. Si sacrificherà per distruggere il drago che ne blocca l'accesso consentendo a Lara di proseguire l'avventura.\n Seth: il dio egiziano del caos e della distruzione, che Lara libera inavvertitamente sottraendo dal suo sarcofago lAmuleto di Horus. Si incarna in Werner Von Croy per impedire a Lara di evocare l'unico in grado di distruggerlo, Horus.\n\nDoppiaggio\n\nErrori nella traduzione italiana \n\n Nei due livelli introduttivi ambientati in Cambogia, per un fraintendimento durante la fase di doppiaggio (nel doppiaggio dei videogiochi è prassi recitare le battute sentendo solamente l'audio originale, senza avere un riscontro visivo) Lara è stata doppiata come se fosse un'adulta e non una sedicenne come l'aspetto e il periodo storico (1984) suggerirebbero.\n Il nome del livello Camera della Grande Ipostele non ha senso; in realtà dovrebbe chiamarsi Grande sala ipostila (cioè \"grande sala con colonne\"), luogo realmente esistente del Tempio di Karnak. Il nome inglese The Great Hypostyle Hall è invece corretto.\n Il livello Libreria Perduta (The lost Library) si riferisce all'antica Biblioteca di Alessandria, sbagliando la traduzione del falso amico library.\n Nel livello Sotterranei della sfinge si raccoglie un pezzo di carta con le corrispondenze dei geroglifici con le lettere dell'alfabeto latino. Questo oggetto è chiamato Scrap of Paper (\"pezzo di carta\") nell'originale inglese ed è stato tradotto in italiano come Stele di Paper.\n I nomi dei faraoni Cheope e Micerino non sono stati adattati, rimanendo rispettivamente Khefu e Menkaure, nomi semisconosciuti in italiano.\n La traduzione del titolo del livello 33 è errata, poiché non esiste alcuna Regina Kephri e relativa piramide; il titolo corretto sarebbe Piramidi delle Regine di Cheope, un complesso realmente esistente nei pressi della Piramide di Cheope.\n\nNemici del gioco\n Cinghiale: nemico presente solo nel primo livello, è poco pericoloso. Lara, essendo ancora giovane e disarmata, non può eliminarlo ma solo oltrepassarlo o attendere che Von Croy lo uccida.\n Scorpioni: esistono tre diversi nemici di questo tipo: una prima variante è rossa, poco pericolosa. La seconda è nera e può avvelenare Lara. L'ultima è una variante gigante, presente solo nei livelli finali a Giza, molto resistente.\n Sciacalli: pericolosi, agili e aggressivi ma non molto resistenti.\n Coccodrilli: estremamente aggressivi, sono in grado di muoversi sia a terra che in acqua.\n Pipistrelli: piccoli, poco pericolosi ma aggressivi, sono difficili da individuare.\n Scarabei: sbucano improvvisamente in massa da pertugi nascosti o da buchi nei muri, sono estremamente voraci e non è possibile eliminarli.\n Toro: nemico estremamente pericoloso, è impossibile eliminarlo perché protetto da una dura corazza. È però utile a Lara per liberare passaggi bloccati e attivare interruttori speciali. Presente in due varianti, la prima nel livello Guardiano di Semerkhet, la seconda nei livelli Bazar e Sotterranei della Sfinge.\n Mummie: nemici presenti sia nel livello Camere di Sepoltura che nel livello Dentro la piramide di Menkaure. È possibile eliminarle solo usando armi esplosive, come il lanciagranate o le munizioni esplosive per la balestra. Si muovono lentamente ed è facile seminarle.\n Sicari di Von Croy: nemici agili e aggressivi, armati di mitragliatore uzi e saif.\n Guerrieri Tuareg: nemici molto agili e pericolosi, sono armati di mitraglietta uzi e di una spada speciale che permette loro di deviare i colpi sparati da Lara.\n Fantasmi: esistono tre varianti di questo nemico, ciascuna con un proprio, peculiare metodo di eliminazione:\n La prima è di colore bianco, e si limita a sfiorare Lara fancedole perdere energia. Questa prima variante appare nei livelli Catacombe e Tempio di Poseidone e può essere eliminata solo trovando delle statue dalla testa di falco nelle aree vicine, intorno a cui lo spettro girerà fino a dissolversi.\n La seconda e più pericolosa variante è rossa, e sfiorando Lara può farle prendere fuoco. È presente sia nel livello Tomba di Semerkhet che nel livello Libreria Perduta. Solo gettandosi in acqua il fantasma seguirà Lara dissolvendosi al contatto.\n L'ultima variante è di colore azzurro, provoca un danno maggiore e può essere eliminata solo gettandosi nell'acqua (dove seguirà Lara e trasformerà la superficie in ghiaccio dissolvendosi). È presente nei livelli Tomba di Semerkhet e La Città dei Morti.\n Squalo martello: veloce e aggressivo, è presente solo nel livello Faro, Tempio di Iside.\n Scheletri: emergono dalla terra o si rianimano quando Lara passa loro vicino. Sono immuni ai colpi delle pistole di Lara, ma possono essere eliminati spingendoli nei burroni usando la potenza del fucile a pompa o colpendoli con munizioni esplosive. È possibile eliminarli anche mirando alla testa con il mirino della balestra: senza testa inizieranno a correre senza meta fino a precipitare in qualche burrone. Ne esiste una variante, con i resti di un'armatura indosso, presente nei livelli Faro, Tempio di Iside e Palazzo di Cleopatra.\n Fenice: presente solo nei livelli Faro, Tempio di Iside e Palazzo di Cleopatra. Lancia dalla coda dei colpi debilitanti e aggredisce Lara con i suoi artigli.\n Cavaliere meccanico: presente esclusivamente nel livello Libreria perduta, indossa una spessa armatura metallica che lo rende particolarmente difficile da eliminare. Ha al centro del petto una gemma azzurra, suo unico punto debole. Può utilizzare un cavallo meccanico, che ne aumenta la difficoltà di eliminazione.\n Soldati egiziani: presenti esclusivamente nei livelli ambientati al Cairo, sono armati di fucile mitragliatore con lanciagranate incorporato.\n Locuste: hanno invaso la città del Cairo, e attaccano Lara all'improvviso in sciami. Non potendole eliminare, i loro attacchi possono risultare mortali se durano a lungo.\n Scarabei giganti: questi insetti volano tra i tetti delle strade del Cairo e si annidano tra i blocchi della Grande Piramide. Oltre ad aggredire Lara, tentano di spingerla nel vuoto con i loro attacchi.\n Drago: presente solo nel livello Ingresso alla Cittadella, sputa fiamme e sciami di locuste dalla bocca. Lara non può eliminarlo, e solo il sacrificio del coraggioso sergente Azizuh le permetterà di accedere alla Cittadella.\n Semidei: esistono tre varianti di questo nemico:\n La prima è presente nel livello Palazzo di Cleopatra, dove due di essi sono a guardia degli ultimi pezzi dell'armatura di Horus. Questa variante indossa una robusta armatura, ha una maschera funeraria sul volto ed è armata di uno scettro che lancia fulmini azzurri molto debilitanti.\n La seconda variante, presente solo nel livello Moschea di Tulun, ha la testa di un toro ed è armata di un martello con cui percuote il pavimento vicino a Lara causandole molto danno e rendendole difficile azionare leve. Non può essere eliminata.\n L'ultima variante, presente nei livelli Mastaba e Piramidi delle Regine di Khefu, ha la testa di un falco e spara dallo scettro colpi piuttosto debilitanti.\n Cavalieri templari: risvegliati da Von Croy grazie al potere di Seth, sono solo due e si trovano solo nel livello Cittadella. Sono lenti e non possono essere eliminati, ma Lara può sfruttarli a suo vantaggio.\n Sorveglianti: sono presenti solo nei livelli Piramide di Menkaure e Piramidi delle regine di Khefu. Lara può aiutarli ad abbattere gli scorpioni giganti che hanno invaso il complesso, ma se attaccati diventeranno immediatamente ostili.\n Scimmie: ve ne sono di tre tipi nel livello Mastaba, dove sono attivate da tre diverse leve, ciascuna caratterizzata da una statua che rappresenta una scimmia che, rispettivamente, si copre gli occhi, le orecchie e la bocca. Le prime due sono aggressive ed aggrediranno Lara, l'ultima attiverà per lei una leva altrimenti irraggiungibile.\n Ammit: presente esclusivamente nel livello Tempio di Horus, viene liberata solo se Lara sbaglia gli enigmi della psicostasia.\n Seth: boss finale del gioco. Seth ha la capacità di volare e spara dalle mani dei colpi estremamente potenti che possono anche dare fuoco a Lara. Non è possibile ucciderlo, ma solo rinchiuderlo nel Tempio di Horus.\n\nLivelli\nA destra abbiamo la carta d'Egitto con le locazioni visitati di Lara durante il gioco.\n\nCambogia\n1º Livello: Angkor Wat\n2º Livello: Corsa verso l'Iride\n\nEgitto\n\nValle dei Re\n3º Livello: Il Sepolcro di Seth\n4º Livello: Camere di sepoltura\n5º Livello: La Valle dei Re\n6º Livello: KV5\n\nKarnak\n\n7º Livello: Tempio di Karnak\n8º Livello: Camera della Grande Ipostele\n9º Livello: Il Lago Sacro\n10º Livello: Tomba di Semerkhet\n11º Livello: Il Guardiano di Semerkhet\n\nDeserto Orientale\n12º Livello: Ferrovia abbandonata\n\nAlessandria d'Egitto\n13º Livello: Alessandria\n14º Livello: Rovine costiere\n15º Livello: Catacombe\n16º Livello: Tempio di Poseidone\n17º Livello: Libreria Perduta\n18º Livello: Sala di Demetrio\n19º Livello: Faro, Tempio di Iside\n20º Livello: Palazzo di Cleopatra\n\nCairo\n\n21º Livello: La Città dei morti\n22º Livello: Moschea di Tulun\n23º Livello: Ingresso alla Cittadella\n\n24º Livello: Fossati\n25º Livello: Bazar\n26º Livello: Cittadella\n\nNecropoli di Giza\n\n27º Livello: Complesso della Sfinge\n28º Livello: Sotterranei della Sfinge\n29º Livello: Piramide di Menkaure\n30º Livello: Dentro la Piramide di Menkaure\n31º Livello: Mastaba\n32º Livello: La Grande Piramide\n33º Livello: Piramidi delle Regine di Khefu\n34º Livello: Dentro la Grande Piramide\n35º Livello: Tempio di Horus\n\nAccoglienza \nThe Last Revelation ricevette in generale critiche positive ed ottenne un discreto successo di vendite, tuttavia inferiori a quelle dei precedenti episodi della serie.\n\nGameSpot valutò la versione PC con un punteggio di 7.4/10, criticando il ritardo nell'aggiunta di innovazioni vere e proprie, ma valutando positivamente la grafica e la giocabilità. Alla versione PlayStation del gioco fu assegnato un punteggio di 6.0/10 criticando il comparto grafico e la sostanziale mancanza di vere innovazioni, pur lodando la musica e gli effetti sonori. La versione per Sega Dreamcast, primo titolo della serie Tomb Raider ad apparire sulla console, venne giudicata con un punteggio di 5.4/10.\n\nLe versioni PlayStation e PC vennero valutate, rispettivamente, 8.5/10 e 7.0/10 su IGN. Ancora una volta le critiche si concentrarono sulla grafica datata, la mancanza di innovazioni e i controlli di gioco, ma furono giudicati positivamente il gameplay e l'atmosfera, molto più simile a quella del capostipite della serie, nonché il modo più lineare e preciso di raccontare la storia nel corso dei numerosi intermezzi filmati.\n\nThe Times Exclusive Tomb Raider Level \nThe Times Exclusive Tomb Raider Level è una breve avventura, costituita da un unico livello, pubblicata in allegato al noto quotidiano inglese The Times esclusivamente per PC nel 2001. Per eseguire l'avventura non è necessario possedere il disco di gioco di The Last Revelation.\n\nInizialmente Core Design aveva pianificato, come per i capitoli precedenti, la pubblicazione di una versione Gold del gioco. In seguito la software house decise di concentrarsi su Tomb Raider: Chronicles e Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness, abbandonando il progetto di un quarto Gold.\n\nTrama\nLara ha sotto gli occhi una vecchia copia del quotidiano londinese The Times, per la precisione quella contenente l'articolo sull'importante scoperta della Tomba di Tutankhamon ad opera di Howard Carter. Subito dopo l'editore del giornale mostra a Lara un articolo più recente, proveniente direttamente dall'Egitto: nei pressi del sito archeologico sono stati scoperti nuovi cunicoli, forse connessi con qualche tomba adiacente. Lara, convinta ad avventurarsi nelle profondità della tomba, viene condotta all'archivio centrale, dove consulta qualche articolo e infine conclude fra sé «Time to finish what Carter has started» («È tempo di concludere quel che Carter ha iniziato»).\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nVoci correlate \n Lara Croft\n Tomb Raider (serie)\n Tomb Raider Chronicles\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n Sito ufficiale\n \n Download di The Times Exclusive Level da File Planet (solo in versione inglese)\n\nVideogiochi di Tomb Raider", "La Pietra di Palermo è un frammento di una stele in diorite anfibolica nera. È il più antico annale regale conosciuto dell’Egitto faraonico, e costituisce una fonte fondamentale per la ricostruzione della fase dell'Antico Regno della civiltà egizia. Riporta infatti in incisione su entrambi i lati l'elenco dei faraoni d'Egitto dalla prima alla quinta dinastia, i nomi delle loro madri ed il livello raggiunto anno per anno dalle piene del Nilo: nomi non riportati da altre fonti a noi pervenute.\nSono riportate anche le donazioni di terre e beni effettuate dai sovrani al dio Ra, ad Hathor e alle anime di Eliopoli.\n\nÈ ospitata dal Museo archeologico Salinas a Palermo (città da cui la pietra prende tradizionalmente il nome).\n\nDescrizione \nIl frammento della stele è il più grande fra i sette finora rinvenuti: misura 43 cm di altezza per 30,5 di larghezza; reca inciso su entrambi i lati l'elenco dei faraoni d'Egitto dalla prima alla quinta dinastia, i nomi delle loro madri ed il livello raggiunto anno per anno dalle piene del Nilo.\n\nReca incise anche le congrue donazioni di terre e beni effettuate dai sovrani al dio Ra, ad Hathor e alle misteriose Anime di Eliopoli.\n\nAltri pezzi più piccoli si trovano al Museo Egizio del Cairo e al Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology di Londra.\n\nLa maggior parte delle informazioni sulla prima e la seconda dinastia sono andate perse.\n\nStoria \n\nCi sono incertezze riguardo alla data della Pietra di Palermo. Non è noto se l'iscrizione sia stata fatta in una volta sola o se parte delle iscrizioni siano state aggiunte in un periodo successivo. Non è inoltre noto se risale al periodo che viene descritto nell’iscrizione (ovvero la Quinta dinastia). La datazione più probabile della realizzazione della stele è la metà della V dinastia che regnò tra il 2500 a.C. e il 2350 a.C. circa, durante il periodo della storia egiziana chiamato Antico Regno. \nLa collocazione originale della stele è sconosciuta, ma si ipotizza che sia stata ritrovata ad Eliopoli o nelle rovine del tempio di Ptah a Menfi. Si ritiene che in origine avesse una lunghezza di circa 2 metri ed una altezza di 60 centimetri. I faraoni menzionati decifrabili del Periodo predinastico del Basso Egitto sono: Seka, Tau (o Tiu), Thesh, Neheb, Uatchnar e Mekha.\n\nFaceva parte di una grande lastra di diorite anfibolica nera, sulle cui facce, fu incisa la cronaca di circa 700 anni di vita egiziana. La stele fu frammentata in diversi pezzi, molti dei quali andarono perduti.\n\nLa pietra si trova dal 1877 nella collezione del Museo archeologico Salinas, proveniente da donatore privato, Ferdinando Gaudiano, e l'origine del reperto fu identificata dall'egittologo Johan Heinrich Schäfer.\n\nNel 1903 furono scoperti tre frammenti più piccoli: uno era stato usato come fermaporta e gran parte del suo testo fu così cancellato; il terzo fu rinvenuto in un sito archeologico a Menfi.\n\nNel 1914 Flinders Petrie ne acquistò un quarto frammento sul mercato antiquario; il pezzo è esposto al Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology di Londra, e contiene informazioni sui sovrani Khasekhemui (II dinastia) e Nebmaat (IV dinastia).\n\nNel 1963 un quinto frammento fu acquistato sul mercato antiquario, e si trova ora al Museo Egizio del Cairo.\n\nNel 1999, Toby Wilkinson divenne il primo studioso a indagare su tutti e sette i frammenti esistenti, pubblicando le sue conclusioni sugli antichi annali l'anno seguente.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Cimmino Franco, Dizionario delle dinastie faraoniche, Bompiani, 2003, ISBN 88-452-5531-X\n Sergio Pernigotti, Introduzione all'egittologia, Il Mulino, Bologna, 2004\n Johan Heinrich Schäfer. Ein Bruchstuck altägyptischer Annalen. Mit Beitragen von Ludwig Borchardt und Kurt Sethe. Berlino, Verlag der Königlichen Akadamie der Wissenschaften, 1902.\n James Henry Breasted. Ancient records of Egypt historical documents from earliest times to the persian conquest, collected edited and translated with commentary, volume I The First to the Seventeenth Dynasties. Chicago, The University of Chicago press, 1906.\n Georges Daressy, La Pierre de Palerme et la chronologie de l'Ancien Empire. «Bulletin de l'Institut français d'archéologie orientale», n° 12. Il Cairo, 1916.\n Tony A. H. Wilkinson. Royal Annals of Ancient Egypt. New York, Columbia University Press, 2000. ISBN 0-7103-0667-9\n Michael St. John. The Palermo Stone: An Arithmetical View. Londra, University Museum London, 2003.\n Sergio Donadoni e AA.VV., Le grandi scoperte dell'archeologia, vol. I, Istituto Geografico De Agostini\n\nVoci correlate\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n Museo Archeologico Salinas, sito ufficiale. Consultato il 29 gennaio 2010.\n T.A.H. Wilkinson. The Palermo Stone Londra, University College, 2000. Consultato il 29 gennaio 2010.\n \n \n\nEpigrafi egizie\nStele egizie\nPalermo\nMuseo archeologico regionale Antonio Salinas", "Fenomeno (in lingua originale Juggernaut), il cui vero nome è Cain Marko, è un personaggio dei fumetti creato da Stan Lee e Jack Kirby nel 1965, pubblicato dalla Marvel Comics.\n\nFratellastro di Charles Xavier, mentore degli X-Men, è principalmente loro avversario ma in certe occasioni diventa alleato degli stessi.\n\nBiografia del personaggio\n\nOrigini \nCain Marko è il figlio di Kurt Marko, che diventa il patrigno di Charles Xavier quando sposa Sharon Xavier dopo la morte del marito Brian, di cui Kurt è parzialmente responsabile. Kurt favorisce Charles e abusa di Cain, che risente di Charles e lo prende spesso in giro. \nDopo la morte di Kurt, che si sacrificherà per salvare i due figli da un incendio nel suo laboratorio, Cain si allontanerà ancora di più da Charles. Cain e il suo fratellastro servono poi nell'esercito degli Stati Uniti, e mentre sono di stanza in Corea, Marko trova un tempio nascosto dedicato all'entità Cyttorak.\n\nEntrando, Marko trova e tiene in mano un enorme rubino e legge ad alta voce l'iscrizione sulla pietra: \"Chiunque tocchi questa gemma riceverà il potere della Gemma Cremisi di Cyttorak! D'ora in poi, tu che leggi queste parole, diventerai ... per sempre ... un fenomeno umano! \" La gemma incanala il potere di Cyttorak in Marko. La trasformazione provoca un crollo e Cain viene sepolto e presumibilmente ucciso, senza essere sentito di nuovo fino a un improvviso attacco al quartier generale degli X-Men.\n\nXavier racconta l'origine del Fenomeno agli X-Men, e dopo aver scrollato di dosso le difese della villa e spazzato via gli X-Men, Marko affronta Xavier. Gli X-Men si raggruppano e attaccano, mentre Xavier convoca il membro dei Fantastici Quattro la Torcia Umana per aiutare i mutanti; la Torcia genera \"impulsi\" di fiamma che essenzialmente ipnotizzano Cain, distraendolo abbastanza a lungo da permettere ad Angelo di rimuovere il suo elmo, rendendo Marko suscettibile di un attacco telepatico di Xavier.\n\nCarriera criminale \nCome criminale Fenomeno ha affrontato un gran numero di eroi, dagli X-Men e gruppi legati, ai Vendicatori, Thor, l'Uomo Ragno, Venom, il Dottor Strange e molti altri ancora. Spesso e volentieri Fenomeno ha agito in compagnia del criminale Black Tom Cassidy, a cui è stato legato da una forte amicizia.\n\nCarriera da eroe \nCain chiese aiuto agli X-Men per salvare il suo amico Black Tom. In seguito Fenomeno si fermò presso la scuola di Xavier, iniziando a collaborare con gli X-Men e diventando anche insegnante. Inizialmente malvisto dai suoi compagni di squadra, Cain si mostrò presto un elemento molto prezioso per la stessa.\n\nDentro la scuola fece amicizia con il piccolo Sam, un mutante dal volto di pesce. Quando scoprì che Sam veniva picchiato dal padre Cain reagì violentemente uccidendo l'uomo. Questo lo fece finire in carcere, ma riuscì a uscirne grazie all'aiuto di Jennifer Walters, l'avvocato noto anche come She-Hulk, con cui ebbe anche una breve relazione sentimentale. Si scoprì in seguito, sulle pagine della serie di She-Hulk, che si trattava della She-Hulk proveniente da un universo alternativo, non di quella dell'universo standard (terra-616).\n\nThunderbolts e Fear Itself \nPiù tardi Marko entrò in possesso dell'Uni-potere, che lo rese brevemente Capitan Universo; Cyttorak gli diminuì i poteri, vedendo la sua nuova trasformazione come un affronto. Venne così rinchiuso nel Raft, da dove esce per poco tempo in quanto nominato membro dei Thunderbolts di Luke Cage.\n\nMentre si trova ancora in prigione viene a contatto con uno dei martelli rilasciati sulla Terra dal Dio asgardiano Serpente, e diventa Kuurth, distruttore di pietre, uno dei Valorosi. Allo scopo di indebolirlo Magik entra nella dimensione di Cyttorak per convincere l'entità a togliergli i poteri, che vengono trasferiti a Colosso. In seguito, durante la battaglia finale tra Vendicatori e Valorosi, viene sconfitto da Wolverine, che indossava un'armatura di uru. Con la morte del Serpente il martello viene disattivato e Marko si trova senza poteri (pur mantenendo la sua enorme mole).\n\nPoteri e abilità \nIn termini di pura forza fisica il Fenomeno è uno dei personaggi più potenti di tutto l'universo Marvel: la Gemma di Cyttorak gli ha infatti conferito capacità fisiche sovrumane, lo rifornisce costantemente di energia facendo sì che non accusi la fatica e ha creato attorno al suo corpo un campo di forza invisibile e impenetrabile. L'armatura che indossa, inoltre, lo rende invulnerabile anche senza il campo di forza, tanto che neanche gli artigli di Wolverine riescono a ferirlo.\n\nFenomeno viene anche chiamato \"l'inarrestabile\" perché si dice che non esiste forza in grado di fermarlo: soltanto Hulk, in una delle sue incarnazioni più potenti chiamata War Hulk, e Thor, sono stati in grado di fermarlo. War Hulk, per fermarlo, ha usato la sua enorme forza fisica, mentre Thor invece ha usato il God-Blast. Tra le prove di resistenza più famose del Fenomeno, c'è quella contro l'Uomo Ragno: mandato dall'amico Black Tom Cassidy a recuperare Madame Web per sfruttare i suoi poteri psichici e sconfiggere gli X-Men, Fenomeno resiste a tutti i tentativi del tessiragnatele di fermarlo distruggendo mezza New York e resistendo alla carica di eroi venuti in aiuto di Parker. Thunderstrike, un eroe con poteri simili a quelli del dio del tuono Thor, gli ha lanciato contro il martello magico che Odino in persona gli aveva donato, senza infliggergli alcun danno, riuscendo però a togliere a Fenomeno l'elmetto con l'ascia di Bloodaxe.\n\nLa sua potenza è tale da poter combattere alla pari con esseri come Thor, la Cosa, Hulk, Colosso, Power Man e tutti gli X-Men al completo.\n\nAltre versioni\n\nUltimate \nNell'universo Ultimate, Fenomeno è a tutti gli effetti un mutante ed era uno dei membri di Arma X, insieme con Rogue, di cui era innamorato. In questo universo narrativo la Gemma di Cyttorak è un oggetto magico rubato da Rogue e Gambit ai fratelli Fenris. Durante lo scontro tra Gambit e Fenomeno, quest'ultimo viene a contatto con la gemma ottenendo un incremento dei propri poteri. Al termine dello scontro Gambit viene ucciso, almeno apparentemente, dallo stesso Fenomeno.\nDurante Ultimatum viene ucciso da un gruppo di rivoltosi anti-terroristi guidati dal reverendo William Striker Jr., i quali gli sparano un proiettile velenoso nell'occhio sinistro (unico punto vulnerabile). Poco prima di morire dona i suoi poteri a Rogue, la quale li manterrà per molto tempo, siccome Fenomeno era in fin di vita.\n\nMarvel Vs Dc \nIn Marvel vs DC, durante la prima edizione della saga, Fenomeno viene teletrasportato dal Tribunale Vivente e dallo Spettro a Metropolis, dove viene sconfitto in un solo colpo da Superman.\n\nMarvel Apes \nNell'universo di Marvel Apes, c'è una versione scimmiesca di Fenomeno chiamata \"Juggorilla\", che è membro degli \"Ape-Vengers\". Questo Fenomeno è molto più amichevole dell'originale e non ama combattere rifiutando quando ne ha l'occasione\n\nOmonimie nell'edizione in italiano \nNella versione italiana il personaggio possiede un omonimo: \"Fenomeno\" è infatti anche il nome portato da un personaggio che appare nella serie di Iron Man, che in originale si chiama \"Freak\": un essere mostruoso, calvo, dotato di forza incredibile, violento e di scarso intelletto. In realtà si tratta di Happy Hogan, guardia del corpo di Tony Stark temporaneamente trasformato dalle radiazioni al cobalto. Hogan è vittima della trasformazione solo due volte. Più avanti, sempre nella serie di Iron Man, un nuovo \"Fenomeno\" è Eddie March, anch'egli colpito dalle radiazioni al cobalto. Non c'è nessuna parentela o affinità con questo Fenomeno (in lingua originale Juggernaut) e l'omonimia è dovuta esclusivamente alle traduzioni italiane dei nomi dei due personaggi.\n\nAltri media\n\nCinema \nFenomeno appare nell'universo cinematografico degli X-Men:\n Fenomeno fa il suo debutto sul grande schermo nel terzo film degli X-Men, X-Men - Conflitto finale, del 2006; è interpretato dal culturista Vinnie Jones. Esteticamente è molto diverso dal fumetto essendo molto meno grosso e imponente.\n Inizialmente, quando Matthew Vaughn era ancora il regista, in X-Men - Giorni di un futuro passato, avrebbe dovuto essere lui a liberare Magneto dalla prigione e per il ruolo era stato scelto Josh Helman. Il personaggio è stato poi sostituito da Quicksilver dal regista definitivo Bryan Singer;\n Fenomeno torna sul grande schermo come antagonista secondario nel film Deadpool 2, dove a prestargli la voce e la faccia (sempre coperta dal suo elmo) è stato lo stesso Ryan Reynolds. Qui Fenomeno è realizzato in CGI ed è dunque più fedele ai fumetti.\n\nTelevisione \n Fenomeno è apparso sia nella serie televisiva a cartoni animati degli X-Men, sia in un episodio di L'Uomo Ragno e i suoi fantastici amici, dove è uguale alla sua controparte cartacea.\n Appare anche nella serie animata Insuperabili X-Men e anche qui è molto simile al fumetto.\n Fenomeno appare in X-Men: Evolution dove è però un mutante ed è imprigionato in una prigione acquatica. In questa serie, dopo essere evaso, stringe amicizia con gli X-Men e in particolare con Colosso.\n Fenomeno torna anche nella serie animata Wolverine e gli X-Men. Qui appare come membro degli accoliti.\n Fenomeno ritorna anche nella celebre serie Super Hero Squad Show ed è uno dei numerosi alleati del malvagio Dottor Destino. Non diverso dal fumetto, è tuttavia molto più ingenuo.\n Fenomeno compare in un episodio nella serie animata Black Panther. Anche in questa serie è identico al fumetto anche se è molto meno stupido\n Fenomeno compare in un episodio della serie animata Ultimate Spider-Man dove affronta due volte l'Uomo Ragno e nell'ultimo scontro viene sconfitto grazie all'aiuto di Andy, una creatura tenuta costantemente d'occhio dallo S.H.I.E.L.D.. In seguito entra a far parte dello S.H.I.E.L.D..\n Fenomeno compare anche nell'anime Disk Wars: Avengers, dove affronta un duro scontro con Hulk, venendo poi sconfitto da quest'ultimo grazie all'aiuto di Edward Grant.\n\nCultura pop \nNel 2003, il gruppo My Way Entertainment ha realizzato il video I'm the Juggernaut, Bitch, un ridoppiaggio comico di un episodio della serie animata Insuperabili X-Men in cui viene mostrato Fenomeno esprimersi in una serie di battute dal linguaggio scurrile tra cui appunto I'm the Juggernaut bitch!!.\nIl video divenne talmente famoso su internet che la frase I'm the Juggernaut, Bitch! venne inserita nel film X-Men - Conflitto finale, sempre pronunciata da Fenomeno.\n\nNote\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nPersonaggi creati da Stan Lee\nPersonaggi creati da Jack Kirby\nPersonaggi Marvel Comics\nPersonaggi degli X-Men", "Il fortepiano o pianoforte storico è un cordofono a percussione ed è il principale precursore del pianoforte moderno.\n\nNel periodo iniziale della sua diffusione fu chiamato anche piano-forte o pianoforte. Ciò è facilmente dimostrabile attraverso le locandine coeve, che pubblicizzavano concerti, o attraverso i libri che ne spiegavano le caratteristiche, essendo esso uno strumento nuovissimo, che caratterizzò con la sua diffusione l'epoca dell'ultimo decennio del '700 e del primo impero napoleonico. Venne suonato anche da Mozart e Beethoven.\n\nCome il pianoforte moderno produce suoni grazie a corde che vengono percosse per mezzo di martelletti, azionati da una tastiera. La sua caratteristica rispetto al moderno pianoforte è di essere interamente in legno, o tutt'al più con alcune strutture interne metalliche (sicuramente l'uso di elementi in ghisa o altri materiali indeformabili è peculiare del pianoforte moderno). Questo comporta una tensione delle corde decisamente inferiore, un volume sonoro notevolmente minore unito ad una timbrica parzialmente diversa rispetto allo strumento odierno; tuttavia non si può parlare di due strumenti diversi: si tratta invece di un unico strumento, che ha subito nel tempo una decisa e profonda evoluzione.\n\nLa caratteristica peculiare, e nuova per l'epoca, del fortepiano è la possibilità per l'esecutore di pesare la pressione sul tasto: questo permise di aprire nuovi orizzonti ai mezzi di espressione degli artisti, che durante la seconda metà del Settecento abbandonarono rapidamente il clavicembalo in favore di questo nuovo, duttile strumento.\n\nStoria\n\nL'invenzione del fortepiano viene tradizionalmente attribuita al cembalaro Bartolomeo Cristofori, al servizio del gran principe di Toscana Ferdinando de' Medici all'inizio del '700; tuttavia è più verosimile che anche altri cembalari europei coevi alla ricerca di una sonorità più malleabile per il clavicembalo fossero giunti all'idea concretizzata da Cristofori, ma solo quest'ultimo sia riuscito a diffondere il proprio strumento. Uno dei primi autori che ebbe modo di conoscere il fortepiano fu Domenico Scarlatti, il quale poté suonarlo per anni presso la corte di Spagna, che possedeva un buon numero di strumenti di questo tipo. La nuova idea nonostante tutto non attecchì immediatamente, ma quando lo strumento, circa cinquant'anni dopo, ebbe diffusione sufficiente, esso diventò il prediletto dei maggiori esponenti della musica sette/ottocentesca, come Mozart, Haydn, Muzio Clementi e Beethoven.\n\nUno dei più illustri costruttori di fortepiani fu Johann Andreas Stein di Augusta, in Germania. Stein sviluppò la cosiddetta meccanica \"viennese\", popolare sui pianoforti viennesi fino alla metà del XIX secolo. Un altro importante costruttore viennese di pianoforti fu Anton Walter. Il fortepiano Walter di Mozart si trova attualmente al Museo di Mozart a Salisburgo, in Austria. Anche Haydn possedeva un fortepiano Walter e Beethoven espresse il desiderio di acquistarne uno. Il più famoso costruttore di pianoforti del primo romanticismo fu Conrad Graf (1782-1851), che costruì l'ultimo pianoforte di Beethoven. I suoi strumenti sono stati suonati da Chopin, Mendelssohn e Schumann. Johannes Brahms preferì i pianoforti di Johann Baptist Streicher. I costruttori inglesi più noti furono Johannes Zumpe, Robert Stodart e John Broadwood. Tra i costruttori francesi più importanti dell’epoca ricordiamo Erard, Pleyel (il costruttore preferito di Chopin) e Boisselot (il preferito di Liszt).\n\nDalla metà del XIX secolo, il fortepiano subì un ampio sviluppo tecnologico per consentirne la produzione attraverso nuovi metodi industriali e verso la fine del secolo il tipo di strumento più antico cessò di essere prodotto. \n\nLe modifiche e le invenzioni apportate nel corso della prima metà dell'Ottocento lo fecero divenire, nella seconda metà dell'Ottocento, quello che noi oggi consideriamo il pianoforte moderno. \n\nNella seconda metà del XX secolo si è assistito a un forte aumento di interesse per gli strumenti d'epoca, tra cui un nuovo interesse per il clavicembalo e il fortepiano. Tra i più importanti costruttori coinvolti in questa rinascita del fortepiano del XX secolo emergono Philip Belt, Margaret F. Hood, Christopher Clark e Paul McNulty.\n\nLa reintroduzione del fortepiano ha consentito l'esecuzione di brani del XVIII e dell'inizio del XIX secolo sugli strumenti per i quali erano stati scritti, offrendo nuove intuizioni su questa musica. Sempre più scuole di musica stanno avviando corsi di studio del fortepiano. Ci sono diversi concorsi pianistici, come il Concorso MA di Bruges e il 1º Concorso Internazionale di Chopin su strumenti d'epoca, organizzato dallo Chopin Institute di Varsavia.\n\nDopo un periodo di oblio, dovuto all'evoluzione che portò al pianoforte moderno, il fortepiano è tornato in uso attorno alla metà del XX secolo nell'ambito dell'esecuzione storicamente informata, grazie ai musicisti specializzati nell'esecuzione filologica della musica settecentesca; alcuni esecutori moderni sono Malcolm Bilson, Andrea Coen, Costantino Mastroprimiano, Robert David Levin, Jos van Immerseel, Andreas Staier, Antonio Piricone, Ronald Brautigam, Bart van Oort, Melvyn Tan, Jörg Demus, Paul Badura-Skoda, Trudelies Leonhardt.\n\nCaratteristiche e meccanica\n\nRealizzato in due tipi, a coda o a tavolo (chiamato anche a tavolino per via delle sue ridotte dimensioni), il fortepiano era costruito interamente in legno, o con parziali rinforzi e strutture metalliche ben diverse da quelle attuali; le corde sono percosse da martelletti rivestiti di pelle (anziché di feltro, come nel pianoforte), producendo così un suono leggermente più metallico, più nitido, più chiaro e netto, che in molti brani permette una maggiore intelligibilità sonora, la quale ricorda alla lontana, soprattutto nel registro medio/acuto, la timbrica del clavicembalo. Ciò che più si distingue nell'ascolto di un fortepiano è che le note non si sovrappongono e non si confondono come nel pianoforte moderno. Questo effetto di \"confusione e unione\" dei suoni nelle composizioni moderne è del tutto naturale e previsto dal compositore; ben diversa è la situazione di composizioni musicali antiche (di fine '700 o della prima metà dell'800), concepite per i coevi fortepiani. L'uso del pianoforte moderno, in questo caso, pone un problema di reinterpretazione.\n\nL'estensione inizialmente era di cinque ottave, poi nelle composizioni si nota un progressivo aumento: per esempio, Mozart scrisse pezzi per strumenti a cinque ottave, mentre in Beethoven l'estensione raggiunge anche le sei ottave, prova, questa, del miglioramento tecnico e dell'evoluzione graduale, ma anche rapida in molti aspetti, che ebbe il pianoforte antico (un pianoforte odierno copre normalmente sette ottave e una terza minore).\n\nVariatori di suono\nIl fortepiano poteva essere munito di pedali o ginocchiere, in numero variabile, che mutavano il timbro del suono prodotto:\n\n moderato (o pedale moderatore): interpone tra corde e martelletti una sottile striscia di feltro per rendere il suono più vellutato;\n liuto: preme del materiale morbido contro le corde, a ridosso del ponticello, smorzandone il suono;\n forte;\n celesta;\n fagotto: consisteva in una striscia di legno, rivestita di carta velina o pergamena, accostata alle corde gravi, in modo che vibrassero con il caratteristico ronzio del fagotto;\n pedale delle turcherie: la sua funzione è quella di azionare una serie di marchingegni, che riproducono un suono di grancassa, campanelli e piatti, elementi tipici della musica turca dei giannizzeri, così come filtrata dalla cultura viennese di fine '700.\n\nMolti di questi effetti, come le turcherie, caddero in disuso col passaggio dalla meccanica di tipo viennese (strumenti di Joseph Böhm, Conrad Graf, Johann Schantz, etc.), di fine '700 ed inizio '800, a quella romantica dei francesi Pleyel ed Érard, che per primi, assieme anche a molti costruttori tedeschi, posero le basi dell'evoluzione verso la meccanica contemporanea. Non era più necessario sorprendere e divertire, come richiedeva il gusto tardo-barocco e neoclassico, ma invece esprimere sentimenti ed emozioni romantiche; quindi \"percussioni\", come le turcherie che davano ritmo alla danza o alle marce, non erano più necessarie; anche il fagotto e la celesta erano effetti \"sorprendenti\", che la sensibilità e l'intimismo romantico considerò inutili e desueti.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Dizionario Enciclopedico Universale della Musica e dei Musicisti, diretto da Alberto Basso, Il Lessico, vol. III, Torino, UTET, 1984.\n The New Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments, diretto da Stanley Sadie, Londra, MacMillan, 1984, vol. 3, pag. 71 ss., ISBN 0-333-37878-4\n Piero Rattalino, Storia del pianoforte, Milano, Il Saggiatore, 1988\n Alfredo Casella, Il pianoforte, Milano, Ricordi, 1954\n Giampiero Tintori, Gli strumenti musicali, Torino, UTET, 1971\n Klaus Wolters, Das Klavier. Eine Einführung in Geschichte und Bau des Instruments und in die Geschichte des Klavierspiels, Bern - Stuttgart, Hallwag, 1969; Mainz - London, Schott, 1984; Il pianoforte. Introduzione alla sua storia, alla sua costruzione e alla tecnica pianistica, Firenze, Aldo Martello - Giunti, 1975 (pp. 92, con dis., ill. ed es. mus.)\n Rosamond E.M. Harding, The Piano-Forte. Its History Traced to the Great Exhibition of 1851, Old Woking, UK, Gresham Books, 1978\n Cyril Ehrlich, The Piano: A History, ed. riveduta, Oxford, Clarendon, 1990\n Konstantin Restle, Bartolomeo Cristofori und die Anfänge des Hammerklaviers, Monaco di Baviera, Editio Maris, 1991\n Herbert Junghanns, Der Piano- und Flügelbau, 7ª ed., Francoforte sul Meno, Bochinsky, 1991\n David Crombie, Piano. Evolution, Design and Performance, New York, NY, Barnes & Noble, 2000, ISBN 0-7607-2026-6\n James Parakilas (e altri), Piano Roles. A New History of the Piano, New Haven e Londra, Yale Nota Bene, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09306-3\n AA.VV., Il pianoforte, Milano, Ricordi, 1992 [buona parte del suo contenuto è ricavato da due dizionari Grove : Musical Instruments, cit., e Music and Musicians ; il volume è corredato da numerose ill. e da un'ampia bibl.]\n Martha Novak Clinkscale, Makers of the Piano 1700-1820, Oxford, Oxford University, 1993; ristampa [con correzioni e integrazioni], 1994; Makers of the Piano. Volume 2: 1820-1860, Oxford, Oxford University, 1999\n Stewart Pollens, The Early Pianoforte, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-521-11155-3\n Andrea Fabiano (a cura di), Il Fortepiano, Firenze, Passigli, 1990, ISBN 88-368-0176-5 (repertorio musicale di 5739 opere a stampa, prevalentemente del periodo 1770-1820; con prefazione di Giovanni Morelli)\n\nVoci correlate \n Bartolomeo Cristofori\n Clavicembalo\n Clavicordo\n Pianoforte\nAnton Tomaschek\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni\n\nStudio 41 del Gradus ad Parnassum di Muzio Clementi, suonato dal clavicembalista/fortepianista statunitense Robert Hill su Youtube", "\n\nBiografia \nFilippo Palizzi nacque a Vasto il 16 giugno 1818, quinto di tredici figli. Il padre era stato avvocato, poi si era impiegato.\n\nNel 1836 Filippo poté raggiungere il fratello Giuseppe a Napoli e l'anno seguente fu ammesso alla Reale Accademia di belle arti di Napoli.. Quando Filippo arrivò all'Accademia, la cattedra di paesaggio era tenuta da Gabriele Smargiassi, proveniente da una benestante famiglia reazionaria di Vasto, in conflitto con la famiglia Palizzi, di idee carbonare. Anche per divergenze artistiche, Filippo abbandonò l'Accademia qualche mese dopo la sua ammissione; i motivi di tale scelta furono esplicitati anni dopo, intorno al 1862, in un saggio polemico dal titolo Un artista fatto dall'Istituto di Belle Arti, scritto subito dopo aver abbandonato una commissione incaricata di riformare l'Istituto.\n\nAbbandonata l'Accademia, Filippo iniziò a frequentare lo studio del pittore abruzzese Giuseppe Bonolis, che indirizzava i suoi allievi allo studio del vero. Insoddisfatto, intraprese uno studio personale sul tema \"ritrarre animali dal vero\". Nel 1839 espose per la prima volta un quadro nell'esposizione biennale al Reale Museo borbonico, uno Studio di animali, n. 152 del catalogo, che venne acquistato dalla duchessa di Berry. Il 25 ottobre 1842 intraprese il suo primo viaggio all'estero, fino a Galați, chiamato dal principe Maronsi per insegnare pittura al figlio, in Asia Minore. Dopo due anni Filippo tornò a Napoli. S'interessò agli avvenimenti risorgimentali nel regno delle Due Sicilie intorno al 1848, come manifestato dai dipinti Sera del 18 febbraio 1848 a Napoli e Barricate del 15 maggio 1848.\n\nUsi e costumi di Napoli \n\nNei primi anni Cinquanta Filippo meritò una medaglia d'argento, ex aequo con l'Achille Vertunni, dall'Accademia di belle arti di Napoli e uno stipendio che permetteva ai due pittori di studiare a Roma. Francesco De Bourcard, editore svizzero amante di Napoli, ideò una raccolta di acqueforti, tirate a torchio e colorate a mano, che raffiguravano scene di vita popolare napoletana, Usi e costumi di Napoli e contorni descritti e dipinti. De Bourcard si interessò della parte letteraria, mentre il Palizzi con altri pittori e disegnatori, si occupò di quella artistica. Si trattava di testi cui si accompagnavano cento litografie (di cui lui ne realizzò 49), in tiratura limitata di 100 copie. La raccolta diventò subito introvabile e ancora oggi è impresa ardua riunire tutte le tavole, per una mostra.\n\nNel 1855 si recò dal fratello Giuseppe a Parigi, in vista dell'Esposizione universale. Qui Filippo conobbe artisti francesi, tra cui paesaggisti della scuola di Barbizon. Al ritorno dalla Francia Palizzi a Firenze incontrò Giovanni Fattori e altri pittori che avrebbero dato vita al movimento dei macchiaioli, ai quali mostrò gli studi dei barbizonniers che aveva portato dal recente viaggio a Parigi.\n\nDopo l'unità d'Italia \n\nCriticò la prima Esposizione Nazionale di Firenze del 1861, commentandola in una lettera all'amico Eleuterio Pagliano, del 28 ottobre 1861:L'Esposizione è un caos di Passato, Presente e Avvenire. Di opere buone poche, di mediocri molte, di pessime moltissime. Nel 1864 fondò, insieme all'incisore siciliano Saro Cucinotta, il giornale L'arte moderna, dal sottotitolo Foglio da pubblicarsi finché non si sciolga il Reale Istituto di belle arti.\n\nNel 1867 in occasione dell'Esposizione Universale di Parigi, presentò sei dipinti, tra cui il Dopo il diluvio, commissionato nel 1861 da Vittorio Emanuele II e che ebbe un lungo periodo di incubazione, durante il quale il pittore dubitò di riuscire a realizzarlo. L'opera riscosse immediatamente un inatteso successo. La morte dei fratelli Nicola e Francesco Paolo, nel 1870 e nel 1871, segnarono il pittore vastese, che diventò solitario e scontroso, ma che continuò a dipingere, ritirato nel suo studio. Si recò a Vienna nel 1873, come giurato per l'Esposizione Universale.\n\nNel 1878 Filippo si lasciò convincere da Francesco De Sanctis ministro della Pubblica Istruzione e da Morelli ad assumere la presidenza del Real Istituto di belle arti di Napoli, con lo scopo di riformarlo e di rendere i metodi di insegnamento al passo coi tempi. Affrontò con impegno l'indisciplina degli alunni, la fiacchezza dell'insegnamento, l'anarchia del personale e il disordine amministrativo. Vennero istituite nuove materie, tra cui anatomia e studio delle piante, e vennero assunti due nuovi insegnanti. Nel 1880 chiese le dimissioni, che vennero inizialmente rifiutate, venendo accettate l'anno successivo.\n\nIl 24 ottobre 1881, su proposta del Morelli, ottenne la direzione dei Museo Artistico Industriale di Napoli e diede inizio all'officina di ceramica. Nel 1891 Filippo Palizzi accettò di tornare alla presidenza dell'istituto di Belle Arti, per un quinquennio, convinto dall'allora ministro della Pubblica istruzione Pasquale Villari. Nel 1896 il suo ruolo di presidente venne rinnovato per altri cinque anni.\nL'11 settembre 1899 a Napoli Filippo Palizzi morì, all'età di ottantuno anni.\n\nIl comune di Vasto gli ha intitolato il corso di Porta Nuova e la Pinacoteca d'arte moderna dei Musei di Palazzo d'Avalos.\n\nStile e opere \n\nRappresenta con il fratello Giuseppe, il primo tentativo di un indirizzo verista nella pittura italiana dell'Ottocento.\n\nSulla scia della Scuola di Posillipo e di una spontanea inclinazione orientò il suo lavoro verso una dettagliata osservazione del vero.\n\nFu tra i primi pittori a interessarsi di fotografia e a praticarla, sulla base di conoscenze tecniche molto approfondite. Sappiamo infatti che fin dall'inizio degli anni cinquanta era in grado di preparare da solo le lastre fotografiche e utilizzava normalmente le immagini fotografiche, proprie o di altri, come modello per i suoi dipinti. Dalle sue lettere sappiamo che condivise la pratica con tutti i suoi fratelli.\n\nIl suo stile, affine a quello del fratello che si formò indipendentemente da lui, si orientò verso una tecnica più minuta e statica, con dipinti di piccole vedute e angoli rustici dei dintorni di Napoli. Fu definito anche \"il pittore degli animali\".\n\nSue opere sono conservate a Roma (Galleria nazionale d'arte moderna e contemporanea), a Napoli (Accademia di belle arti di Napoli, Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte, Palazzo Reale), a Milano (Galleria Carruti), a Vasto (Museo civico), a Lucera (Pinacoteca Comunale presso Ex Convento del SS. Salvatore), a Giulianova (Pinacoteca civica Vincenzo Bindi), a Genova (Raccolte Frugone in Villa Grimaldi, Nervi). Nella Galleria d'arte moderna di Roma esiste una \"sala Palizzi\" a lui dedicata, dove è collocato un busto modellato in suo onore dallo scultore Achille D'Orsi.\n\nLa Galleria dell'Accademia di belle arti di Napoli possiede 120 opere di Filippo Palizzi, da lui donate nel 1898. Si tratta di 116 oli su tela, di un pastello e di tre disegni. Si tratta della più numerosa collezione di opere di questo pittore. Di particolare interesse, per lo studio della genesi di molte sue opere, sono le cinque tele che contengono una serie di schizzi ad olio, ripresi dal veroː animali, contadini, soldati, l'arcobaleno.\n\nAl M.A.I. (Museo Artistico Industriale) dell'Istituto d'Arte di Napoli (piazza Salazar, 6) esiste una vasta campionatura della sua opera in ceramicaː maioliche policrome, elaborate quali modelli operativi, per gli allievi delle Scuole-Officine della ceramica. Ebbe anche influsso sulla modellistica dei gioielli della Scuola-officina dei metalli. Ciò nell'ambito del \"Sogno del Principe\" di Gaetano Filangieri, principe di Satriano, che fondò nel 1882 il Museo Scuole-Officina napoletano, insieme con Domenico Morelli e Filippo Palizzi.\n\nMolte sue opere, insieme a quelle dei fratelli Nicola e Francesco Paolo, sono conservate nella Galleria d'arte moderna \"F. Palizzi\" nei musei civici del palazzo d'Avalos a Vasto. Spicca l'Ecce Homo, di cui si conserva il cartone preparatorio.\n\nTre tele del ciclo \"Predicazione di San Francesco Saverio nelle Indie - Madonna Addolorata- Martirio di Santa Cordula\", si conservano nella chiesa di Santa Chiara a Lanciano, con una tela attribuita a Teresa Palomba di Napoli.\n\nNote\n\nScritti \n Relazione dei signori Filippo Palizzi e Cesare Mariani sulla pittura, s.l., s.e., 1873;\n\nBibliografia \n\n \n Eduardo Alamaro, La Querelle Palizzi/Tesorone: sull'idealmente nobile e praticamente utile nella produzione delle scuole-officine del Museo Artistico Industriale di Napoli, LAF-Faenza, Faenza 1988 (estratti dalla rivista \"Faenza\", bollettino del MIC di Faenza, A. LXX (1984) NN. 1-2 3-4 5-6; A. LXXI (1985) NN. 1-3.\n Eduardo Alamaro, Barbara Ceramica: Filippo Palizzi e la scuola/officina di ceramica del Museo Artistico Industriale di Napoli (1880 - 1899) in \"K (Keramikos)\", rivista bimestrale, agosto 1988, n. 5, Alberto Greco Editore - Milano, inserto monografico di 12 pp. a colori, al centro della rivista, fuori numerazione pagine.\n Guglielmo Aurini, Filippo Palizzi, Teramo, Rivista Abruzzese, 1900, estratto dalla Rivista Abruzzese di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, Anno 15 (1900), Fasc. 1 e 2, gennaio-febbraio.\n Raffaele Aurini, Palizzi Filippo, in Dizionario bibliografico della gente d'Abruzzo, vol. I, Teramo, Ars et Labor, 1952, ora in Nuova edizione a cura di Fausto Eugeni, Luigi Ponziani, Marcello Sgattoni, Colledara, Andromeda editrice, 2002, vol. IV, pp. 301–321.\n \n \n Saggio introduttivo di Cosimo Savastano.\n Cosimo Savastano, Palizzi Filippo, in Gente d'Abruzzo. Dizionario biografico, Castelli, Andromeda editrice, 2006, vol. 7, pp. 235–242.\n Antonio Menna e Vittorio Menna, Giuseppe Palizzi - Celebrazione del bicentenario della nascita (1812-2012), Vasto, Edizioni Cannarsa, 2012.\n\nVoci correlate \n Scuola di Posillipo\n Antonio Mancini\n Museo artistico industriale Filippo Palizzi\n Istituto Statale d'Arte \"Filippo Palizzi\"\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \nPalizzi Filippo, su vastogallery.blogspot.it, Vasto Gallery.\n\nStudenti dell'Accademia di belle arti di Napoli", "\n\nBiografia \nNato a Parigi nel 1962, figlio del noto divulgatore scientifico Piero Angela e di Margherita Pastore (e quindi nipote del medico Carlo Angela), accompagnò spesso il padre nei suoi viaggi sin da bambino. Dopo essersi diplomato in Francia, si iscrisse al corso di Scienze Naturali all'università La Sapienza di Roma, laureandosi infine con 110 e lode e un premio per la tesi, poi pubblicata. Dopo aver prestato il servizio di leva nel Corpo nazionale dei vigili del fuoco presso il Comando di Torino, continuò gli studi frequentando diversi corsi di specializzazione in università degli Stati Uniti d'America (Harvard, Columbia University, UCLA), approfondendo la paleontologia e la paleoantropologia. È sposato e ha tre figli: Riccardo (1998), Edoardo (1999) e Alessandro (2004). Parla correntemente italiano, inglese, francese, curdo e swahili.\n\nAttività di ricerca \nPer oltre 10 anni svolse attività di scavo e di ricerca sul campo, partecipando a spedizioni internazionali alla ricerca dei resti fossili di antenati dell'uomo (paleoantropologia) nell'allora Zaire (oggi Repubblica Democratica del Congo), a Ishango, nel 1983 e nel 1984; in Tanzania (Olduvai e Laetoli) nel 1986, 1987 e 1988; nel Sultanato dell'Oman nel 1989, in Etiopia (valle dell'Awash) e in Mongolia nel deserto del Gobi, alla ricerca anche di resti di dinosauri e di mammiferi primitivi, nel 1991.\n\nNel 1986 partecipò alla spedizione e allo scavo nella Gola di Olduvai, che portarono alla scoperta dei resti fossili di un ominide vissuto 1,8 milioni di anni fa (OH62): una forma molto arcaica del genere Homo, con un'anatomia che suggerirebbe l'abitudine di salire ancora sugli alberi. Nel 1991, in Etiopia, durante una spedizione internazionale alla ricerca di fossili di uomini preistorici, la colonna di fuoristrada di ricercatori nella quale si trovava, alla guida di un mezzo, cadde in un'imboscata tesa da tribù bellicose (Issa e Boimah) con sparatoria dalla quale uscì illeso.\n\nAttività di divulgazione scientifica \n\nAlla propria attività di studioso ha fatto seguito la professione per la quale è più noto, quella di divulgatore scientifico, in particolare attraverso la televisione. Ha realizzato in questo settore riprese e servizi in tutti i continenti, su siti archeologici e paleontologici, centri di ricerca, santuari naturalistici e anche su etnie e culture in via di estinzione come Wairuru (Ande Peruviane), Hmong e Dao Rossi (confini Vietnam e Cina), Hazda (Tanzania meridionale), Boscimani (Namibia) e Pigmei (Congo).\n\nTelevisione \nPer quanto in questo abbia seguito le orme del padre, gli esordi sono stati fortunosi: cominciò a lavorare come conduttore per la Televisione Svizzera Italiana (RTSI) dopo essersi fatto notare per la sua comunicatività in seguito a un'intervista da lui rilasciata. Nel 1990, infatti, per questa emittente ideò, scrisse e condusse in studio il programma Albatros, una serie di 12 puntate di divulgazione scientifica. La serie fu in seguito riproposta in Italia da Telemontecarlo, segnando così il suo esordio italiano.\n\nNell'ambito dei programmi televisivi, come autore, tuttavia iniziò nel 1989, partecipando alla realizzazione di due documentari per la Rai, nelle savane del Serengeti: Una giornata di 2 milioni di anni fa e Leopardo. Poi concepì e scrisse assieme al padre Il pianeta dei dinosauri, trasmesso da Rai 1 nel 1993, per il quale realizzò tutti i suoi interventi sui siti paleontologici più importanti di vari continenti anche in francese e in inglese, per le vendite all'estero del programma.\n\nÈ anche uno degli autori dei programmi Superquark (originato da Quark, da una costola del quale è nato anche Quark atlante - Immagini dal pianeta, nel 1997), Quark Speciale e Viaggio nel cosmo per Rai 1; anche in questo caso, per Viaggio nel cosmo, tutti i suoi interventi nei principali siti di ricerca spaziale furono realizzati in inglese e francese per le vendite all'estero. Nel 1997 per Superquark fu il primo con la sua troupe a realizzare un servizio televisivo nella più grande tomba egizia mai scavata, la KV5 della Valle dei Re, subito dopo la scoperta; la tomba, voluta da Ramses II per i suoi figli, è costituita da 130 ambienti fra stanze e corridoi. Nel 1998, sempre per lo stesso programma, durante una permanenza in Antartide per la realizzazione di alcuni servizi televisivi, si trovò assieme alla troupe a filmare a circa 30 gradi sotto lo zero. Ancora prima, per una puntata di Viaggio nel cosmo del 1996 dedicata all'esplorazione spaziale, realizzò un servizio \"galleggiando\" nell'aria in condizioni di assenza di gravità simulata, viaggiando a bordo di un A300 utilizzato dagli astronauti europei per addestrarsi (il volo creò ben 30 volte di seguito queste condizioni sorvolando l'Atlantico).\n\nÈ inoltre l'autore e conduttore del programma Passaggio a Nord Ovest, su Rai 1. Ancora nel 1998 fu il commentatore sul campo della versione italiana della serie di documentari Big Cat Diary dedicata ai grandi felini africani, realizzata in coproduzione tra la Rai e la BBC e girata interamente nella riserva di Masai Mara, in Kenya.\n\nIn questo settore ha avuto anche un'esperienza come \"voce narrante\", quando per il Museo di Storia Naturale di New York prestò la sua voce per la versione italiana di un filmato realizzato con tecnologie di realtà virtuale e dedicato all'esplorazione dell'universo. Per la versione inglese di questo filmato, proiettato quotidianamente nel Museo, prestarono la voce personaggi fra i quali Tom Hanks, Harrison Ford, Jodie Foster e Liam Neeson.\n\nÈ il conduttore e assieme al padre anche l'autore del suo programma Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta, in onda dal 2000 su Rai 3, la cui prima edizione vinse il Premio Flaiano per la televisione. Nel 2002, mentre si trovava nel deserto del Sahara ai confini tra l'Algeria e il Niger per realizzare una puntata di Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta, fu vittima di una rapina.\n\nÈ curatore e conduttore della serie di documentari di arte Stanotte a..., in onda dal 2015 su Rai 1.\n\nPer la satira televisiva, nel 2001 fu oggetto dell'imitazione da parte di Neri Marcorè nella trasmissione L'ottavo nano. Alberto Angela gradì l'imitazione di Marcorè al punto da aver preso parte ad uno degli sketch del comico.\n\nPer Rai 1 ha realizzato il programma Meraviglie, andato in onda per la prima volta nel gennaio 2018 e riproposto anche negli anni a seguire.\n\nNel settembre del 2018 invece Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta, dopo 18 anni di Rai 3, debutta su Rai 1 con quattro nuove puntate che riscuotono un grande successo (la prima e l'ultima fanno 4 milioni di telespettatori circa per il 21% e 22,5% di share).\n\nNel settembre del 2020 torna Ulisse, in occasione dei 20 anni del programma, con quattro nuove puntate girate nel post lockdown. Altre quattro puntate andranno in onda poi tra aprile e maggio 2021 oltre allo speciale del 3 giugno in co-conduzione con il padre dal titolo Un pianeta meraviglioso - Il futuro da salvare.\n\nScritti \n\nGiornalista pubblicista, ha collaborato con vari quotidiani e periodici, tra i quali La Stampa, Airone, Epoca e La Voce di Indro Montanelli.\n\nNel 1988 pubblicò un saggio sulle nuove tecniche d'interattività nei musei scientifici, intitolato Musei (e mostre) a misura d'uomo. Come comunicare attraverso gli oggetti. Assieme al padre ha scritto vari libri di divulgazione scientifica: La straordinaria storia dell'uomo (Mondadori, 1989), La straordinaria storia della vita sulla Terra (Mondadori, 1992), Il Pianeta dei Dinosauri (Mondadori, 1993), Dentro al Mediterraneo (Mondadori, 1995), La straordinaria storia di una vita che nasce. Nove mesi nel ventre materno (RAI-Eri-Mondadori, 1996), Squali (Mondadori, 1997), Viaggio nel Cosmo (Mondadori, 1998), Mostri marini (Mondadori, 2001). A questi sono seguiti: Una giornata nell'Antica Roma. Vita quotidiana, segreti e curiosità (Mondadori, 2007), Impero (Mondadori, 2010) e Amore e sesso nell'antica Roma (Mondadori, 2012).\n\nNel novembre del 2015 uscì il libro San Pietro (Rizzoli), incentrato sulla famosa basilica. Sempre lo stesso anno, grazie ai proventi derivati dalla vendita dell'opera I tre giorni di Pompei (Rizzoli, 2014), fu possibile restaurare l'affresco Adone ferito dell'omonima casa pompeiana. Nel 2016 esce, sempre per l'editore Rizzoli, Gli occhi della Gioconda. Il genio di Leonardo raccontato da Monna Lisa dove, come suggerisce il titolo, il divulgatore racconta la vita di Leonardo e le sue principali opere adottando un punto di vista insolito e originale: i dettagli del celebre dipinto divengono così il pretesto per svelare e raccontare non solo il modus operandi del genio rinascimentale, ma anche i luoghi più significativi in cui il maestro si trovò a operare. \n\nNel 2020 esce invece L'ultimo giorno di Roma, primo libro di una trilogia riguardante l'incendio di Roma del 64 d.C.. Nell'aprile del 2021 esce il secondo volume della trilogia, L'inferno su Roma, mentre nel dicembre del 2022 il terzo e ultimo capitolo, Nerone. La rinascita di Roma e il tramonto di un imperatore.\n\nRiconoscimenti \n\n È membro dell'Istituto Italiano di Paleontologia Umana, a Roma, e del Centro Studi e Ricerche Ligabue di Venezia.\n Nel 2008 ha vinto il \"Premio Cimitile\" con Una giornata nell'antica Roma (Mondadori), miglior opera di saggistica.\n La sua trasmissione Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta ha vinto, oltre al \"Premio Flaiano\", anche il \"Guidarello d'oro\" e il \"Premio Fregene\".\n Il 24 settembre 2009 ha partecipato alla cerimonia di inaugurazione dell'anno scolastico Tutti a scuola 2009 al Quirinale. L'8 luglio 2010 è stato nominato accademico onorario dell'Accademia Internazionale di Scienze e Tecniche Subacquee, in virtù della sua esperienza nell'immersione subacquea, sport che pratica assiduamente insieme al nuoto e allo sci.\n Gli è stato dedicato un asteroide, 80652 Albertoangela. Gli è stata inoltre dedicata anche una rarissima specie marina Prunum albertoangelai dei mari della Colombia.\n Per la sua attività di divulgazione della Storia ha ricevuto il prestigioso premio internazionale \"Portico d'oro-Jacques Le Goff\".\n Il 26 settembre 2011 è stato nominato nuovo “Goodwill Ambassador” di UNICEF Italia.\n Nel 2016 gli è stato dedicato insieme al padre Piero Angela un nuovo ibrido di orchidea spontanea scoperto a Collepasso (LE) e chiamato Ophrys ×angelarum Gennaio, Medagli, Gargiulo & Chetta, 2016, ibrido tra Ophrys bertolonii subsp. bertolonii Moretti ed Ophrys tardans O. Danesch & E. Danesch. GIROS Notizie 59 (2016: 2) pag. 334-338\n Nel 2017 gli è stato attribuito alla Camera dei deputati il Premio America della Fondazione Italia USA.\n Il 15 maggio 2018, a seguito di una grossa mobilitazione partita via web nel 2015, gli è stata conferita la cittadinanza onoraria del comune di Napoli. Stessa onorificenza gli è stata offerta, il 9 ottobre 2018, dal comune di Pompei.\n Il 26 luglio 2019 gli è stata conferita la cittadinanza onoraria dal comune di Aquileia.\n Ha vinto l'edizione del Premiolino 2017 per il programma Stanotte a San Pietro – Viaggio tra le meraviglie del Vaticano.\n\nOnorificenze\n\nTelevisione \n Una giornata di 2 milioni di anni fa (Documentario Rai, 1989)\n Leopardo (Documentario Rai, 1989)\n Albatros (Televisione Svizzera Italiana Telemontecarlo, 1990)\n Il pianeta dei dinosauri (Rai 1, 1993) \n L'uomo che venne dalla Preistoria (Rai 1, 2 novembre 1994) \n Quark Estate (Rai 1, 1995)\n Superquark (Rai 1, 1995-2022)\n Speciale Superquark (Rai 1, 1997-2015)\n Domenica in (Rai 1, 1997/1998)\n Viaggio nel cosmo (Rai 1, 1997)\n Passaggio a Nord Ovest (Rai 1, dal 1997)\n Big Cat Diary (Rai e BBC, 1998)\n Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta (Rai 3, 2000-2018; Rai 1, dal 2018)\n Passaggio a Nord Ovest DOC (Rai 1, dal 2015)\n Stanotte a... (Rai 1, dal 2015) \n Meraviglie (Rai 1, dal 2018)\n Speciale Ulisse: Quella notte sulla Luna (Rai 1, 2019)\n\nVideografia \n Universo, 26 VHS, Novara, De Agostini, (1996-1997)\n Squali un mistero da capire, Milano. A. Mondadori Newmedia, (1998)\n Il meraviglioso mondo del mare, Milano, A. Mondadori Newmedia, Fabio Ratti Editoria Libraria e Multimediale, (1997)\n(questi ultimi sono due CD Rom realizzati assieme a Piero Angela e Alberto Luca Recchi)\n La grande Storia dell'Uomo, 27 DVD, Roma-Milano, RaiTrade-RCS, (2008)\n Alla scoperta del Vaticano con Alberto Angela, 6 DVD, la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Eri-Rai Com-OC-CTV, (2014)\n Alla scoperta dei Musei Vaticani con Alberto Angela, 6 DVD, la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com-OC-CTV, (2015)\n Alla scoperta del Rinascimento a Firenze con Alberto Angela, 5 DVD, la Repubblica/l'Espresso, (2016)\n Divina bellezza. Alla scoperta dell'arte sacra in Italia con Alberto Angela, 10 DVD, la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com-GEDI Gruppo Editoriale-OC-CTV, (2017)\n Stanotte a... con Alberto Angela 5 DVD la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com, (2018)\n Viaggio senza ritorno 1 DVD la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com, (2019)\nMeraviglie. Un viaggio in Italia con Alberto Angela, 12 DVD, la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com-GEDI Gruppo Editoriale, (2020)\n Stanotte a... con Alberto Angela 7 DVD la Repubblica/l'Espresso-Rai Com, (2022)\n\nDoppiaggio \n Narratore in Minions\n\nOpere \n Musei (e mostre) a misura d'uomo. Come comunicare attraverso gli oggetti, Roma, Armando, 1988.\n con Piero Angela, La straordinaria storia dell'uomo. Indizio per indizio un'investigazione sulle nostre origini, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1989, ISBN 88-04-33188-7.\n con Piero Angela, La straordinaria storia della vita sulla Terra. Diario di un viaggio lungo quattro miliardi di anni, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1992, ISBN 88-04-35271-X.\n con Piero Angela, Il pianeta dei dinosauri. Quando i grandi rettili dominavano il mondo, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1993, ISBN 88-04-37682-1\n con Piero Angela e Alberto Luca Recchi, Dentro il Mediterraneo, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1995, ISBN 88-04-39369-6.\n con Piero Angela, La straordinaria avventura di una vita che nasce. Nove mesi nel ventre materno, Roma-Milano, Rai Eri - A. Mondadori, 1996, ISBN 88-04-40505-8.\n con Piero Angela e Alberto Luca Recchi, Squali, Milano, A. Mondadori, 1997, ISBN 88-04-42907-0.\n con Piero Angela, Viaggio nel cosmo. Alla scoperta dei misteri dell'Universo, Roma-Milano, Rai Eri - A. Mondadori, 1997, ISBN 88-04-40178-8.\n con Piero Angela e Giuseppe Pederiali, Il paesaggio che verrà, Modena, F. C. Panini, 2000, ISBN 88-8290-207-2.\n con Piero Angela e Alberto Luca Recchi, Mostri marini, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2001, ISBN 88-04-48105-6.\n Una giornata nell'antica Roma. Vita quotidiana, segreti e curiosità, Roma-Milano, Rai Eri - A. Mondadori, 2007, ISBN 978-88-04-56013-5.\n Impero. Viaggio nell'Impero di Roma seguendo una moneta, Milano, A. Mondadori, 2010, ISBN 978-88-04-59239-6.\n Amore e sesso nell'antica Roma, Roma-Milano, Rai Eri - A. Mondadori, 2012, ISBN 978-88-04-61392-3.\n Viaggio nella Cappella Sistina. Alla scoperta del più grande tesoro artistico di tutti i tempi, Milano-Città del Vaticano, Rizzoli-Musei Vaticani, 2013, ISBN 978-88-17-07011-9.\n Alberto Angela racconta i Bronzi di Riace. L'avventura di due eroi restituiti dal mare, con fotografie di Alberto Angela, Milano, Rizzoli, 2014, ISBN 978-88-17-07554-1; Collana Varia, Milano, BUR, 2022, ISBN 978-88-171-7828-0.\n I tre giorni di Pompei: 23-25 ottobre 79 d.C. Ora per ora, la più grande tragedia dell'antichità, Milano-Roma, Rizzoli - Rai Eri, 2014, ISBN 978-88-17-07730-9.\n San Pietro. Segreti e meraviglie in un racconto lungo duemila anni, Milano, Rizzoli, 2015, ISBN 978-88-17-08423-9.\n Gli occhi della Gioconda. Il genio di Leonardo raccontato da Monna Lisa, Milano, Rizzoli, 2016, ISBN 978-88-17-09078-0.\n \n \n L'ultimo giorno di Roma. Viaggio nella città di Nerone poco prima del grande incendio (La trilogia di Nerone, Libro I), HarperCollins Italia, 2020, ISBN 978-88-6905-656-7.\n L'inferno su Roma. Il grande incendio che distrusse la città di Nerone (La trilogia di Nerone, Libro II), HarperCollins Italia, 2021, ISBN 978-88-6905-933-9.\n Nerone. La rinascita di Roma e il tramonto di un imperatore (La trilogia di Nerone, Libro III), HarperCollins Italia, 2022, ISBN 978-8869059384.\n\nLibri in edicola \n Viaggio nella storia, 50 volumi, Roma-Milano, RaiCom-Centauria, 2016.\n Come eravamo. Il romanzo degli italiani dalle origini all'Unità d'Italia, 20 volumi, Rai Libri-La Repubblica, 2019.\n Genio. La grande storia delle scoperte che hanno cambiato la nostra vita, 16 volumi, Rai Libri-La Repubblica, 2022.\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate \n Piero Angela\n Carlo Angela\n Passaggio a Nord Ovest\n Ulisse - Il piacere della scoperta\n Meraviglie\n Stanotte a...\n Superquark\n Quark atlante - Immagini dal pianeta\n Quark\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nAutori televisivi italiani\nAutori televisivi figli d'arte\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 1 degli anni 1990\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 1 degli anni 2000\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 3 degli anni 2000\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 1 degli anni 2010\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 3 degli anni 2010\nConduttori televisivi di Rai 1 degli anni 2020\nFigli d'arte\nGiornalisti figli d'arte\nGiornalisti italiani del XX secolo\nGiornalisti italiani del XXI secolo\nScrittori italiani del XX secolo\nScrittori italiani del XXI secolo\nStudenti della Columbia University\nStudenti della Sapienza - Università di Roma\nStudenti dell'Università della California, Los Angeles\nStudenti dell'Università di Harvard\nInsigniti con la cittadinanza onoraria di Napoli\nVincitori del Premio Flaiano di televisione e radio", "\n\nBiografia \n\nAlberto, figlio minore del Conte di Bollstädt, nacque a Lauingen (Svevia) ma l'anno di nascita non è esattamente conosciuto: alcuni sostengono nel 1205, altri nel 1206; molti storici inoltre indicano il 1193. Nulla di certo è poi noto circa la sua istruzione iniziale, se sia stata ricevuta in casa o in una scuola del circondario. Da giovane fu mandato a proseguire i suoi studi presso l'Università di Padova, città scelta sia perché vi risiedeva un suo zio, sia perché Padova era famosa per la sua cultura delle arti liberali, per le quali il giovane svevo aveva una speciale predilezione. Anche la data di questo viaggio a Padova non può essere determinata con precisione. Nell'anno 1223, dopo aver ascoltato i sermoni del beato Giordano di Sassonia, secondo maestro generale dell'Ordine dei predicatori, decise di entrare nel medesimo Ordine religioso.\n\nGli storici non riportano se gli studi di Alberto continuarono a Padova, Bologna, Parigi, o Colonia. Comunque, dopo averli completati, insegnò teologia a Hildesheim, Friburgo, Ratisbona, Strasburgo e Colonia. Si trovava nel convento di Colonia, intento nello studio del Liber Sententiarum di Pietro Lombardo, quando, nel 1240, gli fu ordinato di recarsi a Parigi. Qui si laureò all'università, che più di ogni altra veniva celebrata come scuola di teologia. Durante il viaggio da Colonia e Parigi ebbe tra i suoi ascoltatori Tommaso d'Aquino, un giovane silenzioso e riflessivo, del quale riconobbe il genio ed a cui predisse la futura grandezza. Il nuovo discepolo accompagnò il suo maestro a Parigi e nel 1248 tornò con lui al nuovo Studium Generale di Colonia, del quale Alberto era stato nominato Rettore, mentre Tommaso divenne secondo professore e Magister Studentium.\n\nAl Capitolo Generale dei Domenicani tenutosi a Valenciennes nel 1250, insieme a Tommaso d'Aquino ed a Pietro di Tarantasia (futuro papa Innocenzo V), elaborò le norme per la direzione degli studi e per la determinazione del sistema di meriti all'interno dell'ordine. Quindi, nel 1254, fu eletto provinciale per la Germania, incarico difficile, che ricoprì con efficienza e responsabilità. Nel 1256 si recò a Roma per difendere gli ordini mendicanti dagli attacchi di Guglielmo di Saint-Amour, il cui libro, De novissimis temporum periculis, fu condannato da papa Alessandro IV il 5 ottobre 1256. Durante la sua permanenza nell'Urbe, Alberto ricoprì l'ufficio di maestro del Sacro Palazzo (istituito ai tempi di Domenico di Guzmán) e colse l'occasione per commentare il Vangelo secondo Giovanni. Nel 1257, però, per dedicarsi allo studio ed all'insegnamento, rassegnò le dimissioni dall'ufficio di provinciale.\n\nNell'anno 1260 fu consacrato vescovo di Ratisbona.\nUmberto di Romans, maestro generale dei Domenicani, temendo di perdere i servigi di Alberto, tuttavia, cercò di impedirne la nomina, ma fallì. Alberto, infatti, governò la diocesi fino al 1262 quando, dopo che furono accettate le sue dimissioni, riprese volontariamente l'ufficio di professore presso lo Studium di Colonia. Nel 1270 inviò una memoria a Tommaso, che si trovava a Parigi, per aiutarlo nella disputa con Sigieri da Brabante e gli averroisti. Questo fu il suo secondo trattato contro il filosofo arabo (il primo fu scritto nel 1256 con il titolo De Unitate intellectus Contra Averroem). Nel 1274 fu invitato da papa Gregorio X a partecipare ai lavori del secondo Concilio di Lione, alle cui conclusioni prese parte attiva. L'annuncio della morte di Tommaso a Fossanova, durante il viaggio che aveva intrapreso per partecipare ai lavori del Concilio, fu un duro colpo per Alberto, che lo commentò dichiarando che \"La luce della Chiesa\" si era estinta.\n\nIl suo antico spirito e vigore tornarono a galla nel 1277, quando fu annunciato che l'arcivescovo di Parigi Étienne Tempier ed altri volevano condannare gli scritti di Tommaso perché li consideravano poco ortodossi. Per tale motivo si mise in viaggio alla volta di Parigi, deciso a difendere la memoria del suo discepolo. Qualche tempo dopo, nel 1278 (anno in cui scrisse il suo testamento) ebbe dei vuoti di memoria; la sua forte mente a poco a poco si offuscò e Il suo corpo fiaccato da una vita austera di privazioni e di lavoro cedette sotto il peso degli anni e morì nel 1280. Fu sepolto nella chiesa parrocchiale di sant'Andrea a Colonia.\n\nCulto \nFu beatificato da papa Gregorio XV nel 1622; la sua memoria ricorre il 15 novembre. Nel settembre 1872, i vescovi tedeschi, riuniti a Fulda, inviarono alla Santa Sede una petizione per la sua canonizzazione. \nAlberto fu proclamato santo da papa Pio XI nel 1931. Lo stesso papa, in occasione della canonizzazione, lo proclamò dottore della Chiesa. Dieci anni più tardi, papa Pio XII lo dichiarò patrono dei cultori delle scienze naturali.\n\nOpere \n\nSono state pubblicate due edizioni dellOpera Omnia di Alberto, la prima a Lione nel 1651 a cura di Padre Pietro Jammy, O.P., l'altra a Parigi (Louis Vivès) nel 1890-99, sotto la direzione dell'Abate Auguste Borgnet dell'Arcidiocesi di Reims.\n\nUna nuova edizione critica (Editio Coloniensis) è in corso di pubblicazione a cura dell'Albertus-Magnus-Institut; sono previsti 41 volumi, di cui 29 sono già stati pubblicati.\n\nLa cronologia delle opere fu stilata da Paul von Loë nella sua Analecta Bollandiana (De Vita et scriptis B. Alb. Mag., XIX, XX e XXI). La sequenza logica, invece, fu estrapolata da Padre Mandonnet, O.P., nel Dictionnaire de théologie catholique. L'elenco che segue indica gli argomenti dei vari trattati, i numeri si riferiscono ai volumi dell'edizione Borgnet.\n\n Logica:\n Vol. 1:\n Super Porphyrium De V universalibus \n De praedicamentis\n De sex principiis\n Peri hermeneias\n Analytica priora\n Vol. 2:\n Analytica posteriora\n Topica\n De sophisticis elenchis\n Scienze fisiche:\n Physicorum (3);\n De Coelo et Mundo (\"Il cielo e il mondo\") (4);\n De Generatione et Corruptione (\"La generazione e la corruzione\") (4);\n ;\n De Mineralibus (\"I minerali\") (5);\n De Natura locorum (9);\n De passionibus aeris (9).\n Biologia:\n De vegetabilibus et plantis (\"I vegetali e le piante\") (10);\n ;\n De motibus animalium (\"I moti degli animali\") (9);\n De nutrimento et nutribili (\"Il nutrimento e il nutribile\") (5);\n De aetate (\"L'età\") (9);\n De morte et vita (\"La morte e la vita\") (9);\n De spiritu et respiratione (\"Lo spirito e la respirazione\") (9).\n Psicologia:\n De Anima (\"L'anima\") (5);\n De sensu et sensato (\"Il senso e il sensato\") (5);\n De Memoria, et reminiscentia (5);\n De somno et vigilia (5);\n De natura et origine animae (5);\n De intellectu et intelligibili (\"L'intelletto e l'intelligibile\") (5);\n De unitate intellectus contra Averroistas (\"L'unità dell'intelletto contro gli Averroisti\") (9).\n Philosophia pauperum (\"Filosofia dei poveri\") (21):\n Morale e Politica:\n Ethicorum (7);\n Politicorum (8).\n Metafisica:\n Metaphysicorum (\"Metafisica\") (6);\n De causis et processu universitatis (10).\n Teologia:\n Commentario su Dionigi l'Areopagita (14);\n Commentario alle Sentenze di Pietro Lombardo (25-30);\n Summa Theologiae (31-33);\n Summa de creaturis (34-35);\n De sacramento Eucharistiae (\"Il sacramento dell'Eucaristia\") (38);\n Super evangelium missus est (37).\n Esegesi:\n Commentari sui Salmi e sui Profeti (15-19);\n Commentari sui Vangeli (20-24);\n Sull'Apocalisse (38).\n Sermoni:\n De quindecim problematibus (\"Su quindici problemi\"), edito dal Mandonnet nel suo Siger de Brabant (Friburgo, 1899).\n\nOpere dubbie e spurie:\nI volumi 13, 15, 16, 17, 36 e 37 dell'edizione Borgnet contengono solo opere non autentiche.\n De apprehensione (5);\n Speculum astronomiae (\"Specchio di astronomia\") (5);\n De alchimia (38);\n Scriptum super arborem Aristotelis (38);\n Paradisus animae (37);\n Liber de Adhaerendo Deo (\"Il dover accostarsi a Dio\") (37);\n De Laudibus Beatae Virginis (36);\n Biblia Mariana (37);\n Compendium theologicae veritatis (\"Compendio della verità teologica\");\n De causis et proprietatibus elementorum (\"Le cause e le proprietà degli elementi\");\n De erroribus philosophorum (\"Gli errori dei filosofi\");\n De fato (\"Il fato\");\n De lapidibus (\"Le pietre\");\n De praedicabilibus (\"Le cose lodevoli\");\n De praedicamentis (\"Le categorie\");\n In categorias Aristotelis (\"Nelle categorie di Aristotele\");\n Super geometriam Euclidis (\"Sulla geometria di Euclide\").\n\nInfluenza di Alberto sui contemporanei e sui posteri \nL'influenza esercitata da Alberto sugli studiosi dei suoi tempi e su quelli degli anni seguenti fu, naturalmente, molto grande. La sua fama è dovuta in parte al fatto che fu il precursore, la guida ed il maestro di Tommaso d'Aquino, ma sicuramente è stato grande anche di per sé. È interessante notare come questo frate medioevale in mezzo ai suoi molti doveri di religioso, come provinciale del suo ordine, come vescovo e legato pontificio, come predicatore di una crociata, pur effettuando molti faticosi viaggi tra Colonia, Parigi e Roma e frequenti escursioni in varie parti della Germania, abbia potuto essere in grado di comporre una vera enciclopedia, contenente trattati scientifici su quasi ogni argomento dello scibile umano, mostrando una conoscenza della natura e della teologia che sorprese i suoi contemporanei, e ancora suscita l'ammirazione dei dotti dei nostri tempi. Fu, realmente, un Doctor Universalis. Di lui, i critici moderni hanno scritto: «Sia che lo consideriamo un teologo o un filosofo, Alberto è stato sicuramente, uno dei più straordinari uomini della sua età; si potrebbe dire, uno dei più meravigliosi uomini di genio che sono apparsi in passato» (Jourdain, Recherches Critiques).\n\nAlberto e le scienze sperimentali \nNon sorprende che Alberto si fosse basato sulle fonti di informazioni che esistevano ai suoi tempi, in particolare sugli scritti scientifici di Aristotele. Tuttavia egli diceva: «L'obiettivo delle scienze naturali non è semplicemente accettare le dichiarazioni [narrata] degli altri, ma investigare le cause che sono all'opera in natura» (De Mineralibus Libro II, tr. i, i). Nel suo trattato sulle piante affermò il principio: Experimentum solum certificat in talibus (L'esperimento è l'unica guida sicura in tali indagini). (De Vegetalibus, VI, tr. ii, i). Profondamente versato come era in teologia, egli dichiarava: «Nello studiare la natura non abbiamo a indagare come Dio Creatore può usare le sue creature per compiere miracoli e così manifestare la sua potenza: abbiamo piuttosto a indagare come la Natura con le sue cause immanenti possa esistere» (De Coelo et Mundo, I, tr. iv, x).\n\nAnche se sulle scienze naturali preferiva Aristotele a Agostino d'Ippona, egli non esitava a criticare il filosofo greco. «Chiunque creda che Aristotele fosse un dio, deve anche credere che non commise alcun errore. Ma se si crede che Aristotele sia stato un uomo, allora è stato certamente passibile di errori, così come lo siamo noi.» (Physica lib. VIII, tr. 1, xiv). In realtà Alberto dedicò un lungo capitolo a ciò che egli definiva \"gli errori di Aristotele\" (Sum. Theol. P. II, tr. i, quaest. iv). In una parola, il suo apprezzamento per Aristotele era critico. Egli merita credito non solo per aver portato l'insegnamento scientifico del filosofo greco all'attenzione degli studiosi medievali, ma anche per aver indicato il metodo e lo spirito in cui tale insegnamento doveva essere recepito.\n\nCome il suo contemporaneo, Ruggero Bacone (1214-1294), Alberto fu un infaticabile studioso della natura ed applicò la stessa energia allo studio delle scienze sperimentali, con tale zelo che fu accusato di trascurare le scienze sacre (Enrico di Ghent, De scriptoribus ecclesiastici, II, x). In realtà, circolarono molte leggende che gli attribuivano poteri magici. Joachim Sighart (Albertus Magnus. Sein Leben und Seine Wissenschaft, Regensburg, 1857) ha esaminato queste leggende, e si è sforzato di recuperare la verità da storie false o esagerate. Altri biografi si sono accontentati del fatto che la versatilità di Alberto nelle scienze fisiche poteva essere stato il fondamento su cui si basavano tali storie. La verità, naturalmente, si trova tra i due estremi. Alberto coltivò assiduamente le scienze naturali; era un'autorità nella fisica, in geografia, in astronomia, mineralogia, chimica (alchimia), zoologia e fisiologia. In tutti questi soggetti la sua erudizione era vasta e molte delle sue osservazioni sono tuttora valide.\n\nErnst H. F. Meyer scriveva (Geschichte der Botanik, Königsberg, 1855): «Nessun botanico che sia vissuto prima di Alberto può essere paragonato a lui, tranne Teofrasto, che non conosceva; e dopo di lui nessuno ha dipinto la natura in tali vividi colori, o l'ha studiata così approfonditamente, fino all'arrivo di Conrad von Gesner, e Andrea Cesalpino. Tutti gli onori, dunque, vanno tributati all'uomo che ha fatto tali stupefacenti progressi nella scienza della natura, da non trovare nessuno, non che lo sopravanzi, ma che lo eguagli nei tre secoli successivi.»\n\nL'elenco delle sue opere pubblicate è sufficiente a scagionarlo dall'accusa di trascurare la teologia e le Sacre Scritture. D'altro canto, egli espresse il suo disprezzo per tutto ciò che sapeva di incantesimo o di arte magica. Egli non ammise mai la possibilità di creare l'oro con l'alchimia o attraverso l'uso della pietra filosofale; ciò è evidente dalle sue parole:\n\nRuggero Bacone e Alberto dimostrarono al mondo che la Chiesa non è contraria allo studio della natura: la scienza e la fede possono andare di pari passo; la loro vita ed i loro scritti sottolineano l'importanza della sperimentazione e dell'indagine. Bacone fu infaticabile e coraggioso nelle indagini, anche se, a volte, la sua critica fu troppo forte. Ma di Alberto disse: Studiosissimus erat, et vidit infinita, et habuit expensum, et ideo multa potuit colligere in pelago auctorum infinito (Opera, ed. Brewer, 327). Alberto rispettava l'autorità e le tradizioni, era prudente nel proporre i risultati delle sue indagini e, di conseguenza: «...contribuì molto più di Bacone al progresso della scienza nel XIII secolo» (Turner, Hist. of Phil.).\nIl suo metodo di trattamento delle scienze fu storico e critico al tempo stesso. Raccolse in una grande enciclopedia tutto ciò che era noto ai suoi tempi e poi espresse le sue opinioni, principalmente sotto forma di commentari sulle opere di Aristotele. Talvolta, tuttavia, era titubante e non espresse il suo pensiero, probabilmente perché temeva che le sue teorie, che per quel periodo erano piuttosto \"avanzate\", avrebbero potuto provocare disappunto e commenti non favorevoli. «Dicta peripateticorum, prout melius potui exposui: nec aliquis in eo potest deprehendere quid ego ipse sentiam in philosophia naturali» (De Animalibus, circa finem).\n\nNell'opera di Augusta Theodosia Drane, Scuole Cristiane e studiosi vi sono alcune interessanti osservazioni su «...alcuni pareri scientifici di Alberto che mostrano quanto egli dovette alle sue sagaci osservazioni dei fenomeni naturali, e in che misura era in anticipo rispetto alla sua epoca [...] Parlando delle isole britanniche, alludeva alla comune idea che esisteva nell'oceano occidentale un'altra isola -- Tile, o Thule --, inabitabile a causa del suo clima, ma che - affermava - forse non era ancora stata visitata dall'uomo». Alberto elaborò anche una dimostrazione della sfericità della terra; qualcuno ha anche sottolineato come le sue idee sull'argomento condussero, in seguito, alla scoperta dell'America.\n\nAlberto e la filosofia scolastica \nPiù importante dello sviluppo delle scienze fisiche fu la sua influenza sullo studio della filosofia e della teologia. Egli, più di chiunque dei grandi scolastici che precedettero Tommaso, diede alla filosofia ed alla teologia cristiana la forma e il metodo che, sostanzialmente, si sono conservati fino ai giorni nostri. Nel marcare il sentiero che fu seguito da altri, Alberto condivise la gloria di essere stato un pioniere con Alessandro di Hales († 1245), la cui Summa Theologiae fu il primo scritto, dopo tutte le opere di Aristotele, a diventare famoso a Parigi. La loro applicazione della metodologia e dei principi aristotelici per lo studio della dottrina rivelata funsero da base per il sistema scolastico, che postulava l'unione di ragione e fede. Dopo Averroè, Alberto fu il principale commentatore delle opere di Aristotele, i cui scritti studiò con la massima assiduità, ed i cui principi adottò per sistematizzare la teologia, che intendeva come esposizione scientifica e difesa della dottrina cristiana.\n\nLa scelta di Aristotele come maestro provocò forti opposizioni. I commentari ebraici ed arabi sulle opere del filosofo avevano originato tali e tanti errori nell'XI, XII e XIII secolo, che per alcuni anni (1210-1225) lo studio della metafisica e della fisica aristotelica furono vietati. Alberto, tuttavia, sapeva che Averroè, Pietro Abelardo, Amalrico di Bennes e altri avevano tratto false dottrine dagli scritti del filosofo; sapeva, inoltre, che sarebbe stato impossibile arginare la marea di entusiasmo a favore degli studi filosofici e così decise di purificare le opere di Aristotele da razionalismo, averroismo, panteismo ed altri errori e quindi mettere la filosofia pagana al servizio della causa della verità rivelata. In questo seguì l'insegnamento agostiniano (II De Doct. Christ., xl), che sosteneva che le verità trovate negli scritti dei filosofi pagani dovevano essere adottate dai difensori della fede, mentre le loro opinioni erronee dovevano essere abbandonate o spiegate in un senso cristiano. Tutte le scienze inferiori (naturali) avrebbero dovuto essere al servizio (ancillae) della teologia, che è la scienza superiore.\n\nContro il razionalismo di Abelardo e dei suoi seguaci, Alberto sottolineò la distinzione tra verità naturalmente conoscibile e misteri (la Trinità e l'Incarnazione), che non possono essere conosciuti senza la rivelazione. Scrisse due trattati contro l'averroismo, che distruggeva l'immortalità e le responsabilità individuali, insegnando che vi è una sola anima razionale per tutti gli uomini. Il panteismo, invece, fu confutato insieme all'averroismo quando la dottrina sugli Universali, il sistema noto come realismo moderato, fu accettata dai filosofi scolastici.\n\nSebbene seguace di Aristotele, Alberto non trascurò Platone. Scias quod non perficitur homo in philosophia, nisi scientia duarum philosophiarum, Aristotelis et Platonis. Per questo erravano quando dicevano che era solo la scimmia (simius) di Aristotele.\n\nNella conoscenza delle cose divine la fede precede la comprensione della Divina verità, l'autorità precede la ragione; ma nelle materie che possono essere naturalmente conosciute, un filosofo non dovrebbe assumere una posizione che non sia pronto a difendere con la ragione. La logica, secondo Alberto, era una preparazione all'insegnamento della filosofia come la ragione era il mezzo per passare attraverso ciò che è noto alla conoscenza dell'ignoto: Docens qualiter et per quae devenitur per notum ad ignoti notitiam.\n\nLa filosofia era sia contemplativa che pratica. La filosofia contemplativa abbraccia la fisica, la matematica, e la metafisica; la filosofia pratica (morale) è monastica (per l'individuo), domestica (per la famiglia), o politica (per lo stato e la società). Escludendo la fisica, gli autori moderni conservano ancora la vecchia divisione della filosofia scolastica in logica, metafisica (generale e speciale) ed etica.\n\nLa teologia di Alberto \nIn teologia Alberto occupa un posto tra Pietro Lombardo, il magister sententiarum, e Tommaso d'Aquino. Nell'ordine sistematico, nella precisione e nella chiarezza superò il primo, ma fu inferiore al proprio illustre discepolo. La sua Summa Theologiae segnò un passo in avanti rispetto alla consuetudine del suo tempo sia sull'osservazione scientifica, sia nell'eliminazione delle questioni inutili, sia nella limitazione delle argomentazioni e obiezioni; rimanevano, tuttavia, molti degli impedimenta che Tommaso considerava sufficientemente importanti da richiedere un nuovo manuale di teologia a uso dei novizi (ad eruditionem incipientium), come il \"Dottore Angelico\" commentava nel prologo della sua Summa. La mente del Doctor Universalis era così pregna della conoscenza di molte cose che non poteva sempre adeguare le sue esposizioni della verità alle capacità dei novizi nella scienza della teologia. Quindi, addestrò e diresse un alunno che diede al mondo una concisa, chiara e perfettamente scientifica esposizione e difesa della dottrina cristiana. Fu proprio grazie agli indirizzi di Alberto che Tommaso scrisse la sua Summa Teologica.\n\nAlberto e la musica \nNel campo della musica Alberto Magno è conosciuto per il suo prezioso trattato sulla musica del suo tempo; molte delle sue osservazioni sono contenute nel suo commentario alla Poetica di Aristotele. Tra le altre cose, egli definisce ridicola l'idea della musica universale: egli afferma che è impossibile che il movimento degli astri generi un suono. Egli scrisse molto sulle proporzioni nella musica, e sui tre differenti livelli soggettivi con cui la musica liturgica può influire sull'animo umano: purificazione, illuminazione che porta alla contemplazione, e conoscenza della perfezione tramite contemplazione. Di particolare interesse per gli studiosi della musica del XX secolo il fatto che egli consideri il silenzio parte integrante della musica.\n\nAlberto e Dante \nAlberto è frequentemente citato da Dante Alighieri, che fece della dottrina della libera volontà il fondamento della propria etica. Egli lo pone col suo allievo prediletto san Tommaso d'Aquino tra gli \"Spiriti sapienti\" nella prima corona del quarto Cielo, quello del Sole.\n\nRiconoscimenti alla memoria \n\nNel 1991 gli è stato dedicato un asteroide scoperto allora, 20006 Albertus Magnus.\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia\n\nOpere in latino\n Alberti Magni e-corpus edizione delle opere latine in formato PDF\n\nTraduzioni italiane\n Il bene, a cura di A. Tarabochia Canavero, Milano: Rusconi, 1987 (traduzione del Tractatus de natura boni ed estratti dal De bono: i trattati II, IV e V).\n L'unità dell'intelletto, a cura di A. Rodolfi, (testo latino a fronte), Milano: Bompiani, 2007.\n Tenebra luminosissima. Commento alla \"Teologia mistica\" di Dionigi l'Areopagita, a cura di G. Allegro e G. Russino, (testo latino a fronte), Palermo: Officina di Studi Medievali, 2007.\n Quaestio de prophetia. Visione, immaginazione e dono profetico, a cura di A. Rodolfi, (testo latino a fronte), Firenze: Edizioni del Galluzzo, 2009.\n La giustizia, a cura di A. Tarabochia Canavero, Piacenza: Nuova editrice Berti, 2012 (traduzione del De bono, trattato V).\n Quindici problemi, a cura di A. Rodolfi, (testo latino a fronte), Pisa: ETS, 2018.\n\nStudi\n Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume I. New York 1907, Robert Appleton Company. Nihil obstat, 1º marzo 1907. Remy Lafort, S.T.D., Censor. Imprimatur cardinale John Murphy Farley, Arcivescovo di New York.\n Alain de Libera, Introduzione alla mistica renana. Da Alberto Magno a Meister Eckhart, Milano, Jaca book, 1998.\n Albert le Grand et la philosophie, Parigi Vrin, 1990.\n Albert le Grand. Métaphysique et noétique, Parigi, Vrin, 2005.\n Resnick, Irven (ed.), A Companion to Albert the Great: Theology, Philosophy, and the Sciences, Leiden, Brill, 2013.\n Resnick, Irven e Kitchell Jr, Kenneth (eds.), Albert the Great: A Selective Annotated Bibliography, (1900-2000), Tempe, Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, 2004.\n Giuseppe Saitta, Alberto Magno in AA.VV., Enciclopedia Biografica Universale, Roma, Istituto Enciclopedia Italiana, 2006, pp. 254–258.\n Michel Schooyans, Bibliographie philosophique de Saint Albert le Grand (1931-1960), São Paulo [s.n.], 1961.\n James A. Weisheipl (a cura di), Alberto Magno e le scienze, Bologna, Edizioni Studio domenicano, 1994.\n Girolamo Wilms, Sant'Alberto Magno. Scienziato, filosofo e santo, Edizioni Studio Domenicano, Bologna, 1992.\n\nVoci correlate \n Metafisica (Alberto Magno)\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n Cura la pubblicazione dell'edizione critica delle Opere di Alberto Magno\n Vita, opere, influenza, scienza e teologia di Alberto Magno a cura del Jacques Maritain Center\n Traduzione di \"De adhaerendo Deo\"\n \n \n\nDomenicani tedeschi\nDottori della Chiesa cattolica\nFilosofi cattolici\nPersonaggi citati nella Divina Commedia (Paradiso)\nSanti per nome\nSanti tedeschi del XIII secolo\nSanti domenicani\nSanti canonizzati da Pio XI\nScolastici\nTeologi tedeschi\nVescovi di Ratisbona\nUomini universali\nScrittori medievali in lingua latina\nSanti incorrotti", "Oltre a unire nella rappresentazione topografica architettura e natura, i suoi dipinti sono il risultato di un'attenta resa atmosferica, della scelta di precise condizioni di luce per ogni particolare momento della giornata e di un'indagine condotta con criteri di scientifica oggettività, realizzati nel periodo della più ampia diffusione delle idee razionalistiche dell'Illuminismo. Insistendo sul valore matematico della prospettiva, per dipingere le sue opere l'artista si avvaleva talvolta della camera ottica.\n\nBiografia\n\nNascita e formazione \n\nGiovanni Antonio Canal Nacque a Venezia da Bernardo quondam Cesare Canal e Artemisia Barbieri. Esisteva una famiglia Canal ascritta al patriziato, ma quasi certamente non aveva legami con quella di Giovanni Antonio che comunque era benestante. Il soprannome \"Canaletto\" gli fu dato forse per distinguerlo dal padre, anch'egli pittore (di scenografie teatrali), o forse per la bassa statura.\n\nFu proprio dal padre che il giovane venne avviato alla pittura. Così come il padre, anche il fratello maggiore, Cristoforo, dipingeva i fondali per il teatro. Antonio cominciò a collaborare con loro e nel 1716 ricevette le prime commissioni: i fondali per alcune opere di Antonio Vivaldi. Tra il 1718 e il 1720, insieme a Bernardo e a Cristoforo, si trasferì a Roma per realizzare le scene di due drammi teatrali di Alessandro Scarlatti.\n\nIl viaggio a Roma fu decisivo, in quanto proprio a Roma ebbe i primi contatti con i pittori vedutisti. In particolare, i suoi modelli di riferimento erano tre importanti artisti che si cimentarono con il genere della veduta: Viviano Codazzi, che Antonio non poté conoscere da vivo in quanto scomparso nel 1670, Giovanni Paolo Pannini, famoso per le sue vedute fantastiche, molte delle quali ispirate alle antichità romane, e Gaspar van Wittel, olandese, considerato tra i padri del vedutismo.\n\nNon è possibile attribuire un peso più o meno importante a ognuno dei tre; certo è che il giovane Canal trasse notevoli spunti e suggestioni dalle loro opere e nel frattempo continuò a perfezionare la sua tecnica. Agli anni del soggiorno a Roma risalgono le prime opere a lui attribuite (benché non ci sia grande certezza): la Santa Maria d'Aracoeli e il Campidoglio e il Tempio di Antonino e Faustina, in cui stava appena iniziando a prendere dimestichezza con il genere della veduta, come si vede dalla non impeccabile resa prospettica.\n\nLe prime importanti committenze a Venezia \n\nTornato nella città natale, il Canaletto strinse contatti con i vedutisti veneziani, tra i quali spiccavano i nomi di Luca Carlevarijs e di Marco Ricci, e si dedicò a tempo pieno alla pittura di vedute. Ai primi anni venti del Settecento risalgono quattro importanti opere che entrarono a far parte delle collezioni dei reali del Liechtenstein: il Canal Grande verso il ponte di Rialto, giocato sui contrasti tra luce e ombra, il Bacino di San Marco dalla Giudecca, una Piazza San Marco che rappresenta una delle prime realizzazioni della famosa piazza che sarà poi uno dei soggetti preferiti di Canaletto, e il Rio dei Mendicanti, interessante in quanto raffigura un rione popolare, nel quale viveva un suo parente, Gaspare di Francesco da Canal, che sposò nel 1709 Anzola del Pio Loco della Pietà, un'allieva di Antonio Vivaldi. Del 1723 sono le prime due opere firmate e la cui data è certa: due Capricci, ossia raffigurazioni di elementi tratti dalla realtà insieme a elementi di fantasia, ambedue conservati in collezioni private.\n\nGrazie alla sua notevole abilità e alla sua tecnica che nel giro di pochi anni aveva fatto grandi progressi, il Canaletto riuscì in breve tempo a diventare uno dei pittori più affermati di Venezia, e nel corso della seconda metà degli anni venti le committenze crebbero. Uno dei primi importanti committenti fu il mercante lucchese Stefano Conti, che attraverso la mediazione del pittore Alessandro Marchesini fece realizzare al Canaletto quattro opere, tra le quali una veduta di Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo. Al 1727 risale la prima composizione a carattere celebrativo, il Ricevimento dell'ambasciatore francese a Palazzo Ducale, conservata all'Ermitage di San Pietroburgo: è la prima di una lunga serie di opere che, descrivendo le feste della Repubblica di Venezia, riescono a dare un'immagine del lusso e dello splendore delle celebrazioni della Serenissima.\n\nUn altro importante cliente di Canaletto in questi anni fu il feldmaresciallo Johann Matthias von der Schulenburg, che prestò servizio per la Repubblica di Venezia e ne riformò l'esercito. Appassionato di arte, nella sua residenza di Ca' Loredan sulle rive del Canal Grande raccolse un'importante collezione, nella quale figuravano opere di artisti come Raffaello, Correggio, Giorgione, Giulio Romano e altri. Tra le opere commissionate da Schulenburg a Giovanni Antonio Canal una veduta di Corfù, che celebra la vittoria ottenuta dal tedesco nell'isola greca contro gli Ottomani, e una Riva degli Schiavoni, conservata al Sir John Soane's Museum di Londra.\n\nMolte opere realizzate dal Canaletto durante la prima fase della sua carriera, al contrario delle abitudini del tempo, furono dipinte \"dal vero\" (piuttosto che da abbozzi e da studi presi sul luogo per poi essere rielaborati nello studio dell'artista). Per alcune delle sue opere tarde tornò a questa abitudine, suggerita dalla tendenza per le figure distanti a essere dipinte come macchie di colore: un effetto prodotto dall'uso della camera oscura, che confonde gli oggetti distanti. I dipinti di Canaletto comunque si distinguono sempre per la loro grande accuratezza.\n\nL'incontro con Joseph Smith \nAcquisita una notevole fama, il Canaletto cominciò a essere notato dagli inglesi: durante il Settecento Venezia era molto frequentata dai giovani dell'aristocrazia britannica che svolgevano il loro Grand Tour, del quale la città lagunare era una delle tappe preferite. I primi contatti con i committenti inglesi si devono all'appoggio di Owen McSwiny, impresario teatrale e mercante d'arte irlandese. Oltre alle vedute, sul finire degli anni venti il Canaletto cominciò a cimentarsi con il genere delle rappresentazioni celebrative, tra le quali spicca uno dei suoi capolavori più famosi, Il Bucintoro al Molo il giorno dell'Ascensione, datato 1729, conservato a Barnard Castle, in Inghilterra. L'opera raffigura quella che era forse la festa maggiormente sentita dai veneziani, e cioè lo sposalizio del mare, che si teneva ogni anno il giorno dell'Ascensione. Nel dipinto l'artista raffigura il ritorno del Bucintoro verso Palazzo Ducale con la grande nave da parata attorniata dalle imbarcazioni del corteo. I dipinti celebrativi di Canaletto sono assai spettacolari e offrono una tangibile testimonianza dello splendore delle celebrazioni della Serenissima, che continuava a cullarsi sui suoi fasti nonostante si stesse avviando verso un declino irreversibile, che si sarebbe concluso nel 1797 con la fine della millenaria indipendenza della Repubblica.\n\nNel frattempo Giovanni Antonio Canal entrò in contatto con Joseph Smith, personaggio rivelatosi poi decisivo per la carriera dell'artista. Ricchissimo collezionista d'arte e poi console britannico a Venezia tra il 1744 e il 1760, Smith divenne il principale intermediario tra il Canaletto e i collezionisti inglesi. Inizialmente questi fu cliente, uno tra i più facoltosi, e quindi durante i primi anni del loro rapporto il Canaletto realizzò anche per lui alcune opere, come la Regata sul Canal Grande e un suggestivo Interno di San Marco di notte (uno dei pochi dipinti notturni della produzione dell'artista): sono due opere celebrative, risalenti ai primi anni trenta e conservate nelle collezioni dei reali d'Inghilterra. Successivamente Smith svolse il ruolo di mecenate e di intermediario con la ricca clientela inglese, anche per facilitare i rapporti con essa, visto che, secondo le fonti dell'epoca, il Canaletto non aveva un carattere particolarmente affabile. L'attività di Joseph Smith raggiunse il culmine nella seconda metà degli anni trenta: importanti nobili come il conte di Fitzwilliam, il duca di Bedford, il duca di Leeds e il conte di Carlisle iniziarono a richiedere i quadri di Canaletto.\n\nA questo periodo risalgono importanti quadri come Il doge alla festa di san Rocco, altra opera dal carattere celebrativo, conservata alla National Gallery di Londra, e un'altra veduta di piazza San Marco, conservata a Cambridge negli Stati Uniti, interessante perché permette un confronto diretto con la veduta che apparteneva ai reali del Liechtenstein e rivela così i progressi fatti dal Canaletto in circa dieci anni. Altre opere realizzate per i committenti inglesi sono la Riva degli Schiavoni verso est, risalente al 1738-40 circa e conservata nei musei del Castello Sforzesco di Milano, una veduta di Piazza San Marco verso sud-est, conservata a Washington e una veduta dell'angolo nord-est della principale piazza di Venezia, conservata a Ottawa.\n\nIl trasferimento in Inghilterra \n\nVerso il 1740, quando la guerra di successione austriaca (1741-1748) portò a un forte decremento dei visitatori britannici a Venezia, il mercato di Canaletto si ridusse drasticamente. Smith non riusciva più a garantirgli l'elevato numero dei clienti di un tempo, anche perché ormai tutti i più importanti committenti inglesi che frequentavano Venezia avevano acquistato parecchie sue opere. Perciò nel 1746 Canaletto stesso decise di trasferirsi a Londra: nella lettera al suo primo \"agente\", Owen McSwiny, lo prega di introdurlo presso il duca di Richmond, che tra l'altro era già stato cliente di Canaletto durante gli anni venti.\n\nCanaletto cominciò quindi a creare rapporti diretti con i nuovi clienti, tra i quali il principe boemo Johann Georg Christian von Lobkowitz e il nobile inglese Hugh Percy, futuro duca di Northumberland. Accolto con iniziale diffidenza, riuscì a ricevere comunque diverse commissioni da parte dell'aristocrazia inglese. Tra le opere di questi anni Il Parco di Badminton da Badminton House del 1748, realizzato per Charles Somerset, quarto duca di Beaufort.\nSi tratta di un dipinto interessante perché mostra un Canaletto diverso: se infatti l'artista era abituato a dipingere gli scorci urbani di una Venezia ricca di edifici e piena di persone indaffarate, in Inghilterra cominciò a raffigurare i tipici paesaggi calmi e privi di architetture complesse della brughiera inglese. Esemplificativi in tal senso sono anche alcuni dipinti come Il castello di Warwick, realizzato per Francis Greville Brooke, futuro duca di Warwick, e alcune vedute del Tamigi, nelle quali il pittore poteva utilizzare gli artifici di cui si serviva per raffigurare i canali e i bacini di Venezia.\n\nInteressante è anche un dipinto a scopo celebrativo conservato presso l'Abbazia di Westminster che raffigura l'abbazia stessa con la processione dei cavalieri dell'Ordine del Bagno, in cui Canaletto si servì della sua esperienza maturata nel dipingere le lussuose feste della Repubblica di Venezia. Dopo aver interrotto il soggiorno inglese una prima volta nel 1750 e una seconda nel 1753, il pittore fece ritorno a Londra e strinse rapporti con Thomas Hollis, uno dei più importanti committenti del periodo inglese, per cui dipinse il Ponte di Walton e L'interno della rotonda di Ranelagh, quest'ultimo uno dei rari interni realizzati dal pittore.\n\nIl ritorno a Venezia e gli ultimi anni \nIl Canaletto tornò definitivamente nella città natale tra il 1756 e il 1757. Le ultime committenze prestigiose sono quelle del mercante tedesco Sigismund Streit e quelle per le \"Solennità dogali\". Per il primo, un committente molto esigente, l'artista realizzò alcuni dipinti, tra i quali due suggestivi notturni: la Veglia notturna a San Pietro di Castello e la Veglia notturna all'arzere di Santa Marta, entrambi conservati alla Gemäldegalerie di Berlino e risalenti a un periodo collocabile tra il 1758 e il 1763. Sono tra i pochi notturni prodotti da Giovanni Antonio Canal e raffigurano i momenti salienti di due importanti celebrazioni: la gente festosa sulle imbarcazioni e sulle rive illuminata soltanto dalla luce soffusa della luna. Per le Solennità dogali realizzò un ciclo di disegni completato nel 1766.\n\nDurante l'ultima fase della sua carriera il Canaletto approfondì il tema del \"capriccio\", già affrontato in gioventù. Importante in questo senso è il celeberrimo Capriccio palladiano, conservato presso la Galleria nazionale di Parma e risalente a un periodo compreso tra il 1756 e il 1759: si tratta di una veduta del quartiere di Rialto con il ponte raffigurato secondo il progetto (mai realizzato) di Andrea Palladio e con la Basilica Palladiana di Vicenza. L'opera coniuga elementi reali (il quartiere di Rialto) ed elementi altrettanto reali ma collocati altrove (la basilica di Vicenza) e a elementi di fantasia (il ponte di Rialto secondo il progetto palladiano), e in più è interessante perché permette di vedere come sarebbe stato il quartiere di Rialto se fosse stato scelto il progetto di Andrea Palladio piuttosto che quello di Antonio da Ponte.\n\nNel 1763 Giovanni Antonio Canal fu nominato socio della \"Veneta academia di pittura, scultura e architettura\" (nata nel 1750). Da questo momento in avanti non si hanno più notizie sicure sulla sua attività; è probabile che avesse continuato a dipingere fino alla sua scomparsa, avvenuta il 19 aprile del 1768 dopo “lungo compassionevole male” – annota il Gradenigo nei Notatori – nella sua casa di Corte della Perina, tuttora esistente. Durante la malattia fu circondato dall'affetto dei famigliari e venne sepolto nella chiesa di San Lio; a Venezia la tradizione vuole che la sua tomba si trovi sotto il pavimento della quattrocentesca cappella Gussoni, nella chiesa di San Lio.\n\nNel frattempo Joseph Smith vendette gran parte della sua collezione al re Giorgio III, che ebbe così modo di creare la base per la grande collezione di dipinti di Canaletto di proprietà della Royal Collection. Molti quadri dell'artista sono presenti in altre collezioni britanniche, tra cui la Wallace Collection di Londra; una ventina di opere si trova nella sala da pranzo della Woburn Abbey, nel Bedfordshire.\n\nCritica \nLa fortuna critica dell'artista ha conosciuto fasi alterne: ci sono stati e ci sono critici che lo apprezzano incondizionatamente, mentre altri si sono espressi nei suoi confronti in modo poco tenero; secondo questi il Canaletto non sarebbe stato altro che un \"pittore-fotografo\", un meccanico riproduttore della realtà circostante.\n\nIl primo a dare un giudizio su Canaletto fu Anton Maria Zanetti, erudito veneziano: in una sua opera del 1733, intitolata Descrizione di tutte le pubbliche pitture della città di Venezia e isole circonvicine, lo definisce come \"pittor di vedute, al quale e nella intelligenza e nel gusto e nella verità, pochi tra gli scorsi e nessuno tra i presenti si può trovare che si accostino\". Un altro contemporaneo, Charles de Brosses, scrive nelle sue Lettere familiari del 1739 che la specialità di Giovanni Antonio Canal \"è di dipingere le vedute di Venezia; in questo genere supera tutto ciò che è mai esistito. La sua maniera è luminosa, gaia, viva, trasparente e mirabilmente minuziosa\".\nLuigi Lanzi nella sua famosa Storia pittorica dell'Italia del 1831 afferma che l'artista \"usa qualche libertà pittoresca, sobriamente però e in modo che il comune degli spettatori vi trova natura e gl'intendenti vi notan arte\", arte che secondo Lanzi il Canaletto \"possedé in grado eminente\".\n\nL'Ottocento si dimostra il secolo in cui l'opinione dei critici scende ai \"minimi storici\"; l'arte di Canaletto viene letteralmente stroncata da John Ruskin nella sua opera Modern painters, uscita in quattro edizioni (la prima nel 1843). Ruskin afferma: \"Il manierismo di Canaletto è il più degradato che io conosca in tutto il mondo dell'arte. Esercitando la più servile e sciocca imitazione, esso non imita nulla se non la vacuità delle ombre, e ne offre singoli ornamenti architettonici, per quanto esatti e prossimi [...]: si tratta di un piccolo, cattivo pittore\".\n\nNiccolò Tommaseo, nella sua opera Bellezza e civiltà del 1857, propone un ritratto singolare del pittore veneziano, cercando di non sbilanciarsi troppo: \"negare lode a tale artista, vissuto in tempi sì miseri, che quando l'arte periva per ogni dove, aggiunse all'Italia una novella corona, sarebbe ingiustizia; ma soprabbondare nelle lodi, e quello ch'egli toccò, dire il sommo dell'arte, sarebbe stoltezza\". Tommaseo conclude affermando che \"il Canaletto, artista valente, non è che una porzione d'artista\": questo perché secondo Tommaseo \"l'arte è nata non già per essere imitatrice dell'arte [...] ma per illustrare la natura e rinnovarla d'affetto generoso\". Tommaseo cerca di riconoscere al Canaletto il merito di essere stato un artista sincero in tempi corrotti, ma comunque sottolinea tutti i limiti della pittura vedutista, in modo particolare delle vedute di architetture.\n\nGino Damerini, nella monografia del 1912 dedicata a Francesco Guardi, riconosce la superiorità di quest'ultimo nei confronti di Canaletto: \"Guardi, infatti, si impadronisce del nostro spirito quando già il nostro spirito trova Canaletto antiquato o soverchiamente rigido\". Più positiva è l'interpretazione di Gino Fogolari, che nell'opera Il Settecento italiano del 1932 scrive che \"nel dare significato alle vedute e nel taglio del quadro e nella prospettiva, è un costruttore, come è un poeta della luce nel rattenerne nelle lontananze tutta la chiarità solare\".\n\nA partire dalla seconda metà del Novecento i giudizi sull'arte di Canaletto iniziano a diventare sempre più positivi, a cominciare da quello di Roberto Longhi che nel 1946 lo chiama \"il grande Antonio Canal\". Nel 1967 Pietro Zampetti, nell'opera Vedutisti veneziani del Settecento, descrive il Canaletto come il primo vero vedutista, per via della sua nuova forza e del suo nuovo senso della natura: \"Finalmente nasce la veduta pura, la realtà schietta e sincera, il senso delle cose scrutate nella loro essenza più vera e profonda\". In seguito vari storici dell'arte cominciano a prendere le distanze dalla critica che vede il Canaletto come un \"pittore-fotografo\": ad esempio, nel 1974 André Corboz afferma che \"la supervalutazione del valore \"oggettivo\" di Canaletto è stata la conseguenza di una mentalità positivista della quale la critica ha da molto tempo sottolineato le insufficienze\". La linea che valuta il rigorismo prospettico di Canaletto in chiave positiva trova riscontro anche negli sviluppi più recenti della critica: \"Il rigore di un preciso telaio prospettico, uno spazio liberamente inteso, preciso nei particolari ma non fedele al vero, una pittura sciolta in un soffio di poesia personalissima\" sono le caratteristiche dell'arte di Canaletto secondo Alessandro Bettagno.\n\nGérard Genette individua in Canaletto due livelli: un “primo livello”, quello dei motivi di ammirazione più ovvi e immediati – per esempio, la seduzione principale dell'oggetto dipinto (“bel” paesaggio, modello affascinante) – e un secondo, quello che riguarda un oggetto che nulla segnalerebbe all'ammirazione estetica, a priori e indipendentemente dal fatto che il pittore lo riproduce per mezzo del proprio trattamento pittorico. La “secondarietà” specifica, per Genette, che predilige il \"Laboratorio dei marmi a San Vidal\" al \"Ritorno del Bucintoro\", dipende dalla secondarietà generale che consiste nel preferire, in ogni caso, agli oggetti immediatamente seducenti ciò che Arthur Danto ha, in una prospettiva diversa, chiamato la “trasfigurazione del banale”, cioè il modo in cui l'arte del pittore si esercita e si manifesta su di un oggetto che l'osservatore profano avrebbe forse giudicato meno degno della sua attenzione e del suo interesse.\n\nOpere \n(elenco parziale)\n\nInizi \n Tempio di Antonino e Faustina, 1720 circa, olio su tela, 148×200 cm, Budapest, Museo di Belle Arti\n Santa Maria di Aracoeli e il Campidoglio, 1720 circa, olio su tela, 148×200 cm, Budapest, Museo di Belle Arti\n Il canal Grande verso Rialto, 1723 circa, olio su tela, 144×207 cm, Venezia, Ca' Rezzonico Museo del Settecento Veneziano\n Bacino di San Marco dalla Giudecca, 1723 circa, 141×154 cm, Cardiff, National Gallery of Wales\n Piazza San Marco verso la Basilica, 1723, 141×204 cm, Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza\n Rio dei Mendicanti, 1723, 143×200 cm, Venezia, Ca' Rezzonico Museo del Settecento Veneziano\n Il Palazzo Ducale, 1725, olio su tela, 65×86 cm, Columbus, Columbus Museum of Art\n San Giovanni dei Battuti a Murano, 1725 circa, olio su tela, 66×127 cm, San Pietroburgo, Ermitage\n Il Canal Grande dalle prossimità del ponte di Rialto verso nord, 1725, olio su tela, 91x135 cm, Torino, Pinacoteca Giovanni e Marella Agnelli\n San Cristoforo, San Michele e Murano dalle Fondamenta Nuove, 1725 circa, olio su tela, 66×127 cm, San Pietroburgo, Ermitage\n Il Canal Grande da nord-est verso il Ponte di Rialto, 1725 circa, olio su tela, 146×234 cm, Dresda, Gemäldegalerie\n Cortile dello scalpellino, 1725 circa, olio su tela, 123,8x162,9 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Campo Santi Giovanni e Paolo e Scuola Grande di San Marco, 1725 circa, olio su tela, 125×165 cm, Dresda, Gemäldegalerie\n San Giacomo di Rialto, 1725-26, olio su tela, 95×117 cm, Dresda, Gemäldegalerie\n La Punta della Dogana, 1726-28, olio su tela, 46×62 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum\n Riva degli Schiavoni da ovest, 1726-28, olio su tela, 46×62 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum\n\nPeriodo maturo \n Il Bucintoro al Molo il giorno dell'Ascensione, 1729, olio su tela, 53×70 cm, Barnard Castle, Bowes Museum\n Arrivo dell'ambasciatore francese a Venezia, 1730 circa, 181×260 cm, San Pietroburgo, Ermitage\n Riva degli schiavoni verso est, 1730, olio su tela, 58×101 cm, collezione privata\n Il Canal Grande e la chiesa di Santa Maria della Salute, 1730, olio su tela, 49×72 cm, Houston, Museum of Fine Arts\n Piazza San Marco, 1730 circa, olio su tela, 68×112 cm, New York, Metropolitan Museum\n Il fonteghetto della farina, 1730 circa, olio su tela, 66×112 cm, collezione privata\n Canal Grande, 1728-1730, olio su tela, 45x73 cm, Firenze, Uffizi\n Il Canal Grande, 1730 circa, olio su tela, 61×90 cm, Bergamo, Accademia Carrara\n Il Bacino di San Marco verso est, 1730 circa, 125×204 cm, Boston, Museum of Fine Arts\n La riva degli Schiavoni, 1730-31, olio su tela, 46×63 cm, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum\n Il Canal Grande da Santa Maria della Carità al Bacino di San Marco, 1730-33, olio su tela, 48×80 cm, Windsor, Royal Collection\n Regata sul Canal Grande, 1732 circa, olio su tela, 77×126 cm, Windsor, Royal Collection\n Il Bucintoro al Molo il giorno dell'Ascensione, 1732 circa, olio su tela, 77×126 cm, Windsor, Royal Collection\n Interno di San Marco di notte, 1733 circa, 33×22 cm, Windsor, Royal Collection\n La Piazzetta, 1733-35, olio su tela, 68×91 cm, Roma, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica\n Il Canal Grande dal Ponte di Rialto verso ca' Foscari, olio su tela, 69×94 cm, Roma, Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica\n Dolo sul Brenta, 1730-35 circa, olio su tela, 80×96 cm, Stoccarda, Staatsgalerie\n Il Bacino di San Marco, 1730-35, olio su tela, 54×71 cm, Milano, Pinacoteca di Brera\n Il Molo dal Bacino di San Marco, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 47×81 cm, Parigi, Louvre\n Piazza San Marco verso la Basilica, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 76×114 cm, Cambridge, Fogg Art Museum\n Venezia in scena, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 117×187 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Il doge alla festa di San Rocco, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 147×199 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Piazza San Marco verso la chiesa di San Geminiano, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 68×93 cm, Roma, Galleria Corsini\n Il Ponte di Rialto da sud, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 68×92 cm, Roma, Galleria Corsini\n Veduta del Canal Grande, 1735 circa, olio su tela, 73×129 cm, Colonia, Wallraf-Richartz Museum\n Piazza San Marco, angolo nord-est, 1735-37, olio su tela, 132×165 cm, Ottawa, National Gallery of Canada\n Il Canal Grande verso sud-ovest, 1738 circa, 124×204 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Riva degli Schiavoni verso est, 1738-40, 110×185 cm, Milano, Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco\n Il Molo verso la Zecca con la colonna di San Teodoro, 1738-40, 110×185 cm, Milano, Pinacoteca del Castello Sforzesco\n Piazza San Marco verso sud-est, 1735-40, olio su tela, 114×153 cm, Washington, National Gallery of Art\n Il Brenta a Padova, 1735-40, olio su tela, 62×109 cm, Washington, National Gallery of Art\n Il Bacino dalla Giudecca, 1740 circa, 130×191 cm, Londra, Wallace Collection\n Veduta del bacino di San Marco dalla punta della Dogana, 1740-45, olio su tela, 53x70 cm, Milano, Pinacoteca di Brera\n Il Pra della Valle in Padova, 1742 circa, 39×87 cm, Milano, Museo Poldi Pezzoli\n\nDipinti inglesi \n Il Tamigi con la Cattedrale di St. Paul il giorno di Lord Mayor, 1746, olio su tela, 38x27 cm, Praga, Collezione Lobkowicz\n Westminster Bridge, 1746, olio su tela, 96×137 cm, New Haven, Yale Center for British Art\n Veduta del Tamigi e della City da un arco di Westminster Bridge, 1746-47, olio su tela, 57×95 cm, Collezione privata\n Il Tamigi e la City, 1746-47, olio su tela, Praga, Galleria Nazionale\n Il Tamigi e la CIty da Richmond House, 1747, olio su tela, 105×117 cm, Collezione privata\n Warwick Castle, lato sud, 1748, olio su tela, 75×120 cm, Madrid, Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza\n Il parco di Badminton da Badminton House, 1748-49, olio su tela, 86×122 cm, Badminton House, Collezione del Duca di Beaufort\n La casa della vecchia guardia, 1749, olio su tela, 122×249 cm, St.James Park-Basingstoke, Collezione del conte di Malmesbury\n L'Abbazia di Westminster con la processione dell'Ordine del Bagno, 1749, olio su tela, 99×101 cm, Londra, Abbazia di Westminster\n Warwick Castle, lato est, 1751, olio su tela, 73×122 cm, Birmingham, City Museum and Art Gallery\n La rotonda di Ranelagh, 1754, olio su tela, 46×75 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Eton College Chapel, 1754 circa, olio su tela, 61×107 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Walton Bridge, 1754, olio su tela, 48×76 cm, Londra, Dulwich Picture Gallery\n\nUltimi anni \n Palazzo Ducale e Piazza San Marco, 1755 circa, 51×83 cm, Firenze, Uffizi\n Il Canal Grande verso sud-est da Campo Santa Sofia al Ponte di Rialto, 1756 circa, olio su tela, 119×185 cm, Berlino, Staatliche Museen\n Capriccio con rovine ed edifici classici, 1756 circa, olio su tela, 91×124 cm, Milano, museo Poldi Pezzoli\n Capriccio palladiano, 1756-59, olio su tela, 56×79 cm, Parma, Galleria Nazionale di Parma\n Piazza San Marco verso sud-ovest, 1755-59, 67×102 cm, Hartford, Wadsworth Atheneum\n Piazza San Marco verso est dall'angolo di nord-ovest, 1760 circa, olio su tela, 46×38 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n Piazza San Marco verso est dall'angolo di sud-ovest, 1760 circa, olio su tela, 45×35 cm, Londra, National Gallery\n La veglia notturna all'arzere di Santa Marta, 1760 circa, olio su tela, 119×187 cm, Berlino, Staatliche Museen\n La veglia notturna a San Pietro di Castello, 1760 circa, olio su tela, 119×187 cm, Berlino, Staatliche Museen\n Il Campo di Rialto, 1758-63 circa, olio su tela, 119×186 cm, Berlino, Staatliche Museen\n Prospettiva con portico, 1765, olio su tela, 131×93 cm, Venezia, Gallerie dell'Accademia\n Capriccio con torre ed edificio gotico in distanza sulla laguna, fine del XVIII secolo, La Spezia, Museo civico Amedeo Lia\n\nNote\n\nBibliografia \n Alessandro Bettagno (a cura di), Canaletto: disegni, dipinti, incisioni, Neri Pozza, 1982.\n Alessandro Bettagno, Bozena Anna Kowalczyk, Antonio Canal detto il Canaletto, in Venezia da Stato a Mito, catalogo della mostra a cura di A. Bettagno (Venezia, Fondazione Giorgio Cini, 30 agosto - 30 novembre 1997), Venezia (Marsilio) 1997, pp.357–360.\n Cesare Brandi, Canaletto, Arnoldo Mondadori Editore, 1960.\n André Corboz, Sur la prétendue objectivité de Canaletto in Arte veneta XXVIII (1974), pp.205–218.\n André Corboz, Canaletto. Una Venezia immaginaria, Mondadori Electa, 1985.\n Alberto Cottino, Vedutisti, Arnoldo Mondadori Arte, 1991.\n Bozena Anna Kowalczyk, Canaletto: il trionfo della veduta, catalogo della mostra (Roma, Palazzo Giustiniani, Senato della Repubblica, 12 marzo - 19 giugno 2005), Cinesello Balsamo (Silvana Editoriale) 2005.\n Bozena Anna Kowalczyk, Canaletto e Bellotto: l'arte della veduta, catalogo della mostra (Torino, Palazzo Bricherasio, 14 marzo - 15 giugno 2008), Cinesello Balsamo (Silvana Editoriale) 2008.\n Bozena Anna Kowalczyk, The Venetian veduta: Canaletto and Guardi, in Venice: from Canaletto to Turner and Monet, catalogo della mostra a cura di M. Schwander (Basilea, Fondation Beyeler, 28 settembre 2008 - 25 gennaio 2009), Basel (Fondazione Beyeler) 2008, pp. 28-37.\n Bozena Anna Kowalczyk, \"E tutto si diede a dipingere vedute dal naturale”: Canaletto e Roma, in Canaleto e i vedutisti. L'incanto dell'acqua, catalogo della mostra a cura di L. Tonani (Orta San Giuli, Palazzo Penotti Ubertini, 21 maggio-18 settembre 2011), Cinisello Balsamo 2011, pp.21–23;\n Giuseppe Pavanello (a cura di), Canaletto. Venezia e i suoi splendori, catalogo della mostra (Treviso, 23 ottobre 2008 - 5 aprile 2009) Marsilio, 2008.\n Simonetta Pelusi (testi di), Canaletto, Mondadori-Electa, 2007.\n Lionello Puppi, Giuseppe Berto, L'opera completa del Canaletto, Rizzoli, 1968.\n \n Pietro Zampetti, Vedutisti veneziani del Settecento, Alfieri, 1967.\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n \n \n \n \n\n \nPittori di scuola veneta", "Ha teorizzato vari concetti che portano il suo nome; i più importanti sono la trasformazione di Dyson, l'albero di Dyson, la serie di Dyson e la sfera di Dyson.\n\nBiografia\nNato il 15 dicembre 1923 a Crowthorne in Berkshire, Dyson era figlio del compositore inglese George Dyson. Non ci sono relazioni di sangue tra lui e l'astronomo Frank Watson Dyson, ma il fatto che condividesse il cognome con Freeman incentivò ancor più quest'ultimo nel proseguire i suoi studi ed aumentare il suo interesse per la scienza. In giovane età, Dyson mostrò un notevole interesse per lo studio del sistema solare e della sua logica, ed all'età di cinque anni calcolò il numero di atomi presenti nel Sole.\n\nStudi \n\nDal 1936 al 1941 frequentò il Winchester College, dove suo padre aveva lavorato come direttore d'orchestra e maestro di Musica. All'età di diciassette anni studiò con il matematico Godfrey Harlod Hardy al Trinity College (dove due anni prima aveva vinto una borsa di studio) e due anni dopo, all'età di diciannove anni, venne chiamato a lavorare per la Operational Research Section (ORS) del Comando Bombardieri della Royal Air Force inglese durante la Seconda guerra mondiale. Al termine di quest'ultima, Dyson venne riammesso al Trinity College, dove ottenne il \"Bachelor of Arts degree\" in matematica e dove poi si tratterrà per qualche anno per continuare i suoi studi come collaboratore del college.\n\nCarriera \n\nNel 1947 Dyson si trasferì negli Stati Uniti per conseguire il dottorato in fisica assieme al fisico nucleare Tedesco Hans Bethe alla Cornell University (1947-1948). Nel giro di una settimana dal suo arrivo, Dyson fece la conoscenza del fisico teorico Richard Feynman, che riconobbe immediatamente la genialità di Dyson, e decise di seguirlo nei suoi studi. Negli anni successivi studiò al Institute for Advanced Study per poi tornare nel 1949 in Inghilterra, dove diventò ricercatore all'Università di Birmingham senza, però, riuscire mai a conseguire il dottorato.\n\nNel suo periodo di permanenza in Inghilterra, Dyson dimostrò l'equivalenza di due formule in elettrodinamica quantistica facendo frequente utilizzo dei diagrammi di Feynman (cosa della quale Feynman stesso rimase molto colpito in quanto Dyson fu la prima persona ad \"apprezzare\" l'utilizzo dei diagrammi da lui studiati): la prima, appunto, era rappresentata dai diagrammi, mentre la seconda è rappresentata dal metodo operativo sviluppato dai fisici teorici Julian Schwinger e Shin'ichirō Tomonaga. Secondo Dyson, i diagrammi di Feynman non sono solamente strumenti e formule di calcolo, bensì riescono a rappresentare, grazie a formule sviluppate dallo stesso Dyson, dei potenti strumenti tramite i quali è possibile risolvere i problemi di \"rinormalizzazione\", ovvero le problematiche derivate dal calcolo di cifre infinite che emergono nello studio di quantità fisiche.\n\nGli studi di Dyson sui diagrammi, inoltre, erano presentati in modo che anche gli altri fisici potessero facilmente comprenderli, rendendo più facile la loro \"accettazione\" da parte dei fisici.\n\nIn particolar modo, gli studi di Dyson sul lavoro di Feynman interessarono il fisico teorico Robert Oppenheimer, che in seguito ricompensò Dyson offrendogli la possibilità di continuare gratuitamente i suoi studi all'Institute for Advanced Study (citando le parole di Oppenheimer, questo decise di ricompensare Dyson per \"avergli provato di aver sbagliato\").\n\nNel 1949 continuò i propri studi e concepì la serie di Dyson.\n\nDue anni più tardi, nel 1951, entrò alla facoltà di Cornell come professore, pur mancando di un dottorato, e nel 1953 gli fu offerto un incarico permanente presso il Institute for Advanced Study a Princeton, nel New Jersey, nel quale ha lavorato per più di sessant'anni.\n\nNel 1957 ricevette la cittadinanza statunitense e rinunciò quindi alla nazionalità inglese: si scoprì poi che lo fece perché ai figli, nati negli Stati Uniti, non fu mai riconosciuta la nazionalità inglese.\n\nDal 1957 al 1961 prese parte al Progetto Orione, la possibilità di utilizzare nelle astronavi la propulsione dell'energia nucleare; un prototipo con esplosivi convenzionali dimostrò la fattibilità del progetto. Nel 1963, però, il Trattato sulla messa al bando parziale degli esperimenti nucleari (in inglese \"Partial Test Ban Treaty\", abbreviato in PTBT) permise solo la sperimentazione nucleare sotterranea, causando l'abbandono del progetto.\n\nNel 1958 ha lavorato come leader del team di design nel progetto TRIGA, un reattore nucleare abbastanza ristretto e relativamente sicuro utilizzato in ospedali ed università di tutto il mondo per la produzione di isotopi a scopo medico. \n\nIn documento del 1966 Dyson, assieme ad Andrew Lenard, provò che il principio di esclusione di Pauli gioca un ruolo fondamentale nella stabilità della materia: non è la repulsione elettromagnetica degli elettroni di due superfici di due blocchi di legno uno sopra l'altro a far sì che questi non collassino in un singolo ammasso di materia, ma è il principio di esclusione, applicato a protoni ed elettroni, che genera la macroscopica \"forza normale\". Sempre nell'ambito della fisica della materia condensata, Dyson ha studiato anche la transizione del modello di Ising in una dimensione e le onde a spirale.\n\nDyson ha lavorato in una serie di campi oltre alla matematica, come topologia, analisi, la teoria dei numeri e le matrici casuali. Proprio riguardo a quest'ultimo campo, nel 1973 il teorico dei numeri Hugh Montgomery stava visitando il Institute for Advanced Study dopo aver scritto la sua congettura riguardante la distribuzione degli zeri nella funzione zeta di Riemann. Dopo aver mostrato la sua formula al matematico Atle Selberg, gli viene suggerito di mostrare la sua teoria a Dyson. Questo riconosce la formula come la funzione di distribuzione radiale dell'insieme unitario gaussiano e ciò mostra un probabile rapporto tra la distribuzione dei numeri primi ed i livelli energetici dei nuclei degli elementi pesanti (come l'uranio). \n\nNel 1979 Dyson collaborò con l'Institute for Energy Analysis per lo studio del clima. Il suo gruppo, sotto le direttive del fisico nucleare Alvin Weinberg, ha aperto la strada ad una moltitudine di studi climatici grazie anche al supporto fornito da un gruppo di biologi. \n\nNel corso degli anni '70 ha lavorato sugli studi climatici assieme al gruppo di scienziati d'élite statunitensi chiamato JASON.\n\nNonostante sia stato premiato numerose volte, Dyson non ha mai ricevuto il Premio Nobel. Secondo il fisico teorico e Premio Nobel Steven Weinberg tale decisione fu errata da parte del Comitato Nobel, ma Dyson ha ricordato, nel 2009, che \"[pensa] sia quasi vero, senza eccezioni, che se si vuole vincere il Nobel si dovrebbe prendere un lungo periodo di attenzione e concentrarsi su un problema profondo per dieci anni. Ciò non era nel mio stile.\"\n\nDyson ha contribuito regolarmente al The New York Review of Books e, nel 2012, ha pubblicato assieme all'astrofisico William Henry Press un nuovo risultato riguardante il Dilemma del prigioniero sulla rivista scientifica statunitense PNAS.\n\nSi professava cristiano anche se non si curava molto della dottrina.\n\nÈ morto il 28 febbraio 2020, all'età di 96 anni.\n\nRiconoscimenti \nFreeman Dyson ricevette un gran numero di premi, fra cui:\n\n Premio Dannie Heineman per la fisica matematica nel 1965\n Medaglia Lorentz nel 1966\n Medaglia Max Planck nel 1969\n Premio Harvey nel 1977\n Premio Wolf per la fisica nel 1981\n Premio Enrico Fermi del Dipartimento dell'energia degli Stati Uniti d'America nel 1993\n Premio Internazionale Feltrinelli dell'Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei nel 1996\n Premio Templeton nel 2000\n\nFu anche eletto membro di alcune società scientifiche esclusive, come la Royal Society, la National Academy of Science e l'American Philosophical Society.\n\nOpere \n\nTra i suoi libri pubblicati in Italia: \n Turbare l'Universo, Bollati Boringhieri, 1981\n Infinito in ogni direzione, Rizzoli, 1989\n L'importanza di essere imprevedibile, Di Renzo Editore, 1998\nOrigini della vita, 1999\n Il Sole, il genoma e internet , Bollati Boringhieri, 2000\n Lo scienziato come ribelle Longanesi, 2008\n\nNote\n\nVoci correlate\nCiviltà eterna di Dyson\nSfera di Dyson\n\nAltri progetti\n\nCollegamenti esterni \n \n\nMembri dell'Institute for Advanced Study\nFuturologi" ]

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[ "Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata (476-550), in his Aryabhatiya (499) introduced a number of trigonometric functions (including sine, versine, cosine and inverse sine), trigonometric tables, and techniques and algorithms of algebra. In 628 AD, Brahmagupta suggested that gravity was a force of attraction. He also lucidly explained the use of zero as both a placeholder and a decimal digit, along with the Hindu-Arabic numeral system now used universally throughout the world. Arabic translations of the two astronomers' texts were soon available in the Islamic world, introducing what would become Arabic numerals to the Islamic World by the 9th century. During the 14th–16th centuries, the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics made significant advances in astronomy and especially mathematics, including fields such as trigonometry and analysis. In particular, Madhava of Sangamagrama is considered the \"founder of mathematical analysis\"." ]

[ "The Bourbon Restoration followed the ousting of Napoleon I of France in 1814. The Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne. The ensuing period is called the Restoration, following French usage, and is characterized by a sharp conservative reaction and the re-establishment of the Roman Catholic Church as a power in French politics. The July Monarchy was a period of liberal constitutional monarchy in France under King Louis-Philippe starting with the July Revolution (or Three Glorious Days) of 1830 and ending with the Revolution of 1848. The Second Empire was the Imperial Bonapartist regime of Napoleon III from 1852 to 1870, between the Second Republic and the Third Republic, in France.", "North Carolina made the smallest per-capita contribution to the war of any state, as only 7,800 men joined the Continental Army under General George Washington; an additional 10,000 served in local militia units under such leaders as General Nathanael Greene. There was some military action, especially in 1780–81. Many Carolinian frontiersmen had moved west over the mountains, into the Washington District (later known as Tennessee), but in 1789, following the Revolution, the state was persuaded to relinquish its claim to the western lands. It ceded them to the national government so that the Northwest Territory could be organized and managed nationally.", "Culturally, an Ashkenazi Jew can be identified by the concept of Yiddishkeit, which means \"Jewishness\" in the Yiddish language. Yiddishkeit is specifically the Jewishness of Ashkenazi Jews. Before the Haskalah and the emancipation of Jews in Europe, this meant the study of Torah and Talmud for men, and a family and communal life governed by the observance of Jewish Law for men and women. From the Rhineland to Riga to Romania, most Jews prayed in liturgical Ashkenazi Hebrew, and spoke Yiddish in their secular lives. But with modernization, Yiddishkeit now encompasses not just Orthodoxy and Hasidism, but a broad range of movements, ideologies, practices, and traditions in which Ashkenazi Jews have participated and somehow retained a sense of Jewishness. Although a far smaller number of Jews still speak Yiddish, Yiddishkeit can be identified in manners of speech, in styles of humor, in patterns of association. Broadly speaking, a Jew is one who associates culturally with Jews, supports Jewish institutions, reads Jewish books and periodicals, attends Jewish movies and theater, travels to Israel, visits historical synagogues, and so forth. It is a definition that applies to Jewish culture in general, and to Ashkenazi Yiddishkeit in particular.", "This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more \"militarized\" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft.", "There are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods throughout the five boroughs of New York City, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.", "After the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901, Norfolk Island was placed under the authority of the new Commonwealth government to be administered as an external territory. During World War II, the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand, and New Zealand and the Solomon Islands. The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility it was garrisoned by a New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large Army camp which had the capacity to house a 1,500 strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force. The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war and N Force left the island in February 1944.", "The attitude of the Air Ministry was in contrast to the experiences of the First World War when a few German bombers caused physical and psychological damage out of all proportion to their numbers. Around 280 short tons (250 t) (9,000 bombs) had been dropped, killing 1,413 people and injuring 3,500 more. Most people aged 35 or over remembered the threat and greeted the bombings with great trepidation. From 1916–1918, German raids had diminished against countermeasures which demonstrated defence against night air raids was possible." ]

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[ "Macclesfield (borough) Macclesfield was, from 1974 to 2009, a local government district with borough status in Cheshire, England. It included the towns of Bollington, Knutsford, Macclesfield and Wilmslow and within its wider area the villages and hamlets of Adlington, Disley, Gawsworth, Kerridge, Pott Shrigley, Poynton, Prestbury, Rainow, Styal, Sutton and Tytherington.", "Prestbury, Cheshire Prestbury is a village and civil parish in Cheshire, England. About 1.5 miles (3 km) north of Macclesfield, at the 2001 census, it had a population of 3,324, increasing slightly to 3,471 at the 2011 Census. Alongside fellow \"Cheshire Golden Triangle\" villages Wilmslow and Alderley Edge, it is one of the most sought after and expensive places to live outside London. The ecclesiastical parish is almost the same as the former Prestbury local government ward which consisted of the civil parishes of Prestbury, Adlington, and Mottram St. Andrew." ]

[ "Darfield, South Yorkshire Darfield is a village within the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. The village is situated approximately 4 mi east from Barnsley town centre. Darfield had a population of 8,066 at the 2001 UK Census, increasing to 10,685 at the 2011 Census.", "Cranage Cranage is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. According to the 2001 Official UK Census, the population of the entire civil parish was 1,131 which had risen to 1,184 by the 2011 census.", "Kilham, East Riding of Yorkshire Kilham is a village and civil parish in the East Riding of Yorkshire, England. It is situated about 5 mi north-east of Driffield town centre. According to the 2011 UK census, Kilham parish had a population of 1,088, an increase on the 2001 UK census figure of 1,010.", "Markfield Markfield is a commuter village in both the National Forest and Charnwood Forest and in the Hinckley and Bosworth district of Leicestershire, England. The settlement dates back to at least the time of the Norman conquest and is mentioned in the Domesday Book under the name Merchenefeld. A variant of this is still used as the name for the village primary school, Mercenfeld. It is to the south-east of Junction 22 of the M1, and to the south of the A50. The highest point in Markfield is shown on OS sheet 129 at 222 metres above sea level. Nearby places are Newtown Linford, Groby, Field Head, and Stanton under Bardon. In the 1841 census its population was recorded at 1,203. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 5681. Markfield is within the LE67 postcode district. In 2012 Hinckley & Bosworth Borough Council published an overview of Markfield conservation area.", "Haxey Haxey is a village and civil parish within North Lincolnshire, England. It is situated approximately 22 mi to the north-west from the city and county town of Lincoln. The 2001 Census recorded a Haxey total resident population of 4,359 (including East Lound and Westwoodside), increasing to 4,584 at the 2011 census.", "Merton, Devon Merton is a village and civil parish in the local government district of Torridge, Devon, England. The parish, which lies about five miles south east of the town of Great Torrington, is surrounded clockwise from the north by the parishes of Little Torrington, Beaford, Dolton, Huish, Petrockstowe and Peters Marland. In 2001 its population was 331, down from the 507 residents it had in 1901. The eastern and northern boundaries of the parish follow the loops of the River Torridge and the other sides are defined by the River Mere. The village forms part of the electoral ward of Clinton. The population at the 2011 census was 1,537.", "Bank Newton Bank Newton is a civil parish in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. According to the 2001 census the parish had a population of 47. At the 2011 Census the population of the civil parish remained less than 100. Details are included in the civil parish of Gargrave.", "Neston Neston is a small residential town and civil parish in the borough of Cheshire West and Chester. It is situated on the part of the Wirral Peninsula that remains in the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. Parkgate is located to the north west and the villages of Little Neston and Ness to the south of the town. At the 2001 Census the population of Neston ward was recorded as 3,521, increasing to 4,329 at the 2011 Census. The town and civil parish also includes Little Neston; Parkgate; and Riverside wards; along with part of Burton and Ness ward, and has a population of 15,162, increasing to 15,221 in the 2011 Census.", "Pilsley, North East Derbyshire Pilsley is a rural village and civil parish in Northeast Derbyshire, near Chesterfield. At the 2011 census the population was 3,487. Pilsley consists of two distinct residential areas known as Lower Pilsley and Pilsley (sometimes Upper Pilsley). Lower Pilsley being the northern residential area and Pilsley being the southern residential area. There is some local disagreement as to whether these two areas constitute two separate villages or one larger village. At the start of the village's life, people referred to the area around what is now Pilsley primary as Nether Pilsley. Both areas of the village are united by the same parish council, Pilsley Parish Council, which was formed on 30 January 1874; Pilsley having previously been part of the parish of North Wingfield. Maps show that the village is made up of four separate residential areas, which are, in order of their north to south alignment, Lower Pilsley, Upper Pilsley, Pilsley and Nether Pilsley.", "Plumtree, Nottinghamshire Plumtree is a village and civil parish in the borough of Rushcliffe, Nottinghamshire. At the time of the 2001 census it had a population of 221, increasing to 246 at the 2011 census.", "Tarvin Tarvin is a village in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. It had a population of 2,693 people at the 2001 UK census, rising to 2,728 at the 2011 Census, and the ward covers about 17 sqmi .", "Dalton, Richmondshire Dalton is a village and civil parish in North Yorkshire in England. Dalton is situated about six miles north-west of Richmond and about five miles south-east of Barnard Castle within the council district of Richmondshire and close to the A66 transpennine trunk road. It was listed in the Domesday book. The Dalton parish boundary includes the village itself as well the houses at Dalton Heights (off the road to Newsham) plus numerous surrounding farms. The population of the parish was 147 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 181 at the 2011 Census.", "Arkendale Arkendale is a village and civil parish in the Harrogate district of North Yorkshire, England. It is seven miles north-east of Harrogate town, and a had a population of 278 according to the 2001 census, increasing to 394 at the 2011 census. It consists of a Pub, a Village Hall, a Church and is close to Staveley village.", "Nettleton, Lincolnshire Nettleton is a village and civil parish in the West Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situates less than 1 mi south-west from the town of Caistor. According to the 2001 census the village had a population of 579.", "Tilstone Fearnall Tilstone Fearnall is a civil parish in the Borough of Cheshire West and Chester and ceremonial county of Cheshire in England. In 2001 it had a population of 99, increasing to 150 at the 2011 census.", "Allington, Lincolnshire Allington is a village and civil parish in the South Kesteven district of Lincolnshire, England. It is situated 3 mi north-west of Grantham. The 2001 Census gave a parish population of 728 in 329 households. This increased to a population of 897 in 422 households in the 2011 census.", "Macclesfield, North Carolina Macclesfield is a town in Edgecombe County, North Carolina, United States. It is part of the Rocky Mount, North Carolina Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 471 at the 2010 census.", "Wickham Wickham is a small village and civil parish in Hampshire, England, about three miles north of Fareham. At the 2001 census, it had a population of 4,816, falling to 4,299 at the 2011 Census.", "Bostock Bostock is a village and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire West and Chester and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 229, reducing slightly to 225 at the 2011 Census. The village is situated between the towns of Winsford and Northwich.", "Lamberhurst Lamberhurst ( is a village and civil parish in Kent containing the hamlets of The Down and Hook Green. At the 2001 census it had a population of 1,491, increasing to 1,706 at the 2011 Census." ]

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[ "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\nপিতৃহীন হামিদ প্রথমে কিছুদিন চাচা ইব্রাহিমের আশ্রয়ে থাকেন। ওই সময় ইরাকের এক আলেম ও ধর্ম প্রচারক নাসির উদ্দীন বোগদাদী সিরাজগঞ্জে আসেন। হামিদ তাঁর আশ্রয়ে কিছুদিন কাটান। এরপর প্রথম বিশ্বযুদ্ধের কিছুদিন পূর্বে ১৮৯৩ সালে তিনি জয়পুরহাট জেলার পাঁচবিবি উপজেলার জমিদার শামসুদ্দিন আহম্মদ চৌধুরীর বাড়িতে যান। সেখানে তিনি মাদ্রাসার মোদাররেসের কাজ করেন এবং জমিদারের ছেলে-মেয়েকে পড়ানোর দায়িত্ব নেন। ১৮৯৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে পীর সৈয়দ নাসীরুদ্দীনের সাথে আসাম গমন করেন। ১৯০৩ খ্রিস্টাব্দে আন্দোলনের সঙ্গে যুক্ত হন। ইসালামিক শিক্ষার উদ্দেশ্যে ১৯০৭-এ দেওবন্দ যান। দুই বছর সেখানে অধ্যয়ন করে আসামে ফিরে আসেন। ১৯১৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দে দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন দাস ময়মনসিংহ সফরে গেলে তাঁর ভাষণ শুনে ভাসানী অণুপ্রাণিত হন।[1] ১৯১৯ সালে কংগ্রেসে যোগদান করে অসহযোগ আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করে দশ মাস কারাদণ্ড ভোগ করেন। ১৯২৩ সালে দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন স্বরাজ্য পার্টি গঠন করলে ভাসানী সেই দল সংগঠিত করার ব্যাপারে ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ১৯২৫ সালে তিনি জয়পুরহাটের পাঁচবিবি উপজেলার জমিদার শামসুদ্দিন মহম্মদ চৌধুরীর মেয়ে আলেমা খাতুনকে বিবাহ করেন। ১৯২৬ সালে তিনি তার সহধর্মিণী আলেমা খাতুনকে নিয়ে আসাম গমন করেন এবং আসামে প্রথম কৃষক-প্রজা আন্দোলনের সুত্রপাত ঘটান। ১৯২৯-এ আসামের ধুবড়ী জেলার ব্রহ্মপুত্র নদের ভাসান চরে প্রথম কৃষক সম্মেলন আয়োজন করেন। এখান থেকে তার নাম রাখা হয় \"ভাসানীর মাওলানা\"।[1] এরপর থেকে তার নামের শেষে ভাসানী শব্দ যুক্ত হয়।" ]

[ "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\n১৯২৫ সালে মওলানা আব্দুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী জয়পুরহাটের পাঁচবিবি উপজেলার জমিদার শামসুদ্দিন আহম্মদ চৌধুরীর মেয়ে আলেমা খাতুনকে বিবাহ করেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি বিয়ে করেন হামিদা খানম ভাসানী কে (পীর মা হিসেবে ভুরুঙ্গামারীতে খ্যাত) কামাত আঙ্গারিয়া গ্রামে (বর্তমানে এই গ্রামটি প্রতিষ্ঠা পেয়েছে ভাসানী নগর হিসেবে) এটি সীমান্ত ঘেষা একটি অজপাড়াগাঁ।", "ওয়ালী উল্লাহ নওজোয়ান\nতিনি ছাত্রজীবন থেকেই রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। প্রথমে তিনি কুমিল্লা জেলা বোর্ড মেম্বার হিসাবে ফরিদগঞ্জ উপজেলা হতে ১৯৪৭ সালে নির্বাচিত হন। রাজনীতিতে থাকা অবস্থায় তিনি ১৯৫২ সালের ভাষা আন্দোলনে যোগ দেন। পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের রাজনৈতিক দল যুক্তফ্রন্ট আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগের মনোনীত প্রার্থী হয়ে ১৯৫৪ সালের নির্বাচনে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের প্রশাসনিক পরিষদের এম,পি নির্বাচিত হন। পরবর্তীতে আবার ১৯৭০ সালের নির্বাচনে ফরিদগঞ্জ ও হাজীগঞ্জ এলাকার আসনে আওয়ামীলীগের মনোনীত প্রার্থী হয়ে আইডিপি প্রার্থীকে বিপুল ভোটে পরাজিত করে তিনি জয়ী হন। ", "শামসুল হক (রাজনীতিবিদ)\nকদিমহামজানি গ্রামের মৃত বাহাদুল্লা তালুকদারের ছেলে ডা. আনসার আলী তালুকদার (৭৫) ২০০৭ সালে টাঙ্গাইল শহরের বেপারী পাড়ায় তার মেয়ের বাসায় বেড়াতে যান। সেখানে রঙিন একটি ক্যালেন্ডারে শামসুল হকের ছবি দেখতে পান তিনি। ক্যালেন্ডারে শামসুল হকের ছবির পাশে বাংলা হরফে লেখা রয়েছে ‘আওয়ামী লীগের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সাধারণ সম্পাদক ও ভাষা আন্দোলনের রূপকার’। ক্যালেন্ডারের ছবিটি মনোযোগ দিয়ে দেখার পর ডা. আনসার আলীর ৪২ বছর আগের কথা মনে পড়ে যায়। বিষয়টি নিয়ে এলাকার প্রবীণ লোকদের সঙ্গে কথাও বলেন তিনি। ডা. আনসার আলী তালুকদার নিজে তৎকালীন মুসলিম লীগের একজন সক্রিয় কর্মী ছিলেন। রাজনীতি করার সুবাদে তিনি আওয়ামী লীগের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সাধারণ সম্পাদক শামসুল হককে ব্যক্তিগতভাবে চিনতেন ও জানতেন। বিভিন্ন সভা-সমাবেশে শামসুল হকের ভাষণও শুনেছেন। এরপর ঐ গ্রামের লোকজন সংবাদ মাধ্যমকে বিষয়টি জানান। এর মাধ্যমেই প্রায় ৪২ বছর পর, বাংলাদেশের সবথেকে পুরাতন রাজনৈতিক দলটির প্রথম সাধারণ সম্পাদকের খবর মানুষ জানতে পারে[1]। ডা. আনসার আলী বলেন, মহিউদ্দিন আনসারী ছিলেন নামকরা একজন কংগ্রেস নেতা। অপরদিকে শামসুল হক ছিলেন আওয়ামী লীগের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সাধারণ সম্পাদক। সম্পূর্ণ বিপরীতমুখী রাজনীতি করলেও তাদের মধ্যে দীর্ঘদিনের বন্ধুত্ব ছিল। একজন কংগ্রেস নেতার বাড়িতে শামসুল হক মারা যাওয়ার ঘটনাটি নিয়ে রাজনৈতিক কলহ ও দ্বন্দের সৃষ্টি হতে পারে এমন আশঙ্কা করেই শামসুল হকের মৃত্যুর ঘটনা গোপন রাখা হয়। এরপর এক সময় বিষয়টি সবাই ভুলে যায়[1]। বাংলাদেশের মানুষের স্মৃতি থেকে প্রায় হারিয়ে যাওয়া এই রাজনীতিবিদের কথা পাওয়া যায় আবু জাফর শামসুদ্দীনের ‘আত্মস্মৃতি: সংগ্রাম ও জয়' বইতে। আবু জাফর শামসুদ্দীন লিখেছেন,", "মাওলানা শওকত আলি\n১৯৩৬ সালে মাওলানা শওকত আলি নিখিল ভারত মুসলিম লীগে যোগ দেন এবং মুহাম্মদ আলি জিন্নাহর একজন ঘনিষ্ঠ রাজনৈতিক মিত্রে পরিণত হন। ১৯৩৪ থেকে ১৯৩৮ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি কেন্দ্রীয় আইনসভার সদস্য ছিলেন। তিনি মধ্যপ্রাচ্য ভ্রমণ করেন এবং ভারতীয় মুসলিমদের জন্য সমর্থন তৈরী করেন।", "এ. কে. এম. শামসুজ্জোহা\n১৯৪২ সালে তিনি নারায়ণগঞ্জ ছাত্র মুসলিম লীগের সাধারণ সম্পাদক হন ও ১৯৪৫ সালে শিক্ষা আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। ১৯৪৯ সালে তিনি আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগে সদস্য হিসেবে যোগ দেন। ১৯৫২ সালে তিনি নারায়ণগঞ্জ ভাষা সংগ্রাম পরিষদের সভাপতি হিসেবে ভাষা আন্দোলনে নেতৃত্ব দেন। সেই সময় একটি মিথ্যা মামলায় তাঁকে ১৮ মাস কারাবন্দী রাখা হয়। ১৯৬৪ সালে নারায়ণগঞ্জ মহকুমা সাম্প্রদায়িক দাঙ্গা প্রতিরোধ কমিটির আহ্বায়কের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।\nতিনি ১৯৭০-এর নির্বাচনে পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। মুক্তিযোদ্ধাদের সময় মুজিবনগর সরকারের প্রতিনিধি হিসেবে ভারতের বিভিন্ন রাজ্য ভ্রমণ করে জনমত গঠন ও তহবিল সংগ্রহে তিনি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখেন। ১৯৭১ সালের ১৭ ডিসেম্বর তিনি মুজিবনগর সরকারের প্রতিনিধি হিসেবে প্রথম বেতার ভাষণ প্রদান করেন এবং দেশের সর্বোচ্চ আদালতে জাতীয় পতাকা উত্তোলন করেন।", "মতিউর রহমান নিজামী\n১৯৭৫ সালে সামরিক বাহিনীর সদস্যদের হাতে শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান নিহত হওয়ার পর ১৯৭৭ সালে একটি অভ্যূত্থানের মাধ্যমে জিয়াউর রহমান ক্ষমতায় আসেন। তিনি ১৯৭৮ সালে শীর্ষ জামায়াত নেতা যেমন, গোলাম আযম ও নিজামীকে বাংলাদেশে ফিরে আসার অনুমতি দেন; তারা পুনরায় জামায়াতে ইসলামীকে পুনরুজ্জীবিত করেন এবং এটি দেশের সবচেয়ে বড় ইসলামী রাজনৈতিক দলে পরিনত হয়। মাওলানা মতিউর রহমান নিজামী দলের হয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ দায়িত্ব পালন করেন এবং জামায়াতের যুব সংগঠন ইসলামী ছাত্র শিবিরকে সংগঠিত করেন। ১৯৭৮-১৯৮২ তিনি ঢাকা মহানগরীর আমীর ও কেন্দ্রীয় নির্বাহী পরিষদের সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৮৩-১৯৮৮ পর্যন্ত জামায়াতে ইসলামীর সহকারী সেক্রেটারী জেনারেল হিসাবেও দায়িত্ব পালন করেন তিনি। ১৯৮৮ সালের ডিসেম্বরে সেক্রেটারী জেনারেল হিসেবে দায়িত্ব নেন এবং আমীর নির্বাচিত হওয়ার আগ পর্যন্ত (২০০০) দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "মাওলানা ভাসানী বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়\nমজলুম জননেতা মওলানা ভাসানী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় স্থাপনে অগ্রণী ভুমিকা পালন করেন। তিনিই ১৯৫৭ সালের ৮ ফেব্রুয়ারী কাগমারী সম্মেলনে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠার আনুষ্ঠানিক ঘোষণা দেন। কিন্তু বিভিন্ন কারণে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের সাংগঠনিক কার্যক্রম শুরু করতে পারেন নি, অবশেষে ১৯৭০ সালে সাংগঠনিক কার্যক্রম শুরু করেন। ১৯৭০ সালের ৮ সেপ্টেম্বর মাওলানা ভাসানী \"আমার পরিকল্পনায় ইসলামী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়\" শিরোনামে লিখিত নিবন্ধের মাধ্যমে তাঁর প্রস্তাবিত ইসলামী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের চূড়ান্ত প্রস্তাব করেন। তিনি জীবদ্দশায় ইসলামী বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় বাস্তবায়ন করে যেতে পারেন নি, কিন্তু তিনিই মূলত বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় কাজ শুরু করে যান।", "মমতাজউদ্দীন আহমেদ\nঅবিভক্ত বাংলার মালদহ জেলায় জন্মগ্রহণ করলেও ভোলাহাট উপজেলা র অালো বাতাসে বেড়ে উটেন প্রফেসর মমতাজউদদীন অাহমদ। ছাত্র অবস্থায় তিনি রাজনীতির সাথে যুক্ত হন। তিনি ছাত্র ইউনিয়ন রাজনীতি করতেন। রাজশাহীর তুখড় ছাত্রনেতা গোলাম অারিফ টিপুর সান্নিধ্যে ছাত্র রাজনীতিতে ৫২`র ভাষা অান্দোলনে বলিষ্ঠ ভূমিকা রাখেন। ১৯৫৪ সালে মমতাজউদদীন অাহমদ ৪০ জন ছাত্রননেতার কারা বরণ করেন। রাজনীতি করার কারনে তিনি ১৯৫৪, ১৯৫৫ ও ১৯৫৭ সালে গ্রেফতার হন। ১৯৫৮ সালে পূনরায় তাকে পুলিশ তাঁর ভোলাহট উপজেলাস্থ গ্রামের বাড়ি কানারহাট থেকে ধরে নিয়ে যায়। পাক অামলে তিনি ভোলাহাট উপজেলার’র প্রথম রাজবন্দী।", "আবদুর রহিম (পণ্ডিত)\nআলিয়া মাদ্রাসার ছাত্র থাকাবস্থায় মাওলানা আবদুর রহিম সাইয়েদ আবুল আ'লা মওদুদী কর্তৃক সম্পাদিত ম্যাগাজিন ‘তরজমানুল কুরআন’ নিয়মিত গ্রহণ করতেন। এই ম্যাগাজিন ও সাইয়েদ মওদুদির অন্যান্য রচনায় উদ্বুদ্ধ হয়ে তিনি ১৯৪৬ সালে জামায়াতে ইসলামীর নিখিল ভারত সম্মেলনে অংশ নেন। এখানে তিনি জামায়াতের অন্যান্য নেতাদের সাথে পরিচিত হন। ১৯৪৬-৪৭ সালের পর্বে তিনি সংগঠনে যোগ দেন।", "বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ\nআওয়ামী লীগের জন্মসূত্রের সঙ্গে ঢাকা ১৫০ নম্বর মোগলটুলিস্থ পূর্ববঙ্গ কর্মী শিবিরের উদ্যোগের সম্পর্ক অনস্বীকার্য। ২৩ জুনের সম্মেলনের আয়োজনে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখেন শওকত আলী। তার উদ্যোগে ১৫০ নং মোগলটুলিস্থ শওকত আলীর বাসভবন এবং কর্মী শিবির অফিসকে ঘিরে বেশ কয়েক মাসের প্রস্তুতিমূলক তৎপরতার পর ২৩ জুনের কর্মী সম্মেলনে দলের ঘোষণা দেয়া হয়। শওকত আলীর অনুরোধে কলকাতা থেকে হোসেন শহীদ সোহরাওয়ার্দী একটি মামলা পরিচালনার কাজে ঢাকায় এলে তিনি শওকত আলীকে মুসলিম লীগ ছেড়ে ভিন্ন একটি রাজনৈতিক সংগঠন গড়ে তোলার পরামর্শ দেন। শওকত আলী এ পরামর্শে অনুপ্রাণিত হয়ে পূর্ববঙ্গ কর্মী শিবিরের নেতৃবৃন্দকে নতুন সংগঠন গড়ে তুলতে উদ্বুদ্ধ করেন। এসময় কর্মী শিবিরের প্রধান নেতা ছিলেন শামসুল হক। কামরুদ্দীন আহমদ, মো. তোয়াহা, অলি আহাদ, তাজউদ্দীন আহমদ, আতাউর রহমান খান, আবদুল আউয়াল, মুহম্মদ আলমাস, শামসুজ্জোহা প্রমুখ প্রথম দিকে এবং পরবর্তীতে শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান কর্মী শিবির কেন্দ্রিক রাজনৈতিক কর্মতৎপরতায় বিশেষভাবে যুক্ত ছিলেন। মুসলিম লীগের আবুল হাশিম-সোহরাওয়ার্দী গ্রুপ নেতৃবৃন্দ মুসলিম লীগের অন্যায় কাজগুলোর বিরুদ্ধে সোচ্চার হওয়ার লক্ষ্যেই এখানে কর্মী শিবির গড়ে তুলেছিলেন। মওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী ১৯৪৯ সালে আসামের ধুবড়ী জেলখানা থেকে ছাড়া পেয়ে ঢাকা এলে তার সঙ্গে শওকত আলীর আলোচনা হয়। শওকত আলী মওলানাকে পূর্ববঙ্গ কর্মী শিবিরকেন্দ্রিক রাজনৈতিক তৎপরতার কথা জানান। এসময় মওলানা ভাসানী আলী আমজাদ খানের বাসায় অবস্থান করছিলেন। শওকত আলীর সঙ্গে তার প্রাথমিক আলোচনা সেখানেই হয়। এই আলোচনার সূত্র ধরে নতুন দল গঠনের জন্য একটি সাংগঠনিক কমিটি গঠনের প্রয়োজনীয়তা অনুভব করেন শওকত আলী। সেজন্যে ১৫০ নম্বর মোগলটুলিতে একটি বৈঠকের আয়োজন করা হয়। মওলানা ভাসানী সেই বৈঠকে যোগদান করেন। এসময় খোন্দকার আবদুল হামিদের সঙ্গে পরামর্শ করে শওকত আলীর উদ্যোগে ও প্রচেষ্টায় মওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানীকে সভাপতি, ইয়ার মুহম্মদ খানকে সম্পাদক এবং খন্দকার মুশতাক আহমদকে দপ্তর সম্পাদক করে অন্যদেরসহ একটি সাংগঠনিক কমিটি গঠিত হয়।[4]", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\n১৯৫৬তে পাকিস্তান গণপরিষদে যে খসড়া শাসনতন্ত্র বিল পেশ করা হয় তাতে পাকিস্তানকে ইসলামিক রিপাবলিক বলে ঘোষণা দেওয়া হয়েছিল,তখন মাওলানা ভাসানী পল্টনের জনসভায় তার বিরোধিতা করে সুস্পষ্ট বক্তব্য দিয়েছিলেন৷[4]", "মতিউর রহমান নিজামী\nমাওলানা মতিউর রহমান নিজামী ১৯৫৪ সালে যুক্তফ্রন্টে ছাত্ররাজনীতির মাধ্যমে তার রাজনৈতিক জীবন শুরু করেন। ১৯৬১ সালে তৎকালীন পাকিস্তান জামায়াতে ইসলামীর ছাত্র সংগঠন ইসলামী ছাত্র সংঘের (বর্তমান ইসলামী ছাত্র শিবির) সাথে যুক্ত হন। পরপর তিন বছর (১৯৬৬-৬৯) তিনি পূর্ব পাকিস্তান ইসলামী ছাত্র সংঘের সভাপতির দায়িত্ব পালন করেন । এরপর দুইবার তিনি গোটা পাকিস্তান ইসলামী ছাত্র সংঘের কেন্দ্রীয় সভাপতির দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। বাংলাদেশ স্বাধীন হওয়ার পর বাংলাদেশের প্রথম রাষ্ট্রপতি শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান জামায়াতে ইসলামী এবং এর অনেক সদস্যকে রাজনীতি থেকে নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষণা করেন কারণ দলটি মুক্তিযুদ্ধের সময় পাকিস্তান বাহিনীকে সমর্থন দিয়েছিল। এ সময় মাওলানা মতিউর রহমান নিজামী এবং দলের আরো কয়েকজন প্রধান নেতৃবৃন্দ বাংলাদেশ ত্যাগ করেন।", "মির্জা ফখরুল ইসলাম আলমগীর\n১৯৮৬ সালে পৌরসভা নির্বাচনকে সামনে রেখে মির্জা ফখরুল তার শিক্ষকতা পেশা থেকে অব্যাহতি নেন এবং সক্রিয় রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ করেন। ১৯৮৮ সালের ঠাকুরগাঁও পৌরসভার নির্বাচনে অংশ নিয়ে পৌরসভার চেয়ারম্যান নির্বাচিত হন। জেনারেল এরশাদের সামরিক সরকারকে ক্ষমতাচ্যুত করতে যখন দেশব্যাপী আন্দোলন চলছে, তখন মির্জা ফখরুল বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল (বিএনপি)-তে যোগদান করেন। ১৯৯২ সালে মির্জা ফখরুল ঠাকুরগাঁও বিএনপির সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন।[1] একইসাথে জাতীয়তাবাদী কৃষকদলের সহ-সভাপতির দয়িত্ব পালন করেন।[1]", "জমির উদ্দিন সরকার\nপেশায় আইনজীবি। আওয়ামী মুসলিমের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য। মাওলানা ভাসানীর সহচর। ১৯৭৫ পরবর্তীকালে জিয়াউর রহমানের নেতৃত্বে বাংলাদেশী জাতীয়বাদী রাজনৈতিক ধারার প্রবর্তন। বর্তমানে খালেদা জিয়ার নেতৃত্বাধীন বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দলের প্রথম সারির নেতা। এই দলের মনোনয়নে জাতীয় সংসদের সদস্য।", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\nবাংলাদেশের মুক্তিযুদ্ধকে সর্বদলীয় চরিত্র দেয়ার উদ্দেশ্যে বাংলাদেশ সরকারের উদ্যোগে আট সদস্যবিশিষ্ট উপদেষ্টা কমিটি গঠিত হয় যার সভাপতি ছিলেন মওলানা ভাসানী। ওই উপদেষ্টা কমিটির সদস্য ছিলেন - ১) তাজউদ্দীন আহমদ, ২) মণি সিংহ, ৩) অধ্যাপক মোজাফ্ফর আহমদ, ৪) মনোরঞ্জন ধর প্রমুখ। মওলানা ভাসানীর সভাপতিত্বে ওই উপদেষ্টা কমিটির সভায় এই মর্মে অভিমত ব্যক্ত করা হয় যে, পূর্ববঙ্গের পূর্ণ স্বাধীনতা ব্যতিরেক অন্য কোন প্রকার রাজনৈতিক সমাধান গ্রহণযোগ্য হবে না।[2]", "হোসনে আরা ওয়াহিদ\n১৯৮৩ সালে হোসনে আরা ওয়াহিদ \"পাথফাইন্ডার\" এনজিওতে যোগদান করেন। পরিবার-পরিকল্পনা ভিত্তিক এই এনজিও তে  তিনি প্রায় ১৩ বছর ধরে কাজ করেন। এরপর ১৯৯৬ সালে  পাঁচ বছরের জন্য নির্বাচিত একজন সংসদ সদস্য হিসাবে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদে যোগদান করেন। ২০০১ সালে তার সংসদীয় অধিবেশনের মেয়াদ শেষ হয়। এরপর তিনি বিভিন্ন সামাজিক কাজে লিপ্ত হয়ে পড়েন। তিনি মৌলভীবাজার জেলা রেড ক্রিসেন্ট সোসাইটির আজীবন সদস্য, মৌলভীবাজার প্রেস ক্লাব সহ আরো অনেক সংগঠনের সম্মানিত সদস্য।", "আবদুল মমিন\nআবদুল মমিন ১৯৭১ সালে পড়াশোনা করতেন। কুমিল্লা ভিক্টোরিয়া কলেজের উচ্চমাধ্যমিক ক্লাসের শেষ বর্ষের শিক্ষার্থী ছিলেন। মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়েন যুদ্ধে। প্রতিরোধযুদ্ধ শেষে এপ্রিল মাসের শেষ দিকে ভারতে যান। প্রশিক্ষণ নিয়ে যুদ্ধ করেন ২ নম্বর সেক্টরে। তিনি বেশ কয়েকটি যুদ্ধে অংশ নেন।", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\n১৯৩১-এ সন্তোষের কাগমারীতে, ১৯৩২-এ সিরাজগঞ্জের কাওরাখোলায় ও ১৯৩৩-এ গাইবান্ধায় বিশাল কৃষক সম্মেলন করেন। ১৯৩৭-এ মওলানা ভাসানী কংগ্রেস ত্যাগ করে মুসলিম লীগে যোগদান করেন। সেই সময়ে আসামে 'লাইন প্রথা' চালু হলে এই নিপীড়নমূলক প্রথার বিরুদ্ধে আন্দোলনে নেতৃত্ব দান করেন। এসময় তিনি \"আসাম চাষী মজুর সমিতি\" গঠন করেন এবং ধুবরী, গোয়ালপাড়াসহ বিভিন্ন জায়গায় প্রতিরোধ গড়ে তোলেন। ১৯৪০ সালে শের-এ-বাংলা এ.কে. ফজলুল হকের সঙ্গে মুসলিম লীগের লাহোর সম্মেলনে যোগদান করেন। ১৯৪৪ সালে মাওলানা ভাসানী আসাম প্রাদেশিক মুসলিম লীগের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৪৫-৪৬ সালে আসাম জুড়ে বাঙালিদের বিরুদ্ধে \"বাঙ্গাল খেদাও\" আন্দোলন শুরু হলে ব্যাপক দাঙ্গা দেখা দেয়। এসময় বাঙালিদের রক্ষার জন্য ভাসানী বারপেটা, গৌহাটিসহ আসামের বিভিন্ন জায়গা ঘুরে বেড়ান। পাকিস্তান আন্দোলনে অংশ নিয়ে ১৯৪৭ সালে আসামে গ্রেফতার হন। ১৯৪৮-এ মুক্তি পান। এরপর তিনি টাঙ্গাইলের সন্তোষে ফিরে আসেন। ১৯৪৮ সালের প্রথম দিকে তিনি বঙ্গীয় মুসলিম লীগের মনোনীত প্রার্থী হিসেবে বিনা প্রতিদ্বন্দ্ব্বিতায় পূর্ববঙ্গ ব্যবস্থাপক সভার সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৪৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দের ১৭ মার্চ ব্যবস্থাপক সভার কার্যাবলি বাংলায় পরিচালনা করার জন্য স্পিকারের কাছে দাবি জানান এবং এই দাবি নিয়ে পীড়াপীড়ি করেন। ১৯ মার্চ বাজেট বক্তৃতায় অংশ নিয়ে বলেন, যেসব কর কেন্দ্রীয় সরকার পূর্ববঙ্গ প্রদেশ থেকে সংগ্রহ করে তার শতকরা ৭৫% প্রদেশকে দিতে হবে। এখানে উল্লেখ্য যে, ব্রিটিশ আমলে বঙ্গপ্রদেশ জুটেক্স ও সেলসট্যাক্স রাজস্ব হিসেবে আদায় করত এবং এই করের ভাগ কেন্দ্রীয় সরকারকে দিতে হতো না। পাকিস্তান সৃষ্টির পর কেন্দ্রীয় সরকার পূর্ববঙ্গ সরকারের হাত থেকে এই কর ছিনিয়ে নিয়ে নিজেরাই আদায় করতে থাকে যার ফলে পূর্ববঙ্গ সরকার আর্থিকভাবে দুর্বল হয়ে পড়ে। বিস্ময়ের ব্যাপার হলো এই সময় পূর্ববঙ্গ সরকারের বার্ষিক বাজেট ছিল মাত্র ৩৬ কোটি টাকা। যাই হোক, মুসলিম লীগ দলের সদস্য হয়েও সরকারের সমালোচনা করায় মুসলিম লীগের ক্ষমতাসীন সদস্যরা মওলানা ভাসানীর ওপর অখুশী হয় এবং তার নির্বাচনে ত্রুটি ছিল এই অজুহাত দেখিয়ে আদালতে মামলা দায়ের করে এবং মওলানা ভাসানীকে নানাভাবে হয়রানি করতে থাকে।[2] পরিশেষে মওলানা ভাসানী ব্যবস্থাপক সভার সদস্য পদ থেকে পদত্যাগ করেন। এতদসত্ত্বেও পূর্ববঙ্গের তৎকালীন গভর্নর এক নির্বাহী আদেশ বলে মওলানা ভাসানীর নির্বাচন বাতিল করেন। বঙ্গীয় প্রাদেশিক মুসলিম লীগের জনবিরোধী কার্যকলাপের ফলে মওলানা ভাসানী ১৯৪৯ সালের ২৩-২৪ জুন ঢাকার টিকাটুলিতে রোজ গার্ডেনে মুসলিম লীগ কর্মী সম্মেলন আহ্বান করেন। ২৩ জুন ওই কর্মিসম্মেলন অণুষ্ঠিত হয়। সারাদেশ থেকে প্রায় ৩০০ কর্মী সম্মেলনে যোগদান করেন। সভায় সভাপতিত্ব করেন আতাউর রহমান খান। মওলানা ভাসানী ছিলেন প্রধান অতিথি। ২৩ জুন পূর্ববঙ্গের প্রথম বিরোধী রাজনৈতিক দল পূর্ব পাকিস্তান আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগ গঠিত হয়। মওলানা ভাসানী সর্বসম্মতিক্রমে এই দলের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হলেন। সাধারণ সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হন শামসুল হক। ২৪ জুন আরমানীটোলা ময়দানে আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগের প্রথম জনসভা অণুষ্ঠিত হয়। ১৯৪৯ সালের মধ্যভাগে পূর্ববঙ্গে খাদ্যাভাব দেখা দেয়। ১১ অক্টোবর আরমানীটোলা ময়দানে আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগের একটি জনসভা অণুষ্ঠিত হয়। ওই সভায় খাদ্য সমস্যা সমাধানে ব্যর্থতার জন্য পূর্ববঙ্গ মন্ত্রিসভার পদত্যাগ দাবী করা হয় এবং ১৪৪ ধারা ভঙ্গ করে মওলানা ভাসানী ভুখা মিছিলে নেতৃত্ব দেন। ভূখা মিছিলে নেতৃত্ব দেয়ার জন্য ১৯৪৯-এর ১৪ অক্টোবর গ্রেফতার হয়ে ঢাকা কেন্দ্রীয় কারাগারে কারাবরণ করেন।[2]", "মোজাম্মেল হক সমাজী\nমোজাম্মেল হক সমাজীর রাজনৈতিক জীবনের সূচনা হয় ১৯৫৬-১৯৫৮ সালে ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে অধ্যয়ন কালেই। এসময় তিনি আওয়ামীলীগের ছাত্র রাজনীতিতে জড়িয়ে পড়েন এবং স্বীয় মেধা,যোগ্যতা ও রাজনৈতিক নেতৃত্বের গুণে রাজনীতিতে আপন আসন শক্ত করেন। তিনি ১৯৫৮ এর সামরিক শাসনের বিরুদ্ধে আন্দলনে ,১৯৬৯ এর গণ অভ্যূত্থানের অগ্রসৈনিকের ভূমিকা পালন করেন।\nতিনি তার রাজনৈতিক আদর্শ ,অসামান্য ব্যক্তিত্বের বলে বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজি্বুর রহমানের প্রিয়ভাজন ছিলেন এবং বঙ্গবন্ধুর ঘনিষ্ঠ সহযোগী হিসেবে ১৯৭০ সালের নির্বাচনে প্রাদেশিক গনপরিষদের সদস্য হিসেবে নির্বাচিত হন।১৯৭১ সালে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে তিনি দেশ ও মাতৃকার টানে যুদ্ধে ঝাপিয়ে পড়েন ।পরবর্তীতে স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের খসড়া সংবিধান প্রনয়ন কমিটির তিনি কার্যকরী সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। \n১৯৭৩ সালে স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশের প্রথম সংসদ নির্বাচনে মোজাম্মেল হক সমাজ়ী চলনবিলের প্রতিনিধি হিসেবে সাংসদ নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৭৫ সালের ১৫ আগষ্ট বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবর নিহত হওয়ার আগ পর্যন্ত তিনি জন প্রতিনিধি হিসেবে এবং বঙ্গবন্ধুর ঘনিষ্ঠ সহযোগী হিসেবে দেশের সেবায় নিয়োজিত ছিলেন।কিন্তু বঙ্গবন্ধুর নিহত হওয়ার পর সামরিক শাসকের হাতে বন্দী হন। সামরিক ট্রাইবুনালের মাধ্যমে তাকে ৫ বছরের কারাদন্ড এবং তার সকল সম্পত্তি বাজেয়াপ্ত করা হয়। ১৯৭৯ সালে তিনি কারাগার হতে মুক্তি পান এবং রাজনীতিতে সক্রিয় ভূমিকা পালন করেন।\n১৯৮৩ সালে দলীয় কর্মসূচী পালন কালে তিনি আবারো বন্দী হন ।কিন্তু মাত্র ১৩ দিনের মাথায় তীব্র আন্দোলনের ফলে সামরিক শাসক তাকে মুক্তি দিতে বাধ্য হন। তারপর ১৯৮৪ সালের ১৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি তার মৃত্যুর আগ পর্যন্ত তিনি শিক্ষকতা এবং রাজনীতি করে যান।\nমোজাম্মেল হক সমাজী ছিলেন একজন নিবেদিত প্রাণ, শিক্ষানুরাগী, চলনবিলের খেটে খাওয়া অসহায় মানুষের নিকটতম বন্ধু ও শুভাকাঙ্খী। তিনি তার রাজনৈতিক জীবদ্দশায় বহুবার জেল খেটেছেন, মুক্তিযুদ্ধে অংশ নিয়ে রেখেছেন অসামান্য ভুমিকা। তিনি নিজে উচ্চ শিক্ষিত ছিলেন এবং গরীব মেধাবীদের শিক্ষার জন্য অক্লান্ত পরিশ্রম ও সহযোগিতা করতেন। এলাকার ছাত্রদের শিক্ষিত করে তাদের চাকুরীর ব্যাবস্থা করাই ছিল তার প্রধান কাজ। বিশিষ্ট শিক্ষাবিদ উদয় লাহিড়ীসহ আরো অনেকের জন্য তিনি অসামান্য অবদান রাখেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে প্রথম হয়েছিলেন, চাইলে বিশ্ববিদ্যলয়ের শিক্ষকতাও করতে পারতেন; কিন্তু বিল গড়বার মোহ তাকে সেদিকে আকৃষ্ট করেনি।", "মৌলভি তমিজউদ্দিন খান\nআইনপেশার পাশাপাশি তিনি রাজনীতিতেও অংশ নেন। তিনি প্রথমে কংগ্রেস ও পরে মুসলিম লীগে যোগ দেন। তিনি আঞ্জুমানে ইসলামিয়ার সম্পাদক ছিলেন। খিলাফত ও অসহযোগ আন্দোলনে তিনি অংশগ্রহণের কারনে তাকে কারারুদ্ধ করা হয়েছিল। ১৯২০ সাল থেকে ব্রিটিশ সরকার ভোটাধিকার সম্প্রসারণ শুরু করলে তিনি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ব্যক্তিত্ব হয়ে উঠেন। ১৯২৬ সালে কংগ্রেসপন্থি মুসলিম জমিদারকে পরাজিত করে তিনি বঙ্গীয় আইন পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন।", "আবদুল মতিন\n১৯৫২ সালে বাংলাকে রাষ্ট্রভাষা করার দাবি তোলায় আব্দুল মতিনের অবদান অন্যতম। সেবছর ২১ ফেব্রুয়ারি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের কলাভবনের ছাত্রসভায় সভাপতিত্ব করেছিলেন তিনি। শিক্ষার্থীদের সংগঠন \"ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় রাষ্ট্রভাষা সংগ্রাম কমিটি\"র আহ্বায়ক ছিলেন তিনি। তাঁর সভাপতিত্বে অনুষ্ঠিত ওই কলাভবনের জনসভায় সিদ্ধান্ত নেয়া হয় ১৪৪ ধারা ভঙ্গের। তাঁরই নেতৃত্বে একুশে ফেব্রুয়ারি বাংলাকে রাষ্ট্রভাষা করার দাবিতে সারা বাংলার জন্য আন্দোলনের নানা কর্মসূচি গ্রহণ করা হয়। ভাষা আন্দোলনের পর তিনি ছাত্র ইউনিয়ন গঠনে ভূমিকা রাখেন এবং পরে সংগঠনটির সভাপতি হন। এরপর কমিউনিস্ট আন্দোলনে সক্রিয় হন। ১৯৫৪ সালে পাবনা জেলা কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির সম্পাদক হন আব্দুল মতিন। মওলানা ভাসানী ন্যাপ গঠন করলে তিনি ১৯৫৭ সালে তাতে যোগ দেন। ১৯৬৮ সালে তিনি পাবনা জেলাকে ভিত্তি করে \"পূর্ব পাকিস্তান কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি (এমএল)\"-এর ভেতরে আলাউদ্দিন আহমদকে নিয়ে এক উপদল গড়ে তোলেন। পরে তিনি দেবেন শিকদার, আবুল বাশার, আলাউদ্দিন আহমদ ও নুরুল হক চৌধুরীর সহায়তায় \"পূর্ব বাংলার কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি\" গঠন করেন। টিপু বিশ্বাস, আলাউদ্দিন আহমদ ও তাঁর নেতৃত্বে পাবনা জেলার জনগণ মুক্তিযুদ্ধে সাহসী ভূমিকা পালন করেন। চীনকে অণুসরণকারী বামপন্থি দলগুলোর নানা বিভাজনের মধ্যেও আবদুল মতিন সক্রিয় ছিলেন রাজনীতিতে। ১৯৯২ সালে তিনি বাংলাদেশের ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি গঠনে সক্রিয় ভূমিকা রাখেন। ২০০৬ সালে ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি থেকে তিনি পদত্যাগ করেন। পরবর্তীকালে ২০০৯ সালে হায়দার আকবর খান রনোর নেতৃত্বে ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি (পুনর্গঠন) গঠিত হলে আবদুল মতিন তাদের সঙ্গে যোগ দেন। পরবর্তীতে ২০১৩ সালে বাংলাদেশের ওয়ার্কার্স পার্টি (পুনর্গঠিত) ও বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট লীগ ঐক্যবদ্ধ হয়ে বাংলাদেশের ইউনাইটেড কমিউনিস্ট লীগ গঠিত হয় এবং আবদুল মতিন নবগঠিত বাংলাদেশের ইউনাইটেড কমিউনিস্ট লীগের সাথে ঐক্যবদ্ধ হন। তিনি এই পার্টির কেন্দ্রীয় উপদেষ্টামণ্ডলীর অন্যতম সদস্য মনোনীত হন এবং আমৃত্যু তিনি এই পদে আসীন ছিলেন।", "মোহাম্মদ আকরম খাঁ\n১৯০৫ সালে বঙ্গভঙ্গ আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণের মধ্য দিয়ে রাজনৈতিক জীবন আরম্ভ করেন। মওলানা আকরম খাঁ ছিলেন ১৯০৬ সালে প্রতিষ্ঠিত মুসলিম লীগের একজন অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা। ১৮১৯ থেকে ১৯২৪ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি খেলাফত এবং অসহযোগ আন্দোলনের সাথে যুক্ত ছিলেন। ১৯২০ সালে ঢাকার আহসান মঞ্জিলে অনুষ্ঠিত এক সম্মেলনে তিনি নিখিল ভারত খেলাফত আন্দোলন কমিটির সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন। এই সম্মেলনে খেলাফত আন্দোলনের অন্যতম নেতা মওলানা আবুল কালাম আজাদ, মওলানা মনিরুজ্জামান ইসলামাবাদী এবং মওলানা মজিবুর রহমান উপস্থিত ছিলেন। আকরাম খাঁর দায়িত্ব ছিল তুর্কি খেলাফত থেকে ফান্ড সংগ্রহ করা। ১৯২০-১৯২৩ সময়ের মধ্যে তিনি বাংলার বিভিন্ন স্থানে জনসভা বা সম্মেলনের আয়োজন করে \"খেলাফত আন্দোলন\" এবং \" অসহযোগ আন্দোলন\" গতিশীল করার চেষ্ঠা করেন। হিন্দু মুসলিম ভ্রাতৃত্বের ক্ষেত্রে ১৯২২ সালে আকরম খাঁ চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশের স্বরাজ পার্টির পক্ষ নেন এবং ১৯২৩ সালের বেঙ্গল প্যাক্ট সন্ধির সময়ও তিনি একই পক্ষে ছিলেন। ১৯২৬-১৯২৭ সালের সাম্প্রদায়িক দাঙ্গা এবং অন্যান্য সমসাময়িক রাজনৈতিক ঘটনাবলির কারণে আকরম খাঁ ভারতীয় রাজনীতিতে তার বিশ্বাস হারিয়ে ফেলেন এবং তিনি স্বায়ত্তশাসন পার্টি এবং কংগ্রেস থেকে সরে দাঁড়ান। ১৯২৯ থেকে ১৯৩৫ সালের মধ্যে তিনি পর্জা বা গ্রাম্য রাজনীতিতে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। ১৯৩৬ সালে তিনি গ্রাম্য রাজনীতি থেকে সরে গিয়ে সক্রিয়ভাবে মুসলিম লীগের সাথে যুক্ত হন। ১৯৪৭ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি মুসলিম লীগের কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য ছিলেন। ১৯৪৭ সালের ভারত ভাগের পর তিনি পূর্ব বাংলায় চলে আসেন এবং ঢাকায় স্থায়ীভাবে বসবাস শুরু করেন। এছাড়া তিনি বিভিন্ন সময়ে নিখিল ভারত মুসলিম লীগ, পাকিস্তান মুসলিম লীগ, প্রাদেশিক মুসলিম লীগের ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট ও সভাপতি ছিলেন। ১৯৫৪ সালে গণপরিষদ ভেঙে দেওয়া হলে তিনি প্রত্যক্ষ রাজনীতি থেকে সরে দাঁড়ান।", "আলী আহসান মুহাম্মদ মুজাহিদ\nবাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের পরবর্তী সময়ে তিনি বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামীর মনোনয়নে ১৯৮৬, ১৯৯১, ১৯৯৬, ২০০১ ও ২০০৮-এর নির্বাচনে সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে নির্বাচন করেন এবং শুধুমাত্র ২০০১ সালের নির্বাচন বাদে বাকীগুলোতে পরাজিত হন।[19] ২০০১ সালে সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হওয়ার পর চারদলীয় জোট সরকারের সমাজকল্যাণ মন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পালন করে ২০০৭ সাল পর্যন্ত।", "আবদুল মান্নান (রাজনীতিবিদ)\nমেজর (অব:) আবদুল মান্নান একজন বাংলাদেশি রাজনীতিবিদ ও শিল্পোদ্যক্তা। তিনি ১৯৯১, ফেব্রুয়ারি ১৯৯৬ ও ২০০১ সালের জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাবনে ঢাকা-১০ আসন থেকে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দলের (বিএনপি) মনোনয়নে সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। পরবর্তীতে একিউএম বদরুদ্দোজা চৌধুরীর নেতৃত্বে বিকল্পধারা বাংলাদেশ গঠিত হলে তিনি বিকল্পধারায় যোগদান করেন। বর্তমানে দলটির মহাসচিবের দায়িত্ব পালন করছেন। সংবিধান অনুযায়ী দশম জাতীয় সংসদের স্পিকার ড. শিরীন শারমিন চৌধুরীর কাছে ৩ জানুয়ারী ২০১৯ তারিখে একাদশ সংসদের সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে তিনি শপথবাক্য পাঠ করেন।", "মুহাম্মাদ তাকী উসমানী\n১৯৫৯ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে দাওরা হাদিস সমাপনের পর থেকেই তিনি দারুল উলুম করাচিতে অধ্যাপনা করে আসছেন। ১৯৮২ খ্রিষ্টাব্দ থেকে ২০০২ খ্রিষ্টাব্দের মে মাস পর্যন্ত তিনি পাকিস্তান সুপ্রিম কোর্টের শরিয়া এ্যাপ্লাইট বেঞ্চের বিচারক হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। “” প্রতিষ্ঠার মাধ্যমে পাকিস্তানে সর্বপ্রথম তিনিই ইসলামী ব্যাংকিং চালু করেন। তাকী উসমানী (ওআইসির একটি শাখা সংস্থা) এর একজন স্থায়ী সদস্য। ৯ বছর তিনি আন্তর্জাতিক ফিকহ একাডেমির ভাইস চেয়ারম্যানও ছিলেন। ২০০৪ সালের মার্চ মাসে মাওলানা তাকী উসমানীকে দুবাইয়ে আন্তর্জাতিক ইসলামী অর্থনীতি সংস্থার বার্ষিক অনূষ্ঠানে সংযুক্ত আরব আমিরাতের প্রধানমন্ত্রি ইসলামী অর্থনীতিতে তাঁর অবদান ও অর্জনের কারণে বিশেষ সম্মাননা প্রদান করে। প্রতি সপ্তাহের রবিবার তিনি করাচীর দারুল উলুম মাদরাসায় তাযকিয়াহ তথা আত্মশুদ্ধি সম্পর্কে বয়ান করেন। বর্তমানে তিনি দারুল উলুম করাচীতে সহীহ বুখারী,ফিকহ এবং ইসলামী অর্থনীতির দরস (কোন বিষয়ে পরামর্শ বা বক্তব্য প্রদান করা) দেন। ১৯৭০ সালে প্রেসিডেন্ট জুলফিকার আলী ভুট্টো আমলে পাকিস্তান ন্যাশনাল এ্যাসেম্বলি কর্তৃক কাদিয়ানীদের অমুসলিম ঘোষণা করার ব্যাপারে আলিমদের মধ্য হতে তিনি অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করেন। জেনারেল জিয়াউল হকের শাসনামলে , এবং সম্পর্কিত আইন প্রণয়নে তিনি অগ্রবর্তি ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ১৯৬৭ সাল থেকে তিনি উর্দূ মাসিক পত্রিকা \"আল-বালাগ\" এবং ১৯৯০ সাল থেকে ইংরেজি মাসিক পত্রিকা \"আল-বালাগ ইন্টারন্যাশনালে\"র প্রধান সম্পাদক পদে আছেন।ইসলামী ব্যাংকিং ও অর্থনীতি সম্পর্কে তিনি বিভিন্ন পত্রিকা ও সাময়িকীতে বহু প্রবন্ধ লিখেছেন। তিনি আরবি,উর্দূ এবং ইংরেজি ভাষায় ষাটের অধিক গ্রন্থের রচয়িতা। তার রচিত অধিকাংশ বই বাংলায় অনূদিত হয়েছে।\n1. The Authority of Sunnah", "গোলাম মওলা\nছাত্রজীবন শেষে গোলাম মাওলা মাদারীপুরে চিকিৎসা পেশায় নিয়োজিত হন। এ সময় তিনি আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগে যোগ দেন। গোলাম মাওলা মাদারীপুর মহকুমা আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতি ছিলেন। তিনি ১৯৫৬ সালের উপ-নির্বাচনে পূর্ব পাকিস্তান আইন পরিষদের সদস্য এবং ১৯৬২ সালে পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। তিনি পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদে বিরোধী দলের হুইপ ছিলেন।", "শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান\n১৯৪৭-এ ভারত বিভাগ পরবর্তী পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের রাজনীতির প্রাথমিক পর্যায়ে শেখ মুজিব ছিলেন তরুন ছাত্রনেতা।পরবর্তীতে তিনি মাওলানা আব্দুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী প্রতিষ্ঠিত আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতি হন । সমাজতন্ত্রের পক্ষসমর্থনকারী একজন অধিবক্তা হিসেবে তিনি তৎকালীন পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের জনগোষ্ঠীর প্রতি সকল ধরণের বৈষম্যের বিরুদ্ধে আন্দোলন গড়ে তোলেন। জনগণের স্বাধিকার প্রতিষ্ঠার লক্ষ্যে তিনি একসময় ছয় দফা স্বায়ত্ত্বশাসন পরিকল্পনা প্রস্তাব করেন যাকে পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানে একটি বিচ্ছিন্নতাবাদী পরিকল্পনা হিসেবে বিবেচনা করা হয়েছিল। ছয় দফা দাবীর মধ্যে প্রধান ছিল বর্ধিত প্রাদেশিক স্বায়ত্তশাসন যার কারণে তিনি আইয়ুব খানের সামরিক শাসনের অন্যতম বিরোধী পক্ষে পরিণত হন। ১৯৬৮ খ্রিস্টাব্দে ভারত সরকারের সাথে যোগসাজশ ও ষড়যন্ত্রের অভিযোগে তার বিচার শুরু হয় এবং পরবর্তীতে তিনি নির্দোষ প্রমাণিত হন। ১৯৭০ খ্রিষ্টাব্দের নির্বাচনে তার নেতৃত্বাধীন আওয়ামী লীগ বিপুল বিজয় অর্জন করে। তথাপি তাকে সরকার গঠনের সুযোগ দেয়া হয় নি।", "সুলতান আহমেদ\n১৯৬৯ সালে মৌলানা আজাদ কলেজে সুলতান আহমেদ কংগ্রেসের ছাত্রশাখা ছাত্রপরিষদে যোগ দেন। ১৯৭৩ সালে তিনি যুব কংগ্রেসের সদস্য হন। ১৯৭৮-৮০ সময়কালে তিনি যুব কংগ্রেসের জেলা সম্পাদক ছিলেন। ১৯৯৭ সালে তৃণমূল কংগ্রেস গঠিত হয়। সুলতান আহমেদ ছিলেন এই নবগঠিত দলের অন্যতম প্রতিষ্ঠাতা-সদস্য। তিনি আগে মহামেডান স্পোর্টিং ক্লাবের সচিব ছিলেন। মন্ত্রিত্বলাভের পর তিনি উক্ত দলের সভাপতি হন।", "আব্দুল হাই (মুন্সিগঞ্জের রাজনীতিবিদ)\nআব্দুল হাই ১৯৭৮ সালে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল,(বিএনপি)র প্রতিষ্ঠাতা চেয়ারম্যান সাবেক রাষ্টপতি জিয়াউর রহমান এর হাত ধরে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল,(বিএনপি)তে যোগদান করেন। এবং ১৯৭৯ সালে মাত্র ৩০ বছর বয়সে প্রথম সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হোন। বর্তমানে মুন্সিগঞ্জ জেলা বিএনপি’র সভাপতি। এছাড়াও অষ্টম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন, ২০০১ সালে বিএনপি সরকার গঠন করলে তিনি জাতীয় সংসদের প্যানেল স্পিকার নির্বাচিত হোন। এবং স্থানীয় সরকার, পল্লী উন্নয়ন ও সমবায় মন্ত্রণালয় উপমন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। বিএনপির প্রতিষ্টাকালীন সময় কোষাধ্যক্ষ দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। কেন্দ্রীয় বিএনপির কমিটিতে স্থানীয় সরকার বিষয়ক সম্পাদক হিসেবেও দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তিনি মুন্সিগঞ্জ-৩ (জাতীয় সংসদের নির্বাচনী এলাকা) আসন থেকে পাঁচবার জাতীয় সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হয়েছেন। নবম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন, ২০০৮ মুন্সিগঞ্জের পরিবর্তে তাকে ঢাকা-৪ মনোনয়ন দেয়া হয়। আর দশম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচন, ২০১৪ বিএনপি অংশ না নেয়ায় তিনিও নির্বাচনে অংশ নেননি। এরশাদ সরকারের সময় ১৯৮৬ ও ১৯৮৮ সালেও বিএনপি নির্বাচনে অংশ নেননি। সেই সময়ও তিনি নির্বাচনে অংশগ্রহন করেননি।", "হাফেজ্জী হুজুর\nশিক্ষাজীবন শেষে বাংলাদেশে ফিরে তিনি শামসুল হক ফরিদপুরী ও আবদুল ওয়াহাবের সাথে একত্রিত হয়ে বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলে ইসলামি শিক্ষার জন্য মাদ্রাসা স্থাপন করেন। এসব মাদ্রাসার উল্লেখযোগ্য কয়েকটি হলো- বড়কাটারা, ফরিদাবাদ ও লালবাগ মাদ্রাসা। ১৯৬৫ সালে ঢাকার কামরাঙ্গীরচরে তিনি নূরিয়া মাদ্রাসা প্রতিষ্ঠিত করেন। ১৯৮১ সালে মুহাম্মাদুল্লাহ্‌ বাংলাদেশ খেলাফত আন্দোলন নামে একটি রাজনৈতিক দল গঠন করেন। তিনি ১৯৮১ ও ১৯৮৬ সালে অনুষ্ঠিত বাংলাদেশের রাষ্ট্রপতি নির্বাচনে অংশগ্রহণ করে পরাজিত হন। এরমধ্যে ১৯৮১ সালের নির্বাচনে ১.৭৯% ভোট পেয়ে তৃতীয় এবং ১৯৮৬ সালে ৫.৬৯% ভোট পেয়ে দ্বিতীয় স্থান লাভ করেন।", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\n১৯৭৬ খৃস্টাব্দের ১৭ই নভেম্বর ঢাকা মেডিকেল কলেজ হাসপাতালে এই দেশ বরেণ্য নেতা মৃত্যুবরণ করেন। তাঁকে টাংগাইল জেলার সদর উপজেলার উত্তর-পশ্চিমে সন্তোষ নামক স্থানে পীর শাহজামান দীঘির পাশে সমাধিস্থ করা হয়। সারা দেশ থেকে আগত হাজার হাজার মানুষ তাঁর জানাযায় অংশগ্রহণ করে।", "এম এ মাওলানা আবদুল মান্নান\nবাংলাদেশে মাদ্রাসা শিক্ষিতদের মধ্যে সফলতম রাজনৈতিক ব্যক্তি হলেন এম এ মাওলানা আবদুল মান্নান। বাংলাদেশ সৃষ্টির পর বাংলাদেশ সরকারের মন্ত্রী পদেও মাদ্রাসা শিক্ষিতদের মধ্যে তিনিই প্রথম। তিনি ছিলেন একজন বাংলাদেশী রাজনীতিবিদ। তিনি জাতীয় পার্টি-এর মনোনিত চাঁদপুর-৪ আসনের নির্বাচিত সংসদ সদস্য ছিলেন। তিনি এই আসন থেকে দুইবার জাতীয় পার্টির হয়ে নির্বাচন করেন। প্রথমবার তিনি সফলতার সাথে নির্বাচনে জয় লাভ করেন এবং বাংলাদেশ সরকারের ধর্ম মন্ত্রী ছিলেন। তিনি পাকিস্তান শাসনামল থেকেই রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িত ছিলেন। প্রথম রাজনৈতিক জীবনে তিনি ছিলেন পাকিস্তান মুসলিম লীগের সেক্রেটারি জেনারেল। তিনি ১৯৬২ সালে ইস্ট পাকিস্তান আইনসভার সদস্য নির্বাচিত হয়ে ১৯৬৭ সাল পর্যন্ত ঐ পদে বহাল ছিলেন। এছাড়াও তিনি ১৯৬২ সাল থেকে ১৯৬৫ সাল পর্যন্ত ইস্ট পাকিস্তান এসেম্বলির পার্লামেন্টারি সেক্রেটারি ছিলেন। মাওলানা মুহাম্মদ আবদুল মান্নান পূর্ব পাকিস্তান সরকারের স্থানীয় সরকার বিভাগের (মন্ত্রণালয়ের) দায়িত্বে নিয়োজিত পার্লামেন্টারি সেক্রেটারি ছিলেন। ১৯৬৫ সালের অক্টোবর থেকে ১৯৬৮ সালের ৩০ অক্টোবর পর্যন্ত মাওলানা এম এ মান্নান পাকিস্তান এডভাইজরি কাউন্সিল অব ইসলামিক আইডলজির সদস্য ছিলেন। এ এডভাইজরি কাউন্সিলের সদস্যদের পদ ছিল সুপ্রিম কোর্টের বিচারপতি এবং পাকিস্তান সরকারের কেন্দ্রীয় সচিবদের সমপদমর্যাদার। ", "মকবুল আহমদ\nছাত্রজীবন থেকেই মকবুল আহমদ রাজনীতির সাথে সম্পৃক্ত ছিলেন। ছাত্রজীবন শেষ করে ১৯৬২ সালে তিনি জামায়াতে ইসলামীতে যোগদান করেন এবং ১৯৬৬ সালে জামায়াতের রুকন (সদস্য) হন। ১৯৬৭ সাল থেকে ১৯৬৮ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি ফেনী শহর আমীরের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন এবং ১৯৬৮ সাল থেকে ১৯৭০ সাল পর্যন্ত মহকুমা আমীরের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৭০ সালের শেষ দিকে তিনি বৃহত্তর নোয়াখালী জিলা আমীরের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ\nপররাষ্ট্রনীতি বিষয়ে মতপার্থক্যের কারণে ১৯৫৭ সালে দল ভাঙন দেখা দেয়। ওই বছরের ৭ ও ৮ ফেব্রুয়ারি কাগমারি সম্মেলনে দলে বিভক্তির ঘটনা স্পষ্ট হয়ে ওঠে। এ অবস্থায় মাওলানা ভাসানী ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি (ন্যাপ) নামে একটি নতুন রাজনৈতিক দল গঠন করেন।[5]", "খাজা সলিমুল্লাহ\n১৮৭৭ সালে সৈয়দ আমীর আলীর উদ্যোগে ‘সেন্ট্রাল মোহামেডান এ্যাসোসিয়েশন’ গঠনের সাথে স্যার সৈয়দ আহমদ খান দ্বিমত পোষণ করেন। তিনি মুসলমানদেরকে রাজনীতি থেকে বিরত থাকার উপদেশ দিয়েছিলেন। কিন্তু কংগ্রেস আত্মপ্রকাশ করার পর হিন্দি এবং উর্দুর বিরোধ সৃষ্টি হলে মুসলমানদের স্বার্থের ব্যাপারে সৈয়দ আহমদ সচেতন হয়ে উঠেন এবং ১৮৮৯ সালে রাজনৈতিক সংগঠনের ব্যাপারে আগ্রহী হয়ে ‘ইউনাইটেড ন্যাশনাল ডিফেন্স এ্যাসোসিয়েশন’ গঠন করেন (১৮৮৯)। ১৮৯৩ সালে উত্তর ভারতে মোহমেডান ‘এ্যাংলো ওরিয়েন্টাল ডিফেন্স অরগানাইজেশন অব আপার ইনডিয়া’ গঠিত হয়। ১৯০৩ সালে সাহরানপুরে মুসলিম রাজনৈতিক সংস্থা গঠিত হয়। ১৯০৬ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারীতে পাঞ্জাবে ‘মুসলিম লীগ’ নামে একটি রাজনৈতিক সংস্থা গঠিত হয়। এদিকে বঙ্গভঙ্গের প্রতিক্রিয়ায় সমগ্র ভারত জুড়ে হিন্দু জনগোষ্ঠীর প্রতিবাদ এবং মুসলিম বিদ্বেষের ঝড় বয়ে যাওয়ায় স্যার সলিমুল্লাহকে দারুণভাবে ভাবিয়ে তোলে। তিনি সর্বভারতীয় পর্যায়ে মুসলিম ঐক্যের কথা ভাবতে শুরু করেন।", "ইলা মিত্র\nইলা সেন যখন বেথুন কলেজে বাংলা সাহিত্যে বি.এ সম্মানের ছাত্রী তখন থেকেই রাজনীতির সাথে পরিচয় ঘটে। নারী আন্দোলনের মধ্য দিয়ে তাঁর রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ। সময়টা ছিল ১৯৪৩ সাল, ইলা সেন কলকাতা মহিলা সমিতির সদস্য হলেন। হিন্দু কোড বিলের বিরুদ্ধে ঐ বছরই মহিলা সমিতি আন্দোলন শুরু করে। সমিতির একজন সক্রিয় সদস্য হিসেবে তিনি এই আন্দোলনে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভুমিকা পালন করেন। এ সময় তিনি সনাতনপন্থীদের যুক্তির বিরুদ্ধে অবস্থান নিয়ে অনেক প্রচার আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। মহিলা আত্মরক্ষা সমিতি নামক সংগঠনের মাধ্যমে নারী আন্দোলনের এই কাজ করতে করতে তিনি মাত্র ১৮ বছর বয়সে ভারতীয় কমিউনিস্ট পার্টির সদস্য পদ লাভ করেন।[2]", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\nবন্দী অবস্থায় ১৯৬২-র ২৬ অক্টোবর থেকে ২ নভেম্বর পর্যন্ত বন্যাদুর্গতদের সাহায্য ও পাটের ন্যায্যমূল্যসহ বিভিন্ন দাবিতে অনশন ধর্মঘট পালন করেন। ৩ নভেম্বর মুক্তিলাভ করেন এবং ন্যাশনাল ডেমোক্রাটিক ফ্রন্ট-এর রাজনৈতিক প্রক্রিয়ার সাথে জড়িত হন। ১৯৬৩-র মার্চ মাসে আইয়ুব খানের সাথে সাক্ষাত করেন। একই বছর ২৪ সেপ্টেম্বর চীনের বিপ্লব দিবস-এর উৎসবে যোগদানের জন্য ঢাকা ত্যাগ করেন এবং চীনে সাত সপ্তাহ অবস্থান করেন। ১৯৬৪-র ২৯ ফেব্রুয়ারি ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি পুনরুজ্জীবিত করে দলের সভাপতির দায়িত্বভার গ্রহণ করেন এবং একই বছর ২১ জুলাই সম্মিলিত বিরোধী দল (কপ) গঠনে ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ১৯৬৫-র ১৭ জুলাই আইয়ুব খানের পররাষ্ট্র নীতির প্রতি সমর্থন জ্ঞাপন করেন। ১৯৬৬-তে শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের উপস্থাপিত ছয় দফা কর্মসূচীর বিরোধিতা করেন। ১৯৬৭-র ২২ জুন কেন্দ্রীয় সরকার রেডিও এবং টেলিভিশন থেকে রবীন্দ্র সঙ্গীত প্রচার বন্ধ করার নির্দেশ জারি করলে এর প্রতিবাদ করেন।[3][6] ১৯৬৭-র নভেম্বর-এ ন্যাপ দ্বি-খন্ডিত হলে চীনপন্থি ন্যাপের নেতৃত্ব গ্রহণ করেন। ১৯৬৯ সালে আইয়ুব বিরোধী আন্দোলনে মাওলানা ভাসানী বলিষ্ঠ ভূমিকা পালন করেন। আগরতলা ষড়যন্ত্র মামলার আসামীদের মুক্তি দাবি করেন। ৮ মার্চ (১৯৬৯) পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানে গিয়ে সেখানে পাকিস্তান পিপলস পার্টির নেতা জুলফিকার আলী ভুট্টোর সাথে সাক্ষাত করে গণতন্ত্র ও সমাজতন্ত্র কায়েমের লক্ষ্যে একমত হন। ২৬শে ফেব্রুয়ারি আইয়ুব খান কর্তৃক আহুত গোলটেবিল বৈঠক প্রত্যাখান করে শ্রমজীবীদের ঘেরাও কর্মসূচী পালনে উৎসাহ প্রদান করেন। আইয়ুব খান সরকারের পতনের পর নির্বাচনের পূর্বে ভোটের আগে ভাত চাই, ইসলামিক সমাজতন্ত্র কায়েম ইত্যাদি দাবি উত্থাপন করেন।", "মশিউর রহমান\nমশিউর রহমান (জুলাই ৯, ১৯২৪ - মার্চ ১২, ১৯৭৯) যিনি যাদু মিয়া নামে পরিচিত, বাংলাদেশের সাবেক মন্ত্রী ছিলেন। তিনি জিয়াউর রহমানের সরকারের সময় প্রধানমন্ত্রীর মর্যাদায় সিনিয়র মন্ত্রী ছিলেন। । তিনি মাওলানা ভাসানীর শিষ্য ছিলেন এবং ১৯৭৬-এ তাঁর মৃত্যুর পর বাংলাদেশ ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টির সভাপতি হন। ছাত্র জীবনে তিনি অবিভক্ত ভারতে ব্রিটিশ বিরোধী আন্দোলনে যোগ দিয়ে রাজনীতি শুরু করেন। তবে তেভাগা আন্দোলনের সময় তাঁর ভূমিকা নিয়ে বিতর্ক রয়েছে। পাকিস্তান হওয়ার পর আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগ গঠিত হয়, তিনি এর একজন প্রতিষ্ঠাতা সদস্য। অতঃপর ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি গঠিত হয় এবং ১৯৭৯ খ্রীস্টাব্দ পর্যন্ত তিনি এ রাজনৈতিক দলের একজন জাতীয় নেতা হিসাবে বিভিন্ন পর্যায়ে নেতৃত্ব দিয়ে ছিলেন।", "এ কে এম এনামুল হক শামীম\nশামীম শিক্ষার্থী থাকাকালীন বাংলাদেশ ছাত্রলীগে যোগদানের মাধ্যমে রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ করেন। ১৯৭৯ এম এ উচ্চ বিদ্যালয় শাখা ছাত্রলীগের সাধারণ সম্পাদক, ১৯৮৪ সালে জাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শাখা ছাত্রলীগের সাংগঠনিক সম্পাদক, ১৯৮৬ সালে সাধারণ সম্পাদক ও ১৯৮৮ সালে বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় শাখার সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৮৯ সালে জাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় কেন্দ্রীয় ছাত্র সংসদের (জাকসু) সহ-সভাপতি (ভিপি) নির্বাচিত হন। পরের বছর ছাত্রলীগের কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য, ১৯৯২ সালে সিনিয়র সহ-সভাপতি ও ১৯৯৪ সালে কেন্দ্রীয় ছাত্রলীগের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন। ২০০২ সালে আওয়ামী লীগের পর্যবেক্ষক সদস্য হিসেবে যোগদানের মাধ্যমে তিনি মূল রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ করেন। ২০১২ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারিতে প্রথমবার ও ডিসেম্বরে দ্বিতীয়বারেরমত আওয়ামী লীগের কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সদস্য হন এবং ২০১৬ সালের অক্টোবরে আওয়ামী লীগের ২০তম সম্মেলনে তিনি কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির সাংগঠনিক সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হন।", "শাহজাদা আবদুল মালেক খান\n১৯৭০ সালের নির্বাচনে আওয়ামীলীগের প্রার্থী হিসেবে পাথরঘাটা–বরগুনা আসনে সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের আগে অসহযোগ আন্দোলনে বিভিন্ন স্থানে বিশেষ করে বেতাগী, বামনা, পাথরঘাটা ও কাঠালিয়া থানার নেতৃত্ব দেন। ১৯৭১ সালের ২৫ মার্চ বঙ্গবন্ধুর স্বাধীনতা ঘোষনার পর মুজিব নগরের অস্থায়ী সরকারের অধীনে স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে সক্রিয় ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ১৯৭৩ সনে গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজবুর রহমানের মন্ত্রীপরিষদের শিল্প প্রতিমন্ত্রী হিসেবে যোগ দেন।", "হামিদুল হক\nহামিদুল হক ১৯৭১ সালে উচ্চবিদ্যালয়ের শিক্ষক ছিলেন। মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়েন যুদ্ধে। দেশের অভ্যন্তরে টাঙ্গাইলে গঠিত কাদেরিয়া বাহিনীতে যোগ দিয়ে বল্লাসহ আরও কয়েক স্থানে যুদ্ধ করেন। পাশাপাশি কাদেরিয়া বাহিনীর বেসামরিক বিভাগেরও গুরুত্বপূর্ণ কিছু দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৯০ সালে উপজেলা চেয়ারম্যান পদে নির্বাচন করে বিজয়ী হয়ে তিনি পাঁচ বছর উপজেলা চেয়ারম্যান হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "এম হামিদুল্লাহ খান\nবাংলাদেশের বিমান বাহিনী থেকে L.P.R (লীভ পাৱ ৱিটায়াৱমেন্ট) গ্রহণের পর তিনি বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দলে যোগ দিযে রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশ করেন। মাটি ও মানুষের সঙ্গে কাজ করার তাগিদে তিনি ১৯৭৯ সালে ১০ই জানুয়াৱি বিমান বাহিনী থেকে সম্পূৰ্ণ অবসরগ্রহণ করেন। এরপর শুরু হয় ভিন্ন এক জীবন মানুষের পাশে দাঁড়াতে বেছে নেন রাজনীতি। ১৯৭৯, ১৯৯১ ও ১৯৯৬ এই তিন সালের নির্বাচনের আসন থেকে প্রতিদ্বন্দিতা করে বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হয়েছেন। ২০০১ এৱ নিৰ্বাচনে বৰ্তমান একমি ঔষধেৱ মালিক মিজানুৱ ৱহমান সিনহা'ৱ কাছে তাৱ গোৱা আসনটি অৰ্থেৱ বিনিময় ৱদবদলতি হওয়াতে তিনি বিশ্বাস ঘাতকতাৱ পাল্টা পদক্ষেপ নিয়ে বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগে যোগদান কৱেন।\n২০০৮ সালের নির্বাচনে তিনি ঢাকা-১৫ আসন থেকে পুনৱায় বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দলের প্রার্থী হিসেবে প্রতিদ্বন্দিতা করেন", "আব্দুল হাদী\nআব্দুল হাদী ১৯৫৬ সালে ছাত্রাবস্থায় রাজশাহী পৌর নির্বাচনে কমিশনার পদের জন্য নির্বাচিত হন। মূলত এখান থেকেই তাঁর রাজনৈতিক জীবন এর প্রথম শুরু হয়। পৌর কমিশনারদের ভোটে তিনি রাজশাহী পৌর এর ভাইস চেয়ারম্যান এবং পরবর্তিতে ১৯৫৮ সালে ভারপ্রাপ্ত চেয়ারম্যান হিসেবে দায়ীত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৬০ সালে দেশে মার্শাল ল জারি করা হলে মিলিটারি বাহিনীর অধীনে জেলা পরিষদ এর সদস্য নির্বাচিত করা হয় তাঁকে। ১৯৬১ সালে জেলা ক্রিড়া সমিতির সাধারন সম্পাদক হিসেবেও দায়ীত্ব পালন করেন তিনি।", "দেলাওয়ার হোসাইন সাঈদী\n১৯৮০’র দশকের প্রথমদিকে সাঈদী সাড়াদেশব্যাপী ইসলামী ওয়াজ-মাহফিল ও তাফসির করা শুরু করেন এবং তার সুন্দর বক্তব্য দানের ক্ষমতার জন্য দেশব্যাপী জনপ্রিয়তা অর্জন করেন; এ সময়ই তিনি রাজনীতিতে প্রবেশের সিদ্ধান্ত নেন। তিনি বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামীর অন্যতম নেতা নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৯৬ সালের জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে অংশ নিয়ে তিনি প্রথমবারের মতো বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। পরে ২০০১ সালের জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামী এবং বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল নির্বাচনী জোট গঠন করে এবং তিনি এই নির্বাচনে পুনরায় জাতীয় সংসদ-এর সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন।", "আবদুল হামিদ (শিক্ষাবিদ)\n২৩ ফেব্রুয়ারি, ১৯৬৯ তারিখে পাকিস্তান গণমুক্তি পার্টির পুণর্গঠন উপলক্ষে তৎকালীন রায়পুরা থানার নারায়ণপুর বাজারে অনুষ্ঠিত বিশাল জনসভায় স্বাধীন-সার্বভৌম বাংলাদেশের দাবী করেন ও গণভোট আয়োজনের দাবী জানান। ঐ একই জনসভায় আবদুল হামিদের অনুপ্রেরণায় স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশ প্রতিষ্ঠার অন্যতম স্বপ্নদ্রষ্টা ও আগরতলা ষড়যন্ত্র মামলার অন্যতম আসামী সার্জেন্ট আবদুল জলিলকে গণসংবর্ধনা দেয়া হয়। এরপর ২৪ ফেব্রুয়ারি, ১৯৬৯ তারিখে বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা লাভ ও গণভোট বিষয়ে রাওয়ালপিণ্ডিতে গোলটেবিল আলোচনায় ব্যস্ত মজলুম জননেতা মওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী, বঙ্গবন্ধু শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান, আইয়ুব খানসহ অন্যান্য নেতাকে টেলিগ্রাম বার্তা প্রেরণ করেন।", "নসরুল হামিদ\nনসরুল হামিদ তরুন বয়স থেকেই রাজনীতিতে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। তিনি বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগের তৃণমুল পর্যায় থেকে আস্তে আস্তে সাংগঠনিক পদ্ধতিতে আজকের এই পর্যায়ে এসেছেন। তিনি ১৯৯৪ থেকে ২০০১ সাল পর্যন্ত কেরানীগঞ্জ উপজেলা আওয়ামী লীগের সম্পাদক ছিলেন। ১৯৯৭ সালে তিনি বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগের সহকারী সেক্রেটারী নির্বাচিত হন এবং ১২ বছর এই দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। তিনি ২০০১ থেকে ২০১৩ সাল পর্যন্ত ঢাকা জেলা আওয়ামী লীগের সহ-সভাপতি ছিলেন। ঢাকা-৩ আসন থেকে নবম জাতীয় নির্বাচনে জয়ী হওয়ার পর তিনি প্রথমবারের মত সংসদ সদদ্য হন। ২০১৪ সালে তিনি দ্বিতীয়বারের মত নির্বাচিত হন এবং বিদ্যুৎ, জ্বালানী ও খনিজ সম্পদ মন্ত্রনালয়ের প্রতিমন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পান।\nরাজনৈতিক কর্মকান্ডের পাশাপাশি নসরুল হামিদ একজন সফল ব্যবসায়ী, সগঠক। তিনি হামিদ গ্রুপের চেয়ারম্যান হিসেবে দায়িত্বরত আছেন.। তিনি রিহ্যাব (Real Estate & Housing Association of Bangladesh) এর সাবেক সভাপতি এবং আবাহনী স্পোর্টিং ক্লাব এর পরিচালক হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন।", "উমা সেন\nউমা সেন তাঁর দাদা বিপ্লবী অমরেন্দ্রনাথ সেনের আদর্শে প্রভাবিত হয়ে রাজনীতিতে যোগ দেন। এরপরে দীনেশ গুপ্তের \"বেনু\" পত্রিকার মাধ্যমে অনুপ্রানিত হন। ১৯৩৩ সালে বিপ্লবী দলে যোগ দেন।", "আবদুল ওয়াহেদ (রাজনীতিবিদ)\nআবদুল ওয়াহেদ বোকাইনগরী ছিলেন ময়মনসিংহের গৌরীপুরের প্রথিতযশা রাজনৈতিক নেতা। তিনি কলকাতার এসেম্বলীর সদস্য ছিলেন এছাড়াও পুর্ব পাকিস্তান আইন পরিষদ সদস্য হিসেবেও নির্বাচিত হয়েছিলেন। \n১৯০৫ সালে শেরেবাংলা একে ফজলুল হকের কৃষক শ্রমিক দলে যোগ দেন তিনি। কংগ্রেসের লাঙল প্রতীকে নির্বাচন করে কলকাতার এসেম্বলীর সদস্য হয়েছিলেন। কলকাতা এসেম্বলিতে বাংলায় বক্তৃতা নিষিদ্ধ ছিল। অধিবেশনে তিনি বাংলায় বক্তৃতা দিতে শুরু করলে স্পীকার তাঁকে বাংলায় বক্তৃতা দিতে নিষেধ করতে থাকেন। তা অগ্রাহ্য করে তিনি বাংলাতেই পুরো বক্তব্য দেন। কলকাতা এসেম্বলিতে বাংলা ভাষায় বক্তৃতা দেবার অধিকার নিয়ে তিনি আন্দোলন করেন। \n১৯৩৭ সনে কৃষক প্রজা পার্টি থেকে মনোনয়ন নিয়ে অবিভক্ত বাংলার এবং দেশ বিভাগের পর ১৯৫৪ সনে যুক্তফ্রন্টের হয়ে নির্বাচন করে তৎকালীন পুর্ব পাকিস্তান আইন পরিষদ সদস্য(এমএলএ) নির্বাচিত হন । ১৯৪৯ সালে তিনি গৌরীপুর পৌরসভার চেয়ারম্যান নির্বাচিত হন।", "হামিদুল হক চৌধুরী\nহামিদুল হক চৌধুরী ১৯৩৭ সালে মুসলিম লীগের মনোনয়নে বঙ্গীয় ব্যবস্থাপক পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। বঙ্গীয় মুসলিম লীগের অন্যতম নেতা হিসেবে ঐতিহাসিক পাকিস্তান আন্দোলনে অংশনেন। ভারত-পাকিস্তান সীমানা নির্ধারণের জন্য গঠিত, বহুলালোচিত র‌্যাডকিফ কমিশনের সদস্য হিসেবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখেন।\n১৯৪৯ সালে পূর্ববঙ্গ সরকারের অর্থমন্ত্রী নিযুক্ত হন। একই বছর পাকিস্তানের প্রধানমন্ত্রী লিয়াকত আলী খানের সাথে মতানৈক্য ঘটলে মন্ত্রিত্ব থেকে পদত্যাগ করেন। ১৯৫৩ সালে শেরেবাংলা এ কে ফজলুল হকের নেতৃত্বে কৃষক-শ্রমিক পার্টি গঠন করেন এবং দলের সহসভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৫৫ সালে পার্টির মনোনয়নে পূর্ববঙ্গ পরিষদের সদস্যদের ভোটে পাকিস্তানের দ্বিতীয় গণপরিষদে সদস্য নির্বাচিত হয়েছিলেন। একই বছর ২৬ সেপ্টেম্বর যুক্তফ্রন্ট-মুসলিম লীগ কেন্দ্রীয় কোয়ালিশন সরকারের পররাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী নিযুক্ত হন চৌধুরী মোহাম্মদ আলীর মন্ত্রিসভায়। ১৯৫৬ সালের ১০ সেপ্টেম্বর পর্যন্ত এ পদে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৫৬ সালে পাকিস্তানের প্রথম সংবিধানের খসড়া বিল প্রণয়ন এবং গণপরিষদে তা পাস করিয়ে নেয়ার ব্যাপারে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ১৯৫৮ সালে ১৬ সেপ্টেম্বর কেন্দ্রীয় অর্থমন্ত্রী নিযুক্ত হন ফিরোজ খান নুন মন্ত্রিসভায়। একই বছর ৭ অক্টোবর দেশব্যাপী সামরিক আইন জারি করা হলে মন্ত্রিত্ব থেকে পদচ্যুত ও গ্রেফতার হন। ১৯৬২-তে হোসেন শহীদ সোহরাওয়ার্দীর নেতৃত্বে গঠিত ‘ন্যাশনাল ডেমোক্র্যাটিক ফ্রন্টের (এনডিএফ) তিনি অন্যতম সংগঠক এবং এর কোষাধ্যক্ষ ছিলেন।", "মহেন্দ্র মোহন চৌধুরী\nভারতবর্ষ স্বাধীন হওয়ার পর তিনি ভারতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্রেসে যোগদান করে ১৯৫৭ সনে তিনি নিখিল ভারতীয় কংগ্রেস কমিটীর সাধারণ সম্পাদক রুপে নিযুক্তি লাভ করেন। ১৯৭০ থেকে ১৯৭২ সন পর্যন্ত তিনি অসমের চতুর্থ মুখ্যমন্ত্রী রুপে নিযুক্তি লাভ করেন। তারপর তিনি ১৯৭৩ সনে থেকে ১৯৭৭ সন পর্যন্ত পাঞ্জাবের রাজ্যপাল হিসেবে কার্যনির্বাহ করেন। এই সময়ে তিনি মহাপুরুষ শ্রীমন্ত শঙ্কদেবকে বিভিন্ন রাজ্যে প্রচার করার চেষ্টা করেন। পাঞ্জাবের পাটীয়ালা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে শঙ্করদেব আসন তাঁর প্রচেষ্টার একটি উদাহারণ।। অসমে উন্নত পদ্ধতিতে চাষ করা ও অসমীয়া ভাষাকে স্বীকৃতি দেওয়া তাঁর উল্লেখযোগ্য অবদান।", "শাহ আব্দুল হামিদ\nছোটবেলা থেকেই শাহ আব্দুল হামিদ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনে অংশগ্রহন করেন। তিনি ১৯৩০ সালে দেশবন্ধু চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশের অসহযোগ আন্দোলনে যুক্ত হন। ১৯৩৬ সালে তিনি মুলসিমলীগে যোগ দেন। ১৯৪১ সালে রংপুর জেলা বোর্ডের ভাইস চেয়ারম্যান নির্বাচিত হন এবং ১৯৫৩ সাল পর্যন্ত এই পদে ছিলেন।", "আরশাদ মাদানী\nআরশাদ মাদানী কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন ১৯৬৫ সালে বিহার প্রদেশের প্রসিদ্ধ শিক্ষা প্রতিষ্ঠান জামিয়া কাসিমিয়া গয়ায় শিক্ষক হিসাবে যোগদানের মাধ্যমে। ১৯৬৯ সালে দারুল উলূম দেওবন্দের শাইখুল হাদীস এবং তৎকালীন জমিয়তে উলামায়ে হিন্দের সভাপতি সায়্যিদ ফখরুদ্দীনের হুকুমে জামিয়া কাসিমিয়া মাদরাসা শাহী মুরাদাবাদে মুদাররিস পদে যোগদান করেন। ১৯৭১ সালে মাওলানা ফখরুদ্দীন তার শিক্ষাগত যোগ্যতা ও পরিচালনার দক্ষতা দেখে শিক্ষা কমিটির কনভেনার এবং ১৯৭২ সালে সহকারী শিক্ষা সচিব হিসাবে নিয়োগ দেন। তখন মাওলানা ফখরুদ্দীন নিজেই শিক্ষা সচিব ছিলেন। ১৯৮২ সালে দারুল উলূম দেওবন্দের মজলিসে শুরার আহবানে তিনি মুহাদ্দিস পদে যোগদান করেন। ১৯৯৬-২০০৮ সাল পর্যন্ত দারুল উলূম দেওবন্দের শিক্ষা সচিব ছিলেন। তিনি তার দায়িত্ব পালনকালে হিফয বিভাগ, ক্বিরায়াত বিভাগও প্রথমিক আরবী বিভাগসমূহ অতুলনীয়ভাবে সফলতা লাভ করে। বর্তমানে তিরমিযি শরিফ অধ্যাপনায় নিয়োজিত আছেন। ২০১২ সালে রাবেতায়ে আলম আল ইসলামি এর সদস্য পদ লাভ করেন।", "শামসুল হক ফরিদপুরী\nছদর সাহেব পাটগাতীর স্থানীয় জনৈক হিন্দু পণ্ডিতের কাছে লেখাপড়া শুরু করেন। এরপর টুঙ্গিপাড়া এবং বরিশালের সুটিয়াকাঠি স্কুল থেকে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা শেষ করেন। ১৯১৫ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে তিনি নোয়াপাড়ার বাঘরিয়া হাই স্কুলে ষষ্ঠ শ্রেণীর বার্ষিক পরীক্ষায় প্রথম স্থান অর্জন করেন। ষষ্ঠ শ্রেণী পর্যন্ত লেখা-পড়া সমাপ্ত করার পর সপ্তম শ্রেণীতে ভর্তি হন কলিকাতা আলিয়া মাদ্রাসায় এবং ১৯১৯ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে কলিকাতা আলিয়া মাদ্রাসার এ্যাংলো পার্সিয়ান (ইংলিশ মিডিয়াম) বিভাগ থেকে প্রবেশিকা পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হন। এরপর তিনি স্কলারশিপ নিয়ে ভর্তি হন প্রেসিডেন্সি কলেজে। কিছুদিন পর শুরু হয় মহাত্মা গান্ধীর অসহযোগ আন্দোলন। তখন তিনি কলেজ ত্যাগ করে থানাভবনে হাকীমুল উম্মাত মাওলানা আশরাফ আলী থানভীর কাছে চলে আসেন।", "আবুল হাসনাত মোহাম্মদ কামারুজ্জামান\n১৯৫৬ সালে কামারুজ্জামান আওয়ামী লীগে যোগ দেন। ১৯৫৭ সালে রাজশাহী জেলা আওয়ামী লীগের সাধারণ সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হন।১৯৬২ ও ১৯৬৫ সালে তিনি দুবার মৌলিক গণতন্র ব্যবস্থায় জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন।১৯৬৬ সালে তিনি ঐতিহাসিক ৬ দফা আন্দোলনে আত্মনিয়োগ করেন। ১৯৬৭ তিনি সালে নিখিল পাকিস্তান আওয়ামী লীগের সাধারণ সম্পাদক এবং বিরোধী দলীয় উপনেতা নির্বাচিত হন।[1] আইয়ুব খান সরকারের নির্যাতনের প্রতিবাদে এবং ছাত্র সংগ্রাম পরিষদের ১১ দফা দাবির সমর্থনে ১৯৬৯ সালে তিনি পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য পদ থেকে পদত্যাগ করেন। ১৯৭০ সালের নির্বাচনে পুনরায় তিনি রাজশাহী থেকে জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৭০ সালে সারা দেশে অস্থির রাজনৈতিক পরিবেশ বিরাজ করতে থাকে। এমন সময় শেখ মুজিব ৫জন সদস্য বিশিষ্ট দলীয় হাই কমান্ড গঠন করেন। এই হাই কমান্ডের একজন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নেতা ছিলেন কামারুজ্জামান।[2]", "মওদুদ আহমেদ\n১৯৭৭-৭৯ সালে তিনি রাষ্ট্রপতি জিয়াউর রহমানের সরকারের মন্ত্রী ও উপদেষ্টা ছিলেন। ১৯৭৯ সালে তিনি প্রথম সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন এবং তাকে উপ-প্রধানমন্ত্রী করা হয়। ১৯৮১ সালের মে মাসে জিয়াউর রহমান নিহত হন এবং এক বছরের ভেতর হুসেইন মুহাম্মদ এরশাদ রাষ্ট্রক্ষমতা গ্রহণ করেন। ১৯৮৫ এর নির্বাচনে মওদুদ আহমেদ আবার সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন এবং সরকারের তথ্য মন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পান। এক বছর পর ১৯৮৬ এ তাকে আবার উপ-প্রধানমন্ত্রী করা হয়। ১৯৮৮ সালে তিনি প্রধানমন্ত্রী হন। ১৯৮৯ সালে তাকে শিল্প মন্ত্রণালয়ের দায়িত্ব দেওয়া হয় এবং এরশাদ তাকে উপ-রাষ্ট্রপতি করেন। ৬ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৯০ সালে এরশাদ সরকার জনরোষের মুখে ক্ষমতা ছেড়ে দেয়। জাতীয় পার্টির মনোনয়ন নিয়ে ১৯৯১-এ মওদুদ আহমেদ আবার সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৯৬ সালে আওয়ামী লীগ ক্ষমতায় এলে তিনি বিএনপিতে যোগ দেন। ২০০১ সালেও তিনি বিএনপির মনোনয়ন নিয়ে সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। পাঁচবার মওদুদ আহমেদ নোয়াখালী জেলার কোম্পানিগঞ্জ উপজেলা থেকে নির্বাচিত হন।", "আবদুল হামিদ (শিক্ষাবিদ)\n১৯৬২ সালের আইনসভায় পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য (এমএনএ) নির্বাচিত হন। এ সময়ে তিনি সরকারী চাকুরীজীবীদের ন্যায় কৃষক, শ্রমিক ও মেহনতী মানুষের জন্যও বার্ধক্যভাতার দাবী উত্থাপন করেন। রায়পুরা, মনোহরদী ও শিবপুর এলাকা থেকে স্বতন্ত্র সদস্য নির্বাচিত হওয়া সত্ত্বেও পাকিস্তানের যুদ্ধনীতি প্রণয়নে আইনসভায় গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেন। ফলশ্রুতিতে, রাষ্ট্রপতি আইয়ুব খান তাঁকে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের গভর্নরের দায়িত্ব পালনের প্রস্তাবনা দেন। পাশাপাশি মুসলিম লীগে যোগদানের শর্ত যুক্ত করলে তিনি তা বিনয়ের সাথে প্রত্যাখ্যান করেন।", "অলি আহাদ\nমুক্তিযুদ্ধের পর স্বাধীন সার্বভৌম বাংলাদেশে তিনি আধিপত্যবাদ বিরোধী অবস্হান গ্রহণ করেন ৷ মুক্তিযুদ্ধের মৌলিক চেতনা বাস্তবায়নের জন্য শাসকদের উপর তিনি চাপ সৃষ্টি করেন ৷ তত্কালীন সরকারের অত্যাচার ও নির্যাতনের বিরুদ্ধে মজলুম জননেতা মাওলানা ভাসানীর নের্তৃত্ব দুঃশাসন বিরোধী এক তীব্র আন্দোলন গড়ে তোলেন ৷ সরকার কর্তৃক ১৪৪ ধারা জারি করে সভা সমিতি বন্ধ করার প্রতিবাদে জনাব অলি আহাদ ২৮ জুন ১৯৭৪ তারিখে হাইকোর্টে রিট আবেদন করেন ৷ বিচারপতি দেবেশচন্দ্র ভট্টাচার্য ও বিচারপতি আবদুর রহমান চৌধুরী সমন্বয়ে গঠিত হাইকোর্টে বেঞ্চ ৯ অক্টোবর ১৯৭৪ তারিখে ১৪৪ ধারা জারিকে অবৈধ ঘোষণা করেন ৷ কিন্তু ইতিমধ্যে ৩০ জুন ১৯৭৪ তারিখে বিশেষ ক্ষমতা আইনে সরকার তাঁকে গ্রেফতার করে কারাগারে নিক্ষেপ করে ৷ তিনি ৪র্থ সংশোধনীর মাধ্যমে সৃষ্ট একদলীয় স্বৈরশাসন তথা বাকশালী ব্যবস্হার বিরুদ্ধেও রুখে দাঁড়ান ৷ বাক ও ব্যক্তি স্বাধীনতা, গণতন্ত্র ও সংবাদপত্রের স্বাধীনতার পক্ষে পরিচালিত সকল সংগ্রামে অকুতোভয় এই লড়াকু জননায়ক আজীবন গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রেখেছেন । আশির দশকে সামরিক শাসন ব্যবস্হার বিরুদ্ধে আপোসহীন ভূমিকার কারণেও তিনি নিগৃহীত হন ৷ তাঁকে একাধিকবার গ্রেফতার করে কারাগারে আটকে রাখা হয় ৷ শুধু তাই নয়, তাঁর জনপ্রিয় সাপ্তাহিক ইত্তেহাদকে নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষণা করা হয় ৷ অলি আহাদ ডেমোক্র্যাটিক লীগ নামে একটি দল গঠন করেন। দলটি এরশাদ বিরোধী আন্দোলনে বিএনপি নেতৃত্বাধীন ৭ দলীয় জোটের শরীক হয়।", "মোহাম্মদ আবদুল মান্নান\nএম এ মান্নান ১৯৭১ সালে ক্ষুদ্র ব্যবসা করতেন। রাজনীতিতেও জড়িত ছিলেন। মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়েন যুদ্ধে। ফরিদপুর জেলায় সর্বপ্রথম তাঁর নেতৃত্বে আলফাডাঙ্গার গোপালপুরে সুপরিকল্পিত ও সুশৃঙ্খল মুক্তি সেনার একটি দল গড়ে ওঠে। বেশির ভাগ সময় তিনি সহযোদ্ধাদের নিয়ে দেশের ভেতরে ছিলেন। আলফাডাঙ্গা, কাশিয়ানীসহ বিভিন্ন স্থানে সাহসিকতার সঙ্গে গেরিলাযুদ্ধ করেন। স্বাধীনতার পর তিনি কয়েক মেয়াদে গোপালপুর ইউনিয়ন পরিষদের (ইউপি) নির্বাচিত চেয়ারম্যান হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "মোহাম্মদ দানেশ\nএই দল পূর্ব বাংলার প্রাদেশিক নির্বাচনে এ কে ফজলুল হকের নেতৃত্বে যুক্তফ্রন্টে যোগ দেয় নির্বাচনে যুক্তফ্রন্ট মুসলিম লীগকে পরাজিত করে। ১৯৫৩ সালে গণতন্ত্রী দল যুক্তফ্রন্ট্রে যোগ দিলে তিনি ১৯৫৪ সালের নির্বাচনে দিনাজপুর জেলা থেকে পূর্ব বঙ্গ আইন পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। অতপর কেন্দ্রীয় সরকার কর্তৃক ৯২-ক ধারা জারি করে পূর্ববঙ্গ যুক্তফ্রন্ট মন্ত্রীসভা ভেঙ্গে দিলে তিনি গ্রেফতার হন এবং ১৯৫৬ সালে মুক্তি লাভ করেন। ১৯৫৭ সালে গণতন্ত্রী দলকে ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টির (ন্যাপ) সাথে যুক্ত করেন। ন্যাপের প্রতিষ্ঠাতা ছিলেন মজলুম নেতা বলে খ্যাত মাওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী। দানেশ ন্যাপের ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট ও পরে জেনারেল সেক্রেটারি হন।", "আব্দুল হাদী\n১৯৬৭ সালে এ.এইচ.এম কামারুজ্জামান এর সহযোগিতায় আওয়ামী লীগ এর রাজনীতিতে সক্রিয় হন এবং একই বছর এ তিনি সদর মহাকুমা আওয়ামী লীগ এর সাধারন সম্পাদক এর পদে দায়ীত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৭০ সালে শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান কর্তৃক প্রাদেশিক এসেম্বলি এর এমপিএ মনোনিত হন এবং ১৯৭০ এর পাকিস্তানের সাধারণ নির্বাচনে রাজশাহী থেকে সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে নির্বাচিত হন।", "খড়্গ প্রসাদ অলি\n১৯৬৬ সালে, রাজনৈতিক দলবিহীন পঞ্চায়েত ব্যবস্থার সময়ে অলির রাজনৈতিক জীবন শুরু হয়। ১৯৭০ সালের ফেব্রুয়ারি মাসে তিনি কমিউনিস্ট পার্টিতে যোগ দেন। এর মধ্যেই তিনি বিধ্বংসী রাজনীতিতে জড়িয়ে যান এবং ১৯৭০ সালেই প্রথম কারাবরণ করেন। এক বছর পর তিনি পার্টির জেলা সমিতির সদস্য হন এবং ১৯৭২ সালের মধ্যেই ঝাপা আন্দোলনের ব্যবস্থাপক সমিতির প্রধান নির্বাচিত হন। এরপর ১৯৭৩ থেকে ১৯৮৭ পর্যন্ত ১৪ বছরের জন্য কারারুদ্ধ হন। কারাগার থেকে মুক্তি পাওয়ার পর তিনি নেপাল কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি (একীকৃত মার্ক্সবাদী-লেনিনবাদী)-র লুম্বিনী অঞ্চলের দায়িত্বে কেন্দ্রীয় সমিতির সদস্য হন। ১৯৯০ পর্যন্ত তিনি এই পদে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "পূর্ব পাকিস্তান\nপশ্চিম পাকিস্তানের প্রভাব ও স্বৈর দৃষ্টিভঙ্গীর বিরূদ্ধে প্রথম পদক্ষেপ ছিল মাওলানা ভাসানীর নেতৃত্বে আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগের প্রতিষ্ঠা। ১৯৪৯ সালে এই দলটি প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়। ১৯৫৪ সালের যুক্তফ্রন্ট নিবার্চনে বিজয় এবং ১৯৬৫ সালে প্রেসিডেন্ট নির্বাচনে পাকিস্তানের সামরিক প্রশাসক জেনারেল আইয়ুব খানকে পরাজিত করার লক্ষ্য নিয়ে সম্মিলিত বিরোধী দল বা 'কপ'-প্রতিষ্ঠা ছিল পাকিস্তানী সামরিক শাসনের বিরূদ্ধে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানী রাজনীতিবিদদের নেতৃত্বমূলক আন্দোলনের মাইলফলক। পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের স্বাধিকারের প্রশ্ন ১৯৫০-এর মধ্যভাগ থেকে উচ্চারিত হতে থাকে। ১৯৬০ দশকের মাঝামাঝি থেকে বাঙালি জাতীয়তাবাদ ধারণাটি প্রকৃষ্ট হতে শুরু করে। ১৯৬৯ সালে পূর্ব পাকিস্তানকে বিচ্ছিন্ন করার অভিযোগে আগরতলা ষড়যন্ত্র মামলা দায়ের করা হয়। ১৯৬৯-এ আইয়ুব খানের পতন হয় তবে সামরিক শাসন অব্যাহত থাকে। ১৯৭০-এ সাধারণ নির্বাচন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। আওয়ামী লীগ এ নির্বাচনে অংশ গ্রহণ করে এবং পাকিস্তানে একক সংখ্যা গরিষ্ঠতা অর্জন করে। কিন্তু পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানী রাজনৈতিকদের ষড়যন্ত্রের কারণে প্রেসিডেন্ট জেনারেল ইয়াহিয়া খান শেখ মুজিবের নিকট ক্ষমতা হস্তান্তর থেকে বিরত থাকেন।", "আমেনা বেগম\n১৯৭৬ সালে স্বাধীনতার পর আমেনা বেগম জাতীয় লীগকে পুরজ্জীবিত করেন ও রাজনীতিতে পুনরায় ফিরে আসনে জাতীয় লীগের সিনিয়র সহ-সভাপতি হিসেবে। সাত দলের সাথে ঐক্যবদ্ধ হয়ে তিনি এরশাদ বিরোধী আন্দোলনে অংশ নেন কিন্তু ১৯৮৪ সালে তার দলের সভাপতি আতাউর রহমান খান এরশাদের মন্ত্রিসভার প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব নেন। পরবর্তিতে তিনি জাতীয় লীগের সভাপতির দায়িত্ব নেন ও দলকে পুনরায় ঐক্যবদ্ধ করার চেষ্ঠা করেন।", "আসাদুজ্জামান খান\n১৯৪১ সালে, আসাদুজ্জামান খান বেঙ্গল সিভিল সার্ভিস, বিচার বিভাগীয় শাখাতে যোগদান করেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের আইন বিভাগ থেকে এম.এ ডিগ্রি অর্জন করেন এবং হাইকোর্টের আইনজীবী ছিলেন। ১৯৬৫ সালে তিনি পূর্ব পাকিস্তান প্রাদেশিক পরিষদে নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৬৭ সালে তিনি বিরোধী দলের নেতা হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন এবং ১৯৬৯ সালে আওয়ামী লীগ এ যোগ দেন। তিনি শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান এর মন্ত্রিসভায় পাটমন্ত্রী ছিলেন। ১৯৭৫ সালে খন্দকার মোস্তাক আহমদ এর মন্ত্রিসভায় বন্দর, নৌবাহিনী এবং অভ্যন্তরীণ নৌ পরিবহন মন্ত্রী। ১৯৭৯ সালে তিনি আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন এবং বিরোধী দলের নেতা হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "আহমাদ আলী\n১৯১৬ সালে কলিকাতা থেকে ফিরে দেশের বিভিন্ন মাদরাসায় তিনি শিক্ষকতা শুরু করেন এবং সুনাম অর্জন করেন। সাতক্ষীরা সদরের লাবসা মাদরাসায় তিনি ২ দফায় প্রায় ২৭ বছর শিক্ষকতা করেন। অত:পর ১৯৫৬ সালে তিনি সাতক্ষীরার কলারোয়া উপযেলার কাকডাঙ্গায় জীবনের শেষ স্মৃতি \"কাকডাঙ্গা আহমাদিয়া সিনিয়র মাদরাসা\" প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। এ মাদরাসাতেই জীবনের শেষ ১২ বছর অতীবাহিত করে ১৯৬৮ সালে তিনি অবসর গ্রহণ করেন। অত:পর মৃত্যুর পূর্ব পর্যন্ত তিনি বিভিন্ন গ্রন্থ রচনা, ফাতাওয়া-মাসাইল এবং ওয়াজ-নছীহতে কালাতিপাত করেন। তিনি মুসলিম সাংবাদিকতার জনক মওলানা মুহাম্মদ আকরাম খাঁর অত্যন্ত ঘনিষ্ঠ ও স্নেহভাজন ছিলেন। তিনি মুসলিম লীগের রাজনীতিতে বিশ্বাসী ছিলেন এবং ১৯৪৭ সালের দেশবিভাগ আন্দোলনে একজন সক্রিয় সমর্থক ছিলেন। সুদীর্ঘকাল শিক্ষকতার জীবনে অতীবাহিত করার সুবাদে সাতক্ষীরার অধিকাংশ বয়স্ক আলেম এবং শিক্ষিতজনরা তাঁর ছাত্র। এখনও তাদের মুখে \"আদর্শ শিক্ষক\" হিসাবে মাওলানা আহমাদ আলীর নাম শোনা যায়।", "মুহাম্মাদ আব্দুল মালেক\nতার শিক্ষাজীবন শুরু হয় চাঁদপুর শাহরাস্তির খেড়িহর কওমি মাদ্রাসায়। সেখানে তিনি মিশকাত জামাত পর্যন্ত অধ্যয়ন করেন। এরপর তিনি পাকিস্তানের করাচিতে \"বিনোরি টাউন জামিয়াতুল উলুম আলইসলামিয়া\"য় ভর্তি হন। ১৯৮৮ সালে তিনি সেখানে তাকমীল ( ইসলামিক স্টাডিজ-এ মাস্টার্স সমমানের ডিগ্রি) সমাপন করেন। এরপর তিনি ঐ জামিয়াতেই \"মাওলানা আব্দুর রশীদ নোমানী\"র তত্ত্বাবধানে তিন বছর হাদীসশাস্ত্রে উচ্চতর শিক্ষা (তাখাসসুস ফিল হাদীস) গ্রহণ করেন এবং ১৯৯১ সালে তাখাসসুস ফিল হাদীস সমাপন করেন। এরপর তিনি দুই বছর করাচির \"দারুল উলুম মাদ্রাসা\"য় মুফতি তাকী উসমানীর তত্ত্বাবধানে ফিকহ এবং ফতোয়া বিষয়ে উচ্চতর শিক্ষা ( তাখাসসুস ফিল ইফতা ) গ্রহণ করেন এবং ১৯৯৩ সালে তাখাসসুস ফিল ফিকহ ওয়া আল-ইফতা সমাপন করেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি সৌদি আরবের রিয়াদে \"আল্লামা আব্দুল ফাত্তাহ আবু গুদ্দাহ\"-এর তত্ত্বাবধানে ১৯৯৫ সাল পর্যন্ত প্রায় আড়াই বছর হাদীসশাস্ত্রসহ বিভিন্ন বিষয়ে গবেষণার কাজ করেন।", "নরেন্দ্র মোদী\n২০১৪ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে প্রকাশিত কিশোর মাকওয়ানা রচিত কমন ম্যান নরেন্দ্র মোদী গ্রন্থ থেকে জানা যায় যে সতেরো বছর বয়সে ঘর ছেড়ে চলে যাওয়ার পর তিনি রাজকোট শহরে অবস্থিত রামকৃষ্ণ মিশন ও তারপর বেলুড় মঠ যাত্রা করেন। এরপর তিনি আলমোড়া শহরে স্বামী বিবেকানন্দ প্রতিষ্ঠিত আশ্রমে যোগ দেন। দুই বছর পরে তিনি বাড়ি ফিরে এসে আমেদাবাদ শহরে নিজের কাকার চায়ের দোকানে যোগ দেন। এই সময় তিনি পুনরায় লক্ষ্মণরাও ইনামদারের সংস্পর্শে আসেন।[27][28][29] এরপর তিনি গুজরাট রাজ্য মার্গ বাহন ব্যবহার নিগমের ক্যান্টিনের কর্মচারী হিসেবে যোগ দেন, যত দিন না তিনি ১৯৭০ খ্রিষ্টাব্দে রাষ্ট্রীয় স্বয়ংসেবক সংঘের একজন পূর্ণসময়ের প্রচারক হিসেবে যোগ দেন। [23][31] এই সময় তিনি দিল্লি বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে দূরশিক্ষার মাধ্যমে রাষ্ট্রবিজ্ঞান বিষয়ে স্নাতক[34][37] এবং গুজরাট বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় থেকে স্নাতকোত্তর ডিগ্রী লাভ করেন।[38]", "আবদুল হামিদ (শিক্ষাবিদ)\nঅবিভক্ত বাংলায় কংগ্রেসের অনুসারী ছিলেন। মুসলিম লীগের বিরোধী হওয়ায় তাঁকে অনেকদিন আত্মগোপনে থাকতে হয়েছে। মুসলীম লীগসহ অন্যান্য রাজনৈতিক দল গণমানুষের সার্বিক কল্যাণ ও আশা-আকাঙ্খা পূরণে ব্যর্থ বিবেচিত হওয়ায় ২৩ জুন, ১৯৫৮ তারিখে পাকিস্তান গণমুক্তি পার্টি গঠন করেন। তবে, আইয়ুবীয় সামরিক শাসনামলে অন্যান্য রাজনৈতিক দলের সাথেও তাঁর পার্টি গঠনের মাত্র একমাসের মধ্যে নিষিদ্ধ ঘোষিত হয়।", "মহম্মদ আতাউল গণি ওসমানী\n১৯৭০ সালে তিনি আওয়ামী লীগে যোগদান করেন। আওয়ামী লীগ প্রার্থী হিসেবে '৭০-এর নির্বাচনে ফেঞ্চুগঞ্জ-বালাগঞ্জ-বিশ্বনাথ এলাকা থেকে পাকিস্তান জাতীয় পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন।[3]", "মহিউদ্দিন আহমেদ\nতিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়, রাজশাহী কলেজ এবং রাজশাহী কলেজিয়েট স্কুলের সাবেক ছাত্র । স্বাধীন বামপন্থী রাজনৈতিক সংগঠন তৎকালিন পূর্ব পাকিস্তান ছাত্র ইউনিয়ন তথা বর্তমানের বাংলাদেশ ছাত্র ইউনিয়নের একজন ছাত্র নেতা ছিলেন তিনি । ভাষা আন্দোলনে সম্পুক্ততার কারণে অষ্টম শ্রেণীতে অধ্যয়ণকালে কিশোর মহিউদ্দিন পাকিস্তান পুলিশ কর্তৃক গ্রেপ্তার হন। ছাত্রজীবনোত্তর তিনি মাওলানা আব্দুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী-এর নেতৃত্বাধীন তৎকালিন ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি (ন্যাপ)-এর রাজনীতিতে যোগ দেন। ১৯৬২-এর শিক্ষা আন্দোলনে তিনি ছিলেন অন্যতম অগ্রগামী নেতা। বিরোধী রাজনৈতিক দল, ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি (ন্যাপ)- এর নেতা হিসাবে পূর্ব পাকিস্তান ব্যাপী ১৯৬৯-এর গণঅভ্যূত্থান সংগঠনে নেতৃস্থানীয় ভূমিকা রেখেছিলেন তিনি। ১৯৭১ সালে বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সংগঠক হিসাবেও সক্রিয়ভাবে অংশ নেন জনাব মহিউদ্দিন ।", "খন্দকার আবদুল হামিদ\nভারত বিভাগের পর প্রথমে পূর্ব পাকিস্তান ও পরে বাংলাদেশের রাজনীতিতে তিনি সম্পৃক্ত ছিলেন। তিনি পঞ্চাশের দশকে আওয়ামী লীগ; ষাটের দশকে মুসলিম লীগ (কাউন্সিল); সত্তর ও আশির দশকে যথাক্রমে ডেমোক্র্যাটিক লীগ এবং বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দলের (বিএনপি) রাজনীতির সাথে তিনি সংশ্লিষ্ট ছিলেন। ১৯৫৩ খ্রীস্টাব্দে রাজনীতিতে যোগ দেন। ১৯৫৪ সালে যুক্তফন্সন্টের মনোনয়নে এবং ১৯৬৫ সালে বিরোধী দলভুক্ত মুসলিম লীগের (কাউন্সিল) মনোনয়নে তদানীন্তন প্রাদেশিক পরিষদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৫৫ সালে তিনি তৎকালীন মুখ্যমন্ত্রীর রাজনৈতিক সচিব নিযুক্ত হলেও সেই পদে যোগ দেননি। ১৯৫৬ থেকে ১৯৫৮ সাল পর্যন্ত সাবেক পূর্ব পাকিস্তান প্রাদেশিক পরিষদে কোয়ালিশন পার্লামেন্টারি পার্টির সেক্রেটারি ছিলেন। ১৯৫৪ সালে জেনারেল ইস্কান্দার মীর্জা সরকার ৯২-ক ধারার আওতায় জরুরি শাসন জারি করলে তিনি কারারুদ্ধ হন। ১৯৭৬ সালে ব্রিটিশ সরকারের আমন্ত্রণে ব্রিটেন সফর করেন। ১৯৭৯ সালের ১৮ ফেব্রুয়ারি বিএনপি’র প্রার্থী হিসেবে জাতীয় সংসদের সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন এবং রাষ্ট্রপতি জিয়াউর রহমানের মন্ত্রিসভায় যোগ দেন। তিনি প্রথমে যুব উন্নয়ন মন্ত্রী, পরে বিচারপতি আবদুস সাত্তারের নেতৃত্বাধীন সরকারের স্বাস্খ্য ও জনসংখ্যা নিয়ন্ত্রণ এবং শ্রম, জনশক্তি ও সমাজকল্যাণ মন্ত্রী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন।", "জামাল আবদেল নাসের\nনাসের ১৯৩৭ সালে মিশরীয় মিলিটারি অ্যাকাডেমিতে যোগদানের জন্য আবেদন করেন। কিন্তু ওয়াস্তা নামক এক বিশেষ যোগ্যতা না থাকায় তার আবেদন ফিরিয়ে দেয়া হয়। সামরিক বাহিনীতে যোগদানে ব্যার্থ হয়ে নাসের আইন পড়ার উদ্দেশ্যে ল’স্কুলে ভর্তি হন। সেখানেও সাফল্য না পেয়ে তিনি পুলিশ বাহিনীতে যোগদানের আবেদন করেন এবং এখানেও সামরিক বাহিনী প্রদর্শিত একই কারণে তাকে ফিরিয়ে দেয়া হয়। পরে তৎকালীন পররাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী ইব্রাহীম খায়েরী পাশার সাথে দেখা করে তার সাহায্যে নাসের মিলিটারি অ্যাকাডেমিতে যোগ দেন। এখানে নাসেরের সাথে আবদেল হাকিম আমের ও আনোয়ার সাদাতের দেখা হয় যারা পরে নাসেরের রাজনৈতিক কর্মকান্ডে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রেখেছিলেন। মিলিটারি অ্যাকাডেমি থেকে উত্তীর্ণ হয়ে নাসের একজন সেকেন্ড লেফটেন্যান্ট হিসেবে কমিশন লাভ করেন।[4]", "নূরেজ্জামান ভুঁইয়া\nতিনি ছাত্রজীবন থেকেই রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। রাজনীতির জন্য পড়ালেখা পর্যন্ত পুরোপুরি শেষ করতে পারেননি। তিনি ব্রিটিশ বিরোধী আন্দোলনে ১৯২১ থেকে ১৯৩৫ সাল পর্যন্ত রাজনীতির সঙ্গে জড়িয়ে পড়েন। এইসময় তিনি ভারতীয় মহাদেশের অনেক নেতৃবৃন্দের সংস্পর্শে আসেন। আন্দোলনের সূত্র ধরে তিনি ভারতীয় মহাদেশের বিভিন্ন অঞ্চলে সফর করেন। তিনি মাওলানা শওকত আলি, মাওলানা মুহাম্মদ আলি ও চিত্তরঞ্জন দাশ এইরকম অনেক নেতার সাথে তিনি ভারতবর্ষকে স্বাধীন করার জন্য সহযোদ্ধা হিসাবে কাজ করেন। তিনি রাজনৈতিক কারণে ১৯৩৫ সাল পর্যন্ত ভারতের কলকাতা বৈঠকখানা রোডে স্থায়ীভাবে বসবাস করেছিলেন। হোসেন শহীদ সোহ্‌রাওয়ার্দীসহ অন্যান্য নেতৃবৃন্দের সাথে তিনি ইন্ডিয়া কংগ্রেসে রাজনীতি করেন। তার রাজনীতিতে সক্রিয় ভূমিকা দেখে ব্রিটিশ সরকার তাকে অবিভক্ত ভারতের পূর্ব অঞ্চলের কোল কন্ট্রোলার ও ডেপুটি মাজিস্ট্রেটের চাকুরি করার প্রস্তাব করেন। কিন্তু তিনি এই প্রস্তাবে রাজি না হয়ে তা প্রত্যাখ্যান করেন। এছাড়াও একটি বিদেশী কোম্পানির লোভনীয় চাকুরির প্রস্তাব প্রত্যাখ্যান করেন। কেননা সেখানে চাকুরি করতে গেলে রাজনীতিতে তেমন সক্রিয় হতে পারবেননা, সেই কারণে। ব্রিটিশ শাসনামলে লাকসাম, চাঁদপুর ও মতলব এলাকার আসনে ১৯৩৭ সালে তিনি নির্বাচনে প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা করেন। এছাড়াও তিনি ১৯৪৬ সালে লেজেসলেটিভ এসেমলির সদস্যপদে নির্বাচনে প্রতিদ্বন্দ্বিতা করেন। শেরে বাংলা এ.কে ফজলুল হক, আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী ও হোসেন শহীদ সোহ্‌রাওয়ার্দীর অনুরোধে তিনি ১৯৫৪ সালের নির্বাচনে নিজ প্রার্থী পদ প্রত্যাহার করে তাদের মনোনীত প্রার্থীকে সাপোর্ট করেন। এইসময় রূপসা গ্রামে হোসেন শহীদ সোহ্‌রাওয়ার্দী এবং মাওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী আগমন করেন। তিনি তাদের সাথে নির্বাচনের সময় বিভিন্ন সমাবেশে যোগ দেন। ", "খান বাহাদুর আহ‌্ছানউল্লা\nখানবাহাদুর আহ‌্ছানউল্লা তাঁর কর্মক্ষেত্রে দক্ষতার স্বীকৃতি অল্প সময়ের মধ্যেই অর্জন করেন। ১৯১১ সালে ব্রিটিশ সরকার কর্তৃক তাঁকে 'খানবাহাদুর' উপাধি প্রদান করা হয়। তিনি চাকরিতে প্রবেশের মাত্র ১৫ বৎসরের মধ্যে এই সাফল্য অর্জন করেন। ১৯১১ সালে তিনি Royal society for the encouragement of arts, manufactures & commerce এর সদস্য পদ লাভ করেন। তিনি ১৯১৯ সালে ইন্ডিয়ান এডুকেশন সার্ভিস (I.E.S) ভুক্ত হন। মুছলমানদের মধ্যে তিনিই প্রথম (I.E.S) ভুক্ত হন। তিনি কলকাতা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের প্রথম মুসলিম সিনেট ও সিন্ডিকেট সদস্য ছিলেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের প্রতিষ্ঠালগ্ন থেকে এক দশকেরও বেশি সময় ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় কোটের (বর্তমান সিনেট) মেম্বার ছিলেন। তিনি ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয় প্রতিষ্ঠার প্রস্তুতি লগ্নে ডঃ নাথান সাহেবের অধীনে Teaching কমিটির মেম্বার ছিলেন। বাংলা সাহিত্যে বিশিষ্ট ও বহুমুখী অবদানের স্বীকৃতি স্বরূপ বাংলা একাডেমী তাঁকে ১৯৬০ সালে সম্মানসূচক 'ফেলোশিপ' প্রদান করেন। সমাজ সেবা ও সমাজ সংস্কৃতিতে বিশেষ করে দীন প্রচারের কাজে অবদানের জন্য ইসলামী ফাউন্ডেশন বাংলাদেশ তাঁকে ১৪০৪ হি: তে মরণোত্তর পুরষ্কারে ভূষিত করে।", "মাহাথির বিন মোহাম্মদ\nসরকারি চাকুরীতে থাকাকালীন তিনি সক্রিয় ভাবে রাজনীতিতে সম্পৃক্ত হতে পারেন নি। নিজ ক্লিনিক চালু করার পর তার জাতীয় রাজনীতিতে সম্পৃক্ততা বাড়তে থাকে। ইউএমএনও-এর প্রাদেশিক শাখার উর্ধ্বতন পদে তাকে নিয়োগ দেওয়া হয়। ১৯৬৪ সালে ৩৯ বছর বয়সে মাহাথির প্রথম সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। এরপরও এক ঘনিষ্ঠ বন্ধুর সাহায্যে তিনি ডাক্তারি প্রাকটিস অব্যাহত রাখেন। ১৯৭৪ সাল নাগাদ তিনি এই পেশা ধরে রেখেছিলেন। ১৯৬৯ সালে তিনি দ্বিতীয়বার নির্বাচনে প্রার্থী হন। সেই বছর ইউএমএনও এর নেতৃত্বে জোটবদ্ধ সম্মিলিত সরকার গঠিত হয়। ইউএমএনও একক সংখ্যাগরিষ্ঠতা অর্জন করতে পারেনি। কয়েকটি প্রদেশে তারা সরকার গঠন করতেও সক্ষম হয়নি। ১৯৬৯ সালের ৩০শে মে কুয়ালালামপুরে যখন চীনা ও মালয় জাতির মধ্যে তুমুল-দাঙ্গা শুরু হয় তখন রাজনৈতিক সংকট চূড়ান্ত সীমায় পৌঁছে। এই দাঙ্গার জন্য মাহাথির ইউএমএনও নেতৃত্বকে দোষারোপ করে প্রধানমন্ত্রী টুঙ্কু আব্দুর রহমানকে কড়া ভাষায় চিঠি লেখেন ও পদত্যাগের পরামর্শ দেন। এ সমালোচনা পার্টি নেতৃবৃন্দের সহ্য করলেন না, তার মাহাথিরকে দল থেকে বহিষ্কার করলেন। পরবর্তী তিন বছর তিনি নিজ দেশেই রাজনীতি থেকে নির্বাসনে ছিলেন। ১৯৭২ সালে মাহাথিরকে আবার দলের সদস্য ও সিনেটর হিসেবে পুনর্বহাল করা হয়। ", "কাজী সালাউদ্দিন\nফুটবল ক্যারিয়ার শুরু হয়েছে ওয়ারি ক্লাবে ১৯৬৯ তে। তবে ফুটবলের আগেই তাঁর ক্রিকেটের প্রথম বিভাগ অভিষেক হয় ১৯৬৮ সালেই আজাদ বয়েজের হয়ে। সে সময় আজাদ বয়েজ ছিল অন্যতম শক্তিশালী ক্রিকেট দল। এমনকি ৭০ এ শুরুর দিকে দুইবার জাতীয় ক্রিকেট দলে খেলার জন্য ডাক পান। পরে পুরোপুরি ফুটবলে মন দেন। ১৯৭০সালে মোহামেডানে যোগ দেন। ৭১ এ স্বাধীন বাংলা ফুটবল দল এ যোগ দেন। ১৯৭২ থেকে ১৯৮৪ আবাহনী ক্রীড়া চক্রের খেলোয়াড় ছিলেন। ১৯৭১ থেকে ১৯৮৩ পর্যন্ত জাতীয় দলের অন্যতম প্রধান সদস্য ছিলেন। ১৯৭৫ আর ১৯৭৯ এ জাতীয় ফুটবল দলের অধিনায়কত্ব করেন। ১৯৭৫ সালে জাতীয় দলের হয়ে প্রথম আন্তর্জাতিক ম্যাচ খেলতে যান মালয়েশিয়ায় মারদেকা কাপ এ। ১৯৭৫-৭৬ মৌসুমে হংকং এর পেশাদার লীগের দল ক্যারোলিন হিল এফ সি তে খেলেন। ইনজুরির কারণে ফিরে আসেন হংকং থেকে। ১৯৮৪ সালে ফুটবল ছাড়লেন। লীগের শেষ ২টি ম্যাচ ছিল তাঁর ভাগ্য নির্ধারণী ম্যাচ। শেষ ম্যাচের আগের ম্যাচে করলেন হ্যাটট্রিক। আর শেষ ম্যাচে আবাহনীর সাথে মোহামেডানের বিপক্ষে খেলেন।", "আবদুর রহিম (পণ্ডিত)\nমাওলানা আবদুর রহিম বাংলাদেশে জামায়াতে ইসলামীর প্রতিষ্ঠার জন্য কাজ করা চারজন ব্যক্তির অন্যতম। অন্যান্যরা হলেন মাওলানা রফি আহমেদ ইন্দরি, খোরশেদ আহমেদ ভাট ও মাওলানা কারি জলিল আশরাফি নদভি। ১৯৫৫ সালে মাওলানা আবদুর রহিম পূর্ব পাকিস্তান জামায়াতে ইসলামীর আমির নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৭০ সালে পাকিস্তান জামায়াতে ইসলামীর নায়েবে আমির (ভাইস চেয়ারম্যান বা ভাইস প্রেসিডেন্ট) হন। এসময় গোলাম আজম পূর্ব পাকিস্তান জামায়াতে ইসলামীর নতুন আমির নির্বাচিত হন। তিনি বাংলাদেশ জামায়াতে ইসলামীর প্রথম নির্বাচিত নেতা। ১৯৭১ সালে বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সময় তিনি পাকিস্তানে অবস্থান করছিলেন। ১৯৭৪ সালে তিনি দেশে ফিরে আসেন। ১৯৭১-১৯৭৮ সালের সময়সীমায় জামায়াত বাংলাদেশের রাজনীতিতে নিষিদ্ধ ছিল।", "মহিউদ্দীন খান আলমগীর\n১৯৬২ থেকে ১৯৬৫ পর্যন্ত ঢাকা বিশবিদ্যালয়ে অর্থনীতি বিভাগে শিক্ষকতা করেন মহিউদ্দীন খান আলমগীর। সেই বছরই পাকিস্তানের সরকারের সরকারি কর্মকর্তা পদে যোগদান করেন এবং প্রায় ৩২ বছর সরকারের বিভিন্ন পদে কর্মরত ছিলেন।[[বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সময় তিনি পাকিস্তানের উপবিভাগীয় কর্মকর্তা (সিএসপি ডিসি) হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৭১ সালের যুদ্ধের পর বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীন কর্ম কমিশন গঠিত হয় এবং মহিউদ্দীনকে [[অর্থমন্ত্রী]]র দায়িত্ব দেয়া হয়। তিনি ১৯৭৬ থেকে ১৯৭৯ পর্যন্ত যশোরের জেলা প্রশাসক হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। তিনি বর্তমানে বাংলাদেশ [[আওয়ামী লীগ|আওয়ামী লীগের]] রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িত এবং ১৩ই সেপ্টেম্বর ২০১২ বাংলাদেশের স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী পদে দায়িত্ব লাভ করেছেন। এছাড়াও, তিনি বেসামরিক বিমান পরিবহন ও পর্যটন, বিজ্ঞান ও প্রযুক্তি এবং পরিকল্পনা প্রতিমন্ত্রীর দায়িত্বও পালন করেন। তাকে, পার্বত্য শান্তি চুক্তি ও গঙ্গা পানি চুক্তির রূপকারও বলা হয়।", "কাজী গোলাম মাহবুব\n১৯৬০ খ্রিস্টাব্দের গর্ণ-অভ্যূত্থানের সময় তিনি মাওলানা ভাসানীর ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টির একজন কেন্দ্রীয় নেতা হিসাবে সক্রিয় ভূমিকা রেখেছেন। স্বাধীনতা-উত্তর বাংলাদেশে তিনি রাষ্ট্রপতি জিয়াউর রহমান-এর সঙ্গে সম্পৃক্ত হন এবং জাতীয়তাবাদী রাজনীতিতে অংশগ্রহণ করেন। তিনি বিএনপির ভাইস চেয়ারম্যান ছিলেন।", "ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি\n১৯৫৭ সালের ৬-১০ ফেব্রুয়ারি টাঙ্গাইলের কাগমারিতে আওয়ামী লীগের কাউন্সিল অধিবেশনে আওয়ামী লীগ সভাপতি মওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী এবং আওয়ামী লীগ নেতা ও পাকিস্তানের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হোসেন শহীদ সোহরাওয়ার্দীর মধ্যে পাকিস্তানের পররাষ্ট্রনীতি সম্পর্কে বিশেষ করে সাম্রাজ্যবাদীদের স্বার্থ রক্ষার স্যান্টো ও সিয়েটা চুক্তি নিয়ে মতবিরোধ দেখা দেয়। এ প্রশ্নে দলের ডানপন্থী পাতি বর্জোয়া নেতা-কর্মীরা সোহরাওয়ার্দীর পক্ষাবলম্বন করেন এবং বামপন্থী অংশ মওলানা ভাসানীর নেতৃত্বে স্বাধীন ও জোটনিরপেক্ষ পররাষ্ট্রনীতি এবং পূর্ব-পাকিস্তানের সর্বাধিক স্বায়ত্তশাসনের দাবি তোলেন। ফলে আওয়ামী লীগ আদর্শিক কারণে বিভক্ত হয়ে পড়ে। ঐ বছর ১৮ মার্চ মওলানা ভাসানী পূর্ব পাকিস্তান আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতির পদ ত্যাগ করেন। আওয়ামী লীগের বামপন্থী এবং স্বায়ত্তশাসনের দাবিদার অংশের উদ্যোগে ঢাকার রূপমহল সিনেমা হলে ২৪-২৫ জুলাই গণতান্ত্রিক কর্মী সম্মেলন অনুষ্ঠিত হয়। এ সম্মেলনে পাকিস্তান ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি (ন্যাপ) গঠিত হয়। ন্যাপের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন মওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী এবং সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হন পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানের মাহমুদুল হক ওসমানী। ন্যাপের অন্যান্য নেতাদের মধ্যে উল্লেখযোগ্য হলেন পূর্ববাংলা থেকে হাজী মুহাম্মদ দানেশ, অধ্যাপক মোজাফফর আহমদ, মহিউদ্দিন আহমদ, মশিউর রহমান (যাদু মিয়া), পীর হাবিবুর রহমান, এস.এ আহাদ, আবদুল মতিন, আবদুল হক, আতাউর রহমান এবং পশ্চিম পাকিস্তান থেকে ছিলেন ওয়ালি খান, আবদুল মজিদ সিন্ধী, মিয়া ইফতেখার প্রমুখ।", "শামসুল হক (রাজনীতিবিদ)\n১৯৪৯ সালের মার্চ মাসে টাঙ্গাইলের দক্ষিণ মুসলিম কেন্দ্র থেকে মাওলানা ভাসানীর সদস্যপদ বাতিল ঘোষণা এবং উপনির্বাচনের ব্যবস্থা করা হয়। এই উপনির্বাচনে মুসলিম লীগ প্রার্থী ছিলেন করটিয়ার জমিদার খুররম খান পন্নী। শামসুল হক তার বিরুদ্ধে প্রতিদ্বন্দিতা করেন এবং বিপুল ভোটাধিক্যে জয়লাভ করেন। এই নির্বাচনে শামসুল হকের পক্ষে নির্বাচনী অভিযান পরিচালনায় ছিলেন কামরুদ্দীন আহমদ, শওকত আলী, আজিজ আহমদ, শামসুদ্দোহা, মুহম্মদ আলমাস, মুহাম্মদ আউয়াল, হযরত আলী প্রমুখ। এদের অধিকাংশই ছিলেন ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ের ছাত্র নেতা। এই নির্বাচনেই পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের জনগন প্রথম মুসলিম লীগের বিরুদ্ধে ভোট দেয়। এর পরে ১৯৫৪ সালের আগে নুরুল আমীন সরকার আর কোন নির্বাচন বা উপনির্বাচন দেয়নি[3]।", "মু্ফতি মুহাম্মদ সাঈদ\n\"'মুফতি মুহাম্মদ সাঈদ\" তার রাজনৈতিক জীবন শুরু করেন ১৯৫০ সালে ন্যাশনাল কনফারেন্স-টর মাধ্যমে। পরে তিনি ১৯৭২ সালে কংগ্রেসেরর সাথে যুক্ত হন ও জম্মু ও কাশ্মীরে রাজ্যে মন্ত্রী পদ পান। কিন্তু কোনো কারণে তিনি কংগ্রেস ছেড়ে ১৯৮৯ সালে ভিপি সিঙের জনমোর্চায় যোগ দেন, এবং প্রথমবারেরর মতো কোনো মুসলিম ভারতের গৃহমন্ত্রী হয়। ২০০২ সালে তিনি নিজে আলাদাভাবে একটি দল গঠন করেন এবং নভেম্বর, ২০০২ থেকে ২০০৫ পর্যন্ত তিনি জম্মু ও কাশ্মিরের মুখ্যমন্ত্রী পদে অধিষ্ঠিত থাকেন। তারপর ১ মার্চ, ২০১৫য় তিনি আবার জম্মু ও কাশ্মীরেরর মুখ্যমন্ত্রী পদে শপথ গ্রহণ করেন।", "আবুল হাসনাত মোহাম্মদ কামারুজ্জামান\nকামারুজ্জামান ছিলেন পারিবারিক ভাবে রাজনীতি সচেতন। তাঁর দাদা হাজি লাল মোহাম্মদ সরদার কংগ্রেস রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িত ছিলেন। তবে ওহাবী আন্দোলনের সাথেও তাঁর সম্পৃক্ততা ছিলো বলে জানা যায়। এ কারণে কংগ্রেস ও প্রথম সারীর মুসলিম লীগ নেতাদের সাথে তাঁর ঘনিষ্ঠ যোগাযোগ ছিলো। হাজী লাল মোহাম্মদ দু'বার অবিভক্ত বাংলার লেজিসলেটিভ কাউন্সিলের সদস্য (এম.এল.সি) নির্বাচিত হয়েছিলেন। তিনি রাজশাহী এসোসিয়েশন ও বরেন্দ্র একাডেমীর একমাত্র মুসলিম সদস্য ছিলেন। তাঁর পিতা মুসলিম লীগের রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িত ছিলেন এবং দীর্ঘদিন রাজশাহী অঞ্চলের মুসলিম লীগের সভাপতির দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। তিনি ১৯৪৬ সাল থেকে ১৯৫৪ সাল পর্যন্ত অবিভক্ত বাংলাদেশ ও পরে পূর্ববঙ্গ আইন পরিষদের সদস্য ছিলেন। তাই তাঁর রাজনীতি সম্পর্কে আগ্রহী হওয়া স্বাভাবিক ছিল।[2]", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\n১৯৭০ সালের ৬-৮ আগস্ট বন্যা সমস্যা সমাধানের দাবিতে অনশন পালন করেন। অতঃপর সাধারণ নির্বচনে অংশ গ্রহণের সিদ্ধান্ত গ্রহণ করেন। ১২ নভেম্বর (১৯৭০) পূর্ব পাকিস্তানে প্রলয়ঙ্কারী ঘুর্ণিঝড় হলে দুর্গত এলাকায় ত্রাণ ব্যবস্থায় অংশ নেয়ার জন্য ন্যাপ প্রার্থীরা নির্বাচন থেকে সরে দাড়ান। ১৯৭০ সালের ৪ ডিসেম্বর ঢাকার পল্টন ময়দানে এক জনসভায় 'স্বাধীন পূর্ব পাকিস্তান' দাবি উত্থাপন করেন। ১৯৭১ এর মার্চ মাসে শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের অসহযোগ আন্দোলনের প্রতি সমর্থন প্রদান করেন এবং ১৮ জানুয়ারি ১৯৭১ পল্টন ময়দানে অণুষ্ঠিত জনসভায় স্বাধীনতার ঘোষণা প্রদানের জন্য তার প্রতি আহবান জানিয়েছিলেন। স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সময় ভারত যান এবং মুজিবনগর সরকারের উপদেষ্টা পরিষদের সদস্য হন। ২৫ মার্চ রাতে মওলানা ভাসানী সন্তোষে তার গৃহে অবস্থান করছিলেন। তিনি পাকিস্তান বাহিনীর দৃষ্টি এড়িযে টাঙ্গাইল ছেড়ে তার পিতৃভূমি সিরাজগঞ্জে চলে যান। পাকিস্তান বাহিনী তার সন্তোষের বাড়িটি পুড়িয়ে দেয়। মওলানা ভাসানী মোজাফ্ফর ন্যাপ নেতা সাইফুল ইসলামকে সঙ্গে নিয়ে নৌকাযোগে ভারত সীমানা অভিমুখে রওনা হন। অবশেষে ভারতের কেন্দ্রীয় মন্ত্রী মইনুল হক চৌধুরীর সাহায্যে মওলানা ভাসানী ও সাইফুল ইসলাম ১৫/১৬ এপ্রিল পূর্ববঙ্গ অতিক্রম করে আসামের ফুলবাড়ী নামক স্থানে উপস্থিত হন। পরে তাদের হলদীগঞ্জ বিএসএফ ক্যাম্পে আশ্রয় দেয়া হয়। এরপর মওলানা ভাসানী ও সাইফুল ইসলামকে প্লেনে করে কলকাতায় পাঠিয়ে দেয়া হয় এবং পার্ক স্ট্রিটের কোহিনুর প্যালেসের ৫তলার একটি ফ্ল্যাট তাদের অবস্থানের জন্য দেয়া হয়। ১৯৭১ সালের ২৩ এপ্রিল বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার পরে মওলানা ভাসানী একটি বিবৃতি প্রদান করেন যা ভারতীয় বাংলা ও ইংরেজি দৈনিক পত্রিকায় প্রকাশিত হয়। এছাড়া মাওলানা ভাসানী চীনের নেতা মাও সে তুং, চৌ এন লাই এবং যুক্তরাষ্ট্রের প্রেসিডেন্টের কাছে তার বার্তা পাঠিয়ে তাদের অবহিত করেন যে পূর্ববঙ্গে পাকিস্তান সেনাবাহিনী ব্যাপকহারে গণহত্যা চালাচ্ছে। সেজন্য তিনি প্রেসিডেন্ট নিক্সনকে অণুরোধ করেন এই মর্মে যে, তিনি যেন পাকিস্তানকে অস্ত্র সরবরাহ না করেন। উপরন্তু মওলানা ভাসানী প্রেসিডেন্ট নিক্সনকে বাংলাদেশকে স্বীকৃতি দেবার আহ্বান জানান। ১৯৭১ সালের ২৫ এপ্রিল মাওলানা ভাসানী সোভিয়েত রাশিয়ার প্রেসিডেন্ট কাছে পাকিস্তান বাংলাদেশের জনগণের ওপর যে বর্বরোচিত অত্যাচার চালাচ্ছে তার বিরুদ্ধে কার্যকর ব্যবস্থা গ্রহণের জন্য অণুরোধ করেন। ৩১ মে মাওলানা ভাসানী এক বিবৃতিতে বলেন, বাংলাদেশের সাড়ে সাত কোটি মানুষ দখলদার বাহিনীর সঙ্গে জীবনমরণ সংগ্রামে লিপ্ত। তারা মাতৃভূমি রক্ষার জন্য বদ্ধপরিকর। তারা এই সংগ্রামে জয়লাভ করবেই। ৭ জুন মওলানা ভাসানী এক বিবৃতিতে বলেন, বাংলাদেশের সব অঞ্চল আজ দশ লাখ বাঙালির রক্তে স্নাত এবং এই রক্তস্নানের মধ্য দিয়েই বাংলার স্বাধীনতা আসবে।[2]", "রশিদ আলি আল-কাইলানি\n১৯২৪ সালে কাইলানি প্রধানমন্ত্রী ইয়াসিন আল-হাশিমির সরকারে তিনি তার রাজনৈতিক জীবন শুরু করেন। হাশিমি তাকে সরকারের বিচারমন্ত্রী নিযুক্ত করেন। উভয়েই আরব জাতীয়তাবাদি ছিলেন এবং ইরাকের আভ্যন্তরীণ রাজনীতিতে ব্রিটেনের হস্তক্ষেপের বিরোধী ছিলেন। ১৯৩০ সালে প্রধানমন্ত্রী নুরি আল সাইদের সরকারের স্বাক্ষরিত ইঙ্গ-ইরাকি চুক্তি তারা প্রত্যাখ্যান করেছিলেন। তারা হিজব আল-ইখা আল-ওয়াতানি দল গঠন করেছিলেন। ১৯৩৩ সালে কাইলানি প্রধানমন্ত্রী হন। কিন্তু তিনি আট মাসের বেশি ক্ষমতায় ছিলেন না।", "আব্দুল মজিদ খান\nমোঃ আব্দুল মজিদ খান (জন্ম: ৩১ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৫৪) হলেন বাংলাদেশের একজন প্রখ্যাত রাজনীতিবিদ ও ২৪০ নং (হবিগঞ্জ-২) আসন থেকে নির্বাচিত জাতীয় সংসদ সদস্য। তিনি ২০১৪ সালের ৫ জানুয়ারি তারিখে অনুষ্ঠিত দশম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে একজন “সংসদ সদস্য” হিসাবে নির্বাচিত হন।সংবিধান অনুযায়ী দশম জাতীয় সংসদের স্পিকার ড. শিরীন শারমিন চৌধুরীর কাছে ৩ জানুয়ারী ২০১৯ তারিখে একাদশ সংসদের সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে তিনি শপথবাক্য পাঠ করেন।", "মকবুল হোসেন (মেহেরপুরের রাজনীতিবিদ)\nমকবুল হোসেন ১৯৯৬ সালের জুনে ৭ম জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে প্রথম সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন। তিনি বিএনপির প্রাক্তন সংসদ সদস্য আব্দুল গনিকে পরাজিত করেছিলেন। ২০০১ ও ২০০৮ সালের নির্বাচনে তিনি পরাজিত হয়েছিলেন। ২০১৪ সালের ৫ জানুয়ারি অনুষ্ঠিত নির্বাচনে তিনি পুনরায় নির্বাচিত হয়ে ১০ম জাতীয় সংসদের সংসদ সদস্য হন। এ নির্বাচনে বিএনপি বয়কট করায় আওয়ামী লীগের এমএ খালেককে পরাজিত করেন। ২০১৮ সালের একাদশ জাতীয় সংসদ নির্বাচনে তিনি মহাজোট প্রার্থী সাহিদুজ্জামান খোকনকে সমর্থন জানিয়ে নিজের মনোনয় প্রত্যাহার করে নেন।", "মোহামেডান স্পোর্টিং ক্লাব (ঢাকা)\n১৯৩৬ সালে মোহামেডানের জন্ম হলেও ১৯৫৫ সাল পর্যন্ত ঢাকার ফুটবলে একক প্রাধান্য ছিল ঢাকা ওয়ান্ডার্স ক্লাবের। ১৯৫৬ সালে ওয়ান্ডার্স ক্লাবের কিছু তারকা খেলোয়ার ঢাকা মোহামেডানে যোগ দিলে ১৯৫৭ সালে ঢাকা মোহামেডান প্রথম বারের মতো শিরোপা জিতে। ১৯৫৮ সালে ডিফেন্ডিং চ্যাম্পিয়ান ঢাকা মোহামেডান লীগে ৩য় স্হান লাভ করে, ১৯৫৯ সালে তারা পুণরায় চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয় এবং একই বছর মোহামেডান আগা খান গোল্ড কাপ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়, ঢাকা মোহামেডান ৩য় বারের মত লীগ শিরোপা জিতে ১৯৬১ সালে,তারপর ১৯৬৩ ও ১৯৬৫ সালেও মোহামেডান লীগ শিরোপা জিতে, ১৯৬৬ ও ১৯৬৯ সালে মোহামেডান অপরাজিত চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়,১৯৬৬ সালে মোহামেডান আলী বোগরা গোল্ডকাপ ও ১৯৬৮ সালে মোহামেডান থমাস কাপ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়। ১৯৭০ সালে বাংলাদেশের কিংবদন্তি ফুটবলার কাজী সালাউদ্দিন মোহামেডানে যোগ দেন কিন্তু মোহামেডান সে আসরে রানার্সআপ হয়। ১৯৭১ সালে বাংলাদেশে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে লীগ ফুটবল বন্ধ থাকে,পরবতীঁতে ১৯৭৪ সালে পুনরায় লীগ ফুটবল শুরু হয়,১৯৭৪ সালে ইকবাল স্পোর্টিং ক্লাব আবাহনী ক্রীড়া চক্র হিসেবে আত্ন প্রকাশ করে এবং সালাঊদ্দীন সহ মোহামেডানের বেশ কিছু তারকা ফুটবলার নবাগত আবাহনীতে যোগ দিলে মোহামেডানে শুন্যতার সৃস্টি হয়, ফলে মোহামেডান ১৯৭৪ সালে রানার্সআপ হয়। ৭৪ সালে মোহামেডানের এই ক্ষতির পরেও মোহামেডান আবার জেগে ওঠে এবং ১৯৭৫ ও ১৯৭৬ সালে টানা দুবার লীগ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়, ১৯৭৭ ও ১৯৭৯ সালে মোহামেডান রানার্সআপ ও ১৯৭৮ সালে লীগ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয় এছাড়া ও মোহামেডান ১৯৫৭ থেকে ১৯৬৬ সালে ৫ বার স্বাধীনতা কাপ চ্যাম্পিয়ন হয়।", "ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি\nন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি বা ন্যাপ ভাসানী বাংলাদেশের একটি নিবন্ধিত রাজনৈতিক দল। ১৯৪৯ খ্রিস্টাব্দে প্রতিষ্ঠিত আওয়ামী মুসলিম লীগ (যা পরবর্তীকলে আওয়ামী লীগ নামে পরিচিত) ত্যাগ করে ১৯৫৭ সালে মাওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী এই দলটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন। একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিরোধী রাজনৈতিক দল হিসেবে এটি পূর্ব পাকিস্তানে ১৯৬৯-এর গণঅভ্যূত্থান সংগঠনে নেতৃস্থানীয় ভূমিকা রেখেছিল।", "আব্দুল মান্নান\nতিনি তৎকালীন টাঙ্গাইল মাহফিল (টাঙ্গাইল জেলা সমিতি)-এর সাধারণ সম্পাদক ছিলেন (১৯৪৮)। এবং টাঙ্গাইল মহকুমা আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতি ও পরবর্তী জেলা আওয়ামী লীগের সভাপতি নির্বাচিত হন (১৯৬৫)। তিনি আওয়ামী লীগের প্রার্থী হিসেবে বিপুল ভোটে এমএনএ নির্বাচিত হন (১৯৭০)। এবং তাকে স্বাধীন বাংলা বেতার কেন্দ্রের প্রচার বিভাগের দায়িত্ব দেন (১৯৭১)। গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ সরকারের প্রথম স্বরাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী ও পরে স্বাস্থ্যমন্ত্রী ছিলেন (১৯৭৪)। তৃতীয়বার সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হয়ে স্থানীয় সরকার পল্লী উন্নয়ন ও সমবায় মন্ত্রণালয় সম্পর্কিত সংসদীয় স্থায়ী কমিটির চেয়ারম্যান নিযুক্ত হন (১৯৯৬)।", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\nমওলানা আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী (১২ ডিসেম্বর ১৮৮০ - ১৭ নভেম্বর ১৯৭৬) ছিলেন বিংশশতকী ব্রিটিশ ভারতের অন্যতম তৃণমূল রাজনীতিবিদ ও গণআন্দোলনের নায়ক, যিনি জীবদ্দশায় ১৯৪৭-এ সৃষ্ট পাকিস্তান ও ১৯৭১-এ প্রতিষ্ঠিত বাংলাদেশের রাজনীতিতে বিশেষ গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা পালন করেছেন। তিনি বাংলাদেশের মানুষের কাছে “মজলুম জননেতা” হিসাবে সমধিক পরিচিত। ১৯৫৪ খ্রিস্টাব্দের নির্বাচনে যুক্তফ্রন্ট গঠনকারী প্রধান নেতাদের মধ্যে তিনি অন্যতম। স্বাধীন বাংলাদেশ প্রতিষ্ঠায়ও তিনি বিশিষ্ট ভূমিকা পালন করেন। রাজনৈতিক জীবনের বেশিরভাগ সময়ই তিনি মাওপন্থী কম্যুনিস্ট, তথা বামধারার রাজনীতির সাথে জড়িত ছিলেন। তাঁর অনুসারীদের অনেকে এজন্য তাঁকে \"লাল মওলানা\" নামেও ডাকতেন। তিনি ছিলেন একজন দূরদর্শী নেতা এবং পঞ্চাশের দশকেই নিশ্চিত হয়েছিলেন যে পাকিস্তানের অংশ হিসেবে বাংলাদেশ একটি অচল রাষ্ট্রকাঠামো। ১৯৫৭ খ্রিস্টাব্দের কাগমারী সম্মেলনে তিনি পাকিস্তানের পশ্চিমা শাসকদের 'ওয়ালাকুমুসসালাম' বলে সর্বপ্রথম পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের বিচ্ছিন্নতার ঐতিহাসিক ঘণ্টা বাজিয়েছিলেন।", "শামসুদ্দীন আহমেদ\nশামসুদ্দীন আহমেদ ১৯৭১ সালে কৃষিকাজের পাশাপাশি রাজনীতির সঙ্গেও যুক্ত ছিলেন। দশম শ্রেণী পর্যন্ত পড়াশোনা করেছিলেন। তখন তাঁর বয়স ছিল ৩২ বছর। মুক্তিযুদ্ধ শুরু হলে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়েন যুদ্ধে। প্রতিরোধযুদ্ধে সক্রিয় অংশগ্রহণ শেষে ভারতে যান। সেখানে প্রশিক্ষণ নিয়ে যুদ্ধ করেন ৮ নম্বর সেক্টরের শিকারপুর সাব-সেক্টরে। কুষ্টিয়া জেলার মিরপুর ও দৌলতপুর উপজেলার বিভিন্ন স্থানে তিনি সাহসিকতা ও বীরত্বের সঙ্গে যুদ্ধ করেন।", "মাহমুদুর রহমান মান্না\n১৯৬৮ সালে তিনি ছাত্রলীগ এর আহ্বায়ক হন। ১৯৭২ সালে চাকসুর জিএস নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৭৩ সালে জাসদ ছাত্রলীগের সাধারন সম্পাদক এবং ১৯৭৬ সালে জাসদ ছাত্রলীগের কেন্দ্রীয় সভাপতি। ১৯৭৯ সালে ঢাকায় এসে ডাকসুর ভিপি নির্বাচিত হন। ১৯৮০ সালে তিনি বাংলাদেশ সমাজতান্ত্রিক দল বাসদ গঠন করেন। ১৯৮৩ সাল থেকে ১৯৯০ সাল পর্যন্ত এরশাদ বিরোধী আন্দোলনে তিনি সক্রিয় হয়ে পড়েন। এরপর ১৯৯১ সালে বাংলাদেশ আওয়ামী লীগ এ যোগ দিয়ে ২০০৭ সালে আলোচিত এক এগারো সরকারের সময় বাংলাদেশে আওয়ামীলিগ এর সাংগঠনিক সম্পাদক হিসেবে দায়ীত্ব পালন করেন। ২০০৯ সালে বাংলাদেশে আওয়ামীলিগ এর পদ থেকে বাদ পড়ে যান। বর্তমানে তিনি নাগরিক ঐক্যের আহ্বায়ক হিসেবে জাতীয় ঐক্যফ্রন্ট এর প্রথম সারির নেতা হিসেবে সক্রিয় আছেন।", "দেলাওয়ার হোসাইন সাঈদী\nতিনি ১৯৬২ সালে ছারছিনা আলিয়া মাদ্রাসায় ভর্তি হন ও পরবর্তিতে খুলনা আলিয়া মাদ্রাসায় স্থানান্তরিত হন। ধর্মীয় শিক্ষা গ্রহণের পর সাঈদী স্থানীয় গ্রামে ব্যবসা শুরু করেন। তিনি মুসলমান আলেম বা মওলানা হিসেবে পরিচিতি লাভ করেন। ১৯৭১ সালে বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সময় তার বয়স ছিল ৩০ বছর। আন্তর্জাতিক অপরাধ ট্রাইব্যুনাল বিচারে তাকে ১৯৭১ সালে পিরোজপুরে মানবাতাবিরোধী কর্মকাণ্ড ও বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতার বিরোধিতা করার অভিযোগে অভিযুক্ত করে। যাইহোক, তার পুত্র মাসঊদ সাঈদীর মতে তিনি ১৯৭১ সালে পিরোজপুরে ছিলেন না এবং ১৯৬৯ সাল থেকে তিনি যশোরে বসবাস করছিলেন।", "আব্দুল মান্নান ভূঁইয়া\nছাত্রজীবন শেষে মান্নান ভূঁইয়া মাওলানা ভাসানীর নেতৃত্বাধীন ন্যাশনাল আওয়ামী পার্টি-ন্যাপ এ যোগ দেন। ১৯৬৯ সালের গণঅভ্যুত্থানে তিনি সক্রিয় ভূমিকা রাখেন। তিনি মওলানা ভাসানীর নেতৃত্বে পূর্ব পাকিস্তান কৃষক সমিতির সাধারণ সম্পাদক ছিলেন দীর্ঘদিন। গ্রামাঞ্চলে অবহেলিত কৃষকদের উন্নয়নে তার নেতৃত্বে আন্দোলন গড়ে উঠেছিলো। ন্যাপ থেকে মান্নান ভূঁইয়া ১৯৭৮ সালে ইউনাটেড পিপলস পার্টির (ইউপিপি) সাধারণ সম্পাদক নির্বাচিত হন। কয়েক বছর তিনি ওই পদে অধিষ্ঠিত ছিলেন। এরপর প্রয়াত রাষ্ট্রপতি জিয়াউর রহমানের অণুরোধে ১৯৮০ সালে মান্নান ভূঁইয়া বিএনপিতে যোগ দেন। জিয়া তাকে জাতীয়তাবাদী কৃষক দলের আহবায়ক মনোনীত করেন। তিনি দলের কেন্দ্রীয় কমিটির কৃষি বিষয়ক সম্পাদকও ছিলেন।", "মোহাম্মদ ময়েজউদ্দিন\nতিনি প্রথমে নোয়াপাড়া প্রাথমিক বিদ্যালয় থেকে প্রাথমিক শিক্ষা লাভের পর রাজা রাজেন্দ্র নারায়ণ উচ্চ বিদ্যালয়-এ ভর্তি হন এবং এখান থেকে ১৯৪৮ সালে প্রথম বিভাগে প্রবেশিকা পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়ে ঢাকা কলেজ-এ ভর্তি হন। ময়েজউদ্দিন ১৯৫০ সালে প্রথম বিভাগে ইন্টারমিডিয়েট পাস করে ঢাকা বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে স্নাতক শ্রেণীতে ভর্তি হন এবং সেখান থেকে ১৯৫৩ সালে রাষ্ট্র্রবিজ্ঞানে স্নাতক (সম্মান) ও ১৯৫৫ সালে এমএ ডিগ্রী অর্জন করেন। পরবর্তীতে ১৯৬০ সালে এখান থেকে এলএলবি পাস করে আইন পেশায় আত্মনিয়োগ করার সাথে সাথে রাজনীতিতেও সক্রিয় হন।", "মুহাম্মাদ আব্দুল মালেক\n১৯৯৬ সালে তিনি ঢাকায় উচ্চতর ইসলামি শিক্ষা ও দাওয়াহ প্রতিষ্ঠান \"মারকাযুদ্ দাওয়াহ আলইসলামিয়া\" যোগদান করেন। বর্তমানে তিনি এই প্রতিষ্ঠানের শিক্ষাসচিব এবং উলুমুল হাদীস অনুষদের প্রধানের দায়িত্ব পালন করছেন। ২০০৫ সাল থেকে \"মারকাযুদ্ দাওয়াহ আলইসলামিয়ার\" মুখপত্র হিসাবে মাসিক মাসিক আলকাউসারের প্রকাশনা শুরু হয় এবং তখন থেকেই তিনি এই ম্যাগাজিনের তত্ত্বাবধায়ক হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করে যাচ্ছেন। এছাড়াও তিনি ঢাকার শান্তিনগরের আজরুন কারীম জামে মসজিদে জুমার নামাজের পরিচালনা করেন এবং \"জামিয়াতুল উলুম আলইসলামিয়া কওমি মাদরাসা\"য় হাদীসশাস্ত্রে অধ্যাপনা করেন। তিনি ২০১২ সালে সরকার গঠিত বাংলাদেশ কওমি মাদ্রাসা শিক্ষা কমিশনের একজন সদস্য।", "এম এ মাওলানা আবদুল মান্নান\nমাওলানা আবদুল মান্নান ছিলেন একজন রাজনীতিবিদ। তিনি একজন সফল রাজনীতিবিদ হলেও তিনি প্রথম কর্মজীবন শুরু করেন শিক্ষকতা দিয়ে। তিনি তাঁর গ্রামের ইসলামপুর আলিয়া মাদ্রাসার হাদিস বিষয়ের শিক্ষক ছিলেন। পরবর্তীতে তিনি ঐ মাদ্রাসার অধ্যক্ষ হিসেবে পদন্নোতি লাভ করেন। তিনি বাংলাদেশের কয়েকটি সুনাম ধন্য দৈনিক পত্রিকার মধ্যে দৈনিক ইনকিলাব পত্রিকাটি প্রতিষ্ঠা করেন এবং এর সম্পাদকের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। তিনি ১৯৮৬ সাল থেকে ১৯৮৮ সাল পর্যন্ত বাংলাদেশ সরকারের ধর্ম মন্ত্রী এবং ১৯৮৭ থেকে ১৯৮৮ সাল পর্যন্ত বাংলাদেশ সরকারের ত্রাণ ও পুনর্বাসনমন্ত্রীর দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। এছাড়াও তিনি ছিলেন একজন দানবীর ও সমাজসেবক। ", "হুমায়ুন খালিদ\nকরটিয়া সা’দত কলেজ ছাত্র সংসদের সহ-সভাপতি (১৯৫৩-১৯৫৪) এবং তৎকালীন নূরুল আমিন সরকারের বিরুদ্ধে সংগ্রামী ভূমিকা পালন করেন। আওয়ামী লীগের মনোনয়নে তৎকালীন জাতীয় পরিষদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন (১৯৭০)। জাতীয় মুক্তি সংগ্রামে তাঁর অংশগ্রহণ স্বর্ণাক্ষরে লেখা থাকবে (২৫ মার্চ ১৯৭১)। ৮ মাস এফজে সেক্টর (ভারত) মুক্তিবাহিনীর ম্যোটিভেশনের দায়িত্ব পালন করেন সেই সাথে তিনি ৪ মাস গেরিলা ট্রেনিং নেন এবং ১৬ হাজার মুক্তিবাহিনীর সদস্য শপথ নিয়ে মুক্তিসংগ্রামে আত্মনিয়োগ করতে দেশের অভ্যন্তরে প্রবেশ করে। প্রখ্যাত মুক্তিযোদ্ধা বঙ্গবীর আব্দুল কাদের সিদ্দিকী বীরোত্তমকে তিনি উন্নতমানের অস্ত্র যোগানের ক্ষেত্রে প্রত্যক্ষ সহায়তা করেন এবং টাঙ্গাইল, ময়মনসিংহ'র ভালো ভালো মিলিটান্ট ছেলেদেরকে বঙ্গবীর আব্দুল কাদের সিদ্দিকী বিরোত্তমের কাছে সরাসরি পাঠিয়ে দিতেন। স্বাধীনতার পর তিনি দেশ গড়ার কাজে ঝাঁপিয়ে পড়েন। বাংলাদেশের শাসনতন্ত্র কমিটির অন্যতম সদস্য হিসেবে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ ভূমিকা রাখেন(১৯৭২) এবং বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদ সদস্য নির্বাচিত হন (১৯৭৩)। সামরিক অভ্যুত্থানের পর রাজনীতি থেকে অবসর গ্রহণ করেন (১৯৭৫)। ২৯ ডিসেম্বর ২০০২ সালে হুমায়ুন খালিদ মৃত্যুবরণ করেন।", "আবদুল হামিদ খান ভাসানী\nএর মধ্যে বাংলাদেশের প্রধানমন্ত্রী তাজউদ্দীন আহমদ দু'বার কোহিনুর প্যালেসে এসে মওলানা ভাসানীর সঙ্গে বৈঠকে মিলিত হন এবং তার পরামর্শ ও সহযোগিতা প্রার্থনা করেন।[2]" ]

[ 9.59375 ]

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[ "Lakeland Terrier The Lakeland Terrier is a dog breed, which takes its name from its place of origin, the Lake District in England. The dog is a small to mid-size member of the Terrier family. While independent in personality, it interacts well with owners and all family members, and is mostly hypo-allergenic (non shedding). The breed is not widely owned in the United States.", "Schapendoes The Schapendoes (] ) or Dutch Sheepdog, is a breed of dog originating in the Netherlands. The Schapendoes was originally a herding dog and general farm dog, but today also participates in dog sports such as agility and flyball." ]

[ "Greater Swiss Mountain Dog The Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (German: \"Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund\" or French: \"Grand Bouvier Suisse\" ) is a dog breed which was developed in the Swiss Alps. The name \"Sennenhund\" refers to people called \"Senn\" or \"Senner\", dairymen and herders in the Swiss Alps. Greater Swiss Mountain Dogs are almost certainly the result of indigenous dogs mating with large mastiff types brought to Switzerland by foreign settlers. At one time, the breed was believed to have been among the most popular in Switzerland. It was assumed to have almost died out by the late 19th century, since its work was being done by other breeds or machines, but was rediscovered in the early 1900s.", "Miniature Schnauzer The Miniature Schnauzer is a breed of small dog of the Schnauzer type that originated in Germany in the mid-to-late 19th century. Miniature Schnauzers developed from crosses between the Standard Schnauzer and one or more smaller breeds such as the Poodle and Affenpinscher, as farmers bred a small dog that was an efficient ratting dog. They are described as \"spunky\" but aloof dogs, with good guarding tendencies without some guard dogs' predisposition to bite. Miniature Schnauzers are recognized in three colors internationally: solid black, black and silver, and a color known as 'salt and pepper'. There is a controversial fourth color variant in Miniature Schnauzers, pure white, which is not recognized universally.", "Scotch Collie The Scotch Collie is a landrace breed of dog which originated from the highland regions of Scotland. The breed consisted of both the long-haired (now known as Rough) Collie and the short-haired (now known as Smooth) Collie. It is generally believed to have descended from a variety of ancient herding dogs, some dating back to the Roman occupation, which may have included Roman Cattle Dogs, Native Celtic Dogs and Viking Herding Spitzes. Other ancestors include the Gordon and Irish Setters.", "Lakeland, New York Lakeland is a hamlet (and census-designated place) in Onondaga County, New York, United States. The population was 2,786 at the 2010 census. The community name is derived from its location next to Onondaga Lake.", "Illyrian Shepherd The Illyrian Shepherd was a dog breed registered with the Fédération Cynologique Internationale FCI since 1939 under Standard number 41 \"Illirski Ovcar\". In 1957 the FCI changed the name of the breed to \"Yugoslavian Shepherd Dog Sharplanina\" (Šarplaninac). Up to 16 March 1968 the Karst Shepherd (kraški ovčar) carried the same name. Since then the two breeds are independent.", "Shieling's Signature Shieling's Signature is a Scottish Terrier who took best in show at the 1945 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show. He was bred, owned, and handled by Mr. T. H. Snethen, and completed his championship at the show. He was the first Scottie to win Best In Show since 1911.", "American Cocker Spaniel The American Cocker Spaniel is a breed of sporting dog. It is a spaniel type dog that is closely related to the English Cocker Spaniel; the two breeds diverged during the 20th century due to differing breed standards in America and the UK. In the United States, the breed is usually called the Cocker Spaniel, while elsewhere in the world, it is called the American Cocker Spaniel in order to differentiate between it and its English cousin, which was already known as \"Cocker Spaniel\" before the American variety was created. The word \"cocker\" is commonly held to stem from their use to hunt woodcock in England, while \"spaniel\" is thought to be derived from the type's origins in Spain.", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club. It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries. Since 2000, it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure-breed in the United States (2013 Registration Statistics). It has a silky, smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail. The breed standard recognizes four colours: Blenheim (chestnut and white), Tricolor (black/white/tan), Black and Tan, and Ruby. The breed is generally friendly, affectionate and good with both children and other animals; however, they require a lot of human interaction. Since they are a family dog, it is recommended to not leave them alone for long periods at a time. The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years.", "Griffon Griffon is a type of dog - a collection of breeds that were originally hunting dogs. There are three lines of the griffon type recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI): the griffon vendéens, the wirehaired pointers, and the \"smousje\" (Belgian companion dogs or Dutch Smoushond). The griffon type is characterized by rough or wire-hair.", "Shelillon (dog) The Shelillon is a breed of dog of both Spaniel and the Scottish Collie type. It is a loyal friendly breed with moderate shedding, and minimum exercise requirements. To best understand this mixed-breed dog one must understand both its parents, the Papillon and Shetland Sheepdog. A Shelillon is not an American Kennel Club recognized breed.", "German Shepherd The German Shepherd (German: Deutscher Schäferhund , ] ) is a breed of medium to large-sized working dog that originated in Germany. The breed's officially recognized name is German Shepherd Dog in the English language (sometimes abbreviated as \"GSD\"). The breed is also known as the Alsatian in Britain and Ireland. The German Shepherd is a relatively new breed of dog, with their origin dating to 1899. As part of the Herding Group, German Shepherds are working dogs developed originally for herding sheep. Since that time however, because of their strength, intelligence, trainability, and obedience, German Shepherds around the world are often the preferred breed for many types of work, including disability assistance, search-and-rescue, police and military roles, and even acting. The German Shepherd is the second-most registered breed by the American Kennel Club and fourth-most registered breed by The Kennel Club in the United Kingdom.", "Boston Terrier The Boston Terrier is a breed of dog originating in the United States. This \"American Gentleman\" was accepted in 1893 by the American Kennel Club as a non-sporting breed. Color and markings are important when distinguishing this breed to the AKC standard. They should be either black, brindle or seal with white markings. Bostons are small and compact with a short tail and erect ears. The AKC says they are highly intelligent and very easily trained. They are friendly and can be stubborn at times. The average life span of a Boston is around 11 to 13 years, though some can live well into their teens.", "Lakenvelder The Lakenvelder or Lakenfelder is a breed of domestic chicken from the Nordrhein-Westfalen area of Germany and neighbouring areas of the Netherlands. It was first recorded in 1727.", "Water dog Water dogs are a type of gun dog bred to flush and retrieve game from water, often serving the waterfowl hunter. Strong swimming desire is a characteristic of these dogs. Some of the oldest dog breeds are water dogs. The term was originally water spaniels (a misnomer, as not all are spaniels). With the advent of kennel clubs many \"water spaniels\" were accepted under the names including the designation retriever rather than spaniel.", "Tahoe Tessie Tahoe Tessie is a cryptozoological creature which supposedly resides in North America's largest alpine lake, Lake Tahoe, located in Nevada and California. Tales of the lake-dwelling creature can be traced to stories told by members of the Washoe and Paiute tribes in the mid-19th century, stating that the creature resides in an underwater tunnel beneath Cave Rock, and sightings have continued into modern day.", "Chippiparai The Chippiparai is a sighthound breed of dog from the south of India. Thought to be a descendant of the Saluki or Sloughi, today it is found in the area around Periyar Lake. It is used primarily for hunting wild boar, deer and hare. It is also used for guarding the home. Bred by royal families in Chippiparai in Virudhunagar district Tamil Nadu, it was kept as a symbol of royalty and dignity by Tirunelveli and Madurai rulers.", "Working terrier A working terrier is a small type of dog which pursues its quarry into the earth. According to the \"Oxford English Dictionary\", the name dates back to at least 1440, derived from French \"chien terrier\" 'digging dog', from Medieval Latin \"terrarius\", ultimately from Latin \"terra\" (earth).", "Smooth Fox Terrier The Smooth Fox Terrier is a breed of dog, one of many terrier breeds. It was the first breed in the fox terrier family to be given official recognition by The Kennel Club (circa 1875; breed standard 1876). It is well known, and although not a widely popular breed today outside of hunting and show circles, it is extremely significant due to the large number of terriers believed descended from it.", "Eurohound A Eurohound (also known as a Eurodog or Scandinavian hound) is a type of dog bred for sled dog racing. The Eurohound is typically crossbred from the Alaskan husky group and any of a number of pointing breeds (\"pointers\").", "Spirit Lake Tribe The Spirit Lake Tribe (in Santee Dakota: \"Mni Wakan Oyate\", formerly known as Devils Lake Sioux) is a federally recognized tribe based on a reservation located in east-central North Dakota on the southern shores of Devils Lake. It is made up of people of the Pabakse (\"Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna\"), Sisseton (\"Sisíthuŋwaŋ\") and Wahpeton (\"Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ\") bands." ]

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[ "Didong\nDidong adalah sebuah kesenian rakyat Gayo yang memadukan unsur tari, vokal, dan sastra. Didong dimulai sejak zaman Reje Linge XIII. Salah seorang seniman yang peduli pada kesenian ini adalah Abdul Kadir To`et. Kesenian didong lebih digemari oleh masyarakat Takengon dan Bener Meriah." ]

[ "Poesat Keboedajaan\nPoesat Kebodajaan (EYD: Pusat Kebudayaan; Jepang: \"Keimin Bunka Shidoso\") merupakan lembaga budaya untuk propraganda Gerakan Asia Timur Raya yang didirikan pada tahun 1943 oleh Pemerintahan Kolonial Jepang. Lembaga ini menaungi beragam aliran seni termasuk sastra, musik, tari, drama, film, dan seni rupa. Dalam masa pendek pendudukan Jepang, seni lukis Indonesia berkembang pesat dengan adanya puluhan pameran seni lukis atau \"rakutenci\" yang diadakan di pasar malam. Setiap penyelenggaraaan pameran juga diberikan penghargaan seni lukis terbaik.\nKepengurusan dibagi menjadi empat kelompok, yaitu:", "Dundam\nDundam adalah sebuah kesenian yang berasal dari Tanah Banjar, Kalimantan Selatan. Kesenian Dundam atau dalam kata kerjanya \"Badundam\", diyakini merupakan turunan dari kesenian Lamut. Dundam sudah ada sejak ± 1500 Masehi dalam bentuk sastra lisan, setelah Islam masuk di Kalimantan Selatan, kesenian ini diiringi dengan alat musik \"tarbang\". Dundam diperkirakan berasal dari kata “\"Memundang\"” atau “\"Mengundang\"” (tokoh-tokoh alam gaib).", "Kota Singkawang\nDi Singkawang banyak orang Dayak yang juga turut serta menjadi Tatung, mereka terdorong berpartisipasi karena ritual Tatung mirip upacara adat Dayak. Sejak pertama kali datang ke Singkawang masyarakat Tionghoa telah menjalin persahabatan erat dengan penduduk pribumi khususnya suku Dayak. Karena itu tidak ada kecanggungan di antara kedua etnis ini. Dahulunya Singkawang merupakan tempat persinggahan para penambang emas yang berasal dari Tiongkok. Gelombang migrasi besar-besaran pada tahun 1760, membawa masyarakat suku Tionghoa Hakka dari Guangdong China selatan yang mendarat di Pulau Kalimantan. Mereka menetap dan bekerja sebagai kuli tambang emas dan intan di monterado, Kalimantan Barat. Meski secara fisik maupun budaya ada yang berasimilasi dengan penduduk lokal, mereka juga tetap mempertahankan adat istiadat leluhur yang dipertahankan hingga kini. Karena pada umumnya mereka penganut Kong Hu Cu dan Buddha maka perayaan imlek menjadi tradisi istimewa yang senantiasa mereka rayakan.\nDi era Orde Baru perayaan Imlek khususnya ritual Tatung dilarang dipertontonkan di depan umum. Tetapi di era reformasi mantan Presiden Gus Dur mengizinkan kembali, bahkan pemerintahan berikutnya Megawati Soekarnoputri mengesahkan dalam bentuk undang-undang. Dengan demikian warga Tionghoa di Singkawang khususnya menjadi lebih leluasa untuk menjalankan tradisi atau upacara keagamaan mereka. Di dunia pariwisata, Tatung berpotensi untuk menarik turis dalam negeri dan mancanegara. Selain mengangkat nama Singkawang di dunia internasional, Tatung juga ikut meningkatkan perekonomian daerah setempat.", "Seni lukis\nSebuah kecenderungan, penggayaan, atau cara proses kreatif yang dikembangkan oleh Herry Dim sejak tahun 1970-an. Kegiatan membuat karya dengan menggunakan bahan-bahan temuan dan bahkan bahan-bahan bekas ini kemudian bisa menjadi karya seni dua dimensi (lukisan maupun instalasi dinding), karya tiga dimensi (serupa patung), karya ruang (seni instalasi), atau karya seni tata panggung teater. Bahkan di kemudian hari dikembangkan oleh teman dan generasi penerusnya menjadi garapan musik, tari, senirupa pertunjukan (performance art), dan teater.", "Seni Didong\nMenjadi mediator antara pemerintah dangan rakyat dan antara pemimpin dan masyarakat adalah berdasarkan eksistensi kesenian ini yang tetap terjaga. Melalui syair-syairnya seni Didong mampu menyampaikan pesan-pesan dengan baik dan menarik. Terlebih pertunjukan kesenian ini selalu menjaga sportivitas, kualitas dan validitas isi syair dengan isu-isu yang tengah menjadi sorotan massa.", "Didong\nAra pe reta gere neh terdedek", "Buncheong\nBuncheong bermula di awal Dinasti Joseon (abad ke-14) dan sepanjang 200 tahun diproduksi secara besar-besaran. Hal ini bermula sejak Invasi Mongol dan serangan bajak laut Jepang pada masa akhir Dinasti Goryeo, banyak warga yang pindah dari daerah pesisir ke pedalaman dan wilayah-wilayah lain di seluruh negeri. Akibatnya tungku-tungku produksi keramik hijau yang berada di dekat pesisir seperti Buan dan Gangjin ditelantarkan. Keramik hijau yang merupakan kerajinan utama di Goryeo mulai menghilang seiring redupnya kekuasaan penguasa.", "Sejarah musik\nBangsa Tiongkok menceritakan asal mula susunan nada mereka pada tahun 2700 S.M., pada masa pemerintahan Kaisar Huang Ti yang menunjuk seseorang yang bernama Ling-Lun untuk membuat peraturan serta menentukan dasar dari ilmu olah nada atau seni dengan nada-nada.\nLing-Lun mengemban tugas tersebut pergi ke daerah Sing Yung, dekat mata air sungai Huang He, dimana terdapat sebuah gunung dan berhutan kayu serta bambu yang lebat. Di hutan tersebut Ling-Lun mendapatkan gagasan untuk membuat pipa-pipa seruling dari ranting bambu degan berbagai macam ukuran, dan di dalam Hutan tersebut terdapat sepasang burung ajaib yang bernama Fung-Hoang. Burung jantan yang disebut Fung menyanyikan enam nada dan Burung Betina yang disebut Hoang menyanyikan enam nada yang lainnya dan berpadu menjadi kesatuan nada yang disebut \"nada jantan\" dan \"nada betina\", atau lebih dikenal dengan \"nada-setengah\". Kemudian Ling-Lun menirukan nada burung yang didengarnya tersebut dengan serulingnya sehingga timbul nada yang terendah, F, yang diberi nama Kung atau \"nada besar\".", "Wayang timplong\nKesenian tradisional ini konon mulai ada sejak tahun 1910 dari Dusun Kedung Bajul Desa Jetis, Kecamatan Pace, provinsi Jawa Timur. Wayang ini terbuat dari kayu, baik kayu waru, mentaos, maupun pinus. Instrumen gamelan yang digunakan sebagai musik pengiring, juga sangat sederhana. Hanya terdiri dari Gambang yang terbuat dari kayu atau bambu, ketuk kenong, kempul dan kendang.", "Wayang Potehi\nMenurut sejarah, diperkirakan jenis kesenian ini sudah ada pada masa Dinasti Jin 晉朝 (265-420 Masehi) dan berkembang pada Dinasti Song 宋朝 (960-1279). Wayang Potehi masuk ke Indonesia (dulu Nusantara) melalui orang-orang Tionghoa yang masuk ke Nusantara pada sekitar abad 16 sampai 19. Data yang \"sahih\" berupa catatan awal tentang wayang Potehi di Indonesia, berasal dari seorang Inggris bernama Edmund Scott. Dia pergi ke Banten 2 kali, antara 1602 dan 1625. Ia menyebutkan, pertunjukan sejenis opera, yang diselenggarakan bila jung-jung akan berangkat ke atau bila kembali ke Tiongkok. Ia mengamati dengan teliti, bahwa pertunjukan ini berhubungan dengan penyembahan dan bahwa biarawan-biarawan mempersembahkan kurban, dan bersujud di tanah sebelum persiapan. Scott menuliskan bahwa \"mereka sangat menyukai sandiwara dan nyanyian, tetapi suara mereka adalah yang paling jelek yang akan didengar orang. Sandiwara atau selingan itu mereka selenggarakan sebagai kebaktian kepada dewa-dewa mereka: pada permulaannya, mereka lazim membakar kurban, para pendetanya berkali-kali berlutut, satu demi satu. Sandiwara ini biasa diadakan, apabila mereka melihat jung atau kapal berangkat dari Banten ke Tiongkok. Sandiwara ini kadang-kadang mulai pada tengah hari dan baru berakhir keesokan paginya, biasanya di jalan terbuka, di panggung yang didirikan untuk maksud itu.\"", "Dinasti Song\nIstana kaisar dipenuhi dengan pelukis, penulis kaligrafi, penyair, dan pencerita. Kaisar Huizong juga merupakan seniman dan pelindung seni yang terkenal. Contoh pelukis istana yang sangat terhormat adalah Zhang Zeduan (1085–1145), yang melukis lukisan panorama \"Qingming Shanghe Tu\" (Di Sepanjang Sungai Selama Festival Qingming). Kaisar Gaozong melancarkan proyek seni besar-besaran yang dikenal dengan nama \"Hujia Shiba Pai\" (Delapan Belas Lagu Suling Pengembara) yang didasarkan dari kisah kehidupan Cai Wenji (b. 177). Proyek seni ini merupakan langkah diplomatik untuk Dinasti Jin agar ibunda Kaisar dibebaskan.\nDalam dunia filsafat, pengaruh Buddhisme Tiongkok telah memudar, namun pengaruhnya dalam dunia seni dan amal biara masih terasa. Buddhisme sangat memengaruhi pergerakan Neo-Konfusianisme yang dipimpin oleh Cheng Yi (1033–1107) dand Zhu Xi (1130–1200). Konsep universalisme etika dalam Buddha Mahayana memengaruhi Fan Zhongyan dan Wang Anshi, sementara metafisika Buddha sangat berdampak bagi doktrin pra-Neo-Konfusianisme Cheng Yi. Karya filosofis Cheng Yi sendiri pada gilirannya memengaruhi Zhu Xi. Meskipun penulisannya tidak diterima oleh rekan kontemporernya, penjelasan dan penekanan Zhu terhadap Empat Buku sebagai pengenalan Konfusianisme menjadi dasar doktrin Neo-Konfusianisme. Pada tahun 1241, atas sokongan Kaisar Lizong, Empat Buku dan penjelasan Zhu Xi menjadi persyaratan standar bagi orang yang ingin lulus ujian pegawai negeri. Negara-negara Asia Timur seperti Jepang dan Korea juga menerapkan ajaran Zhu Xi, yang dikenal dengan nama Shushigaku (朱子学, Mazhab Zhu Xi) di Jepang dan Jujahak (주자학) di Korea. Sementara itu, pengaruh Buddhisme tampak pula dalam berbagai lukisan seperti \"Pencucian Luohan\" karya Lin Tinggui. Namun, Buddhisme juga menuai kritikan dan bahkan cibiran. Negarawan dan sejarawan Ouyang Xiu (1007–1072) menyebut agama tersebut sebagai \"kutukan\" yang hanya bisa disembuhkan dengan menghapuskannya dari budaya Tiongkok dan menggantikannya dengan Konfusianisme. Buddhism tidak akan mengalami kebangkitan yang sesungguhnya dalam masyarakat Tionghoa hingga Dinasti Yuan Mongol berkuasa, saat Kublai Khan mendukung Buddhisme Tibet dan Drogön Chögyal Phagpa sebagai lama. Tidak hanya itu, sekte Nestorianisme dalam Kekristenan, yang telah memasuki Tiongkok pada masa Dinasti Tang, juga akan mengalami kebangkitan pada masa Dinasti Yuan.", "Pesta dadung\nPesta dadung merupakan tradisi budak angon (penggembala sapi/kerbau) di saat menggembalakan ternaknya di huma atau di ladang. Tradisi itu mulai dikenal sekitar tahun 1818, \"kaulinan\" (permainanan) \"barudak\" yang memanfaatkan waktu luang sewaktu menggembala ini mengalami perubahan dari \"kaulinan budak angon\".", "Penjing\nBersama Mr. Liu Fei Yat, Wu Yee-sun (1905-2005), guru penjing generasi ketiga dan cucu dari pendiri mahzab Lingnan, mengadakan pameran penjing pertama di Hong Kong pada tahun 1968. Penjing yang dipamerkannya merupakan koleksi penjing kalangan aristokrat yang diselamatkan dari Revolusi Komunis Cina 1949 dengan cara dibawa keluar dari Daratan Cina atau disimpan di tempat yang aman. Dua edisi buku karya Wu Yee-sun yang ditulis dalam bahasa Tionghoa dan bahasa Inggris, \"Man Lung Garden Artistic Pot Plants\" (\"Tanaman Pot Artistik Taman Man Lung\") membangkitkan kembali minat publik atas seni Cina yang sebelumnya dikenal orang Barat dengan nama bonsai.", "Didong\nPuisi Didong Gayo (Balai Pustaka 2006) Tim Koordinasi Siaran Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, 1988. Aneka Ragam Hkasanah Budaya Nusantara I. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. Tim Koordinasi Siaran Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, 1996. Aneka Ragam Hkasanah Budaya Nusantara VII. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan", "Musik Korea\nNongak adalah permainan musik petani yang dipentaskan oleh kelompok pemusik yang terdiri dari para petani (nongaktae).[2] Permainan musik nongak diwariskan tanpa diketahui dengan jelas penciptanya.[12] Namun begitu, asal usul nongak diperkirakan telah ada sejak zaman Tiga Kerajaan dari rekaman sejarah Cina kuno.[12] Catatan mengenai nongak juga dapat ditemukan dalam Babad Dinasti Joseon (Sillok), yang dipopulerkan oleh kelompok penghibur keliling.[12]", "Seni Didong\nBerbagai unsur dari seni sastra ialah pokok sosial, tema, dalil, alur, makna (termasuk makna ganda), tamsil, kiasan, matrik, dan suatu nilai. Seni puisi misalnya memamfaatkan sepenuhnya makna ganda. Para Filsuf seni umumnya sepakat bahwa seni sastra termasuk seni perlambang atau simbol, kadang-kadang simbolisme yang dipergunakan dalam seni ini demikian abstrak dan sulit sehingga misalnya sebuah sajak tidak dapat dimengerti oleh orang-orang.", "Wayang jemblung\nDalam perkembangannya, kesenian Jemblung meluas sampai ke daerah Blitar.[5] Di Blitar muncul pergesan bentuk Wayang Jemblung dari segi cerita dan iringan.[5] Pengembangan ini dilakukan oleh Kelompok Putra Budaya Kabupaten Blitar yang dimulai sejak tahun 1990-an.[5] Pertunjukan Wayang Jemblung kemudian menggunakan iringan gamelan, seperti kendhang dan kenong yang dikolaborasikan dengan musik terbangan dan organ.[5] Pengembangan ini didasari alasan semakin menurunnya minat masyarakat terhadap Wayang Jemblung.[5] Penyesuaian bentuk ini menuntut penambahan jumlah pemain Wayang Jemblung menjadi sekitar 14 orang, yang terdiri dari pencerita, penabuh gamelan, dan sindhen.[5]Namun, tetap dipertahankan pementasan tanpa wayang.[5] Dari segi cerita yang diangkat, cerita tidak hanya diambil dari Babad atau Menak, tetapi diangkat pula kisah-kisah bernuanasa Islam dan kisah perjuangan.[5] Misalnya kisah-kisah mengenai Sunan Kalijaga, kisah Diponegoro, juga kisah Untung Suropati.[5]", "Kerajaan Dali\nKerajaan Dali didahului oleh Nanzhao, yang dijatuhkan pada tahun 902. Tiga dinasti mencoba menggantikannya, hingga Duan Siping mengambil alih kekuasaan pada tahun 937 dan mendirikan Dali. Gao Shengtai memaksa raja boneka Duan Zhengming untuk mengundurkan diri dan menjadi biksu pada tahun 1095, dan kemudian mengganti nama Negara menjadi \"Dazhong\". Ia mengembalikan kekuasaan kepada keluarga Duan menjelang kematiannya. Duan Zhengchun mengganti nama negara menjadi \"Hou Li\" pada tahun berikutnya.", "Gong Nekara\nGong nekara adalah gong perunggu buatan kebudayaan Dong Son, yang terdapat di delta Sungai Merah Vietnam Utara. Gong ini diproduksi pada sekitar 600 tahun sebelum masehi atau sebelumnya, sampai abad ketiga Masehi. Dengan menggunakan metode pengecoran logam yang telah hilang (lost wax method), gong ini oleh para peneliti sejarah dianggap sebagai salah satu contoh terbaik dari budaya pengerjaan logam. Gong Nekara ini mempunyai 3 fungsi pada masanya, yakni fungsi Keagamaan, Sosial-Budaya, dan Politik. Fungsi keagamaan yaitu sebagai alat komunikasi, upacara, dan simbol. Sementara fungsi sosial budaya yaitu sebagai simbol status sosial, perangkat upacara dan karya seni yang mempunyai daya magis religius. Sedangkan fungsi politik yaitu sebagai tanda bahaya atau isyarat perang.", "Dangdut\nDangdut modern, yang berkembang pada awal tahun 1970-an sejalan dengan politik Indonesia yang ramah terhadap budaya Barat, memasukkan alat-alat musik modern Barat seperti gitar listrik, organ elektrik, perkusi, trompet, saksofon, obo, dan lain-lain untuk meningkatkan variasi dan sebagai lahan kreativitas pemusik-pemusiknya. Mandolin juga masuk sebagai unsur penting. Pengaruh rock (terutama pada permainan gitar) sangat kental terasa pada musik dangdut. Tahun 1970-an menjadi ajang 'pertempuran' bagi musik dangdut dan musik rock dalam merebut pasar musik Indonesia, hingga pernah diadakan konser 'duel' antara Soneta Group dan God Bless. Praktis sejak masa ini musik Melayu telah berubah, termasuk dalam pola bisnis bermusiknya. Pada paruh akhir dekade 1970-an juga berkembang variasi \"dangdut humor\" yang dimotori oleh OM Pancaran Sinar Petromaks (PSP). Orkes ini, yang berangkat dari gaya musik melayu deli, membantu diseminasi dangdut di kalangan mahasiswa. Subgenre ini diteruskan, misalnya, oleh OM Pengantar Minum Racun (PMR) dan, pada awal tahun 2000-an, oleh Orkes Pemuda Harapan Bangsa (PHB).", "Abu Moese Azhari\nAR Moese adalah orang yang berada di balik pencapaian kemajauan seni musik di Gayo, Aceh Tengah. Melalui kemampuannya yang luar biasa, Moese menggubah sastra didong menjadi karya musik modern dengan tetap mempertahankan kekayaan melodi Gayo. Berkat “sentuhan tangan” Moese lah, hingga karya-karya seni didong - jenis kesenian tradisional yang menyampaikan puisi-puisi Gayo dengan cara mendendangkannya dalam iringan tepukan tangan dan kanvas ukuran kecil sebagai rythem,bisa dimainkan dalam format musik modern.", "Seni Didong\nSebagaimana ditulis oleh Thantawy R. bahwa seni Didong adalah satu macam kesenian yang sangat populer di kalangan masyarakat Gayo. Seni Didong adalah suatu social intrest, artinya suatu unsur kebudayaan yang amat digemari oleh sebagian besar masyarakat, sehingga banyak unsur-unsur lain dan lapangan-lapangan lain dalam masyarakat itu tersangkut dan terdorong karenanya. Kesenian ini digemari dan disenangi oleh masyarakat, karena berisi syair-syair puisi faktual, aktual dan kontekstual menyangkut berbagai macam masalah kehidupan, baik agama, adat budaya, sosial, politik maupun lingkungan. Berdasarkan keberadaan dan peran seni Didong dalam membentuk budaya dan kehidupan sosial masyarakat dan keberagamaan, mejadi menarik untuk dibahas, terutama dari unsur pesan-pesan yang terkandung dalam syair-syairnya dan pemanfaatan kesenian tersebut sebagai media komunikasi.", "Balai disamping Danau\nBalai disamping Danau (Chinese: \"\") adalah sebuah lukisan yang dibuat di Semenanjung Korea pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Joseon. Lukisan ini dibuat pada akhir abad ke-18. Lukisan \"Balai disamping Danau\" memiliki ukuran tinggi 45,4 cm dan lebar 27,6 cm. Lukisan ini dibuat oleh seorang seniman yang hanya diketahui dari nama penanya \"Samoje\" (yang berarti secara harafiah \"Studio Tiga-Lima\"). Seniman lukisan ini kemungkinan adalah seorang pelukis profesional dari kelas \"jungin\" (kelas menengah) pada masa pemerintahan Dinasti Joseon, walaupun asumsi ini tidak dapat dipastikan karena kurangnya dokumentasi sejarah. Komposisi dari lukisan \"Balai disamping Danau\" kemungkinan besar diadaptasi dari panduan melukis yang populer dari Dinasti Ming (1368–1644) dan diimpor dari Tiongkok. Salah satu contoh yang paling penting dari panduan-panduan melukis yang diimpor dari Cina adalah sebuah panduan melukis yang berjudul \"Taman Biji Mustard\".", "Dukuhbadag, Cibingbin, Kuningan\nSelain itu, upaya pelestarian seni Gembyung pernah di rintis oleh para pemuda Kuningan pada tahun 1996 melalui “ Festival seni Gembyung “ yang di gelar di gedung pendopo dalam rangkaian hari jadi Kuningan, di ikuti oleh sekitar 30 grup.", "Jaipongan\nKarya Jaipongan pertama yang mulai dikenal oleh masyarakat adalah tari \"Daun Pulus Keser Bojong\" dan \"Rendeng Bojong\" yang keduanya merupakan jenis tari putri dan tari berpasangan (putra dan putri). Dari tarian itu muncul beberapa nama penari Jaipongan yang handal seperti Tati Saleh, Yeti Mamat, Eli Somali, dan Pepen Dedi Kurniadi. Awal kemunculan tarian tersebut sempat menjadi perbincangan, ulgar. Namun dari ekspos beberapa media cetak, nama Gugum Gumbira mulai dikenal masyarakat, apa lagi setelah tari Jaipongan pada tahun 1980 dipentaskan di TVRI stasiun pusat Jakarta. Dampak dari kepopuleran tersebut lebih meningkatkan frekuensi pertunjukan, baik di media televisi, hajatan maupun perayaan-perayaan yang diselenggarakan oleh pihak swasta dan pemerintah.", "Seni Didong\nBencana gempa dan gelombang raya Tsunami pada tanggal 24 Desember 2004 yang menerjang Banda Aceh dan sepanjang pesisir Serambi Mekah itu diinformasikan keberbagai pelosok pedalaman dan dataran tinggi Gayo melalui syair-syair Didong. Tema yang menjadi sorotan syair seni Didong yang dikaitkan langsung dengan komunikasi adalah menyangkut bencana alam gempa dan gelombang Tsunami,dan perdamaian di masyarakat.", "Ni Ketut Arini\nSejak tahun 1965 Ni Ketut Arini menjalani misi kebudayaan ke berbagai negara. Bersama salah seorang muridnya dari Amerika Serikat, Rucina Balinger, pada tahun 2004, bekerja sama mengangkat kembali karya gurunya, I Nyoman Kaler, antara lain tari \"Panji Semirang, Mregapati, Wiranata, Demang Miring, Candrametu, Puspawarna, Bayan Nginte, Kupu-kupu Tarum\", dan \"Legong Kebyar\". \"Legong Kebyar\" sendiri pernah terkenal di Bali, lalu hilang karena tak ada yang menarikannya. Keberadaan tarian itu hanya diceritakan di buku-buku. Mereka kemudian menggali lagi karya Kaler lewat simposium dan pementasan yang ditarikan tiga penari lanjut usia, dewasa, dan remaja. Tahun 2010, mendokumentasikan enam tari \"Legong\" yang dikuasainya untuk arsip Sekolah Tinggi Seni Indonesia (STSI) Denpasar dan menjadi bahan ajar bagi mahasiswa tari.", "Dangdut\nPenyebutan nama \"dangdut\" merupakan onomatope dari suara permainan tabla (dalam dunia dangdut disebut gendang saja) musik India. Putu Wijaya awalnya menyebut dalam majalah Tempo edisi 27 Mei 1972 bahwa lagu Boneka dari India adalah campuran lagu Melayu, irama padang pasir, dan \"dang-ding-dut\" India.[2] Sebutan ini selanjutnya diringkas menjadi \"dangdut\" saja, dan oleh majalah tersebut digunakan untuk menyebut bentuk lagu Melayu yang terpengaruh oleh lagu India.[2]", "Pulau Dildo\nSebuah penggalian arkeologis yang dilakukan pada tahun 1995 menemukan artefak kebudayaan Dorset yang berasal dari era antara 150 M hingga 750 M. Diyakini bahwa orang-orang tersebut berkemah di Pulau Dildo untuk berburu anjing laut. Pada tahun 2001, penggalian dimulai di sebuah situs Indian yang menurut penanggalan radiokarbon berasal dari tahun 720 M hingga 960 M. Bukti dari sebuah kamp ditemukan dengan sisa-sisa pondok dan perapian. Hampir semua alat terbuat dari rhyolite ungu dan biru yang berasal dari sumber di Teluk Bonavista yang terletak kira-kira di sebelah utara Pulau Dildo. Menurut catatan John Guy yang menjadi gubernur di sana pada tahun 1612, menyebutkan tentang adanya sebuah kamp Indian Beothuk di Pulau Dildo. Benteng Inggris didirikan pada awal abad ke-18 untuk mempertahankan sisi selatan Teluk Trinity dari Perancis selama terjadinya Perang Ratu Anne.", "Gaok\nSeni ini mulai ada dan berkembang di majalengka di perkirakan sejak setalah masuknya Agama Islam di wilayah Kabupaten Majalengka yaitu sekitar abad ke 15 ketika pangeran Mehammad berusaha menyebarkan ajaran islam, yang dilaksanakan sebagai upaya yang dipandang strategis dalam dakwah islam. Hingga sekarang seni tradisonal Gaok masih ada yaitu yang dikembangkan di desa Kulur Kecamatan Majalengka oleh seorang seniman bernama Sabda Wangsaharja sejak sekitar tahun 1920.", "Namsadang Nori\nIstilah \"Kwangdae\" digunakan untuk menyebut kelompok pertunjukkan kesenian pada masa Dinasti Joseon (1392-1910). Kwangdae dikenal pula sebagai \"chae-in\" (\"orang berbakat\") yang khusus menampilkan pertunjukkan tarian, bermain wayang boneka, berjalan di atas tali, akrobat dan pansori (opera tradisional). Kelompok ini bahkan telah muncul semenjak zaman Tiga Kerajaan Korea (abad 1 SM-7 M). Kelompok Kwangdae terbagi menjadi dua jenis. Jenis pertama adalah mereka yang menampilkan pertunjukkan di acara kaum bangsawan. Mereka menghibur dengan cara menyanyi, menari, memainkan alat musik, dan berjalan di atas tali. Mereka ini dikenal juga dengan \"taryeong kwangdae\" atau \"Kwangdae yang menunggu untuk diperintah\". Jenis kedua adalah \"tteun kwangdae\" atau \"Kwangdae yang mengapung\". Di antara kelompok seniman ini termasuk kelompok \"Namsadang\" (\"Namsadangpae\") yang anggotanya terdiri dari laki-laki. Kaum wanita juga memiliki kelompoknya sendiri, yang dinamakan \"Sadangpae\" dan menampilkan pertunjukkan hiburan yang serupa.", "Kabupaten Lingga\nMengajukan dan menukarkan sawah padi dengan sagu (Rumbia) yang di datangkan dari Borneo Serawak dan membuka industri sagu tahun 1890. Membuka penambangan timah di Singkep dan Kolong-kolong Sultan dengan Mandor yang terkenal npada zaman itu La Abok dan kulinya orang-orang Cina Kek yang menurut ceritanya nama inilah nama Dabo Singkep. Baginda mangkat pada tanggal 28 Fenruari 1814 dan dimakamkan di Bukit Cengkeh dengan gelar Marhum Keraton yang di dalam kubah. Setelah itu Sultan Muhammad Muazam Syah (1832-1841) Sultan ini sangat gemar dengan seni ukir/Arsitektur, dia mengambil tukang dari Semarang untuk membangun istana yang disebut Keraton atau Kedaton.", "Seni Didong\nDari sekian banyak kesenian tradisional sebagai bagian dari unsur kebudayaan yang ada di nusantara salah satunya adalah seni Didong, yaitu suatu kesenian yang merupakan perpaduan antara seni suara dengan sastra berupa syair-syair puisi sebagai unsur utamanya. Didong adalah suatu kesenian yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat Gayo yang mendiami Kabupaten Aceh Tengah dan Kabupaten Bener Meriah Provinsi Aceh.Kesenian yang paling mendominasi kebudayaan Gayo di antara jenis dan bentuk kesenian lainnya adalah seni Didong.", "Kabupaten Aceh Tengah\nDidong merupakan salah satu kesenian asli yang berasal dari daerah dataran tinggi ini. Sekelompok orang duduk bersila membentuk lingkaran. Salah seorang ceh akan mendendangkan syair-syair dalam bahasa Gayo dan anggota yang lain akan mengiringi dengan tepukan tangan dan tepukan bantal kecil dengan ritme yang harmonis.", "Penjing\nWalaupun paling tidak dari legenda-legenda abad ke-3 dan abad ke-4 sudah diceritakan tentang guru Tao yang memiliki kemampuan untuk mengecilkan pemandangan alam menjadi berukuran kecil di dalam wadah, penjelasan tertulis tentang pemandangan alam dalam bentuk miniatur baru ditemui pada periode Dinasti Tang. Naskah dari periode tersebut menyebut bahwa seni (waktu itu disebut \"punsai\")) membuat pemandangan dari pohon-pohon yang dikerdilkan telah dikenal untuk beberapa lama, sebagai seni asli Cina atau mungkin sebagai bentuk seni yang dibawa dari luar. Sebagai contoh dari pengaruh asing yang mungkin sekitar periode ini adalah gelombang kedatangan orang asing secara besar-besaran.ke ibu kota Chang'an yang baru dibangun kembali. Peristiwa tersebut terjadi pada tahun 630 ketika Göktürks dikalahkan oleh tentara Dinasti Tang dan ribuan keluarga Turki pindah untuk tinggal di Chang'an.) Hingga kini sejarawan belum menemukan naskah yang menjelaskan periode terjadinya perubahan fungsi piring/nampan \"pen\" sebagai wadah untuk tanaman dan batu, dan asal mula terciptanya bentuk-bentuk penjing yang unik. Lukisan tertua yang menggambarkan penjing adalah lukisan dinding yang berasal dari sekitar tahun 706. Lukisan dinding ini ada di lorong menuju makam Pangeran Zhang Huai di situs Mausoleum Qianling. Ketika diekskavasi pada tahun 1972, lukisan ini memperlihatkan dua pelayan wanita membawa penjing berbentuk pohon buah dan hiasan batu berukuran mini.", "National Center for Korean Traditional Performing Arts\nOrganisasi musik yang resmi di Korea telah bermula sejak zaman kerajaan Silla pada abad ke-6. Pada saat itu Silla membentuk kelompok pemain musik istana untuk memeriahkan acara-acara kenegaraan. Namanya pun silih berganti sesuai dengan pemimpinnya. Pada masa Raja Jinpyeong, pada tahun 669, organisasi ini dinamakan \"Eumak giwon\" (\"organisasi musik\"), pada masa Ratu Jindeok, kembali berubah menjadi \"Eumseongseo\" dan \"Eumak gwanseo\". Pada zaman Dinasti Goryeo organisasi ini dibagi dua kelompok, \"Jeonakseo\" dan \"Daeakseo\" yang mempunyai jumlah anggota 730 orang pemusik. Goryeo banyak mengimpor karya-karya musik Cina dari Song.", "Penjing\nPaling tidak sejak abad ke-16, toko-toko dengan nama seperti Garden of Dragon Flowers di barat daya Shanghai sudah menanam pohon-pohon berukuran mini dalam wadah. Sementara itu, hingga akhir abad ke-16, Suzhou masih dianggap sebagai pusat seni penjing terbaik di Tiongkok. Catatan tertua tentang penjing yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris adalah mengenai penjing di Tiongkok/Makau pada tahun 1637.", "Hát tuồng\n\"Tuồng\" dipercaya diimpor dari China pada sekitar abad ke-13 ketika Vietnam berperang melawan Dinasti Yuan Mongol. Seorang aktor terkenal yang bernama Lý Nguyên Cát (李元吉) ditahan oleh pasukan Vietnam. Pihak kekaisaran membujuknya untuk menyebarkan pengetahuan teater Tionghoa-nya kepada anak-anak elit, yang menjelaskan bagaimana tuồng pertama kali bermula di Vietnam dalam ranah kerajaan. Kemudian, kesenian tersebut diadaptasi ke kelompok pertunjukan keliling yang menghibur masyarakat umum dan kaum petani. Bersama dengan \"Hát chèo\", \"tuồng\" merupakan salah satu bentuk kesenian populer bagi masyarakat umum.", "Dangdut\nDangdut Koplo lahir di Indonesia lahir sejak tahun 2000 yang dipromotori oleh kelompok-kelompok musik Jawa Timur. Namun saat itu masih belum menasional seperti sekarang ini. 2 tahun kemudian, variasi atau cabang baru bagi musik Dangdut ini semakin fenomenal, setelah area 'kekuasaannya' meluas ke beberapa wilayah seperti di Jogja dan beberapa kota di Jawa Tengah lainnya. Salah satu hal yang membuat genre ini sukses dalam memperlebar daerah 'kekuasannya' adalah vcd bajakan yang begitu mudah dan murah didapatkan masyarakat sebagai 'alternatif' hiburan masyarakat dari vcd/dvd original artis-artis/selebriti nasional yang dinilai mahal. Kesuksesan vcd bajakan tersebut juga dibarengi dengan fenomena \"goyang ngebor\" Inul Daratista.", "Dukuhbadag, Cibingbin, Kuningan\nMenurut, Udin Sahrudin, tokoh sintren di Desa Dukuhbadag, munculnya seni sintren di Kuningan belum bisa dipastikan. Sebab sampai sekarang belum ada penelitian ilmiah, tetapi yang jelas sejak tahun 1930 sudah banyak warga Desa Dukuhbadag yang mengadakan pertunjukan seni sintren terutama pada acara pesta khitanan dan pernikahan.", "Seni Bunga Tionghoa\nTaman adalah sumber inspirasi membuat rangkaian bunga. Tidak semua orang mampu membuat taman pribadi di rumah masing-masing sehingga muncul keinginan membuat taman versi kecil, kemudian taman kecil ini diubah lagi menjadi taman dalam ruangan yakni taman versi miniatur yang dikenal dengan nama penjing atau pentsai. Penjing merupakan seni tanaman di atas meja yang lahir pada zaman Tang abad ke-7. Tidak hanya di dalam rumah, kesenian menyusun bunga berkembang di lingkungan biarawan Buddhis. Kesenian ini lalu diperkenalkan ke Korea dan Jepang oleh paderi-paderi Buddhis dari Tang.", "Drama Gong\nPuncak kepopuleran seni Drama Gong adalah pada masa 1970-an. Pada masa ini, sedikitnya terdapat delapan \"sekaa\" atau kelompok Drama Gong diantaranya: Drama Gong \"Wijayakusuma\" Abianbase, Gianyar, Drama Gong \"Kacang Dawa\", Klungkung, Drama Gong\" Cakra Bhuwana\", Sukawati, Drama Gong \"Puspa Anom\" Banyuning, Buleleng, Drama Gong\" Bintang Bali Timur,\"Denpasar, Drama Gong \"Dewan Kesenian Denpasar (DKD),\" Drama Gong \"Duta Bon Bali\", Gianyar, dan Drama Gong \"Kerti Bhuwana\", Gianyar. Dari semua\" sekaa\" tersebut, \"sekaa\" Drama Gong \"Wijayakusuma\" merupakan kelompok Drama Gong yang paling terkenal dan populer. Hal itu dapat dilihat dari kepopulerannya, frekuensi pentas, jumlah dan antusiasme penonton menyaksikan pertunjukan tersebut.", "Seni Didong\nNamun kemudian secara umum orang berpendapat bahwa kesenian adalah hasil ekspresi manusia akan keindahan, meski tidak semua hasil karya seni dapat dikatakan demikian. Karena ada karya seni yang lebih mengutamakan pesan budaya yang mengadung unsur-unsur sistem budaya dari masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Hal ini berarti bahwa dengan kesenian masyarakat yang bersangkutan bermaksud menjawab atau menginterpretasikan permasalahan kehidupan sosialnya, mengisi kebutuhan atau mencapai suatu tujuan bersama, seperti kemungkaran, persatuan, kemuliaan, kebahagiaan dan rasa aman berhubungan dengan yang gaib (supranatural) dan lain-lain. Kesenian sebagai hasil ekspresi keindahan yang mengandung pesan budaya terwujud dalam bermacam-macam bentuk, seperti seni lukis, seni patung, seni sastra, seni tari, seni vokal, seni musik dan seni drama.", "Seni Didong\nSelanjunya prihal seni. Pengertian bidang ini demikian banyak sebagaimana yang dikemukakan oleh para filusuf seni, ahli estetika dan oleh seniman sendiri. Susanne K. Langer memberi batasan bahwa seni adalah istilah umum yang mencakup lukisan, musik, tari, sastra, drama, dan film. Kesemua itu dapat dibatasi sebagai kegiatan menciptakan bentuk-bentuk yang dapat dimengerti, yang mengungkapkan perasaan manusia. Sedangkan menurut TheLiang Gie, seni adalah segenap kegiatan budi pekerti seseorang (seniman) yang secara mahir menciptakan sesuatu karya sebagai pengungkapan perasaan manusia. Hasil dari kegiatan itu ialah suatu kebulatan organis dalam suatu bentuk tertentu dari unsur-unsur yang bersifat ekspresif yang termuat dalam suatu medium indrawi. Seni adalah suatu (proses) dan sekaligus juga sebagai hasil kegiatan (produk), kedua hal ini tidak dapat dipisahkan.", "Seren taun\nDalam upacara Seren taun dilakukan berbagai keramaian dan pertunjukan kesenian adat. Ritual seren taun itu sendiri mulai berlangsung sejak tangal 18 Rayagung, dimulai dengan pembukaan pameran Dokumentasi Seni dan Komoditi Adat Jabar. Setiap hari dipertunjukkan pencak silat, nyiblung (musik air), kesenian dari Dayak Krimun, Indramayu, suling rando, tarawelet, karinding, dan suling kumbang dari Baduy.", "Mang Dudung\nMang Dudung yang menamatkan pendidikan formalnya sampai SMA mulanya adalah pemain sandiwara sekaligus pelawak. Karier tersebut dimulai sejak tahun 1943. Tahun 1950 ia masuk menjadi anggota POLRI dan ditempatkan pada bagian film sebagai juru potret dan juru kamera. Pekerjaan ini dilakukan sampai tahun 1964. Sesudah itu ia ditempatkan pada dinas Penerangan POLRI Mabak dengan pangkat Mayor Polisi. Pada saat dinas kepolisian inilah ia membentuk grup lawak Reog B.K.A.K. Meskipun Mang Dudung main film sejak 1954 namun baru dikenal tahun 1972. Sesudah itu ia bersama-sama anggota Reog BKAK main dalam beberapa produksi dengan peran sebagai pelawak.", "Pesta dadung\nPesta dadung atau ombyok dadung (\"dadung\" berarti tali tambang pengikat ternak dalam bahasa sunda) merupakan acara kesenian tradisional yang berasal dari Legokherang, Cilebak, Kabupaten Kuningan dan sekitarnya yang telah hidup sejak ratusan tahun lalu.", "Kelentangan\nDalam sejarahnya, musik Kelentangan diyakini memiliki keterkaitan panjang dengan sejarah masuknya musik di Kalimantan. Pada waktu itu, terdapat banyak sekali gong-gong di pedalaman Kalimantan yang sebagian besar dari Tiongkok Selatan. Hal itu dibuktikan sejak tahun 1930-an yang telah ditemukan banyak sekali alat perunggu di Annam atau tepatnya di desa Dong-son yang instrumennya mirip dengan instrumen gong yang ada pada suku Dayak di pedalaman Kalimantan. Pengaruh kebudayaan masyarakat Tiongkok dalam kehidupan masyarakat Dayak di Kalimantan itu terlihat dari bbeberapa hal, seperti guci-guci, tempayan, dan perhiasan dengan berbagai ornamen bergaya Tiongkok. Dengan demikian, pengaruh kebudayaan Tiongkok terhadap kehidupan masyarakat Dayak di Kalimantan dinilai sebagai awal mula munculnya instrumen Kelentangan dalam kehidupan masyarakat Dayak Benuaq. Dalam Bahasa sederhana, proses tersebut dimulai dari keberadaan gong-gong berukuran kecil kemudian menjadi instrumen Kelentangan dan ditambah dengan gong-gong berukuran agak besar atau \"Genikng\" serta penambahan instrumen Kendang atau \"Gimar\".", "Didong\nIke masih ara ilén sifét si sérék", "Seni Didong\nSecara umum kesenian Didong adalah perpaduan antara seni vokal dan seni suara dengan sastra puisi berupa syair-syair sebagai unsur utama. Secara khusus, seni Didong adalah perpaduan yang kompak dan bulat antara seni gerak serta sintak (lagu) serta isi (syair puisi) yang romantis alami, dinamik. Atas landasan tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa kesenian Didong adalah salah satu kesenian tradisional khas masyarakat Gayo yang berupa perpaduan antara seni suara, seni sastra dengan syair-syair sebagai unsur utamanya, seni tari dan seni teater.", "Didong\nPenampilan didong mengalami perubahan setelah Jepang masuk ke Indonesia. Sikap pemerintah Jepang yang keras telah “memporak-porandakan” bentuk kesenian ini. Pada masa itu, didong digunakan sebagai sarana hiburan bagi tentara Jepang yang menduduki tanah Gayo. Hal ini memberikan inspirasi bagi masyarakat Gayo untuk mengembangkan didong yang syairnya tidak hanya terpaku kepada hal-hal religius dan adat-istiadat, tetapi juga permasalahan sosial yang bernada protes terhadap kekuasaan penjajah Jepang. Pada masa setelah proklamasi, seni pertunjukan didong dijadikan sebagai sarana bagi pemerintah dalam menjembatani informasi hingga ke desa-desa khususnya dalam menjelaskan tentang Pancasila, UUD 1945 dan semangat bela negara. Selain itu, didong juga digunakan untuk mengembangkan semangat kegotong-royongan, khususnya untuk mencari dana guna membangun gedung sekolah, madrasah, masjid, bahkan juga pembangunan jembatan. Namun, pada periode 1950-an ketika terjadi pergolakan DI/TII kesenian didong terhenti karena dilarang oleh DI/TII. Akibat dilarangnya didong, maka muncul suatu kesenian baru yang disebut saer, yang bentuknya hampir mirip dengan didong. Perbedaan didong denga saer hanya dalam bentuk unsur gerak dan tari. Tepukan tangan yang merupakan unsur penting dalam didong tidak dibenarkan dalam saer.", "Didong\nDop ara pe jeda mantong ilen mangik", "Didong\nDewasa ini didong muncul kembali dengan lirik-lirik yang hampir sama ketika zaman Jepang, yaitu berupa protes (anti kekerasan). Bedanya, dewasa ini protesnya ditujukan kepada pemerintah yang selama sekian tahun menerapkan Aceh sebagai Daerah Operasi Militer, sehingga menyengsarakan rakyat. Protes anti kekerasan sebenarnya bukan hanya terjadi pada kesenian didong, melainkan juga pada bentuk-bentuk kesenian lain yang ada di Aceh.", "Reog (Sunda)\nKesenian reog menggunakan \"dogdog\" (gendang) yang ditabuh, diiringi oleh gerak tari yang lucu dan lawak oleh para pemainnya. Biasanya disampaikan dengan pesan-pesan sosial dan keagamaan. Kesenian reog dimainkan oleh empat orang, yaitu seorang dalang yang mengendalikan permainan, wakilnya dan ditambah oleh dua orang lagi sebagai pembantu. Dalang memainkan dogdog berukuran 20 cm yang disebut dogdog \"Tilingtingtit\". Wakilnya memegang dogdog yang berukuran 25 cm yang disebut \"Panempas\", pemain ketiga menggunakan dogdog ukuran 30-35 cm yang disebut \"Bangbrang\" dan pemain keempat memegang dogdog ukuran 45 cm yang disebut \"Badublag\".\nLama permainannya berkisar antara satu sampai satu setengah jam. Untuk lagu-lagunya ada pula penabuh waditra dengan perlengkapan misalnya dua buah saron, gendang, rebab, goong, gambang dll.\nyang berfungsi sebagai pengiring lagu-lagunya sebagai selingan atau pelengkap.\nReog yang sekarang memang beda dengan reog zaman dahulu, sedikit sudah dikembangkan terlihat dari jumlah personel dan alat musik yang dipakai. Alat musik yang di pakai pada Reog adalah Reog atau ada yang nyebut dogdog atau ogel yang terdiri dari Dalang, Wakil, Beungbreung, Gudubrag, dan Kecrek (markis), alat musik pengiring Reog biasanya kendang, goong, torompet dan kacapi. Pada Reog hasil pengembangan biasanya di tambah alat musik [keyboard] dan [gitar].", "Seni Didong\nKeterkaitan dengan syair sebagai media penyampaian pesan-pesan moral, Bachrum Bunyamin mengartikan seni sebagai hasil cipta yang mengandung nilai-nilai kebaikan dan keindahan yang menyenangkan. Suatu definisi yang lebih cermat, barang kali ialah bahwa sebuah karya seni adalah suatu bentuk tampak tersendiri yang dibentuk secara mahir dalam suatu pengungkapan atau perwujudan yang serasi mungkin dan dapat berdiri sendiri dari suatu gagasan, khayalan atau keinginan yang mengharukan.", "Seni Didong\nMelalui syair-syair yang berisi pesan keislaman tersebut, seni Didong berusaha mengingatkan manusia yang terkena bencana untuk tetap optimis dalam menjalankan kehidupan, jangan berlarut-larut dalam kesedihan serta seruan untuk tetap tabah dan sabar dalam segala hal. Pesan-pesan ini di tampilkan dalam bait-bait syair dengan susunan kata dan gaya bahasa yang menyentuh.", "Kkoktugakshi Nori\nKkoktugakshi Nori atau Kkoktugakshi Noreum adalah pementasan boneka tradisional dari Korea yang berasal dari abad ke-18. Pementasan boneka tradisional dikenal juga dengan nama \"Deolmi\", \"Bakcheomji Nori\" atau \"Hongdongji Nori\". Pada awalnya kesenian ini dimainkan oleh kelompok penghibur keliling \"Sadangpae\" atau Namsadang. Namsadangpae adalah kelompok penghibur yang mengembara dan menghibur masyarakat.", "Dangdut\nQasidah masuk Nusantara sejak Agama Islam dibawa para saudagar Arab tahun 635, kemudian juga saudagar Gujarat tahun 900 - 1200, saudagar Persia tahun 1300 - 1600 [3]. Nyanyian Qasidah biasanya berlangsung di masjid, pesantren dakwah agama Islam.", "Dukuhbadag, Cibingbin, Kuningan\nPada tahun 1930-an group-group seni gembyung di dukuhbadag, berjumlah 4 group. Tapi semakin berkembangnya zaman dan globalisasi, grup seni gembyung yang masih aktif di Dukuhbadag hanya tersisa 2 group saja.", "Didong\nSatu kelompok kesenian didong biasanya terdiri dari para “ceh” dan anggota lainnya yang disebut dengan “penunung”. Jumlahnya dapat mencapai 30 orang, yang terdiri atas 4--5 orang ceh dan sisanya adalah penunung. Ceh adalah orang yang dituntut memiliki bakat yang komplet dan mempunyai kreativitas yang tinggi. Ia harus mampu menciptakan puisi-puisi dan mampu menyanyi. Penguasaan terhadap lagu-lagu juga diperlukan karena satu lagu belum tentu cocok dengan karya sastra yang berbeda. Anggota kelompok didong ini umumnya adalah laki-laki dewasa. Namun, dewasa ini ada juga yang anggotanya perempuan-perempuan dewasa. Selain itu, ada juga kelompok remaja. Malahan, ada juga kelompok didong remaja yang campur (laki-laki dan perempuan). Dalam kelompok campuran ini biasanya perempuan hanya terbatas sebagai seorang Céh. Peralatan yang dipergunakan pada mulanya bantal (tepukan bantal) dan tangan (tepukan tangan dari para pemainnya). Namun, dalam perkembangan selanjutnya ada juga yang menggunakan seruling, harmonika, dan alat musik lainnya yang disisipi dengan gerak pengiring yang relatif sederhana, yaitu menggerakkan badan ke depan atau ke samping.", "Wayang gedog\nWayang gedog yang kita kenal sekarang, konon diciptakan oleh Girindrawardhana pada tahun 1485 (\"gaman naga kinaryeng bathara\") .\nWayang Gedog baru memakai keris pada zaman panembahan Senapati di Mataram. Barulah pada masa Pakubuwana III di Solo wayang gedog diperbarui, dibuat mirip wayang purwa, dengan nama Kanjeng Kyai Dewakatong dan Kyai Sri Wibawa.", "Seni Didong\nDalam konteks ini, syair seni Didong Gayo seakan kembali mengingatkan kepada masyarakat bahwa pada setiap bencana yang diturunkan di atas bumi sesungguhnya mengandung hikmah atau pelajaran yang sangat berharga. Dalam syair di atas dengan jelas disebutkan bahwa sebagian hikmah dari bencana gempa dan gelombang Tsunami yang menimpa masyarakat, salah satunya adalah timbulnya itikat baik dari Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) baik yang berada di luar maupun di dalam negeri dengan pihak pemerintah Republik Indonesia (RI) untuk mengakhiri pertikaian bersenjata selama tiga puluh tahun dengan cara berdamai.", "Suku Gayo\nSelain itu ada penduduk yang berkebun, menangkap ikan, dan meramu hasil hutan. Mereka juga mengembangkan kerajinan membuat keramik, menganyam, dan menenun. Kini mata pencaharian yang dominan adalah berkebun, terutama tanaman Kopi Gayo. Kerajinan membuat keramik dan anyaman pernah terancam punah, namun dengan dijadikannya daerah ini sebagai salah satu daerah tujuan wisata di Aceh, kerajinan keramik mulai dikembangkan lagi. Kerajinan lain yang juga banyak mendapat perhatian adalah kerajinan membuat sulaman kerawang dengan motif yang khas.\nSuatu unsur budaya yang tidak pernah lesu di kalangan masyarakat Gayo adalah kesenian, yang hampir tidak pernah mengalami kemandekan bahkan cenderung berkembang. Bentuk kesenian Gayo yang terkenal, antara lain tari Saman dan seni bertutur yang disebut Didong. Selain untuk hiburan dan rekreasi, bentuk-bentuk kesenian ini mempunyai fungsi ritual, pendidikan, penerangan, sekaligus sebagai sarana untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan dan struktur sosial masyarakat. Di samping itu ada pula bentuk kesenian seperti tari Bines, tari Guel, tari Munalu, \"Sebuku /Pepongoten\" (seni meratap dalam bentuk prosa), \"guru didong\", dan \"melengkan\" (seni berpidato berdasarkan adat).", "Ujangan\nUjangan adalah seni beladiri yang berkembang di Bekasi. Kesenian ini termasuk kesenian beladiri yang tertua yang pernah ditemukan di era Kerajaan Salakanegara (130M) berdasarkan naskah kuno Wangsakerta. Seni beladiri ini merupakan perpaduan tiga jenis seni yaitu seni musik (Sampyong), seni tari (Uncul), seni bela diri tongkat (Ujangan). Pada saat panen, masyarakat merayakannaya dengan menampilkan kesenian ini. Peserta berkumpul ditengah sawah yang sudah dipanen atau lapangan dengan diiringi musik Sampyong sambil menari-nari, setelah itu beboto atau wasit melempar dua batang rotan ketengah tengah pemain. Rotan diambil oleh pemain dan mereka memulai pertandingan sesuai aba aba beboto. permainan ini dipusatkan untuk menyerang kaki dibawah lutut, Namun peserta beladiri ini harus memperhatikan bagian jari-jari kaki agar tidak terkena ujung rotan dan terluka.", "Dangdut\nDangdut sangat elastis dalam menghadapi dan memengaruhi bentuk musik yang lain. Lagu-lagu barat populer pada tahun 1960-an dan 1970-an banyak yang didangdutkan. Genre musik gambus dan kasidah perlahan-lahan hanyut dalam arus cara bermusik dangdut. Hal yang sama terjadi pada musik tarling dari Cirebon sehingga yang masih eksis pada saat ini adalah bentuk campurannya: tarlingdut. Musik rock, pop, disko, house bersenyawa dengan baik dalam musik dangdut. Aliran campuran antara musik dangdut & rock secara tidak resmi dinamakan Rockdut. Demikian pula yang terjadi dengan musik-musik daerah seperti jaipongan, degung, tarling, keroncong, langgam Jawa (dikenal sebagai suatu bentuk musik campur sari yang dinamakan congdut, dengan tokohnya Didi Kempot), atau zapin. Mudahnya dangdut menerima unsur 'asing' menjadikannya rentan terhadap bentuk-bentuk pembajakan, seperti yang banyak terjadi terhadap lagu-lagu dari film ala Bollywood dan lagu-lagu latin. Kopi Dangdut, misalnya, adalah \"bajakan\" lagu yang populer dari Venezuela.", "Seni Didong\nPada syair lainnya, seni Didong juga memberi gambaran bahwa tanda-tanda kekuasaan dari pencipta telah sedemikan nyata di gambarkan ke kehadapan penglihatan mata berupa bencana, pada bait berikutnya juga mengingatkan agar manusia berbenah dan kembali menata kehidupan sendiri tanpa menunggu bantuan dari pihak lain. Manusia disarankan untuk bangkit dari bencana dan kehilangan harta benda, tanpa menempatkan diri sebagai orang yang menerima bantuan, mental pengemis dan ingin dibelaskasihani. Konsep “harga diri” dan konsep untuk mengubah ini dijelaskan sebagaimana terkandung dalam makna syair di bawah ini;", "Seni Didong\nDalam ruang lingkup sosiologi komunikasi, seni Didong dapat digolongkan kepada social inter action, yaitu penyebar luasan informasi, ide-ide, sikap-sikap, atau emosi dari seorang atau kelompok kepada yang lain, terutama melalui simbol-simbol dan pesan-pesan.Karena ruang lingkup komunikasi menyangkut persoalan-persoalan yang ada kaitannya dengan subtansi interaksi sosial orang-orang dalam masyarakat; termasuk konteks interaksi komunikasi yang dilakukan secara langsung maupun dengan menggunakan media.", "Legong\nLegong ini yang paling populer dan kerap ditampilkan dalam pertunjukan wisata. Tari ini dikembangkan di Peliatan. Tarian yang baku ditarikan oleh dua orang legong dan seorang condong. Condong tampil pertama kali, lalu menyusul dua legong yang menarikan \"legong lasem\". Repertoar dengan tiga penari dikenal sebagai Legong Kraton. Tari ini mengambil dasar dari cabang cerita Panji (abad ke-12 dan ke-13, masa Kerajaan Kadiri), yaitu tentang keinginan raja (adipati) Lasem (sekarang masuk Kabupaten Rembang) untuk meminang Rangkesari, putri Kerajaan Daha (Kadiri), namun ia berbuat tidak terpuji dengan menculiknya. Sang putri menolak pinangan sang adipati karena ia telah terikat oleh Raden Panji dari Kahuripan. Mengetahui adiknya diculik, raja Kadiri, yang merupakan abang dari sang putri Rangkesari, menyatakan perang dan berangkat ke Lasem. Sebelum berperang, adipati Lasem harus menghadapi serangan burung garuda pembawa maut. Ia berhasil melarikan diri tetapi kemudian tewas dalam pertempuran melawan raja Daha.", "Jegog Mebarung\nJegog Mebarung adalah seni menabuh tabuh jegog dengan mebarung. Mebarung artinya bertarung antara dua jegog atau bisa juga bertarung antara tiga jegog, dalam Bahasa Bali disebut jegog barung dua atau jegog barung tiga. Kesenian ini diciptakan oleh seniman yang bernama Kiyang Geliduh dari Dusun Sebual, Desa Dangintukadaya, Jembrana, Bali pada tahun 1912, dan kata jegog diambil dari instrumen Kesenian Gong Kebyar yang paling besar.", "Seni Didong\nBerikutnya pengertian Didong, dalam masyarakat Gayo secara etimologis Didong belum mempunyai pengertian yang jelas.Namun salah seorang pelaku kesenian ini Sali Gobal dalam sebuah karyanya yang berjudul “Didong” secara implisit dan eksplisit menerangkan pengertian dari kesenian ini sendiri lebih cenderung kepada pengertian “dendang” secara khusus dan berpengertian sebagai “nyanyian” secara umum. Hal tersebut dapat kita simak dalam kutipan syair berikut:", "Seni Didong\nKeberhasilan proses damai ini oleh syair seni Didong dianggap dan ditafsirkan sebagai bagian dari hikmah sekaligus berkah yang luar biasa dari musibah gempa dan gelombang Tsunami. Kandungan syair juga menyiratkan penting dan bermaknanya sebuah perdamaian antara pihak yang bertikai, terutama bagi rakyat jelata yang justru tidak pernah tau secara pasti sebab-musabab mengapa permusuhan sampai terjadi sedemikian panjang dan menelan korban manusia yang tidak sedikit. Hikmah perdamaian antara Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM) dan pemerintah Republik Indonesia (RI) ditambah dengan bencana Tsunami, secara maknawi dicerminkan dari keseluruhan teks syair.", "Genre Musik\nDangdut\nDangdut merupakan salah satu dari genre seni musik yang berkembang di Indonesia. Bentuk musik ini berakar dari musik Melayu pada tahun 1940-an. Dalam evolusi menuju bentuk kontemporer sekarang masuk pengaruh unsur-unsur musik India (terutama dari penggunaan tabla) dan Arab (pada cengkok dan harmonisasi). Perubahan arus politik Indonesia di akhir tahun 1960-an membuka masuknya pengaruh musik barat yang kuat dengan masuknya penggunaan gitar listrik dan juga bentuk pemasarannya. Sejak tahun 1970-an dangdut boleh dikatakan telah matang dalam bentuknya yang kontemporer. Sebagai musik populer, dangdut sangat terbuka terhadap pengaruh bentuk musik lain, mulai dari keroncong, langgam, degung, gambus, rock, pop, bahkan house music.\nPenyebutan nama “dangdut” merupakan onomatope dari suara permainan tabla (dalam dunia dangdut disebut gendang saja) yang khas dan didominasi oleh bunyi dang dan ndut. Nama ini sebetulnya adalah sebutan sinis dalam sebuah artikel majalah awal 1970-an bagi bentuk musik melayu yang sangat populer di kalangan masyarakat kelas pekerja saat itu.\nContoh orang yang menggunakan Genre Dangdut: Rhoma Irama", "Upacara Pendirian Negara\n\"Pendirian Negara\" dihormati sebagai salah satu lukisan minyak terbesar yang pernah dibuat oleh seorang artis Tiongkok menurut para pengulas pada abad tersebut, dan lebih dari 500,000 reproduksi dijual dalam tiga bulan. Pujian Mao membantu lukisan tersebut dan pelukisnya menjadi naik daun. Teknik-teknik Dong dipandang mengirimkan pencampuran antara gaya lukisan minyak elitis dan seni populer, dan mewujudkan keinginan Jiang yang menginginkan seni realistis bernuansa politik. Lukisan tersebut direproduksi dalam buku-buku pelajaran sekolah dasar dan menengah. Lukisan tersebut muncul di halaman depan \"People's Daily\" pada September 1953, dan menjadi dekorasi dalam ruangan yang disetujui secara resmi. Sebuah majalah berbahasa Inggris yang diterbitkan oleh pemerintah Tiongkok untuk didistribusikan di luar negeri menampilkan sebuah model keluarga di sebuah apartemen modern, dengan poster besar \"Pendirian Negara\" di dinding. Menurut Chang-Tai Hung, lukisan tersebut \"menjadi sebuah karya propaganda yang diselebrasikan\".", "Sisingaan\nSisingaan atau Gotong Singa (sebutan lainnya Odong-odong dan Sisingan Reog) merupakan salah satu jenis seni pertunjukan rakyat khas Subang, Jawa Barat, yang menggunakan media tandu sebagai sarana kreasi seni", "Seni Didong\nPemadatan pesan komunikasi dan makna melalui syair pun demikian kentara, sehingga setiap pendengar yang menyimak lantunan syair seni Didong ini didendangkan dengan sendunya, membutuhkan daya apresiasi dan daya tangkap tersendiri dalam menyimak. Tanpa proses tersebut inti komunikasi yang disampaikan oleh para aktor pendendang (Ceh) tidak akan sampai pada hakikat makna syair. Demikianpun jika proses apresiasi serta kemampuan mencerna, menyimak dan berpikir tidak berjalan seiring dengan lantunan syair, maka para penonton hanya akan dapat menangkap muatan pesan tersebut adalah bagian dari sebuah hiburan.", "Barongsai\nKesenian Barongsai mulai populer pada zaman dinasti Selatan-Utara (Nan Bei) tahun 420-589 Masehi. Kala itu pasukan dari raja Song Wen Di kewalahan menghadapi serangan pasukan gajah raja Fan Yang dari negeri Lin Yi. Seorang panglima perang bernama Zhong Que membuat tiruan boneka singa untuk mengusir pasukan raja Fan itu. Ternyata upaya itu sukses hingga akhirnya tarian barongsai melegenda hingga sekarang.", "Cingge\nMenurut Jan Jakob Maria de Groot, seorang sinolog Belanda, tradisi ini berasal dari zaman Dinasti Ming. Dalam catatan sejarah mengenai Kaisar Wanli disebutkan bahwa di Quanzhou, arak-arakan dewa-dewi terbuat dari kertas. Arak-arakan ini disebut \"ngiang-ting\", atau \"penerimaan lentera\". Tempat pedupaan dan tempat duduk para muda-mudi dinamakan \"tsung-koh\" atau \"koh-ping\" di Xiamen, sementara di daerah Zhangzhou dinamakan \"tsung-ge\". De Groot menyaksikan festival ini di Hokkian. Sekarang di sana sudah tidak ada lagi. Di Malaysia dan Singapura, cingge ditulis juga Chingay, kini masih diselenggarakan secara besar-besaran.", "Didong\nSentan kite timang orom kite balik", "Didong\nPongot orom kedik nge meh musede", "Komik Dongeng\nKomik Dongeng adalah komik Indonesia yang mengangkat cerita rakyat seperti legenda dan dongen ke dalam sebuah komik. Komik Indonesia jenis ini berkembang pada tahun 1950-an hingga 1960-an. Adapun cerita rakyat yang diangkat diantaranya adalah dari Melayu, Tapanuli, Minang serta Jawa Barat.", "Sejarah Belanda\nKebudayaan Bejana Corong adalah sebuah kebudayaan tani yang berkembang mulai dari Denmark melewati Jerman sampai ke kawasan utara Belanda. Pada kurun waktu dalam prasejarah Belanda ini, didirikan peninggalan-peninggalan menonjol yang pertama, yakni dolmen-dolmen, monumen-monumen makam dari batu berukuran besar. Dolmen-dolmen ini ditemukan di Provinsi Drenthe, dan mungkin sekali didirikan antara 4100 SM dan 3200 SM.", "Condong\nTari condong berasal dari istana di Bali pada pertengahan abad ke-19. Penciptanya tidak diketahui, tetapi sejarah rakyat mengacu bahwa ada pangeran dari Sukawati sakit parah mendapat penglihatan dua gadis cantik menari dengan anggun ditemani musik gamelan; setelah sehat kembali, pangeran ini mereka ulang tarian yang dia pernah lihat. Tarian ini awalnya menceritakan kisah dua bidadari bernama Supraba dan Wilotama. Semenjak dekade 1930-an, cerita diubah menjadi seorang raja atau ratu.", "Batik\nSeni pewarnaan kain dengan teknik perintang pewarnaan menggunakan malam adalah salah satu bentuk seni kuno. Penemuan di Mesir menunjukkan bahwa teknik ini telah dikenal semenjak abad ke-4 SM, dengan diketemukannya kain pembungkus mumi yang juga dilapisi malam untuk membentuk pola. Di Asia, teknik serupa batik juga diterapkan di Tiongkok semasa Dinasti T'ang (618-907) serta di India dan Jepang semasa Periode Nara (645-794). Di Afrika, teknik seperti batik dikenal oleh Suku Yoruba di Nigeria, serta Suku Soninke dan Wolof di Senegal.[4]. Di Indonesia, batik dipercaya sudah ada semenjak zaman Majapahit, dan menjadi sangat populer akhir abad XVIII atau awal abad XIX. Batik yang dihasilkan ialah semuanya batik tulis sampai awal abad XX dan batik cap baru dikenal setelah Perang Dunia I atau sekitar tahun 1920-an.[5]", "Seni Didong\nDemikian juga seni Didong sebagai media silaturrahmi, kesenian ini menjadi wahana pertemuan bagi masyarakat dari berbagai kampung dan pelosok yang sengaja datang berduyun-duyun ke tempat pertunjukkan. Di tempat itu mereka bertemu dan saling menyapa antara sesama dan dengan sanak saudara dari kampung lain. Fenomena ini selanjutnya menjadikan seni Didong sebagai media komunikasi massa, yang mampu menghadirkan banyak orang dalam satu tempat.", "Didong\nEnti neh mupésék ko kerawang Gayo", "Nekara Pejeng\nBukti pertama penggunaan perunggu dan besi di Indonesia berasal dari tahun 500 Sebelum Masehi. Sebagian besar benda perunggu paling awal mungkin digunakan untuk upacara mis. kapak perunggu upacara dan nekara. Nekara-nekara ini datang dari Vietnam Utara dan memiliki bentuk spesifik yang dikenal dengan nama nekara Dong Son. Bersamaan dengan perdagangan di Asia Tenggara, nekara Dong Son menjadi tersebar di Kepulauan Sunda seperti di Sumatera, Jawa, Nusa Tenggara, Kepulauan Kai dan bahkan Papua. Persebaran nekara Dong Son di Indonesian menunjukkan adanya perdagangan yang luas di antara kerajaan-kerajaan di Asia Tenggara selama periode tersebut. Drum perunggu lainnya yang ditemukan di nusantara mewakili variasi lokal, yang paling terkenal adalah drumnakara Pejeng.", "Dondang Sayang\nDondang Sayang adalah nyanyian perantaraan yang persembahannya diiringi oleh permainan alat-alat musik Melayu asli dan modern. Dondang Sayang dipercaya muncul di Melaka pada zaman Kesultanan Melayu Melaka pada abad ke-15.", "Seni Didong\nKesenian Didong dipertandingkan antara dua kelompok kesenian dalam waktu semalam suntuk, biasanya diadakan pada malam hari. Tiap-tiap kelompok terdiri dari 30 sampai 40 orang, dalam penampilan mereka duduk bersila membentuk lingkaran dengan bantal kecil sebagai pengganti alat musik pengiring. Setiap kelompok kesenian dipimpin oleh satu sampai tiga orang yang disebut dengan Ceh (penyair), yang ahli dalam menuturkan dan melantunkan sastra Gayo dalam bentuk syair-syair puisi dan lagu. Di samping itu Ceh (penyair) mempunyai keahlian dan kemampuan dalam menyusun kalimat syair baik melalui persiapan maupun secara spontan.", "Tiga Perempuan Cantik Masa Kini\nSeni Ukiyo-e berkembang di Jepang selama periode Edo dari abad ke-17 hingga ke-19, dan mengambil sebagai subjek utama \"oiran\", aktor \"kabuki\", dan lainnya yang terkait dengan gaya hidup \"dunia yang mengambang\" dari distrik kesenangan. Di samping lukisan, cetakan blok kayu yang diproduksi secara massal adalah bentuk utama dari genre ini. Pada abad pertengahan abad ke-18, pencetakan ' dicetak menggunakan sejumlah besar balok kayu, satu untuk setiap warna. Menjelang akhir abad ke-18 ada puncak baik dalam kualitas dan kuantitas pekerjaan. Sebuah genre yang terkenal adalah ' (\"gambar keindahan\"), yang menggambarkan paling sering \"oiran\" (pekerja seks), dan \"geisha\" di waktu luang, dan mempromosikan hiburan yang dapat ditemukan di distrik kesenangan.", "Didong\nKute takengen besilo nge musarik", "Kompleks Candi Dieng\nSetelah mempelajari gaya arsitektur candi Jawa, arkeolog mengelompokkan candi-candi Dieng dalam gaya Jawa Tengah bagian Utara, bersama dengan candi-candi Gedong Songo, dan sampai batas tertentu juga mencakup Candi Badut Jawa Timur, dan Candi Cangkuang dan Bojongmenje Jawa Barat, dan mengemukakan bahwa semua candi ini dibangun dalam periode yang sama, berkisar antara abad ke-7 sampai abad ke-8. Sebuah prasasti yang ditemukan di dekat Candi Arjuna di Dieng bertarikh sekitar tahun 808-809 M, yang merupakan contoh aksara Jawa kuno tertua yang masih bertahan, yang mengungkapkan bahwa candi Dieng terus dihuni dari pertengahan abad ke-7 sampai awal abad ke-9.", "Dizi\nDizi （笛子）adalah nama alat musik tiup berupa seruling horizontal yang berasal dari Tiongkok. Dizi berawal dari Asia Tengah dan masuk ke Tiongkok pada 2 SM dan mengubah bahan dasar Dizi menjadi bambu. Saat itu Dizi terbuat dari tulang. Sebelum Dinasti Han, Dizi yang pada masa itu disebut \"Di\" mengacu pada seruling vertikal. Kemudian pada masa Dinasti Tang barulah diadakan perbedaan yaitu nama Di untuk seruling horizontal dan Xiao untuk seruling vertikal. Pada abad ke 7 M, sebuah selaput ditambahkan dan namanya berubah menjadi Dizi.", "Kabupaten Ponorogo\nPonorogo memiliki banyak sekali kesenian daerah, salah satu yang terkenal adalah Reog. Seni Reog merupakan rangkaian tarian yang terdiri dari tarian pembukaan dan tarian inti. Tarian pembukaan biasanya dibawakan oleh 6-8 pria gagah berani dengan pakaian serba hitam, dengan muka dipoles warna merah. Berikutnya adalah tarian yang dibawakan oleh 6-8 gadis yang menaiki kuda. Tarian pembukaan lainnya jika ada biasanya berupa tarian oleh anak kecil yang membawakan adegan lucu yang disebut Bujang Ganong atau Ganongan. Setelah tarian pembukaan selesai, baru ditampilkan adegan inti yang isinya bergantung kondisi di mana seni reog ditampilkan. Jika berhubungan dengan pernikahan maka yang ditampilkan adalah adegan percintaan. Untuk hajatan khitanan atau sunatan, biasanya cerita pendekar. Adegan terakhir adalah singa barong, dimana pelaku memakai topeng berbentuk kepala singa dengan mahkota yang terbuat dari bulu burung merak. Namun adegan dalam seni reog biasanya tidak mengikuti skenario yang tersusun rapi. Di sini selalu ada interaksi antara pemain dan dalang (biasanya pemimpin rombongan) dan kadang-kadang dengan penonton. Terkadang seorang pemain yang sedang pentas dapat digantikan oleh pemain lain bila pemain tersebut kelelahan.", "Didong\nPementasan didong ditandai dengan penampilan dua kelompok (Didong Jalu) pada suatu arena pertandingan. Biasanya dipentaskan di tempat terbuka yang kadang-kadang dilengkapi dengan tenda. Semalam suntuk kelompok yang bertanding akan saling mendendangkan teka-teki dan menjawabnya secara bergiliran. Dalam hal ini para senimannya akan saling membalas “serangan” berupa lirik yang dilontarkan olah lawannya. Lirik-lirik yang disampaikan biasanya bertema tentang pendidikan, keluarga berencana, pesan pemerintah (pada zaman Orba), keindahan alam maupun kritik-kritik mengenai kelemahan, kepincangan yang terjadi dalam masyarakat. Benar atau tidaknya jawaban akan dinilai oleh tim juri yang ada, yang biasanya terdiri dari anggota masyarakat yang memahami ddidong ini secara mendalam", "Seni Didong\nKeberadaan teknologi komunikasi seperti televisi, koran dan radio yang belum menyentuh sebagian besar masyarakat, terutama yang berada di pedalaman dan jauh dari Ibu Kota Kecamatan dan Ibu Kota Kabupaten memposisikan Didong melalui syair-syairnya sebagai satu-satunya media yang mampu mengkomunikasikan berbagai hal kepada masyarakat luas. Disaat media komunikasi tersebut belum menyentuh seluruh lapisan masyarakat, di tengah kenyataan minat baca masyarakat yang sangat rendah, di antara sela itulah Didong tampil mengkomunikasikan dan mewartakan informasi dan kejadian-kejadian aktual dan faktual.", "Burokan\nKemunculan seni Burokan berdasarkan tuturan para senimannya berawal dari sekitar tahun 1934 seorang penduduk desa Kalimaro Kecamatan Babakan bernama abah Kalil membuat sebuah kreasi baru seni Badawang (boneka-boneka berukuran besar) yaitu berupa Kuda Terbang Buroq, konon ia diilhami oleh cerita rakyat yang hidup di kalangan masyarakat Islam tentang perjalanan Isra Mi’raj Nabi Muhamad SAW dari Masjidil Haram ke Masjidil Aqsha dengan menunggang hewan kuda bersayap yang disebut Buroq. Di samping itu dalam beberapa kesaksian orang-orang di Cirebon, selain dalam cerita rakyat, masyarakat Cirebon dikenalkan pula sosok Buroq ini dalam lukisan-lukisan kaca yang pada waktu itu cukup popular dan dimiliki oleh beberapa anggota masyarakat di Cirebon. Lukisan kaca tersebut berupa Kuda sembrani (bersayap) dengan wajah putri cantik berwajah putih bercahaya. Pendek kata orang Cirebon tak merasa asing terhadap figur Buroq ini. Maka Kalil melalui kreativitasnya melahirkan sebuah Badawang baru yang diberinama Buroq, sementara keseniannya diberi nama seni genjring Buroq. Di dalam perkembangannya dari Kalil sampai generasi keempat seni Genjring Buroq semakin digemari masyarakat, bahkan tersebar ke pelbagai daerah di luar Cirebon, seperti Losari, Brebes, Banjarharjo, Karang Suwung, Ciledug, Kuningan, dan Indramayu. Dewasa ini Burokan yang menonjol adalah Genjring Burok Gita Remaja dari desa Pakusamben yang dipimpin Mustofa (bukan keturunan Kalil) sejak 1969 sampai sekarang.", "Lenong\nLenong berkembang sejak akhir abad ke-19 atau awal abad ke-20. Kesenian teatrikal tersebut mungkin merupakan adaptasi oleh masyarakat Betawi atas kesenian serupa seperti \"komedi bangsawan\" dan \"teater stambul\" yang sudah ada saat itu. Selain itu, Firman Muntaco, seniman Betawi, menyebutkan bahwa lenong berkembang dari proses teaterisasi musik gambang kromong dan sebagai tontonan sudah dikenal sejak tahun 1920-an.", "Angklung\nBadeng merupakan jenis kesenian yang menekankan segi musikal dengan angklung sebagai alat musiknya yang utama. Badeng terdapat di Desa Sanding, Kecamatan Malangbong, Garut. Dulu berfungsi sebagai hiburan untuk kepentingan dakwah Islam. Tetapi diduga badeng telah digunakan masyarakat sejak lama dari masa sebelum Islam untuk acara-acara yang berhubungan dengan ritual penanaman padi.\nSebagai seni untuk dakwah badeng dipercaya berkembang sejak Islam menyebar di daerah ini sekitar abad ke-16 atau 17. Pada masa itu penduduk Sanding, Arpaen dan Nursaen, belajar agama Islam ke kerajaan Demak. Setelah pulang dari Demak mereka berdakwah menyebarkan agama Islam. Salah satu sarana penyebaran Islam yang digunakannya adalah dengan kesenian badeng.", "Sidongdong, Hulu Sihapas, Padang Lawas Utara\nBergunung-gunung, hampir tidak ada tanah yang datar. Rumah dibangun di tanah miring dipinggir sungai Sirumambe.\nBersawah dan berkebun tanaman muda seperti bawang, kacang, jagung, dan tembaka. selain itu penduduk juga menyadap aren untuk dibuat gula merah atau gula aren. Dahulu mata pencaharian utama adalah beternak sapi, ketbau, kambing, dan ayam tetapi sekarang lahan penggembalaan ternak sudah ditanami tanaman keras sepertipohon karet.\nDesa Sidongdong memiliki sebuah SD Negeri yang dibangun pada tahun 1940 an. penduduk desa ini termasuk banyak yang berpendidikan tinggi dengan bersekolah ke kota PadangSidimpuan yang jaraknya sekitar 25 km.", "Singo Ulung\nKarena pada tahun 1806 terjadi imigrasi secara besar-besaran yang di lakukan oleh orang madura di wilayah tapal kuda, termasuk Bondowoso, terjadilah perubahan pada kesenian. seperti penyebutan pada Kiai Singo menjadi \"Juk Senga\" dalam bahasa madura, serta musik pengiring menggunakan gamelan reyog menjadi arasemen madura dan pakaian warok ponorogo menjadi pakaian khas madura." ]

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[ "Regional Command Southwest Regional Command Southwest, abbreviated RC(SW), was an international military formation, of roughly division size, which was one of the components of the International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan. It was stood up on 3 July 2010 largely from an area previously in Regional Command South. It was headquartered at Camp Leatherneck with an area of responsibility of largely Helmand and Nimruz provinces. The United States Marine Corps provides the majority of the force headquarters. It consisted of Task Force Helmand of the British Armed Forces (including Denmark and Estonia) and Task Force Leatherneck of the United States Marine Corps. Provincial Reconstruction Team Helmand was also located in Regional Command Southwest.", "Camp Leatherneck Camp Leatherneck is a 1,600 acre Afghan Armed Forces base in Helmand Province, Afghanistan. The site is mostly in Washir District and is conjoined with Camp Bastion, the main British military base in Afghanistan." ]

[ "Groupement tactique interarmes de Kapisa The Groupement tactique interarmes de Kapisa (GTIA Kapisa, \"joint tactical group of Kapisa\"), also called Task Force Korrigan, is a battalion-sized unit of the French Army, based in Kapisa Province, in Afghanistan. It operates in the framework of the French forces in Afghanistan.", "Train Advise Assist Command – North Train Advise Assist Command – North (TAAC – North) is a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan. It is the former Regional Command North of the International Security Assistance Force.", "National Defence University, Pakistan The National Defence University (Urdu: ‎ ) or NDU, is a publicly funded military institution located in Islamabad, Pakistan dedicated to the study and research in military science, geo-strategy and international relations.", "African Standby Force The African Standby Force (ASF) (French: \"Force africaine en attente\") is an international, continental African, and multidisciplinary peacekeeping force with military, police and civilian contingents that acts under the direction of the African Union. The ASF is to be deployed in times of crisis in Africa. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia serves as the Force's Headquarters. Douala, Cameroon, was in 2011 selected as the site of the AU's Continental Logistics Base (LOGBASE).", "N2KL N2KL is the designation used by the United States and Coalition Forces for an area in Regional Command East comprising four provinces of Afghanistan; Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar, and Laghman. These provinces border Pakistan, a fact important in the infiltration of Afghanistan from Pakistan and of Pakistan from Afghanistan and smuggling of weapons, narcotics, lumber, copper, gemstones, marble, vehicles, and electronic products, as well as ordinary consumer goods. Furthermore, the area is of strategic significance due to its natural resources, including water, agriculture, timber, and gems.", "Afghan Local Police The Afghan Local Police (ALP) is a US-UK sponsored local law enforcement agency, defence force and militia in Afghanistan as part of the Afghan Ministry of Interior Affairs. Formed primarily as a local defence force against Taliban insurgents its members have no power of arrest and are only authorised to investigate crime if requested to do so by the Afghan National Police (ANP). It was established at the request of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Summer 2010 and is paid for by the United States. Officers undergo three weeks military and police training by ISAF personnel and receive weapons and a uniform. They are intended to defend their villages from insurgent attack and allow the ANP to focus on offensive operations. It was originally intended to function for between two and five years.", "Forward Operating Base Wishtan FOB Wishtan is an International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) Forward Operating Base (FOB) operated by the British Army and located in Sangin District, Helmand Province, Afghanistan.", "Bagram Airfield Bagram Airfield, also known as Bagram Air Base, (IATA: OAI, ICAO: OAIX) is the largest U.S. military base in Afghanistan. It is located next to the ancient city of Bagram, 11 km southeast of Charikar in the Parwan Province of Afghanistan. The airfield features a dual runway capable of handling any size military aircraft, including Lockheed Martin C-5 Galaxy and Antonov An-225. The base is mainly occupied by Government contractors, the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and minimally by the United States Armed Forces.", "Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police The Pakistan Army Corps of Military Police (Urdu: ملڑى پولیس كور; \"Military Police Core\", abbreviated as MP, is the active-duty uniformed and principle combatant staff Corps tasked with maintaining law enforcement within Pakistan Army. Professional misconduct and criminal investigations are conducted by the Military Police investigators or the Corps of Military Intelligence (CMI), both are reported to the Judge Advocate General Branch.", "2017 Sangin airstrike The 2017 Sangin airstrike was an American bombing of the Sangin District in the Helmand Province in Afghanistan. The United Nations mission in Afghanistan stated that \"initial inquiries suggest that the airstrikes killed at least 18 civilians, nearly all women and children.\" A spokesman for the Afghan defense ministry, Dawlat Waziri, denied the reports of civilian casualties but witnesses in the area corroborated the UN report that there were no Taliban members in the area and that U.S. troops had visited the neighborhood days before the incident. The governor of the Helmand Province also corroborated that civilians were killed following the province's own independent analysis of the incident. Elders from Sangin put the number of civilian fatalities higher at 22 killed. Brigadier General Charles H. Cleveland, a spokesman for the international coalition, confirmed that the U.S. had conducted approximately 30 airstrikes in Sangin the week prior. The airstrike was also referred to as the Second Sangin airstrike, seeing as the U.S. had previously conducted an airstrike in Sangin in July 2010 that killed numerous civilians.", "Military districts of the Soviet Union In the Soviet Union, a military district (Russian: вое́нный о́круг , \"voyenny okrug\") was a territorial association of military units, formations, military schools, and various local military administrative establishments. This territorial division type was utilised in the USSR to provide a more efficient management of army units, their training and other operations activities related to combat readiness.", "Combined Joint Task Force Paladin Combined Joint Task Force Paladin (‘’’CJTF Paladin’’’) was the International Security Assistance Force command responsible for Counter-IED efforts and Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) during the War in Afghanistan (2001–present). With military and civilian personnel spread across the entire country, CJTF Paladin provided EOD Technicians, Counter-IED trainers, intelligence personnel, and forensics labs to the ISAF Regional Commands.", "Afghan National Army The Afghan National Army (ANA) is the ground warfare branch of the Afghan Armed Forces. It is under the Ministry of Defense in Kabul and is largely trained by NATO forces. The ANA is divided into six regional Corps, with the 201st in Kabul followed by the 203rd in Gardez, 205th in Kandahar, 207th in Herat, 209th in Mazar-i-Sharif and the 215th in Lashkar Gah. The current Chief of Staff of the ANA is Lieutenant General Mohammad Sharif Yaftali.", "Colonel Imam Colonel Sultan Amir Tarar (died January 2011), best known as Colonel Imam, was a Pakistan Army officer and special warfare operation specialist. He was a member of the Special Service Group (SSG) of the army, an intelligence officer of the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and served as Pakistani Consul General at Herat, Afghanistan. A veteran of the Soviet war in Afghanistan, he is widely believed to have played a key role in the formation of the Taliban, after having helped train the Afghan Mujahidin on behalf of the United States in the 1980s.", "Task Force White Eagle Task Force White Eagle (in Polish referred as Polskie Siły Zadaniowe (Polish Task Force)) is a brigade sized detachment of Polish Land Forces in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. The brigade is under the command of the US 1st Cavalry Division. 30 October 2008 polish forces taking over responsibility for Ghazni province. Throughout the activity of the Polish contingent in Afghanistan occurred fighting with the Taliban and other rebels. Polish troops took part in many military operations. During the mission 44 Polish soldiers were killed.", "Train Advise Assist Command – West Train Advise Assist Command – West (TAAC – West) is a multinational military formation, part of NATO's Resolute Support Mission within Afghanistan. It is the former Regional Command West of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF).", "Armed Forces Staff (Germany) The Armed Forces Staff, in the meaning of General staff, of the German Bundeswehr (German: \"Führungsstab der Streitkräfte - Fü S\" ; literal: Command staff of the armed forces) was the central department of the Federal Ministry of Defence (MOD) in direct subordination to the Inspector General of the Bundeswehr (en: Chief of Staff of the Federal Armed Forces) and one of the five staff headquarters in the military command of the German Bundeswehr.", "Tajik Border Troops The Border Troops, also called the Border Service, is the border security force of Tajikistan. Functioning under the military of Tajikistan, the border guards are trained by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, along with the Afghan Border Police. A higher education college is located in the capitol, Dushanbe, the Border Troops Academy, and a Border Troops Training Centre is located south of it, in the Rudaki District.", "Armed Forces Office (Germany) The Armed Forces Office or Joint Support Office (German: \"Streitkräfteamt, SKA\" ) is an agency of the German armed forces, the Bundeswehr, responsible for administering various joint components of the Bundeswehr. It is based in Bonn, and since the restructuring of the Bundeswehr in 2013 has been directly subordinate to the Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service). Its commander is a Generalmajor or Konteradmiral.", "Battle of Kandahar (2011) The Battle of Kandahar was an attack by Taliban forces on May 7, 2011, in the city of Kandahar. The battle was part of the 2011 Taliban Spring Offensive. The battle was the biggest Taliban offensive of 2011, marking over 40 total deaths and over 50 total wounded. The fighting demonstrated that, despite heavy losses since 2001, the Taliban forces remain a threat to coalition and Afghan forces, and show that morale in insurgent groups has not died since the death of Bin Laden." ]

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[ "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear different. The \"Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Pipe\" has become more widely accepted in academia as one of Van Gogh’s authentic paintings. Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear is an 1889 self-portrait by Dutch, Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. In this self-portrait, Van Gogh is shown wearing a blue cap with black fur and a green overcoat, with a bandage covering his ear and extending under his chin. He is in a traditional three-quarter view, and his forward gaze falls slightly to the right, out of the frame. Behind him is an open window, assumedly letting in", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear is an 1889 self-portrait by Dutch, Post-Impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. In this self-portrait, Van Gogh is shown wearing a blue cap with black fur and a green overcoat, with a bandage covering his ear and extending under his chin. He is in a traditional three-quarter view, and his forward gaze falls slightly to the right, out of the frame. Behind him is an open window, assumedly letting in a winter breeze, a canvas on an easel, with a few indistinguishable marks, as well as a Japanese woodblock print. This woodblock print", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear moment in the 1890s when it wouldn’t have been profitable, as the artist would have died only a few years earlier and had only sold a handful of works in his lifetime. By January 17, 1889 Vincent had written to his brother Theo mentioning he had completed “another new self portrait.” Confusion has arisen over whether this was in reference to \"Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear\", or \"Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear and Pipe\". In each of these portraits Van Gogh is wearing the same clothing and sitting in the same pose, although the color schemes, props and locations are", "The Potato Eaters Museum was robbed of twenty major paintings including the final version of \"The Potato Eaters\". \"The getaway car blew a tire on the way to the meeting point and never showed up. After waiting around, the nervous thieves fled on foot, abandoning the paintings\" 35 minutes after the robbery, the paintings were quickly recovered. The Potato Eaters The Potato Eaters () is an oil painting by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh painted in April 1885 in Nuenen, Netherlands. It is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. A preliminary oil sketch of the painting is at the Kröller-Müller Museum in", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear a mirror for his self-portraits which is why some mistakenly think that he lost part of his right ear instead of his left. Van Gogh moved from Paris to Arles in hopes of creating a community for artists to exist in mutual supportiveness and encouragement. He invited Paul Gauguin, an artist whom he had befriended in Paris, to come stay with him. They proved to be a disagreeable pair and quarreled often, sometimes violently. The evening of December 23, 1888 during one of their arguments, Van Gogh had a seizure during which he threatened Gauguin with a razor, but then", "The Potato Eaters The Potato Eaters The Potato Eaters () is an oil painting by Dutch artist Vincent van Gogh painted in April 1885 in Nuenen, Netherlands. It is in the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam. A preliminary oil sketch of the painting is at the Kröller-Müller Museum in Otterlo, and he also made lithographs of the image, which are held in collections including the Museum of Modern Art in New York City. The painting is considered to be one of Van Gogh's masterpieces. During March and the beginning of April 1885 he sketched studies for the painting, and corresponded with his brother", "The Starry Night career, including the \"Irises\" from May 1889, now in the J. Paul Getty Museum, and the blue self-portrait from September, 1889, in the Musée d'Orsay. \"The Starry Night\" was painted mid-June by around 18 June, the date he wrote to his brother Theo to say he had a new study of a starry sky. Although \"The Starry Night\" was painted during the day in Van Gogh's ground-floor studio, it would be inaccurate to state that the picture was painted from memory. The view has been identified as the one from his bedroom window, facing east, a view which Van Gogh", "The Starry Night in Arles in early September 1888, followed by \"Starry Night Over the Rhone\" later that same month. Van Gogh's written statements concerning these paintings provide further insight into his intentions for painting night studies in general and \"The Starry Night\" in particular. Soon after his arrival in Arles in February 1888, Van Gogh wrote to Theo, \"I . . . need a starry night with cypresses or—perhaps above a field of ripe wheat; there are some really beautiful nights here.\" That same week, he wrote to Bernard, \"A starry sky is something I should like to try to do, just", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear injured himself, severing part of his left ear. In a state of excitement, he then brought the dismembered lobe to the Maison de Tolérance bordello where he presented it to a prostitute named Rachel. When Gauguin returned the following morning he discovered that the police had arrived at the house, and blood was splattered in every room. Van Gogh had severed an artery in his neck, and was in grave health after losing so much blood. He was removed to the hospital, and he confessed to having no recollection of what happened during this fit. Throughout his life, Van Gogh", "The Starry Night using \"arrangement\" as a synonym for \"composition.\" Van Gogh was, in fact, speaking of three paintings, one of which was \"The Starry Night\", when he made this comment: \"The olive trees with white cloud and background of mountains, as well as the Moonrise and the Night effect,\" as he called it, \"these are exaggerations from the point of view of the arrangement, their lines are contorted like those of the ancient woodcuts.\" The first two pictures are universally acknowledged to be realistic, non-composite views of their subjects. What the three pictures do have in common is exaggerated color and brushwork", "The Starry Night the Mediterranean countries.\" Art historian Lauren Soth also finds a symbolist subtext in \"The Starry Night\", saying that the painting is a \"traditional religious subject in disguise\" and a \"sublimated image of [Van Gogh's] deepest religious feelings.\" Citing Van Gogh's avowed admiration for the paintings of Eugène Delacroix, and especially the earlier painter's use of Prussian blue and citron yellow in paintings of Christ, Soth theorizes that Van Gogh used these colors to represent Christ in \"The Starry Night\". He criticizes Schapiro's and Loevgren's biblical interpretations, dependent as they are on a reading of the crescent moon as incorporating elements", "The Starry Night The Starry Night The Starry Night is an oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idealized village. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941, acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Regarded as among Van Gogh's finest works, \"The Starry Night\" is one of the most recognized paintings in the history of Western culture. In the aftermath of", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear has been identified as a \"Geishas in a Landscape\" published by Sato Tokyo in the 1870s. This shows an important influence of Japonism and wood block print on Van Gogh’s work, which also appear in the background of other portraits he had created. The painting is composed of impasto strokes, mostly in a vertical pattern. This creates a texture, which comes up off the canvas and adds dimension to the flat surface. The skin tone is muted with green and yellowish tones. The bandage covering Van Gogh’s ear in this painting alludes to his most famous conflict. Van Gogh used", "The Starry Night sketches in ink or charcoal on paper; eventually he would base newer variations on previous versions. The pictorial element uniting all of these paintings is the diagonal line coming in from the right depicting the low rolling hills of the Alpilles mountains. In fifteen of the twenty-one versions, cypress trees are visible beyond the far wall enclosing the wheat field. Van Gogh telescoped the view in six of these paintings, most notably in F717 \"Wheat Field with Cypresses\" and \"The Starry Night\", bringing the trees closer to the picture plane. One of the first paintings of the view was F611", "Starry Night Over the Rhône described objects in his paintings in terms of color. His night paintings, including \"Starry Night Over the Rhône\", emphasize the importance he placed on capturing the sparkling colors of the night sky and of the artificial lighting that was new to the era. Starry Night Over the Rhône Starry Night Over the Rhône (September 1888, ) is one of Vincent van Gogh's paintings of Arles at nighttime. It was painted at a spot on the bank of the Rhône that was only a one or two-minute walk from the Yellow House on the Place Lamartine which Van Gogh was renting", "The Starry Night from this batch in order to save money on postage, \"The Starry Night\" was one of the paintings he didn't send. Finally, in a letter to painter Émile Bernard from late November 1889, Van Gogh referred to the painting as a \"failure.\" Van Gogh argued with Bernard and, especially, Paul Gauguin as to whether one should paint from nature, as Van Gogh preferred, or paint what Gauguin called \"abstractions\": paintings conceived in the imagination, or \"de tête\". In the letter to Bernard, Van Gogh recounted his experiences when Gauguin lived with him for nine weeks in the fall and winter", "Starry Night Over the Rhône Starry Night Over the Rhône Starry Night Over the Rhône (September 1888, ) is one of Vincent van Gogh's paintings of Arles at nighttime. It was painted at a spot on the bank of the Rhône that was only a one or two-minute walk from the Yellow House on the Place Lamartine which Van Gogh was renting at the time. The night sky and the effects of light at night provided the subject for some of his more famous paintings, including \"Cafe Terrace at Night\" (painted earlier the same month) and the later canvas from Saint-Rémy, \"The Starry Night\". A", "The Potato Eaters van Gogh is known to have admired the Belgian painter Charles de Groux and in particular his work . De Groux' work is a solemn depiction of a peasant family saying grace before supper. The painting was closely linked to Christian representations of the Last Supper. Van Gogh's \"The Potato Eaters\" was inspired by this work of de Groux and similar religious connotations can be identified in van Gogh's work. Van Gogh made a lithograph of the composition \"The Potato Eaters\" before embarking on the painting proper. He sent impressions to his brother, and in a letter to a friend,", "Self-portrait without beard Self-portrait without beard Self-portrait without beard is an 1889 oil on canvas painting by the post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. The picture, which may have been Van Gogh's last self-portrait, was painted in September that year. The self-portrait is one of the most expensive paintings of all time, selling for $71.5 million in 1998 in New York City. At the time, it was the third (or an inflation-adjusted fourth) most expensive painting ever sold. Art historians are divided as to whether this painting or \"Self-portrait\" is Van Gogh's final self-portrait. Ronald Pickvance consider this to be the last, while Ingo", "The Potato Eaters who are eating their potatoes by the light of their little lamp, have tilled the earth themselves with these hands they are putting in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labor and — that they have thus honestly earned their food. I wanted it to give the idea of a wholly different way of life from ours — civilized people. So I certainly don’t want everyone just to admire it or approve of it without knowing why.\" Writing to his sister Willemina two years later in Paris, Van Gogh still considered \"The Potato Eaters\" his most successful painting:", "Effets de soir of van Gogh's work of \"effets de soir\". The exhibit included such iconic paintings as \"The Potato Eaters\", \"The Sower (Van Gogh)\", \"Starry Night Over the Rhone\"\"The Starry Night\", and \"The Night Cafe\". All of the following are by Vincent van Gogh, unless otherwise noted: Effets de soir Effets de soir (also called effets desoir or effets de soir et de matin) are the effects of light caused by the sunset, twilight, or darkness of the early evening or matins. They appear frequently in works by such painters as Vincent van Gogh, Bernard Fries, Armand Guillaumin, and Camille Corot. Literally,", "The Starry Night Van Gogh threw himself into the painting of the stars, producing, they write, \"a night sky unlike any other the world had ever seen with ordinary eyes.\" After having initially held it back, Van Gogh sent \"The Starry Night\" to Theo in Paris on 28 September 1889, along with nine or ten other paintings. Theo died less than six months after Vincent, in January 1891. Theo's widow, Jo, then became the caretaker of Van Gogh's legacy. She sold the painting to poet Julien Leclercq in Paris in 1900, who turned around and sold it to Émile Schuffenecker, Gauguin's old friend,", "The Starry Night the stars and the moon van Gogh employed the rare pigment indian yellow together with zinc yellow. The Starry Night The Starry Night is an oil on canvas by the Dutch post-impressionist painter Vincent van Gogh. Painted in June 1889, it depicts the view from the east-facing window of his asylum room at Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, just before sunrise, with the addition of an idealized village. It has been in the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1941, acquired through the Lillie P. Bliss Bequest. Regarded as among Van Gogh's finest works, \"The Starry Night\"", "The Potato Eaters of the harsh reality of life in the working class. He also simply admired the sustainability of the potato, or \"aardappel\" in Dutch. \"Aardappel\" literally translates to \"earth apple,\" which paints an idea of a simpler, hearty lifestyle. Thieves stole the early version of \"The Potato Eaters,\" the \"Weaver's Interior\", and \"Dried Sunflowers\" from the Kröller-Müller Museum in December, 1988. In April 1989, the thieves returned \"Weaver's Interior\" in an attempt to gain a $2.5 million ransom. The police recovered the other two on July 14, 1989; no ransom was paid. On April 14, 1991, the Vincent van Gogh National", "Self-portrait without beard F Walther and Jan Hulsker think \"Self-portrait\" was the later painting. It was given by van Gogh to his mother as a birthday gift. Self-portrait without beard Self-portrait without beard is an 1889 oil on canvas painting by the post-impressionist artist Vincent van Gogh. The picture, which may have been Van Gogh's last self-portrait, was painted in September that year. The self-portrait is one of the most expensive paintings of all time, selling for $71.5 million in 1998 in New York City. At the time, it was the third (or an inflation-adjusted fourth) most expensive painting ever sold. Art historians", "Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait he was leaving. Later that day, on a possibly self-serving account supplied by Gauguin fifteen years later, Van Gogh confronted Gauguin with the same razor-blade he used hours later to mutilate himself, cutting off his left ear (or part of it), an injury sufficiently serious to induce arterial bleeding. Accounts differ as to what happened next, not least because van Gogh himself had no subsequent recollection of the events, but it is certain that van Gogh, after staunching the bleeding, bandaged his injury and left the severed ear at a \"maison de tolérance\" on Rue du Bout d'Aeles that van", "The Starry Night drawings of spiral nebulae (as galaxies were then called) as seen and photographed through telescopes. Boime interprets the swirling figure in the central portion of the sky in \"The Starry Night\" to represent either a spiral galaxy or a comet, photographs of which had also been published in popular media. He asserts that the only non-realistic elements of the painting are the village and the swirls in the sky. These swirls represent Van Gogh's understanding of the cosmos as a living, dynamic place. Harvard astronomer Charles A. Whitney conducted his own astronomical study of \"The Starry Night\" contemporaneously with but", "The Starry Night with death in European culture, though the question of whether Van Gogh intended for them to have such a symbolic meaning in \"The Starry Night\" is the subject of an open debate. In an April 1888, letter to Bernard, Van Gogh referred to \"funereal cypresses,\" though this is possibly similar to saying \"stately oaks\" or \"weeping willows.\" One week after painting \"The Starry Night\", he wrote to his brother Theo, \"The cypresses are always occupying my thoughts. I should like to make something of them like the canvases of the sunflowers, because it astonishes me that they have not yet", "Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait Jug in the Form of a Head, Self-Portrait Jug in the form of a Head, Self-portrait (usually referred to as the Jug Self-portrait) was produced in glazed stoneware early in 1889 by the French Post-Impressionist artist Paul Gauguin. This self-portrayal is especially stark and brutal, and was created in the aftermath of two traumatic events in the artist's life. In December 1888 Gauguin was visiting Vincent van Gogh in Arles when Van Gogh hacked off his left ear (or part of it, accounts vary) before leaving it at a brothel frequented by them both. A few days later in Paris,", "The Starry Night something artificial — something affected.\" When Van Gogh calls \"The Starry Night\" a failure for being an \"abstraction,\" he places the blame on his having painted \"stars that are too big.\" While stopping short of calling the painting a hallucinatory vision, Naifeh and Smith discuss \"The Starry Night\" in the context of Van Gogh's mental illness, which they identify as temporal lobe epilepsy, or latent epilepsy. \"Not the kind,\" they write, \"known since antiquity, that caused the limbs to jerk and the body to collapse ('the falling sickness', as it was sometimes called), but a \"mental\" epilepsy—a seizing up of", "Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear continued to suffer from similar fits, sometimes characterized by acute paranoia. At the time of Van Gogh’s death, this painting was in the possession of Julien (Père) Tanguy, although it was unclear how he had obtained it. Tanguy had posed twice for Van Gogh in 1887. It was exhibited in Paris 1901 and 1905 in a major Van Gogh retrospective. In 1928 Samuel Courtauld purchased it. It is currently located in The Courtauld Gallery in London, UK. Some critics dismiss this painting as a fake or crude pastiche. However, if this were true it would have been painted at a", "The Starry Night an image of a mother and child in the clouds in \"Landscape with Olive Trees\", painted at the same time and often regarded as a pendant to \"The Starry Night\".) Art historian Sven Loevgren expands on Schapiro's approach, again calling \"The Starry Night\" a \"visionary painting\" which \"was conceived in a state of great agitation.\" He writes of the \"hallucinatory character of the painting and its violently expressive form,\" although he takes pains to note that the painting was not executed during one of Van Gogh's incapacitating breakdowns. Loevgren compares Van Gogh's \"religiously inclined longing for the beyond\" to the", "Starry Night Over the Rhône sketch of the painting is included in a letter van Gogh sent to his friend Eugène Boch on October 2, 1888. \"Starry Night Over the Rhône\", which is now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, was first exhibited in 1889 at Paris' annual exhibition of the Société des Artistes Indépendants. It was shown together with van Gogh's \"Irises\", which was added by Vincent's brother, Theo, although Vincent had proposed including one of his paintings from the public gardens in Arles. The view is from the quay (a waterside street) on the east side of the Rhône, into the knee of", "The Starry Night and continued with his preferred method of painting from nature. Like the impressionists he had met in Paris, especially Claude Monet, Van Gogh also favored working in series. He had painted his series of sunflowers in Arles, and he painted the series of cypresses and wheat fields at Saint-Rémy. \"The Starry Night\" belongs to this latter series, as well as to a small series of nocturnes he initiated in Arles. The nocturne series was limited by the difficulties posed by painting such scenes from nature, i.e., at night. The first painting in the series was \"Café Terrace at Night\", painted", "The Starry Night the 23 December 1888 breakdown that resulted in the self-mutilation of his left ear, Van Gogh voluntarily admitted himself to the Saint-Paul-de-Mausole lunatic asylum on 8 May 1889. Housed in a former monastery, Saint-Paul-de-Mausole catered to the wealthy and was less than half full when Van Gogh arrived, allowing him to occupy not only a second-story bedroom but also a ground-floor room for use as a painting studio. During the year Van Gogh stayed at the asylum, the prolific output of paintings he had begun in Arles continued. During this period, he produced some of the best-known works of his", "Courtauld Gallery by Claude Monet and Camille Pissarro, a ballet scene by Edgar Degas, and a group of eight major works by Cézanne. Other paintings include Vincent van Gogh's \"Self-Portrait with Bandaged Ear\" and \"Peach Blossoms in the Crau\", Gauguin's \"Nevermore\" and \"Te Rerioa\", and important works by Seurat, Henri \"le Douanier\" Rousseau, Toulouse-Lautrec and Modigliani. Further bequests were added after the Second World War, most notably the collection of Old Master paintings assembled by Lord Lee, a founder of the Institute. This included Cranach's \"Adam and Eve\" and a sketch in oils by Peter Paul Rubens for what is arguably his", "The Starry Night the village of Saint-Rémy. Pickvance thought F1541v was done later, and the steeple more Dutch than Provençal, a conflation of several Van Gogh had painted and drawn in his Nuenen period, and thus the first of his \"reminisces of the North\" he was to paint and draw early the following year. Hulsker thought a landscape on the reverse F1541r was also a study for the painting. Despite the large number of letters Van Gogh wrote, he said very little about \"The Starry Night\". After reporting that he had painted a starry sky in June, Van Gogh next mentioned the painting", "The Starry Night the mind: a collapse of thought, perception, reason, and emotion that manifested itself entirely in the brain and often prompted bizarre, dramatic behavior.\" Symptoms of the seizures \"resembled fireworks of electrical impulses in the brain.\" Van Gogh experienced his second breakdown in seven months in July 1889. Naifeh and Smith theorize that the seeds of this breakdown were present when Van Gogh painted \"The Starry Night\", that in giving himself over to his imagination \"his defenses had been breached.\" On that day in mid-June, in a \"state of heightened reality,\" with all the other elements of the painting in place,", "The Starry Night painted variations of no fewer than twenty-one times, including \"The Starry Night\". \"Through the iron-barred window,\" he wrote to his brother, Theo, around 23 May 1889, \"I can see an enclosed square of wheat . . . above which, in the morning, I watch the sun rise in all its glory.\" Van Gogh depicted the view at different times of day and under various weather conditions, including sunrise, moonrise, sunshine-filled days, overcast days, windy days, and one day with rain. While the hospital staff did not allow Van Gogh to paint in his bedroom, he was able there to make", "Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake monk, perhaps influenced by Van Gogh's earlier \"Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin\" (1888). In a letter to Gauguin dated October 3, 1888, Van Gogh describes himself in the self-portrait as \"a character of a bonze, a simple worshiper of the eternal Buddha\". Compared to Gauguin's more traditional \"Self-Portrait Dedicated to Carrière\" (1888 or 1889), the self-portrait painted at Le Pouldu is more \"sinister\". In 1919, Marie Henry sold Gauguin's \"Self-Portrait\" as part of a batch of 14 other works to François Norgelet for a total of 35,000 francs, where it was exhibited at the Galerie Barbazanges in Paris. Although ownership", "Self-portrait contain many figures, but are firmly centred on the heroic figure of the artist. One of the most famous and most prolific of self-portraitists was Vincent van Gogh, who drew and painted himself more than 43 times between 1886 and 1889. In all of these self-portraits one is struck that the gaze of the painter is seldom directed at us; even when it is a fixed gaze, he seems to look elsewhere. These paintings vary in intensity and color and some portray the artist with bandages; representing the episode in which he severed one of his ears. The many self-portraits" ]

[ "The Starry Night in a letter to Theo on or about 20 September 1889, when he included it in a list of paintings he was sending to his brother in Paris, referring to it as a \"night study.\" Of this list of paintings, he wrote, \"All in all the only things I consider a little good in it are the Wheatfield, the Mountain, the Orchard, the Olive trees with the blue hills and the Portrait and the Entrance to the quarry, and the rest says nothing to me\"; \"the rest\" would include \"The Starry Night\". When he decided to hold back three paintings", "The Potato Eaters brother Theo written mid-June 1884, Vincent remarks Before Vincent painted \"The Potato Eaters\" Israëls had already treated the same subject in his \"A Peasant Family at the Table\" and judging from a comment in a letter to Theo 11 March 1882, Vincent had seen this (or at least a variation of it) and had been inspired by it to produce his own version of it. Compositionally the two are very similar: in both paintings the composition of the painting is centered by a figure whose back is turned to the viewer. As well as an interest gained by \"A Peasant", "The Starry Night poetry of Walt Whitman. He calls \"The Starry Night\" \"an infinitely expressive picture which symbolizes the final absorption of the artist by the cosmos\" and which \"gives a never-to-be-forgotten sensation of standing on the threshold of eternity.\" Loevgren praises Schapiro's \"eloquent interpretation\" of the painting as an apocalyptic vision and advances his own symbolist theory with reference to the eleven stars in one of Joseph's dreams in the Old Testament book of Genesis. Loevgren asserts that the pictorial elements of \"The Starry Night\" \"are visualized in purely symbolic terms\" and notes that \"the cypress is the tree of death in", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) need to come to terms with himself. The nephew of the artist, Edouard Vibert (1867–1899) finished shortly before his death a series of copies of various Manet paintings for Madame Manet as mementos of the paintings that had had to be sold after the death of the artist. Around the turn of the 20th century a copy of the \"Self-Portrait with Palette\" was attested that was ascribed to Vibert. The \"Self-Portrait with Palette\" was not sold during Manet's lifetime and after his death was held by his widow. Nor were either of the self-portraits sold in the 1884 estate sale.", "The Starry Night, The Starry Sea There, she meets merman Wu Julan, who has arrived with a hidden motive. The two grow to know and love each other, but conspiracies surface and Lu Li is torn between kinship and love. The Starry Night, The Starry Sea The Starry Night, The Starry Sea () is a 2017 Chinese television series starring Feng Shaofeng and Bea Hayden. It is adapted from the novel of the same name by Tong Hua. The series aired on Hunan TV from 6 February to 8 March 2017. A second season set in Tang Dynasty, titled \"The Starry Night, The Starry Sea 2\"", "The Starry Night, The Starry Sea The Starry Night, The Starry Sea The Starry Night, The Starry Sea () is a 2017 Chinese television series starring Feng Shaofeng and Bea Hayden. It is adapted from the novel of the same name by Tong Hua. The series aired on Hunan TV from 6 February to 8 March 2017. A second season set in Tang Dynasty, titled \"The Starry Night, The Starry Sea 2\" (), aired on Hunan TV from 2 October to 31 October 2017. Shen Luo is an ordinary girl who moves from the busy city life to a small cottage in the island. She meets", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) whirlwind\" Françoise Cachin explains it as a way of concentrating the light and the attention of the viewer upon the more important aspects of the painting. Manet's wife Suzanne, however, described this painting and the \"Self-Portrait with Cap\" (1878–79) as sketches. The \"Self-Portrait with Palette\" is the only self-portrait by Manet in which he depicted himself as an artist. He depicted himself in several other paintings, but almost always as one of many figures in a large composition. These works include \"Fishing\" (1860/61), \"Music in the Tuileries\" (1862), and \"The Ball of the Opera\" (1873). The full-length \"Self-Portrait with Cap\"", "Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum is a 1533 painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Maarten van Heemskerck in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This painting shows the artist in the role of \"Grand tourist\" with the Colosseum in the background. It is signed and dated lower center \"MARTYN VAN HEMSKER AO AETATUS SUA LV 1553\". It shows the artist twice; once in bust form looking at the viewer as if to say \"Behold the wonders of Rome!\" and again as an artist sketching the Colosseum. Heemskerck painted it upon his arrival in Italy whereupon it came into the", "Self-portrait with the Colosseum van Mander in his \"Schilder-boeck\", who mentioned the patronage of a Cardinal (presumably Cardinal Granvelle). Many of these were later engraved and published by Philips Galle in 1569 as the \"Clades\" series, or \"Inventiones Heemskerkianiae Ex Utroque Testamento\". Self-portrait with the Colosseum Self-portrait with the Colosseum is a 1533 painting by the Dutch Golden Age artist Maarten van Heemskerck in the Fitzwilliam Museum. This painting shows the artist in the role of \"Grand tourist\" with the Colosseum in the background. It is signed and dated lower center \"MARTYN VAN HEMSKER AO AETATUS SUA LV 1553\". It shows the artist twice;", "Self-portrait the social status of the artist, although Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin and some other instead showed their real working costume very realistically. This was a decision all 18th-century self-portraitists needed to make, although many painted themselves in both formal and informal costume in different paintings. Thereafter, one can say that most significant painters left us at least one self-portrait, even after the decline of the painted portrait with the arrival of photography. Gustave Courbet (see below) was perhaps the most creative self-portraitist of the 19th century, and \"The Artist's studio\" and \"Bonjour, Monsieur Courbet\" are perhaps the largest self-portraits ever painted. Both", "Starry Starry Night (film) her puzzle of the \"Starry Starry Night\" painting was missing. Many years later, in France, Xiao Mei and her stepsister are walking along the streets on Christmas Eve. Suddenly Xiao Mei's stepsister sees a jigsaw puzzle with a missing piece on display. Upon entering the shop, Xiao Mei saw a jigsaw of \"Starry Starry Night\" which had the same missing piece as hers. Director Tom Lin, who made his directorial debut with the 2008 film \"Winds of September\", wanted to create a film based on the illustrated novel Starry Starry Night by illustrator and writer Jimmy Liao. The illustrated novel", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) not only a successful artist but a successful figure in society: the paintings are a record of this success. Wilson-Bareau proposes an alternate explanation for the origin of the self-portraits. When the art historian and Manet biographer Adolphe Tabarant asked Manet's stepson Léon Leenhoff about the point in time at which Manet had been stricken with Syphilis, Leenhoff gave 1879 as an answer, which would explain why Manet, who had never before in his life painted a self-portrait, had painted two within that year. It would seem that with the reality of death right before his eyes, he felt a", "Starry Starry Night (film) Starry Starry Night (film) Starry Starry Night (Chinese: 星空) is a 2011 Taiwanese fantasy drama film based on an illustrated novel by Taiwanese author Jimmy Liao. The film is directed by Tom Lin, and stars Xu Jiao and Eric Lin Hui-min. \"Starry Starry Night\" was first showcased at the 2011 Busan International Film Festival as part of its \"New Currents\" section. It was released in Chinese and Taiwanese theaters on 3 and 4 November 2011, respectively. Xiao Mei used to live with her grandparents up in the mountains. When she later moves to the city to live with her parents,", "Self Portrait with Nude Self Portrait with Nude Self Portrait with Nude (sometimes known as \"Self Portrait\" or \"The Model\") is a 1913 painting by Laura Knight. A mature work, painted when Knight was 36 years old, it was controversial for its subject matter: a female artist painting a nude female life model. The painting was retained by Knight until her death in 1970, and bought by the National Portrait Gallery in 1971: the gallery has described it as \"a bravura statement about the ability of women to paint hitherto taboo subjects on a scale and with an intensity, that heralds changes\". The painting", "Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake, also known as Self-Portrait, is an 1889 oil on wood painting by French artist Paul Gauguin, which represents his late Brittany period in the fishing village of Le Pouldu in northwestern France. No longer comfortable with Pont-Aven, Gauguin moved on to Le Pouldu with his friend and student Meijer de Haan and a small group of artists. He stayed for several months in the autumn of 1889 and the summer of 1890, where the group spent their time decorating the interior of Marie Henry's inn with every major type of", "Self-portraits by Rembrandt Self-portraits by Rembrandt The dozens of self-portraits by Rembrandt were an important part of his oeuvre. Rembrandt created approaching one hundred self-portraits including over forty paintings, thirty-one etchings and about seven drawings; some remain uncertain as to the identity of either the subject (mostly etchings) or the artist (mostly paintings), or the definition of a portrait. This was an enormously high number for any artist up to that point, and around 10% of his \"oeuvre\" in both painting and etching. By comparison, the highly prolific Rubens only produced seven self-portrait paintings. The self-portraits create a visual diary of the artist", "Self Portrait (Kramskoi) Self Portrait (Kramskoi) Self-Portrait is an oil-on-canvas painting of 1867 by the Russian artist Ivan Kramskoi. Oval in shape, it is a self-evaluation: Kramskoi indicates how he sees his own facial features and his relationship with the world around him. The artist has rendered himself at 30 years old formally dressed, handsome and intelligent-looking. His pose causes him to be gaze down on the viewer, with an appearance that is, according to the Tretyakov Gallery, \"severe and demanding\". The painter Ilya Repin wrote of the work, \"What eyes! You can’t hide from them. They are small and are sunk deep", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) Giraud. The price was nevertheless a record for a Manet painting. Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) Self-Portrait with Palette (French: Autoportrait à la palette) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet. This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits. Velasquez's self-portrait in \"Las Meninas\" was a particular inspiration for Manet's painting which despite its allusion to the previous artist's work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling. A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting. Most recently, it sold for $29.48 million at Sotheby's", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) Self-Portrait with Palette (French: Autoportrait à la palette) is an 1878–79 oil-on-canvas painting by the French artist Édouard Manet. This late impressionistic work is one of his two self-portraits. Velasquez's self-portrait in \"Las Meninas\" was a particular inspiration for Manet's painting which despite its allusion to the previous artist's work is very modern in its focus upon the personality of the artist and loose paint handling. A long series of prominent collectors have owned this painting. Most recently, it sold for $29.48 million at Sotheby's on 22 June 2010. The 83 × 67 cm (33 ×", "Self-Portrait with Two Circles compositional function, that of geometric structure, is also a possibility. Self-Portrait with Two Circles Self-Portrait with Two Circles is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt, painted c. 1665–1669, one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. In the portrait, Rembrandt holds his palette, brushes, and maulstick. The painting is notable for its monumentality and the enigmatic background consisting of a shallow space with the fragments of two circles. \"Self Portrait with Two Circles\" is one of more than 40 self-portraits Rembrandt painted (as well as a similar number in other media) and one of a number", "Self-Portrait with Two Circles Self-Portrait with Two Circles Self-Portrait with Two Circles is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt, painted c. 1665–1669, one of over 40 painted self-portraits by Rembrandt. In the portrait, Rembrandt holds his palette, brushes, and maulstick. The painting is notable for its monumentality and the enigmatic background consisting of a shallow space with the fragments of two circles. \"Self Portrait with Two Circles\" is one of more than 40 self-portraits Rembrandt painted (as well as a similar number in other media) and one of a number of depictions in several media dating at least from 1629", "The Starry Night dated 22 October 1889: \"I clearly sense what preoccupies you in the new canvases like the village in the moonlight [\"The Starry Night\"] or the mountains, but I feel that the search for style takes away the real sentiment of things.\" Vincent responded in early November, \"Despite what you say in your previous letter, that the search for style often harms other qualities, the fact is that I feel myself greatly driven to seek style, if you like, but I mean by that a more manly and more deliberate drawing. If that will make me more like Bernard or Gauguin,", "Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich) Musée du Louvre, and another in 1498, now in the Museo del Prado. He also inserted self-portraits in other paintings, and made self-portrait drawings, although, he did not portray himself in any of his prints. At least twelve self-portrait images survive, as well as the lost gouache Dürer sent to Raphael c 1515. Self-Portrait (Dürer, Munich) Self-Portrait (or Self-Portrait at Twenty-Eight) is a panel painting by the German Renaissance artist Albrecht Dürer. Painted early in 1500, just before his 29th birthday, it is the last of his three painted self-portraits. Art historians consider it the most personal, iconic and complex", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) for the \"Self-Portrait with Cap\" and only 1,000 for \"Self-Portrait with Palette\". In Théodore Duret's 1902 exhibit catalog the picture is listed as the property of Pellerin. Shortly after, the \"Self-Portrait with Cap\" went to the collection of Max Linde in Lübeck. In addition to being an art collector Linde was also an ophthalmologist, with Edvard Munch among his patients. Eventually the Norwegian artist was inspired by the Manet to paint various other full length portraits, including a 1909 portrait of his psychiatrist Daniel Jacobson, which came close to the Manet in style and feeling. In May 1910, the \"Self-Portrait", "Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar is a 1659 oil on canvas painting by the Dutch artist Rembrandt, one of over 40 self-portraits by Rembrandt. It has been noted as a self-portrayal of subtle and somber qualities, a work in which may be seen \"the stresses and strains of a life compounded of creative triumphs and personal and financial reverses\". Once owned by Andrew W. Mellon, it has been in the National Gallery of Art since 1937. In \"Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar\" Rembrandt is seated in a broadly painted fur cloak, his", "Starry Starry Night (film) as an acting talent of note here\", and added that she \"pretty much carries the entire film with unflappable poise and a disarming charm that steers clear of being cutesy for the cameras\". He also commented on the \"touching epilogue\" of this film, saying that it \"at first feels unnecessary, but completely sells itself in the film's final moments\". Marsh concluded his review by saying that this film is \"a tender, heartfelt treat about the end of childhood and the loss of innocence and a flight of fancy well worth taking\". Starry Starry Night (film) Starry Starry Night (Chinese: 星空)", "Self Portrait (Kramskoi) in their orbits; gray, lit up…What a serious face!\" Self Portrait (Kramskoi) Self-Portrait is an oil-on-canvas painting of 1867 by the Russian artist Ivan Kramskoi. Oval in shape, it is a self-evaluation: Kramskoi indicates how he sees his own facial features and his relationship with the world around him. The artist has rendered himself at 30 years old formally dressed, handsome and intelligent-looking. His pose causes him to be gaze down on the viewer, with an appearance that is, according to the Tretyakov Gallery, \"severe and demanding\". The painter Ilya Repin wrote of the work, \"What eyes! You can’t hide", "Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) is a painting by the Italian late Renaissance artist Parmigianino. It is housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. The work is mentioned by Late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari, who lists it as one of three small-size paintings that the artist brought to Rome with him in 1525. Vasari relays that the self-portrait was created by Parmigianino as an example to showcase his talent to potential customers. The portrait was donated to pope Clement VII, and later to writer Pietro Aretino, in whose house Vasari himself, then", "Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar Rembrandt generally used the more convenient arrangement for a right-handed artist, placing the mirror to the left of the easel, so as not to have his view impeded by his working arm and hand, with the left side of the face most prominently featured. There are several frontal self-portraits, but \"Self-Portrait with Beret and Turned-Up Collar\" is one of only two, along with \"Self-Portrait as Zeuxis\", that Rembrandt painted in which he is turned to the left, thus revealing more of the right side of his face. It has been suggested that this difference in angle was an intentional variation", "Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror is greatly elongated and distorted by the mirror. The work was painted on a specially-prepared convex panel in order to mimic the curve of the mirror used. Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror Self-portrait in a Convex Mirror (c. 1524) is a painting by the Italian late Renaissance artist Parmigianino. It is housed in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, Austria. The work is mentioned by Late Renaissance art biographer Giorgio Vasari, who lists it as one of three small-size paintings that the artist brought to Rome with him in 1525. Vasari relays that the self-portrait was created by Parmigianino as an example", "Starry Night (song) Starry Night (song) \"Starry Night\" is the debut single by American Contemporary Christian musician Chris August off of his debut CD \"No Far Away\". It was released on May 11, 2010; it had topped several of \"Billboard\" magazine's Christian charts by November of that year. The single garnered five Dove Award nominations for August, including Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year. August was originally signed by Geffen Records as a mainstream artist after Ryan Cabrera noticed him. He was managed by Ashlee Simpson's father Joe Simpson and he toured as her opening act and keyboardist.", "Self-Portrait (Artemisia Gentileschi) Rome her painted poems.\" Self-Portrait (Artemisia Gentileschi) Rome The Self Portrait of Italian baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi was painted in the early 1630s. It currently hangs in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome. It is one of many paintings where Gentileschi depicts herself. Beyond self-portraits, her allegorical and religious paintings often featured herself in different guises. The painting is generally accepted as being by Gentileschi but there have been some doubts cast. It was included in the \"catalogue raisonné\" by R Ward Bissell, but the 2001 exhibition catalogue on the Artemisia and her father Orazio considers it to be done by the workshop", "Self-Portrait (Artemisia Gentileschi) Rome Self-Portrait (Artemisia Gentileschi) Rome The Self Portrait of Italian baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi was painted in the early 1630s. It currently hangs in the Palazzo Barberini, Rome. It is one of many paintings where Gentileschi depicts herself. Beyond self-portraits, her allegorical and religious paintings often featured herself in different guises. The painting is generally accepted as being by Gentileschi but there have been some doubts cast. It was included in the \"catalogue raisonné\" by R Ward Bissell, but the 2001 exhibition catalogue on the Artemisia and her father Orazio considers it to be done by the workshop of Simon Vouet.", "Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting should be looked at as a positive, showing the world what a woman could do, rather than just Gentileschi as an artist. Furthermore, as art historian Mary Garrard claims, only a woman artist could present herself in this way, as allegorical figures were limited to the bodies of women. Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting Self-Portrait as the Allegory of Painting, also known as Autoritratto in veste di Pittura or simply La Pittura, was painted by the Italian Baroque artist Artemisia Gentileschi. The oil-on-canvas painting measures and was probably produced during Gentileschi’s stay in England between 1638 and 1639. It", "Starry Night (song) Year. August was nominated for the New Artist Of The Year and the Male Vocalist Of The Year; his album \"No Far Away\" received a nomination for the Pop/Contemporary Album Of The Year. Starry Night (song) \"Starry Night\" is the debut single by American Contemporary Christian musician Chris August off of his debut CD \"No Far Away\". It was released on May 11, 2010; it had topped several of \"Billboard\" magazine's Christian charts by November of that year. The single garnered five Dove Award nominations for August, including Song of the Year and Pop/Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year. August", "Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle of God. In 1805, Goethe saw a copy of this portrait in the museum at Leipzig and described it as of \"inestimable value.\" According to Lawrence Gowing, who calls this \"the most French of all his pictures\", the \"Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle\" is singular among Dürer's paintings as \"the touch is freer and color more iridescent than in any other picture one remembers\". Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle Portrait of the Artist Holding a Thistle (or \"Eryngium\") is an oil painting on parchment pasted on canvas by German artist Albrecht Dürer. Painted in 1493, it", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) (1878–79) is the only other pure self-portrait by Manet. The chronological proximity of the two paintings implies a direct connection between them; accordingly, they have been considered as two stages of a work in progress. In the first painting, \"Self-Portrait with Palette\", the act of painting itself is depicted by the blurred gestures of the painter. In the latter work, the painter is shown with the clear detachment of a viewer, rather than a creator. To Éric Darragon it appears that the painter has \"stepped back, to evaluate his painting.\" After Manet's death the two pictures hung on either side", "The Starry Night he definitely painted outside \"en plein air\". F1548 \"Wheat field, Saint-Rémy de Provence\", now in New York, is a study for it. Two days later, Vincent wrote Theo that he had painted \"a starry sky\". \"The Starry Night\" is the only nocturne in the series of views from his bedroom window. In early June, Vincent wrote to Theo, \"This morning I saw the countryside from my window a long time before sunrise with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big\" Researchers have determined that Venus , and was at that time nearly as bright as possible. So the", "Self-Portrait with Two Circles completion superfluous. Subsequent generations of artists appreciated the unfinished passages: Joshua Reynolds commented on its \"very unfinished manner\", but found it \"admirable for its colour and effect,\" and Jean-Honoré Fragonard made a painted copy of it. That Rembrandt may not have considered the work complete is suggested by the omission of his signature and date, unusual for a self-portrait by the artist. Alternatively, it is possible that Rembrandt's intent was to leave an iconic biographical image for posterity, more profound than a traditional self-portrait. In this vein, a comparison to Titian's late \"unfinished\" self-portrait in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin, which \"Self", "Self-portrait (Hans Holbein the Younger) Self-portrait (Hans Holbein the Younger) The Self-portrait is a small drawing by the German Renaissance artist and printmaker Hans Holbein the Younger, completed around 1542-1543, and housed in the Uffizi, Florence. The gold background was added later by a different artist. According to art historian John Rowlands, \"Although this drawing has been enlarged on all sides and heavily reworked, enough of it still shows to allow the assumption that the original work was executed by Holbein. The inscription, also a later addition, evidently records an even earlier one, of which slight traces remain. Copies of the drawing exist, including one", "Gogh, The Starry Night Gogh, The Starry Night Gogh, The Starry Night () is a Chinese-South Korean web-drama starring Kwon Yuri, Kim Young-kwang and Lee Ji-hoon. It was broadcast on Sohu TV every Saturday and Sunday at 00:00 from July 2, 2016. The drama also aired on SBS on Saturdays and Sundays at 22:00 on October 22 as a 4-episode mini drama, after \"The Second Last Love\" ended. The web-drama depicts a story of a 29-year-old employee 'Go Ho' (Kwon Yuri) of an advertising company who works hard but hardly praised by her hot-tempered boss (Kim Young Kwang). As a result, she dislikes her", "Self-portrait Self-portrait A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. Although self-portraits have been made since the earliest times, it is not until the Early Renaissance in the mid-15th century that artists can be frequently identified depicting themselves as either the main subject, or as important characters in their work. With better and cheaper mirrors, and the advent of the panel portrait, many painters, sculptors and printmakers tried some form of self-portraiture. \"Portrait of a Man in a Turban\" by Jan van Eyck of 1433 may well be the earliest known", "Self-Portrait with Palette (Manet) with Palette\" appeared in an exhibit at the gallery of Georges Petit in Paris, where it was labeled as on loan from the widow of the Marquis Etienne de Ganay. Just a month later it was shown in an exhibit by the gallery owners Paul Durand-Ruel, Bernheim-Jeune and Paul Cassirer together with all other Manet paintings that had previously been owned by Pellerin. Pellerin had sold his collection to the dealers, with the exception of the \"Self-Portrait with Palette\", which he had sold to Madame de Ganay immediately beforehand. Ganay owned the painting through the 1920s; by 1931 it was", "Starry Starry Night (film) is one of Lin's favorite book. Initially, Lin planned to create a \"small art-house movie\" collaboration with Liao. After the Chinese film studio Huayi Brothers picked up the film, the film became a China-Taiwan co-production, and the film's budget was increased to a total of US$7 million. Co-productions between Taiwan and China are sometimes subjected to strict scrutiny by censorship boards. However, the film was described as a successful co-production by its director, and its script remained unchanged. \"Starry Starry Night\" was filmed at the Taipei Railway Station during a period of two days in March 2011. Although the filming", "Starry Night (Modern Family) a B+. She noted that the episode \"impressed with the way it all fit together.\" The episode wasn't a \"laugh riot\" but was a \"well-integrated episode\". Starry Night (Modern Family) \"Starry Night\" is the eighteenth episode of the first season of \"Modern Family\" and the eighteenth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on ABC on March 24, 2010. The episode was written by Danny Zuker and directed by Jason Winer. In the episode, Claire and Phil take rival approaches to keeping Haley and Luke focused on projects that are due the next day. Manny's ribbing of Mitchell during", "Self-portrait with Dr Arrieta Self-portrait with Dr Arrieta Self-portrait with Dr Arrieta is the name given to a painting by Spanish artist Francisco Goya. The work is an oil painting on canvas which was created in 1820. It is held in Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minnesota. In 1792, Goya developed a sudden serious illness which included dizziness, weakness, delirium, sickness, abdominal pain, deafness, and partial blindness. By the time he returned to Madrid, in 1793, Goya was completely deaf. Various diagnoses of this serious illness have been offered: syphilis, lead poisoning, cerebrovascular disease, acute infection of the central nervous system, and the rare condition", "The Starry Night outside at night to paint the stars.\" He wrote about existing in another dimension after death and associated this dimension with the night sky. \"It would be so simple and would account so much for the terrible things in life, which now amaze and wound us so, if life had yet another hemisphere, invisible it is true, but where one lands when one dies.\" \"Hope is in the stars,\" he wrote, but he was quick to point out that \"earth is a planet too, and consequently a star, or celestial orb.\" And he stated flatly that \"The Starry Night\" was", "Gogh, The Starry Night boss very much, not understanding his unspoken love for her. In the meantime, her ex-boyfriend (Lee Ji-hoon) joins the same company, and she gets transferred to his work unit. The plot revolves around the two male leads trying to win the heart of Go Ho. Gogh, The Starry Night Gogh, The Starry Night () is a Chinese-South Korean web-drama starring Kwon Yuri, Kim Young-kwang and Lee Ji-hoon. It was broadcast on Sohu TV every Saturday and Sunday at 00:00 from July 2, 2016. The drama also aired on SBS on Saturdays and Sundays at 22:00 on October 22 as a", "Jim Dine: A Self-Portrait on the Walls have a cinematographer watching over his every move. The final punishment the artist had to endure was at the end of the gallery's six-week event. At that point, all of his works were destroyed: the masterfully created pieces were all washed off the walls and painted over. Time for the works of the next artist to be presented. Jim Dine: A Self-Portrait on the Walls Jim Dine: A Self-Portrait on the Walls is a 1995 American short documentary film about artist Jim Dine produced by Nancy Dine and Richard Stilwell. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Documentary", "Three Studies for a Self-Portrait, (Bacon, 1979) Paris in 1981, printed by Arts Litho and signed in pencil by the artist. One example was sold by Bonhams in London in 2004 for £4,541, including buyer's premium. By 2013, Bacon's reputation had increased to such an extent that another example of the print was sold online by Christie's for £30,000. _ Three Studies for a Self-Portrait, (Bacon, 1979) Three Studies for a Self-Portrait is an oil on canvas triptych painting by the Irish born English artist Francis Bacon. Two of paintings are signed and dated 1979, and the third signed and dated 1979-1980. The work can be viewed", "Self Portrait with Nude work until her death in 1970, shortly before the opening of a major retrospective exhibition. It was sold at Sotheby's later that year for £700, the highest price achieved in the sales by her executors to clear her studio, and it was acquired by the National Portrait Gallery in 1971. The \"Financial Times\" has compared it to the later works of Lucian Freud. In \"The Face of Britain\" (2015), the historian Simon Schama described it as a \"incomparably, her greatest work, all at once conceptually complex, heroically independent, formally ingenious and lovingly sensual.\" Self Portrait with Nude Self Portrait with", "Self-portrait at the age of 34 Self-portrait at the age of 34 Self-Portrait at the Age of 34 is a self-portrait by Rembrandt, dating to 1640 and now in the National Gallery in London. The painting is one of many self-portraits by Rembrandt, in both painting and etching, to show the artist in a fancy costume from the previous century. In this case specific influences in the pose have long been recognised from Raphael's \"Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione\" (now Louvre) and Titian's \"A Man with a Quilted Sleeve\" (in 2017 called \"Portrait of Gerolamo? Barbarigo\") in the National Gallery. Rembrandt saw both of these in Amsterdam,", "Self-portrait at the age of 34 Self-portrait at the age of 34 Self-Portrait at the Age of 34 is a self-portrait by Rembrandt, dating to 1640 and now in the National Gallery in London. The painting is one of many self-portraits by Rembrandt, in both painting and etching, to show the artist in a fancy costume from the previous century. In this case specific influences in the pose have long been recognised from Raphael's \"Portrait of Baldassare Castiglione\" (now Louvre) and Titian's \"A Man with a Quilted Sleeve\" (in 2017 called \"Portrait of Gerolamo? Barbarigo\") in the National Gallery. Rembrandt saw both of these in Amsterdam,", "Self-portrait panel self-portrait. He painted a separate portrait of his wife, and he belonged to the social group that had begun to commission portraits, already more common among wealthy Netherlanders than south of the Alps. The genre is venerable, but not until the Renaissance, with increased wealth and interest in the individual as a subject, did it become truly popular. A self-portrait may be a portrait of the artist, or a portrait included in a larger work, including a group portrait. Many painters are said to have included depictions of specific individuals, including themselves, in painting figures in religious or other", "Portrait with Keys Portrait with Keys Portrait with Keys is a book by the South African writer Ivan Vladislavic. It is a portrait of life in Johannesburg – and \"what-what\": home, habit, change, memory, mortality, friendship, ghosts, gardens, walking, falling, selling, stealing ... Neither a novel nor a collection of short stories, the book consists of 138 short texts organised in two parts – Point A and Point B – followed by Notes and Sources, Itineraries and an Author’s Note. Written by a consummate literary artist, this is a unique dossier of city life and a selective self-portrait of the author – in", "Camouflage Self-Portrait Camouflage Self-Portrait Self-Portrait is a 1986 work by the American artist Andy Warhol. The portrait is in a camouflage-patterned foreground with a black background. Andy Warhol made \"Self-portrait\" a few months before his death, which was in February 1987. It uses a Polaroid photograph of him, with the material of acrylic polymer paint and silk screen printing to produce a camouflage pattern over the face surrounded by black. The Metropolitan Museum of Art describes the image: \"Warhol appears as a haunting, disembodied mask. His head floats in a dark black void and his face and hair are ghostly pale, covered", "Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake details are scant, the painting is thought to have passed through the hands of several owners, including London art collector Mrs. R. A. Workman and later Lord Ivor Spencer-Churchill. It was sold by Churchill to the galleries Alex Reid and Lefèvre in 1923, who then sold it to Kraushaar Galleries in 1925. American banker Chester Dale acquired the work in 1928. The painting was later bequeathed by Dale to the National Gallery of Art in 1962 after his death. The Chester Dale Collection opened at the National Gallery in 1965. Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake,", "Self-portrait also use the term \"autoportrait\" in the search engine of the \"Joconde\" database, which describes the works of 84 French museums, including the Louvre: Self-portrait A self-portrait is a representation of an artist that is drawn, painted, photographed, or sculpted by that artist. Although self-portraits have been made since the earliest times, it is not until the Early Renaissance in the mid-15th century that artists can be frequently identified depicting themselves as either the main subject, or as important characters in their work. With better and cheaper mirrors, and the advent of the panel portrait, many painters, sculptors and printmakers", "Self-Portrait with Halo and Snake art work. Gauguin painted his \"Self-Portrait\" in the dining room with its companion piece, \"Portrait of Jacob Meyer de Haan\" (1889). The painting shows Gauguin against a red background with a halo above his head and apples hanging beside him as he holds a snake in his hand while plants or flowers appear in the foreground. The religious symbolism and the stylistic influence of Japanese wood-block prints and cloisonnism are apparent. The portrait was completed several years before Gauguin visited Tahiti and is one of more than 40 self-portraits he completed during his lifetime. The work reached the art market" ]

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[ "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to fight for women's right to vote. It finally succeeded through two laws in 1918 and 1928. It became a national movement in the Victorian era. Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the 1832 Reform Act and the 1835 Municipal Corporations Act. In 1872 the fight for women's suffrage became a national movement with the formation of the National Society for Women's Suffrage and later the more influential National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). As well as in England," ]

[ "Suffragette Suffragette Suffragettes were members of militant women's organisations in the early 20th century who, under the banner \"Votes for Women\", fought for the right to vote in public elections, known as women's suffrage. The term refers in particular to members of the British Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a women-only movement founded in 1903 by Emmeline Pankhurst, which engaged in direct action and civil disobedience. In 1906 a reporter writing in the \"Daily Mail\" coined the term \"suffragette\" for the WSPU, from \"suffragist\", in an attempt to belittle the women advocating women's suffrage. The militants embraced the new name,", "1906 WSPU march had never done before—fight for themselves. Women had always fought for men, and for their children. Now they were ready to fight for their own human rights. Our militant movement was established.\" 1906 WSPU march The 1906 WSPU march on 19 February 1906 was the first march held in London to demand the right to vote for women in the United Kingdom. Organized by Sylvia Pankhurst and Annie Kenney of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the event saw around 300–400 women march through central London to the House of Commons. It was held to coincide with the King's", "Emmeline Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst Emmeline Pankhurst (; circa 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was a British political activist and leader of the British suffragette movement who helped women win the right to vote. In 1999 \"Time\" named Pankhurst as one of the , stating \"she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back\". She was widely criticised for her militant tactics, and historians disagree about their effectiveness, but her work is recognised as a crucial element in achieving women's suffrage in the United Kingdom. Born", "1906 WSPU march 1906 WSPU march The 1906 WSPU march on 19 February 1906 was the first march held in London to demand the right to vote for women in the United Kingdom. Organized by Sylvia Pankhurst and Annie Kenney of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), the event saw around 300–400 women march through central London to the House of Commons. It was held to coincide with the King's Speech and the opening of Parliament. Two hundred women from Bow, Bromley, Canning Town and Poplar in the East End marched to Caxton Hall, near the Commons, from St. James's Park tube", "History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom up. The LRC affiliated to the Socialist International and in 1906 changed its name to The Labour Party. It formed an electoral pact with the Liberals, intending to cause maximum damage to the Unionist government at the forthcoming election. This was successful, and in the process, 29 Labour MPs were elected to the House of Commons. The campaign for women's suffrage in Britain began in the mid-nineteenth century, with many early campaigners including Eleanor Marx being socialists, but many established socialists, including Robert Blatchford and Ernest Bax opposed or ignored the movement. By the early twentieth century, the campaign had", "1906 WSPU march station. There, Emmeline Pankhurst heard there was no mention of votes for women in the King's Speech and led the women on another march to the Commons Strangers' Entrance. Over the following two hours, the women were allowed to enter in groups of 20 to lobby their MPs. The \"Daily Mirror\" reported the event on page 5: \"Voteless Women. 3,000 [sic] Demonstrators March Behind a Red Banner. Smiling but Earnest.\" Emmeline Pankhurst saw the march as the beginning of a militant women's suffrage movement. The women \"were awake at last\", she wrote. \"They were prepared to do something that women", "Women's Sunday Women's Sunday Women's Sunday was a suffragette march and rally held in London on 21 June 1908. Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) to persuade the Liberal government to support votes for women, it is thought to have been the largest demonstration that had been held at the time in the UK. Up to half a million women and men from all over the country attended the event, while 30,000 women marched to Hyde Park in seven processions carrying 700 banners, including one that read \"Not chivalry but justice\". The event was organized by Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence,", "Mud March (suffragists) bill, the Central Society for Women's Suffrage suggested, in November 1906, holding a mass procession in London to coincide with the opening of Parliament in February. The NUWSS called on its members to join in. The task of organising the event, scheduled for Saturday, 9 February 1907, was delegated to Pippa Strachey of the Central Society for Women's Suffrage. Her mother, Lady Jane Strachey, a friend of Fawcett, was a long-standing suffragist, but Pippa Strachey had shown little interest in the issue before a meeting with Emily Davies, who quickly converted her to the cause. She took on the organisation", "United Suffragists formerly been associated with the WSPU. Unlike the WSPU, it continued to campaign through World War I, and gradually attracted more members from both that organisation and from the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). With the introduction of women's suffrage in 1918, the group dissolved itself, after holding a victory celebration, and also participating in the NUWSS celebrations. United Suffragists The United Suffragists was a women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. The group was founded on 6 February 1914, by former members and supporters of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). In contrast to the WSPU,", "Mud March (suffragists) suffrage were divided between those who favoured constitutional methods and those who supported direct action. In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst formed the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Known as the suffragettes, the WSPU held demonstrations, heckled politicians, and from 1905 saw several of its members imprisoned, gaining press attention and increased support from women. To maintain that momentum and create support for a new suffrage bill in the House of Commons, the NUWSS and other groups organised the Mud March to coincide with the opening of Parliament. The event attracted much public interest and broadly sympathetic press coverage, but when", "Feminism in the United Kingdom of a new reformational background. One of those movements that took advantage of such new spirit was the feminist movement. The stereotype of the Victorian gentle lady became unacceptable and even intolerable. The first organised movement for British women's suffrage was the Langham Place Circle of the 1850s, led by Barbara Bodichon (\"née\" Leigh-Smith) and Bessie Rayner Parkes. They also campaigned for improved female rights in the law, employment, education, and marriage. Property owning women and widows had been allowed to vote in some local elections, but that ended in 1835. The Chartist Movement of 1838 to 1857 was a", "Women's suffrage groups came together to form the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), who held public meetings, wrote letters to politicians and published various texts. In 1907 the NUWSS organized its first large procession. This march became known as the Mud March as over 3,000 women trudged through the streets of London from Hyde Park to Exeter Hall to advocate women's suffrage. In 1903 a number of members of the NUWSS broke away and, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, formed the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). As the national media lost interest in the suffrage campaign, the WSPU decided it", "Open Christmas Letter women aged 30 and over. From 1906 until mid-1914, the Labour Party in the United Kingdom was the party seen as most supportive of women's suffrage—the right of women to vote. Suffragettes and other women's rights activists organised to elect Labour candidates and to push for legislation that expanded the rights of women. In August 1914 when the world became embroiled in war, the British women activists were sharply divided into two camps: the majority who wished to work with their country's war effort, and a minority who opposed the conflict. Millicent Garrett Fawcett of the National Union of Women's", "Feminism in the United Kingdom Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. As Emmeline Pankhurst put it, they viewed votes for women no longer as \"a right, but as a desperate necessity\". Women had the vote in Australia, New Zealand and some of the American states. While WSPU was the most visible suffrage group, it was only one of many, such as the Women's Freedom League and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. In 1906, the \"Daily Mail\" first coined the term \"suffragettes\" as a form of ridicule, but the term was quickly embraced in Britain by women who used", "Suffragette Scotland. The fight was witnessed by an audience of some 4500 people. At the commencement of the World War 1, the suffragette movement in Britain moved away from suffrage activities and focused their efforts on the war effort, and as a result, hunger strikes largely stopped. In August 1914, the British Government released all prisoners who had been incarcerated for suffrage activities on an amnesty, with Pankhurst ending all militant suffrage activities soon after. The suffragettes' focus on war work turned public opinion in favour of their eventual partial enfranchisement in 1918. Women eagerly volunteered to take on many traditional", "Feminism between 1890 and 1897. Therefore, with the turn of the 19th century activism had focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's sexual, reproductive, and economic rights as well. Women's suffrage (the right to vote and stand for parliamentary office) began in Britain's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies of New Zealand granting women the right to vote in 1893 and South Australia granting female suffrage in 1895. This was followed by Australia granting female suffrage in 1902. In Britain", "Suffragette the Pankhursts decided to stop the militancy at the start of the war, and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership's role ended. Suffrage did come four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous. After Emmeline Pankhurst's death in 1928, money was raised to commission a statue, and on 6 March 1930 the statue in Victoria Tower Gardens was unveiled. A crowd of radicals, former suffragettes, and national dignitaries gathered as former Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin presented the memorial to the public. In his", "Rachel Barrett During the war Barrett was a vocal supporter of British military action, as were the majority of the suffragette movement. She was a contributor to the WSPU 'Victory Fund' which was launched in 1916 to sponsor campaigns against \"a compromise peace\" and industrial strikes. After the passing of the Representation of the People Act 1918, in which some women within the United Kingdom were first given the right to vote, Barrett busied herself in continuing the fight for full emancipation. When full voting rights were won in 1928 she helped raise funds for commemorations and was an important figure in", "Edith Gittins Women’s Franchise Demonstration in February 1907, to mark the opening of the Houses of Parliament. Organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS), over 3000 women took part in what became known as the Mud March. In June 1908, she joined 10,000 women in the parade in London, later writing in the Leicester Pioneer, \"Brains, character, indispensable service these women give, but they are unrepresented in Parliament; they are voteless, governed and taxed without their consent ... In its place ... floats the Leicester banner of purple and crimson, between those of Leeds and Liverpool. We pass between", "Suffragette first public meeting on the subject of women's suffrage in UK was held in Manchester's Free Trade Hall in 1868; one of the speakers was Lydia Becker, supported by Dr. Richard Pankhurst among others. Amongst the audience was the 15-year-old Emmeline Goulden, who was to become an ardent campaigner for women's rights, and later married Dr. Pankhurst and adopted his surname as was customary, becoming known as Emmeline Pankhurst. During the summer of 1880, Lydia Becker visited the Isle of Man to address five public meetings on the subject of women's suffrage to audiences mainly composed of women. These speeches", "Women's Coronation Procession Women's Coronation Procession The Women's Coronation Procession was a suffragette march through London on 17 June 1911, just before King George V's coronation, demanding women's suffrage in the coronation year. The march was organised by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Some 40,000 people marched from Westminster to the Albert Hall in South Kensington. Charlotte Despard and Flora Drummond on horseback led the march, which included Annan Bryce dressed as Joan of Arc and 700 women and girls clothed in white to represent suffragette prisoners. Kate Harvey, Edith Downing and Marion Wallace-Dunlop were among the organisers, and Lolita Roy", "Anti-suffragism established in London on 21 July 1908. Its aims were to oppose women being granted the vote in British parliamentary elections, although it did support their having votes in local government elections. It was founded at a time when there was a resurgence of support for the women's suffrage movement. The Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, publisher of the \"Anti-Suffrage Review\", submitted a petition to Parliament in 1907 with 87,500 names, but it was rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament as \"informal\". The \"Anti-Suffrage Review\" also used shame as a tool to fight against the suffrage movement. An Anti-suffrage correspondence", "Women's Coronation Procession is believed to have been as well. Jane Cobden organised the Indian women's delegation. Elsie Hooper and other members of the National Association of Women Pharmacists joined the march. Women's Coronation Procession The Women's Coronation Procession was a suffragette march through London on 17 June 1911, just before King George V's coronation, demanding women's suffrage in the coronation year. The march was organised by the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Some 40,000 people marched from Westminster to the Albert Hall in South Kensington. Charlotte Despard and Flora Drummond on horseback led the march, which included Annan Bryce dressed as", "Women's suffrage would use other methods to create publicity. This began in 1905 at a meeting in Manchester's Free Trade Hall where Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon, a member of the newly elected Liberal government, was speaking. As he was talking, Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney of the WSPU constantly shouted out, \"Will the Liberal Government give votes to women?\" When they refused to cease calling out, police were called to evict them and the two suffragettes (as members of the WSPU became known after this incident) were involved in a struggle which ended with them being arrested and charged", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom enormous publicity, and forcing the moderates to better organize themselves, while also stimulating the organization of the antis. He concludes: The Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial in London was first dedicated to Emmeline Pankhurst in 1930, with a plaque added for Christabel Pankhurst in 1958. To commemorate the 100th anniversary of Women being given the right to vote, a statue of Millicent Fawcett was erected in Parliament Square, London in 2018. Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom was a movement to fight for women's right to vote. It finally succeeded through two laws in", "Feminism in the United Kingdom large-scale demand for suffrage—however it only gave suffrage to men over 21. In 1851 the Sheffield Female Political Association was founded and submitted an unsuccessful petition calling for women's suffrage to the House of Lords. This probably inspired British feminist Harriet Taylor Mill to write the pro-women's-suffrage \"The Enfranchisement of Women\" (1851). On June 7, 1866 a petition from 1,499 women calling for women’s suffrage was presented to the Parliament, but it also did not succeed. Upper-class women could exert a little backstage political influence in high society. However, in divorce cases, rich women lost control of their children. Ambitious", "Annie Kenney Annie Kenney Ann \"Annie\" Kenney (13 September 1879 – 9 July 1953) was an English working-class suffragette who became a leading figure in the Women's Social and Political Union. She co-founded its first branch in London with Minnie Baldock. Kenney attracted the attention of the press and public in 1905 when she and Christabel Pankhurst were imprisoned for several days for assault and obstruction, after heckling Sir Edward Grey at a Liberal rally in Manchester on the issue of votes for women. The incident is credited with inaugurating a new phase in the struggle for women's suffrage in the UK,", "Marion Wallace Dunlop WSPU processions to call for women's right to vote, including 17 June 1911. There was never any suggestion that anyone advised or recommended that she go on a hunger strike. All indications are that it was her idea. However, shortly after word got out, hunger-striking became standard suffragette practice. Christabel Pankhurst later reported: \"Miss Wallace Dunlop, taking counsel with no one and acting entirely on her own initiative, sent to the Home Secretary, Mr. Gladstone, as soon as she entered Holloway Prison, an application to be placed in the first division as befitted one charged with a political offense. She", "Suffragette Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) but Emmeline Pankhurst, who was a member of the original Manchester committee, and her eldest daughter Christabel had become impatient with the ILP and on 10 October 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst held a meeting at her home in Manchester to form a breakaway group, the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). From the outset the WSPU was determined to move away from the staid campaign methods of NUWSS and instead take more positive action: The term \"suffragette\" was first used in 1906 as a term of derision by the journalist Charles E. Hands in the London \"Daily Mail\"", "Women's National Anti-Suffrage League Women's National Anti-Suffrage League The Women's National Anti-suffrage League (1908–18) was established in London on 21 July 1908. Its aims were to oppose women being granted the vote in United Kingdom parliamentary elections, although it did support their having votes in local government elections. It was founded at a time when there was a resurgence of support for the women's suffrage movement. An anti-suffrage correspondence had taken place in the pages of \"The Times\" through 1906–07, with further calls for leadership of the anti-suffrage movement being placed in \"The Spectator\" in February 1908. Possibly as early as 1907, a letter", "Christabel Pankhurst Christabel Pankhurst Dame Christabel Harriette Pankhurst, (; 22 September 1880 – 13 February 1958), was a British suffragette born in Manchester, England. A co-founder of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), she directed its militant actions from exile in France from 1912 to 1913. In 1914 she supported the war against Germany. After the war she moved to the United States, where she worked as an evangelist for the Second Adventist movement. Christabel Pankhurst was the daughter of women's suffrage movement leader Emmeline Pankhurst and radical socialist Richard Pankhurst and sister to Sylvia and Adela Pankhurst. Her father was", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom women's suffrage movements in Wales and other parts of the United Kingdom gained momentum. The movements shifted sentiments in favour of woman suffrage by 1906. It was at this point that the militant campaign began with the formation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). The outbreak of the First World War in 1914 led to a suspension of all politics, including the militant suffragette campaigns. Lobbying did take place quietly. In 1918, a coalition government passed the Representation of the People Act 1918, enfranchising all men, as well as all women over the age of 30 who met", "Suffragette even adopting it for use as the title of the newspaper published by the WSPU. Women had won the right to vote in several countries by the end of the 19th century; in 1893 New Zealand became the first self-governing country to grant the vote to all women over the age of 21. When by 1903 women in Britain had not been enfranchised, Pankhurst decided that women had to \"do the work ourselves\"; the WSPU motto became \"deeds, not words\". The suffragettes heckled politicians, tried to storm parliament, were attacked and sexually assaulted during battles with the police, chained themselves", "Kensington Society (women's discussion group) for women's suffrage movements and catalyzed political action. Several of its members continued advocating change to and beyond the point where English women exercised the right to vote. Though only officially active from 1865 to 1868, the Kensington Society served a crucial role in the establishment of women’s suffrage in the United Kingdom. Kensington Society (women's discussion group) The Kensington Society (1865–1868) was a British women's society in Kensington, London, which became a group where rising suffragists met to discuss women's rights and organised the first campaigns for female suffrage, higher education and property holding. The society, formed in March", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom on the grounds that it might be taken over by extremists. However, later that year Leigh Smith Bodichon formed the first Women's Suffrage Committee and within a fortnight collected 1,500 signatures in favour of female suffrage in advance to the second Reform Bill. The Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage was founded in February 1867. Its secretary, Lydia Becker, wrote letters both to Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli and to \"The Spectator\". She was also involved with the London group, and organised the collection of more signatures. However, in June the London group split, partly a result of party allegiance, and partly", "Feminism the Suffragettes and the Suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned property. In 1928 this was extended to all women over 21. Emmeline Pankhurst was the most notable activist in England, with \"Time\" naming her one of the stating: \"she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back.\" In the U.S., notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and", "History of women in the United Kingdom and went on hunger-strike, the Liberal government was left with an embarrassing situation. From these political actions, the suffragists successfully created publicity around their institutional discrimination and sexism. Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilizing effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of an actual revolt in the streets; the membership of the militant WSPU and the older NUWSS overlapped and was mutually supportive. However a system of publicity, historian Robert Ensor argues, had to continue to escalate to maintain its high visibility", "Bessie Rischbieth Women's suffrage was a dominant topic in Britain at this time; a mass rally, subsequent public debate and prosecutions of activists were occurring. The pacifist response to the Cat and Mouse Act in particular, fired a passion for the equality movement. After hearing Emily Pankhurst speak for the Women's Social and Political Union, she wrote to her sister, \"\"... as I listened, I felt my backbone growing longer, as though you gained courage and freedom from her\"\". After attending the suffrage meeting in London in 1913, she became an active feminist through the WSG and helped to found the Australian", "Women's Social and Political Union and churches, and—when imprisoned—went on hunger strike and endured force-feeding. The Women's Social and Political Union was founded as an independent women's movement on 10 October 1903 at 62 Nelson Street, Manchester, home of the Pankhurst family. Emmeline Pankhurst, along with two of her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, and her husband, Richard, before his death in 1898, had been active in the Independent Labour Party (ILP), founded in 1893 by Keir Hardie, a family friend. (Hardie later founded the Labour Party.) Emmeline Pankhurst had increasingly felt that the ILP was not there for women. On 9 October 1903 she invited", "History of women in the United Kingdom travel as viable businesses. By the late Victorian era, the leisure industry had emerged in all cities with many women in attendance. It provided scheduled entertainment of suitable length at convenient locales at inexpensive prices. These included sporting events, music halls, and popular theater. Women were now allowed in some sports, such as archery, tennis, badminton and gymnastics. The advent of Reformism during the 19th century opened new opportunities for reformers to address issues facing women and launched the feminist movement. The first organised movement for British women's suffrage was the Langham Place Circle of the 1850s, led by Barbara", "History of feminism many women became increasingly radicalized. Some refused to pay taxes, and the Pankhurst family emerged as the dominant movement influence, having also founded the Women's Franchise League in 1889, which sought local election suffrage for women. The Isle of Man, a UK dependency, was the first free standing jurisdiction to grant women the vote (1881), followed by the right to vote (but not to stand) in New Zealand in 1893, where Kate Sheppard had pioneered reform. Some Australian states had also granted women the vote. This included Victoria for a brief period (1863–5), South Australia (1894), and Western Australia (1899).", "Diversity of tactics condemn episodes of violent protest, and widely \"embrace a diversity of tactics.\" The woman’s rights movement in Britain became increasingly militant in the years leading up to the passage of suffrage. The primary instigator of this tendency was Emmeline Pankhurst. Pankhurst’s organization, the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU), began disrupting political meetings and practicing nonviolent civil disobedience in 1904. The mainstream media made a distinction between the legalist suffragists and the law-breaking \"suffragettes\"; Pankhurst and her followers nonetheless accepted the latter label. Beginning in 1908, WSPU engaged in violent protests: smashing windows, fighting police officers, and eventually committing non-lethal", "Lydia Becker which she served until her death. In the same year Becker and her friend Jessie Boucherett founded the \"Women's Suffrage Journal\" and soon afterward began organising speaking tours of women – a rarity in Britain at the time. At an 1874 speaking event in Manchester organised by Becker, fifteen-year-old Emmeline Pankhurst experienced her first public gathering in the name of women's suffrage. The \"Journal\" was the most popular publication relating to women's suffrage in 19th-century Britain. Roger Fulford, in his study of the movement \"Votes for Women: The Story of a Struggle\", writes: \"The history of the decades from 1860", "Women's Social and Political Union Women's Social and Political Union The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was a women-only political movement and leading militant organisation campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1917. Known from 1906 as the suffragettes, its membership and policies were tightly controlled by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia (although Sylvia was eventually expelled). The WSPU membership became known for civil disobedience and direct action. It heckled politicians, held demonstrations and marches, broke the law to force arrests, broke windows in prominent buildings, set fire to post boxes, committed night-time arson of unoccupied houses", "Great Pilgrimage Great Pilgrimage The Great Pilgrimage of 1913 was a march in Britain by suffragists campaigning non-violently for women's suffrage, organised by the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). Women marched to London from all around England and Wales and 50,000 attended a rally in Hyde Park. The idea for the march was first put forward by Katherine Harley at an NUWSS subcommittee meeting in London on 17 April 1913. Plans were rapidly drawn up, and publicised through the NUWSS newsletter \"Common Cause\", for six routes along which marchers would converge on London for a rally in Hyde Park on", "Women's rights women were explicitly prohibited from voting nationally and locally in the 1830s by the Reform Act 1832 and the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Millicent Fawcett and Emmeline Pankhurst led the public campaign on women's suffrage and in 1918 a bill was passed allowing women over the age of 30 to vote. By the 1860s, the economic sexual politics of middle class women in Britain and its neighboring Western European countries was guided by factors such as the evolution of 19th century consumer culture, including the emergence of the department store, and Separate spheres. In \"Come Buy, Come Buy: Shopping and", "History of women in the United Kingdom the school system, and the emergence of the new profession of nursing. Education and status led to demands for female roles in the rapidly expanding world of sports. As middle class women rose in status they increasingly supported demands for a political voice. In 1903, Emmeline Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), a suffrage advocacy organization. While WSPU was the most visible suffrage group, it was only one of many, such as the Women's Freedom League and the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) led by Millicent Garrett Fawcett. In Wales the suffragists women were attacked", "Women's Sunday Hanna Sheehy-Skeffington, George Bernard Shaw, H. G. Wells, Thomas Hardy and Israel Zangwill. According to \"The Standard\" \"From first to last it was a great meeting, daringly conceived, splendidly stage-managed, and successfully carried out. Hyde Park has probably never seen a greater crowd of people.\" Women's Sunday Women's Sunday was a suffragette march and rally held in London on 21 June 1908. Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) to persuade the Liberal government to support votes for women, it is thought to have been the largest demonstration that had been held at the time in the", "National Society for Women's Suffrage National Society for Women's Suffrage The National Society for Women's Suffrage was the first national group in the United Kingdom to campaign for women's right to vote. Formed on 6 November 1867, by Lydia Becker, the organisation helped lay the foundations of the women's suffrage movement. Eliza Wigham, Jane Wigham and some of their friends set up an Edinburgh chapter of this National Society. Eliza and her friend Agnes McLaren became the secretaries. Jacob Bright's suggested in 1871 that it would be useful to create a London based organisation to lobby members of parliament concerning women's suffrage. The Central Committee", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of the suffrage battle. Along with her two daughters, Christabel Pankhurst and Sylvia Pankhurst, she joined the National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies (NUWSS). With her experience with this organisation, Emmeline founded the Women's Franchise League in 1889 and the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in 1903. Frustrated with years of government inactivity and false promises, the WSPU adopted a militant stance, which was so influential it was later imported into suffrage struggles worldwide, most notably by Alice Paul in the United States. After many years of struggle and adversity, women finally gained suffrage but Emmeline died shortly after", "Jane Cobden movement, although she supported its associated body, the Women's Tax Resistance League. In 1911 Cobden was responsible for the Indian women's delegation in the Women's Coronation Procession, a London demonstration organised by suffrage associations from Britain and the Empire. The procession marched on 17 June 1911, a few days before King George V's coronation. During 1910–12 several Conciliation Bills extending the parliamentary vote to a limited number of propertied women, were debated in the House of Commons. When the third of these was under discussion, Cobden sought the help of the Irish Parliamentary Party by reminding them of the support", "National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies parties to select pro-suffrage candidates. The NUWSS organized its first large, open-air procession which came to be known as the Mud March on 9 February 1907. Miss Fawcett said in a speech in 1911 that their movement was \"like a glacier; slow moving but unstoppable\". Up to 1912 the NUWSS was not allied with any party, but campaigned in support of individual election candidates who supported votes for women. In parliament, the Conciliation Bill of 1911 helped to change this position. The bill had majority support but was frustrated by insufficient time being given to pass it. The Liberal government", "Sheffield Female Political Association write \"The Enfranchisement of Women\". Later in 1851, feminist activists Jeanne Deroin and Pauline Roland wrote to the group for support while imprisoned in France. Sheffield Female Political Association The Sheffield Female Political Association was the first women's suffrage organisation in the United Kingdom. The group was founded in February 1851 by several Sheffield women who were also active in the Chartist movement, led by Anne Kent and Anne Knight. It also gained the support of Isaac Ironside's local Central Democratic Association. The Association passed a resolution written by Abiah Higginbotham in support of the suffrage of adult women, and", "Reform movement Subjection of Women.\" A militant campaign to include women in the electorate originated in Victorian times. Emmeline Pankhurst's husband, Richard Pankhurst, was a supporter of the women's suffrage movement, and had been the author of the Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882. In 1889, Pankhurst founded the unsuccessful Women's Franchise League, and in October 1903 she founded the better-known Women's Social and Political Union (later dubbed 'suffragettes' by the \"Daily Mail\"), an organization famous for its militancy. Led by Pankhurst and her daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, the campaign culminated in 1918, when the British Parliament the Representation of", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom relatively ineffective level. Campaigners came predominantly from the landed classes and joined together on a small scale only. However, 1897 saw the foundation of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies (NUWSS) by Millicent Fawcett. This society linked smaller groups together and also put pressure on non-supportive MPs using various peaceful methods. Founded in 1903, the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) was tightly controlled by the three Pankhursts, Emmeline Pankhurst (1858–1928), and her daughters Christabel Pankhurst (1880–1958) and Sylvia Pankhurst (1882–1960). It specialized in highly visible publicity campaigns such as large parades. This had the effect of energizing all", "Suffrage Atelier reproduced and circulated. Clemence Housman was a well respected member of the WSPU, so much of the production of the Suffrage Atelier was distributed in the WSPU store chains and national newspaper. The Suffrage Ateliers had a large body of subscribers that included both men and non-professionals. Subscribers were encouraged to submit fine art, poster and post card designs, craft work, and donations. Subscribers also helped organize pageants and exhibitions. Suffrage Atelier Suffrage Atelier was an artists' collective campaigning for women's suffrage in England. It was founded in February 1909 by Laurence Housman, Clemence Housman and Alfred Pearse. Clemence was", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of the bill warned that it risked splitting the party for years to come. Emmeline Pankhurst was a key figure gaining intense media coverage of the women's suffrage movement. Pankhurst, alongside her two daughters, Christabel and Sylvia, founded and led the Women's Social and Political Union, an organisation that was focused on direct action to win the vote. Her husband, Richard Pankhurst, also supported women suffrage ideas since he was the author of the first British woman suffrage bill and the Married Women’s Property Acts in 1870 and 1882. After her husband’s death, Emmeline decided to move to the forefront", "Emmeline Pankhurst in Moss Side, Manchester, to politically active parents, Pankhurst was introduced at the age of 14 to the women's suffrage movement. She founded and became involved with the Women's Franchise League, which advocated suffrage for both married and unmarried women. When that organisation broke apart, she tried to join the left-leaning Independent Labour Party through her friendship with socialist Keir Hardie but was initially refused membership by the local branch on account of her sex. While working as a Poor Law Guardian, she was shocked at the harsh conditions she encountered in Manchester's workhouses. In 1903, Pankhurst founded the Women's", "Minnie Baldock keep in contact with Edith How-Martyn and she was still a member of the Church League for Women's Suffrage. At the start of 1913 she and her family moved to Southampton. She died in Poole in 1954. Her name and picture (and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters) are on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London, unveiled in 2018. Minnie Baldock Lucy Minnie Baldock (20 November 1864 – 10 December 1954) was a British suffragette. Along with Annie Kenney, she co-founded the first branch in London of the Women's Social and Political Union.", "Winifred Horrabin and cartoonist Frank Horrabin. She had a political awakening while a student, influenced by the South African socialist and feminist Olive Schreiner. She joined the Women's Social and Political Union, a militant group campaigning for women's suffrage led by Emmeline Pankhurst, and in 1909 disrupted a speech by Winston Churchill with the suffragette cry \"Votes for women!\" She and Horrabin married on 11 August 1911, and they moved to London the same year. In 1912 she delivered a paper, \"Is Woman's Place the Home?\", to the Fabian Society, arguing that the liberation of women from economic slavery depended on the", "Lilly Maxwell Richard Pankhurst in \"Chorlton v. Lings\" on 2 November 1868. The law was not clear as the relevant legislation did not include the word \"male\" but instead used the ambiguous term \"man\". The case ruled that women could not vote in British elections. Maxwell died in 1876 having been obliged to enter the workhouse. Lilly Maxwell Lilly Maxwell or Lily Maxwell (c.1800 – 1876) was a British Scottish suffragist who was said to be the first woman to vote by campaigning suffragists in Manchester. This resulted in an important test case at the Court of Common Pleas. Maxwell was born", "Women's suffrage the right to vote a decade or more before women in such Western European countries as France, Italy, and Belgium — a mark of Atatürk's far-reaching social changes. The campaign for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland gained momentum throughout the early part of the 19th century, as women became increasingly politically active, particularly during the campaigns to reform suffrage in the United Kingdom. John Stuart Mill, elected to Parliament in 1865 and an open advocate of female suffrage (about to publish \"The Subjection of Women\"), campaigned for an amendment to the Reform Act 1832", "Mud March (suffragists) between 1907 and 1909 they had been involved in 31 by-elections. From 1907 until the start of the First World War, the NUWSS and suffragettes held several peaceful demonstrations. On 13 June 1908 over 10,000 women took part in a London march organised by the NUWSS, and on 21 June that year the suffragettes organised Women's Sunday in Hyde Park, attended by up to half a million. During the NUWSS's Great Pilgrimage of April 1913, women marched from all over the country to London for a mass rally in Hyde Park, which 50,000 attended. The Mud March is featured in", "Workers' Socialist Federation later referred to the network as the Communist Workers Group although it was now a very small party and dissolved itself in June 1924. Workers' Socialist Federation The Workers' Socialist Federation was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom, led by Sylvia Pankhurst. Under many different names, it gradually broadened its politics from a focus on women's suffrage to eventually become a left communist grouping. It originated as the East London Federation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU, better known as the Suffragettes). The East London Federation was founded by Amy Bull and Sylvia Pankhurst in 1913,", "Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom woman, Mary Smith, was used in this speech as an example. The Chartist Movement, which began in the late 1830s, has also been suggested to have included supporters of female suffrage. There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett, one of the authors of the People's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter. Although there were female Chartists, they largely worked toward universal male suffrage. At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote. There", "Women's Social and Political Union my wife I’d give you poison’’ throughout the course of her speech, to which she replied “yes, and if I were your wife I’d take it,’’ diffusing threats and making her antagonist appear laughable. Women's Social and Political Union The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was a women-only political movement and leading militant organisation campaigning for women's suffrage in the United Kingdom from 1903 to 1917. Known from 1906 as the suffragettes, its membership and policies were tightly controlled by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters Christabel and Sylvia (although Sylvia was eventually expelled). The WSPU membership became known for", "Charlotte Marsh Land Army. By 1916, Marsh was frustrated with the WSPU's refusal to campaign on suffrage issues during the war. She founded the breakaway Independent Women's Social and Political Union to continue the campaign, publishing \"Independent Suffragette\". After the war she worked for the WILPF peace movement and then as a social worker in San Francisco. She returned to London where she returned to her expertise in public health working for London County Council. In 1952, she was gave a speech at the inaugural meeting of the National Assembly of Women and presented a declaration of women's solidarity for equality and", "Battle of Downing Street \"pulled ... about and hustled\", had his hat knocked off and was left with a twisted knee. Burrell did not prosecute those responsible, writing to the Home Secretary, Winston Churchill, on 21 February 1911: \"Let the matter drop but keep your eye on the hags in question.\" Battle of Downing Street The Battle of Downing Street was a march of suffragettes to Downing Street, London, on 22 November 1910. Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union, the march took place four days after Black Friday, a suffragette protest outside the House of Commons that saw the women violently", "Anne Knight campus until this was relocated in 2008. The building was subsequently vacant until 2015 when it enjoyed a brief period of use as a cultural project before being turned into a family-owned chain restaurant. Anne Knight Anne Knight (2 November 1786 – 4 November 1862) was a social reformer, abolitionist and a pioneer of feminism. She was at the 1840 Anti-Slavery convention where the need to improve women's rights became obvious. In 1847 Knight produced what is considered the first leaflet for women's suffrage. She formed the first UK women's suffrage organisation in Sheffield in 1851. Anne Knight was born", "Emmeline Pankhurst especially with furnishings from Asia – and clothing the family in tasteful apparel. Her daughter Sylvia later wrote: \"Beauty and appropriateness in her dress and household appointments seemed to her at all times an indispensable setting to public work.\" The Pankhursts hosted a variety of guests including US abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison, Indian MP Dadabhai Naoroji, socialist activists Herbert Burrows and Annie Besant, and French anarchist Louise Michel. In 1888, Britain's first nationwide coalition of groups advocating women's right to vote, the National Society for Women's Suffrage (NSWS), split after a majority of members decided to accept organisations affiliated with", "Jane Robinson (historian) ever written about. And that's saying something.\" In 2015 she published \"In the Family Way: Illegitimacy Between the Great War and the Swinging Sixties\", a book on attitudes to illegitimacy, described in \"The Telegraph\" as \"bone-chilling\". Her 2018 book \"Hearts And Minds: The Untold Story of the Great Pilgrimage and How Women Won the Vote\" tells the story of the Suffragists, who campaigned for women's suffrage in Britain separately from the Suffragettes and marched on London in 1913. Jane Robinson (historian) Jane Robinson (born 1959) is a British social historian specialising in the study of women pioneers in various fields.", "Emmeline Pankhurst refused to focus on Votes for Women. It was necessary to abandon the patient tactics of existing advocacy groups, she believed, in favour of more militant actions. Thus on 10 October 1903 Pankhurst and several colleagues founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation open only to women and focused on direct action to win the vote. \"Deeds,\" she wrote later, \"not words, was to be our permanent motto.\" The group's early militancy took non-violent forms. In addition to making speeches and gathering petition signatures, the WSPU organised rallies and published a newsletter called \"Votes for Women.\" The", "Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage The Manchester Society for Women's Suffrage, whose aim was to obtain the same rights for women to vote for Members of Parliament as those granted to men, was formed at a meeting in Manchester in January 1867. Elizabeth Wolstenholme claimed it had begun in 1865. Lydia Becker was its secretary from February 1867 and Richard Pankhurst was a member of its committee. Founding members of the society were Ursula Mellor Bright and Joseph Bright. The society underwent several name changes as it affiliated with other women's suffrage organisations. It became the Manchester National Society for", "Black Friday (1910) From around 1905—following the failure of a private member's bill to introduce the vote for women—the organisation increasingly began to use militant direct action to campaign for women's suffrage. According to the historian Caroline Morrell, from 1905 \"The basic pattern of WSPU activities over the next few years had been established—pre-planned militant tactics, imprisonment claimed as martyrdom, publicity and increased membership and funds.\" From 1906 WSPU members adopted the name \"suffragettes\", to differentiate from the \"suffragists\" of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies, who employed constitutional methods in their campaign for the vote. From 1907 WSPU demonstrations faced increasing", "History of Western civilization countries. Culturally, the English-speaking nations were in the midst of the Victorian Era, named for Britain's queen. In France, this period is called the Belle Epoque, a period of many artistic and cultural achievements. The suffragette movement began in this period, which sought to gain voting rights for women, with New Zealand and Australian parliaments granting women's suffrage in the 1890s. However, by 1914, only a dozen U.S. states had given women this right, although women were treated more and more as equals of men before the law in many countries. Cities grew as never before between 1870 and 1914.", "Independent Women's Social and Political Union Independent Women's Social and Political Union The Independent Women's Social and Political Union (IWSPU, often known as the Independent WSPU) was a women's suffrage organisation active in the United Kingdom during World War I. The Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) was the most prominent militant suffrage organisation in the United Kingdom until the start of World War I. However, on the outbreak of war, the WSPU leader Christabel Pankhurst decided to suspend suffrage campaigning, and instead focus on support for the war. Many members of the organisation disagreed with the decision, with some forming the breakaway Suffragettes of the", "Florence Haig Pankhurst. Haig she saw them in action at the \"Women's Parliament\" which was held on 24 February 1907 at Caxton Hall. Haig and her sister, Evelyn, started a local branch of the WSPU in Edinburgh, but she then left for London. A year after the Women's Parliament she was involved with the audacious \"pantechnicon raid\". This was where a furniture van (pantechnicon) was used as a \"Trojan Horse\" to get twenty suffragettes to the House of Commons. When they were close, Haig, Maria Brackenbury, Georgina Brackenbury joined the rest who tried to rush their way into the lobby. Haig was", "Workers' Socialist Federation Workers' Socialist Federation The Workers' Socialist Federation was a socialist political party in the United Kingdom, led by Sylvia Pankhurst. Under many different names, it gradually broadened its politics from a focus on women's suffrage to eventually become a left communist grouping. It originated as the East London Federation of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU, better known as the Suffragettes). The East London Federation was founded by Amy Bull and Sylvia Pankhurst in 1913, and differed from its parent organisation in being democratic and including men, such as George Lansbury. By this point, Sylvia had many disagreements with", "Suffragette to describe activists in the movement for women's suffrage, in particular members of the WSPU. But the women he intended to ridicule embraced the term, saying \"suffraGETtes\" (hardening the \"g\"), implying not only that they wanted the vote, but that they intended to \"get\" it. At a political meeting in Manchester in 1905, Christabel Pankhurst and millworker, Annie Kenney, disrupted speeches by prominent Liberals Winston Churchill and Sir Edward Grey, asking where Churchill and Grey stood with regards to women's political rights. At a time when political meetings were only attended by men and speakers were expected to be given", "Feminism in the United Kingdom publicity around their institutional discrimination and sexism. Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilizing effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of revolting in the streets; the membership of the militant WSPU and the older NUWSS overlapped and was mutually supportive. However a system of publicity, Ensor argues, had to continue to escalate to maintain its high visibility in the media. The hunger strikes and force-feeding did that. However the Pankhursts refused any advice and escalated their tactics. They turned to systematic disruption", "Isabella Ford 14 July 1924. Ford's name and image, and those of 58 other women's suffrage supporters, are etched on the plinth of the statue of Millicent Fawcett in Parliament Square, London that was unveiled in 2018. Isabella Ford Isabella Ormston Ford (1855–1924) was an English social reformer, suffragist and writer. She became a public speaker and wrote pamphlets on issues related to socialism, feminism and worker's rights. After becoming concerned with the rights of female mill workers at an early age, Ford became involved with trade union organisation in the 1880s. A member of the national administrative council of the Independent", "Black Friday (1910) on College Green, Parliament Square \"in honour of direct action\". Black Friday (1910) Black Friday was a suffragette demonstration in London on 18November 1910, in which 300 women marched to the Houses of Parliament as part of their campaign to secure voting rights for women. The day earned its name from the violence meted out to protesters, some of it sexual, by the Metropolitan Police and male bystanders. During the January 1910 general election campaign, H. H. Asquith—the Prime Minister and leader of the Liberal Party—promised to introduce a Conciliation Bill to allow a measure of women's suffrage in national", "The Women's Peace Crusade Crusade. The Women's Peace Crusade, sometimes referred to as the Women's Peace Negotiation Crusade, originated in Glasgow at a demonstration on 23 July 1916, which drew a crowd of 5,000 people. The demonstration had been organised by Helen Crawfurd, a working class feminist and socialist who had played a significant role in the Glasgow Rent Strike of 1915. The protest came after a letter was published in the \"Labour Leader\" condemning the women of Britain for not organising any protests against the war. The first meetings took place in Maryhill and Springburn, and subsequent activities included street meetings, marches, selling", "Suffragette Representation of the People Act 1918, was the first in which some women (property owners older than 30) could vote. At that election, the first woman to be elected an MP was Constance Markievicz but, in line with Sinn Féin abstentionist policy, she declined to take her seat in the British House of Commons. The first woman to do so was Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor, following a by-election in November 1919. In the autumn of 1913 Emmeline Pankhurst had sailed to the US to embark on a lecture tour to publicise the message of the WSPU and to raise money", "History of London (1900–39) general prosperity, though the extreme inequalities which had characterized Victorian London continued. By 1900 one out of five Britons lived in London, with the population of roughly 5 million in 1900 rising to over 7 million by 1911. Edwardian London was not without conflict, characterized principally by the burgeoning Women's Suffrage movement. The city became the epicenter for the nationwide suffrage movement spearheaded by Emmeline Pankhurst and her Women's Social and Political Union. Protests and demonstrations intensified during these years, reaching a peak between 1912 and 1914 as the movement militarized. Hyde Park hosted two major suffragette rallies in 1908", "Alfred Richard Orage Orage supported the women's suffrage movement, but he became increasingly hostile to it as the Women's Social and Political Union became more prominent and more militant. Pro-suffragette articles were not published after 1910, but heated debate on this subject took place in the correspondence columns. During the First World War Orage defended what he saw as the interests of the working class. On 6 August 1914 he wrote in \"Notes of the Week\" in \"The New Age\": ″We believe that England is necessary to Socialism, as Socialism is necessary to the world.″ On 14 November 1918 Orage wrote of the", "Roman Road, London Suffragette newspaper, Women's Dreadnought was published from 321 Roman Road, printed by Arbers in the Roman Road. They held regular meetings at Bow Baths and ran a stall in the Roman Road market selling the 'Women's Dreadnought' together with the toys they made in their 'Co-operative Toy Industry' at 45 Norman Grove and second hand goods and to raise funds and promote the cause. The Roman Road saw demonstrations, sometimes violent. On 13 October 1913, Sylvia Pankhurst, banned from appearing at meetings, went in disguise to a Suffragette meeting in Bow Baths. The police were hot on her tails and", "Richard Pankhurst women's suffrage bill in England) and was author of the bill which became the Married Women's Property Act 1882 which gave wives absolute control over their property and earnings. He married Emmeline Goulden, better known as Emmeline Pankhurst, who was some 24 years younger than he was, in 1878. With her, he was instrumental in establishing the Independent Labour Party. Together they formed the Women's Franchise League in 1889. They were part of a political circle which included Keir Hardie, Annie Besant, William Morris and George Bernard Shaw. They were present at the Bloody Sunday riot in Trafalgar Square. Known", "Battle of Downing Street Battle of Downing Street The Battle of Downing Street was a march of suffragettes to Downing Street, London, on 22 November 1910. Organized by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union, the march took place four days after Black Friday, a suffragette protest outside the House of Commons that saw the women violently attacked by police. Taking place in the context of the debate over the Conciliation Bill 1910 (giving a limited number of women the vote according to property and marital status), the march was a direct response to the statement by the Prime Minister H. H. Asquith that:", "Feminism in the United Kingdom (2004) argues that the British debate was essentially over by the 1890s, and that granting the suffrage in 1918 was mostly a byproduct of giving the vote to male soldiers. Women in Britain finally achieved suffrage on the same terms as men in 1928. The Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 received Royal Assent on 23 December 1919. The basic purpose of the act was, as stated in its long title, \"... to amend the Law with respect to disqualification on account of sex\", which it achieved in four short sections and one schedule. Its broad aim was achieved by section", "Suffragette the campaign, the majority of women in the US preferred the more respected label of \"suffragist\" to the title \"suffragette\" adopted by the militants. Many suffragists at the time, and some historians since, have argued that the actions of the militant suffragettes damaged their cause. Opponents at the time saw evidence that women were too emotional and could not think as logically as men. Historians generally argue that the first stage of the militant suffragette movement under the Pankhursts in 1906 had a dramatic mobilizing effect on the suffrage movement. Women were thrilled and supportive of an actual revolt in", "United Suffragists United Suffragists The United Suffragists was a women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom. The group was founded on 6 February 1914, by former members and supporters of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). In contrast to the WSPU, it admitted men, and it also admitted non-militant suffragists. Founder members of the United Suffragists included Louisa Garrett Anderson, H. J. Gillespie, Gerald Gould, Agnes Harben, Bessie Lansbury, George Lansbury, Mary Neal, Emmeline Pethick Lawrence, Julia Scurr, John Scurr, Evelyn Sharp, and Edith Ayrton. The organisation adopted \"Votes for Women\" as its newspaper; this was run by Pethick-Lawrence and had", "Suffragette instilled in the Manx women a determination to secure the franchise, and on 31 January 1881, women on the island who owned property in their own right were given the vote. In Manchester the Women's Suffrage Committee had been formed in 1867 to work with the Independent Labour Party (ILP) to secure votes for women, but although the local ILP were very supportive, nationally the party were more interested in securing the franchise for working class men and refused to make women's suffrage a priority. In 1897 the Manchester Women's Suffrage committee had merged with the National Union of Women's", "Feminism in the United Kingdom the war, and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership role ended. Suffrage did come four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous. The First World War advanced the feminist cause, as women's sacrifices and paid employment were much appreciated. Prime Minister David Lloyd George was clear about how important the women were: The militant suffragette movement was suspended during the war and never resumed. British society credited the new patriotic roles women played as earning them the vote in 1918. However, British historians", "Feminism in the United Kingdom site quickly became successful and a book compilation of submissions from the project was published in 2014. In 2013, the first oral history archive of the United Kingdom women’s liberation movement (titled \"Sisterhood and After\") was launched by the British Library. Sisters Uncut was founded in 2014 to take direct action in response to cuts to domestic violence services by the UK government, which has included demonstrating against cuts at the 7 October London premiere of the 2015 film \"Suffragette\". Sisters Uncut organises intersectionally and see the struggle against racism and borders as intimately connected to the struggle against violence", "Suffragette a discussion group was formed to promote higher education for women which was named the Kensington Society. Following discussions on the subject of women's suffrage, the society formed a committee to draft a petition and gather signatures, which Mill agreed to present to Parliament once they had gathered 100 signatures. In October 1866 amateur scientist, Lydia Becker, attended a meeting of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science held in Manchester and heard one of the organisors of the petition, Barbara Bodichon, read a paper entitled \"Reasons for the Enfranchisement of Women\". Becker was inspired to help gather", "Emmeline Pankhurst group also convened a series of \"Women's Parliaments\" to coincide with official government sessions. When a bill for women's suffrage was filibustered on 12 May 1905, Pankhurst and other WSPU members began a loud protest outside the Parliament building. Police immediately forced them away from the building, where they regrouped and demanded passage of the bill. Although the bill was never resurrected, Pankhurst considered it a successful demonstration of militancy's power to capture attention. Pankhurst declared in 1906: \"We are at last recognized as a political party; we are now in the swim of politics, and are a political force.\"", "Boggart Hole Clough speakers rebelled by refusing to pay the fines and the publicity increased audiences from hundreds to tens of thousands. National figures began appearing including Keir Hardie. A women's suffrage demonstration of 15,000 was held at Boggart Hole Clough on 15th July 1906 where a group of men caused a disturbance that was reported in the \"Manchester Guardian\". Veteran suffragist campaigner Elizabeth Clarke Wolstenholme Elmy attended and wrote an eye witness account of being caught up in the scrum. The park stages a number of cross-country events and mountain bike rides, along with summer fundays and an annual bonfire and firework", "Feminism in the United Kingdom Nevertheless, 1950s Britain saw several strides towards the parity of women, such as equal pay required by law for women teachers (1952) and for women in the civil service (1954), thanks to activists like Edith Summerskill, who fought for women’s causes both in parliament and in the traditional non-party pressure groups throughout the 1950s. Barbara Caine argues: “Ironically here, as with the vote, success was sometimes the worst enemy of organised feminism, as the achievement of each goal brought to an end the campaign which had been organised around it, leaving nothing in its place.” The Life Peerages Act 1958", "History of women in the United Kingdom suffragettes did succeed in damaging the Liberal party but failed to advance the cause of woman suffrage. When the Pankhursts decided to stop the militancy at the start of the war, and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership role ended. Suffrage did come four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous. In Wales, women's participation in politics grew steadily from the start of the suffrage movement in 1907. By 2003, half the members elected to the National Assembly were women. Although abortion was" ]

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[ "The Polar Express (film) The Polar Express (film) The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer-animated film based on the 1985 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg, who also served as one of the executive producers on the film. Directed, co-written and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using live action motion capture animation. The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, and Eddie Deezen, with Tom Hanks in six distinct roles. The film also included a performance by Tinashe at age 9, who later gained exposure as a pop singer in the 2010s," ]

[ "Malia Scotch Marmo Juliette Lewis and Diane Keaton. From 1998 to 2002, Scotch Marmo attempted to get an original screenwriting project off the ground as her first feature-length directorial project. \"When Fritz Left Kate\" was developed by various producers, including James L. Brooks, who saw it as a vehicle for Woody Harrelson and Tea Leoni, but the film was not realized. In 2000, Castle Rock Entertainment and Playtone Company hired Scotch-Marmo to adapt Chris Van Allsburg's children's classic \"Polar Express\", to be directed by Rob Reiner and to star Tom Hanks. Polar Express, released in 2004, was ultimately directed by Robert Zemeckis. Scotch", "Steve Bing their \"Wealthiest Angelenos\" section of the magazine, which estimated his worth at $590 million, coming in at No. 46. After inheriting his fortune, Bing dropped out of Stanford University in his junior year to pursue a career in Hollywood. Bing reportedly invested $80 million in \"The Polar Express\", an animated film featuring the voice of Tom Hanks, which earned $285 million globally and was one of the year's top box office successes. He is also the financier of Robert Zemeckis' \"Beowulf\" (2007), and the producer/financier of \"Shine A Light\", a Rolling Stones concert film directed by Martin Scorsese. Bing also", "Modern animation in the United States Captain and the World of Tomorrow\" was released. It was notable for being filmed entirely in front of a bluescreen, with the background being completely computer generated; only the actors and some props were real. Robert Zemeckis' film \"The Polar Express\", starring Tom Hanks in five roles, was completely CGI animation, but used performance capture technology to animate the characters. Zemeckis followed \"The Polar Express\" with two other motion capture films: \"Beowulf\" and Disney's \"A Christmas Carol\". The use of CGI special effects in live-action film increased to the point where George Lucas considered his 2002 film \"\" to be", "Robert Zemeckis Actor for his portrayal of Chuck Noland. In 2004, Zemeckis reteamed with Hanks and directed \"The Polar Express\", based on the children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg. \"The Polar Express\" utilized the computer animation technique known as performance capture, whereby the movements of the actors are captured digitally and used as the basis for the animated characters. As the first major film to use performance capture, \"The Polar Express\" caused \"The New York Times\" to write that, \"Whatever critics and audiences make of this movie, from a technical perspective it could mark a turning point in", "Facial motion capture the first papers discussing performance-driven animation was published by Lance Williams in 1990. There, he describes 'a means of acquiring the expressions of realfaces, and applying them to computer-generated faces'. Traditional marker based systems apply up to 350 markers to the actors face and track the marker movement with high resolution cameras. This has been used on movies such as \"The Polar Express\" and \"Beowulf\" to allow an actor such as Tom Hanks to drive the facial expressions of several different characters. Unfortunately this is relatively cumbersome and makes the actors expressions overly driven once the smoothing and filtering have", "The Polar Express and directed by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using the live action performance capture technique. The film stars Daryl Sabara, Nona Gaye, Jimmy Bennett, Michael Jeter, Eddie Deezen and Tom Hanks. The film was first released in both conventional and IMAX 3D theaters November 10, 2004 and grossed $307 million worldwide. The Polar Express The Polar Express is a children's book written and illustrated by Chris Van Allsburg and published by Houghton Mifflin in 1985. The book is now widely considered to be a classic Christmas story for young children. It was praised for its detailed illustrations", "Tom Hanks from the movie. At the age of 45, Hanks became the youngest-ever recipient of the American Film Institute's Life Achievement Award on June 12, 2002. In 2004, he appeared in three films: The Coen brothers' \"The Ladykillers\", another Spielberg film, \"The Terminal\", and \"The Polar Express\", a family film from Zemeckis for which Hanks played multiple motion capture roles. In a \"USA Weekend\" interview, Hanks discussed how he chooses projects: \"[Since] \"A League of Their Own\", it can't be just another movie for me. It has to get me going somehow ... There has to be some all-encompassing desire or", "Santa Claus in film her that indeed there is a Santa: \"He lives, and he lives forever.\" Francis Pharcellus Church was the real-life editor and is played by Charles Bronson in the film. \"The Polar Express\" (2004), based on the children's book of the same name, also deals with issues and questions of belief as a magical train conducted by Tom Hanks transports a doubting boy to the North Pole to visit Santa Claus. Some less-than-serious films feature Santa Claus as a superhero-type figure, such as the 1959 film titled \"Santa Claus\" produced in Mexico with José Elías Moreno as Santa Claus. In this", "The Polar Express department stores as a child. It was adapted as an Oscar-nominated motion-capture film in 2004 starring Tom Hanks and directed by Robert Zemeckis with Van Allsburg serving as an executive producer on the film. A young boy is awakened on Christmas Eve night by the sound of a train. To his astonishment, he finds the train is waiting for him. He sees a conductor who then proceeds to look up at his window. He runs downstairs and goes outside. The conductor explains the train is called the Polar Express, and is journeying to the North Pole. The boy then boards", "Motion capture character models. \"The Polar Express\" used motion capture to allow Tom Hanks to perform as several distinct digital characters (in which he also provided the voices). The 2007 adaptation of the saga \"Beowulf\" animated digital characters whose appearances were based in part on the actors who provided their motions and voices. James Cameron's highly popular \"Avatar\" used this technique to create the Na'vi that inhabit Pandora. The Walt Disney Company has produced Robert Zemeckis's \"A Christmas Carol\" using this technique. In 2007, Disney acquired Zemeckis' ImageMovers Digital (that produces motion capture films), but then closed it in 2011, after a", "Doug Chiang production designer on Robert Zemeckis' \"The Polar Express\". Outside of film, he collaborated with author Orson Scott Card on an illustrated science fiction book called \"Robota\". He founded DC Studios in the year 2000 with his creation \"Robota\" as a primary project. Along with Sparx Animation Studios in Ho Chi Minh City, he created several animated shorts depicting the world of \"Robota\" in action. In 2004, Chiang co-founded Ice Blink Studios and worked for Zemeckis on \"Beowulf\". Ice Blink closed in 2007, becoming the core of the facility for ImageMovers Digital, a pioneering performance capture animation studio. Recently, he has", "Pullman, Chicago several key scenes in Pullman. Harrison Ford was featured in a local bar, next running down an alley, and over the tops of several Pullman rowhouses. In April 2007, Universal Studios filmed \"The Express\", which also featured several scenes in Pullman. \"The Polar Express\" animated scenes at the North Pole were based on Pullman architecture. Santa Claus emerges from a building based on the Pullman Company Administration Building; other buildings are based on the architectural style in Pullman. Robert Zemeckis, who designed the movie, grew up in the Roseland neighborhood near Pullman. On November 12, 2006, Historic Pullman was the", "The Polar Express (film) best disconcerting, and at worst, a wee bit horrifying\". Despite the polarized reception from critics, \"The Polar Express\" has been very popular among audiences. \"The Independent\" reported in 2011 that the film \"is now seen by many as a classic\". CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare \"A+\" grade. The film opened at #2 and earned $23,323,463 from approximately 7,000 screens at 3,650 theaters, for a per-theater average of $6,390 and a per-screen average of $3,332 in its opening weekend. It also brought in a total of $30,629,146 since its Wednesday launch. The weekend total also included $2,100,000", "Mark Povinelli from stage plays by William Shakespeare and Ben Jonson to roles in television series such as \"Modern Family\" and \"Boardwalk Empire\", as well as in popular movies including \"The Polar Express\" (2004, directed by Robert Zemeckis). Onstage in 2003 in Lee Breuer's production of Henrik Ibsen's \"A Doll's House\", retitled \"Mabou Mines DollHouse\", Povinelli drew praise from \"The New York Times\": \"The men embody small-minded convention and stunted possibilities...Mr. Povinelli makes us feel Torvald's repressive sexual virility at every turn.\" He has characterized his approach to acting for \"The Village Voice\": \"\"Being so tremendously different provides you with an analytical", "Cast Away performance from Tom Hanks.\" On Metacritic the film has a score of 73 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". \"Cast Away\" opened in 2,774 theaters in North America and grossed $28,883,406 with an average of $10,412 per theater on its opening weekend. For the four-day Christmas long holiday weekend, it took in a total of $39,852,075. The film kept performing well and ended up earning $233,632,142 domestically and $196,000,000 internationally for a total of $429,632,142, well above its production budget of $90 million. A FedEx commercial during the 2003 Super Bowl parodied the final scene", "Michael Kerins Kerins promotes storytelling along with storytellers all over the world, for example during the festival Ananse Sound Splash, in Jamaica, where storytellers from Jamaica, Haiti, UK, US, South Africa gathered to reinforce a cultural tradition of storytelling on the theme of Tell it for Haiti. In 2014 Michael Kerins founded the 27 word microstory project \"Lermontov 200\" dedicated to 200th anniversary of Mikhail Lermontov, who had Scottish roots. Kerins usually cites Walt Disney (played by Tom Hanks) in Saving Mr. Banks to explain what characterises storytelling: Married to Marion (née Fensom). The couple has two children: Naomi (a medical doctor)", "The Polar Express (film) 20th in the Nielsen ratings that week, according to TVTango.com. The film was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Sound Editing (Randy Thom and Dennis Leonard), Best Sound Mixing (Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands and William B. Kaplan) and Best Original Song for \"Believe\" (music and lyrics by Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri) The film was nominated at the 3rd Visual Effects Society Awards in the category of \"Outstanding Performance by an Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture.\" In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated \"The Polar Express\" for its Top 10 Animated Films list. In November", "Tom Hanks Tom Hanks Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. Hanks is known for his comedic and dramatic roles in such films as \"Splash\" (1984), \"Big\" (1988), \"Turner & Hooch\" (1989), \"A League of Their Own\" (1992), \"Sleepless in Seattle\" (1993), \"Apollo 13\" (1995), \"You've Got Mail\" (1998), \"The Green Mile\" (1999), \"Cast Away\" (2000), \"Road to Perdition\" (2002), \"Cloud Atlas\" (2012), \"Captain Phillips\" (2013), \"Saving Mr. Banks\" (2013), and \"Sully\" (2016). He has also starred in the \"Robert Langdon\" film series, and voices Sheriff Woody in the \"Toy Story\" film series. Hanks has collaborated", "The Polar Express (film) On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 61 out of 100 based on 36 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 56% based on 202 reviews, with an average score of 6.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Though the movie is visually stunning overall, the animation for the human characters isn't lifelike enough, and the story is padded.\" Roger Ebert gave the film his highest rating of four stars, saying, \"There's a deeper, shivery tone, instead of the mindless jolliness of the usual Christmas movie.\" And", "Frederick W. Smith partnership resulted in FedEx sponsorship of the Joe Gibbs NASCAR racing team. Smith also owns or co-owns several entertainment companies, including Dream Image Productions and Alcon Films (producers of the Warner Bros. film Insomnia starring Al Pacino and Robin Williams). In 2000, Smith was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum. In 2000, Smith made an appearance as himself in the Tom Hanks movie \"Cast Away\", when Tom's character is welcomed back, which was filmed on location at FedEx's home facilities in Memphis, Tennessee. A DKE Fraternity Brother of", "Paul Reubens that using CGI for \"updating\" the puppets' looks could be an option, but it all depended on the budget the films would have. Reubens once mentioned the possibility of doing one of the two as an animated film along the lines of \"The Polar Express\", which uses performance capture technology, incorporating the movements of live actors into animated characters. Reubens approached \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\" director Tim Burton with one of the scripts and talked to Johnny Depp about the possibility of having him portray Pee-wee, but Burton was too busy, and Depp said he would have to think about it.", "The Polar Express (film) this time, the Ebenezer Scrooge puppet who is set as the main antagonist of the game, attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets and trying to stop the children from making it to the North Pole. The Polar Express (film) The Polar Express is a 2004 American 3D computer-animated film based on the 1985 children's book of the same name by Chris Van Allsburg, who also served as one of the executive producers on the film. Directed, co-written and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis, the film features human characters animated using live action motion", "The Polar Express (film) all-digital capture film. The film also marks Michael Jeter's last acting role before his death, and the film was thus dedicated to his memory. On the night of Christmas Eve, a boy is growing bitterly skeptical of the existence of Santa Claus. As he struggles to sleep, he witnesses the arrival of a steam locomotive on the street outside his home, and dons his robe to investigate, tearing the robe's pocket as he retrieves it. Outside, the train's conductor introduces the train as the Polar Express, bound for the North Pole. The boy initially declines to board, but jumps aboard", "Tom Hanks Guy\" on Broadway, he had crowds of 300 fans waiting for a glimpse of him after every performance. This is the highest number of expectant fans post-show of any Broadway performance. Hanks is ranked as the fourth highest all-time box office star in North America, with a total gross of over $4.5 billion at the North American box office, an average of $100.8 million per film. Worldwide, his films have grossed over $9.0 billion. Asteroid is named after him. Tom Hanks Thomas Jeffrey Hanks (born July 9, 1956) is an American actor and filmmaker. Hanks is known for his comedic", "Robert Zemeckis The films he has directed have ranged across a wide variety of genres, for both adults and families. Zemeckis's films are characterized by an interest in state-of-the-art special effects, including the early use of the insertion of computer graphics into live-action footage in \"Back to the Future Part II\" (1989) and \"Forrest Gump\", and the pioneering performance capture techniques seen in \"The Polar Express\" (2004), \"Monster House\" (2006), \"Beowulf\" (2007) and \"A Christmas Carol\" (2009). Though Zemeckis has often been pigeonholed as a director interested only in special effects, his work has been defended by several critics including David Thomson,", "Charles Fleischer to September 2011, he hosted his own weekly web show \"Fleischer's Universe\" on Ustream.tv, produced by Brad Wyman. Charles Fleischer's science paper. https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.0518 Charles Fleischer Charles Fleischer (born August 27, 1950) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and musician, best known for appearing in films such as \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\", \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", \"The Polar Express\", \"Rango\", and \"We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story\". He also reprised the role of Roger Rabbit in the \"Roger Rabbit\" theatrical shorts. After beginning his career on the comedy club circuit, Charles Fleischer's first big break in comedy television came when", "J. P. McGowan major star, in a busy career that spanned four decades he is credited with acting in 232 films—mostly strong roles like sheriff or villain—writing 26 screenplays and directing 242 productions. In 1932 he directed a young John Wayne in the 12-episode rail vs airplane serial \"The Hurricane Express\" for the independent Mascot Pictures. From 1938 to 1951, as Executive Secretary of the Screen Directors Guild, he fought to secure recognition for the director within the studio systems of the film and emerging television industry. J.P. McGowan died in 1952 in Hollywood and was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park", "Alexandra Paul Costner, \"8 Million Ways to Die\" (1986), and the comedy \"Dragnet\" (1987), opposite Tom Hanks and Dan Aykroyd. She also starred in the films \"Death Train\" (1993) and \"Nightwatch\" (1995) opposite Christopher Lee and Pierce Brosnan, as well as the horror films \"The Paperboy\" (1994) and \"Spectre\" (1996). Since 1999, she has starred in 14 films for Lifetime Network. She has also starred in the Fox TV series \"Fire Company 132\" and appeared in the last eight episodes of \"Melrose Place\". She guest-starred on \"Mad Men\" in 2008. She hosted non-fiction TV shows, including 's \"Winning Women\" and a southern", "Ryan Malgarini Friday\" starring Jamie Lee Curtis and Lindsay Lohan. He appeared with Tom Hanks in a test film to develop the \"performance capture\" technology for \"The Polar Express\" in 2004. Malgarini appeared as Benjy in the 2006 film adaptation of \"How to Eat Fried Worms\", the beloved gross out children's novel by Thomas Rockwell. According to an interview with Malgarini on his official site, he starred as the main character Ugly in the musical \"Honk!\". He appeared in \"\" in 2004. He appeared in \"Gary Unmarried\" as Gary's (Jay Mohr) son Tom. Malgarini also appeared in \"Go Figure\" in 2005. In", "A Cold Case and \"The Ladykillers\" (2004). Director Mark Romanek was signed to helm the project with a script by John Sayles and Eric Roth, but when Hanks chose to do \"The Polar Express\" (2004) instead, the project came to a halt. A Cold Case A Cold Case is a 2002 work of nonfiction by Philip Gourevitch. A film adaptation of the book starring Tom Hanks was attempted, but the project did not enter production. \"A Cold Case\" follows real-life chief investigator Andy Rosenzweig from the Manhattan District Attorney's office as he investigates the 1970 murders of Richie Glennon and Pete McGinn, a", "25 Days of Christmas 24 at 3.1mil. Ratings on Christmas Eve were down on the network due to increased competition from other networks. \"Elf\" proved once again to draw large audiences. On December 1 \"The Polar Express\" gained 2.4mil, an airing of \"Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas\" gained 2.4mil, 2.7mil, and 2.9mil on multiple dates. The highest airing of \"The Santa Clause\" was December 2 gaining 2.6mil. An airing of the \"Toy Story\" trilogy on December 13–14 gained 2mil, 2.5mil, and 1.4mil. Christmas Eve on the network was \"National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation\" at 2.4mil, and Elf at 3.1mil. Christmas Day was weak,", "Computer facial animation (1995), \"Antz\" (1998), \"Shrek\", and \"Monsters, Inc.\" (both 2001), and computer games such as \"Sims\". \"Casper\" (1995), a milestone in this decade, was the first movie in which a lead actor was produced exclusively using digital facial animation. The sophistication of the films increased after 2000. In \"The Matrix Reloaded\" and \"The Matrix Revolutions\", dense optical flow from several high-definition cameras was used to capture realistic facial movement at every point on the face. \"Polar Express (film)\" used a large Vicon system to capture upward of 150 points. Although these systems are automated, a large amount of manual clean-up effort", "Cast Away later turned into the ABC show \"Lost\". Cast Away Cast Away is a 2000 American survival film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt, and Nick Searcy. The film depicts a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo. The film was released on December 22, 2000. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing $429 million worldwide, with Hanks being nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards.", "The Polar Express (video game) the console versions received \"unfavorable\" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. The Polar Express (video game) The Polar Express is an action-adventure platform game developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ. Based on the film of the same name, the game follows the same plot. The game follows most of the main plot of the film. One major difference is that the Ebenezer Scrooge Puppet, who only makes a minor appearance in the film, plays a much bigger role as the main antagonist who attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing", "Josh Hutcherson Josh Hutcherson Joshua Ryan Hutcherson (born October 12, 1992) is an American actor and producer. Hutcherson began his acting career in the early 2000s and appeared in several commercials and minor film and television roles before landing his first major role in 2002 in the pilot episode of \"House Blend\". His first film role was in \"Miracle Dogs\" (2003) on Animal Planet, followed by a motion-capture performance in \"The Polar Express\" (2004) and a voice-acting role in \"Howl's Moving Castle\" (2005). Hutcherson's other early film appearances include \"Little Manhattan\" and \"\" (both 2005), \"RV\" (2006), \"Bridge to Terabithia\" (2007), \"Journey", "The Polar Express (film) from 59 IMAX theaters, for an IMAX theater average of $35,593, and had a $3,000,000 take since Wednesday. In its second weekend, it grossed another $15,668,101, averaging $4,293 from 3,650 venues and boosting the 12-day cumulative to $51,463,282 and over Thanksgiving weekend made another $19,389,927, averaging $5,312 from 3,650 venues and raising the 19-day cumulative to $81,479,861. The film has made $186,493,472 domestically (including IMAX re-releases), and $124,140,582 overseas for a total worldwide gross of $310,634,054. The film had its network TV premiere on ABC, December 1, 2006. The airing brought in 13.2 million viewers, winning its timeslot and ranking", "The Polar Express (video game) The Polar Express (video game) The Polar Express is an action-adventure platform game developed by Blue Tongue Entertainment and published by THQ. Based on the film of the same name, the game follows the same plot. The game follows most of the main plot of the film. One major difference is that the Ebenezer Scrooge Puppet, who only makes a minor appearance in the film, plays a much bigger role as the main antagonist who attempts to prevent the children from believing in Santa Claus by stealing their tickets, and trying to get them thrown off the train to keep", "ImageMovers (with Tom Hanks), \"The Polar Express\" (also with Tom Hanks), \"The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio\" (with Julianne Moore), \"Last Holiday\" (with Queen Latifah), \"Monster House\" (with Mitchel Musso, Sam Lerner, Spencer Locke and Steve Buscemi) and \"Beowulf\" (with Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, John Malkovich, Robin Wright Penn and Angelina Jolie). In 2007, The Walt Disney Company and ImageMovers set up a joint venture animation facility known as ImageMovers Digital, a Marin County-based film company where Zemeckis would produce and direct 3D animated films using performance capture technology. On November 6, 2009, ImageMovers Digital released their first film \"A Christmas", "Cast Away launched its own joint promotion centered on the fact that one of its products was \"co-starring\" with Tom Hanks. Wilson manufactured a volleyball with a reproduction of the bloodied handprint face on one side. It was sold for a limited time during the film's initial release and continues to be offered on the company's website. On Rotten Tomatoes, \"Cast Away\" has an approval rating of 90% based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Flawed but fascinating, \"Cast Away\" offers an intelligent script, some of Robert Zemeckis' most mature directing, and a showcase", "Tom Hanks of Woody in \"Toy Story 2\", the sequel to \"Toy Story\". The following year, he won a Golden Globe for Best Actor and an Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of a marooned FedEx systems analyst in Robert Zemeckis's \"Cast Away\". In 2001, Hanks helped direct and produce the Emmy-Award-winning HBO miniseries \"Band of Brothers\". He also appeared in the September 11 television special \"\" and the documentary \"Rescued From the Closet\". He then teamed up with \"American Beauty\" director Sam Mendes for the adaptation of Max Allan Collins's and Richard Piers Rayner's graphic novel \"Road to Perdition\", in which", "Dave Chappelle of jail. It made money at the box office and remains a classic so-called \"stoner\" film, a genre that includes the \"Cheech and Chong\" films as well as more recent fare like Judd Apatow's \"Pineapple Express\". In December 1998, Chappelle appeared as Tom Hanks' character's friend and confidant in \"You've Got Mail\". The $65 million movie made $115 million at the box office. In 1999, he appeared in the Martin Lawrence film \"Blue Streak\", which made $117 million at the box office. In 2000, Chappelle recorded his first hour-long HBO special, \"Dave Chappelle: Killin' Them Softly\", in Washington, DC. He", "Alan Silvestri Carmel Valley, California. Silvestri has received two Academy Award nominations, one for Best Original Score for \"Forrest Gump\" (1994) and one for Best Original Song for \"Believe\" on \"The Polar Express\" soundtrack. He also received two Golden Globe nominations: Best Score for \"Forrest Gump\" and Best Song for \"The Polar Express\". Silvestri was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music in 1995. He has also received four Grammy Award nominations, winning two awards – Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media, for \"Believe\" from \"The Polar Express\" in 2004 and Best", "Rye, New York setting for several key scenes in the 1988 comedy film \"Big\", starring Tom Hanks. As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 15,720 people residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 84.8% White, 1.3% Black, <0.1% Native American, 5.9% Asian, <0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.2% from some other race and 1.3% from two or more races. 6.5% were Hispanic or Latino of any race. According to \"The Washington Post\", Rye is among the top 1% of Super Zips based on percentage of residents with college degrees and average household income. According to the United States Census", "SA-15 (ship) crew ward off the invaders using water cannons, twistlocks and heavy balks of timber lashed to the guard rails. By the time a destroyer of the Russian Navy arrived at the scene the pirates had given up, leaving \"Boularibank\"'s crew of 31, eleven passengers and the captain's wife unharmed. Stapleton was later awarded the Merchant Navy Medal for exceptional bravery during the attack. Another converted SA-15 class ship, \"Foylebank\", was briefly featured in the 2000 drama film \"Cast Away\" as the ship that rescues the character portrayed by Tom Hanks. While the majority of existing SA-15 class ships has always", "Louis Marx and Company of the Blue and Grey\", \"The Revolutionary War\" (including \"Johnny Tremain\"), \"Tales of Wells Fargo\", \"The Untouchables\", \"Robin Hood\", \"The Battle of the Little Big Horn\", \"Arctic Explorer\", \"Ben Hur\", \"Fort Apache\", \"Zorro\", \"Battleground\", \"Tom Corbett Training Academy\", and many others (Marx Playsets, Atomic Home Videos LLC, 2010). Playsets included highly detailed plastic figures and accessories, many with some of the toy world's finest tin lithography. A Marx playset box was invariably bursting with contents, yet very few were ever priced above the average of $4–$7. Greatly expanded sets, such as \"Giant Ben Hur\" sold for $10 to $12 in", "Richard Phillips (merchant mariner) so they couldn't get back onboard,\" says Phillips. \"For me it was really a relief—my crew and ship were safe.\" Phillips also added, \"I never lost hope for myself, but I didn't see a good ending coming out of it.\" Phillips commented in his interview that the rendition of the events is accurate, adding, \"When I met him [Tom Hanks] I told him if he's going to play me he's going to have to put on a little weight and get a little better-looking and he did neither.\" Since the release of \"Captain Phillips\", there has been controversy over its", "T.H.E. Cat Baca\", in which Loggia played Baca, an Old West Mexican-American lawman whose nickname was \"the Cat\", a fact viewers were reminded of each week in the series' theme song. The series ran for 26 episodes and was recut into a feature movie. After \"T.H.E. Cat\", Loggia, an actor with a long history of film and television credits, went on to star in a number of high-profile hit Hollywood films, including the Tom Hanks hit film \"Big\", the sci-fi film \"Independence Day\", \"An Officer and a Gentleman\", \"Scarface\", and Sylvester Stallone's \"Over the Top\". In 1985, Loggia was nominated for an", "John Ford Stock Company MacDonald – 25 films Vester Pegg – 23 films Mae Marsh – 17 films, 1 TV episode Frank Baker – 17 films Duke Lee – 16 films Joe Harris – 14 films Danny Borzage – 13 films Hoot Gibson – 13 films Willis Bouchey – 9 films, 3 TV episodes John Carradine – 11 films, 1 TV episode Ken Curtis – 11 films, 1 TV episode William Henry – 11 films, 1 TV episode Victor McLaglen – 12 films George O'Brien – 12 films Molly Malone – 11 films Harry Carey Jr. – 9 films, 1 TV episode Sam Harris", "KUKA \"The Da Vinci Code\", a KUKA robot hands Tom Hanks’ character Robert Langdon a container containing a cryptex. In 2007, KUKA introduced a simulator, based on the Robocoaster. RoboCoaster Ltd does not market this product. An installation of this version is The Sum Of All Thrills ride at EPCOT in Lake Buena Vista, Florida. KUKA KUKA is a manufacturer of industrial robots and solutions for factory automation. The KUKA Robotics Corporation has 25 subsidiaries worldwide, mostly sales and service subsidiaries, including in the United States, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Russia and most European countries.", "Tom Hanks with film director Steven Spielberg on five films to date: \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998), \"Catch Me If You Can\" (2002), \"The Terminal\" (2004), \"Bridge of Spies\" (2015), and \"The Post\" (2017), as well as the 2001 miniseries \"Band of Brothers\", which launched Hanks as a successful director, producer, and screenwriter. In 2010, Spielberg and Hanks were executive producers on the HBO miniseries \"The Pacific\". Hanks' films have grossed more than $4.5 billion at U.S. and Canadian box offices and more than $9.0 billion worldwide, making him the fourth highest-grossing actor in North America. Hanks has been nominated for numerous awards", "Scott Haraburda High School in 1981 and then from Grand Rapids Junior College. In 2017, this college named Scott its distinguished alumnus for the year. While living in Grand Rapids, he worked as the department store Santa for Herpolsheimer's, the same store mentioned in The Polar Express (film). Colonel Scott S. Haraburda spent nearly three decades serving in the US Army, providing significant contributions to military logistics, CBRNE defense, and military science. In 1991 while he was teaching chemistry at the United States Military Academy, the Army Astronaut Nomination Selection Board nominated Haraburda as a NASA astronaut candidate. A few years later", "Dave Allen (actor) protester on \"Arrested Development\". In 2006, Allen appeared in the Stan and Lois sketch on Norm Macdonald's comedy album \"Ridiculous\" (released by Comedy Central Records). In November 2008, Allen appeared as \"Todd\"—and was credited as \"Todd Carlin\"—in the Cinematic Titanic episode \"Santa Claus Conquers the Martians\" during the pre-movie sequence, introducing the movie to the crew. With Allen having a long-standing friendship with Joel Hodgson and several other CT crew members, it is expected he will reprise this role as a fixture of the series going forward. Additionally, Allen has been touring periodically at live shows with Cinematic Titanic, performing", "Julius Tannen 1926, and in \"George White's Scandals.\" The advent of talking pictures created a need in Hollywood for performers with stage experience, and Tannen appeared in his first film in 1935, when he did an uncredited bit in \"Stranded\". This set him upon his 25-year career as a character man, although his work frequently went without credit. In the 1940s, Tannen was part of Preston Sturges' unofficial \"stock company\" of character actors, appearing in eight films written and directed by Sturges, with the size of his roles increasing over time. Undoubtedly, Tannen's most memorable and prominent performance came at the age", "George Plimpton a number of feature films as an extra and in cameo appearances. He had a small role in the Oscar-winning film \"Good Will Hunting\", playing a psychologist. Plimpton played Tom Hanks's antagonistic father in \"Volunteers\". He was also notable for his appearance in television commercials during the early 1980s, including a memorable campaign for Mattel's Intellivision. In this campaign, Plimpton aggressively touted the superiority of Intellivision video games over those of competitors such as the Atari 2600. He hosted Disney Channel's \"Mouseterpiece Theater\" (a \"Masterpiece Theatre\" spoof which featured Disney cartoon shorts). In the \"I'm Spelling as Fast as I", "Maersk by Paul Greengrass, starring Tom Hanks as the title role. Maersk Line estimates that piracy costs the company $100 million per year due to longer routes and higher speed, particularly near East Africa. As of 2010, all 83 Maersk tankers were diverting around the Cape of Good Hope south of Africa instead of going through the Suez Canal, although MS \"Mærsk Mc-Kinney Møller\", the first of the Triple E Class vessels, successfully navigated the Suez during her maiden voyage. Trade unions and labor rights organizations have criticized Maersk's labor practices in different parts of the world. In El Salvador, Maersk", "Tom Hanks the 1995 film \"Apollo 13\"—reunited him with Ron Howard. Critics generally applauded the film and the performances of the entire cast, which included actors Kevin Bacon, Bill Paxton, Gary Sinise, Ed Harris, and Kathleen Quinlan. The movie also earned nine Academy Award nominations, winning two. Later that year, Hanks starred in Disney/Pixar's CGI-animated hit film \"Toy Story\", as the voice of Sheriff Woody. Hanks made his directing debut with his 1996 film \"That Thing You Do!\" about a 1960s pop group, also playing the role of a music producer. Hanks and producer Gary Goetzman went on to create Playtone, a", "Extra (acting) remain with the film for an extended period. For instance, on James Cameron's film \"Titanic\", a group of 150 \"core background actors\" was hired to play the ship's passengers, and employed throughout the filming. In the United Kingdom, the distinction between an actor and an extra is defined by agreements between the actors trade unions Broadcasting Entertainment Cinematograph and Theatre Union (BECTU) and Equity, and the various commercial trade and production bodies. These state that once a performer says 13 or more words in any scene, they must become a contracted actor in that production. Minimum pay rates are defined", "Tom Hanks film \"Where The Wild Things Are\", based on the children's book by Maurice Sendak in 2009. In 2010, Hanks reprised his voice role of Woody in \"Toy Story 3\", after he, Tim Allen, and John Ratzenberger were invited to a movie theater to see a complete story reel of the movie. The film went on to become the first animated film to gross a worldwide total of over $1 billion as well as the highest-grossing animated film at the time. He also was executive producer of the miniseries, \"The Pacific\". In 2011, he directed and starred opposite Julia Roberts in", "The Wrong Coast rebroadcast the original season in Canada since 19 August 2005. A French-dubbed version of the series, titled \"La Côte Ouest\", aired in Canada on Télétoon. The full series has been released on DVD in Australia. With each 15 seconds of filming taking 8 hours to create, there is only one season consisting of 13 episodes, or 26 segments. Debbie Sue hires an acting coach to help her land the part of a journalist in the new Tom Hanks movie. Jameson tries to get in on the action by showing off his comic dialects. Sketches A young production assistant blackmails Jameson", "Charles Herbert forced to subsist on whatever episodic roles he could muster, including bits on \"Wagon Train\" (1957), \"Rawhide\" (1959), \"The Twilight Zone\" (1962), \"The Fugitive\" (1963), \"Hazel\" (1963), \"Family Affair\" (1966), and \"My Three Sons\" (1966). Herbert's career amassed 20 feature films, more than 50 TV shows, and a number of commercials during his youthful 14-year span. Because of the studio attitude toward child actors of the time, Herbert had a keen interest in the child actors of today. I lost a lot more than the financial things. Financial things are way down the list for me. The way it’s set", "Think Big (store) product line grew to offer over 100 different larger-than-life objects. With the added success of catalog sales many franchise locations began to open across the country as the pop art style caught on through the 1980s. The unique creations have been featured in many films including \"Forrest Gump\" and \"Big\" both starring Tom Hanks. Think Big flourished in the 1980s, when the scaled-up aesthetic was popular. Other companies, such as Swatch, also created comically large versions of their wares. In the early 1990s the retailer was at its peak and was sold to the high-end art gallery firm Martin Lawrence", "Henry Fonda Major Major Major resembles Henry Fonda. Philip D. Beidler comments that \"one of the novel's great absurd jokes is the character's bewildering resemblance to Henry Fonda\". Taking into account when Catch 22 was written, this most likely refers to Fonda circa about 1955, when he starred in the film \"Mister Roberts\". From the beginning of his career in 1935 through his last projects in 1981, Fonda appeared in 106 films, television programs, and shorts. Through the course of his career, he appeared in many critically acclaimed films, including such classics as \"12 Angry Men\" and \"The Ox-Bow Incident\". He was", "Tom Hanks that eventually went to John Candy. Instead, Hanks landed the lead role in \"Splash\", which went on to become a surprise box office hit, grossing more than US$69 million. He also had a sizable hit with the sex comedy \"Bachelor Party\", also in 1984. In 1983–84, Hanks made three guest appearances on \"Family Ties\" as Elyse Keaton's alcoholic brother, Ned Donnelly. With \"Nothing in Common\" (1986) – a story of a young man alienated from his father (played by Jackie Gleason) – Hanks began to extend himself from comedic roles to dramatic roles. In an interview with \"Rolling Stone\" magazine,", "Crossy Road 50 million downloads. In 2016, Hipster Whale and Disney Interactive Studios launched a spin-off video game called \"Disney Crossy Road\" on iOS, Android, Windows Phone, Windows 8.1, and Windows 10 devices. It features Disney characters like Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck, as well as some characters from numerous Disney franchises such as \"The Lion King\", \"Tangled\", \"Wreck-It Ralph\" and Pixar's \"Toy Story\" and \"Inside Out\". In the game, there are over 440 characters, with secret characters like Mortimer from the \"Mickey & Friends\" franchise and Lenny from the first \"Toy Story\" movie. After the success of \"Disney Crossy Road\", a", "Pullman, Chicago years. The Pullman neighborhood is 29% White, 31% African American, and residents of any race who identify as Hispanic or Latino comprise 36% of the neighborhood's 1,422 residents. By contrast, 96% of North Pullman's 1,995 residents are African American and 98% of Cottage Grove Heights' 3,084 residents are African American. Pullman has been featured in several major motion pictures. \"Road to Perdition\" (starring Tom Hanks and Paul Newman) was filmed in historic Pullman, with scenes featuring the factory and how it \"once was\" with workers, as well as many other scenes of the neighborhood. The 1993 film \"The Fugitive\" had", "Michael Jeter the cast for a Screen Actors Guild Award. He was also a favorite with younger audiences in his role as Mr. Noodle's brother, Mister Noodle, on \"Sesame Street\" from 2000 to 2003. He appeared in an episode of \"Touched by an Angel\" in 1999 as Gus, an insurance salesman who arrives in Las Vegas in the episode \"The Man Upstairs\". His last two appearances were in the films \"Open Range\" and \"The Polar Express\". Both films were in post-production at the time of his death and, when released, contained a dedication to his memory. In 1990, Jeter won a Tony", "Colin Hanks in the FX television series \"Fargo\", for which he received Critics' Choice Television Award and Primetime Emmy Award nominations. In 2015, Hanks began a voice role in the show \"Talking Tom and Friends\". He voices Talking Tom, the main character. Hanks directed the documentary \"All Things Must Pass: The Rise and Fall of Tower Records\", released in 2015. The film received funding of nearly $100,000 through a Kickstarter campaign. Hanks also provided the voice of Luke in the series \"PAW Patrol\". In 2017, Hanks appears as the Adult Alex Vreeke in the film \"Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle\". In 2018,", "Fantasy flight Institute, Branson Scenic Railway (in a one-time promotion for the film \"The Polar Express\"), and Newport Dinner Train operate fantasy rides. Fantasy flight Fantasy flights are charity flights operated by a host airline for locally disadvantaged and terminally ill children to fly to a fictitious destination. The destination is often the North Pole, the home of Santa Claus' workshop. Employees and locals often including firemen, police officers, and local church groups generally donate their own time and labor to decorate either a gate area or a dedicated terminal area. Employees often don costumes including magicians and Santa's helpers known as", "The Polar Express was awarded the Caldecott Medal and appeared on the New York Times bestseller list. By 1989 a million copies had been sold - more each year than the last - and the book had made the bestseller list four years in a row. Based on a 2007 online poll, the National Education Association named the book one of its \"Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children.\" It was one of the \"Top 100 Picture Books\" of all time in a 2012 poll by \"School Library Journal\". \"The Polar Express\" is a 2004 American computer-animated film based on the book. Written, produced,", "Joanna Johnston \"Hellraiser\" (1987). A year later she worked with Robert Zemeckis on the highly successful \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\". The working relationship with Zemeckis continued through \"Back to the Future Part II\" (1989), \"Back to the Future Part III\" (1990), \"Death Becomes Her\" (1992), \"Contact\" (1997), \"Cast Away\" (2000), \"The Polar Express\" (2004), and \"Allied\" (2016) for which she received her second nomination for an Academy Award for Best Costume Design. In 1989, Spielberg hired her as designer on \"Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade\" and they worked together again on \"Saving Private Ryan\" (1998), \"War of the Worlds\" (2005), \"Munich\"", "Tom Hanks him praise, including nominations for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama for the former role. In \"Captain Phillips\", he starred as Captain Richard Phillips with Barkhad Abdi, which was based on the Maersk Alabama hijacking. In \"Saving Mr. Banks\", co-starring Emma Thompson and directed by John Lee Hancock, he played Walt Disney, being the first actor to portray Disney in a mainstream film. That same year, Hanks made his Broadway debut, starring in Nora Ephron's \"Lucky Guy\", for which he was nominated for the", "Jim Hanks Jim Hanks James Mathew Hanks (born June 15, 1961) is an American actor, voice actor, director, producer, cinematographer and camera operator. He has played numerous minor roles in film and guest appearances on television, and often substitutes doing voice work for his older brother Tom Hanks. He has produced, directed, and filmed several short films. Jim Hanks' first lead role was as Jeeter Buford in the film \"Buford's Beach Bunnies\". His brother Tom Hanks was considered a strong candidate for the role, but was unavailable. Wishing to earn the role based on his own abilities, Jim auditioned as \"Jim Matthews\"", "Johnny Whitaker episode of Gunsmoke in 1971. Whitaker went on to star in the 1973 Sid and Marty Krofft Saturday morning children's series \"Sigmund and the Sea Monsters\" alongside Billy Barty and Scott Kolden, as well as appeared in feature films, including Disney's \"Snowball Express\" (1972), \"The Biscuit Eater\" (1972), \"Napoleon and Samantha\" (1972), and \"The Magic Pony\" (1977). His most prominent feature film role during this period was the lead in the musical version of \"Tom Sawyer\" (1973). In an interview with Tom Snyder on \"The Late Late Show\", Whitaker said he briefly worked as a computer consultant at CBS. He", "Jim Hanks of Red Chief\", Hanks played the role of the mailman who was the town gossip. Hanks has appeared on stage, including playing \"Lennie Small\" in Theatrical Arts International's production of John Steinbeck's \"Of Mice and Men\". In November 2016, he guest-starred in a web series called \"Gary CK Needs Work\", a parody of the FX show \"Louie\". Hanks is the youngest brother of actor Tom Hanks and entomologist Larry Hanks, but they were not raised together. After their parents Amos and Janet Hanks divorced in 1961, Jim went to Red Bluff, California with his mother, while older siblings Tom, Larry,", "Dan Aykroyd film. 1987 saw the release of \"Dragnet\", which Aykroyd co-starred in (with Tom Hanks) and co-wrote. The film was both an homage and a satire of the previous \"Dragnet\" series, with Aykroyd playing Sgt. Joe Friday as a police officer whose law-and-order attitude is at odds with modern sensibilities. Aykroyd appeared in five films released in 1988, all of them critical and commercial failures. A sequel to \"Ghostbusters\", \"Ghostbusters II\", was released in 1989; Aykroyd and the other co-creators were reluctant to make another \"Ghostbusters\" film but succumbed to pressure from the film's studio, Columbia Pictures. The film, while considered", "Kelsey Grammer He has appeared in eighteen episodes from the show's inception in 1989 through 2015's \"Treehouse of Horror XXVI\", in which his character finally succeeded in killing Bart Simpson in one segment (\"Wanted: Dead, then Alive\"). Grammer supplied the voices for \"Stinky Pete the Prospector\" in 1999 Disney/Pixar film \"Toy Story 2\", Vladimir in the Fox animated movie \"Anastasia\", Rothbart in \"Barbie of Swan Lake\", Zozi the Bear in the subsequently produced sequel \"Bartok the Magnificent\", the title character in the short-lived animated series \"Gary the Rat\", and the villain, Dr. Ivan Krank, on \" Disney's Teacher's Pet.\" He provided the", "Marshall Bell (1997); the warden, Marshall Krutch, in the award-winning biopic \"Capote\" (2005) opposite Philip Seymour Hoffman; John Leshing in the family/mystery \"Nancy Drew\" (2007) opposite Emma Roberts; and Principal Rocker in the comedy \"Hamlet 2\" (2008). Bell also played the voice acting role as Mr. Sesehund in the animated feature \"Heidi 4 Paws\" (2008). He and Michael Ironside starred together in three movies: \"Total Recall\", \"The Vagrant\", and \"Starship Troopers\". Bell is now voicing Jack Taggart in the animated short The Xtacles. Bell stars in the upcoming comedy \"The Rock 'n Roll Dreams of Duncan Christopher\". Over the last 3 years,", "Eddie Deezen Mandark in the Cartoon Network series \"Dexter's Laboratory\", Snipes the Magpie in \"Rock-A-Doodle\", Ned in \"Kim Possible\" and the Know-It-All Kid in \"The Polar Express\". Edward Harry Deezen was born in Cumberland, Maryland, the son of Irma and Robert Deezen. A class clown in his youth, Deezen started out with aspirations of becoming a stand-up comedian, moving out to Hollywood within days of graduating high school in order to pursue a career. As a comedian, he performed at least three times at The Comedy Store, though eventually decided to abandon stand-up and focus on acting after bombing his last act", "Forrest Gump in its list of the \"Best 100 Conservative Movies\" of all time. Then, in 2009, the magazine ranked the film number four on its 25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years list. \"Tom Hanks plays the title character, an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s. The love of his life, wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn, chooses a different path; she becomes a drug-addled hippie, with disastrous results.\" James Burton, a communication arts professor at Salisbury University, argued that conservatives claimed \"Forrest Gump\" as their own due less to", "Charles Fleischer Charles Fleischer Charles Fleischer (born August 27, 1950) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer and musician, best known for appearing in films such as \"A Nightmare on Elm Street\", \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", \"The Polar Express\", \"Rango\", and \"We're Back! A Dinosaur's Story\". He also reprised the role of Roger Rabbit in the \"Roger Rabbit\" theatrical shorts. After beginning his career on the comedy club circuit, Charles Fleischer's first big break in comedy television came when he made an appearance on \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\". Fleischer was born and raised in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1950. He attended", "2-8-4 American railroads rostered Berkshires. The table lists data on the American locomotives as they were built. In the motion picture \"The Polar Express\", the \"know-it-all\" boy identifies the train's locomotive as a Baldwin 2-8-4 built in 1931, although the actual prototype for the film's locomotive was the Pere Marquette no. 1225, a Berkshire built by the Lima Locomotive Works in 1941. In the \"Transformers\" television series, motion picture and toy line, the Decepticon triple changer Astrotrain is modeled on a Japanese Class D62 2-8-4 locomotive. \"Locomon\" in the motion picture \"Digimon: Runaway Locomon\" is a 2-8-4 type locomotive. 2-8-4 Under", "Cast Away Cast Away Cast Away is a 2000 American survival film directed and co-produced by Robert Zemeckis and starring Tom Hanks, Helen Hunt, and Nick Searcy. The film depicts a FedEx employee marooned on an uninhabited island after his plane crashes in the South Pacific and his attempts to survive on the island using remnants of his plane's cargo. The film was released on December 22, 2000. It was a critical and commercial success, grossing $429 million worldwide, with Hanks being nominated for Best Actor in a Leading Role at the 73rd Academy Awards. In December 1995, Chuck Noland is a", "Blackie Whiteford died in Hollywood, California. Blackie Whiteford John Penman \"Blackie\" Whiteford (April 27, 1889 – March 21, 1962) was an American film actor. In 1903, Whiteford was a seaman between jobs when he was offered a chance to work on \"The Great Train Robbery\" film. That opportunity launched his cinematic career, which eventually included more than 2,000 films. Whiteford appeared in 275 films between 1928 and 1962. A career character actor, Whiteford is best known for appearing in 28 films with \"The Three Stooges\" between 1936 and 1956. Whiteford was married to Estelle Wills, an actress. He was born in New", "Lionel, LLC companies settled out of court but the settlement quickly fell apart, leading to K-Line declaring bankruptcy and selling its assets to Sanda Kan, a Chinese subcontractor who did manufacturing for both K-Line and Lionel. In January 2006, Sanda Kan licensed the K-Line name and intellectual property to Lionel. On March 27, 2008, a bankruptcy judge approved Lionel's reorganization plan, including a settlement with MTH. Although the specifics were to remain sealed, the Associated Press reported that Lionel settled with MTH for US$12 million. The 2004 Christmas movie Polar Express, based on the children's book of the same name, provided Lionel", "The Polar Express (soundtrack) The Polar Express (soundtrack) The Polar Express: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is the soundtrack to the animated film of the same name, released in 2004 through Warner Sunset Records. The song, \"Believe\", written by Glen Ballard and Alan Silvestri, was nominated for Best Original Song at the 77th Academy Awards. It was sung at the 77th Academy Awards show by original performer Josh Groban with Beyoncé Knowles. It gained a Grammy Award in 2006. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA in November 2007. Having sold 724,000 copies in the United States, it is the best-selling film soundtrack/holiday album", "Tom Hanks ... some hope for their lot and their position in life ... I got that from the movies a hundred million times when I was a kid. I still do.\" Hanks won his second Best Actor Academy Award for his role in \"Forrest Gump\", becoming only the second actor to have accomplished the feat of winning consecutive Best Actor Oscars. (Spencer Tracy was the first, winning in 1937–38. Hanks and Tracy were the same age at the time they received their Academy Awards: 37 for the first and 38 for the second.) Hanks' next role—astronaut and commander Jim Lovell, in", "Marty Katz Pictures. Prior to joining Disney, Katz produced various television and theatrical films including Fox’s “Heart Like A Wheel” (1983), and Geffen/Warner Bros.’ “Lost In America” (1985). In 1996, after leaving Disney, Marty Katz Productions began operating independently with offices in Santa Monica. In 1997 Katz was Twentieth Century Fox’s Supervising Producer on James Cameron’s “Titanic”. He produced “Reindeer Games” directed by John Frankenheimer, and starring Ben Affleck, Charlize Theron, and Gary Sinise, in 2000 . He then produced “Impostor,” directed by Gary Fleder, and starring Gary Sinise and Madeline Stowe in 2001. In 2001, he produced “The Four Feathers,” directed", "The Polar Express (film) the Pullman Factory in Chicago's Pullman neighborhood. The locomotive featured in the film is an American 2-8-4 Berkshire type steam locomotive, with a cowcatcher, modeled after the Pere Marquette 1225, which had spent many years on static display near Spartan Stadium in East Lansing, Michigan on the campus of Michigan State University, where Chris Van Allsburg recalled playing on the engine when attending football games as a child. In July 2002, Warner Bros. approached the engine's owner, the Steam Railroading Institute, to study the engine. The engine in the film is modeled from the PM #1225's drawings and the sounds", "Jonathan Goldsmith villain who was shot between the eyes by hero John Wayne, who fired blood capsules from a special pellet gun at pointblank range into Goldsmith's face for seven painful takes. Goldsmith also made guest appearances on 45 television series, including \"Gunsmoke\"; \"Bonanza\"; \"Adam-12\"; \"Knight Rider\"; \"CHiPs\"; \"Eight Is Enough\"; \"The Rockford Files\"; \"Hawaii Five-O\"; \"Barnaby Jones\"; \"MacGyver\"; \"Murder, She Wrote\"; \"Charlie's Angels\"; \"Petrocelli;\" \"Manimal\"; \"The Fall Guy\"; \"Dynasty\"; \"T.J. Hooker\"; \"Hardcastle and McCormick\"; \"Magnum, P.I.\"; \"Knots Landing\"; and \"The A-Team\", as well as a few made-for-TV movies. His longest run in a television series was on \"Dallas\", in which he", "Sheriff Woody Lotso's Dump Truck. Tom Hanks's vocal performance as Sheriff Woody was received positively by film critics. Susan Wloszczyna of \"USA Today\" approved of the selection of Hanks for the lead role of Woody. Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that Tom Hanks \"brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody.\" In June 2010, \"Entertainment Weekly\" named Woody one of the \"100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years\". Presenter Ryan Tubridy dressed up as Woody for \"The Late Late Toy Show\" in 2011. Sheriff Woody Sheriff Woody Pride is a fictional character and the main protagonist in the", "Hrithik Roshan with an extraterrestrial being—a role that required him to lose nearly . Roshan recalls the experience of starring in the film fondly: \"I could live my childhood [again]. I could eat as many chocolates as I wanted. I became a baby and everybody was so caring towards me.\" In the book \"Film Sequels\", Carolyn Jess-Cooke drew similarities between the character and Forrest Gump, portrayed by Tom Hanks in the titular film, but this idea was dismissed by Roshan. Film critics were polarised on their view of the film—some of them negatively compared its storyline to the 1982 Hollywood release \"E.T.", "Coen brothers is considered one of the duo's weaker films. Also that year, they executive produced and did an uncredited rewrite of the Christmas black comedy \"Bad Santa\", which garnered positive reviews. In 2004, the Coens made \"The Ladykillers\", a remake of the Ealing Studios classic. A professor, played by Tom Hanks, assembles a team to rob a casino. They rent a room in an elderly woman's home to plan the heist. When the woman discovers the plot, the gang decides to murder her to ensure her silence. The Coens received some of the most lukewarm reviews of their careers in response", "Byrrh 1998 Steven Spielberg film Saving Private Ryan (1:59, in the background, as Tom Hanks' character, Captain John Miller, attempts to find coffee in an old coffee machine). \"Mad Men\" Season 4, episode 6 (\"Waldorf Stories\") featured a Byrhh advertisement that won a CLIO Award in April 1965. The A.V. Club Reviewer Keith Phipps notes: \"One of the other Clios went to Byrrh, a wine-based aperitif whose failure to catch fire in America illustrates that even great advertising can’t sell something people don’t want.\" Byrrh signs are prominently displayed throughout Café Réne in the BBC sitcom 'Allo 'Allo!. On a French", "Beowulf (2007 film) image and movement for the title character of \"Beowulf\". Director Robert Zemeckis drew inspiration for the visual effects of \"Beowulf\" from experience with \"The Polar Express\", which used motion capture technology to create three-dimensional images of characters. Appointing Jerome Chen, whom Zemeckis worked with on \"The Polar Express\", the two decided to chart realism as their foremost goal. Over 450 graphic designers were chosen for the project, the largest team ever assembled for an Imageworks-produced movie as of 2007. Designers at Imageworks generated new animation tools for facial, body, and cloth design especially for the movie, and elements of keyframe", "Daniel Craig to Perdition\" with Tom Hanks and Paul Newman as Irish mobster Connor Rooney, the son of the crime organisation's boss, played by Newman. Craig portrayed German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg in the BBC television drama \"Copenhagen\" (2002), which depicts Heisenberg's involvement in the German nuclear weapon project during World War II. On stage, Craig starred opposite Michael Gambon in the original production of Caryl Churchill's play \"A Number\" from September to November 2002 at the Royal Court Theatre. Craig received a London Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actor nomination for his role as a man who is cloned twice", "Tim Burton Elfman and Burton reunited for \"Mars Attacks!\" (1996). Based on a popular science fiction trading card series, the film was a hybrid of 1950s science fiction and 1970s all-star disaster films. Coincidence made it an inadvertent spoof of the blockbuster \"Independence Day\", which had been released five months earlier. The film boasted an all-star cast, including Jack Nicholson, Glenn Close, Annette Bening, Danny DeVito, Pierce Brosnan, Michael J. Fox, Sarah Jessica Parker, Natalie Portman, Lukas Haas, Martin Short, Rod Steiger, Christina Applegate and Jack Black. After Kevin Smith had been hired to write a new \"Superman\" film, he suggested Burton", "Danny Kaye Danny Kaye Danny Kaye (born David Daniel Kaminsky; January 18, 1911 – March 3, 1987) was an American actor, singer, dancer, comedian, musician, and philanthropist. His performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and rapid-fire novelty songs. Kaye starred in 17 movies, notably \"Wonder Man\" (1945), \"The Kid from Brooklyn\" (1946), \"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty\" (1947), \"The Inspector General\" (1949), \"Hans Christian Andersen\" (1952), \"White Christmas\" (1954), and \"The Court Jester\" (1956). His films were popular, especially his performances of patter songs and favorites such as \"Inchworm\" and \"The Ugly Duckling.\" He was the first ambassador-at-large of UNICEF in", "3D film theaters in 2D, and only 66 IMAX locations. The return from those few 3D theaters was about 25% of the total. The 3D version earned about 14 times as much per screen as the 2D version. This pattern continued and prompted a greatly intensified interest in 3D and 3D presentation of animated films. In June 2005, the Mann's Chinese 6 theatre in Hollywood became the first commercial film theatre to be equipped with the Digital 3D format. Both \"Singin' in the Rain\" and \"The Polar Express\" were tested in the Digital 3D format over the course of several months. In", "Walter Koenig futuristic dictator in the video game \"Maximum Surge\". The game was later cancelled, but considerable footage from it was recycled for the film \"Game Over\", with Koenig's dialogue dubbed over in order to retrofit his performance into the role of a computer hard drive. During the early 1990s he starred in a touring production of the play \"The Boys in Autumn\", playing a middle aged Tom Sawyer, who reunites with childhood friend Huckleberry Finn. Fellow Trek actor Mark Lenard played Finn. In addition to acting, he has written several films (\"Actor\", \"I Wish I May\", \"You're Never Alone When You're", "A Great Day in Harlem (photograph) assembled chamber musicians for \"A Great Day in New York.\" \"The New York Post\" ran \"A Great Day in Spanish Harlem.\" The photograph was a key plot point in Steven Spielberg's 2004 film \"The Terminal\". The film starred Tom Hanks as Viktor Navorski, a character who comes to the United States in search of Benny Golson's autograph, with which he can complete his deceased father's collection of autographs from the musicians pictured in the photo. A Great Day in Harlem (photograph) A Great Day in Harlem or Harlem 1958 is a black-and-white photograph of 57 jazz musicians in Harlem, New" ]

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[ "The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania The Quarrel of Oberon and Titania is an oil on canvas painting by the Scottish artist Sir Joseph Noel Paton. Painted in 1849, it depicts the scene from William Shakespeare's comedy play \"A Midsummer Night's Dream\", when the fairy queen Titania and fairy king Oberon quarrel; Oberon was considered the King of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. When exhibited in Edinburgh during 1850, it was declared as the \"painting of the season\". It was acquired by the National Galleries of Scotland in 1897, having initially been bought by the Royal Association for Promoting the Fine Arts in Scotland during 1850. An earlier version of this painting was Paton's diploma picture, which was submitted to the Royal Scottish Academy in 1846; the sum of £700 was paid for it.", "A Midsummer Night's Dream A Midsummer Night's Dream is a comedy written by William Shakespeare in 1595/96. It portrays the events surrounding the marriage of Theseus, the Duke of Athens, to Hippolyta, the former queen of the Amazons. These include the adventures of four young Athenian lovers and a group of six amateur actors (the mechanicals) who are controlled and manipulated by the fairies who inhabit the forest in which most of the play is set. The play is one of Shakespeare's most popular works for the stage and is widely performed across the world." ]

[ "Metope (mythology) In Greek mythology, Metope (Greek: Μετώπη ) was a river nymph, the daughter of the river Ladon. Her waters were near the town of Stymphalus in the Peloponnesus. She married the river god Asopus by whom she had several (either 12 or 20) daughters, including Aegina, Salamis, Sinope, Euboea, Tanagra, Thespia, Thebe, Corcyra, Ismene, and Harpina; and possibly sons, including Pelagon and Ismenus. The question of the exact parentage of these children of Asopus is very vague.", "Messapus Messapus, a character in Virgil's \"Aeneid\", appears in Books VII and IX of the Latin epic poem. He was a famous tamer of horses and king of Etruria, known for being one \"whom no one can fell by fire or steel\" (Mandelbaum, VII.911-912); perhaps because he is a son of Neptune. Although accustomed to peace, in Book VII Messapus joins forces with Turnus in his battle against Aeneas and the Trojans. In Book IX, which recounts the nighttime raid by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulian camp, the battle helmet of Messapus is taken by Euryalus. Light reflected off the stolen helmet, betraying Euryalus to his enemies and leading not only to his own death, but also that of Nisus.", "Titania Titania is a character in [[William Shakespeare]]'s play \"[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]\". In the play, she is the [[Fairy Queen|queen of the fairies]]. Due to Shakespeare's influence, later fiction has often used the name \"Titania\" for fairy queen characters.", "Cymbeline Cymbeline , also known as Cymbeline, King of Britain, is a play by William Shakespeare set in Ancient Britain and based on legends that formed part of the Matter of Britain concerning the early Celtic British King Cunobeline. Although listed as a tragedy in the First Folio, modern critics often classify \"Cymbeline\" as a romance or even a comedy. Like \"Othello\" and \"The Winter's Tale\", it deals with the themes of innocence and jealousy. While the precise date of composition remains unknown, the play was certainly produced as early as 1611.", "Tantalus Tantalus (Ancient Greek: Τάνταλος , \"Tántalos\") was a Greek mythological figure, most famous for his eternal punishment in Tartarus. He was made to stand in a pool of water beneath a fruit tree with low branches, with the fruit ever eluding his grasp, and the water always receding before he could take a drink. He was the father of Pelops, Niobe and Broteas, and was a son of Zeus and the nymph Plouto. Thus, like other heroes in Greek mythology such as Theseus and the Dioskouroi, Tantalus had both a hidden, divine parent and a mortal one.", "Troilus and Cressida Troilus and Cressida ( ) is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1602. It was described by Frederick S. Boas as one of Shakespeare's problem plays. The play ends on a very bleak note with the death of the noble Trojan Hector and destruction of the love between Troilus and Cressida. The work has in recent years \"stimulated exceptionally lively critical debate\". Throughout the play, the tone lurches wildly between bawdy comedy and tragic gloom, and readers and theatre-goers have frequently found it difficult to understand how one is meant to respond to the characters. However, several characteristic elements of the play (the most notable being its constant questioning of intrinsic values such as hierarchy, honour and love) have often been viewed as distinctly \"modern,\" as in the following remarks on the play by author and literary scholar Joyce Carol Oates:", "Phineus (son of Belus) In Greek mythology, Phineus (Greek: Φινεύς , ] ) was a son of Belus by Anchinoe and thus brother to Aegyptus, Danaus and Cepheus. He had been engaged to Cepheus' daughter Andromeda before she wed Perseus, and Phineus plotted against him, leading Perseus to turn him and his co-conspirators into stone by showing them the head of Medusa. The affair appears to have formed part of Euripides' lost \"Andromeda\", but the sole extensive ancient treatment is found Ovid's \"Metamorphoses\".", "Salome (Titian) Salome is an oil painting, probably of Salome with the head of John the Baptist, by the Italian late Renaissance painter Titian. It is usually dated to around 1515 and is now in the Doria Pamphilj Gallery in Rome. Like other paintings of this subject, it has sometimes been considered to represent \"Judith with the Head of Holofernes\", the other biblical incident found in art showing a female and a severed male head . Historically, the main figure has also been called Herodias, the mother of Salome.", "Oresteia The Oresteia (Ancient Greek: Ὀρέστεια ) is a trilogy of Greek tragedies written by Aeschylus concerning the murder of Agamemnon by Clytaemnestra, the murder of Clytaemnestra by Orestes, the trial of Orestes, the end of the curse on the House of Atreus and pacification of the Erinyes. The trilogy—consisting of \"Agamemnon\" (Ἀγαμέμνων ), \"The Libation Bearers\" (Χοηφóρoι ), and \"The Eumenides\" (Εὐμενίδες )—also shows how the Greek gods interacted with the characters and influenced their decisions pertaining to events and disputes. The only extant example of an ancient Greek theatre trilogy, the \"Oresteia\" won first prize at the Dionysia festival in 458 BC. Many consider the \"Oresteia\" to be Aeschylus' finest work. The principal themes of the trilogy include the contrast between revenge and justice, as well as the transition from personal vendetta to organized litigation. \"Orestia\" originally included a satyr play, \"Proteus\" (Πρωτεύς ), following the tragic trilogy, but all except a single line of \"Proteus\" has been lost.", "Megareus of Onchestus In Greek mythology, Megareus of Onchestus was king of Onchestus in Boeotia. He was either son of Poseidon and Oenope, daughter of Epopeus, or of Onchestus (eponym of their kingdom), or of Apollo, or of Aegeus, or of Hippomenes. He came with his army to the assistance of Nisos, husband of his sister Abrota, against Minos. In one version, he died in the battle, and the city of Nisa (Nisos' domain) was renamed Megara in his honor; in another, he married Iphinoe, daughter of Nisos, and succeeded to his father-in-law's power over Megara. His children by Iphinoe were Evippus, Timalcus, and Evaechme; he also had a son Hippomenes by Merope. With the aid of the god Apollo, Alcathous killed the Cithaeronian lion, for which Megareus gave him his daughter Euaechme as wife. He subsequently made Alcathous his successor, because his own sons did not outlive him: Evippus was killed by the lion, and Timalcus was slain by Theseus, having joined the Dioscuri in the campaign against him.", "Baucis and Philemon In Ovid's moralizing fable which stands on the periphery of Greek mythology and Roman mythology, Baucis and Philemon were an old married couple in the region of Tyana, which Ovid places in Phrygia, and the only ones in their town to welcome disguised gods Zeus and Hermes (in Roman mythology, Jupiter and Mercury respectively), thus embodying the pious exercise of hospitality, the ritualized guest-friendship termed \"xenia\", or \"theoxenia\" when a god was involved.\"", "Nausicaa Nausicaa ( ; Greek: Ναυσικάα or Ναυσικᾶ , ] ; also \"Nausicaä, Nausikaa\") is a character in Homer's \"Odyssey\". She is the daughter of King Alcinous (Αλκίνοος, \"Alkínoös\") and Queen Arete of Phaeacia. Her name, in Greek, means \"burner of ships\" (ναῦς: ship; κάω: to burn).", "Theseia The Theseia (Ancient Greek: Θησεῖα, Thēseĩa) was an ancient Greek festival held in Athens in the honor of Thēseús.", "Ithaka (play) Ithaka is a 1996 play by the German writer Botho Strauß. It has the subtitle \"Schauspiel nach den Heimkehr-Gesängen der Odyssee\", meaning \"play after the homecoming songs from the \"Odyssey\"\". It tells the story of how Odysseus, the Greek hero from the Trojan War, returns after 20 years to his court in Ithaca, where he massacres the suitors of his wife Penelope to recreate order.", "Herakles (Euripides) Herakles (Ancient Greek: Ἡρακλῆς μαινόμενος , \"Hēraklēs Mainomenos\", also known as \"Hercules Furens \") is an Athenian tragedy by Euripides that was first performed c. 416 BCE. While Herakles is in the underworld obtaining Cerberus for one of his labours, his father Amphitryon, wife Megara, and children are sentenced to death in Thebes by Lycus. Herakles arrives in time to save them, though the goddesses Iris and Madness (personified) cause him to kill his wife and children in a frenzy. It is the second of two surviving tragedies by Euripides where the family of Herakles are suppliants (the first being \"Herakles' Children\"). It was first performed at the City Dionysia festival.", "Teseo Teseo (\"Theseus\", HWV 9; ] ) is an opera seria with music by George Frideric Handel, the only Handel opera that is in five acts. The Italian-language libretto was by Nicola Francesco Haym, after Philippe Quinault's \"Thésée\". It was Handel's third London opera, intended to follow the success of \"Rinaldo\" after the unpopular \"Il pastor fido\".", "Sonnet 144 Sonnet 144 (along with Sonnet 138) was published in the \"Passionate Pilgrim\" (1599). Shortly before this, Francis Meres referred to Shakespeare's Sonnets in his handbook of Elizabethan poetry, Palladis Tamia, or Wit's Treasurie, published in 1598, which was frequently talked about in the literary centers of London taverns. Shakespeare's sonnets are mostly addressed to a young man, but the chief subject of Sonnet 127 through Sonnet 152 is the \"dark lady\". Several sonnets portray a conflicted relationship between the speaker, the \"dark lady\" and the young man. Sonnet 144 is one of the most prominent sonnets to address this conflict.", "Attic War In Greek mythology, the Attic War is the conflict between the Amazons and the Athenians, led by Theseus or Heracles. The Amazons fought to free Antiope or her sister Hippolyta from captivity. Per some Greek myths, Heracles abducted Hippolyta during his ninth labor and later gave her to Theseus. Per other myths, Hippolyta was killed during the ninth labor and Theseus, who had joined Hercules during his expedition, abducted Hippolyta's sister Antiope. In all the myths, the Amazons then went to war against the Athenians and were defeated.", "Peleus In Greek mythology, Peleus ( ; Greek: Πηλεύς , \"Pēleus\") was a hero whose myth was already known to the hearers of Homer in the late 8th century BC. Peleus was the son of Aeacus, king of the island of Aegina, and Endeïs, the oread of Mount Pelion in Thessaly. He married the sea-nymph Thetis with whom he fathered Achilles.", "Charnabon Charnabon (Ancient Greek \"Χαρναβών\", gen. \"Χαρναβώντος\") was a king of the Getae, mentioned in Sophocles' tragedy \"Triptolemos\" as ruling the Getae, without a precise geographical location of his kingdom. Although the play survived only in brief fragments, the myth of Charnabon and Triptolemus is preserved in the \"Poetical Astronomy\" by Hyginus (who refers to the king as \"Carnabon\"), and runs as follows." ]

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[ "Five Minutes to a Fortune Five Minutes to a Fortune is a British game show, which aired on Channel 4 from 6 April 2013 to 5 May 2013 and was hosted by Davina McCall. It offered pairs of contestants the chance to win a top prize of £50,000 (or £100,000 for celebrity specials). The show aired weekdays at 5:00pm but was unable to generate high ratings to compete with ITV's \"The Chase\" and BBC's \"Pointless\", both of which air roughly in the same timeslot.", "Davina McCall Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English television presenter and model. She was the presenter of \"Big Brother\" during its run on Channel 4 between 2000 and 2010. She has also hosted Channel 4's \"The Million Pound Drop\", \"Five Minutes to a Fortune\" and \"The Jump\" as well as ITV's \"Long Lost Family\" and \"This Time Next Year\"." ]

[ "Anna Jones Anna Jones is an English journalist and news presenter who currently presents for Sky News from 8pm to midnight each Friday-Sunday.", "It's Not What You Know (radio series) It's Not What You Know is a BBC Radio 4 comedy panel show created and originally hosted by Miles Jupp, beginning on 23 February 2012. Series four is hosted by Joe Lycett. The show features three celebrity contestants who have answer questions based on the knowledge of people that they know personally, such as friends or relatives. Points are scored for how accurately the contestant predicts their counterpart.", "Cathy Newman Cathy Newman (born 14 July 1974) is a British journalist and presenter of \"Channel 4 News\".", "Nick Luck Nicholas 'Nick' Luck (born 29 June 1978) is an English racing broadcaster who previously presented \"Channel 4 Racing\" on Channel 4.", "Celebrity Big Brother 8 (UK) Celebrity Big Brother 2011, also known as Celebrity Big Brother 8, was the eighth series of the British reality television series \"Celebrity Big Brother\". It was the first series of \"Celebrity Big Brother\" to air on Channel 5, and the first celebrity series not to air in January since \"Celebrity Big Brother 2\", which was broadcast in November 2002. The series launched on 18 August 2011, and ended after 22 days on 8 September 2011, making it the shortest Channel 5 series. It was followed by the twelfth regular series, which launched the following night after the final. Davina McCall did not return to host the main show, and was replaced by former winner Brian Dowling. Emma Willis presented the spin-off show \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\", alongside Jamie East and Alice Levine. Marcus Bentley returned as commentator for the live shows and highlights whilst also providing voice over for viewer competitions.", "James Nesbitt's Ireland James Nesbitt's Ireland was a British travel documentary show that aired on ITV from 18 March to 6 May 2013 and was presented by James Nesbitt.", "Iain Lee Iain Lee (born Iain Lee Rougvie; 9 June 1973) is an English comedian and broadcaster. His career began when he performed stand-up comedy gigs across venues in London. He subsequently became co-presenter of the comedy current affairs show \"The 11 O'Clock Show\" on Channel 4 and \"\". After three years at London talk radio station LBC 97.3, Lee resigned and, after two years presenting a Sunday night slot, hosted \"Iain Lee's 2 Hour Long Late Night Radio Show\" on Absolute Radio until leaving the company on 17 October 2011.", "Jayne Middlemiss Jayne Middlemiss (born 3 February 1971) is an English television and radio presenter. She began presenting music television shows such as \"The O-Zone\" and \"Top of the Pops\" in the mid-1990s, before presenting a variety of other television and radio shows, including on BBC Radio 6 Music. She has won both \"Celebrity MasterChef\" and former reality show \"Celebrity Love Island\".", "Debbie Lindley Debbie Lindley (born 4 June 1973 in Mirfield, West Yorkshire) is an English television presenter and journalist.", "John Humphrys Desmond John Humphrys (born 17 August 1943) is a Welsh broadcaster. From 1981 to 1987 he was the main presenter for the \"Nine O'Clock News\", the flagship BBC news television programme, and since 1987 he has been a presenter on the BBC Radio 4 programme, \"Today\". He presents the programme with Justin Webb, Nick Robinson, Mishal Husain and Sarah Montague. Since 2003 he has been the host of the BBC Two television quiz show \"Mastermind\".", "Rob McCaffrey Robert McCaffrey (born Robert Thomas Talfryn Cooper, 1957) is a British television presenter. He is most notable for presenting shows such as \"Goals On Sunday\" and \"You're On Sky Sports\". McCaffrey also replaced Jeff Stelling as presenter of \"Soccer Special\" (the midweek version of \"Soccer Saturday\") and enjoyed a spell presenting live Conference National matches.", "Off the Beaten Track (TV series) Off the Beaten Track was a British travel documentary show that aired on ITV from 1 November to 13 December 2013 and was presented by Christine Bleakley.", "Clarkson (TV series) Clarkson was a British talk show, presented by Jeremy Clarkson, airing from 8 November 1998 until 21 December 2000 on BBC Two. The show featured guest interviews with musicians, politicians and television personalities.", "Michael Miles Michael John Miles (1 June 1919 – 17 February 1971) was a TV presenter in Britain, best known for the game show \"Take Your Pick\" from 1955 to 1968, produced by Associated Rediffusion and later by Rediffusion London.", "Jonathan Gould (presenter) Jonathan Gould (born 1961 in Kenya) is a British television presenter who was the host of the UK baseball show MLB on Five from 1997 until it was cancelled in 2008. In 2010, he presented a similar show on radio for BBC Radio 5 Live.", "Ejector Seat Ejector Seat is a British game show, presented by former Children's BBC presenter Andi Peters, that aired on ITV from 28 April to 22 June 2014 as a temporary spring replacement for \"Tipping Point\".", "Chris Jarvis (presenter) Martin Christopher Jarvis (born 20 April 1970 in Romford, London) is a television actor and presenter who has appeared on BBC television since 1992, apart from 2000–2002 when he was working with ITV and Channel 4.", "Dale Winton Dale Jonathan Winton (born 22 May 1955) is an English radio DJ and television presenter, best known for presenting the shows including \"Dale's Supermarket Sweep\" from 1993 until 2000 and again in 2007, the National Lottery game show \"\" since 2002 and the 2008 series of \"Hole in the Wall\".", "Martin Webb Martin Webb (Born 1964) is a British born entrepreneur, television presenter and currently a property developer He presented the series \"Risking It All\" aired on Channel 4 in 2005.", "Valerie Singleton Valerie Singleton OBE (born 9 April 1937) is an English television and radio presenter best known as a presenter of the popular children's series \"Blue Peter\" but who went on to present the BBC Radio 4 \"PM\" programme for ten years as well as a series of radio and television programmes on financial and business issues." ]

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[ "Knowing\n\nArgumento\n\nEn 1959, durante la inauguración de un nuevo colegio, una profesora pide a sus alumnos que imaginen cómo sería el futuro dentro de 50 años, la idea de una niña llamada Lucinda Embry fue escogida como la ganadora. La idea de Lucinda es crear una capsula del tiempo en la que los estudiantes crearan dibujos de como sería el futuro. Sin embargo, Lucinda solo escribe una serie de números sin sentido aparente. La profesora pide a los alumnos sus dibujos ya terminados pero Lucinda se encuentra como en un trance solo escribiendo numeros y hace caso omiso al llamado de su profesora. Ésta le arrebata su trabajo y lo coloca en el recipiente. El día que se guarda la cápsula, la profesora no puede encontrar a Lucinda por ningún lado y va a buscarla al interior de la escuela. Finalmente logra encontrala dentro de un armario de artículos de limpieza rasguñando la puerta, escribiendo una serie de números que son iguales a los de la carta.\nCincuenta años después, en la actualidad, la cápsula del tiempo es desenterrada y a cada niño del colegio se le reparte una nota. Caleb, un niño que tiene problemas auditivos y es el hijo de John Koestler (Nicolas Cage), un profesor de astrofísica viudo, recibe la misteriosa nota de Lucinda. John, aunque al principio se muestra escéptico, lee la hoja de Lucinda y al investigarla descubre enseguida que esos números tienen un sentido secuencial y esconden predicciones escalofriantes, algunas de las cuales ya han sucedido, mientras que otras aún no. Mientras esto ocurre, Caleb recibe extraños susurros mentales y un extraño individuo le hace guardia fuera de la casa.\nMás tarde, John descubre varios accidentes catastróficos que sucedieron y cuyo número de víctimas coincide con la parte final de la secuencia; asimismo, se encuentra con otros eventos que aún no han ocurrido. Luego descubre que otra serie de números corresponden a las coordenadas geográficas de los lugares; de este modo, presencia un accidente aéreo con un número de muertos igual a la secuencia. Posteriormente, atestigua un desastre en el metro con otro número de fallecidos coincidente con la serie numérica. El misterio es que la última secuencia termina con una secuencia no descifrable, que termina en las letras \"EE\".\nLuego, John y Caleb se ponen en contacto con la única hija de Lucinda, Diana Wayland (Rose Byrne), quien tiene una hija de la misma edad que Caleb, llamada Abby. Diana al principio rechaza la teoría de John; pero el accidente del metro la hace recapacitar. Abby también recibe extraños susurros, como Caleb.\nPoco a poco, John empezará a darse cuenta de que el descubrimiento no es casual y que él, Diana y su familia juegan un papel fundamental en los importantes acontecimientos que están a punto de producirse. La última secuencia no descifrable es un desastre solar de magnitudes cataclísmicas. John verifica mediante mediciones del observatorio que la secuencia es auténtica y que nada vivo quedará sobre la Tierra en cuestión de horas, cuando la temperatura sea superior a los 400 grados Celsius.\nDespués, descubren que la parte final de la secuencia se corresponde con la ubicación de la casa prefabricada donde murió Lucinda. Al final John descubre que los dígitos que aparecían en la puerta son el lugar de la casa de Lucinda y allí es donde tienen que ir. En el camino, además de la trágica muerte de Diana en un accidente de tráfico, Caleb y Abby son aparentemente secuestrados en dos ocasiones por unos sujetos pálidos y rubios. En un primer momento se cree que son miembros de algún rito ocultista; sin embargo, en la segunda ocasión, Caleb le revela a John que él, Abby y otros niños son los elegidos, junto con otros pocos, para salvarse de la destrucción de la Tierra. En medio del bosque, John presencia totalmente atónito el aterrizaje de una enorme nave interestelar frente a ellos. Los dos hombres le dicen a Caleb que sólo los niños pueden ir, y en medio de una gran tristeza John debe dejar ir a su hijo, ya que él nunca escuchó el susurro, al igual que la madre de Abby. De esta forma, los niños son tomados de las manos por los sujetos extraños, que se despojan de sus cuerpos físicos y resultan ser extraterrestres o seres de energía, y se llevan a los niños en su nave. Cuando esta se eleva en el cielo, las piedras negras, que anteriormente habían encontrado en la casa prefabricada de Lucinda y que está pisando John, levitan por alguna fuerza magnética. Cuando abandonan la Tierra, se observa que otras naves parten desde distintos puntos del planeta.\nCuando John llega a la ciudad, se da cuenta de que la gente está totalmente desesperada, los militares tratan de controlar la situación mediante una evacuación de la zona mientras esta comete saqueos y alboroto. John regresa a la casa de sus padres, donde también se encuentra a su hermana. En el retorno, el incipiente calentamiento y desajuste electromagnético causado por la radiación solar comienza a generar una especie de aurora boreal en el cielo. Ya en casa se abraza a su padre mientras este le dice «este no es el fin». Después de esto toda la familia se abraza, mientras que una gigantesca llamarada solar destruye la capa de ozono y avanza una onda expansiva que va quemando todo lo que encuentra a su paso, destruyendo por completo toda edificación construida por el hombre y acabando con la vida en la Tierra.\nAl haberse destruido la Tierra, las naves espaciales que se llevaron a los niños elegidos llegan a un nuevo planeta parecido a la Tierra, en el cual liberan a los niños y estos corren hacia un árbol (rememorando el árbol de la vida).​\n\nProducción\n\nKnowing fue originalmente escrito por el novelista Ryne Douglas Pearson, y el proyecto fue emprendido en Columbia Pictures. Rod Lurie y Richard Kelly fueron designados como directores, pero la película finalmente dio un vuelco. El proyecto fue recogido por la compañía productora Escape Artists, y el guion fue reescrito por Stiles White y Juliet Snowden. El director Alex Proyas fue escogido para dirigir la película en febrero de 2005.​ Summit Entertainment tomó la responsabilidad económica y distribuidora de la película. Proyas y Stuart Hazeldine reescribió el borrador para la producción, que comenzó el 25 de marzo de 2008 en Melbourne, Australia.​​ El director esperó emular a El exorcista combinando «realismo con un argumento fantástico».​\nLa acción está localizada principalmente en la ciudad de Lexington, con algunas escenas ubicadas en las ciudades cercanas de Cambridge y Boston. Para representar el área de Boston, los cineastas usaron localizaciones australianas como Geelong Ring Road, el Museo de Melbourne, Mount Macedon y Collins Street.​ Las filmaciones también tomaron lugar en Camberwell High School, que fue convertido en la Escuela Primaria William Dawes, localizada en Lexington de 1959.​​ Las tomas interiores fueron realizadas en el Australian Synchrotron para representar un observatorio.​​ Las filmaciones también tomaron lugar en el Haystack Observatory en Westford, Massachusetts.​ Además de las locaciones prácticas, las filmaciones tomaron lugar en Melbourne Central City Studios en Docklands.​\nProyas usó una cámara digital Red One, siendo la primera vez en usarse cámaras digitales por un director.​ Buscó capturar un descarnada y realista apariencia para la película; su acercamiento involucra escenas continuas de dos minutos en donde el personaje de Cage observa el impacto del avión e intenta rescatar a los pasajeros. La escena fue una ardua tarea, tomando dos días para levantarla y dos días para rodarla. Proyas explicó el objetivo: «Lo hice especialmente para no dejar que el artificio de efectos visuales y de todos los cortes y cosas que podemos hacer, conseguirla en el camino de la emoción de la escena».​\n\nBanda sonora\n\nLa música para la película fue escrita por Marco Beltrami, pero también incluye obras clásicas como la Séptima Sinfonía de Beethoven, que es tocada, sin ningún efecto de sonido acompañado en la escena final del desastre en Boston de la película.​ Beltrami lanzó la banda sonora como un CD con 22 pistas.​\n\nRecepción\n\nKnowing recibió reseñas variadas. Rotten Tomatoes reportó que el 33% de los críticos entregaron a la película reseñas positivas basada en un muestreo de 160 críticos con una media ponderada de 4.7 sobre 10, aunque la comunidad de Rotten Tomatoes entregó a la película una calificación de 48%.​ En Metacritic, que asigna un calificación normal de 100 por los críticos de la corriente principal, la película recibió una media ponderada de 41 sobre 100 basado en 27 reseñas.​ El consenso observó que Knowing tuvo «ideas algo interesantes y un par de buenas escenas», pero fue obstaculizada «por su argumento absurdo y excesivamente serio».​\nA. O. Scott de The New York Times dijo: «Si tu intención es hacer una película de terror/thriller misterioso, alegórico, e inquietante, probablemente no es una buena señal cuando los espectáculos de muerte masiva y las advertencias de una destrucción planetaria logran carcajadas y risitas... las pesadas y tambaleantes dos horas de Knowing harían que tú pases de largo. Para un fin del mundo, incluso a medida que se preocupan de que no habrá tiempo para que todas sus preguntas sean respondidas».​ En San Francisco Chronicle, Peter Hartlaub llamó la película «una decepción para los fanáticos de Proyas» y «un esfuerzo sorpresivamente desordenado». Él pensó que Nicolas Cage «se limita en lo ridículo aquí, en parte debido a un guion que le entrega muy poco para desenmpeñar, y que lo muestra angustiado o depresivo».​\nEscribiendo para The Washington Post, Michael O'Sullivan piensa que la película fue «aterradora, por lo menos para los primeros o dos tercios o algo así, en una manera moderadamente satisfactoria; sin embargo es predecible... pero el arco narrativo en donde esta película se pinta a sí misma es una depresión mórbida y simultáneamente enfermiza. Bien, antes de que la película se acerque a su espantosa y despistada conclusión, me encontré a mí mismo, sin embargo, sabiendo (...) lo que iba a suceder».​ Betsy Sharky de Los Angeles Times encontró esto ser «temperamental y algunas veces ideológicamente provocativo» y agregó: «Knowing tiene sus momentos lúgubres, y por eso siento una especie de vergüenza ajena (o risas) induciendo líneas de diálogos que han embrujado en las películas de desastres a través de los años... Así que visualmente las imágenes donde se ven un avión en su momento trágico o el tren subterráneo, se vuelven más fascinantes que horribles».​\nRoger Ebert fue más entusiasta con la película, calificándola con cuatro estrellas y diciendo: «Knowing está entre las mejores películas de ciencia ficción que he visto: espantosa, ansiosa, inteligente, y cuando lo necesita ser, bastante asombrosa» en Chicago Sun-Times.​ Continuó: «Con una línea narrativa segura y experta, Proyas une en un solo evento que mantiene tensión en el punto más alto a través de toda la película. Incluso un poco tranquila, los momentos humanos tienen algo enrollando por debajo. Coges la película, y vibras».​ José Arce de La Butaca.net entregó una puntuación de 7 sobre 10, diciendo: «Ciencia ficción en estado más puro, un thriller de corte fantástico arriesgado en su propuesta y sorprendente en su desenlace, que mantiene el interés a pesar de sus altibajos y del inevitable hastío que provoca un Nicolas Cage cansino y repetitivo».​" ]

[ "Objective-C\n\nHistoria\n\nA principios de los 80, el software se desarrollaba usando programación estructurada. La programación estructurada se estableció para ayudar a dividir los programas en pequeñas partes, haciendo más fácil el desarrollo cuando la aplicación se volvía muy grande. Sin embargo, como los problemas seguían creciendo al pasar el tiempo, la programación estructurada se volvió compleja dado el desorden de algunos programadores para invocar instrucciones repetitivamente, llevando a código spaghetti y dificultando la reutilización de código.\nMuchos vieron que la programación orientada a objetos sería la solución al problema. De hecho, Smalltalk ya tenía solucionados muchos de estos problemas: algunos de los sistemas más complejos en el mundo funcionaban gracias a Smalltalk. Pero Smalltalk usaba una máquina virtual, lo cual requería mucha memoria para esa época, y era demasiado lento.\nObjective-C fue creado principalmente por Brad Cox y Tom Love a inicios de los 80 en su compañía Stepstone. Ambos fueron iniciados en Smalltalk mientras estaban en el Programming Technology Center de ITT en 1981. Cox se vio interesado en los problemas de reutilización en el desarrollo de software. Se dio cuenta de que un lenguaje como Smalltalk sería imprescindible en la construcción de entornos de desarrollo potentes para los desarrolladores en ITI Corporation. Cox empezó a modificar el compilador de C para agregar algunas de las capacidades de Smalltalk. Pronto tuvo una extensión para añadir la programación orientada a objetos a C la cual llamó «OOPC» (Object-Oriented Programming in C). Love mientras tanto, fue contratado por Shlumberger Research en 1982 y tuvo la oportunidad de adquirir la primera copia de Smalltalk-80, lo que influyó en su estilo como programador.\nPara demostrar que se hizo un progreso real, Cox mostró que para hacer componentes de software verdaderamente intercambiables sólo se necesitaban unos pequeños cambios en las herramientas existentes. Específicamente, estas necesitaban soportar objetos de manera flexible, venir con un conjunto de bibliotecas que fueran utilizables, y permitir que el código (y cualquier recurso necesitado por el código) pudiera ser empaquetado en un formato multiplataforma.\nCox y Love luego fundaron una nueva empresa, Productivity Products International (PPI), para comercializar su producto, el cual era un compilador de Objective-C con un conjunto de bibliotecas potentes.\nEn 1986, Cox publicó la principal descripción de Objective-C en su forma original en el libro Object-Oriented Programming, An Evolutionary Approach. Aunque él fue cuidadoso en resaltar que hay muchos problemas de reutilización que no dependen del lenguaje, Objective-C frecuentemente fue comparado detalladamente con otros lenguajes.\n\nPopularización mediante NeXT\n\nEn 1998, NeXT licenció el Objective-C de StepStone (el nuevo nombre de PPI, el dueño de la marca Objective-C) y extendió el compilador GCC para dar soporte a Objective-C, al mismo tiempo que desarrolló las librerías AppKit y Foundation Kit sobre las que se basaron la interfaz de usuario y la interfaz de creación de NeXTstep. Mientras que las estaciones de trabajo de NeXT no consiguieron hacer un gran impacto en el mercado, las herramientas fueron ampliamente alabadas en la industria. Esto llevó a NeXT a abandonar la producción de hardware y enfocarse en las herramientas de software, vendiendo NeXTstep (y OpenStep) como una plataforma para la programación a medida.\nEl trabajo para extender GCC fue liderado por Steve Naroff, que se unió a NeXT proveniente de StepStone. Los cambios del compilador fueron puestos a disposición bajo términos de licencia GPL, pero no las librerías de tiempo de ejecución, dejando la contribución de código abierto inutilizable para el público general. Esto llevó a que otras compañías desarrollaran esas librerías bajo licencias de código abierto. Más tarde, Steve Naroff fue también un colaborador principal al trabajo de Apple de construir la interfaz de Objective-C Clang.\nEl proyecto GNU comenzó a trabajar en su implementación de Cocoa como software libre, llamado GNUstep y basado en el estándar de OpenStep.​ Dennis Glatting escribió el primer sistema en tiempo de ejecución de GNU Objective-C en 1992. El sistema GNU Objective-C, que ha sido usado desde 1993, es uno de los desarrollados por Kresten Krab Thorup cuando era un estudiante universitario en Dinamarca. Thorup también trabajó en NeXT desde 1993 hasta 1997.\n\nDesarrollo de Apple y Swift\n\nTras adquirir NeXT en 1996, Apple empleó OpenStep en su nuevo sistema operativo, Mac OS X. Este incluía Objective-C y la herramienta de desarrollo basada en Objective-C de NeXT, Project Builder (que luego se ha expandido y ahora se conoce por Xcode), así como la herramienta de diseño de interfaz, Interface Builder. La mayoría de la actual Cocoa API de Apple está basada en objetos de interfaz de OneStep, y es el entorno de desarrollo de Objective-C más usado para desarrollo activo.\nEn la WWDC de 2014, Apple anunció planes para reemplazar a Objective-C en el desarrollo de Cocoa por el nuevo lenguaje Swift, que es llamado \"Objective-C sin la C\".\n\nSintaxis\n\nObjective-C consiste en una capa muy fina situada por encima de C, y además es un estricto superconjunto de C. Esto es, es posible compilar cualquier programa escrito en C con un compilador de Objective-C, y también puede incluir libremente código en C dentro de una clase de Objective-C.\nEsto es, para escribir el programa clásico \"Hola Mundo\" para correr en consola, se puede utilizar el siguiente código:\n#import <stdio.h>int main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) {\n printf( \"Hola Mundo\\n\" );\n return 0;}\nEl código anterior se diferencia de un código en C común por la primera instrucción #import, que difiere del #include del C clásico, pero la función printf(\"\") es puramente C. La función propia de Objective-C para imprimir una cadena de caracteres en consola es NSLog(@\"\"); utilizándola, el código anterior quedaría de la siguiente manera:\nint main( int argc, const char *argv[] ) \n{\n NSLog( @\"Hola Mundo\\n\" );\n return 0;}\nLa sintaxis de objetos de Objective-C deriva de Smalltalk. Toda la sintaxis para las operaciones no orientadas a objetos (incluyendo variables primitivas, pre-procesamiento, expresiones, declaración de funciones y llamadas a funciones) son idénticas a las de C, mientras que la sintaxis para las características orientadas a objetos es una implementación similar a la mensajería de Smalltalk.\n\nMensajes\n\nEl modelo de programación orientada a objetos de Objective-C se basa en enviar mensajes a instancias de objetos. Esto es diferente al modelo de programación al estilo de Simula, utilizado por C++ y esta distinción es semánticamente importante. En Objective-C uno no llama a un método; uno envía un mensaje, y la diferencia entre ambos conceptos radica en cómo el código referido por el nombre del mensaje o método es ejecutado. En un lenguaje al estilo Simula, el nombre del método es en la mayoría de los casos atado a una sección de código en la clase objetivo por el compilador, pero en Smalltalk y Objective-C, el mensaje sigue siendo simplemente un nombre, y es resuelto en tiempo de ejecución: el objeto receptor tiene la tarea de interpretar por sí mismo el mensaje. Una consecuencia de esto es que el mensaje del sistema que pasa no tiene chequeo de tipo: el objeto al cual es dirigido el mensaje (conocido como receptor) no está inherentemente garantizado a responder a un mensaje, y si no lo hace, simplemente lo ignora y retorna un puntero nulo.\nEnviar el mensaje method al objeto apuntado por el puntero obj requeriría el siguiente código en C++:\nobj->method(parameter);\nmientras que en Objective-C se escribiría como sigue:\n[obj method:parameter];\nAmbos estilos de programación poseen sus fortalezas y debilidades. La POO al estilo Simula permite herencia múltiple y rápida ejecución utilizando vinculación en tiempo de compilación siempre que sea posible, pero no soporta vinculación dinámica por defecto. Esto fuerza a que todos los métodos posean su correspondiente implementación, al menos que sean virtuales (aun así, se requiere una implementación del método para efectuar la llamada). La POO al estilo Smalltalk permite que los mensajes no posean implementación - por ejemplo, toda una colección de objetos pueden enviar un mensaje sin temor a producir errores en tiempo de ejecución. El envío de mensajes tampoco requiere que un objeto sea definido en tiempo de compilación. (Ver más abajo la sección tipado dinámico) para más ventajas de la ligadura dinámica.\nSin embargo, se debe notar que debido a la sobrecarga de la interpretación de los mensajes, un mensaje en Objective-C toma, en el mejor de los casos, tres veces más tiempo que una llamada a un método virtual en C++.​\n\nInterfaces e implementaciones\n\nObjective-C requiere que la interfaz e implementación de una clase estén en bloques de código separados. Por convención, la interfaz es puesta en un archivo cabecera y la implementación en un archivo de código; los archivos cabecera, que normalmente poseen el sufijo .h, son similares a los archivos cabeceras de C; los archivos de implementación (método), que normalmente poseen el sufijo .m, pueden ser muy similares a los archivos de código de C.\n\nInterfaz\n\nLa interfaz de la clase es usualmente definida en el archivo cabecera. Una convención común consiste en nombrar al archivo cabecera con el mismo nombre de la clase. La interfaz para la clase Clase debería, así, ser encontrada en el archivo Clase.h.\nLa declaración de la interfaz de la forma:\n@interface classname : superclassname \n{\n // instance variables}+classMethod1;+(return_type)classMethod2;+(return_type)classMethod3:(param1_type)parameter_varName;-(return_type)instanceMethod1:(param1_type)param1_varName :(param2_type)param2_varName;-(return_type)instanceMethod2WithParameter:(param1_type)param1_varName andOtherParameter:(param2_type)param2_varName;@end\nLos signos más denotan métodos de clase, los signos menos denotan métodos de instancia. Los métodos de clase no tienen acceso a las variables de la instancia.\nSi usted viene de C++, el código anterior es equivalente a algo como esto:\nclass classname : superclassname \n{\n public:\n // instance variables\n \n // Class (static) functions\n static void* classMethod1();\n static return_type classMethod2();\n static return_type classMethod3(param1_type parameter_varName);\n \n // Instance (member) functions\n return_type instanceMethod1(param1_type param1_varName, param2_type param2_varName);\n return_type instanceMethod2WithParameter(param1_type param1_varName, param2_type param2_varName = default);};\nNote que instanceMethod2WithParameter demuestra la capacidad de nombrado de parámetro de Objective-C para la cual no existe equivalente directo en C/C++.\nLos tipos de retorno pueden ser cualquier tipo estándar de C, un puntero a un objeto genérico de Objective-C, o un puntero a un tipo específico así como NSArray *, NSImage *, o NSString *. El tipo de retorno por defecto es el tipo genérico id de Objective-C.\nLos argumentos de los métodos comienzan con dos puntos seguidos por el tipo de argumento esperado en los paréntesis seguido por el nombre del argumento. En algunos casos (por ej. cuando se escriben APIs de sistema) es útil agregar un texto descriptivo antes de cada parámetro.\n-(void) setRangeStart:(int)start End:(int)end;-(void) importDocumentWithName:(NSString *)name withSpecifiedPreferences:(Preferences *)prefs beforePage:(int)insertPage;\n\nImplementación\n\nLa interfaz únicamente declara la interfaz de la clase y no los métodos en sí; el código real es escrito en la implementación. Los archivos de implementación (métodos) normalmente poseen la extensión .m.\n@implementation classname+classMethod {\n // implementation}-instanceMethod {\n // implementation}@end\nLos métodos son escritos con sus declaraciones de interfaz. Comparando Objective-C y C:\n-(int)method:(int)i \n{\n return [self square_root: i];}\nint function(int i) \n{\n return square_root(i);}\nLa sintaxis admite pseudo-nombrado de argumentos.\n-(int)changeColorToRed:(float)red green:(float)green blue:(float)blue[myColor changeColorToRed:5.0 green:2.0 blue:6.0];\nLa representación interna de éste método varía entre diferentes implementaciones de Objective-C. Si myColor es de la clase Color, internamente, la instancia del método -changeColorToRed:green:blue: podría ser etiquetada como _i_Color_changeColorToRed_green_blue. La i hace referencia a una instancia de método, acompañado por los nombres de la clase y el método, y los dos puntos son reemplazados por guiones bajos. Como el orden de los parámetros es parte del nombre del método, éste no puede ser cambiado para adaptarse al estilo de codificación.\nDe todos modos, los nombres internos de las funciones son raramente utilizadas de manera directa, y generalmente los mensajes son convertidos a llamadas de funciones definidas en la librería en tiempo de ejecución de Objective-C – el método que será llamado no es necesariamente conocido en tiempo de vinculación: la clase del receptor (el objeto que envió el mensaje) no necesita conocerlo hasta el tiempo de ejecución.\n\nInstanciación\n\nUna vez que una clase es escrita en Objective-C, puede ser instanciada. Esto se lleva a cabo primeramente alojando la memoria para el nuevo objeto y luego inicializándolo. Un objeto no es completamente funcional hasta que ambos pasos sean completados. Esos pasos típicamente se logran con una simple línea de código:\nMyObject * o = [[MyObject alloc] init];\nLa llamada a alloc aloja la memoria suficiente para mantener todas las variables de instancia para un objeto, y la llamada a init puede ser anulada para establecer las variables de instancia con valores específicos al momento de su creación. El método init es escrito a menudo de la siguiente manera:\n-(id) init \n{\n self = [super init];\n if (self) \n {\n ivar1 = '''value1''';\n ivar2 = value2;\n .\n .\n .\n }\n return self;}\n\nProtocolos\n\nObjective-C fue extendido en NeXT para introducir el concepto de herencia múltiple de la especificación, pero no la implementación, a través de la introducción de protocolos. Este es un modelo viable, ya sea como una clase base abstracta multi-heredada en C++, o como una \"interfaz\" (como en Java o C#). Objective-C hace uso de protocolos ad-hoc, llamados protocolos informales, y el compilador debe cumplir los llamados protocolos formales.\n\nTipado dinámico\n\nObjective-C, al igual que Smalltalk, puede usar tipado dinámico: un objeto puede recibir un mensaje que no está especificado en su interfaz. Esto se permite para incrementar la flexibilidad, ya que permite a un objeto \"capturar\" un mensaje y enviarlo a otro objeto diferente que pueda responder a ese mensaje apropiadamente, o del mismo modo reenviar el mensaje a otro objeto. Este comportamiento es conocido como reenvío de mensajes o delegación (ver más abajo). Alternativamente, un manejo de error puede ser usado en caso de que el mensaje no pueda ser reenviado. Si un objeto no reenvía un mensaje, lo responde o maneja un error entonces el sistema generará una excepción en tiempo de ejecución. Si los mensajes son enviados a nil (el puntero de objetos nulo), serán ignorados silenciosamente o elevarán una excepción genérica, dependiendo de las opciones del compilador.\nLa información tipada estáticamente puede ser añadida opcionalmente a variables. Esta información es luego comprobada a la hora de compilar. En las siguientes cuatro declaraciones se proveen tipos de información crecientemente específicos. Estas declaraciones son equivalentes en el tiempo de ejecución, pero la información adicional permite al compilador el avisar al programador si el argumento pasado no encaja con el tipo especificado.\n- (void)setMyValue:(id)foo;\nEn la declaración anterior, foo puede ser de cualquier clase.\n- (void)setMyValue:(id<NSCopying>)foo;\nEn la declaración anterior, foo puede ser una instancia de cualquier clase que satisfaga al protocolo NSCopying.\n- (void)setMyValue:(NSNumber *)foo;\nEn la declaración anterior, foo debe ser una instancia de la clase NSNumber.\n- (void)setMyValue:(NSNumber<NSCopying> *)foo;\nEn la declaración anterior, foo debe ser una instancia de la clase NSNumber, y debe satisfacer al protocolo NSCopying.\n\nNotas\n\nCuando se compila con gcc, el compilador reporta:\n\n$ gcc -x objective-c -Wno-import Forwarder.m Recipient.m main.m -lobjc\nmain.m: In function `main':\nmain.m:12: warning: `Forwarder' no responde a `hola'\n$\nEl compilador reporta lo comentando antes, que Forwarder no responde a mensajes hola. En esta circunstancia, es seguro ignorar el aviso ya que el reenvío fue implementando. La ejecución del programa produce esta salida:\n\n& ./a.out\nEl receptor dice hola!\n\nObjective-C 2.0\n\nEn la Worldwide Developers Conference de 2006, Apple anunció el lanzamiento de \"Objective-C 2.0\", una revisión del lenguaje Objective-C para incluir \"una recolección de basura moderna, mejoras de sintaxis,​ perfeccionamiento de la ejecución​ y soporte para 64 bits\". Mac OS X v10.5, lanzado en octubre de 2007, incluía un compilador de Objective-C 2.0. GCC 4.6 soporta muchas aplicaciones nuevas de Objective-C, como las propiedades declaradas y sintetizadas, sintaxis de puntos, enumeración rápida, métodos de protocolo opcionales, atributos de método/protocolo/clase, extensiones de clase y una nueva API de GNUnn Objective-C.​\n\nRecolección de basura\n\nObjective 2.0 contaba con un recolector de basura conservativo opcional. Cuando se ejecutaba en modo de retrocompatibilidad, cambiaba las operaciones de conteo de referencias como \"retener\" y \"liberar\" en NOPs (No operaciones, instrucción de ensamblador que indica que el procesador no tiene que hacer nada). Todos los objetos eran sometidos al recolector de basura cuando la recolección de basura estaba habilitada. Los punteros de C podían ser cualificados con \"__strong\" para provocar la intercepción de escritura del compilador y así participar en la recolección de basura.​ Un subsistema débil de puesta a cero también era provisto de tal manera que los punteros marcados con \"__weak\" eran puestos a cero cuando el objeto (o más fácilmente, la memoria del recolector de basura) es recolectado. El recolector de basura no existía en la implementación de Objective-C 2.0 de iOS.​ La recolección de basura en Objective-C se ejecuta en un hilo de baja prioridad y puede detener eventos del usuario, con la intención de mantener la experiencia del usuario receptiva.​ \nLa recolección de basura nunca estuvo disponible en iOS debido a problemas de rendimiento. Fue despreciado en la versión 10.8 de OS X en favor del Conteo de Referencias Automático (en inglés: Automatic Reference Counting, ARC) y está programado que se elimine en una futura versión de OS X.​ Objective-C en iOS 7 ejecutado en ARM64 usa 19 bits de una palabra de 64 bits para almacenar el conteo de referencias, como una forma de puntero etiquetado.​​\n\nPropiedades\n\nObjective 2.0 introduce una nueva sintaxis para declarar variables de instancia como propiedades, con atributos opcionales para configurar la generación de métodos de acceso. Las propiedades son, en cierto sentido, variables de instancia públicas; esto es, declarar una variable de instancia como una propiedad provee a clases externas de acceso (posiblemente limitado, como por ejemplo sólo lectura) a esa propiedad. Una propiedad puede ser declarada como \"readonly\" (solo lectura) y puede ser provista de semántica de almacenamiento como \"assign\" (asignar), \"copy\" (copiar) o \"retain\" (retener). Por defecto, las propiedades son consideradas atómicas, que resulta en un seguro para prevenir a múltiples hilos que accedan a ella al mismo tiempo. Una propiedad puede ser declarada como \"nonatomic\" (no atómica), que elimina este seguro.\n@interface Persona : NSObject {\n @public\n NSString *nombre;\n @private\n int edad;}@property(copy) NSString *nombre;@property(readonly) int edad;-(id)iniciarConEdad:(int)edad;@end\nLas propiedades son implementadas mediante la palabra clave @synthesize, que genera los métodos getter (y setter, si no son de sólo lectura) de acuerdo a la declaración de la propiedad. Alternativamente, los métodos getter y setter deben ser implementados explícitamente, o la palabra clave @dynamic puede ser usada para indicar que los métodos de acceso deben ser provistos por otros medios. Cuando se compila usando Clang 3.1 o superior, todas las propiedades que no estén explícitamente declaradas con @dynamic, no estén marcadas readonly o no tengan los métodos completos implementados por el usuario getter y setter, serán automáticamente declaradas @synthesize de manera implícita.\n@implementation Persona@synthesize nombre;-(id)iniciarConEdad:(int)edadInicial {\n self = [super inicial];\n if (self) {\n edad = edadInicial; // NOTA: asignación directo de la variable de instancia, no propiedad setter\n }\n return self;}-(int)edad {\n return edad;}@end\nLas propiedades pueden ser accedidas usando la sintaxis tradicional de paso de mensajes, notació por puntos o, en Codificación Key-Value, mediante los métodos valueForKey:/setValue:forKey.\nPersona *unaPersona = [[Persona alloc] iniciarConEdad: 53];unaPersona.nombre = @\"Steve\"; // NOTA: la notación por puntos, usa el setter sintetizado,\n // equivalente a [unaPersona setNombre: @\"Steve\"];NSLog(@\"Acceso por mensaje (%@), notación por puntos(%@),nombre de propiedad(%@) y acceso directo a la variabled e instancia (%@)\",\n [unaPersona nombre], unaPersona.nombre, [unaPersona valueForKey:@\"nombre\"], unaPersona->nombre);\nPara que el uso de notación por puntos invoque a las propiedades de acceso en un método de instancia, la palabra clave \"self\" debe ser usada:\n-(void) presentarmeConPropiedades:(BOOL)useGetter {\n NSLog(@\"Hola, mi nombre es %@.\", (useGetter ? self.nombre : nombre));// NOTA: getter vs. acceso ivar}\nUna clase o las propiedades de protocolo pueden ser introspeccionadas dinámicamente.\nint i;int contadorPropiedades = 0;objc_propiedad_t *listaPropiedades = clase_copiarListaPropiedades([unaPersona class], &contadorPropiedades);for (i = 0; i < contadorPropiedades; i++) {\n objc_propiedad_t *estaPropiedad = listaPropiedades + i;\n const char* nombrePropiedad = propiedad_getNombre(*estaPropiedad);\n NSLog(@\"Persona tiene una propiedad: '%s'\", nombrePropiedad);}\n\nEnumeración rápida\n\nEn lugar de usar un objeto NSEnumerator o indicar la iteración a lo largo de una colección, Objective-C 2.0 ofrece la sintaxis de enumeración rápida. En Objective-C 2.0, los siguientes bucles son funcionalmente equivalentes, pero tienen diferentes características de rendimiento.\n// Usando NSEnumeratorNSEnumerator *enumerador = [laGente objectEnumerator];Persona *p;while ((p = [enumerador nextObject]) != nil) {\n NSLog(@\"%@ tiene %i años.\", [p nombre], [p edad]);}\n// Usando índicesfor (int i = 0; i < [laGente count]; i++) {\n Persona *p = [laGente objectAtIndex:i];\n NSLog(@\"%@ tiene %i años.\", [p nombre], [p edad]);}\n// Using enumeración rápidafor (Persona *p in laGente) {\n NSLog(@\"%@ tiene %i años.\", [p nombre], [p edad]);}\nLa enumeración rápida genera código más eficiente que la enumeración estándar porque las llamadas a los métodos para enumerar objetos son reemplazadas por aritmética de punteros usando el protocolo NSFastEnumeration.\n\nExtensión de clases\n\nUna extensión de clase tiene el mismo sintaxis que una declaración de categoría sin nombre de categoría y los métodos y propiedades declarados en ella son añadidos directamente a la clase main. Es sobre todo usado como una alternativa a una categoría el añadir métodos a una clase sin declararlos en las cabeceras públicas, con la ventaja de que para las extensiones de clase el compilador comprueba que todos los métodos declarados privadamente son implementados realmente.​\n\nBlocks\n\nBlocks es una extensión no estándar para Objective-C (así como para C y C++) que usa una sintaxis especial para crear clausuras. Blocks sólo está soportado en Mac OS X 10.6 \"Snow Leopard\" o superior y en iOS 4 o superior, así como en GNUstep con libobjc2 1.7 y compilado con Clang 3.1 o superior.​ \n#include <stdio.h>#include <Block.h>typedef int (^IntBlock)();IntBlock MakeCounter(int start, int increment) {\n__block int i = start;\n\nreturn Block_copy( ^ {\nint ret = i;\ni += increment;\nreturn ret;\n});\n\n}int main(void) {\nIntBlock mycounter = MakeCounter(5, 2);\nprintf(\"First call: %d\\n\", mycounter());\nprintf(\"Second call: %d\\n\", mycounter());\nprintf(\"Third call: %d\\n\", mycounter());\n\n/* because it was copied, it must also be released */\nBlock_release(mycounter);\n\nreturn 0;}/* Output:First call: 5Second call: 7Third call: 9*/\n\nAutomatic Reference Counting\n\nAutomatic Reference Counting (Conteo Automático de Referencias, ARC) es una característica del tiempo de compilación que elimina la necesidad de que los programadores tengan que guardar manualmente cuentas usando retain y release.​ Al contrario que el recolector de basura, que funciona en tiempo de ejecución, el ARC elimina la sobrecarga de un proceso separado al gestionar la retención de las cuentas. El ARC y el manejo manual de memoria no son mutualmente excluyentes; los programadores pueden continuar usando código no ARC en proyectos que tienen el ARC activado mediante la desactivación del ARC para códigos fuente individuales. Xcode también puede tratar de actualizar automáticamente un proyecto a ARC.\n\nLiterales\n\nLos entornos de ejecución NeXT y Apple Obj-C incluyeron hace tiempo un atajo para crear nuevas cadenas, usando la sintaxis literal @\"una nueva cadena\" y también desecharon las constantes de CoreFoundation kCFBooleanTrue y kCFBooleanFalse por la variable NSNUmber con valores booleanos. Al usar este formato se libera al programador de usar el más largo initWithString o métodos similares al hacer ciertas operaciones.\nCuando se usa el compilador de Apple LLVM 4.0 o superior, vectores, diccionarios y números (las clases NSAray, NSDictionary y NSNumber) pueden ser también creados usando sintaxis literal en lugar de métodos.​ La sintaxis literal usa el símbolo @ combinado con [], {} o () para crear las clases mencionadas anteriormente, respectivamente.​ \nEjemplo sin literales:\nNSArray *miVector = [NSArray arrayConObjectos:objeto1,objeto2,objeto3,nil];NSDictionary *miDiccionario1 = [NSDictionary diccionarioConObjeto:unObjeto forKey:@\"llave\"];NSDictionary *miDiccionario2 = [NSDictionary diccionarioConObjetosYLlaves:objeto1, llave1, objeto2, llave2, nil];NSNumber *miNumero = [NSNumber numeroConInt:miInt];NSNumber *miNumeroSuma = [NSNumber numeroConInt:(2 + 3)];NSNumber *miNumeroBooleano = [NSNumber numeroConBooleano:YES];\nEjemplo con literales:\nNSArray *myVector = @[ objeto1, objeto2, objeto3 ];NSDictionary *miDiccionario1 = { @\"llave\" : unObjeto };NSDictionary *miDiccionario2 = { llave1: objeto1, llave2: objeto2 };NSNumber *miNumero = @{miInt};NSNumber *miNumeroSuma = @{2+3};NSNumber *miNumeroBooleano = @YES;\nSin embargo, al contrario que las cadenas literales que se compilan como constantes en el ejecutable, estos literales se compilan como código equivalente a las llamadas a métodos mencionadas arriba. En particular, bajo manejo manual del conteo de referencia de memoria, estos objetos son autoliberados, lo que requiere especial cuidado cuando por ejemplo son usados con variables de funciones estáticas o otros tipos de variables globales.\n\nSubíndices\n\nCuando se usa el compilador de Apple LLVM 4.0 o superior, vectores y diccionarios (las clases NSArray y NSDictionary) pueden ser manipuladas usando subíndices.​ Los subíndices se pueden usar para recuperar valores de índices (vectores) o llaves (diccionarios) y con objetos mutables también puede user para fijar objetos a índices o llaves. En el código, los subíndices son representados usando corchetes [ ].​\nEjemplos sin subíndices:\nid objeto1 = [unVector objectAtIndex:0];id objeto2 = [unDiccionario objectForKey:@\"llave\"];[unVectorMutable replaceObjectAtIndex:0 withObject:objeto3];[unDiccionarioMutable setObject:objeto4 forKey:@\"llave\"];\nEjemplos con subíndices:\nid objeto1 = unVector[0];id objeto2 = unDiccionario[@\"llave\"];unVectorMutable[0] = objeto3;unDiccionarioMutable[@\"llave\"] = objeto4;\n\nSintaxis de Objective-C \"Moderna\" (1997)\n\nTras la compra de NeXT por parte de Apple, se hicieron varios intentos para asemejar más el lenguaje con respecto a otros lenguajes existentes. Uno de estos intentos fue la introducción de lo que se denominó en su momento \"Sintaxis moderna\" para Objective-C (en oposición a la existente, sintaxis \"clásica\"). No había cambios en el comportamiento real, simplemente era una sintaxis alternativa.\nLa invocación a un método se hacía de este modo:\nobjeto = (MiClase.alloc).init;objeto.primeraEtiq ( param1, param2 );\nY paso a escribirse de este otro modo:\nobjeto = [[MiClase alloc] init];[objeto primeraEtiq: param1 segundaEtiq: param2];\nSimilarmente, las declaraciones pasaron de ser así:\n-(void) primeraEtiq ( int param1, int param2 );\na ser así:\n-(void) primeraEtiq: (int)param1 segundaEtiq: (int)param2;\nEsta sintaxis \"moderna\" no está soportada en dialectos actuales de Objective-C.\n\nPortable Object Compiler\n\nAdemás de las implementaciones de GCC/NeXT/Apple, que añadieron varias extensiones a la implementación original de Stepstone, también existe otra implementación libre y abierta de Objective-C llamada Protable Object Compiler.​ El conjunto de extensiones implementadas por el Portable Object Compiler difiere de las implementaciones GCC/NeXT/Apple; en particular, incluye blocks similares a los de Smalltalk para Objective-C, mientras que carece de protocolos y categorías, dos características usadas ampliamente en OpenStep y sus derivados. En conjunto, POC representa una etapa vieja, pre-NeXT, de la evolución del lenguaje, simplemente conforme al libro de 1991 de Brad Cox.\nTambién incluye una librería de tiempo de ejecución llamada ObjectPak, que está basada en la librería original ICPak101 de Cox (que a su vez deriva de la librería de clases Smalltalk-80) y es radicalmente diferente a la de OneStep FoundationKit.\n\nGEOS Objective-C\n\nEl sistema PC GEOS usaba un lenguaje de programación conocido como GEOS Objective-C o goc;​ a pesar de su similar nombre, los dos lenguajes son similares en un concepto global y por el uso de palabras clave precedidas por el signo @.\n\nClang\n\nLa suite de compiladores Clang, parte del proyecto LLVM, implementa Objective-C así como otros lenguajes.", "Harry Potter y la Orden del Fénix (banda sonora)\n\nCompositor\n\nAntes de hacerse cargo de la música de La Orden del Fénix, Nicholas Hooper ya contaba con una larga trayectoria trabajando en la musicalización de producciones televisivas y había escrito música para algunas películas. Su carrera como compositor comenzó en 1985 con el documental The Land of the Tiger producido por National Geographic; años más tarde, el compositor retomaría ese género nuevamente en documentales como Nature y Andres to Amazon.​ Estos trabajos suelen mostrar al Hooper más colorido que recurre a sonidos exóticos y a la técnica del mickey-mousing; el compositor enfoca su música centrándose en los momentos de tensión que muestran las imágenes cuando se trata de documentales.​​\nHooper concretó partituras para diversas series televisivas como The Way We Live Now y State of Play, además de numerosos telefilmes como The Best Man, La chica del café y Prime Suspect: The Final Act, popular producción protagonizada por Helen Mirren. Por este trabajo ganó el premio BAFTA en 2007.​\nEn el ámbito televisivo conoció a directores como James Hawes y David Yates con los que colaboraría posteriormente en repetidas ocasiones.​ Justamente Yates fue el director de The Tichborne Claimant, la primera producción cinematográfica en la cual trabajó Nicholas Hooper.\nTras participar en el quinto episodio cinematográfico de Harry Potter, Hooper se hizo cargo de crear la música para la siguiente producción de la serie, Harry Potter y el misterio del príncipe, que cerraría su ciclo de colaboraciones con este proyecto cinematográfico.\nEl estilo de Hooper suele incluir sonidos étnicos y, en comparación con los enfoques más clásico-romántico de Williams o Doyle, suele recurrir mucho más a la experimentación con sonoridades electrónicas; es recurrente a lo lago de su carrera el uso de la interfase MIDI para diseñar sonidos que incluye en sus composiciones. También lo diferencia de sus predecesores el uso de colores más contemporáneos como la guitarra y el bandoneón, algunos de los cuales aparecen en La Orden del Fénix. Según Jamie Lynn Webster, estas características junto con la influencia del minimalismo de Philip Glass posicionan a Nicholas Hooper como un músico de estilo post-clásico.​\n\nConvocatoria\n\nHooper había compuesto la música de los cortometrajes con los cuales el realizador David Yates había comenzado su carrera como director y también había vuelto a trabajar con él en varias ocasiones, convirtiéndose así en su compositor habitué. Esta colaboración de más de 15 años le valió a Hooper un premio BAFTA por su aporte a la miniserie The Young Visiters y una nominación por la película televisiva La chica del café de 2005.​​\nCuando Yates consiguió la dirección de Harry Potter y al Orden del Fénix convocó a Hooper para que se encargara de componer la música; así ambos emprendieron un proceso de negociaciones para convencer a los productores de que contrataran al compositor.​ Ambos trabajaron con elementos de las obras realizadas previamente por Hooper y presentaron algunas muestras de las mismas a los ejecutivos de Warner Brothers, productora de las películas de Harry Potter.​ En esta presentación incluyeron dos grandes ideas musicales que luego fueron utilizadas en la banda sonora del filme,​ una de las cuales resultó ser el tema del Ministerio de Magia que se oye en la pista \"The Ministry of Magic\".​ Como ha declarado en algunas ocasiones, para Yates la presencia de Hooper fue imperativa:​ \nEn la industria [del cine], el método tradicional para la musicalización suele establecer que uno consigue a su compositor al final del proceso de producción. Él o ella tendrá en sus manos una película casi terminada y un lapso de tiempo reducido para componer, el cual en ocasiones será de unas semanas y frecuentemente de unos pocos meses. Nick antes que un aventurero que llega al final del proceso es más bien un compañero en el viaje creativo para encontrar la identidad del filme.​\nDavid Yates\nLa noticia sobre el nombramiento de Hooper se hizo pública en abril de 2006,​ pero recién fue confirmada por la productora a la revista Film Music Weekly en mayo del mismo año luego en un parte de prensa difundido por la compañía.​​\n\nComposición\n\nLa concreción de la banda sonora insumió más de un año y medio desde su concepción y desarrollo hasta su culminación.​ Nicholas Hooper conocía de antemano la novela Harry Potter y la Orden del Fénix, hecho que le facilitó la tarea de componer puesto que ya estaba al tanto de los diferentes núcleos temáticos que abordaba el libro.​ Tanto es así que cuando el largometraje se encontraba en sus primeras etapas pensó en escribir una gran cantidad de piezas para tener en claro la estructura musical de la película.​ No obstante, a medida que la cinta fue tomando forma y cambiando, la música de la película evolucionó en consonancia con ese proceso;​ de este modo se fue dando una evolución orgánica en la música del largometraje.​ Hooper declaró que pese a sus planes iniciales, las contingencias del proceso de producción fueron alterando el perfil de su trabajo: «Mientras nos acercábamos al montaje final, la música se iba desarrollando más allá de lo que imaginamos inicialmente, así que finalmente tuvimos que luchar contra la falta de tiempo».​ Estas circunstancias transformaron el proceso compositivo en un proceso de descubrimiento que tuvo sus ventajas creativas y que, según él, logró llevar a mejor puerto su obra.​\nLo que se tuvo en claro desde el principio es que el sonido debía acompañar el progresivo oscurecimiento de la trama. Los hechos que se narran en Harry Potter y la Orden del Fénix producen la aparición elementos políticos y psicológicos intensos en la serie, gracias al peligro desatado en el mundo de los magos ahora que el brujo tenebroso Lord Voldemort se encontraba libre y en marcha. Esa necesidad no impidió que el compositor también advirtiera la necesidad de ampliar la paleta de colores generando piezas que respondiesen a las vertientes cómicas, dramáticas y aventureras también presentes en la película.​\nLos núcleos temáticos que Hooper tuvo en cuenta fueron tres: la prominencia que cobra la figura de la profesora Dolores Umbridge, la lenta posesión de Harry Potter por parte de Voldemort y el surgimiento del Ejército de Dumbledore como movimiento de protesta.​​ Esto dio por resultado la aparición de lo que el compositor reconoció como los temas centrales que funcionaron como ejes estructurales de su trabajo.​ La crítica, sin embargo, señaló cierta falta de una identidad temaria central que estructurase la obra.\n\nGrabación\n\nA partir del 19 de marzo de 2007,​ el compositor y la Orquesta de Cámara de Londres grabaron casi dos horas de música para el filme en los Estudios Abbey Road, famosos por sus trabajos de acústica y ambiente.​​\nA pesar de la cantidad de música grabada, sólo una parte de ésta se incluyó en la edición del álbum; buena parte de esa producción consistió en piezas breves que sólo se incluyeron en la película para ambientar algunas escenas. Un claro ejemplo es el tema que acompaña la escena en que Harry Potter, Hermione Granger y Dolores Umbridge son atacados por los centauros en el bosque; en la misma se escucha la intervención del taiko, uno de los instrumentos más exóticos y destacables en el repertorio musical de la banda sonora para Hooper.​ Tampoco se incluyeron otras piezas como la que se escucha en el momento previo a la reunión fundacional del Ejército de Dumbledore, en la cual se percibe una reutilización de \"Hedwig’s Theme\" compuesto por John Williams para Harry Potter y la piedra filosofal.\nHarry Potter y la Orden del Fénix supuso el trabajo de mayor envergadura comercial para Nicholas Hooper y le permitió trabajar con un enorme equipo –el más grande de su carrera– que incluyó más de 90 músicos,​ un coro completo y hasta un asistente, privilegio con el cual nunca había contado hasta la fecha.​ En el equipo de grabación y compilación trabajaron el ingeniero de sonido Peter Cobbin (responsable de idéntica labor en la trilogía El Señor de los Anillos) y el director de orquesta Alastair King (Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest);​ King también dirigió la música de todo el álbum a excepción del tema \"Possession\" donde dicha tarea fue realizada por el propio Hooper.​\nLa dirección de orquesta quedó en manos de Marcia Clayford así como las orquestaciones correspondieron a Alastair King, Julian Kershaw, Geoff Alexander, Simon Whiteside y Bradley Miles.​ Además, se utilizaron algunos samples y arreglos electrónicos de fondo para completar el acabado final de las pistas.​\n\nPromoción y lanzamiento\n\nEn marzo de 2007, el sitio web Amazon.com anunció que el álbum con la banda sonora estaría disponible el día 10 de julio de 2007, es decir, un día antes del estreno mundial de La Orden el Fénix; asimismo se inició la pre-venta del CD.​ En junio, el mismo sitio publicó la lista de los 18 temas incluidos en la placa.​\nEn los albores de la campaña promocional de la película, Warner Bros. renovó el aspecto del sitio web oficial de la cinta e incluyó fragmentos musicales de la banda sonora.​ También se lanzó un sitio especial para la venta del álbum en el cual se podrían escuchar fragmentos de las pistas contenidas en la placa discográfica.​ Posteriormente, Warner Bros. publicó en el sitio Soundtrack.net un adelanto exclusivo de la banda sonora. Allí se ofrecía una descripción de cada una de las pistas acompañadas de una opción que permitía oír unos 30 segundos de cada una.​​ Además, AOL Music ofreció la posibilidad de escuchar el álbum completo en línea sin la necesidad de descargarlo.​\nLa distribución de las pistas incluidas en el álbum no siguió el orden de aparición de la música en la película, lo que acarreó algunas críticas negativas que vieron en esa decisión un reflejo de cierta carencia de unidad compositiva y de clímax musical; el crítico Dan Goldwasser sostuvo que el aparente desorden tenía por objeto brindar una audición más placentera del álbum.​ Otra controversia se produjo con la utilización de títulos explícitos que develaban acontecimientos cruciales del argumento de la película.\nSe comercializaron dos ediciones del CD. Inicialmente se puso a la venta la edición estándar que incluía un folleto con textos de Nicholas Hooper y David Yates sobre el proceso de composición de la música más algunas imágenes promocionales. El packaging del álbum fue diseñado por John Heiden y Nick Steinhardt de Smog Design, Inc y Ellen Wakayama estuvo a cargo de la dirección de arte del envoltorio.​ En octubre de 2007 se comercializó una edición especial del álbum, la cual venía en un empaque con bisagra y recubierto por tela. La cara frontal tenía un círculo de plástico en medio que dejaba ver una fotografía de Lord Voldemort que fue utilizada en el primer póster promocional de la película. Esta edición incluyó un folleto de 20 páginas con una cubierta de lámina metálica con relieve.​​\n\nEstilo\n\nSegún señaló la crítica en su momento, la música compuesta por Nicholas Hooper posee similitudes con el sonido acuñado por John Williams y, en menor medida, algún parecido con el de Patrick Doyle.​​ Las reminiscencias estilísticas para con Williams se sienten en la tonalidad general y en orquestaciones que recurren a elementos muy utilizados por el compositor norteamericano: el glockenspiel, las maderas y las cuerdas.​ A su vez, piezas como \"Dementors in the Underpass\" incorporan coros muy similares a las que Williams utilizó en la banda sonora de Harry Potter y el prisionero de Azkaban para marcar la irrupción de los dementores; se destaca otro parecido en la música para los dementores de ambos artistas: el violín que desciende entre el resto de la textura orquestal sugiere el sonido del grito de Lily Potter al ser asesinada, al igual que el motivo de dos notas que Williams empleó en El prisionero de Azkaban con idénticos fines. Ambos compositores adoptaron una técnica similar pra estas secuencias otorgándole valor narrativo a un instrumento.​ Por otra parte, el uso de la flauta en \"Dumbledore’s Army\" de Hooper recuerda al de \"A Window to the Past\" del mencionado trabajo de Williams.​​ Las principales diferencias estéticas con su par norteamericano radican primero en su uso de los temas: a diferencia de sus predecesores Hooper no crea una identidad temática tan prominente en lo melódico, sus temas apuntan más a progresiones armónicas y figuras como el ostinato rítmico. En segundo lugar hay presencia menos acentuada de los metales, ya que Hooper no suele utilizar fanfarrias al modo de su colega Williams.​\nWebster comenta que los parecidos con el trabajo de Doyle son más escasos: al igual que el escocés, Hooper suele crear música con menos peso temático, sobre todo cuando funciona como música incidental y opera por debajo diálogos. A su vez, este enfoque en común tiende a demandar más esfuerzo interpretativo del espectador; se le pide que reponga más información ya que no cuenta con el subrayado hermenéutico que supone la música de Williams.​ Goldwasser señala similitures entre ambos músicos en la pista \"Darkness Takes Over\": allí las trompas parecen imitar el tema de Voldemort creado por el compositor escocés y las cuerdas realizan juegos similares a los de \"The Dark Mark\" de Harry Potter y el cáliz de fuego.​​\nTambién se señalaron las influencias de otros compositores en el sonido de algunas composiciones específicas de Harry Potter y la Orden del Fénix. \"Fireworks\" guardaría ciertas semejanzas con el sonido acuñado por Howard Shore en El Señor de los Anillos: la Comunidad del Anillo​ y con algunos trabajos del compositor estadounidense Aaron Copland.​ Las cuerdas y los ostinati de \"The Ministry of Magic\" mostrarían la influencia de Philip Glass​ y del musical Les Misérables de Claude-Michel Schönberg.​\nNo obstante, predomina un estilo diferente y propio del nuevo compositor que él mismo reconoce como más simple y que carece de las florituras típicas de Williams y de la gravedad del trabajo de Doyle.​​​ El estilo de Hooper se inclina por plasmar climas ominosos y evidencia cierto toque minimalista,​ el cual se ve en las piezas musicales que contienen largos fragmentos con vibraciones de cuerda apenas perceptibles,​ las cuales no describen ninguna melodía en particular. Algunos interpretaron este hecho como una búsqueda por crear una sensación de vacío con ruido blanco;​ otros vieron dichas composiciones como consecuencia de una especie de «fluir de la conciencia» en su estilo que da por resultado temas de carácter atmosférico.​ Se ha dicho también que el uso de la cuerda en La Orden del Fénix crea una tensión musical metafórica para señalar aquello que permanece fuera del campo visual en el largometraje.​ Cuando se trata de escribir música para las escena de acción los ritmos de la partitura son rápidos, pulsantes y sincopados. La escritura de música bufa se rige por orquestaciones convencionales como el clarinete y ritmos de diferentes danzas.​\nUn aspecto distintivo de la contribución de Hooper a la saga es el agregado de sonidos sampleados, generados con MIDI. Algunos de estos sonidos interactúan con la música orquestal (“The Dark Mark”) y otros solo son sonidos ambientales magnificados a tal punto que se pierde la distinción entre la orquesta y el diseño de sonido. Para Webster, esto hecho señalaría la disolución de los límites entre la realidad y el delirio que Harry experimenta al sentir la influencia creciente de Voldemort sobre su mente.​ Esta fusión probablemente provenga del pasado de Hooper como compositor de música para documentales. Otro caso de interacción con sonidos diegéticos es el reporte meteorológico que se oye al principio del filme (mezclado con el piano de “Another Story”) y una canción de la banda de indie rock The Ordinary Boys que se escucha en la sala común de Gryffindor.​\n\nDistribución temática\n\nAl igual que Doyle, Hooper descartó la mayor parte de los temas ideados por John Williams ya que no se sentía cómodo «escribiendo la música de otro».​ Aun así, el nuevo compositor utilizó el tema de Hedwig contenido en la pieza \"Hedwig’s Theme\" de Williams, solo que no íntegramente (con sus lados A y B a pleno).​ Ya que dicho tema se considera como el más representativo de la saga, Hooper consideró de vital importancia incluirlo en su trabajo y lo utilizó para apuntalar situaciones claves en la trama y momentos de especial dramatismo.​ El tema de Hedwig se puede escuchar varias veces en \"Another Story\", donde es interpretado en una versión más oscura que en anteriores bandas sonoras de la serie, con algunas disonancias, trompas, y el posterior acompañamiento de piano y samples electrónicos.​ El tema también se presenta al inicio de \"A Journey to Hogwarts\" –ejecutado con tropa, flauta y vientos de metal–​ y en \"Hall of Prophecy\", donde aparece casi disfrazado.​\nPor otra parte, la partitura de Hooper se estructuró sobre la base de tres temas de su autoría. El primero de ellos es el tema de la profesora Umbridge, con el cual se buscó plasmar la dualidad del personaje: mujer edulcorada y a la vez tirana brutal.​ El tema tuvo seis versiones antes de la definitiva, la cual se presenta en los cortes \"Professor Umbridge\", \"Umbridge Spoils a Beautiful Morning\" y brevemente con algunas campanadas en \"Darkness Takes Over\" y \"The Room of Requirement\". \nLa primera de las pistas mencionadas es una marcha​ en la que el tema se funde y convierte en una melodía en vaivén;​ ésta guarda semejanzas con la música de la película Hook.​​ El compositor concibió la pieza intentando expresar la dualidad del personaje de un modo «insistente e irritante» que se advierte en la cadencia de la pista.​ Las variaciones en la orquestación producen una alternancia entre los lados A y B del tema, en los cuales el protagonismo a veces recae en la sección de cuerdas apuntaladas por el repiqueteo de campanas y otras en la trompa y los vientos de metal.​ En \"Umbridge Spoils a Beautiful Morning\" se reitera el tema pero la sección de cuerdas se encarga de su ejecución completa en forma de pizzicato y con un matiz más misterioso, sin concesiones al humor socarrón de la otra composición.​\nEl segundo aporte original es el tema de posesión que marca el dominio progresivo de Voldemort sobre Harry; la frase aflora –aunque incompleta– en todas las entradas que resaltan el peligro ubicuo y la fatalidad, a veces en una versión más acelerada que en otras.​ El tema consiste en largas progresiones de cuerdas frotadas apuntaladas por disonancia​ y se ha señalado su ligazón estilística con la fuga.​ Hooper ha declarado que este tema representa el clímax musical de su trabajo y que se trata de su composición favorita.​​ En \"Possession\", el tema aparece a lo largo de toda la pista conformando una melodía que asciende y desciende en potencia a medida que el tema se ejecuta como un adagio dolente. Al final de la pista, y un violonchelo solitario se encarga de interpretar el tema.​ En \"The Sirius Deception\", el tema sólo se muestra en la primera sección y sin intervención coral pero sí con bastante disonancia; la percusión sepulta el tema dando lugar a un crescendo que conduce a una melodía optimista en la segunda sección.​​\nEl tema del Ejército de Dumbledore funciona como el último eje estructural de La Orden del Fénix y parece influido por el trabajo de John Williams​ así como por la música hispánica o latina.​ El tema desarrolla un espíritu esperanzado y laudatorio que materializa el optimismo con que surge el Ejército de Dumbledore. El tema sólo aparece completo en \"Dumbledore’s Army\" tras una larga introducción de las flautas y es interpretado por el oboe, luego por vientos de metal y de madera «reincidiendo de forma cíclica en las segundas».​ Variaciones de dicha frase se pueden percibir en \"The Room of Requirements\", en la segunda sección de \"The Sirius Deception\"​ y en \"Flight of the Order of the Phoenix\" con matices más militaristas gracias a la intervención del redoblante.​​\nHooper también creó algunos otros temas que, a diferencia de los enumerados anteriormente, no tienen continuidad dentro de sus composiciones. El primer corte, \"Fireworks\", desarrolla un tema particular para los gemelos Weasley así como el inicio de \"The Ministry of Magic\" identifica a Arthur Weasley,​ padre de los muchachos, mediante la intervención del fagot. En \"Loved Ones and Leaving\" hay un breve fragmento donde la flautas y las ocho notas del glockenspiel describen la aparición de Luna Lovegood. \"Death of Sirius\" identifica la lucha feroz de los mortífagos y los miembros de la Orden del Fénix con fuertes ostinati y percusión –específicamente de los timbales– que conforman una frase musical reconocible.\n\nCríticas\n\nLas críticas a la banda sonora fueron tibias en general, sobre todo en comparación con las que recibieron los trabajos concretados por los compositores anteriores. El común denominador de los comentarios fue la corrección y adecuación de la obra de Hooper pero también su falta de distinción.\nUno de los aspectos más objetados fue el abandono de casi todos los motivos compuestos por Williams y Doyle en pos de nuevas composiciones que no habrían conseguido la misma fuerza expresiva. En consecuencia, se señaló que los nuevos motivos no poseían suficiente «peso como para canalizar o cohesionar las difusas ideas de Hooper, sufriendo la música en varios instantes de una ambigua sensación de \"querer y no poder\", dentro de su correcto acabado».​ Al respecto de la \"sustancia\" de la nueva música, el crítico Óscar Giménez comentó que\nGran parte de la partitura de Hooper deambula por esos ambientes atmosféricos y tenebrosos que impregnan cada vez más las historias de Harry Potter. Sin embargo, les falta la sustancia que había en las secuencias del mismo tono cuando la música la hacían Williams o Doyle. […] Como he dicho antes, no se puede afirmar en ningún momento que el trabajo de Hooper sea malo. En líneas generales es bueno, pero no alcanza las cotas de calidad de la música creada anteriormente por John Williams y Patrick Doyle para la saga.​\nEl sitio web Film Tracks también hizo hincapié una falta de vigor en la banda sonora. Se señaló que el tema de la profesora Umbridge, pese a resultar efectivo, fallaba parcialmente por no poder reflejar el costado humorístico y el tenebroso con igual versatilidad. El problema también se extendería a los largos fragmentos carentes de crescendos y que registran niveles de sonido apenas perceptibles, advirtiéndose también una falta de continuidad en los temas de acción. «Unas cuantas veces, la música de Hooper gira a la izquierda cuando uno espera que lo haga a la derecha. Hasta cierto punto ese enfoque es refrescante, pero dado que la franquicia ya está firmemente establecida en lo musical y que la trama es bien conocida, algunas de sus elecciones piden a gritos que [Hooper] asuma algún desafío».​\nDan Goldwasser advirtió que el propósito de la banda sonora era, antes que nada, acompañar la película par la cual fue compuesta; en ese aspecto la música «resulta exitosa pero no sobresaliente».​ El crítico también reprobó la orquestación que hacía uso de elementos chocantes como la guitarra eléctrica presente en la giga \"Fireworks\", un hecho que otros especialistas también criticaron. Al respecto, algunos comentaristas destacaron el desparpajo de Hooper en la utilización de instrumentos contemporáneos como la guitarra y el acordeón,​ muy adecuados para las necesidades de la película.​\nOtros desacuerdos giraron en torno a la capacidad de las nuevas composiciones para reflejar la tónica lúgubre y mágica del relato cinematográfico.​​​ Spencer D. destacó el carácter oscuro del álbum y su comedido uso de los «espacios vacíos», es decir, aquellos fragmentos donde la música es apenas perceptible y crea la sensación inquietud. También destacó la capacidad de las pistas \"The Room of Requirement\" y \"The Ministry of Magic\" para capturar la sensación de magia y asombro.​ \nJonathan Broxton habló de la lograda potencia de los nuevos motivos y de la exuberancia de los temas de acción –\"Fireworks\", \"Flight of The Order of The Phoenix\", \"The Sirius Deception\"– además de la capacidad insidiosa de \"Possesion\". Los contras de la obra estarían en la falta de \"memorabilidad\" general y la ligereza de algunas pistas que no se mostraban capaces de encarnar el costado siniestro de la película como lo habían hecho las bandas sonoras anteriores.​\nLa reseña más positiva provino de Steve Townsley en el sitio Tracksounds. Townsley elogió la calidad del álbum destacando que a pesar de ser un compositor desconocido para el ámbito cinematográfico, Hooper había logrado estar a la altura de las circunstancias. Según comentó «Algunos de los momentos más tenebrosos de la partitura se construyen con una tensión maravillosa, salpicados con coros que indican que las fuerzas de Voldemort están haciendo de las suyas en pantalla», aunque el especialista también criticó la disposición aleatoria de las pistas.​ Otra crítica favorable salió de la revista Film Music Weekly, que también habló positivamente del álbum colocándolo entre los trabajos más destacados del año 2007: «bajo una nueva varita musical, la magia negra del mundo de Harry adquiere un impresionante peso dramático».​\n\nRepercusión comercial\n\nEn Estados Unidos, el disco debutó en el puesto número 43 del ranking Billboard 200 con 16 mil copias vendidas;​ en el ranking de bandas sonoras, en cambio, debutó en el puesto número 5.​\nEn cuanto a la popularidad del álbum, el sitio Film Music Weekly informó que el compacto ingresó al top 20 en el puesto número 11;​ para agosto del mismo año había alcanzado el primer puesto según informó el sitio.​ el álbum culminó el año en el puesto 13, manteniéndose entonces entre los 20 principales.​", "Anne-Marie\n\nInfancia e inicios artísticos\n\nAnne-Marie Nicholson ​ nació el 7 de abril de 1991 en el condado de Essex, al noreste de Londres, capital de Reino Unido.​ De niña, Anne-Marie acostumbraba a cantar a solas en su habitación ​ y le encantaba escuchar artistas como Christina Aguilera, Lauryn Hill, S Club 7 ​ y Alanis Morissette,​ quien fue una influencia importante para sus primeras composiciones.​ A una edad temprana, también comenzó a escuchar con atención los discos de Prince y Michael Jackson, y de música soul, ska, reggae, entre otros géneros, que sus padres solían poner en casa,​​ al tiempo que mostraba interés por la música rap de artistas como Eminem y 50 Cent.​​ \nCuando tenía dos años, Anne-Marie comenzó a recibir lecciones de danza y teatro en una escuela local de artes escénicas, en la que también estudiaba su hermana mayor.​ A los seis años, realizó una audición con éxito en su escuela para un papel en la obra Les Misérables, una producción del West End,​​ en la que además de actuar, mostró signos de tener grandes aptitudes para el canto.​​ En referido musical se estrenó como vocalista a los ocho años, cantando una canción de una manera muy simple, pero con el tiempo, rompió la planificación de la obra para hacer más interesante su puesta en escena, y gustó a los productores.​​ Por su buen desempeño en Les Misérables, obtuvo un papel en otra producción del West End,​ un musical titulado Whistle Down the Wind, en el que actuó junto a Jessie J.​​ Anne-Marie dejó de realizar teatro musical en su adolescencia cuando su voz se puso grave, lo que le impidió seguir cantando las canciones de la obra de una forma agradable.​​ En paralelo a sus actividades como actriz de teatro, a los nueve años,​ se unió a un club de karate, gracias a un amigo,​ en el que recibió entrenamiento en el estilo shotokan de referido arte marcial.​ Aprendió con mucha rapidez, en parte por su habilidad con la danza,​​ y ganó varios campeonatos nacionales y tres internacionales a la edad de diecisiete.​​ \nAl ingresar en la universidad, participó en varias exhibiciones de talento interpretando canciones de Alanis Morissette, en las que desarrolló mucho más sus habilidades como vocalista y ganó confianza con sus actuaciones en público.​ En uno de esos espectáculos de talento, uno de los jueces, quien la conocía desde la escuela de arte, le pidió formar parte en una gira como parte de un acto de tributo motown.​ En 2013,​ mientras estaba en el instituto, conoció a una aspirante a compositora, que recibía lecciones de piano por parte de un amigo y buscaba a una cantante que prestara su voz para una de sus canciones.​ Por sugerencia de su amigo, la compositora invitó a Anne-Marie a servir como vocalista del tema, que grabaron en el estudio Rocket de Elton John.​​ Luego de producida la canción, el ingeniero de audio la tocó a los agentes de la compañía de gestión de Elton John, Rocket Music Entertainment Group, quienes quedaron encantados con el tema y dos semanas después firmaron un contrato de grabación con Anne-Marie.​​​\n\nRevelación\n\nDespués de haber firmado su contrato de grabación, Anne-Marie comenzó a trabajar con varios compositores y productores de música pop.​ A mediados de 2013, la artista publicó la demo de una canción titulada «Summer Girl», que agradó al público ​ y especialmente gustó a Ed Sheeran.​ «Summer Girl» también fue bien acogida por la crítica, como Sam Lansky, de Idolator.com, que escribió que «es realmente buena (especialmente teniendo en cuenta que es solo una demostración)».​ No obstante, a pesar de este inicio prometedor, Anne-Marie se tomó un tiempo para desarrollarse como artista antes de continuar su carrera como solista.​ En ese ínterin, participó como vocalista en canciones de Magnetic Man, Gorgon City y Raized By Wolves, después de lo cual llamó la atención de Rudimental,​ con quienes tuvo una sesión de escritura, pero la obra no fue publicada.​ Posteriormente, cuando una de las vocalistas femeninas de Rudimental abandonó la banda durante una gira de conciertos​ en 2013,​ la invitaron a formar parte ​​ de sus múltiples actuaciones musicales por varios países, incluyendo presentaciones en festivales como Glastonbury y V.​​ Durante parte de 2014, también trabajó con la banda en la grabación de su segundo álbum de estudio, We the Generation, para el que coescribió cuatro canciones y además prestó su voz,​​ incluyendo «Love Ain't Just a Word», que cuenta también con la participación vocal de Dizzee Rascal,​ y «Rumour Mill», en colaboración con Will Heard.​ Este último se lanzó como un sencillo del disco a finales de junio de 2015,​​ y tuvo cierta popularidad en Australia y Reino Unido.​​ We the Generation se vendió exitosamente y entró en la número 1 en el ranquin de álbumes británica.​ Con Rudimental, Anne-Marie tuvo la oportunidad de expandir sus experiencias musicales para proseguir su carrera como música solista,​​​ y firmó un acuerdo de grabación con el sello discográfico de la banda, Major Tom's.​ Más tarde, firmó otro acuerdo con Asylum y Atlantic.​ \nEn julio de 2015, Anne-Marie lanzó su EP debut Karate, que consta de las canciones «Gemini», «Stole» y un sencillo del mismo nombre, producido por Josh Record y Two Inch Punch.​ Luego en octubre, llevó a cabo su primera gira musical como solista por su país natal y tuvo un gran éxito de público con entradas agotadas para todas las funciones,​ y un mes después, publicó el sencillo «Boy», que tuvo una buena acogida de la crítica.​ A inicios de 2016, Anne-Marie estuvo embarcada en una gira de conciertos por su patria junto con Craig David y WSTRN, patrocinada por la cadena televisiva MTV,​​ que hizo mucho para apoyar su carrera,​ y tuvo una buena aceptación del público al ganar el reconocimiento MTV artista nuevo de 2016.​​ Asimismo, Anne-Marie realizó una gira de cuatro conciertos en solitario en las ciudades británicas de Manchester, Nottingham, Brighton y Londres,​​​ antes de apoyar a Rudimental en su gira por Reino Unido que comenzó el 26 de febrero en Glasgow y culminó el 8 de marzo en Manchester.​​​\n\n2016-presente: Ascenso a la fama y Speak Your Mind\n\nA comienzos de 2016, Anne-Marie estrenó «Do It Right» que originalmente iba a ser el primer sencillo de su disco de debut pero fue descartado,​ y alcanzó el puesto 22 en la lista de sencillos de Australia,​ donde consiguió la certificación de oro de la Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) por la venta de treinta y cinco mil copias.​ Su siguiente sencillo, «Alarm», inspirado en la infidelidad de un examante,​​ apareció en los mercados musicales en mayo,​ y tuvo aún mayor éxito en referido país, al entrar en la posición 7 en el listado de popularidad musical australiano, el primer sencillo de la artista entre las 10 principales,​ y supuso el salto definitivo de Anne-Marie a la fama.​​ Se vendieron más de setenta mil ejemplares del tema en Australia, que le valió el certificado de platino de la ARIA.​ Su éxito comercial en Reino Unido fue algo más positivo al rebasar las cuatrocientas mil unidades vendidas, por lo que recibió la certificación de oro de la British Phonographic Industry (BPI),​ y alcanzó la posición 16 en el listado de sencillos británica.​ En Estados Unidos, la popularidad de «Alarm» aumentó cuando se publicaron múltiples remezclas, e ingresó en varias listas de éxitos de Billboard.​ En julio de 2016, Anne-Marie tuvo el apoyo de MTV al aparecer en sus comerciales de televisión y en publicidad en línea como una de las artistas más prominentes,​​ fue nominada a la mejor artista push en los MTV European Music Awards 2016,​​​ donde interpretó su canción de éxito «Alarm» en la antesala al espectáculo.​ Anne-Marie también figuró entre los nominados al galardón mejor artista nuevo en los Mobo Awards de 2016.​\nA inicios de octubre de 2016, el rapero Illy publicó el sencillo «Catch 22», en colaboración con Anne-Marie,​ y gustó al público australiano, al ingresar entre las 15 primeras posiciones en su lista de éxitos musicales.​ Seguidamente, apareció como vocalista junto a Sean Paul en el sencillo «Rockabye» de la banda Clean Bandit,​ que obtuvo aún mayor éxito y se situó en el puesto 1 de la lista de sencillos británica,​ el primer número uno de la artista en su país natal.​ La canción también tuvo un gran éxito en Europa, y en Australia también alcanzó el primer puesto en la lista de sencillos.​ Desde comienzos de 2016, Anne-Marie estuvo embarcada en una gira de conciertos y el verano del mismo año en Reino Unido, llevó a cabo varias actuaciones musicales en diferentes festivales, incluyendo V, Secret Garden Party, Pukkelpop y Bestival.​ A principios de octubre, debutó en las salas de conciertos estadounidenses como música solista con una gira de tres conciertos,​ y para finales de noviembre, Anne-Marie continuó la promoción de sus obras con múltiples presentaciones por Reino Unido y también actuó en la ciudad irlandesa de Dublín en diciembre.También fue telonera de Ed Sheeran durante el Divide Tour en 2017.​ En 2018 estrena su álbum debut \"Speak Your Mind\" y una cancion llamada «Friends» con el DJ Marshmello.​ Luego, ganó el premio Billboard en el 2018.\nEl 20 de abril de 2018, publicó su canción \"2002\" (co-escrita por Ed Sheeran) y el 27 de julio del mismo año, lanzó la canción \"Don't Leave Me Alone\", en colaboración con David Guetta. Tras el éxito de \"Speak Your Mind\" en Estados Unidos y Reino Unido (En ambos países certificado con \"Disco de Oro\") el equipo de Asylum Records confirmó que Anne-Marie está trabajando en su próximo segundo álbum.", "Hold It Against Me\n\nAntecedentes\n\nEl 2 de diciembre de 2010, la cantante anunció que publicaría su séptimo álbum de estudio en marzo de 2011.​ Para entonces, Dr. Luke, uno de sus productores ejecutivos, había declarado que tendría un sonido más duro y más profundizado en la música electrónica.​ Días después, el sitio PopJustice sostuvo que el primer sencillo se titularía «Don't Hold It Against Me»,​ tras lo cual varias letras falsas comenzaron a circular en Internet, lo que llevó a Dr. Luke a clarificar: «Nunca escribimos una canción titulada \"Don't Hold It Against Me\". Chicos, tengan cuidado con la información inexacta. Escribimos \"Hold It Against Me\", pero ninguna de esas letras es la letra de la canción».​​​​​\nSemanas más tarde, el productor dio a conocer que la guitarra que fue utilizada en la canción había sido donada como obra de caridad en Suecia​​ y reveló las primeras palabras de la letra.​​ Posteriormente, el 6 de enero de 2011, un demo interpretado por Bonnie McKee y producido por Riz se filtró en internet,​​​ lo que inmediatamente llevó a Spears y su equipo a asegurar que la canción era mucho mejor,​​ a publicar la portada del sencillo y a confirmar que su estreno sería realizado dentro de cuatro días.​​​​\nPor su parte, Riz dio a conocer que había sido víctima de hackers alemanes que filtraron el demo en Internet, descartó cualquier participación en los hechos y aseguró que las autoridades se encargarían de encontrar y sancionar a los responsables.​ De este modo, «Hold It Against Me» fue otro sencillo de Spears filtrado antes de su estreno, tras casos como los de «Gimme More» (2007) y «Womanizer» (2008).​​\n\nCreación\n\nTras comenzar a ser creada en el año 2010, «Hold It Against Me» permaneció en el poder de Dr. Luke y su equipo por un tiempo, pues deseaban asegurarse de que ésta no sonara como todo lo demás que habían hecho antes. En su afán, Dr. Luke le llevó la canción al letrista y productor canadiense Mathieu «Billboard» Jomphe, quien la terminó de crear coescribiéndola y coprodujéndola. Posteriormente, a la hora de ofrecerla a un artista, pensaron en la cantante estadounidense Katy Perry, más que no lo hicieron, pues consideraron que «Hold It Against Me» no era de su estilo.​​ Finalmente, la canción fue ofrecida a Britney Spears, quien la grabó el viernes 12 de noviembre de 2010 y quien la catalogó como un «monstruo».​​ Dieciséis días después,​​ la canción fue enviada a Serban Ghenea para ser mezclada. Al mes siguiente, la cantante estadounidense Myah Marie dio a conocer que realizó los respaldos vocales de la canción.​\n\nProductores\n\n«Hold It Against Me» fue co-escrita y producida por el dúo de compositores y productores conformado por el sueco Martin Karl «Max Martin» Sandberg y el estadounidense Lukasz «Dr. Luke» Gottwald,​ en conjunto al surgiente compositor y productor canadiense Mathieu «Billboard» Jomphe. Al respecto, Max Martin es considerado como el «padre musical» de Britney Spears, luego de haber trabajado con la cantante desde 1998, año en el que escribió y produjo a su exitoso e icónico sencillo debut «...Baby One More Time».​ Además de ello, Max Martin también es considerado como el mentor y colaborador de Dr. Luke, cuyo prestigio en la industria musical surgió, principalmente, en torno a las carreras de las cantantes Katy Perry, Ke$ha y Avril Lavigne.​ Por su parte, el trabajo anterior de Dr. Luke con Britney Spears, incluye su contribución en varias canciones de su sexto álbum de estudio, Circus,​ incluyendo a su sencillo del mismo nombre.​\nParalelamente, «Hold It Against Me» también fue co-escrita por la exitosa compositora estadounidense Bonnie McKee, quien entonces se preparaba para debutar como cantante.​ Ello, tras haber cobrado prestigio como compositora en el año 2010, luego de co-escribir, junto a Max Martin y Dr. Luke, a los éxitos «California Gurls» y «Teenage Dream» de Katy Perry,​ y «Dynamite» de Taio Cruz.\n\nCarátula\n\nLa fotografía de la carátula de sencillo de «Hold It Against Me», fue tomada por el fotógrafo estadounidense Randee St. Nicholas.​ Ella fue desprendida de la sesión que el fotógrafo le realizó a Britney Spears para Femme Fatale.\n\nComposición\n\n«Hold It Against Me» fue compuesta por el cuarteto conformado por Bonnie McKee, Lukasz «Dr. Luke» Gottwald, Martin Karl «Max Martin» Sandberg y Mathieu «Billboard» Jomphe-Lepine. Ésta está compuesta en compás de 4/4 y en la tonalidad Do menor.​ Por su parte, el rango vocal de Britney Spears se extiende desde la nota G₃ hasta la nota C₅.​\nRespecto a la letra de «Hold It Against Me», ésta trata sobre la cantante que se encuentra en una discoteca seduciendo a un chico emocional y sexualmente, mientras tocan su canción favorita. Por su parte, su frase principal corresponde a la última frase de su coro, la que dice: «If I said I want your body now, would you hold it against me? —en español: Y si digo que quiero tu cuerpo ahora, ¿me lo reprocharías?—».\n\nRadial\n\nEn un comienzo, la revista Entertainment Weekly sostuvo que el primer estreno radial de «Hold It Against Me» sería realizado en Estados Unidos, el viernes 7 de enero de 2011.​​​​ Al respecto, Sharon Dastur, directora del programa de la radio neoyorquina Z100, declaró a la revista:\nFue producida por Dr. Luke y Max Martin, y el ritmo que le han dado a Britney Spears es realmente único en comparación con otros artistas. Ésta cuenta con un infeccioso ritmo de bajo. Además, su coro es simplemente increíble. Será lanzada el 7 de enero.\nSharon Dastur​\n \nNo obstante, días después Adam Leber, uno de los mánagers de Britney Spears, desmintió dicha información, mas sostuvo que el sencillo sería lanzado ese mismo mes.​ Finalmente, el mismo día en el que se filtró el demo de «Hold It Against Me», la cantante dio a conocer, a través de su cuenta de Twitter, que el estreno de éste sería realizado el martes 11 de enero de 2011; mismo día en el que se estrenaría «H.A.M.» de Kanye West y Jay-Z, el que se perfilaba como otro sencillo altamente esperado en Estados Unidos.​​\nPese a los comunicados oficiales de Britney Spears y Jive Records, «Hold It Against Me» finalmente hizo su estreno el lunes 10 de enero de 2011. Ello, en el sitio web del popular conductor de televisión y locutor de radio Ryan Seacrest,​​ a quien los mánagers de la cantante, Larry Rudolph y Adam Leber, le habían enviado el sencillo en exclusiva, tras la filtración de su demo en internet.​ Por su parte, la decisión de adelantar el estreno radial de «Hold It Against Me» fue tomada por la propia Britney Spears.\nTras todo, éste asoló a las radios. Al respecto, Kevin McCabe, analista de la industria radial, sostuvo que, tan pronto como se estrenó, «Hold It Against Me» recibió una demanda considerable en las estaciones de radio de todo Estados Unidos, especialmente en las más influyentes del país, como Z100 y WXRK, de Nueva York, y KIIS y KAMP, de Los Ángeles.​ Ello llevó a que «Hold It Against Me» entonces batiera todos los récords anteriores por la cantidad de veces que fue rotada el día de su estreno en las estaciones de radio monitoreadas tanto por la empresa Mediabase como por su homóloga BDS.​ De acuerdo a éstas, aquel día el sencillo recibió cuantiosas 619 y 595 reproducciones, respectivamente,​ consiguiendo abarcar a una audiencia de 7,8 millones y convirtiéndose, de manera instantánea, en el sencillo entonces más demandado en estaciones de radio como KIIS de Los Ángeles.​\n\nDigital\n\nEl lanzamiento digital de «Hold It Against Me» en Estados Unidos, fue realizado exclusivamente en la tienda iTunes, el martes 11 de enero de 2011;​ mismo día en el que se esperaba que se realizara su lanzamiento radial en el país, antes de haber sido adelantado de manera imprevista,​ y mismo día en el que se realizaron los lanzamientos digitales de otros dos sencillos que también se esperaba que recibieran una gran demanda en Estados Unidos: «H.A.M.» de Kanye West y Jay-Z, y «What the Hell» de Avril Lavigne.​ Por su parte, la exclusiva de iTunes se extendió por una semana, hasta el martes 18 de enero de 2011, día en el que «Hold It Against Me» también comenzó a estar disponible en todas las otras tiendas de ventas de descargas digitales del país.​\nEl mismo martes 11 de enero de 2011, «Hold It Against Me» fue lanzada en casi todas las tiendas iTunes de alrededor del mundo. Tras ello y en menos de sólo doce horas desde su lanzamiento, la canción alcanzó la cima de los rankings de ventas de descargas digitales de las tiendas de catorce países en los que había sido lanzada hasta entonces,​ número que aumentó, constantemente, a medida que ésta se encontraba disponible en otros países.​ El logro incluyó a los Estados Unidos, Suecia, Australia, Grecia, Suiza, Francia, Irlanda, Italia, Bélgica, Canadá, Dinamarca, Finlandia, Nueva Zelanda, Noruega, Portugal y España,​ entre otros como México.​ De manera particular, en Estados Unidos «Hold It Against Me» tardó menos de ocho horas en liderar el ranking de ventas de iTunes. Hasta entonces, sólo una canción en la historia había tardado menos tiempo en conseguir registrar dicha hazaña. Ella había sido «Mine» de Taylor Swift, la que en el mes de agosto de 2010, tardó menos de seis horas en hacerlo. Con ello, «Hold It Against Me» se alzó como el sencillo más vendido de Britney Spears en su primer día en Estados Unidos,​ luego de registrar ventas de 150 mil descargas sólo durante el día de su lanzamiento digital en el país.​\nPor su parte, en el Reino Unido su lanzamiento digital en iTunes originalmente había sido programado para el domingo 20 de febrero de 2011.​ No obstante, dado a su abrumadura demanda que le llevó a liderar los rankings de iTunes de otros diecinueve países, la fecha fue adelantada para el lunes 17 de enero de 2011; mismo día en el que el episodio Britney/Brittany de Glee fue transmitido por el canal de televisión E4 en el país.​\n\nRecepción crítica\n\nEn términos generales, «Hold It Against Me» ha sido ampliamente elogiada por los críticos, los que han señalado que promete cosas «grandiosas» para Femme Fatale, el séptimo álbum de estudio de Britney Spears.​​ Al respecto, el editor Jem Aswad, de la revista estadounidense Billboard, sostuvo que ésta está balanceada entre versos destinados a los clubes nocturnos y coros muy pop, que melodicamente «llaman» al verso de «Thank You» de Dido, incluido en la canción «Stan» de Eminem. Además de ello, señaló que «Hold It Against Me» recuerda más a los últimos éxitos de los Black Eyed Peas, que a cualquier otro de los éxitos anteriores de Britney Spears.​\nDe manera paralela, el editor Rob Sheffield, de la revista estadounidense Rolling Stone, sostuvo que «Hold It Against Me» es «totalmente Britney», pues está llena de impactos electrónicos agresivos y cuenta con un puente donde la cantante gime, sopla y manda besos al aire. Asimismo, sostuvo que ésta cuenta con toques europeos que catalogó de «cercanos» a «Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap» de AC/DC y que no era difícil escuchar ciertas manipulaciones digitales de la voz de Britney Spears. Tras ello, señaló que «Hold It Against Me» recalca el oscuro uso de sintetizadores de Blackout, al que catalogó, posiblemente, como el álbum pop más influyente de los entonces últimos cinco años. Con todo, Rob Sheffield le evaluó con cuatro de cinco estrellas.​\nPor su parte, el editor Nick Levine, del sitio británico Digital Spy, sostuvo que «Hold It Against Me» sirve como un recordatorio de que, con el sencillo adecuado, Britney Spears sigue siendo una de las estrellas pop más emocionantes del planeta. Además de ello, señaló que éste es el corte de club más fuerte de la cantante, dado su palpitante sonido dance-pop, con influencias del trance, y con un coro que guiña un ojo a sus primeros éxitos. En definitiva, el editor le calificó con cinco estrellas, la máxima calificación del sitio.​\nAsimismo, Bill Lamb, guía del sitio About.com, sostuvo que, a diferencia de éxitos anteriores de la cantante, como «Womanizer» y «3», «Hold It Against Me» no se basa en trucos musicales para captar la atención, pues en su lugar es dance-pop sólido, caliente, completamente contemporáneo y sexy. Además de ello, señaló que, pese a que su único punto en contra es que su coro no suena realmente «legendario», éste reúne, de manera efectiva, al sórdido sonido de Blackout con el pop más limpio de Circus. Con todo, Bill Lamb le catalogó de suficientemente «potente» como para figurar junto a los mejores éxitos anteriores de Britney Spears, como «...Baby One More Time» y «Toxic»,​ y sostuvo que, con «Hold It Against Me», la cantante proporcionó un alto estándar de lo que será la música pop durante el año 2011, por lo que le evaluó con cuatro estrellas y media de cinco.​\nEn una reseña más crítica, Brad Wete, de la revista Entertainment Weekly, sostuvo que «Hold It Against Me» es un «clásico» de Britney Spears, pues su interpretación vocal está «lejos de ser estelar». Además señaló que, aun así, éste sirve como un buen accesorio para las producciones con influencias de la música europea que realizan Dr. Luke y Max Martin. Asimismo, sostuvo que, en términos líricos, «Hold It Against Me» no explora nuevos territorios, pues, a su juicio, se encuentra en punto entre «...Baby One More Time» y «I'm a Slave 4 U».​\n\nVersiones de otros artistas\n\nEn 2013, McKee versionó «Hold It Against Me» como parte inicial de un popurrí con otros siete sencillos cocompuestos por ella: «Dynamite» de Taio Cruz, «C'Mon» de Kesha y «California Gurls», «Teenage Dream», «Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)», «Part of Me» y «Wide Awake» de Katy Perry.​\n\nRodaje\n\nEl video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" fue rodado los días sábado 22 y domingo 23 de enero de 2011, en los Paramount Studios de la ciudad estadounidense de Los Ángeles.​ Ello, bajo la dirección del director sueco Jonas Åkerlund,​ quien ha dirigido videos musicales icónicos como \"Ray of Light\" de Madonna y \"Telephone\" de Lady Gaga con Beyoncé,​ y quien trabajó por primera vez con Britney Spears. Por su parte, la coreografía del video musical fue creada por el coreógrafo estadounidense Brian Friedman,​​ quien trabajó nuevamente con la cantante, luego de haber creado las coreografías del Dream Within a Dream Tour y del video musical de \"I'm a Slave 4 U\",​ junto al australiano Wade Robson,​ y las coreografías de los videos musicales de \"Overprotected\" The Darkchild Remix,​ \"Boys\" The Co-Ed Remix,​ \"I Love Rock 'N' Roll\",​ \"Me Against the Music\" y \"Toxic\".​ Para ello, el miércoles 22 de diciembre de 2010, Brian Friedman realizó una audición en Los Ángeles, con el objetivo de encontrar bailarinas y bailarines de lindos rostros y buenos cuerpos,​ de los cuales diez bailarines varones fueron seleccionados.​ Previo a su rodaje anticipó:\nEste es un video musical bailable. Los ensayos se pueden volver muy pesados. Nos estamos yendo a la segura, aún no nos queremos matar, pero mientras se vaya acercando el día del rodaje, definitivamente nos lastimaremos la espalda. Hubo un momento en el que estabamos ensayando y le mostré a Britney un paso que quería que hiciera, y ella enloqueció... Es algo loco cuando vez algo así por primera vez, especialmente cuando has estado alejado de los estudios de baile por un año.\nBrian Friedman​\nRespecto a los vestuarios utilizados por Britney Spears en el video musical, éstos fueron ideados, co-ideados o co-diseñados por la esposa de Jonas Åkerlund, la estilista y diseñadora B. Åkerlund; mientras que los peinados fueron realizados por el estilista de cabello Philip Carreón.​ Asimismo, Steven Ho, experto en artes marciales de Hollywood, guio a Britney Spears para el rodaje de las escenas de lucha, luego de ser contactado por el productor del video musical, Hagai Shaham.​ Por su parte, Britney Spears ensayó la coreografía durante seis semanas y,​ tras el primer día de grabación, sostuvo que creía que éste sería uno de sus mejores videos musicales.\nTras el rodaje, Jonas Åkerlund declaró respecto a su experiencia personal de haber trabajado con Britney Spears:\nBritney fue grandiosa durante todo el proceso. Al final del rodaje me dio el abrazo más cordial que he recibido de un artista y, por lo mismo, espero poder abrazarla muy pronto otra vez. He estado en este rubro durante el tiempo suficiente como para saber cuándo un artista se entrega por completo y, para mí, no hay nada mejor que eso. Este video musical va a ser jodidamente impresionante. Es completamente Britney.\nJonas Åkerlund​\n\nEstreno\n\nEl estreno del video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" fue realizado el día jueves 17 de febrero de 2011, a las 9:55 p.m. del tiempo del este; correspondiente al huso horario de Canadá y los Estados Unidos.​ Ello, de manera simultánea, a través de la cuenta de Britney Spears del sitio web de videos musicales Vevo y de la cadena estadounidense de televisión por cable MTV,​ donde el video musical fue visto por considerables 3,5 millones de televidentes el día de su estreno.​\nNo obstante, el domingo 23 de enero de 2011, antecediendo a su estreno y luego de su segundo y último día de rodaje, Britney Spears dio a conocer la primera imagen oficial del video musical. En ella la cantante aparece con hombreras rojas, mirando hacia atrás, con pelo rubio, largo y ondulado, y rodeada de un montón de micrófonos.​​ Posteriormente, el viernes 4 de febrero de 2011, Britney Spears publicó el primer tráiler del video musical. Sin embargo, la publicación fue acompañada por un anuncio en donde sostuvo que aquel era el primero de los catorce tráileres que fueron publicados durante los catorce días que restaban, desde entonces, para el estreno del video musical.​​​ Todo representó a una de las campañas publicitarias más grandes destinadas a promover el estreno de un video musical.​\nPor su parte, antecediando al estreno del mismo, la revista Billboard realizó un sondeo para determinar a los diez mejores videos musicales de Britney Spears hasta entonces, de acuerdo a sus lectores. Los resultados del sondeo fueron publicados el mismo jueves 17 de febrero de 2011, sólo horas antes del estreno del video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\". Estos arrojaron por ganador, con un considerable 27% de los votos, al video musical de \"Toxic\", el que fue dirigido por el director estadounidense Joseph Kahn en el año 2004 y cuyo costo fue estimado en un millón de dólares; el más elevado empleado en la creación de uno de los videos musicales de Britney Spears.​\n\nTrama\n\nLa trama del video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" se basa en la llegada de Britney Spears, desde el espacio exterior al planeta Tierra, en un intento de encontrar la fama. Éste comienza con escenas de un meteorito que se estrella con la Tierra en el año 2011, en las cercanías de una gran ciudad sin iluminación. Tras ello, Britney Spears es mostrada en un estudio, con una vestimenta similar a ropa interior femenina, botas negras y un cinturón de balas; mientras sus bailarines se visten sugestivamente a su alrededor. Las escenas siguientes, correspondientes a las escenas del primer coro, muestran a la artista vestida de novia con sus brazos envueltos en cintas blancas, cantando y elevándose en medio de un gran tubo oscuro completamente cubierto de pantallas en las que transcurren escenas de su carrera y de sus videos musicales anteriores, especialmente de su icónico video musical debut, \"...Baby One More Time\" y Sometimes.\nLas escenas siguientes muestran a Britney Spears cantando y bailando en el mismo estudio del comienzo, junto a sus bailarines. No obstante, en esta ocasión se interlazan primeros planos, en los que la cantante luce hombreras rojas brillantes y con forma de calabera, en un marco redondo conformado por centenares de micrófonos; además de escenas de los labios de la cantante, pintados con labial rojo e interpretando la letra de la canción, que se interlazan a modo de referencia de la escena inicial de la película The Rocky Horror Picture Show de 1975. Tras el comienzo del segundo coro, el video musical retorna a las escenas de la cantante en medio del tubo de pantallas. Sin embargo, en esta oportunidad salen, de debajo del vestido de novia de la artista, cuatro bailarines sin ojos, encapuchados y vestidos completamente de blanco, que realizan movimientos extraños mientras ella canta.\nYa al comienzo del puente de la canción, es mostrada una escena en la que Britney Spears, vestida de novia, sonríe diabólicamente y comienza a arrojar líquidos de colores, a través de vías entravenosas manipuladas por sus dedos. Ello, rociando, a modo de destrucción, absolutamente todo lo que se encuentra dentro del tubo, incluyendo a sí misma y a las pantallas donde se aprecian sus videos musicales. Es entonces cuando transcurren escenas simbólicas en las que se aprecia a dos Britney Spears luchando, vestidas de encaje negro y con tacones, de igual forma, y diferenciadas sólo por sus respectivas colas de color rojo y azul como parte de sus atuendos. Ello, a modo de representación de una Britney Spears pública y una privada.​\nTras la lucha, ambas versiones de la cantante caen muertas al suelo, tal y como ocurre, en el mismo instante, con su versión vestida de novia. Entonces se aprecian escenas de la silueta de Britney Spears y de sus bailarines, ejecutando pasos de baile en el estudio, y todas sus versiones caídas se levantan victoriosas. Allí el video musical arranca con su última secuencia de escenas, correspondiente a la parte dubstep de la canción, en donde Britney Spears canta y baila con aún más determinación que en sus escenas anteriores, vestida de negro con un corto vestido de cuero, guantes y botas, y rodeada por sus bailarines vestidos de negro y con mascarillas, mientras cae confeti y se disparan fuertes llamas de fuego en el estudio. Entonces la canción acaba, las luces del estudio se apagan y el video musical finaliza.\n\nPublicidad\n\nEl video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" incorporó varias escenas destinadas a hacer publicidad por emplazamiento a una variada gama de productos. Ello, de una manera mucho más pronunciada que en videos musicales anteriores de Britney Spears, como \"Circus\" y \"3\", los cuales también incorporaron escenas destinadas a realizar dicho tipo de publicidad. Por su parte, en el video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" fueron publicitados televisores y monitores de la empresa Sony, sombras de ojos de la línea Make Up Forever y el sitio web para buscar pareja Plenty of Fish; así como también el último perfume de Britney Spears, Radiance.​\nEl resultado le generó a la cantante considerables ingresos totales estimados en medio millón de dólares;​ monto que se especula superior a la cantidad de dinero empleada para cubrir los costos totales del rodaje del video musical.\nPor su parte, el sitio web Plenty of Fish experimentó un instantáneo aumento de vistas de un 20%, el día después del estreno del video musical.​ Ello, luego de transcurrido casi un año desde que el sitio también pagó para ser publicitado en el video musical de \"Telephone\" de Lady Gaga con Beyoncé, el que, coincidentemente, también fue dirigido por Jonas Åkerlund.​ Según TMZ, solo por conceptos de publicidad, Spears ganó medio millón de dólares.​\n\nVestuario\n\nTodos los vestuarios utilizados por Britney Spears en el video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" fueron ideados, co-ideados o co-diseñados por la esposa del director sueco Jonas Åkerlund, la estilista y diseñadora B. Åkerlund, quien también trabajó por primera vez con la cantante y quien, para entonces, había trabajado con artistas de alto perfil como Madonna y Lady Gaga. De acuerdo a sus propias declaraciones, desde un comienzo ella tenía en mente una visión muy específica para el video musical; una visión con una mirada de alta costura de punk-rock con un toque de glamour, que quedó plasmada en los diversos vestuarios utilizados por Britney Spears en él. Al respecto, para uno de dichos vestuarios B. Åkerlund seleccionó un vestido de novia de la marca Tom Tom, guantes de la marca La Cracia y un collar de la marca Dannijo, y utilizó cristales Swarovski para cubrir las cintas blancas que envolvieron los brazos de la artista.​\nPara la escena de la lucha, la cantante y su doble usaron vestuarios hechos a sus medidas y seleccionados por B. Åkerlund, en conjunto con Falguni & Shane Peacock. Por su parte, Britney Spears usó zapatos de tacón alto de la marca XTC y, ambas versiones de la cantante, usaron un vestido de color púrpura oscuro con cola y otro vestido homólogo, pero en tonos de color rojo oscuro. De manera paralela, para la secuencia de baile inicial, Britney Spears vistió un traje creado por B. Åkerlund y Skin Graft Designs, lució joyas de la marca Tom Binns y usó sus propias botas, las que fueron decoradas con detalles y cubiertas con cristales Swarovski para la ocasión. Asimismo, para la secuencia del marco de micrófonos, Britney Spears utilizó hombreras de cráneo rojas, diseñadas por Yasmen Hussein para Swarovski Runway Rocks, y lució aretes y un collar Tom Binns y anillos de la marca Loree Rodkin. Finalmente, para la escena del desenlace, Britney Spears vistió un vestido negro exclusivo y muy ceñido de la marca Bordelle, lució un collar de la marca Noir y utilizó otras botas de su propiedad, las que también fueron decoradas con cristales Swarovski.​\n\nRecibimiento\n\nEl video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" contó, en términos generales, con un buen recibimiento por parte de los críticos, quienes le catalogaron como uno de los mejores videos musicales de Britney Spears, desde que la artista comenzó su regreso a la industria de la música en el año 2007. No obstante, éste fue criticado por la masiva publicidad por emplazamiento que fue incorporada en sus escenas. De manera particular, Matthew Perpetua, de la revista Rolling Stone, le catalogó como un «asalto visual total», que mezclabada todo lo que se había llegado a esperar de Britney Spears, pues contaba con vestuarios sexies, una coreografía elaborada, pucheros de niña buena y pavoneos de chica mala.​ Paralelamente, Aaron Parsley, de la revista People, sostuvo que la mejor parte del video musical correspondía a las escenas de la lucha entre las dos versiones de Britney Spears. Asimismo, desaprobó su publicidad por emplazamiento.​\nPor su parte, Bill Lamb, periodista del sitio web About.com y especialista en música pop, sostuvo que el video musical de \"Hold It Against Me\" es «visualmente estelar». Asimismo, elogió los colores utilizados en él, los ángulos de cámara y la coreografía, así como también las escenas de lucha. Aunque también señaló que, en última instancia, era difícil saber si éste tendría el impacto que tuvieron los videos musicales de \"...Baby One More Time\" y \"Toxic\"; el periodista sostuvo que, definitivamente, éste era uno de los mejores videos musicales de Britney Spears.​ A su vez, la audiencia también le dio una buena recepción, lo que le llevó a acumular diez millones de visualizaciones en sus cinco primeros días en la cuenta de Vevo de Spears.​ Para agosto de 2015 contó con más de 110 millones de visitas en Vevo.", "Daniel Dennett\n\nBiografía\n\nDaniel Dennett estudió en la Phillips Exeter Academy y recibió su Bachelor of Arts en filosofía en la Universidad de Harvard (Cambridge, EE.UU.) en 1963. En 1965, se doctoró en filosofía por la Universidad de Oxford (Inglaterra), donde estudió con el afamado filósofo Gilbert Ryle. Dennett es, desde junio de 2006, el Austin B. Fletcher Professor of Philosophy, profesor de la universidad y co-director del Centro de Estudios Cognitivos, junto con Ray Jackendoff, en la Universidad Tufts (Medford, EE.UU.).\nEn 1983 impartió los cursos John Locke en la Universidad de Oxford, en 1985 los cursos Gavin David Young en Adelaida, Australia, y en 1986 el curso Tanner en Míchigan, entre otras. El año 2001 fue galardonado con el Premio Jean Nicod y dio los cursos Jean Nicod en París. Ha recibido dos becas Guggenheim, una beca Fulbright, y una beca en el Center for Advanced Studies in Behavioral Science (Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencia del Comportamiento). Fue elegido en 1987 miembro de la American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Academia Norteamericana de las Artes y las Ciencias). Fue en 1985 co-fundador y co-director del Curricular Software Studio (Estudio de Software Curricular) en la Universidad de Tufts, y ha ayudado a diseñar exhibiciones en museos sobre computadoras para la Smithsonian Institution, el Museo de Ciencia de Boston y el Museo de Computadoras de Boston. También es un hábil marino.\nDennett es autor de varios libros de gran importancia acerca de la evolución y la conciencia. Es uno de los principales proponentes de la teoría conocida por algunos como darwinismo neural (véase materialismo eliminativo). Dennett también es bien conocido por su argumentación en contra de los qualia; Dennett afirma que el concepto es tan confuso que no puede ser usado o entendido de forma no contradictoria, y por ello no constituye una refutación válida del fisicalismo. Este argumento lo presentó ampliamente en su libro Consciousness Explained (La conciencia explicada).\n\nFilosofía de la mente\n\nDennett ha comentado en varias ocasiones (por ejemplo, en «Self-portrait», dentro de su Brainchildren) que su proyecto filosófico global ha seguido siendo en gran medida el mismo desde sus tiempos en Oxford. Busca sobre todo proporcionar una filosofía de la mente arraigada en la investigación empírica y útil para ésta. En su disertación Content and Consciousness (Contenido y consciencia), dividió el problema de explicar la mente en la necesidad de una teoría del contenido y de una de la conciencia. Su aproximación a este proyecto también ha permanecido fiel a esta distinción. De la misma manera que el contenido y la conciencia tienen una estructura bipartida, los Brainstorms pueden dividirse igualmente en dos secciones. Posteriormente agrupará varios ensayos sobre contenido en The Intentional Stance (La actitud intencional) y sintetizará sus investigaciones sobre la conciencia humana en una teoría unificada en el libro La conciencia explicada. Estos dos volúmenes desarrollan su visión multidisciplinaria sobre la conciencia, basada en el método científico y en datos procedentes de la psicología, la neurociencia, la filosofía y la inteligencia artificial. La conciencia explicada tuvo gran difusión para tratarse de una obra científica, y causó profundo impacto incluso sobre lectores no especializados, pues refutaba de forma muy convincente la visión tradicional y puramente intuitiva acerca de la conciencia.\nAunque está muy claro que Dennett cuestiona toda una serie de categorías (como el dualismo cartesiano), está menos claro en cuáles encaja. Tal y como dijo el propio Dennett:\n\n \n\n \n[Otros] indican que mi 'resistencia a usar la terminología filosófica estándar para discutir esos asuntos' a menudo me crea problemas; los filósofos tienen dificultades para imaginarse qué estoy diciendo y qué estoy negando. Mi negación a jugar con mis colegas es deliberada, desde luego, ya que veo la terminología filosófica estándar como algo peor que inútil --como un gran obstáculo para el progreso, ya que se basa en muchos errores.\n\n \nDaniel Dennett, The Message is: There is no Medium.\nDennett se autodefine con pocos términos. En La conciencia explicada admite: \"soy una especie de 'teleofuncionalista', desde luego, puede ser el 'teleofuncionalista' original\". Incluso llega a decir: \"estoy preparado para salir del armario como algún tipo de verificacionista\".\nEn La conciencia explicada, el interés de Dennett en la habilidad de la evolución para explicar algunos de las características productoras de contenido de la consciencia ya es evidente, y desde entonces se ha convertido en parte integral de su programa. Gran parte de su trabajo en la década de 1990 lo ha dedicado a completar sus ideas, tratando los mismos temas desde un punto de vista evolutivo: desde qué distingue la mente de los animales de los humanos (Kinds of Minds, Tipos de mentes) hasta cómo el libre albedrío es compatible con una visión naturalista del mundo (Freedom Evolves, La libertad evoluciona). Su libro más reciente, Romper el hechizo: la religión como un fenómeno natural, es un intento por sujetar las creencias religiosas al mismo tratamiento, explicando las posibles razones evolutivas para el fenómeno de los grupos religiosos.\n\nPapel en el debate sobre la evolución\n\nLas opiniones de Dennett sobre la evolución son fuertemente adaptacionistas, en línea con los postulados del zoólogo Richard Dawkins. En Darwin's Dangerous Idea (La peligrosa idea de Darwin), Dennett se muestra incluso más firme en su defensa del adaptacionismo que el propio Dawkins, y dedica un capítulo entero a la crítica de las opiniones del paleontólogo Stephen Jay Gould, que es precisamente uno de los críticos del adaptacionismo extremo. Dennett ve la evolución por selección natural como un proceso algorítmico (aunque explica que los algoritmos tan simples como la división larga a menudo incorporan un grado significativo de aleatoriedad).​ Esta idea está en conflicto con la filosofía evolutiva de Gould, quien prefirió enfatizar el \"pluralismo\" de la evolución (es decir, su dependencia de muchos factores cruciales, de los cuales la selección natural es solo uno). Esto le ha llevado a enfrentarse con Gould y con sus partidarios, que alegan que Dennett exagera sus afirmaciones y malinterpreta las de Gould,​ para reforzar lo que Gould describe como el \"fundamentalismo darwinista\" de Dennett.​\nEste debate tiene relación con el largo debate público de Gould con E. O. Wilson y otros biólogos evolutivos sobre la sociobiología humana y su psicología evolutiva descendiente, a lo que Gould y Richard Lewontin se opusieron, pero que Dennett defendió, junto con Dawkins y Steven Pinker. Aunque Dennett ha expresado su crítica a la sociobiología humana, llamándola una forma de \"reduccionismo codicioso\", generalmente simpatiza con las explicaciones propuestas por la psicología evolutiva. Gould también es ambiguo y escribe: \"Los sociobiólogos han ampliado su gama de historias selectivas al invocar conceptos de aptitud inclusiva y selección de parentesco para resolver (con éxito creo) el problema del altruismo, que anteriormente era el mayor obstáculo para una teoría darwinista. de la conducta social ... Aquí la sociobiología ha tenido y seguirá teniendo éxito. Y aquí lo deseo, porque representa una extensión del darwinismo básico a un ámbito en el que debería aplicarse \".​\nLas teorías de Dennett han tenido una influencia significativa en el trabajo del psicólogo evolutivo Geoffrey Miller.\n\nLibre albedrío\n\nMientras que él es un compatibilista confirmado en el libre albedrío, en \"Al dar a los libertarios lo que dicen que quieren\" -Capítulo 15 de su libro de de 1978 Tormentas de ideas, Dennett articuló el caso para un modelo de dos etapas de toma de decisiones en contraste con los puntos de vista libertarios:​\n   \"El modelo de decisión que propongo tiene la siguiente característica: cuando nos enfrentamos con una decisión importante, un generador de consideraciones cuyo resultado es hasta cierto punto indeterminado, produce una serie de consideraciones, algunas de las cuales pueden, por supuesto, ser inmediatamente rechazadas por irrelevantes para el agente (consciente o inconscientemente). Aquellas consideraciones que son seleccionadas por el agente como que tienen una influencia más que insignificante en la decisión figuran en un proceso de razonamiento, y si el agente es en lo principal razonable, esas consideraciones en última instancia, sirven como predictores y explicadores de la decisión final del agente.\"\nA diferencia de otros filósofos han desarrollado modelos de dos etapas, que incluyen a William James, Henri Poincaré, Arthur Holly Compton y Henry Margenau, Dennett defiende este modelo por las siguientes razones:\n       \"Primero ... en la selección inteligente, el rechazo y el peso de las consideraciones que le ocurren al sujeto, es una cuestión de inteligencia la que hace la diferencia\".\n       \"En segundo lugar... \"creo que instala el indeterminismo en el lugar correcto para el libertario, si hay un lugar correcto en absoluto\".\n       \"Tercero ... desde el punto de vista de la ingeniería biológica, es simplemente más eficiente y, al final, más racional, la toma de decisiones que debería ocurrir de esta manera.\"\n       \"Una cuarta observación a favor del modelo es que permite que la educación moral marque la diferencia, sin hacer toda la diferencia.\"\n       \"En quinto lugar, y creo que esto es quizás lo más importante que se puede decir a favor de este modelo, proporciona cierta explicación de nuestra importante intuición de que somos los autores de nuestras decisiones morales.\"\n       \"Finalmente, el modelo que propongo apunta a la multiplicidad de decisiones que rodean nuestras decisiones morales y sugiere que en muchos casos nuestra decisión final en cuanto a qué manera de actuar, es menos importante fenomenológicamente como contribuyente a nuestro sentido de libre albedrío que las decisiones previas que afectan nuestro propio proceso de deliberación: la decisión, por ejemplo, de no considerar más, de terminar la deliberación; o la decisión de ignorar ciertas líneas de investigación.\"\n   \"Estas decisiones previas y subsidiarias contribuyen, creo, a nuestro sentido de nosotros mismos como agentes libres responsables, más o menos de la siguiente manera: me veo obligado a tomar una decisión importante, y después de una cierta cantidad de deliberación, me digo a mí mismo: \" Es suficiente. He considerado este asunto lo suficiente y ahora voy a actuar,\" en el pleno conocimiento que pude haber considerado más a fondo, en el pleno conocimiento de que las eventualidades pueden probar que decidí por error, pero con la aceptación de responsabilidad en cualquier caso.\"​\n\nReligión y moralidad\n\nEn Darwin's Dangerous Idea, Dennett escribe que la evolución puede explicar el origen de la moralidad. Rechaza la idea de la falacia naturalista como la idea de que la ética está en algún ámbito de libre elección, escribiendo que la falacia es pasar de los hechos a los valores.\nEn su libro de 2006, Rompiendo el hechizo: La religión como fenómeno natural, Dennett intenta dar cuenta naturalista de la creencia religiosa, explicando posibles razones evolutivas para el fenómeno de la adhesión religiosa. En este libro él se declara \"bright\" y defiende el término.\nÉl ha estado investigando a clérigos que son en secreto ateos y cómo racionalizan sus obras. Encontró lo que llamó una conspiración de \"No preguntes, no digas\" porque los creyentes no querían escuchar nada acerca de la pérdida de la fe. Eso hizo que los predicadores incrédulos se sintieran aislados, pero no quisieron perder sus trabajos y, a veces, sus alojamientos proporcionados por la iglesia y, en general, se consolaron de que estaban haciendo bien sus funciones pastorales al proporcionarles comodidad y rituales requeridos. [32] La investigación, con Linda LaScola, se amplió para incluir otras religiones y clérigos no cristianos. La investigación y las historias que Dennett y LaScola acumularon durante este proyecto se publicaron en su libro co-autoral de 2013, Caught in the Pulpit: Leaving Belief Behind.​\n\nOtros puntos de vista filosóficos\n\nTambién ha escrito y defendido la noción de memética como una herramienta filosóficamente útil, más recientemente en su \"Cerebros, computadoras y mentes\", una presentación en tres partes a través de la serie de conferencias distinguidas MBB 2009 de Harvard.\nDennett ha sido crítico con el postmodernismo, después de haber dicho:\n\n \n\n \nLa posmodernidad, la escuela del \"pensamiento\" que proclamaba \"No hay verdades, solo interpretaciones\" se ha desempeñado en gran medida en el absurdo, pero ha dejado atrás una generación de académicos en humanidades discapacitados por su desconfianza en la idea misma de la verdad y su falta de respeto a la evidencia, el establecimiento de \"conversaciones\" en las que nadie está equivocado y nada se puede confirmar, solo se afirma con el estilo que se pueda reunir.​\n\n \nDennett adoptó y de alguna manera redefinió el término \"deepety\" (\"profundidad\"), originalmente acuñado por Miriam Weizenbaum​ (hija del informático Joseph Weizenbaum). Dennett utilizó la \"deepety\" para una declaración que aparentemente es profunda, pero en realidad es trivial en un nivel y sin sentido en otro. En general, una profundidad tiene dos (o más) significados: uno que es verdadero pero trivial, y otro que suena profundo y sería importante si es cierto, pero en realidad es falso o sin sentido. Algunos ejemplos son \"Que sera sera!\", \"La belleza solo es profunda\", \"El poder de la intención puede transformar tu vida\".​", "Boyfriend (canción de Big Time Rush)\n\nAntecedentes y composición\n\nBoyfriend fue escrita y producida por Lucas Secon , mientras que Wayne Hector , acreditado como Anthony Wayne Hector, también proporcionó por escrito. Además de escribir y producir, Secon programado y arregló la canción mientras se realiza en tambores y sintetizadores . Las sesiones de grabación tuvieron lugar en Westlake Recording Studios en Los Angeles , California , dirigido por Rob Kinelski, y al Mux Music Studios en Londres , Inglaterra , dirigida por Secon y Pete Hoffman, los cuales mezclan la canción. Edición través ProTools fue realizado por Hoffman. Mintman realizado en las guitarras , bajos y llaves , que fue grabado en los estudios de grabación Westlake. Boyfriend fue lanzado como debut Big Time Rush solo el 8 de febrero de 2011, a través de la distribución digital. Una semana después, el 15 de febrero de 2011, Columbia Records servicio Snoop Dogg con la canción de la radio hit contemporáneo y la versión con el New Boyz para cruce rítmica en los Estados Unidos. El 19 de abril de 2011, una nueva versión del la canción con la New Boyz fue lanzado para la distribución digital. \nBoyfriend es una canción pop uptempo que utiliza estilos de dance-pop , hip-hop y teen-pop . La canción cuenta con el uso de ritmos monocromáticas, sonidos de instrumentos condensados, voces en capas y afinado y autoajuste. [3] De acuerdo con la hoja de música digital publicada en Musicnotes.com por Sony / ATV Music Publishing , la canción está compuesta en clave de E importante . [4] Está situado en el tiempo común y tiene un moderado 4 ritmo de 80 latidos por minuto. Se inicia con una secuencia básica de AEF # mE y las transiciones a la F # mG # mC # m ya que la progresión de acordes. [4] La canción cuenta con versos de rap de Snoop Dogg y el New Boyz . Las letras se refieren a ser el novio ideal para alguien, se indica en líneas como: \"No me importa en absoluto lo que has hecho antes, todo lo que realmente quiero es ser tu novio.\n\nLa respuesta crítica\n\nBoyfriend recibido en general una respuesta mixta de los críticos de música contemporánea. Matt Collar de Allmusic llamó la \"cabeza-bobina\" sintonía uno de los puntos destacados del álbum. Jessica Dawson de Common Sense Media llamó a la canción un \"single pegadizo\" que \"permanece en la cabeza, con los chicos haciendo pucheros,\" Bb -boy-boy-boy-boy-novio \", y rápido, el ritmo de la canción de hip-pop.\" Dawson también comentó: \"No hay ventiladores duda serán deseando que los chicos cantaban con ellos\", otorgando a la canción un tres estrellas. Caroline Sullivan de The Guardian elogió Snoop versos de Dogg, comentando que añaden \"dinamismo\" a \"un de otro modo anodino canción dance-pop \". Alistair McGeorge de la Mujer Primero lo calificó como un \"seguro, by-the-números de pista pop que depende en gran medida de la sobreproducción y autotone\". Brandon Soderberg de Popdust dio \"Boyfriend \"una calificación de tres estrellas, elogiando a Snoop Dogg para proporcionar un contraste con el\" encanto excéntrico \"que presenta en su rostro invitado en canciones pop. Soderberg acredita Snoop Dogg para inyectar especificidad en una canción de otra manera bastante normal\", y elogió además sus versos para su colocación, la escritura que proporcionan \"un sentido crucial gratificante de la narrativa\".\n\nFuncionamiento de la carta\n\nEn los Estados Unidos, Boyfriend entró en el Billboard Hot 100 en el número setenta y nueve en la edición del 12 de marzo de 2011. La canción ascendió y descendió en la tabla por varias semanas antes de llegar a su punto máximo en el número setenta y dos en la edición del 7 de mayo de 2011. \"Boyfriend\" vendido más de 500.000 copias en los Estados Unidos, obteniendo una certificación de oro por el Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). También alcanzó el puesto número treinta y dos en el Pop Songs gráfico y en el número cincuenta y ocho en el Hot Digital Songs . En Europa, \"Boyfriend\" fue mejor en las listas . En Austria, la canción alcanzó el puesto número cincuenta y cinco en la lista de sencillos. En Alemania, la canción debutó en el número cincuenta y uno y se puso en el número cuarenta y nueve de la próxima semana.\n\nVídeo\n\nEl vídeo se localiza en Los Ángeles, en el año 2099 en la ciudad futurística se ve un edificio moderno, luego se ve a la banda recorriendo una calle, cuando se encuentran con un diagrama de Snoop Dogg preguntándoles si quieren ir al futuro, cantando, entran en el mismo, que es un club donde comienzan a cantar, También se los ve cantando desde un escenario.\nAl final del vídeo, salen del diagrama y regresan a la calle.", "Scissor Sisters\n\nHistoria\n\nEl núcleo del grupo se formó en el año 2000, cuando Jake Shears conoció a Babydaddy mientras visitaba a un amigo en Kentucky. Empezaron a tocar música juntos pero no tuvieron buena acogida por parte del público.\nDespués de mudarse a New York, el dúo conoció a Ana Matronic en un cabaret en Halloween. El grupo pronto empezó a realizar presentaciones y conocieron a Del Marquis, mientras Shears trabajaba como estríper en un pequeño bar llamado I.C. Guys en East Village.\nDespués de convertirse en un cuarteto, la banda firmó con la discográfica independiente A Touch of Class y grabaron el sencillo “Electrobix”, el cual tiene como b-side una versión del clásico de Pink Floyd “Comfortably Numb”. Paddy Boom se unió a Scissor Sisters después de que ellos hicieran un anuncio en el cual buscaban un baterista, aunque se usó una máquina para la mayoría de las canciones en su primer álbum, Paddy tocó la batería y la percusión en las siguientes grabaciones.\nEn septiembre de 2003 fueron acreditados como los que mezclaron una de las versiones del sencillo “Good Boys” de Blondie, el cual aparece en el sencillo de vinilo.\n\nÁlbum debut y llegada al éxito (2003-2005)\n\nSu versión del tema “Comfortably Numb” fue notada en el Reino Unido cuando fue elegida por DJs en electroclubs. La canción llamó la atención de la discográfica Polydor, la cual los contrató.\nEl primer sencillo del grupo en la nueva discográfica fue “Laura”, esta fue lanzada en 2003 y alcanzó el puesto 54 en el Reino Unido, recibiendo poca atención, con la excepción de la revista musical británica New Musical Express, el programa V Gram. Norton y el programa Popworld, por el cual fueron entrevistados.\nLa canción también fue reproducida varias veces en las radios australianas. La canción “It Can’t Come Quickly Enough” apareció en la banda sonora del filme Party Monster.\nSu primer éxito fue en 2004 cuando lanzaron “Comfortably Numb” con Paul Leschen en el piano y en el teclado, alcanzando el puesto #10 en el Reino Unido. Este éxito fue seguido por “Take Your Mama” (#17 en el Reino Unido), luego relanzan el sencillo “Laura” y alcanza el #12 en el Reino Unido, la balada “Mary” llega al puesto 14 y el himno hedonista “Filthy/Gorgeous” alcanza el #5 en el Reino Unido.\nTodos esos sencillos pertenecen a su álbum Scissor Sisters, el cual alcanzó el puesto #1 en el Reino Unido y se convirtió en el álbum mejor vendido del año 2004, superando al disco de Keane “Hopes and Fears” por solo 582 copias. Hasta el año 2006 fue el décimo álbum mejor vendido del siglo 21 y el álbum #51 con mayores ventas en el Reino Unido.\nScissor Sisters se encuentra en la lista de artistas que han vendido más de 2 millones de copias de un álbum en el Reino Unido, los demás han sido James Blunt, Robbie Williams, Keane, Dido, Coldplay y Norah Jones.\nA pesar del éxito en el Reino Unido (al cual ellos se refieren como su casa espiritual), el grupo ha tenido sólo un impacto moderado en el público estadounidense. Take Your Mama se hizo popular en las estaciones de pop. Filthy/Gorgeous fue exitosa en los clubes homosexuales y fue incluida en la banda sonora de Tony Hawk's American Wasteland.\nEl álbum fue prohibido en las estanterías de la supercadena Wal-Mart en Estado Unidos debido a su fuerte contenido. La banda mostró su insatisfacción con esa decisión en varias ocasiones. Jake Shears se escucha en un concierto del DVD del grupo diciendo lo siguiente: “Wall-Mart no quiere vender nuestro álbum…, pues, ¿saben qué? ¡Que se joda Wal-Mart!”\n\nTa-Dah (2005–2007)\n\nLa grabación de su segundo álbum, Ta-Dah comenzó a mediados del 2005, en Discoball, en algunas presentaciones tocaban fragmentos de sus nuevas canciones, incluyendo “Everybody Wants The Same Thing” interpretada en el concierto Live 8, “Paul McCartney”, “I Can't Decide”, “Hybrid Man”, “Forever Right Now” y “Hair Baby”.\nEl grupo cumplió uno de sus sueños cuando Elton John colaboró con ellos como pianista y co-escritor en “I Don't Feel Like Dancin'”. La canción alcanzó el #1 en el Reino Unido el 10 de septiembre de 2006 y se mantuvo en la cima por cuatro semanas consecutivas. También fue número 1 en Australia.\nElton John también contribuyó en la canción “Intermission” del álbum Ta-Dah y tocó el piano en el demo “Bad Shit”\nTa-Dah fue lanzado el 18 de septiembre de 2006 en el Reino Unido y el 26 de septiembre en Estados Unidos. Según Jake Shears, el disco es una combinación de la música de los años 60, glam rock y disco.\nEn 2006 participaron en la gira Touring The Angel de Depeche Mode.\nSu primer gran concierto en el Reino Unido para promover su segundo álbum tomó lugar en el club KOKO el 31 de agosto de 2006 y fue filmado por MTV.\nEl disco alcanzó el #1 en el Reino Unido en su primera semana de lanzamiento.\n“Land of a Thousand Words” fue lanzada como segundo sencillo y alcanzó el #19 en UK.\n“She's My Man” fue lanzado en febrero de 2007 como tercer sencillo y fue el #29 en UK.\n“Kiss You Off” fue el cuarto y último sencillo del disco lanzado en mayo de 2007. En el video se muestra a Ana Matronic en un salón de belleza futurista.\n\nNight Work (2008-2011)\n\nAl final de su gira mundial en 2007, el grupo confirmó que se tomarían un descanso para trabajar en su próximo álbum. El 13 y 14 de octubre de 2008, estrenaron nuevas canciones en conciertos secretos en Mercury Lounge bajo el nombre de “Queef Latina” (el 13 de octubre) y “Debbie’s Hairy” (el 14 de octubre). Algunas canciones incluidas en el repertorio fueron \"Television\", \"Who's Your Money\", \"Other Girls\", \"Major for You\", \"None of My Business\", \"Singularity\", \"Do The Strand\", \"Who's There\", \"Not the Loving Kind\", \"Taking Shape\" (con Babydaddy como cantante principal) y \"Uroboros\". Después Jake Shears anunció en la página oficial de Scissor Sisters que era posible que ninguna de esas canciones estuviera incluida en el nuevo disco, debido a que el grupo no se sentía muy satisfecho con ellas.\nEl baterista Paddy Boom no estuvo presente en ninguno de esos conciertos y fue reemplazado por Randy Schrager. El 16 de octubre que Paddy Boom salió del grupo de forma amigable.\nEl grupo contribuyó con una versión del tema “Do The Strand” de Roxy Music para el álbum “War Child Presents Heroes”.\nScissor Sisters pasó la mayor parte de 2008 y 2009 en el estudio. Después de haber trabajo en el nuevo material por aproximadamente 18 meses, decidieron posponer su tercer álbum. Shears explicó “En mi corazón sabía que no estaba bien. Realmente no sabía lo que estaba intentando decir. Me dejó un poco nervioso”\nEl 8 de mayo de 2009 fue reportado que la grabación había sido “desechada”.\nLa banda regresó al estudio y empezó a trabajar en nuevas canciones en junio de 2009, las cuales se convirtieron en el reemplazo del álbum Night Work.\nProducido en colaboración con Stuart Price, Night Work fue originalmente programado para ser lanzado en marzo de 2010, pero se retrasó hasta el 28 de junio.\nEl álbum es descrito como “súper sexual y ligero”, Shears sugirió que se incluyeran las canciones “Hollywood Wives” y “Permanent Wave”. Sin embargo cuando el álbum fue anunciado ninguna fue incluida. Se dijo que el primer sencillo era “una canción épica que te hace sentir muy bien”.\n“Invisible Light” fue descrita por Ana Matronic como “mágica” en una actualización de su página oficial.\n“Night Work” se lanzó el 28 de junio de 2010 y fue precedido por el sencillo “Fire With Fire” el 20 de junio. Según aparece en los agradecimientos del disco, este álbum está dedicado por el grupo a, entre otros, Jodorowsky.\n\nMagic Hour (2012-presente)\n\nEl nuevo álbum de la banda, se titula Magic Hour y fue lanzado el 28 de mayo de 2012. Uno de sus adelantos fue la canción titulada \"Shady Love\" estrenada el 2 de enero de 2012 en el programa de Annie Mac en la BBC Radio 1. Cuenta con la participación de Azealia Banks y aparece Jake Shears bajo su alias \"Krystal Pepsy\". El 20 de mayo de 2012, se lanzó su primer sencillo oficial titulado \"Only the Horses\" y cuenta con la colaboración del productor escocés Calvin Harris.​ El 30 de mayo de 2012, se lanzó el video musical de su segundo sencillo Baby Come Home.​ En mayo de 2012, se lanzó una nueva canción promocional en Spotify llamada \"Let's Have a Kiki\".​ Posteriormente fue lanzado como su último sencillo oficial, logrando alcanzar el primer puesto en el Hot Dance Club Play de los Estados Unidos.\n\nContenido musical\n\nLas letras de las canciones, mayormente escritas por Shears y Babydaddy, son conocidas por su mezcla de ingenio y tragedia. Las canciones de su álbum debut lidian con temas desde el abuso de las drogas entre la comunidad gay (Return to Oz), hasta el profundo amor platónico de Shears por su amiga en la vida real llamada Mary Hanlon (Mary). Mary murió de un aneurisma cerebral en abril de 2006, una noticia que dejó devastado a los miembros de la banda.\nSu música puede describirse como una mezcla de Glam rock, Disco y música alternativa. Tienen influencias de: Elton John, ABBA, Bee Gees, Blondie, KC and the Sunshine Band, Duran Duran (la razón por la cual se hicieron músicos, según Ana), Siouxsie and the Banshees (Ana dijo en los BRIT Awards de 2005 que “sin Siouxsie no estaría aquí”), David Bowie, Queen, Kiss, entre otros. Durante un concierto en Brisbane, Australia, Jake Shears declaró que The Beatles había sido una gran influencia para él y que es un gran admirador de Paul McCartney y de Wings.\nNo les gusta ser clasificados como “una banda gay”. En una entrevista que aparece en el DVD We Are Scissor Sisters… And So Are You, Jake dice “El hecho de que algunos de nosotros seamos gay afecta nuestra música igual que afecta que algunos de los miembros de Blondie sean heterosexuales”.\nAlgunos de sus admiradores famosos son: Elton John, David Gilmour de Pink Floyd, Roger Daltrey y Pete Townshend de The Who, U2, Thom Yorke de Radiohead, Billy Joel, ABBA, Madonna, Kylie Minogue y Lady Gaga.\n\nPremios y Prensa\n\nEn los BRIT Awards​ de 2005 ganaron todos los premios a los que fueron nominados: Grupo Internacional, Éxito Internacional y Álbum Internacional (Ana le pidió a Siouxsie que presentara ese premio). Fue la primera vez en la historia de esos premios que un grupo ganaba las tres categorías internacionales. Comenzaron el espectáculo con la canción “Take Your Mama” en el escenario diseñado por The Jim Henson Company. En los premios de 2007, el grupo no ganó ningún premio, pero comenzaron la ceremonia con un homenaje a “I Don't Feel Like Dancin'”.\nEn 2004 los miembros gay del grupo, Jake Shears, Babbydaddy y Del Marquis, fueron honorados en el Out 100 de la revista Out​ en “La lista de los 100 gais más intrigantes del año”.\nEl grupo ganó un GLADD Media Award en la categoría “Artista Musical Más Destacado” el 28 marzo de 2005. El 2 de julio de 2005 actuaron en Live 8, el repertorio incluyó el tema “Everybody Wants the Same Thing”.\nEn noviembre de 2006 ganaron el premio alemán Bambi en la categoría “Estrella fugaz”.\nScissor Sisters ha recibido mucha atención en Estados Unidos por parte de VH1 y revistas como Out y Enterteinment Weekly. Han sido entrevistados en el sitio web de VH1 y Del Marquis fue entrevistado para la sección musical de IGN.com.\nUn dato conocido es que tienen varias canciones grabadas desde antes del lanzamiento del álbum Scissor Sisters, un ejemplo son: Someone To Touch, Doctor (I’m Only Seeing Dark), Bicycling with the Devil, Electrobix, Monkey Baby, Take Me Out y demos de Laura y Filthy/Gorgeous.\n\nImagen\n\nLas portadas del disco y sencillos del álbum debut son obra del ilustrador inglés Spookytim. Las imágenes fueron creadas por una amplia variedad de técnicas y unieron los procesos basados en papel con elementos digitales y fotográficos para reflejar la naturaleza de la música de la banda.\n\nFanes\n\nVarias sociedades de admiradores se han levantado en los foros oficiales. Estas incluyen a “Admiradores de Jake”, “Sociedad de apreciación de Ana Matronic” y el “Scissor Sisters Party Bus”.\nEl grupo tiene una relación íntima con su comunidad de admiradores, incluso hicieron un concierto para un grupo seleccionado de miembros del foro el 14 de agosto de 2005, en el cual varias canciones nuevas fueron estrenadas y los fanes tuvieron la oportunidad de conocerlos y darle tarjetas de cumpleaños y regalos a Ana Matronic. En la comunidad de fanes, los admiradores que tienen una afinidad especial por Ana son conocidos como “monjas”.\n\nProduciendo\n\nA finales de 2004, Shears y Babydaddy co-escribieron y produjeron el éxito “I Believe in You” para la australiana Kylie Minogue, el cual fue incluido en la compilación “Ultimate Kylie”.\nTambién escribieron el tema nunca lanzado “(Everything) I Know”, el mismo se filtró en noviembre de 2004 y “Ohh (The Blues)”, de la cual permanece sin haberse lanzado la versión de Kylie.\nLos Scissor Sisters co-escribieron una nueva canción para Kylie titulada “White Diamond”, la cual fue interpretada en su “Showgirl Homecoming Tour” en Australia en noviembre de 2006.\nLa versión balada de “White Diamond” se hizo disponible como bonus track del álbum \"X\" de Minogue.\nEn el año 2006 Babydaddy le hizo un remix a la canción “You Got Me” del grupo VHS or Beta, los cuales son grandes admiradores de Scissor Sisters y han hecho giras juntos.\n\nBandas sonoras\n\nLa canción Skins fue utilizada en la quinta temporada de la serie Queer as Folk.\nLa canción I Can't Decide fue utilizada en la serie Doctor Who en el episodio Last of the time Lords.\nLas canciones Comfortably Numb y Filthy/Gorgeous aparecen en el episodio Something Borrowed de la serie Torchwood.\nFilthy/Gorgeous aparece en la segunda temporada de la serie Nip/Tuck y en la versión estadounidense de Kath & Kim. También aparece en el videojuego Tony Hawk's: American Wasteland.\n“Take Your Mama” aparece en la tercera temporada de Big Love y en la primera temporada de la serie Héroes.\n“Isn't It Strange” aparece en la película “Shrek Forever After” de 2010. La canción Fire with Fire del álbum Night Work de 2010 fue incluida en el videojuego FIFA 11.", "Evelio Rosero\n\nBiografía\n\nEvelio Rosero nació en Bogotá, pero fue criado en San Juan de Pasto, ciudad andina, en el sur de Colombia, donde pasó la mayor parte de su infancia.\nRegresó a la capital ya adolescente; tanto sus estudios primarios como secundarios los hizo en establecimientos católicos.​ Después siguió la carrera de Comunicación Social y Periodismo en la Universidad Externado de Colombia. \nComenzó su carrera literaria publicando cuentos en las Lecturas dominicales de El Tiempo y el Magazín Dominical de El Espectador.​ En 1979, a sus 21 años, obtiene su primer reconocimiento literario —el Premio Nacional de Cuento Gobernación del Quindío— por el relato Ausentes, que publica el Instituto de Cultura en la antología 17 cuentos colombianos. Tres años después, obtiene en México el Iberoamericano de Libro de Cuentos Netzahualcóyotl, así como el de novela breve La Marcelina, de Valencia, España, por Papá es santo y sabio. En este punto, Rosero viaja a Europa, en donde reside primero en París y luego en Barcelona.\nSe inicia en la novela con la trilogía Primera vez, conformada por Mateo solo (1984), Juliana los mira (1986) y El incendiado (1988), que ganó el II Premio Gómez Valderrama a la mejor novela publicada en el quinquenio de 1988-1992.\nEn este período concluye la colección Cuento para matar a un gato y otros cuentos (1989) y en 1996 publica incursiona en la literatura infantil con la novela Pelea en el colegio, a la que seguirá otra recopilación de relatos: El aprendiz de mago (1992). Ese mismo año aparece su siguiente novela, Señor que no conoce la luna, tras la cual vendrá un período de trabajo en los géneros de cuento, Las esquinas más largas (1998), y teatro, Ahí están pintados (1998). En el 2000 publica dos novelas más, Cuchilla y Plutón, y luego, Los almuerzos (2001) y Juega el amor (2002).\nJuliana los mira la comenzó en París y la terminó en Barcelona, dos lugares en los que vivió unos años difíciles, según ha contado: en la capital francesa tuvo que \"tocar la flauta, en el metro\". En España \"viví tres años a punta de vino, como llamábamos con los amigos al vino barato\".​\nUn punto de inflexión en su trayectoria lo marca 2003, año en que, además de publicar el poemario Las lunas de Chia, lanza su novela más aclamada y galardonada hasta el momento, Los ejércitos, y el Ministerio de Cultura le otorga el Premio Nacional de Literatura como reconocimiento a toda una vida dedicada a la escritura. Esta obra obtuvo tres años más tarde el Tusquets de Novela y, como algunas otras anteriores, ha sido traducida a diversos idiomas. Además, 2009, el diario The Independent le otorgó el Foreign Fiction Prize, considerándola ese año el mejor libro de ficción traducido al inglés.​\n\nRosero y los géneros literarios\n\nRosero ha trabajado los principales géneros literarios: novela, cuento, poesía, teatro y ensayo, sin mencionar su labor como periodista. Su paso por estos géneros no se divide necesariamente por etapas, sino que, como él mismo lo dice, todos los elementos de su obra se encuentran interconectados, en el sentido de que apuntan en un mismo sentido, a un mismo producto. Los puentes entre los distintos elementos se pueden establecer de varias maneras, en algunos casos, como lo refiere el autor en varias entrevistas, una novela es el resultado de una ampliación de un cuento; es el caso de Juliana los mira, originada en un cuento titulado Juliana mirándolos que se convierte en novela luego de un proceso de revisión. \nEn su artículo La creación literaria,​ habla de estas ampliaciones como el resultado de buscar explicarse y justificarse, por lo cual cada uno de sus cuentos podría verse como una “sinopsis involuntaria de novela”, en tanto existe la posibilidad de ampliarlos con el ánimo de “preguntarse y responderse”. Rosero sugiere que el vínculo entre algunos de los elementos de su obra se da por una cuestión de cronología, de tal modo que, por ejemplo, sus poemas se podrían encadenar a la novela que hubiese escrito en el mismo período. \nDe todas maneras, su relación con cada género no es siempre la misma; se podría hablar de fluctuaciones que estarían determinadas por las necesidades del autor. Así, por ejemplo, en una entrevista de 1988,​ Rosero habla de la colección de relatos que preparaba (se trataría de Cuento para matar un perro y otros cuentos) y dice querer distanciarse definitivamente del género una vez concluida. Sin embargo, en 1992 se publica El aprendiz de mago, cuya aparición refleja un cambio en las perspectivas del autor, por lo menos con respecto al género. Este cambio podría explicarse a partir de su relación con la literatura infantil, tomando en consideración que en 1991 saca Pelea en el parque. No obstante, vale la pena señalar que en la entrevista referida Rosero asegura sentirse más cómodo en la novela, que define como un “terreno sin fronteras” en el que “uno se puede mover en todas las direcciones”.​\n\nCuento infantil\n\nEl tema de la literatura infantil en Rosero es interesante cuando se piensa en la representación de los niños en todas sus obras, pues esta tiende a desidealizar la infancia como un espacio de felicidad incorrupta, para mostrar el sufrimiento y la crueldad que se pueden llegar a experimentar durante este período. De esta forma, se crea un vínculo entre la trilogía Primera vez y algunos de sus cuentos infantiles que va más allá de cuestiones como la de personajes que se repiten entre obras, asunto abordado por el autor en la revista estadounidense BOMB en 2010.​\nPelea en el parque (1991) presenta a siete niños enfrentados entre ellos por el deseo de utilizar un columpio. Rosero se vale de esta situación para abordar el tema de las jerarquías de poder que se juegan en la niñez a partir de características como la debilidad y la fortaleza. A medida que avanza la narración, los personajes se van dibujando en su complejidad, de tal forma que se hace difícil decir quién es bueno y quién es malo.​ El final de la historia muestra cómo no hay reconciliación tras el enfrentamiento, teniendo en cuenta, además, que no hay intervención adulta en el conflicto, sino que la realidad se presenta implacable. Sin embargo, el relato fue reeditado, posiblemente por razones de censura, logrando que en la segunda versión la historia termine con una reconciliación de los personajes.\nRosero considera que el cuento infantil es un reto que puede conducir a un acercamiento a algo que llama “literatura transparente”, “…el arte literario sin demandas de tipo filosófico, o estilístico, o planteamientos ideológicos”.​ También habla de las críticas que le hacen a su literatura infantil, especialmente provenientes de pedagogos que consideran que mejor debería ser literatura para adolescentes debido a sus contenidos de violencia. El autor responde a estas críticas mostrando cómo la lectura que los niños hacen de esos episodios “violentos” entiende la violencia de un modo distinto y, de alguna forma, libera a los episodios de esta.​ Por otra parte, señala que la virtud de sus relatos está en que constantemente cuestionan la violencia que presentan.\n\nNovela\n\nLa novelística de Evelio Rosero es probablemente la parte más leída de su obra y está conformada, hasta el momento, por 13 novelas. Entre las más reconocidas se pueden mencionar Mateo solo (1984), Juliana los mira (1986), El incendiado (1988), Señor que no conoce la luna (1992), En el lejero le va bien (2003), Los ejércitos (2006), La carroza de Bolívar (2012) y \"Toño Ciruelo\" (2017). El autor dice en La creación literaria​ que, independientemente del nivel de ficcionalidad de sus novelas, su mayor interés es que estas se le presenten como un conjunto verídico, cuestión que, por supuesto, está mediada por su experiencia interior.\nComo se ha analizado en algunos trabajos críticos, las novelas de Rosero se pueden vincular a partir de ejes temáticos. Los más tratados son el de la destrucción y descomposición del universo del héroe, así como la relación de las obras con la realidad nacional en cuanto a procesos de violencia y reconstrucción de memoria. El mismo autor señala un vínculo entre dos de sus novelas cuando habla de una suerte de evolución que articula la relación entre En el lejero le va bien y Los ejércitos, y que tiene que ver con el miedo del ciudadano frente a la experiencia de la ciudad.​ En la novelística de Rosero, efectivamente, la descomposición del universo del héroe se puede ver en varias instancias, desde las más íntimas, como la casa, hasta la relación del individuo con la sociedad, o el pueblo o ciudad que habite. Paula Andrea Marín ha establecido vínculos entre las novelas del autor a partir de cuatro centros temáticos: el espacio ambiguo de la casa, la percepción de un locus amoenus también ambiguo, la presencia de una temporalidad que parece inalterable y la presencia de la muerte.​\nPrimera vez \nLa trilogía Primera vez, conformada por sus primeras novelas, se constituye a partir de vínculos entre las mismas y no sólo gracias a las similitudes temáticas. Según explica Rosero, el mundo de Mateo (personaje de Mateo solo) es “definitivamente enfrentado” en El incendiado; y “las ensoñaciones de la hermana de Mateo, ligeramente esbozadas, son la causa de Juliana los mira”.​ En otra entrevista, asegura que Mateo solo es el resultado de mitad experiencia, mitad imaginación, ficción y proceso literario; mientras que con El incendiado parte de “…una realidad total como base. Todas esas experiencias fueron vividas por mí, por mis amigos del colegio, o por conocidos que me las refirieron”.​\nEl elemento más notorio de las tres novelas es que comparten narradores infantiles, lo cual se puede pensar a partir de las cuestiones ya indicadas en la sección de literatura infantil. Las lecturas de este elemento varían dentro de la crítica. Paula Marín plantea que la desidealización de la infancia convierte las novelas en una forma de hacer memoria sobre la misma, permitiéndole actuar como un “recuerdo movilizador de la temporalidad y (convirtiéndola) en una posibilidad de elaborar un pacto simbólico, aunque mínimo. De esta manera, Rosero detiene el proceso de abuso de la memoria y propone una cura para su herida, un perdón”.​ Jaime Mejía Duque analiza la construcción del narrador en Mateo solo, indicando, entre otras cosas, el modo en que los procesos que cumplen los distintos personajes se entienden a partir de las observaciones de Mateo, dinámica dentro de la cual el hecho de que el narrador sea un niño estaría ejerciendo una mediación. Por otro lado, Mejía Duque dice que la narración se encuentra marcada por un extrañamiento en la voz del narrador, que sería el resultado de una tendencia cosificante en el trato que le brindan los demás personajes, de tal forma que Mateo estaría ejerciendo un acto de resistencia a la cosificación en su narración, lo cual vuelve al tema de la desidealización de la infancia.​ \nSeñor que no conoce la luna\nEsta novela de 1992 tiene como narrador un personaje que desde su encierro en un armario sigue los acontecimientos de una casa que, como todos los elementos de la obra, parece ubicarse en un plano de lo no-real: no hay nombres ni marcas temporales. La narración, un monólogo pocas veces interrumpido, se mueve, además, en torno a una relación de poder entre los “vestidos” (“ellos”) y los “desnudos”, en donde los primeros tiranizan a los segundos, siendo el narrador un “desnudo” rechazado, cuya mirada a través del agujero en el armario está marcada por el resentimiento.\nEn La creación literaria, Rosero habla de esta obra como un intento de novela histórica sobre el caudillo Agustín Agualongo, pero asegura que aparte del “autor y sus sueños de manos despidiéndose” es difícil encontrar un punto de referencia histórica dentro de la novela. Dice el escritor: “Podría escribir la novela de Agualongo, claro, si me lo propongo, con la terquedad característica de los novelistas, pero nunca quedaría satisfecho. Admiro sinceramente a los novelistas que logran apropiarse con objetividad del asunto histórico, del personaje o personajes en cuestión, pero también los deploro; de una u otra manera están encadenados, y yo no puedo encadenarme a nada, ni a nadie”.​\nLos ejércitos\nLa novela narra la historia de Ismael Pasos, un anciano que vive con su esposa Otilia hace cuarenta años en San José, un pueblo que, aunque ficticio, bien puede representar cualquier pueblo de Colombia. Una mañana, Ismael vuelve de un paseo y descubre que su pueblo ha sido arrasado por el ejército, decide entonces quedarse para buscar a Otilia, tras lo cual llegará a ser testigo de hechos que develan las complejas dinámicas de violencia que asuelan al país, provenientes de varios frentes: el ejército, la guerrilla, los paramilitares, los narcotraficantes, y padecidas por todos los anteriores más la población civil. Así, la novela dibuja un movimiento que va de un mundo casi idílico a uno de horror y sufrimiento. Mónica del Valle llama la atención sobre la forma en que Los ejércitos, al hablar de una violencia que es actual, pero que bebe de múltiples violencias pasadas, la presenta en su sinsentido, además de dar cuenta de la experiencia colectiva que tiene la población de la misma.​\nEn una entrevista telefónica, en la que se le informó que había ganado el premio Tusquets, el autor dijo que su principal interés con la novela no había sido el de exponer los motivos ideológicos detrás de las luchas armadas, sino el de presentar un panorama de las consecuencias humanas de las mismas. De igual manera, en declaraciones próximas al recibimiento del galardón, Rosero recordó que la novela se basa en hechos totalmente reales, cotidianos, tomados de la prensa nacional y en relación con fenómenos como el secuestro y el desplazamiento.\nLa carroza de Bolívar\nEsta novela, presentada en el Hay Festival de Cartagena de Indias (enero de 2012) Rosero \"destroza el mito del Libertador\", aunque el mismo escritor afirme: \"No es mi propósito desmitificar a Bolívar. Solamente decir la verdad, respecto de una mentira que se ha prolongado e hinchado durante 200 años\".​\n\nRosero y la realidad nacional\n\nVolviendo al tema de la destrucción y descomposición del universo del héroe, el autor afirma que tanto esta característica de sus novelas, como la \"locura\" que conduce a la incomunicación en algunos de sus protagonistas, son resultado inevitable de la experiencia cotidiana en Colombia.​ Sobre las relaciones de sus obras con la realidad nacional se han dicho diferentes cosas. Si se trata de pensarlo en términos de \"inspiración\", el autor ha afirmado que, por ejemplo, su memoria sobre el lugar en donde pasó la infancia (Nariño) marca las representaciones de los pueblos que aparecen en sus novelas y, en general, de lo rural en ellas. La representación de Bogotá, como metrópoli opuesta a lo rural, sería, por el contrario, una construcción a partir de experiencias en varias ciudades (París, Barcelona).​ También se refirió en 1988 a su \"exilio\" en Barcelona diciendo que la distancia implica otra forma de acercamiento al país, mediante el desarrollo de lo que se escribe.​\nPaula Marín, en su citado artículo, analiza el modo en que las novelas de Rosero pueden estar reinterpretando heridas históricas nacionales, evitando un estancamiento en los recuerdos negativos e impulsando una movilización histórica. La autora también hace un recorrido por las novelas de Rosero para ejemplificar el modo en que la casa se presenta como un espacio violentado que posibilita un proceso negativo de constitución del Yo colombiano.​\nLa perspectiva del autor sobre este problema se puede pensar a partir de una respuesta a algunas críticas que se le hacen a la representación de la realidad en sus novelas, según las cuales ésta se realiza bajo una mirada exterior que contiene oculto un orden moral; Rosero responde: \"... toda novela es consecuencia de la realidad, pero también es crítica, es modificante del mundo, es un testigo activo\".​\n\nRosero y el quehacer literario\n\nRosero afirma que la diferencia entre autores y estilos se produce al nivel del “tono” y algo que él llama “vértigo”, y no al nivel de los temas. La palabra “vértigo” designa su experiencia personal frente a la escritura: una “sensación de hundimiento” que requiere de la conclusión de la obra para evitar hundirse. También se encuentra una amplia caracterización de lo que considera es el escritor: un “transportador de mundos”; “muñeco de ventrílocuo”; un individuo que si bien es resultado de su entorno, se encuentra “aislado en la página en donde interroga al mundo”.​\nCon respecto a su relación con tradiciones o corrientes literarias, el autor ha dicho no seguir ninguna tendencia, escuela o innovación, en el sentido de que no le preocupan. \"Escribo según las situaciones o escenas que me plantee la obra, la realidad directa o la imaginación, que es, por supuesto, una consecuencia de la realidad...\".​ Esta perspectiva no varía mucho en veinte años, pues en 2010 se evidencia que para Rosero el valor literario se mide en un sentido universal, de modo tal que dice ser consciente de las corrientes que tuvieron influencia en su obra en algunos momentos, pero no por esto las circunscribe a ellas.​", "Bancas Pintadas\n\nHistoria y evolución del proyecto\n\nPara lista de participantes, véase Anexo:Participantes en el proyecto ''Bancas Pintadas''\nLa primera etapa del proyecto convocó a 40 artistas para que intervinieran escaños públicos de Las Condes en una iniciativa que buscaba acercar el arte al hombre de la calle y promover el colorido en la ciudad, creando una especie de museo al aire libre. \nLa inversión fue de 32 millones de pesos y el proyecto contó con la participación de cuatro empresas que apoyaron a 10 artistas cada una:​CCU, Rabobank, ING y Natura.​ La iniciativa, acogida a la Ley de Donaciones Culturales, contó con la coordinación de la galería La Sala y la Corporación Cultural de Las Condes y fue lanzada el 20 de noviembre de 2010 por el entonces alcalde Francisco de la Maza.\nLos escaños intervenidos —que fueron instalados en la avenida Apoquindo a ambas aceras cerca del Centro Cívico (metro El Golf) y en la calle adyacente Alcalde— son los típicos de plaza: construidos en madera y fierro, tienen 137 centímetros de largo, 43 de ancho y 93 de altura.​ Un porcentaje de lo generado por el proyecto se destinó a la Fundación María Jesús Vergara Arthur, que ayuda a los niños enfermos de cáncer.\nAl año siguiente la comuna de Santiago se unió al proyecto con 30 escaños presentados el 17 de diciembre de 2011 en el Parque Forestal pintados por otros tantos artistas. Alambres, collares de perlas, tarugos, letras, juguetes de plástico, y metales, fueron algunos de los materiales que usaron los artistas chilenos que participaron en la iniciativa de La Sala junto con la Municipalidad de Santiago, y también esta vez a beneficio de la citada Fundación;​ en su financiación colaboraron las empresas La Crianza, GTD, Inmobiliaria Actual.​ Las bancas fueron instaladas después en calles del centro, como Tenderini, y jardines del municipio. Ninguno de los artistas que participaron en la primera versión del proyecto lo hicieron en esta; entre las interpretaciones realizadas por los pintores, algunas llamaron especialmente la atención, como la de Víctor Pellegrini, quien cubrió un escaño con fotos de huevos, agregando un puñal y una pistola, acompañado del mensaje: \"Para sentarse acá hay que tener huevos o ser muy h...\";​ como explicó el pintor, la idea fue mezclar humor con un trasfondo más profundo, \"porque me encanta el arte relajado y suelto\".​ \nEl 28 de abril de 2012 se inauguraron otras 80 bancas en Las Condes, en la avenida Isidora Goyenechea y la Plaza Perú; para esta nueva etapa fueron invitados 78 artistas y dos escaños fueron pintados por 15 niños: un grupo perteneciente al Departamento de Discapacidad y otro de pequeños vecinos de la comuna.​​ Una de las características de esta etapa fue que no solo participaron pintores, sino también artistas de otras áreas —como las diseñadoras Carola Ariztía y Francisca Avilés, el grafitero Angelcreaidea (César Astudillo), el arquitecto y escultor Iván Daiber, o la fotógrafa Maya Estrada—, fórmula que se adoptó también para las versiones siguientes. El mismo año los niños del taller de pintura de la Teletón intervinieron 20 escaños que fueron presentados a principios de diciembre en el Parque Juan Pablo II.​\nLa Municipalidad de Vitacura se adhirió a esta iniciativa de intervención artística urbana en 2013, colocando 40 bancas pintadas por 42 artistas. Los escaños fueron presentados en la Plaza del Centro Cívico​ y expuestos en el Parque Bicentenario antes de ser instalados en la calle Alonso de Córdova, en el tramo que se extiende entre las avenidas Vitacura y Bicentenario. \nComo explicó la gestora de La Sala, Phillipa Pain, el proyecto “Lo habíamos hecho en Las Condes y Santiago y luego le planteamos la idea a Vitacura. Fueron ellos los que nos propusieron desarrollarla en Alonso de Córdova, que es un lugar turístico y muy transitado. Este mobiliario urbano mostrará las nuevas tendencias del arte y la calle se transformará en una verdadera galería al aire libre”. A diferencia de las versiones anteriores, donde las bancas podían ser intervenidas en toda su superficie, esta vez se pidió a los artistas que dejaran una parte en la que se viera la madera natural.​ \nEl mismo año, el 9 de noviembre, fueron inaugurados los escaños de 20 artistas en el Paseo Gastronómico de la Plaza Ñuñoa, en un proyecto algo diferente a los anteriores. Esta vez no fueron las típicas bancas de plaza las intervenidas, sino escaños de concreto con diseño contemporáneo, algunos de los cuales fueron convertidos en verdades esculturas, como Volver al origen, de María de los Ángeles Correa. Como en ocasiones anteriores, la iniciativa de La Sala —en la que participaron veteranos del proyecto como Totoy Zamudio y también artistas emergentes— contó con el apoyo de la Municipalidad y de la empresa privada, en este caso, de Inmobiliaria Actual.​\nUn tercer grupo de bancas pintadas en Las Condes, que contó con el apoyo de SURA y cine Hoyts, se inauguró el 11 de diciembre de 2014. Para esta iniciativa la galería La Sala convocó a 54 artistas; los escaños fueron instalados en las avenidas Apoquindo (esta vez a la altura del 4800, metro Escuela Militar) e Isidora Goyenechea.", "Boogiepop Phantom\n\nAntes de Boogiepop Phantom\n\nCinco años antes de los sucesos acaecidos en Boogiepop Phantom, Nagi Kirima conoció y entabló amistad con Shinpei Kuroda, un agente encubierto de la Organización Towa, en el hospital local. Nagi había sido hospitalizada porque estaba muriendo debido a que su cuerpo había comenzado a evolucionar. Shinpei, luego de descubrir la verdad sobre la enfermedad de Nagi, para salvar su vida le inyectó a la joven una droga robada a la organización, convirtiéndose así en un traidor. Fue entonces mortalmente herido por agentes de Towa mientras escapaba del hospital, donde había dejado olvidada la droga mientras huía. Touka Miyashita se cruzó en el camino con Shinpei (como el Agente Espantapájaros de Towa) y el trauma psicológico que le causó el ver morir a un hombre fue el responsable de la creación de su otra identidad: Boogiepop.\nLa novela ligera Boogiepop al Amanecer cuenta cómo la Dra. Kisugi encontró la droga y fue testigo de la rápida mejoría de Nagi, y tras experimentar con ratas, descubrió que esta droga proporcionaba habilidades sobrenaturales, antes de incorporarla a su propio organismo. La droga convirtió a la doctora en un humano compuesto, incrementando así los atributos físicos y mentales compartidos por todos los humanos compuestos y permitiéndole percibir la presencia de las hormonas que producen el miedo hasta el punto de desarrollar una obsesión por ellas. Al principio, aterrorizó a sus pacientes y tomó muestras de su sangre, y luego asesinó un buen número de chicas jóvenes con gran espíritu de lucha para consumir el miedo que producían en el momento de morir.​ En Boogiepop Phantom somos testigos de cómo la Dra. Kisugi administraba esta droga a sus pacientes con la falsa promesa de que los curaría y de cómo la droga, por el contrario, empeoraba sus problemas y los hacía evolucionar. Kirima investigó los asesinatos y descubrió que la Dra. Kisugi era la asesina en serie. Nagi y la Dra. Kisugi se conocieron en el hospital. Al principio, la joven fue sobrepasada por el poder de la doctora, pero finalmente logró matarla con la ayuda de Boogiepop.\nLa novela Boogiepop and Others trata sobre Mantícora, un clon imperfecto de una entidad extraterrestre llamada Ecos, creada por la Organización Towa cinco años más tarde. Tras escapar del laboratorio, Mantícora mató a Minako Yurihara con la intención de tomar posesión de su forma física, cuando fue descubierta en el acto por Masami Saotome. En lugar de matar a Masami, Mantícora hizo un pacto con él. Mantícora, bajo la apariencia de Minako y Masami, experimentaron con la producción de Type S, una droga altamente adictiva capaz de someter a todos los que la consumen a su voluntad, mientras asesinaban estudiantes para alimentar a Mantícora.​ Mientras tanto, Ecos escapó de los laboratorios de Towa y decidió perseguir a Mantícora. El extraterrestre se encontró con Nagi Kirima, quien se hallaba investigando las recientes desapariciones de los estudiantes.\nSabiendo que estaban siendo perseguidos, Masami y Mantícora planearon una trampa para Ecos y Nagi. Todo culminó una noche en la Academia Shinyo, cuando Masami envenenó a Ecos y mató a Nagi, quien no esperaba que Mantícora tuviese un aliado humano. Mantícora persiguió a Ecos, que intentaba escapar con el cuerpo de Nagi y lo golpeó hasta dejarlo moribundo. Mantícora y Masami fueron atacados por Boogiepop, quien retuvo a Mantícora mientras Ecos se transformaba en luz. La luz cruzó el cielo y destruyó a Mantícora y Masami se suicidó lanzándose al pilar, mientras que Nagi fue revivida por Ecos antes de que este dejara el planeta.\n\nArgumento\n\nBoogiepop Phantom se desarrolla un mes después y su historia se centra en las consecuencias inesperadas del pilar de luz. La luz de Ecos permitió que los recuerdos de esa noche se perpetuaran como hologramas dando lugar a una realidad mixta en la que el presente y el pasado coexisten​ y forzando, a su vez, la evolución de los habitantes de la ciudad.\nLa historia trata de estas personas que han evolucionado, de cómo sus vidas se han visto afectadas por la evolución y su desaparición tras encontrarse con Boogiepop Phantom. Este explica que los esconde bajo la ciudad para salvarlos​ y que aunque sus cuerpos ya no funcionen, sus nervios se extienden a través de la ciudad para seguir soñando hasta el día en que el resto de la humanidad los alcance.​\n\nTemática\n\nBoogiepop Phantom es una historia que trata mayormente del tema del cambio​ y de cómo las percepciones cambian a medida que la gente crece.​ El cambio es representado no solo por la constante lucha entre la organización Towa y los humanos evolucionados, sino también por la manera en que el aspecto de la ciudad cambia a medida que los niños se convierten en adultos.​ Similar al tema del cambio, el concepto de avanzar y de no quedarse en el pasado es parte fundamental de la historia, puesto que Boogiepop y Boogiepop Phantom se enfrentan a Manaka porque, consideran ellos, mantiene a la gente viviendo en su pasado, evitando que evolucionen y crezcan.​\nSin embargo, el concepto de cambio se presenta de manera ambigua en la historia. Mientras que la organización Towa intenta prevenir el cambio del mundo,​ entre sus prioridades se encuentra llegar a dominar el mundo.​ Boogiepop hace un paralelismo con esta situación al reafirmar la idea de que la gente debe evolucionar y seguir con sus vidas​ al mismo tiempo que caza humanos evolucionados para prevenir la posible transformación de la sociedad.​\nLa huida de la realidad y las consecuencias del escapismo son temas muy importantes con un papel destacado en la serie.​ La imagen de quemar recuerdos para olvidarlos y así poder escapar se usa de manera simbólica a partir de la segunda mitad de la serie para representar el tema del escapismo.​ Para los personajes de Misuzu y Yoji, su huida de la realidad tiene consecuencias devastadoras: Misuzu se hunde en un estado de locura luego de ser forzada a darse cuenta de la verdad acerca de su propia realidad, mientras Yoji cae en un estado mental crítico, puesto que su realidad ya no coincide con la fantasía que el creía estar viviendo.​ Paradójicamente, la pregunta de cómo la gente debería vivir sus vidas se mantiene sin respuesta a lo largo de la historia.​ Más adelante, el \"huir de la realidad\" toma la forma de Poom Poom, quien representa huida total de la realidad a través de la niñez.​\nLas relaciones interpersonales y la tragedia de la pérdida y sus malentendidos que estas conllevan, son temas clave en Boogiepop Phantom.​​ En el tipo de relación que tienen Mamoru, Manaka y Shizue con sus padres se vislumbra la falta de apoyo que los niños reciben de sus progenitores, los cuales están ocupados con otras cosas, y la resultante desconexión entre padres e hijos.​ Con las acciones de Poom Poom, más adelante en la serie, se explora el tema del flautista de Hamelin, ya que Poom Poom rapta a los niños debido a que sus padres no cumplieron con su promesa.​ De todas formas, la serie deja al espectador un mensaje positivo, ya que Manaka y Shizue se reconcilian con sus madres y de tal forma, se plasma la idea de que la relación padre-hijo puede salvarse mediante la comunicación abierta y el entendimiento.​ Otra forma de relaciones puede ser explorada a través de la interacción entre Moto y el fantasma de Manticora, en donde la sumisión física de Moto, quien alberga sentimientos hacia Masami, asocia la relación sexual con la muerte.​\nBoogiepop Phantom es, también una serie sobre cómo la memoria y los recuerdos pueden definir quiénes somos.​Para la mayoría de los personajes, los recuerdos de sus pasados y el trasfondo son crucialmente importantes en determinar la dirección que han tomado en sus vidas.​\n\nProducción\n\nLa serie fue concebida como una historia original que ocurre tras los hechos acaecidos en las novelas Boogiepop and Others y Boogiepop al Amanecer. Sadayuki Murai desarrolló el concepto de la misma y escribió el guion tanto para el anime como para la precuela en formato de imagen real, Boogiepop y Otros. Previamente había trabajado para el guion de Perfect Blue,​ una película que exploraba varios temas similares.​ El diseño original de los personajes corrió a cargo de Kouji Ogata, mientras que de la adaptación de los mismos se encargó el animador Shigeyuki Suga, quien ha sido también animador para Serial Experiments Lain, una historia con la cual se ha comparado a Boogiepop Phantom en reiteradas ocasiones. El nivel bajo de brillos y la paleta de colores sepia en la mayoría de los episodios, con el valor agregado la ansiedad y depresión de los personajes, fueron creados para dar una idea de obra de horror psicológico. El equipo de producción comentó luego que la elección de colores resultó más efectiva de lo que inicialmente se esperaba, y se sorprendieron de cuán lóbrego fue el resultado final en la serie.\nSe planeó una campaña que consistía en estrenar la precuela en formato de imagen real Boogiepop and Others antes de la serie de anime, con la lógica de que la gente vería el anime después de la película, pero el estreno de la misma se pospuso hasta que la serie había casi terminado su primera emisión, con lo que esta estrategia no resultó.\n\nHomenajes\n\nA lo largo de Boogiepop Phantom hay un número considerable de homenajes artísticos. La inclusión y referencias musicales es una característica recurrente de las novelas, como por ejemplo el hecho de que el protagonista, Boogiepop, comparte su nombre con dos géneros musicales, o que el personaje de Ecos es una alusión a la canción de Pink Floyd del mismo nombre, que a su vez hace probablemente referencia a 2001: A Space Odyssey, con sus temas sobre la evolución y la trascendencia. Otra posible alusión es el efecto sonoro similar al de un sónar que se utiliza a lo largo del anime y que se parece mucho al sonido que se escucha en la introducción de Ecos. Además, el agente de Towa Spooky Electric es un homenaje a una personalidad que Prince cuenta que le animó a escribir The Black Album.​ Esta tendencia de incluir referencias musicales también se encuentra en el anime. El título del episodio 5, que es uno de los pocos que no se centra en un personaje concreto, es \"Interludio\". \"She's So Unusual\" (titulado en español \"Su forma de vivir\") es el nombre del primer álbum de Cyndi Lauper, \"My Fair Lady\" (\"Amor para la chica privada de impureza\" en la versión española) es el título del famoso musical de 1956. \"Until Ure in My Arms Again\" (\"Deseos inútiles para mí\") y Poom Poom son singles de Prince, y AC/DC publicó el single Snake Eye.\nLa mitología también tiene un papel destacado en Boogiepop Phantom. De dos de los protagonistas se cuenta que son Shinigami,​​ dioses de la muerte del folklore japonés que pueden adoptar múltiples formas. Los kitsune son espíritus con forma de zorro, también del folklore japonés, que poseen poderes mágicos que aumentan con el paso de los años y que son capaces de asumir forma humana. Boogiepop es descrito como un kitsune por los padres de Touka Miyashita.​ La Manticora recibe este nombre inspirado en la criatura devoradora de hombres de la mitología persa,​ en ocasiones descrita como una quimera con el rostro de una bella mujer, o como un ser que habita los bosques de Asia y es capaz de matar con un mero rasguño o mordisco, para luego devorar el cuerpo entero sin dejar rastro. El título del capítulo 11 \"Under the Gravity's Rainbow\" (conocido en español como \"Arcoíris\") es un homenaje a la novela \"El Arco Iris de Gravedad\" de Thomas Pynchon, conocida por desmantelar las normas habituales de la narrativa y el desarrollo de personajes, así como por incluir conocimiento especializado de muchos campos, y por tanto criticada por \"complicada\" e \"ilegible\". La famosa cita del filósofo postmodernista Friedrich Nietzsche \"Dios ha muerto\" aparece como título del CD que recibe Panuru, quien no creía en la existencia de Dios.\n\nPublicación\n\nTras la emisión original en TV Tokyo desde el 6 de enero al 22 de marzo de 2000, Boogiepop Phantom se publicó en Japón en una edición de 6 DVD subtitulados \"Evolución\" 1-6 con dos episodios por disco.​ The Right Stuf International confirmaron el 6 de enero de 2001 la obtención de la licencia para publicar la serie en Norteamérica y Europa,​ mientras que ADV Films se haría cargo de la distribución.​ El doblaje al inglés se grabó en Headline Sound Studios​ y el Consejo Británico de Clasificación de Películas lo clasificó como no recomendado para menores de 15 años.​\nEn marzo del año 2001, el canal Locomotion anunció que había adquirido los derechos de transmisión de la serie para América Latina y su señal de Iberia (España y Portugal). Boogiepop Phantom se estrenó por las pantallas del canal el día 3 de septiembre del año 2001, en idioma original y subtitulado.\nThe Right Stuf International emitió Boogiepop Phantom primero en varias convenciones y festivales como Anime Expo y elFantasia Festival de Montreal,​ antes de publicarlo en los Estados Unidos en una edición bilingüe de 4 DVD, que incluían el doblaje inglés en Dolby Stereo 5.1 y 2.0 y el original japonés en 2.0 con subtítulos en inglés​ desde el 9 de octubre de 2001 hasta el 12 de febrero de 2002. También se publicó una compilación con los cuatro DVD de \"Evolución\" a la par que \"Evolución\" 4.​ Entre los extras se incluyeron adelantos de otros títulos de A.D. Vision, trailers promocionales originales en japonés, notas sobre el productor y los personajes, vídeos musicales para los dos temas de créditos, una secuencia de créditos finales especial y un comentario en inglés para todos los episodios.​ En 2003 The Right Stuf International publicó una edición limitada con los cuatro DVD, la BSO en dos discos y el CD \"Boogiepop: Music Inspired By Boogiepop and Others\", con música inspirada en la serie, así como la edición limitada de tarjetas y shitajiki, disponibles exclusivamente en The Right Stuf International y Best Buy.​ Boogiepop Phantom apareció posteriormente en 2006 en una edición compacta que incluía la película en imagen real.​\n\nRecepción y crítica\n\nBoogiepop Phantom fue todo un éxito.​ The \"inquietante puzzle sepia\"​ despliega un amplio reparto de personajes, cada uno con su particular punto de vista, y va revelando pedacitos de la trama principal de manera no línea.​ Christopher Macdonald, de Anime News Network elogia especialmente la habilidad de Sadayuki Murai como guionista,​ ya que logra mantener la atención del espectador y deja todos los cabos bien atados en el último episodio.​\nSin embargo, la complejidad de la serie resulta contraproducente.​ La trama, que se va volviendo cada vez más enrevesada, puede disuadir a potenciales espectadores,​ y aquellos que no estén familiarizados con el universo de Boogiepop pueden acabar con \"más preguntas que respuestas\".​​\nLa limitada paleta de colores ha sido alabada por subrayar la sensación de \"enfermedad mental\" y \"malestar emocional\" que sufren la mayoría de personajes,​ mientras que el efecto de viñeteado permite al espectador observar la serie desde fuera, en vez de verla sin más.​ El diseño de los personajes ha sido descrito como \"soso\"​ pero también \"realista\"​ ya que ninguno de los personajes luce \"colores de pelo o peinados estrafalarios\".​ Otras reseñas señalan que \"el espectador astuto podrá darse cuenta de algunas interesantes, si bien no obvias, diferencias entre los diversos personajes\",​ y que el realismo de los diseños sirve para crear un grado de \"normalidad\" muy importante para la historia​ que también ayuda a atraer la atención del espectador.​ El sonido ha sido catalogado como \"único\" e \"increíble\",​ yendo más allá de lo que se espera habitualmente en una banda sonora y realzando la atmósfera \"inquietante\" de la serie. También se ha destacado que las canciones de los créditos no pegan demasiado con el ambiente de la serie. El doblaje al inglés no fue tan bien recibido como el original en japonés, pero obtuvo críticas favorables. La actuación de Jessica Calvello en el doblaje al inglés ha sido alabada el mejor trabajo de su carrera hasta la fecha.", "Negasonic Teenage Warhead\n\nBiografía del personaje\n\nEllie Phimister era una adolescente de Genosha y una estudiante de la clase de telepatía de Emma Frost. Durante una sesión de tutoría, Ellie reportó tener una pesadilla recurrente cincuenta veces la noche anterior en la que todas las personas en Genosha eran exterminadas. Luego, señaló que ella había experimentado la misma visión durante la clase. Casi simultáneamente, los Centinelas Salvajes de Cassandra Nova aparecen en Genosha y acaban con la mitad de la población mutante del mundo: dieciséis millones de personas.​\nLlevando lo que parecía ser el cadáver de Ellie, Emma Frost, que había sobrevivido al genocidio gracias a la manifestación de su mutación secundaria, convirtiéndola en diamante, fue encontrada por los X-Men Bestia y Jean Grey. Emma proclamó que la adolescente, que se había llamado a sí misma Negasonic Teenage Warhead, sea un crédito a su familia y la raza mutante y luego sufrió una crisis nerviosa cuando se enteró que Ellie había muerto.​\n\nIlusión\n\nMucho más tarde, Negasonic Teenage Warhead fue vista viva como miembro de la última encarnación del círculo íntimo del Club Fuego Infernal, junto con Cassandra Nova, Sebastian Shaw, Perfección, y Emma Frost.​ El nuevo Círculo Íntimo atacó a los X-Men en el Instituto Xavier. Mientras Shaw, Frost y Nova lidiaban con Bestia, Wolverine y Coloso, Ellie dijo que ella tuvo un sueño de Kitty Pride reduciendo el núcleo de la Tierra y era incapaz de parar; la sugerencia causó que Kitty Pride pierda el control de sus poderes de reducción.​\nMás tarde, un Cíclope comatoso despierta y comienza a disparar a los miembros del club, incluyendo Ellie, con una pistola. Se revela, sin embargo, que Ellie y todos los demás miembros del Club del Fuego Infernal eran proyecciones de la mente de Emma Frost; estas proyecciones desaparecieron después de que se revelaron como ilusiones.​\nDespués de escuchar el nombre en clave de Negasonic Teenage Warhead, Kitty Pryde comenta, \"Guau, nos hemos quedado sin nombres.\"​\n\nNecrosha\n\nDurante el evento de Necrosha, Negasonic Teenage Warhead se revela entre la población mutante de Genosha muerta que la resucitó el Virus del Transmodo por Selene y Eli Bard. Sin embargo a diferencia de los otros mutantes resucitados, Ellie no está bajo control de Selene como se ve cuando se negó a decirle a la Reina Negra su nombre verdadero.​Ellie aparentemente murió una vez más cuando la Reina Negra absorbió las almas de toda la población mutante difunta de Genosha.​\n\nMarvel AHORA!\n\nEllie se mantuvo viva después de los eventos de Necrosha cuando regresa con un cambio de look inexplicable en apariencia física, ya que ahora tiene el pelo corto y castaño (en lugar del largo cabello negro) y su piel ya no está pálida. Ella usa sus habilidades telepáticas y precognitivas para establecer una vida nueva y mundana para ella en un suburbio de Albuquerque. Marvel AHORA! Deadpool y Mercs for Money la capturan a instancias de una organización llamada Umbral Dynamics, sin saber que el grupo intenta desviar su poder hacia la Presencia.​​Después de su rescate y la derrota de Presence, Negasonic Teenage Warhead se une a la encarnación de Domino de Mercs for Money al costado Hit-Monkey.​\nMientras Wade estaba enojado porque Domino le había robado su equipo, ella eligió animarlo mientras estaba en una operación para S.H.I.E.L.D., usando sus poderes para hacer disfraces temáticos de Deadpool para todos. Más tarde se revela después de que los Mercs sondearon a sus empleadores mientras recibían su paga, que se les asignó a Hit-Monkey como enlace para supervisar su progreso. En verdad, sin embargo, lo enviaron a vigilar a Ellie porque S.H.I.E.L.D. desconfiaba de sus crecientes habilidades.​ \nDurante una pelea en un futuro alternativo provocada por la intervención de Negasonic en la historia de Inhumans vs. X-Men, el conflicto entre las dos razas con superpoderes nunca se apagó. En su lugar, se inflamaron aún más por el fanático inhumano Lash que instigó una cacería de brujas contra los mutantes, que él considera que han blasfemado contra la nube T-Mist y, en respuesta a las muertes de mutantes causadas por ellos, Magneto lanzó un contraataque que terminó por diezmar el mundo. Ella eligió esconderse en las profundidades del Amazonas con un enclave de mutantes que estaban cansados ​​de todas las peleas con los Inhumanos, pero Lash y su tribu pronto los alcanzaron cuando los Mercs de Deadpool los condujeron inadvertidamente hasta allí. Como Deadpool yacía muriendo debido a que el primero absorbía sus energías, la futura Negasonic viaja al pasado para arreglar su error de alterar la T-Cloud evitando así otro paralelo distópico.​\n\nPoderes y habilidades\n\nEn New X-Men # 115, Ellie estaba en la Clase de Telepatía de Emma Frost, presumiblemente convirtiéndola en telépata.\nEn X-Force # 24, Ellie es la única persona consciente de que Proteus ha poseído a Destiny y muestra sus habilidades precognitivas anunciando a Selene el regreso inminente de su victorioso círculo interno.​\nDurante en Deadpool & the Mercs for Money vol. 2 serie, Ellie mostró una serie de nuevas habilidades que anteriormente carecía, creando una casa y un hogar para ella de la nada con sus pensamientos. Ella es capaz de dominar a una hueste de mercenarios capacitados, militares o con entrenamiento único en combates mano a mano, además de exhibir habilidades físicas sobrehumanas más allá de lo normal, luchando contra jugadores como Scorpia y Titania.​\nDurante la serie, Ellie muestra incluso mayores cantidades de poder y capacidades dentro de ella. Tiene la capacidad de aprovechar, generar y absorber energía radioactiva en sí misma, permitiéndose realizar hazañas como fabricar objetos de la nada como ropa o refugio y levitar a las personas u objetos con su mente.​\nMás tarde se revela que el nuevo poder de Ellie proviene de la capacidad de manipular la realidad a un nivel cuántico. En un futuro distópico alternativo, Negasonic usó sus poderes para alterar la nube de Terragen y hacerla inofensiva para los mutantes, una exhibición adicional de este poder latente se deriva de reorganizar la materia y la energía en diferentes formas a voluntad; como la transformación de Darkforce de Jack Chain se une a las mariposas, alternando el fuego de Inferno en monos en llamas, desensamblando mentalmente las armas de Domino y Gorilla-Man y creando duplicados energizados de sí misma a voluntad.​", "Metro de Londres\n\nComienzos\n\nLa primera sección del metro, llamada Metropolitan Railway (MetR, abreviadamente), realizaba inicialmente un trayecto entre Paddington (Bishop's Bridge), actualmente sólo Paddington, y Farringdon Street, una estación temporal cerca de la actual estación de Farringdon. Esta línea se convirtió en el primer trayecto de ferrocarril subterráneo de pasajeros del mundo. Aunque la autorización para su construcción se logró en 1854, una serie de retrasos debidos a motivos financieros y a otras razones retrasaron la inauguración de la línea hasta el 10 de enero de 1863. Ese día, 40 000 pasajeros utilizaron el novedoso medio de transporte; la frecuencia de los trenes era de 10 minutos. La línea fue ampliada en repetidas ocasiones; para 1880 ya la usaban hasta 40 millones de pasajeros al año, y en 1884 se finalizó la línea conocida como Inner Circle, actualmente Circle Line.\nEn esa época utilizaban locomotoras a vapor, por lo que era necesario disponer de numerosos huecos de ventilación para la salida del vapor. Uno de los ejemplos más curiosos de espacio de ventilación se encuentra en el 23 y 24 de Leinster Gardens. Esas casas fueron demolidas para la construcción de la línea District entre Paddington y Bayswater, dejando ese espacio a cielo abierto para ventilación. Para evitar romper la estética de la calle se levantó una fachada de hormigón que imitara el diseño del resto de las fachadas de la calle.\nEl desarrollo de locomotoras eléctricas permitió la construcción de túneles a mayor profundidad de la que permitía la técnica del muro pantalla, utilizada hasta ese momento. Además, se mejoraron las técnicas para la construcción de túneles a gran profundidad. La primera línea de este tipo (llamadas deep-level) y operada con locomotoras eléctricas fue la City & South London Railway (actualmente parte de la Northern Line), inaugurada en 1890.\n\nDesarrollo en el siglo XX\n\nA principios del siglo XX, había un total de seis compañías que explotaban las diferentes líneas del Metro. Esto ocasionaba multitud de problemas para los pasajeros, como tener que salir a superficie y andar una cierta distancia para realizar transbordo entre líneas. Además, los costes de mantenimiento de las líneas era muy grande, por lo que muchas de las compañías buscaban apoyo financiero para obtener el dinero necesario para expandir sus redes de Metro, así como electrificar las más antiguas que todavía utilizaban locomotoras de vapor.\nEl inversor más importante de esta época fue el estadounidense Charles Yerkes. Entre 1900 y 1902 adquirió el Metropolitan District Railway, junto con la aún no finalizada Charing Cross, Euston & Hampstead Railway (actualmente parte de la línea Northern). Además, también se hizo con el Great Northern & Strand Railway, el Brompton & Piccadilly Circus Railway (ambas fusionadas en el Great Northern, Picadilly & Brompton Railway), el núcleo de la línea Picadilly y el Baker Street & Waterloo Railway (actualmente la línea Bakerloo). Gracias a todas estas adquisiciones, el 9 de abril de 1902, Yerkes fundó la Underground Electric Railways of London Company Ltd.\nAdemás de estas líneas de Metro, la empresa poseía tres líneas de tranvía; también adquirió la London General Omnibus Company. La empresa pasó a conocérsela coloquialmente como \"Combine\".\nEl 1 de enero de 1913, la UERL absorbió otras dos líneas de Metro, la City & South London Railway y el Central London Railway (ésta fue la última línea importante que atravesó la ciudad de este a oeste, inaugurada el 30 de julio de 1900 y que unía las estaciones Bank y Shepherd's Bush.\n\nAños 1930 y 1940\n\nEn 1933 se creó una corporación pública llamada London Passenger Transport Board. El \"Combine\" y todas las líneas de autobús y tranvía, tanto municipales como independientes, se unieron dentro de esta nueva corporación, germen de la actual Transport for London. Se inició un plan de expansión de la red de Metro a desarrollar entre los años 1935 y 1940, el cual incluiría tanto la ampliación de líneas existentes como hacerse con el control de otras líneas no pertenecientes al Combine; este plan quedó suspendido con la llegada de la II Guerra Mundial. \nDebido al Blitz (bombardeo de Londres por la aviación alemana), desde mediados de 1940 se utilizaron muchas de las estaciones de Metro como refugios antiaéreos. en los cuales llegaron incluso a desarrollarse instalaciones sanitarias y alimentarias.\n\nDesarrollo posterior a la guerra\n\nUna vez finalizada la guerra, la congestión en el Metro aumentó en gran medida. Se realizaron nuevos planes para procurar rebajar el nivel de congestión. Así, se realizó un estudio cuidados para la línea Victoria, la cual tiene un trayecto en diagonal noreste-suroeste pasando bajo el centro de la ciudad. Esta línea absorbió gran cantidad del tráfico extra aparecido en los últimos años. Por otro lado, la línea Piccadilly llegó al Aeropuerto de Heathrow en 1977. La línea Jubilee, abierta en 1979, tomó parte de la línea Bakerloo, además de contar con túneles nuevos entre Baker Street y Charing Cross. Sucesivas ampliaciones de esta línea permitieron que en 1999 alcanzara Stratford, en el East End, incluyendo una completa remodelación del intercambiador de Westminster.\nDesde enero de 2003 el Metro es operado de forma mixta por la iniciativa pública y la privada. Se ha cedido el mantenimiento de la infraestructura y de todo el parque móvil de trenes a compañías privadas, en concesiones de 30 años. La propiedad de esos elementos, junto con la explotación de las líneas, sigue corriendo por cuenta de TfL.\nOriginalmente, el color rojo de los trenes CO/CP/CP fueron pintados en rojo oscuro y aparece con letras de color dorado (con ribete negro). En 1973 esto fue cambiado a la palabra 'bus' de color rojo con letras blancas. Esta imagen muestra las dos variantes de lado a lado.\n\nMapa\n\nEl Subterráneo de Londres posee 268 estaciones; seis estaciones adicionales que están en la East London Line que son servidas por buses de reemplazo del Subterráneo, debido a los trabajos para que formen parte del London Overground. Catorce estaciones de Metro están fuera del Gran Londres, de las cuales cinco (Amersham, Chalfont & Latimer, Chesham, Chorleywood, y Epping) están bajo la autopista M25, que rodea a Londres. De los 32 municipios de Londres, seis (Bexley, Bromley, Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Lewisham y Sutton) no pertenecen a la red de Metro, mientras que Hackney sólo tiene las estaciones de Old Street y Manor House en sus límites.\n\nMaterial rodante y electrificación\n\nEl Metro de Londres utiliza material rodante construido entre 1960 y 2014. Los vehículos de las líneas de subsuperficie son identificados con una letra, mientras que en los vehículos de túnel se identifican con el año en que fueron diseñados. Todas las líneas han trabajado con un tipo distinto de vehículos excepto la District Line, la cual usa vehículos de ambos tipos.\nEl Metro de Londres es una de las pocas redes en el mundo que usa un sistema de cuatro rieles. El riel adicional lleva el retorno eléctrico que es provisto por los rieles de desplazamiento al tercer riel. En el Metro un tercer riel está por detrás de los rieles de desplazamiento, a -210 voltios de corriente directa, la cual combina para proveer un voltaje de tracción de 630 voltios de corriente directa.\n\nMejoras y expansiones planeadas\n\nExisten muchas mejoras planificadas para el Metro de Londres. Una nueva estación abrió en la Terminal 5 del Aeropuerto de Heathrow el 27 de marzo de 2008 y es la primera extensión del Metro de Londres desde 1999. Cada línea ha sido mejorada para aumentar la capacidad y comodidad, con nueva señalización computerizada, operación automática de trenes, reemplazo de vías y del mobiliario de las estaciones, y, cuando fuera necesario, el reemplazo del material rodante.\nLa ampliamente propuesta Chelsea-Hackney Line, la cual se ha planeado que entre en operaciones en 2025, podría ser parte del Metro de Londres, lo que significaría que se le entregaría a la red una nueva línea que corre de noreste a sur y que proveería más intercambios con otras líneas y aliviaría la sobrepoblación de otras líneas. Dicha línea fue propuesta por primera vez en 1901 y ha estado en planificación desde ese entonces.\nLa propuesta denominada Croxley Rail Link contempla desviar el ramal de Watford (perteneciente a la Metropolitan Line) hacia la Estación de Watford Junction a lo largo de una vía férrea en desuso. El proyecto espera los fondos del Consejo del Condado de Hertfordshire y el Departamento de Transporte, y se mantiene en la etapa de propuesta.​\n\nBilletes\n\nEl Metro de Londres utiliza las zonas de Travelcard de Transport for London (TfL) para calcular las tarifas. El Gran Londres está dividido en 6 zonas; la Zona 1 es la más central, con un límite que pasa justo por la Circle Line, y la Zona 6 es la más externa e incluye el Aeropuerto de Heathrow. Las estaciones en la Metropolitan Line fuera del Gran Londres están en las Zonas 7-9.\nLas zonas de Travelcard 7-9 también se aplican en la línea de Euston a Watford Junction (parte del London Overground). Watford Junction está fuera de estas zonas y se le aplica una tarifa especial.\nExisten oficinas de venta de billetes, las cuales poseen personal a cargo. Algunas abren por períodos limitados, y las máquinas expendedoras de billetes se pueden usar en cualquier momento. Algunas máquinas que venden un rango limitado de billetes sólo aceptan monedas, otras máquinas con pantalla táctil aceptan monedas y billetes, y a menudo dan cambio. Estas máquinas también aceptan crédito y tarjetas de débito; algunas máquinas nuevas aceptan sólo tarjetas.\nMás recientemente, TfL ha introducido la Oyster card, una tarjeta inteligente inserta con un chip que no requiere de contacto, por lo que los pasajeros pueden obtener dinero para viajar con crédito, y usarla para pagar un viaje. Al igual que las Travelcards, pueden ser usadas en el Metro, buses, tranvías y en el DLR. La Oyster card es más barata para operar que los billetes sencillos y que las antiguas Travelcards con banda magnética, y el Metro está fomentando la adquisición de la Oyster card mediante tarifas especiales.\nPara turistas y otros no residentes, que no necesiten viajar en el período de hora punta de la mañana, la Travelcard recargable desde una semana y ampliable a varias semanas (como el turista desee), es la mejor opción existente. Estas están disponibles en cualquier estación de metro o quiosco subterráneo de la red de metro. El coste de un viaje sin el PASS DAY es £5,50. Existe la posibilidad de disfrutar de viajes ilimitados en la red entre las 9:30 a. m. hasta el resto del día. El precio antes de las 09:30 es de 18,50£, más tarde se reduce a 12,50£. Esto provee un excelente valor para cada viaje que se realice, considerando que un solo viaje puede costar algo más de £5 (aunque sí hay que decir que el billete sencillo de valor £5 sirve para viajar todo el día en las diferentes líneas de metro de la red de Londres).\n\nRetrasos\n\nDe acuerdo a las estadísticas entregadas por el mismo Metro de Londres, el viajero promedio en la Metropolitan Line perdió tres días, 10 horas y 25 minutos en 2006 debido a retrasos. Entre el 15 de septiembre y el 14 de octubre de 2006, 211 servicios de trenes estuvieron retrasados por más de 15 minutos. Los pasajeros tienen el derecho a recibir una compensación si su viaje se retrasa en 15 minutos o más debido a circunstancias dentro del control de TfL.​\n\nHoras de operación\n\nEl Metro de Londres no funciona las 24 horas del día (excepto en Año Nuevo y grandes eventos públicos - como el Jubileo de Oro de la Reina en 2002 y las ceremonias de apertura y clausura que se realizaron para los Juegos Olímpicos de 2012) debido a que muchas líneas sólo poseen 2 vías (una en cada sentido) y por lo tanto necesitan cerrar en la noche por trabajos de mantenimiento. Los primeros trenes comienzan a operar cerca de las 4:30 a. m., corriendo hasta cerca de la 1:30 a. m. A diferencia de otros sistemas como el del Metro de Nueva York, pocas partes del metro tienen vías expresas que permiten a los trenes ir a sitios de mantenimiento.\nA pesar de ello, el metro de Londres abrió las 24 horas los fines de semana a partir del 2015.​ El nombre de este servicio es Night Tube, y opera para las líneas de Central, Jubilee, Northern, Picadilly y Victoria.\n\nAccesibilidad\n\nLa accesibilidad a la gente con movilidad reducida no estaba considerada cuando la mayoría del sistema fue construido, y las estaciones más antiguas son inaccesibles para la gente discapacitada. Las estaciones más recientes fueron diseñadas para poseer accesibilidad, pero en las antiguas estaciones la instalación de servicios de acceso para discapacitados es muy caro y técnicamente es extremadamente difícil, y a menudo imposible. Aun cuando hay escaleras mecánicas y ascensores, a menudo hay escalones entre el ascensor o escalera mecánica y el andén.\nLa mayoría de las estaciones en superficie tienen al menos un tramo corto de escaleras para aproximarse al nivel del suelo, y la gran mayoría de las estaciones bajo tierra requiere el uso de escaleras o de alguna de las 410 escaleras mecánicas. También existen pequeñas escaleras o pasillos para llegar a los andenes. Las escaleras de emergencia en la Estación de Covent Garden tienen 193 peldaños (el equivalente a subir un edificio de 15 pisos) para alcanzar la salida,​ por lo que se advierte a los pasajeros que usen los ascensores porque subir las escaleras puede ser peligroso.\nLas escaleras mecánicas en las estaciones del Metro de Londres incluyen algunas de las más largas de Europa. La escalera mecánica más larga está en la Estación de Angel, de 60 metros de largo, con una altura vertical de 27,5 metros. Funciona 20 horas al día, 364 días al año, con el 95% de ellos operando en cualquier momento, y puede ser usado por 13.000 pasajeros por hora. El reglamento y la señalización indica que la gente debe ir en el lado derecho con tal de no obstruir el paso de la gente que quiere subir la escalera dando pasos.\nTfL planea que para el 2020 debe existir una red de sobre 100 estaciones accesibles para discapacitados, consistentes en aquellas recientemente construidas o reconstruidas, y un puñado de estaciones suburbanas y \"estaciones clave\", las cuales serán reconstruidas. Estas estaciones fueron seleccionadas debido a su gran flujo de pasajeros, potencial de intercambios, y ubicación geográfica.\n\nColapso\n\nEl colapso, sobrepoblación o saturación del Metro de Londres ha sido un problema durante años para los pasajeros abonados especialmente durante las horas punta de la mañana y la tarde. Las estaciones que particularmente poseen problemas son Camden Town y Covent Garden, las cuales tienen restricciones de acceso en ciertos momentos.​ Las restricciones son introducidas en otras estaciones cuando es necesario. Varias estaciones han sido reconstruidas para lidiar con la sobrepoblación.\nEl 24 de septiembre de 2007 la estación de King's Cross St. Pancras fue cerrada por completo debido a saturación. Algunas estaciones han debido ser cerradas o habilitadas sólo para salir debido a la sobrepoblación en hora punta. En otros momentos los trenes simplemente no se detienen en la estación colapsada y siguen hasta la estación más cercana. El colapso también se ha combatido bloqueando los torniquetes y los accesos a los andenes.\n\nDiseño y artes\n\nEl Mapa del Metro de Londres y el logotipo de la \"redondela\" (ambos pertenecientes a TfL) son instantáneamente reconocibles por cualquier londinense, inglés, británico, y mucha gente alrededor del mundo.\nTfL licencia la venta de ropa y otros accesorios en los cuales aparezcan sus elementos gráficos, y también toma acciones legales en contra del uso no autorizado de sus marcas registradas y del mapa del metro. A pesar de todo esto, las copias no autorizadas del logotipo continúan fabricándose alrededor del mundo.\n\nMapa\n\nLos mapas originales eran a menudo planos de calles con las líneas de metro superpuestas, pero como se hacía compleja la lectura de dichos mapas, esto produjo problemas de espacio, por lo que las estaciones centrales estaban muy juntas entre sí con respecto a las más alejadas del centro.\nEl mapa moderno del Metro de Londres evolucionó a un diseño del ingeniero eléctrico Harry Beck en 1931. Se caracterizaba por una disposición esquemática no geográfica que se basaba en los diagramas de circuitos y en el uso de un código de colores para las líneas.\nEl mapa en la actualidad es considerado un diseño clásico; prácticamente cualquier sistema ferroviario de una gran ciudad en el mundo posee un mapa semejante, y muchas compañías de autobuses también han adoptado el concepto.\nExisten muchas referencias culturales acerca del mapa, incluyendo parodias de él, utilizando diferentes nombres de estaciones, particularmente en publicidad londinense de productos y servicios no relacionados con el metro ni con Transport for London.\n\nTipografía\n\nEdward Johnston diseñó la fuente tipográfica \"sans-serif\" característica de TfL en 1916. La fuente aún se utiliza a pesar de que fue sustancialmente modificada en 1979 por Eiichi Kono para producir la fuente \"New Johnston\". Se destaca por su curva en la parte inferior de la letra l minúscula, y el punto en forma de diamante en las letras i y j. TfL posee el copyright para ejercer control sobre la fuente, pero existe una aproximación a ella en la fuente TrueType Paddington, y la fuente Gill Sans también está inspirada en Johnston.\n\nLa \"redondela\"\n\nLos orígenes de la \"redondela\", conocida en los primeros años como \"ojo de toro\" (bulls-eye) u \"objetivo\" (target), son antiguos. Mientras que el primer uso de una redondela en el transporte londinense fue en el símbolo del siglo XIX de la London General Omnibus Company - una rueda con una barra horizontal en el centro y dentro de ella la palabra GENERAL - su uso en el metro parte de la decisión en 1908 de encontrar una manera más simple de destacar los nombres de las estaciones en los andenes. El círculo rojo con la barra del nombre de color azul fue rápidamente adoptado, con la palabra \"UNDERGROUND\" a lo largo de la barra, como primera identificación corporativa.​ El logotipo fue modificado por Edward Johnston en 1919.\nCada estación posee la \"redondela\" del metro, a menudo conteniendo el nombre de la estación en la barra central, en las estaciones y repetidamente a lo largo del andén, por lo que el nombre puede ser visto fácilmente por los pasajeros que llegan de los trenes.\nLa \"redondela\" ha sido usada en los autobuses y el metro por muchos años, y desde que Transport for London tomó control del ferrocarril subterráneo lo ha aplicado a sus otros tipos de transporte (taxi, tranvía, DLR, etc.) en diferentes pares de colores. La \"redondela\" ha pasado a ser un símbolo propio de Londres.\nEl centésimo aniversario de la redondela fue celebrado por TfL comisionando 100 nuevos trabajos que celebran el diseño.\n\nContribución a las artes\n\nEl Metro de Londres actualmente auspicia y contribuye a las artes a través de los programas Platform for Art y Poems on the Underground. Los pósteres y marquesinas (y en el caso de la Estación de Gloucester Road, una plataforma completa en desuso) son entregados para el trabajo artístico y la poesía con tal de crear un ambiente de impacto positivo y hacer más agradables los viajes\".\nEl legado artístico incluye el empleo desde los años 20 de reconocidos diseñadores gráficos, ilustradores y artistas para sus propios pósteres publicitarios. Entre los diseñadores que hicieron trabajos para el Metro de Londres en los años 20 y 30 se cuentan Man Ray, Edward McKnight Kauffer y Fougasse. En los últimos años el metro ha fomentado trabajos de importantes artistas, incluyendo a R. B. Kitaj, John Bellany y Howard Hodgkin.\nEn arquitectura, Leslie Green estableció un estilo propio para las nuevas estaciones construidas en la primera década del siglo XX en las líneas Bakerloo, Piccadilly y Northern las cuales incluyeron patrones murales denominados \"edwardianos\", a pesar de que muchas de las actuales son réplicas.​ En los años 20 y 30, Charles Holden diseñó una serie de estaciones con estilo modernista y art-decó por las cuales se ha hecho famoso el Metro de Londres. El diseño de Holden para el edificio de las oficinas centrales del Metro de Londres incluía esculturas de Jacob Epstein, Eric Gill y Henry Moore (su primer trabajo para público). Misha Black fue nombrada consultora de diseño para la Victoria Line de los años 60, contribuyendo al diseño del uniforme de la línea,​ mientras que las estaciones para la extensión de la Jubilee Line en los años 90 fueron diseñadas por arquitectos de renombre como Norman Foster, Michael Hopkins y Will Alsop.\nMuchas estaciones también poseen diseños únicos en su interior para ayudar a los pasajeros a identificarlas. A menudo estas estaciones están insertos en la temática de significancia local. Los azulejos de la Estación de Baker Street incorpora repeticiones de la silueta de Sherlock Holmes. La Estación de Tottenham Court Road posee mosaicos semi-abstractos de Eduardo Paolozzi que representan la industria musical de Denmark Street. Las plataformas de la Northern Line en la Estación de Charing Cross poseen murales de David Gentleman acerca de la construcción del sector de Charing Cross.", "Glee\n\nArgumento\n\nSe centra en el instituto William McKinley en Lima, Ohio, donde el profesor de español, Will Schuester, (Matthew Morrison) quiere devolver al club del coro \"New Directions\" el brillo y la popularidad que tenía cuando él era estudiante y formaba parte. Will consigue reunir a un grupo de estudiantes, todos ellos marginados pero con mucho talento, para presentarse a la competición de coros. La serie abarca temas como las relaciones amorosas, la sexualidad, la discriminación y el bullying.\n\nConcepción\n\nGlee fue creada por Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk e Ian Brennan. Murphy se inspiró en su propia infancia, ya que interpretó el papel principal en todos los musicales de su instituto. Brennan y el productor Mike Novick también estaban muy involucrados en los clubes de sus propias escuelas.​ Brennan originalmente escribió un guion para una película hecha para televisión sobre la base de sus propias experiencias en la escuela Prospect High School (Illinois),​ pero Murphy creyó que el concepto funcionaría mejor como una serie de televisión.​\nLa cadena Fox solicitó el piloto de la serie a las quince horas de recibir el guion. Ryan Murphy atribuye esto, en parte, al éxito de American Idol en la cadena, al comentar: «Es lógico que si el mayor éxito televisivo de la cadena es un musical, hagan algo relacionado».​ Glee se establece en la escuela irreal William McKinley High School en Lima, Ohio.​ Murphy escogió un estudio del Medio Oeste ya que él mismo creció en Indiana, y rememoró sus visitas de la infancia a Ohio al parque de atracciones Kings Island. Aunque establecido en Lima, el espectáculo se filmó en los estudios Paramount y en el instituto Helen Bernstein en Hollywood. Murphy ha afirmado que nunca ha visto una película de High School Musical, que ha sido comparado con Glee, y que su interés es crear un «musical post moderno», en lugar de «hacer un espectáculo en el que la gente irrumpa en canciones», haciendo más hincapié en el formato de Chicago.​ Los productores pretendían hacer un espectáculo familiar que llamara tanto la atención de adultos como a niños, con los personajes adultos protagonizando en igualdad con los líderes adolescentes; en octubre de 2009 ya había esbozado planes para la serie cubriendo tres años de rodaje. Ryan Murphy pretendió que el espectáculo sea una forma de alucinación, él explicó:\n\n \n\n \nHay tantos programas en televisión ahora mismo sobre personajes con armas, o de ciencia ficción, o sobre abogados. Glee pertenece a un género diferente, no hay nada parecido emitiéndose actualmente por internet y por televisión. Todo es tan oscuro en el mundo en este momento, por eso American Idol funcionó.​\n\nMúsica y coreografías\n\nLa característica principal de la serie es presentar numerosos musicales interpretados por los personajes. Los segmentos musicales adoptan principalmente el formato de actuaciones y, en ciertas ocasiones, de situaciones espontáneas representadas con canto y baile. Esto se debe a la intención de que la serie se mantenga basada en la realidad.​ Esta característica la diferencia de la mayoría de espectáculos musicales, como High School Musical, en los que la espontaneidad crea una situación irreal. Murphy se encarga de seleccionar todas las canciones utilizadas, y se esfuerza por mantener un equilibrio entre los clásicos de todos los tiempos y las canciones de moda: «Quiero que haya algo para todos en cada episodio. Es una mezcla difícil, pero es muy importante ese equilibrio».​\nMurphy se sorprendió de la facilidad con la que el uso de las canciones fue aprobado por los sellos discográficos, el explicó: «Creo que la clave es que les gustaba el tono de la serie. Les encantó que este programa fuera optimista y juvenil, sobre todo por la reinterpretación de temas clásicos para una nueva audiencia».​ El compositor Billy Joel ofreció muchas de sus canciones para su uso en el programa,​ la cantante Rihanna ofreció su sencillo Take a Bow para que fuera utilizado, reduciendo así el valor de la licencia. De igual modo, otros artistas han ofrecido el uso de sus canciones de forma gratuita.​\nLa dirección de coreografía de Glee estuvo a cargo de Zach Woodlee y dispone generalmente, de cinco a ocho números de producción por capítulo.​ Una vez que se liquidan los derechos de la música, las canciones son ensayadas y pre-grabadas por el reparto. Woodlee construye los movimientos de acompañamiento. Luego se los enseña a los actores y se procede a grabar. Pueden tomarse varias semanas para preparar un número, en función de su complejidad.​ El costo de producción de cada episodio es de US$ 3 millones,​ y pueden demorarse incluso diez días hasta obtener el resultado que efectivamente será presentado en pantalla.​\n\nPromoción\n\nAntes de estrenar el segundo episodio de Glee los actores recorrieron varias tiendas de Hot Topic en todo Estados Unidos. El elenco cantó el Himno Nacional en el tercer partido de la Serie Mundial de 2009.​ Originalmente, el modelo fue creado para llevar a cabo en 2009 en el desfile del día de Acción de Gracias de Macy pero la NBC prohibió a los actores porque estaban en la cadena rival.​ Cuando el creador Ryan Murphy se enteró de esto, manifestó: «Comprendemos absolutamente la postura de la NBC, y esperamos ver a un movible Jay Leno».​\nLynch, Colfer, Monteith, y Riley aparecieron en los MTV Video Music Awards 2010 el 12 de septiembre de 2010. Cuando Agron, Michele y Monteith posaron para una serie de fotos subidas de tono para la edición de noviembre de 2010 de la revista GQ, Tim Winter Presidente de PTC comentó que Glee tiene muchos admiradores jóvenes, y que al autorizar este tipo de escenas casi pornográficas no es bueno para nuestras familias.​\nDebido al éxito del espectáculo, el elenco siguió una gira de conciertos titulado Glee Live! In Concert! visitando Phoenix, Chicago, Los Ángeles y New York en un principio, Ryan Murphy comento «vamos a hacer lo que se ha hecho con American Idol y poner a los chicos en escena», comentó al New York Post.​ El espectáculo llegó a Estados Unidos, Inglaterra e Irlanda. Con esta gira, se realizó la película en 3D, que se estrenó el 10 de agosto en los Estados Unidos, la película fue dirigida por Kevin Tancharoen.​​ Glee también se presentó en la séptima temporada de The X Factor, el 5 de diciembre de 2010.​\n\nElenco\n\nEn lugar de utilizar las tradicionales audiciones de la televisión, Murphy pasó tres meses en Broadway, donde encontró a Morrison, quien previamente había protagonizado Hairspray y The Light in the Piazza, Michele protagonista de Spring Awakening y Ushkowitz protagonista de El Rey y Yo. El personaje de Rachel fue escrito especialmente para Lea Michele. Chris Colfer no tenía ninguna experiencia profesional previa, pero le recordó a Ryan el personaje de Kurt del musical The Sound of Music.​ Él se presentó al casting interpretando el papel de Artie, que sin embargo fue dado al actor Kevin McHale (con la canción \"Mr. Cellophane\"); sin embargo Murphy quedó tan impresionado con la personalidad extrovertida y divertida de Colfer, que al final decidió crear el papel de Kurt para él.​\nGlee contó con quince papeles principales a partir de la segunda temporada. Matthew Morrison en el papel de Will Schuester, es un profesor de español del instituto William McKinley que se convirtió en director del club Glee, con la esperanza de devolverle el prestigio al coro.​ Jane Lynch interpretó a Sue Silvester, directora técnica del equipo de animadoras ella odia al club Glee. Jayma Mays caracterizó a Emma Pillsbury una orientadora vocacional misofóbica de la escuela, enamorada en secreto de Will,​ Jessalyn Gilsig hizo el papel de Terri Delmonico, la exigente ex-esposa de Will.​ Lea Michele interpretó a Rachel Berry, la voz principal femenina del club Glee, a menudo acosada por las animadoras y los jugadores de fútbol pese a estar enamorada del capitán.​ Cory Monteith interpretó a Finn Hudson fue capitán del equipo de fútbol y desde su entrada al club Glee se convierte en su voz masculina.​ El resto del club lo integraron, Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley) una diva de moda con una potente voz, obstinada a no ocupar los papeles secundarios en el club. Kurt Hummel (Chris Colfer) un soprano masculino gay fanático de la moda que sufre los ataques del equipo de fútbol, en la primera temporada siente atracción por Finn.​ Artie Abrams (Kevin McHale) un guitarrista parapléjico. Tina Cohen-Chang (Jenna Ushkowitz), una estudiante asiático-americana gótica con serios problemas de timidez, fingió ser tartamuda en los primeros nueve capítulos para no tener que hablar en público. Noah Puck Puckerman (Mark Salling) fue el mejor amigo de Finn y también jugador de fútbol que al principio desaprueba el club Glee, pero más tarde se une a él y Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron) la novia de Finn, líder de las animadoras y del Club del Celibato hasta que se queda embarazada se une al coro para hundirlo por orden de la entrenadora, pero termina queriéndolo y haciendo de él único lugar donde sabe que puede expresarse libremente y confiar en sus compañeros. Todos estos personajes aportan a le serie una gran capacidad de integración y diversidad y la llevan a tocar temas tan delicados como el bullying, los embarazos adolescentes, la homosexualidad, los problemas alimenticios y psicológicos, la competitividad y sobre todo la capacidad de superación. En la segunda temporada Naya Rivera interpretando a Santana Lopez, fue promovida a personaje principal junto a Heather Morris son las animadoras de la secundaria Mckinley ellas se unen al Club Glee por órdenes de Sue para informarles lo que pasa en el club.​ Otros personajes recurrentes son Harry Shum, Jr.,​ Chord Overstreet, Patrick Gallagher caracterizaro a Ken Tanaka fue reemplazado por Dot-Marie Jones interpretando a Shannon Beiste.​​ Darren Criss en el papel de Blaine Anderson fue el capitán de los Dalton Academy Warblers,​ Mike O'Malley interpretó a Burt Hummel, el padre de Kurt quien al principio no estaba de acuerdo con su homosexualidad.​ Dijon Talton dio vida a Matt Rutherford el decidió abandonar la serie en el final de la primera temporada.​ Muchos de los personajes originales se graduaron de McKinley High al final de la tercera temporada. Murphy dijo: «No queríamos tener un espectáculo donde estaban en una escuela secundaria durante ocho años. Realmente queríamos ser fieles a esa experiencia».​\nMuchos de los personajes originales se graduaron de McKinley High al final de la tercera temporada. Murphy dijo: «No queríamos tener un espectáculo donde estaban en una escuela secundaria durante ocho años. Realmente queríamos ser fieles a esa experiencia».​ Los personajes adultos interpretados por Matthew Morrison y Jane Lynch siguieron para proporcionar la continuidad a la serie,​ aunque según Falchuk algunos estudiantes como Rachel, Finn y Kurt, permanecerán en el programa después de que se gradúen.​ En mayo de 2012, Murphy dijo que los personajes no tiene por qué desaparecer tras graduarse, él declaró «Un montón de gente piensan que Dianna se va a ir, que Amber se va ir pero no se van a ir. Creo que Amber estaba hablando de la sensación agridulce al percatarse de que 'nunca voy a estar en el coro con ese grupo de personas'; al menos eso es lo que me dijo... Cuando lo leí [el tuit] dije: Creo que van a malinterpretar el mensaje. Ella está muy entusiasmada por la dirección que toma su personaje. Todos lo están. Mi intención era hacer lo correcto para todos ellos». Luego continuó: «Todos van a volver. Todos los personajes habituales van a regresar. A todos les consultamos si querían volver la mayoría dijeron que sí».​\nEl 28 de junio de 2013, los medios de comunicación informaron que Morris, Riley, Salling y Shum fueron cambiados de estado, de protagonistas a papeles de estrella invitada de la quinta temporada, y al día siguiente de que Jacob Artist, Melissa Benoist, Blake Jenner, Alex Newell y Becca Tobin que interpretaron a Jake Puckerman, Marley Rose, Ryder Lynn, Wade \"Unique\" Adams y Kitty Wilde respectivamente, fueron promovidos al elenco principal.​ El 13 de julio de 2013, Monteith fue encontrado muerto en su habitación en el hotel Fairmont Pacific Rim en Vancouver, British Columbia. Una autopsia completada el 15 de julio indicó que murió de exceso de alcohol y sobredosis de heroína.​ Ryan Murphy comentó en varios medios de comunicación que Cory tuvo un homenaje en el tercer episodio de la quinta temporada. El 30 de julio de 2013, Mays confirmó que abandonaba el programa después de la quinta temporada para trabajar en otros proyectos, pero declaró que estaría dispuesta a regresar como estrella invitada en el futuro.​ Para el final de temporada, Rivera formó parte del elenco recurrente por su petición.\n\nElenco principal\n\nLea MicheleRachel BerryPrincipal\nMatthew MorrisonWill SchuesterPrincipal\nCory MonteithFinn HudsonPrincipal\nJayma MaysEmma PillsburyPrincipal\nRecurrente\nInvitada\nJane LynchSue SylvesterPrincipal\nChris ColferKurt HummelPrincipal\nKevin McHaleArtie AbramsPrincipal\nJenna UshkowitzTina Cohen-ChangPrincipal\nRecurrente\nAmber RileyMercedes JonesPrincipal\nRecurrente\nPrincipal\nDianna AgronQuinn FabrayPrincipal\nRecurrente\nMark SallingNoah PuckermanPrincipal\nRecurrente\nNaya RiveraSantana LopezRecurrente\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nHarry Shum, Jr.Mike ChangRecurrente\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nInvitado\nHeather MorrisBrittany PierceRecurrente\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nLauren PotterBecky JacksonInvitada\nRecurrente\nDot-Marie JonesShannon Beiste\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nPrincipal\nJessalyn GilsigTerri SchuesterRecurrente\nInvitada\nRecurrente\nMike O'MalleyBurt Hummel\nInvitado\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nDarren CrissBlaine AndersonRecurrente\nPrincipal\nChord OverstreetSam EvansRecurrente\nPrincipal\nAlex NewellWade \"Unique\" Adams\nInvitado\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\nJacob ArtistJake Puckerman\nPrincipal\nInvitado\nMelissa BenoistMarley Rose\nPrincipal\nBlake JennerRyder Lynn\nPrincipal\nInvitado\nBecca TobinKitty Wilde\nRecurrente\nPrincipal\nRecurrente\n\nCríticas\n\nGlee recibió una puntuación de Metacritic de 77 sobre 100 críticos en su primera temporada, basándose en sus comentarios de un total de dieciocho revisores.​ La respuesta crítica fue repartida, Alejandra Stanley del New York Times, destacó la falta de originalidad del piloto y los personajes estereotipados pero elogió el talento teatral y el hecho de que los personajes «se salieran del modelo».​ David Hinckley del Daily News opinó que el espectáculo era imperfecto y absurdo, pero «potencialmente conmovedor».​ Por su parte, Robert Bianco de USA Today señaló problemas de tono en las interpretaciones musicales, pero comentó positivamente sobre el humor del espectáculo y su funcionamiento.​ El New York Times también dijo que Glee no fue nada del otro mundo y que «es como si vieras High School Musical.»​ Mauren Ryan del Chicago Tribune comentó «los dos grandes números musicales son tremendamente entretenidos. Son interpretados con energía distintas, y le avergonzó la baja interpretación de los popurrís de los concursantes en la edición de los miércoles de American Idol».​ María McNamara para el Los Angeles Times llamó a Glee «el primer show en mucho tiempo que es simple y rápido».​ Mientras que Rob Owen para el Pittsburgh Post-Gazette consideró «Es la música lo que hace que Glee proporcione una satisfacción alegre sin las cifras de producción de canto y baile; este piloto de Fox sería solo otra comedia-drama desarrollada en una escuela secundaria».​\nNancy Gibbs, de la revista Time contó que había oído a un joven eclesiástico describir la serie como anti-cristiana comentando:\n\n \n\n \n«Es fácil advertir algo así si uno se fija solo en lo concreto. Los estudiantes mienten, copian, roban, son codiciosos, meten marihuana en los pastelitos para incentivar el consumo entre los estudiantes. Casi todos los Diez Mandamientos son violados en un momento u otro, mientras se invita a la audiencia a reír con el dolor, la locura y las humillaciones de la gente. Se insulta a los adolescentes al sugerir que, por el simple hecho de ver a personajes que se comportan mal en la pantalla, ellos van a tomarlo como algo que también pueden hacer. Y se sitúa en un instituto, pero queriendo decir que es un viaje no al mundo académico de los colegios, sino a temas como la identidad y las convicciones, el precio de la popularidad, los compromisos que debemos asumir entre lo que queremos y lo que necesitamos».​\n\n \nBrian Lowry de Variety criticó los primeros episodios de la serie y los problemas de actuación del elenco adulto, a excepción de Mays.​ Ken Tucker de Entertainment Weekly afirmó «Va a ser una de las series menos exitosas del año».​ John Doyle del The Globe and Mail sostuvo que «lo sentía agradable, sobre todo porque el equipo diverso de los chicos tenía una especie de ingenuidad retrógrada». Finalizó diciendo «La alegría se ha ido de Glee».​ Mateo Gilbert de Boston Globe escribió de manera similar «Glee se ha convertido en una potencia de gran alcance, mucho tiempo con una publicidad exagerada y brevedad en el sentimiento humano - la alegría - que en su momento lo hizo tan adictivo».​\n\nActuaciones musicales\n\nLas actuaciones musicales han logrado un éxito comercial con más de treinta millones de copias digitales, y más de once millones de discos vendidos en todo el mundo desde octubre de 2011.​ En 2009, el elenco de Glee tenía veinticinco sencillos entre los Billboard Hot 100 alcanzando a The Beatles.​ En 2010, había ochenta sencillos en el Billboard Hot 100, superando con creces el récord anterior.​ En febrero de 2011, Glee superó a Elvis Presley en el número de canciones también en dicha lista.​ La interpretación de «Don't Stop Believin» alcanzó el oro el 13 de octubre de 2009 logrando hasta 500 000 descargas,​ y el 16 de marzo de 2011 recibieron la certificación de platino por tener más de un millón de ventas.​ La versión de Take a Bow interpretada en el episodio «Showmance» tuvo un efecto positivo en las ventas del tema original de Rihanna, aumentaron en un 189% por ciento.​\nSin embargo, también hubo críticas de las actuaciones del elenco. Jon Dolan de la revista Rolling Stone comentó que Matthew Morrison no rapeaba bien y Andrew Leahey de Allmusic, escribió que Cory Monteith y Dianna Agron «no cantan tan bien como sus co-estrellas».​ Algunos artistas como Slash, Kings of Leon, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Damon Albarn y Foo Fighters les han negado los derechos a la serie.​\n\nPremios y nominaciones\n\nGlee recibió varios premios y nominaciones, en 2009 ganó cinco Premios Satélite en las categorías «Mejor Serie de Televisión de Comedia Musical», «Mejor Actor» y «Mejor Actriz en una Serie de Televisión de Comedia Musical» por Morrison y Michele, «Mejor Actriz de Reparto» por Lynch y «Mejor actriz invitada en serie de comedia» por Kristin Chenoweth.​ En 2010, Glee ganó un premio Globo de Oro por «Mejor Serie de Televisión - Musical o Comedia», Morrison Michele y Lynch también recibieron nominaciones actorales.​ La serie fue nominada para dos Premios del Sindicato de Guionistas de Estados Unidos, en las categorías «Serie de Comedia» y «Nueva Serie».​ El elenco del programa ganó el premio «Mejor Interpretación de Reparto en una Serie de Comedia» en la 16.ª entrega de los Premios del Sindicato de Actores.​ París Barclay y Ryan Murphy fueron nominados en el Premio Directors Guild en la categoría «Serie de Comedia» por su trabajo en Glee.​ En julio de 2010, Glee recibió diecinueve nominaciones a los premios Emmy, incluyendo «Mejor Serie de Comedia», «Mejor Actor Principal en Serie de Comedia» por Morrison y «Mejor actriz principal en Comedia» por Michele, que ganó cuatro de ellos, incluyendo «Mejor Actriz de Reparto en una Serie de Comedia» por Lynch y «Mejor actor de reparto en Serie de comedia» por Neil Patrick Harris.​\nEl 16 de enero de 2011, el programa ganó un Golden Globe por «Mejor Serie de Televisión - de Comedia o Musical». Lynch y Colfer ganaron los Globos de Oro en las categorías «Mejor Actriz de Reparto» y «Mejor Actor de Reparto en una Serie de Televisión, Miniserie o Película hecha para TV».​ En julio de 2011, Glee recibió doce nominaciones a los Emmy.​ El elenco fue invitado a cantar en la Casa Blanca por Michelle Obama en abril de 2010 para el rodado del huevo de Pascua.​\n\nTransmisión internacional\n\nGlee es televisado a nivel mundial incluyendo países como por ejemplo Australia en donde el elenco visitó ese país para promocionar su show antes del debut al aire a través de la cadena Network Ten,​ en Canadá se ve por Global TV,​ Nueva Zelanda,​ y Fiyi.​ Y lo mismo en Sudáfrica a través de la cadena de televisión M-Net.​ En el Reino Unido, el canal E4 transmitió la primera y segunda temporada.​ Sky 1 decidió transmitir la tercera temporada de la serie, puesta al aire dos días antes que en los Estados Unidos.​ La serie también se transmitió en Italia una semana después de que se emitiría en su país de origen.​ En Irlanda se emité por TV3 junto con la cadena 3e.​ En Asia se ve en Filipinas,​ India,​ Malasia,​ Singapur,​ Indonesia y Japón. Glee también se transmitió en Brasil a través de la señal Rede Globo,​ mientras que en Bolivia se emitió los fines de semana por la cadena de televisión Unitel y en Argentina también se emitió las primeras dos temporadas por Telefe.​​\n\nMercadotecnia\n\nLa discografía del elenco de Glee constó de dieciséis bandas sonoras, seis álbumes recopilatorios, once EP y más de seiscientos sencillos. Glee cuenta con números musicales que aparecen en pantalla basados en el rendimiento, la mayoría de los cuales son versiones de canciones populares, con géneros que van desde el rap, el blues hasta el pop.​​ El reparto se compone de quince personajes principales, algunos de los actores fueron vistos en Broadway mientras que otros fueron obligados a una audición para cantar y bailar.​​ Las grabaciones fueron habilitadas para descarga digital.​ Glee: The Music, Volume 1 fue lanzado por Columbia Records en noviembre de 2009, y alcanzó el número uno en Irlanda y el Reino Unido, el puesto tres en Australia, Canadá y el Reino Unido. El álbum llegó a obtener la certificación de platino en cinco países, además de doble disco de platino y triple platino en Australia e Irlanda. El primer sencillo «Don't Stop Believin», una canción de la banda Journey de 1981 fue su top ten, alcanzando el número dos en el Reino Unido y número cuatro en Irlanda y los Estados Unidos fue certificado disco de platino en ese país y en Australia. En diciembre de 2009 su segundo álbum Glee: The Music, Volume 2, alcanzó el número uno en Nueva Zelanda e Irlanda. El EP Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna se lanzó en abril de 2010 para acompañar al episodio tributo de Madonna, alcanzó el primero puesto en el Billboard 200.​ Glee: The Music, Volume 3 Showstoppers se dio a conocer en mayo de 2010 y logró debutar en las primeras posiciones a nivel mundial. En su lista de canciones fue incluida la canción «Gives You Hell» de la banda The All-American Rejects por primera vez para el elenco alcanzó el puesto número uno en Irlanda.​ El final de la temporada concluyó con un EP titulado Glee: The Music, Journey to Regionals alcanzó el número uno en los Estados Unidos y en Irlanda, el número dos en el Reino Unido y Canadá, y el puesto tres en Australia. Glee: The Music, The Complete Season One fue un álbum recopilatorio, que contiene cien grabaciones de estudio de la primera temporada lanzado los tres primeros volúmenes (Volumen 1, Volumen 2 y Volumen 3 Showstoppers) y dos EP The Power of Madonna y Journey to Regionals ampliándolo con bonus tracks. Todos los sencillos de la primera temporada también se incluyeron, a la excepción de \"Last Christmas\". El álbum se público en la tienda iTunes Store el 14 de septiembre de 2010.​ Glee: The Music, The Rocky Horror Glee Show, se público al mismo tiempo para acompañar al episodio tributo de Rocky Horror, alcanzó el número seis en los Estados Unidos en octubre de 2010. Glee: The Music, The Christmas Album y Glee: The Music, Volume 4 se publicaron en noviembre de 2010 para acompañar el capítulo final de la segunda temporada. Ambos álbumes alcanzaron el top ten en Canadá y los Estados Unidos, los dos álbumes han sido doble disco de platino de la temporada, en los Estados Unidos logrando también el segundo lugar en Australia. Una edición limitada del EP Glee: The Music, Love Songs, fue lanzado a fin de año y no gráfica en ninguna lista oficial.​ Glee: The Music, Volume 5, Glee: The Music Presents the Warblers y Glee: The Music, Volume 6, fueron lanzados para la temporada de 2011, ambos llegaron a la quinta posición en Canadá y los Estados Unidos. Glee tiene el registro de canciones más altas por un elenco en los 53 años de historia del Billboard Hot 100 con 189 interpretaciones desde noviembre de 2013.​​ Los dos sencillos, «Teenage Dream» y «Loser Like Me» lograron alcanzar el puesto diez en las posiciones de venta en los Estados Unidos y Canadá, también son los únicos sencillos de la segunda temporada que lograron alcanzar el disco de oro en los Estados Unidos. Glee también se ubica con 47 sencillos en el top 40 en el Billboard Hot 100 (solo por detrás de Madonna con 48 sencillos, 51 sencillos de The Beatles, Elton John con 56 sencillos y 104 canciones de Elvis Presley). A partir de abril de 2013, el elenco vendió más de 13 millones de discos en todo el mundo, y más de 53 millones de canciones de Glee se han descargado en forma digital.​\nGlee lanzó en numerosos países formatos de DVD a lo largo de todo el mundo, todos los episodios son descargados en América a través de iTunes. La primera temporada también se lanzó en primer lugar en dos volúmenes exclusivamente en DVD: Glee – Season 1, Volume 1: Road to Sectionals (episodios 1-13) y Glee – Season 1, Volume 2: Journey to Regionals (episodios 14-22).​​ En noviembre de 2010, coincidiendo con la fecha de lanzamiento del segundo volumen se lanzó una colección de la temporada completa tanto en DVD y en formato de Blu-Ray, el único que se ha distribuido a nivel mundial exclusivamente en DVD y el único que se ha comercializado a España. También se distribuyó el primer episodio piloto con el montaje del director en DVD en América.​ Glee – Volume 2: Road to Regionals contiene los nueve episodios finales de la primera temporada.​\nLa segunda temporada también se dividió en dos volúmenes, ambos vendidos en el mercado americano principalmente; en otros países se han vendido exclusivamente en DVD. El primer volumen contiene los episodios del 1 al 10 de la temporada y lleva el título de Glee – Season 2, Volume 1; la fecha de lanzamiento fue el 25 de enero de 2011.​ La segunda tanda Glee - Season 2, Volume 2, contiene los episodios del 11 al 22 y se lanzó el 13 de septiembre de 2011.​ Todos los DVD y los Blu-Ray contienen diversos extras. Las compilaciones contienen los mismos discos que los separados. También se puso a la venta en los países de habla inglesa una caja que incluye ambas temporadas, bajo una apariencia de taquilla de instituto. No se ha editado ninguna compilación con la primera tanda de episodios de la tercera temporada. También están disponibles Glee Encore, lanzado el 19 de abril de 2011 en DVD y Blu-Ray en América y cuyo único contenido son los vídeos de una selección de los mejores números musicales de la primera temporada; y Glee: En Concierto (The Glee Concert Movie), el cual se refleja un documental sobre la gira que logró hacer la serie en los Estados Unidos.​\nLa serie ha llegado a las videoconsolas de la mano de Nintendo, Konami y dispositivos iOS. Únicamente para la consola Wii están disponibles dos videojuegos llamados Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 1 y Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 2. Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 3 está disponible tanto para Wii y para XBOX 360.​ Todos los juegos son de tipo karaoke que se están comercializando a lo largo de todo el mundo y que pueden comprarse tanto en un pack con sólo el juego tanto con micrófono incluido (necesario para jugar) y para los dispositivos de Apple existe la aplicación Glee Karaoke que consiste básicamente en lo mismo a diferencia de que el usuario puede compartir las canciones cantadas por el mismo con sus amigos y con la red; también esta la aplicación Tap Tap Glee, una aplicación similar al Guitar Hero pero con canciones de Glee que consiste en acumular puntos atrapando estrellas. Todos los contenidos de Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 1 y Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 2 son descargables si se tiene Glee Karaoke Revolution, Volumen 3 para XBOX 360 en dicha videoconsola.\nEl 9 de junio de 2010 se anunció que Tina Jordan había firmado con 20th Century Fox para publicar una serie de libros oficiales de Glee.​ Erin Stein y Elizabeth Bewley han obtenido los derechos para publicar cinco novelas en colaboración con los productores y guionistas de la serie.​ La primera novela, Glee: The Beginning (Glee: El Comienzo, edición castellana por Panini) fue lanzada el 3 de agosto de 2010 en América incluyendo un póster de la serie. La segunda novela, titulada Glee: Foreign Exchange, salió a la venta el 3 de agosto de 2010 solo en el continente americano;​ además de estos libros, Ryan Murphy, creador y productor, anunció que estaban escribiendo una autobiografía del personaje Sue Sylvester.​​\nLa música de Glee ha vendido más de treinta y seis millones de sencillos digitales y once millones de discos a nivel mundial hacia octubre de 2011, lo que lo ha convertido en uno de los mayores éxitos comerciales de los últimos tiempos.​ También se han comercializado versiones en DVD y Blu-ray, libros, una aplicación para iPad y tres juegos de karaoke para Wii. El 19 de abril de 2013 la serie fue renovada por dos temporadas más.​\n\nPelícula: The 3D Concert Movie\n\nGlee: The 3D Concert Movie, es una película-concierto basada en las cuatro semanas de la gira Glee Live! In Concert! en Norteamérica que refleja al elenco estudiantil de la serie actuando en la gira y en el backstage del concierto, fue lanzada en los Estados Unidos el 12 de agosto de 2011, por un tiempo limitado de dos semanas. La película fue dirigida por Kevin Tancharoen.​ El elenco de la película incluye a la mayoría de los personajes de la serie, a excepción de Sue Sylvester interpretada por Jane Lynch, quien comentó de forma sarcástica en el tráiler oficial del la película: «Por favor. No malgasten su dinero. Esto apesta».​\n\nThe Glee Project\n\nEn junio de 2010, se anunció que la cadena de televisión Oxígen transmitiría el reality show.\nComenzó a transmitirse el 12 de junio de 2011, y su última transmisión fue el 21 de agosto de 2011.​ El premio ganador consistió en aparecer en siete episodios para la tercera temporada de Glee, y los semifinalistas en dos capítulos solamente.​\n\nGleeful\n\nEl 7 de junio de 2010, el Canal 4 del Reino Unido salió al aire Gleeful: The Real Show Choirs of America el documental explora el fenómeno del coro estadounidense que inspiró a Glee,​ es narrado por Nick Grimshaw,​\n\nDon't stop believing\n\nEn el verano de 2010, el Canal 5 de el Reino Unido emitió Don't Stop Believing, un reality de talentos inspirada por la serie de televisión de Glee. La serie contó con shows en vivo en el que los grupos musicales de distintos países demostrando su talento de canto y baile.​ Los cantantes solistas también pidieron unirse a un grupo para representar a los Estados Unidos Unido del elenco del Glee Club​​ El espectáculo fue conducido por Emma Bunton,​ quien dijo a The Belfast Telegraph que ella es una \"gran admiradora\" de Glee.​ los jueces del programa fueron Tamsin Outhwaite, Duncan James, Anastacia y Charles \"Chucky\" Klapow.​", "Wicked (musical)\n\nActo I\n\nLa historia arranca con los habitantes del país de Oz celebrando la muerte de la bruja mala del oeste, Elphaba, a manos de la niña Dorothy. Glinda, la bruja buena, desciende en una burbuja y se dirige a sus conciudadanos para confirmar la noticia. De pronto, alguien entre la multitud pregunta por la verdadera naturaleza del mal y Glinda les habla de los orígenes de Elphaba. Hija del gobernador de Munchkinland y su esposa, Elphaba sufrió el rechazo de su propio padre debido a la tonalidad verde de su piel, consecuencia del elixir del mismo color que su madre solía tomar junto a un amante secreto antes de que ella naciese. Glinda es cuestionada sobre su supuesta amistad con Elphaba y la bruja admite que las dos se conocieron durante su etapa de estudiantes (\"No One Mourns the Wicked\").\nA través de un flashback, la acción retrocede hasta el día en que Elphaba llega a la universidad de Shiz acompañada de su padre y su hermana pequeña Nessarose, futura gobernante de Munchkinland (\"Dear Old Shiz\"). A diferencia de Elphaba, Nessarose no tiene la piel de color verde, aunque está impedida en una silla de ruedas. Antes de dejar a sus hijas en la universidad, el gobernador regala a Nessarose un par de zapatos plateados a modo de despedida.\nMadame Morrible, la directora de Shiz, toma bajo su protección a Nessarose y asigna como compañera de cuarto de Elphaba a Galinda, una joven con una personalidad superficial y vanidosa. Disgustada por la decisión, Elphaba manifiesta sus habilidades mágicas delante de Madame Morrible, quien reconoce al instante el potencial de la muchacha y le ofrece la posibilidad de estudiar brujería y conocer al maravillo mago de Oz, algo con lo que Elphaba siempre ha soñado (\"The Wizard and I\"). Toda esta atención sobre su compañera de cuarto despierta los celos de Galinda, acrecentando el rechazo mutuo que sienten la una por la otra (\"What is this Feeling?\"). Durante una clase del Doctor Dillamond, una cabra que imparte la asignatura de historia y único profesor no humano de la facultad, las dos jóvenes vuelven a chocar debido a sus diferentes puntos de vista y Galinda no puede ocultar su desagrado por la tendencia del maestro a llamarla \"Glinda\". Cuando Dillamond descubre que alguien ha escrito en la pizarra un mensaje de odio hacia los animales, el profesor da por finaliza la clase. A solas con Elphaba, Dillamond confiesa a la muchacha que algo extraño está ocurriendo en Oz, ya que muchos animales han empezado a perder la capacidad de hablar. Antes de marcharse, Elphaba le dice que alguien debería informar al mago de un asunto tan grave (\"Something Bad\").\nLa llegada de Fiyero Tigelaar, príncipe de Winkie, revoluciona a lo estudiantes de Shiz, especialmente a Galinda. Fiyero intenta contagiar a todos con su estilo de vida desenfadado y propone salir a bailar esa noche. Boq, un joven munchkin que está enamorado de Galinda, le pide ser su pareja de baile, pero la muchacha sugiere que invite a Nessarose y así ella pueda acudir a la fiesta con Fiyero. Feliz por la proposición de Boq, Nessarose le cuenta a su hermana que todo ha sido posible gracias a Galinda. Mientras se arregla para la velada, Galinda regala a su compañera de cuarto un sombrero negro acabado en punta con la intención de burlarse de ella, pero Elphaba lo interpreta como un gesto amable. Esa noche, en el Ozdust Ballroom, Boq intenta confesar a Nessarose el verdadero motivo por el que la ha invitado a salir. Sin embrago, viendo el entusiasmo de la muchacha, el joven munchkin decide continuar con la mentira para no herir sus sentimientos. De pronto aparece Madame Morrible y comunica a Galinda que ha sido admitida en el seminario de brujería gracias a la recomendación de su compañera de cuarto. Justo en ese momento llega Elphaba ataviada con su sombrero y todo los estudiantes estallan en carcajadas. Humillada, la muchacha finge indiferencia y comienza a bailar sola. Sintiéndose culpable, Galinda se une a Elphaba en la pista de baile y logra que todos dejen de reírse de ella. Después de este episodio, las dos empiezan a verse con otros ojos (\"Dancing Through Life\").\nDe regreso a su habitación, Galinda y Elphaba continúan intimando. Elphaba se abre a Galinda por primera vez y le habla de la complicada relación que tiene con su padre y de lo culpable que se siente por la invalidez de Nessarose, ya que el gobernador, temiendo que su segunda hija también viniese al mundo con la piel de color verde, obligó a su esposa a tomar leche de flores durante el embarazo. Sin embargo, el brebaje adelantó el parto y provocó que Nessarose naciese incapacitada, causando además la muerte de su madre. Galinda conforta a Elphaba y le dice que ella no es responsable de la condición de su hermana. Para levantarle el ánimo, Galinda se ofrece a transformar a su nueva amiga en una persona popular (\"Popular\"). \nA la mañana siguiente, el Doctor Dillamond anuncia que éste es su último día en la facultad, ya que han prohibido que los animales continúen impartiendo clases. Antes de ser detenido, el profesor alienta a sus alumnos a buscar siempre la verdad. Elphaba se muestra indignada, pero Madame Morrible le dice que no hay nada que puedan hacer. El profesor sustituto enseña a los estudiantes una jaula con un cachorro de león dentro, símbolo de una nueva era en la que los animales vivirán encerrados y jamás aprenderán a hablar. Elphaba no puede reprimir su enfado y, haciendo uso de sus poderes, desata el caos en el aula. Fiyero aprovecha la confusión para robar la jaula y escapar con Elphaba. A solas, los dos jóvenes comparten un momento de intimidad, pero cuando la situación comienza a ponerse incómoda, él se marcha con el pretexto de liberar al cachorro. Consciente de que está empezando a enamorarse, Elphaba lamenta que un chico como Fiyero jamás se fijará en ella (\"I'm Not that Girl\"). \nMadame Morrible llega con buenas noticias de la Ciudad Esmeralda: el mago ha solicitado conocer a Elphaba. Galinda acompaña a Elphaba a la estación de tren para despedirse de su amiga y le da algunos consejos sobre cómo comportarse ante el mago. Nessarose también acude con Boq y se hace patente que el muchacho no soporta estar a su lado. El último en aparecer es Fiyero, quien confiesa a Elphaba que no ha dejado de pensar en el incidente del cachorro de león. En un intento por ganarse el respeto del joven príncipe, Galinda anuncia que ha decidido cambiar su nombre por \"Glinda\" para solidarizarse con el Doctor Dillamond, pero a él no parece importarle demasiado. Viendo a su amiga contrariada, Elphaba invita a Glinda a acompañarla a la Ciudad Esmeralda (\"One Short Day\").\nTras pasar un día inolvidable en la capital, Elphaba y Glinda por fin conocen al mago, quien resulta ser un hombre de lo más corriente (\"A Sentimental Man\"). Cuando Elphaba intenta advertirle de la conspiración contra los animales que está teniendo lugar en Oz, él solicita que le haga una demostración de sus poderes antes de atender cualquier petición. Entonces aparece Madame Morrible y se revela como la nueva secretaria de prensa del mago. Madame Morrible sugiere a Elphaba que haga levitar a Chistery, uno de los monos sirvientes del palacio, y para ello le entrega un antiguo libro de hechizos conocido como el Grimmerie y que solo aquellos con habilidades mágicas pueden leer. Elphaba formula un encantamiento e inconscientemente provoca que Chistery y el resto de monos desarrollen un par de alas. Sin embargo, la joven pronto descubre que ha sido manipulada por el mago, quien resulta ser un farsante cuyo único propósito es utilizar a los monos alados como espías y así obtener reportes de cualquier actividad animal subversiva. Horrorizada, Elphaba coge el Grimmerie y sale huyendo escaleras arriba seguida por Glinda. Para evitar que se destape el complot, Madame Morrible lanza una orden de búsqueda y captura contra Elphaba, acusándola ante todo Oz de ser un bruja malvada. Glinda ruega a Elphaba que regrese y pida perdón al mago, pero ella se reafirma en su voluntad de desafiar a lo establecido. Las dos amigas se desean lo mejor antes de separarse y Elphaba abandona la Ciudad Esmeralda levitando sobre un escoba (\"Defying Gravity\").\n\nActo II\n\nAlgún tiempo después, Elphaba continúa desaparecida y su oposición al mago le ha granjeado el título de \"la bruja mala del oeste\", a la par que circulan rumores de todo tipo sobre sus diabólicas acciones (\"No One Mourns the Wicked (Reprise)\"). Glinda, quien se ha convertido en un instrumento de propaganda del régimen y ahora es conocida como \"Glinda la buena\", intenta levantar el ánimo de los habitantes de Oz durante una conferencia de prensa. Madame Morrible anuncia el compromiso de Glinda con Fiyero, quien ha aceptado el cargo de capitán de la guardia solo para intentar localizar a Elphaba. Molesto por las absurdas historias que se cuentan sobre su amiga, incluyendo una según la cual el contacto con el agua puede disolverla, Fiyero reprocha a Glinda que consienta formar parte de toda esa farsa. La joven se defiende y le dice que él no es el único que echa de menos a Elphaba, pero que tienen que continuar con sus vidas ya que tal vez ella no desea ser encontrada. Fiyero se marcha apenado y Glinda trata de mantener la compostura frente a la multitud, aunque por dentro empieza a ser consciente del precio que está pagando por hacer realidad sus sueños (\"Thank Goodness\").\nElphaba regresa a la casa familiar en busca de apoyo, pero allí descubre que su padre ha fallecido y ahora Nessarose es la nueva gobernadora de Munchkinland. Nessarose, en un intento desesperado de retener a Boq a su lado, ha suprimido las libertades del pueblo de los munchkin y se ha convertido en una dirigente despótica. La joven rehúsa unirse a la causa de su hermana y le reprocha que nunca haya hecho uso de sus poderes para ayudarla. Entonces, Elphaba lanza un encantamiento que transforma los zapatos plateados de Nessarose en unos zapatos rojos de rubíes, otorgándole la capacidad de andar. Nessarose llama a Boq deseosa de compartir la buena noticia, pero él lo interpreta como una señal de que no le necesita más y anuncia su intención de dejar Munchkinland, ya que quiere ir a ver a Glinda cuanto antes y confesarle sus sentimientos. Encolerizada, Nessarose coge el Grimmerie y trata de utilizarlo para que el muchacho se enamore de ella, pero el hechizo sale mal y el corazón de Boq comienza a encogerse. Elphaba interviene y consigue salvar la vida del joven munchkin con otro encantamiento, mientras una arrepentida Nessarose se derrumba y asume que por sus acciones ella sí merece ser llamada \"la bruja mala del este\". Viendo que las cosas entre las dos nunca van a funcionar, Elphaba se despide y parte hacia la Ciudad Esmeralda. Boq, quien había perdido el conocimiento, despierta y comprueba horrorizado que ha sido trasformado en un hombre de hojalata, única forma que Elphaba encontró de que pudiese sobrevivir sin corazón. Sin embargo, Nessarose le oculta la verdad y culpa de todo a su hermana (\"The Wicked Witch of the East\").\nDe vuelta a la Ciudad Esmeralda, Elphaba es sorprendida por el mago mientras intenta liberar a lo monos alados. El hombre trata de manipularla para que se convierta en su aliada y le habla de cómo llegó a su posición casi por casualidad, simplemente contándole a los habitantes de Oz lo que ellos deseaban escuchar (\"Wonderful\"). Elphaba está a punto de sucumbir cuando descubre que entre los animales prisioneros se encuentra el Doctor Dillamond, ahora ya desprovisto de toda capacidad de hablar. Enfurecida, la joven vuelve a desafiar al mago y éste avisa a la guardia. Fiyero acude a la llamada seguido de Glinda, pero en lugar detener a Elphaba, el capitán decide fugarse con ella a pesar de los ruegos de su prometida. Sintiéndose traicionada, Glinda sugiere al mago y a Madame Morrible que utilicen a Nessarose como cebo para atrapar a Elphaba. A solas, la muchacha se lamenta porque Fiyero nunca la ha querido (\"I'm Not that Girl (Reprise)\").\nEn un bosque cercano, Elphaba y Fiyero se confiesan su amor mutuo y prometen permanecer siempre juntos (\"As Long As You're Mine\"). De pronto, la joven comienza a tener una extraña visión en la que aparece una casa volando por el cielo y deduce que Nessarose está en peligro. Antes de que Elphaba se marche a investigar, Fiyero le habla de un castillo que su familia posee en Kiamo Ko y que ella puede utilizar como escondite.\nMientras tanto, la granja de Dorothy Gale es arrastrada por un tornado desde Kansas y al estrellarse sobre Munchkinland aplasta a Nessarose, matándola al instante. Glinda es la primera en llegar y envía a la niña a la Ciudad Esmeralda a través del camino de baldosas amarillas. Justo en ese momento aparece una afligida Elphaba y reprocha a Glinda que haya entregado a Dorothy los zapatos de rubíes, único recuerdo que le podía haber quedado de su hermana. Entonces las dos brujas se enzarzan en una discusión, pero son interrumpidos por la guardia que viene detener a Elphaba. Fiyero acude al rescate y toma como rehén a Glinda, permitiendo a Elphaba escapar. Los guardias apresan al capitán y lo cuelgan de un poste para que revele el escondite de la bruja mala del oeste. Desde la distancia, Elphaba trata de formular un hechizo que proteja a Fiyero, pero sintiendo que todas sus decisiones han acabado desastrosamente, la joven decide honrar a su fama y renuncia a cualquier intento de hacer el bien (\"No Good Deed\").\nAlentados por las habladurías, los ciudadanos de Oz se preparan para dar caza a la bruja mala del oeste. Boq, ahora el hombre de hojalata, contribuye al clima de odio culpando a Elphaba de su nueva condición, a la par que la señala como responsable del carácter cobarde que ha desarrollado el león que ella y Fiyero liberaron tiempo atrás. Glinda descubre que Madame Morrible está detrás del tornado que provocó la muerte de Nessarose, ya que su especialidad es el control de los fenómenos meteorológicos, pero la directora le recuerda que ella ha sido parte fundamental del complot y que también tiene las manos manchadas de sangre. Horrorizada, Glinda huye corriendo para alertar a Elphaba mientras la multitud se dirige al castillo de Kiamo Ko (\"March of the Witch Hunters\").\nElphaba logra atrapar a Dorothy y la lleva prisionera a Kiamo Ko, negándose a liberarla hasta que no le devuelva los zapatos de rubíes de Nessarose. Glinda llega y le ruega que deje marchar a la niña antes de que sea demasiado tarde. La conversación es interrumpida por un mono alado, que trae una carta con noticias de Fiyero. Elphaba lee la carta e informa a Glinda de que el joven ha muerto. Viendo que ha llegado el momento de rendirse, Elphaba entrega a Glinda el Grimmerie y le hace prometer que nunca intentará limpiar su nombre, ya que todos se volverían en su contra. Las dos amigas hacen las paces y confiesan que gracias a haberse conocido ahora son una mejor versión de sí mismas (\"For Good\"). La multitud llega y Elphaba pide a Glinda que se oculte. Desde su escondite, la muchacha es testigo de cómo Elphaba se disuelve después de que Dorothy le arroje un cubo de agua encima, dejando únicamente su sombrero y una botella de elixir verde que perteneció a su madre y que siempre llevaba con ella.\nDe vuelta a la Ciudad Esmeralda, Glinda se enfrenta al mago y averigua que en realidad él es el padre biológico de Elphaba y por tanto el responsable de que ella naciese con la piel de color verde. Madame Morrible llega a la conclusión de que Elphaba fue tan poderosa por ser hija de dos mundos. Glinda obliga al mago a abandonar Oz a bordo de su globo aerostático y envía a Madame Morrible a prisión.\nMientras tanto, en el castillo de Kiamo Ko, un espantapájaros acude el lugar donde Dorothy arrojó el cubo de agua sobre Elphaba. El espantapájaros no es otro que Fiyero, a quien el encantamiento de Elphaba le hizo adoptar esa forma para protegerlo de la tortura de los guardias. De pronto, Elphaba emerge de una trampilla y se revela que todo fue un ardid de los dos para simular su muerte y así poder escapar de sus enemigos. Antes de partir, Elphaba lamenta no poder decirle a Glinda que ella y Fiyero están vivos. La acción regresa al punto donde arrancó la historia, con los habitantes de Oz celebrando la muerte de la bruja mala del oeste. Una afligida Glinda promete hacer honor a su nombre y combatir el mal de ahí en adelante, mientras Elphaba y Fiyero se alejan para comenzar una nueva vida juntos (\"Finale\").\n\nBroadway\n\nAntes de su llegada a Broadway, Wicked debutó a modo de prueba en el Curran Theatre de San Francisco, donde pudo verse entre el 10 y el 29 de junio de 2003, con un elenco liderado por Idina Menzel como Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth como Glinda, Norbert Leo Butz como Fiyero, Robert Morse como el mago, Carole Shelley como Madame Morrible, Michelle Federer como Nessarose, Kirk McDonald como Boq y John Horton como Doctor Dillamond.​ Tras estas primeras representaciones se introdujeron ajustes en el libreto y algunos elementos que no terminaban de encajar fueron desechados, como es el caso de la canción \"Which Way is the Party?\", predecesora de \"Dancing Through Life\". Además se potenció el personaje de Elphaba para equilibrar las interpretaciones de Idina Menzel y Kristin Chenoweth.​\nLa première oficial neoyorquina tuvo lugar el 30 de octubre de 2003 en el Gershwin Theatre de Broadway, con funciones previas desde el 8 de octubre y una compañía muy similar a la que había estrenado el espectáculo en San Francisco, incluyendo a Idina Menzel como Elphaba, Kristin Chenoweth como Glinda, Norbert Leo Butz como Fiyero, Carole Shelley como Madame Morrible y Michelle Federer como Nessarose. Junto a ellos, Joel Grey como el mago, Christopher Fitzgerald como Boq y William Youmans como Doctor Dillamond completaron el reparto original.​\nAunque la respuesta de la crítica no fue especialmente entusiasta,​ la obra recibió el apoyo masivo del público y en poco más de un año consiguió recuperar la inversión inicial de 14 millones de dólares. En diciembre de 2013, Wicked batió su propio récord de taquilla al recaudar 3,2 millones de dólares en solo una semana, siendo el único musical hasta la fecha en haber logrado esa cifra. En la actualidad ocupa el sexto puesto de la lista de espectáculos de mayor permanencia en cartel en la historia de Broadway, con más de 6.000 representaciones a sus espaldas, y acumula unos ingresos de 1.300 millones de dólares, un dato solo superado por el montaje neoyorquino de El rey león.​​ Entre los muchos galardones y reconocimientos que atesora destacan tres premios Tony y siete Drama Desk, además de un Grammy para el mejor álbum de teatro musical.​\nProducido por Marc Platt, Universal Pictures, The Araca Group, Jon B. Platt y David Stone, Wicked cuenta con dirección de Joe Mantello, coreografía de Wayne Cilento, diseño de escenografía de Eugene Lee, diseño de vestuario de Susan Hilferty, diseño de iluminación de Kenneth Posner, diseño de sonido de Tony Meola, orquestaciones de William David Brohn y dirección musical de Stephen Oremus.​\n\nWest End\n\nLa buena acogida en el mercado estadounidense propició el estreno en Londres, donde el espectáculo levantó el telón el 27 de septiembre de 2006 en el Apollo Victoria Theatre del West End, con funciones previas desde el 7 de septiembre y el mismo equipo creativo que su homólogo en Broadway. De cara al debut en la capital inglesa, el libreto fue revisado y se introdujeron algunos cambios en el texto, así como ligeras modificaciones en la coreografía y los efectos especiales. Posteriormente, todas esas mejoras han sido incorporadas en el resto de puestas en escena internacionales.​\nIdina Menzel, quien ya había protagonizado el musical en Nueva York, volvió a ponerse en la piel de Elphaba, acompañada de Helen Dallimore como Glinda, Adam García como Fiyero, Nigel Planer como el mago, Miriam Margolyes como Madame Morrible, Katie Rowley Jones como Nessarose, James Gillan como Boq y Martin Ball como Doctor Dillamond.​ Tras la marcha de Menzel en enero de 2007, el papel de Elphaba quedó en manos de Kerry Ellis, hasta entonces suplente de ese mismo personaje.​\nAl igual que había ocurrido en Broadway, el montaje rápidamente se convirtió en un éxito de público a pesar de que fue recibido con opiniones divididas por parte de la crítica londinense. En diciembre de 2010, Wicked ingresó más de un millón de libras esterlinas en solo una semana, siendo el primer musical en la historia del West End en alcanzar esa dato.​ En la actualidad, el espectáculo continúa representándose en el Apollo Victoria Theatre, donde ya ha superado los diez millones de espectadores durante las más de 5.000 funciones que se han llevado a cabo.​\n\nCiudad de México\n\nLa première mundial en idioma español tuvo lugar el 17 de octubre de 2013 en el Teatro Telcel de Ciudad de México, con producción de OCESA y un elenco encabezado por Danna Paola y Ana Cecilia Anzaldúa como Elphaba, Cecilia de la Cueva como Glinda, Paco Morales como el mago, Anahí Allué como Srta. Mórrida, Jorge Lau como Fiyero, Marisol Meneses como Nessa, Adam Sadwing como Boq, Beto Torres como Doctor Dillamond y Majo Pérez como alternante de Glinda. El equipo creativo local lo formaron James Kelly en la dirección residente, Isaac Saúl en la dirección musical y Marco Villafán en la adaptación del libreto al castellano.​\nEl 25 de mayo de 2014, Crisanta Gómez se incorporó al reparto para interpretar a Glinda como artista invitada en funciones puntuales, mientras que el 11 de junio de ese mismo año, Majo Pérez ascendió a titular, compartiendo desde entonces el papel de Glinda con Cecilia de la Cueva.​ Además, durante la segunda temporada, la compañía contó con la colaboración estelar de Héctor Sandarti como el mago y Fernanda Tapia como Srta. Mórrida en algunas representaciones.​​\nDespués de dieciséis meses en cartel y 464 funciones, Wicked se despidió de los escenarios mexicanos el 18 de enero de 2015 para dejar paso a El rey león, también de OCESA.​\n\nOtras producciones\n\nWicked se ha representado en países como Alemania, Australia, Brasil, Canadá, China, Corea del Sur, Dinamarca, Estados Unidos, Filipinas, Finlandia, Irlanda, Japón, México, Nueva Zelanda, Países Bajos, Reino Unido, República Checa, Singapur, Suiza o Turquía, y ha sido traducido a nueve idiomas diferentes (japonés, alemán, finés, danés, neerlandés, español, coreano, portugués y checo). En total ha sido visto por más de 55 millones de personas en todo el mundo.​\nEn Norteamérica ha salido a la carretera en dos ocasiones. La primera gira (Emerald City Tour) dio comienzo el 31 de marzo de 2005 en el Ed Mirvish Theatre de Toronto y durante diez años visitó 55 localidades en Estados Unidos y Canadá, finalizando el 15 de marzo de 2015 en el Pantages Theatre de Los Ángeles. La segunda (Munchkinland Tour) arrancó el 12 de marzo de 2009 en el Barbara B. Mann Performing Arts Hall de Fort Myers y a día de hoy continúa recorriendo los principales escenarios norteamericanos. Además de los dos tours, también ha habido producciones estables en Chicago, Los Ángeles y San Francisco.​​\nLa primera adaptación en lengua no inglesa debutó el 17 de junio de 2007 en el Dentsu Shiki Theatre de Tokio, donde se mantuvo en cartel hasta el 6 de septiembre de 2009. Tras el cierre en la capital nipona, el espectáculo fue transferido a Osaka (entre el 11 de octubre de 2009 y el 13 de febrero de 2011), Fukuoka (entre el 3 de abril y el 28 de agosto de 2011) y Nagoya (entre el 25 de septiembre de 2011 y el 2 de septiembre de 2012).​\nStage Entertainment posee los derechos para producir Wicked en los mercados del continente europeo en los que tiene presencia y hasta la fecha lo ha estrenado en Alemania (2007) y Países Bajos (2011).​​\nEn la temporada 2010/2011, Helsinki se convirtió en la primera ciudad en acoger un montaje desarrollado por un equipo creativo distinto del original. Posteriormente, otras capitales como Copenhague y Praga también han presentado sus propias versiones del espectáculo.​\nLa actriz neerlandesa Willemijn Verkaik es la intérprete que más veces se ha puesto en la piel de Elphaba en todo el mundo y la única que lo ha hecho en tres idiomas distintos: alemán, neerlandés e inglés.​\n\nAdaptación cinematográfica\n\nEl 22 de diciembre de 2021 está previsto el estreno en cines de la versión cinematográfica de Wicked, que contará con guion de la propia Winnie Holzman y un reparto aún por definir. La dirección correrá a cargo de Stephen Daldry.​\n\nGrabaciones\n\nExisten varios álbumes interpretados en sus respectivos idiomas por los elencos de Broadway (2003), Alemania (2007) y Japón (2008).​\nLa grabación original de Broadway fue publicada por Universal Music el 16 de diciembre de 2003 y hasta la fecha ha vendido más de dos millones de copias solo en Estados Unidos. El disco incluye todas las canciones del espectáculo, dejando fuera únicamente el tema \"The Wicked Witch of the East\" y dos breves reprises de \"The Wizard and I\" y \"A Sentimental Man\".​", "Educación inclusiva\n\nLa educación inclusiva es el modelo que busca atender las necesidades de aprendizaje de todos los niños, jóvenes y adultos con especial énfasis en aquellos que son vulnerables a la marginalidad y la exclusión social.\nLa educación inclusiva es considerada como un proceso que toma en cuenta y responde a las diversas necesidades asociadas a la discapacidad, pero no exclusivamente a ellas. Esto implica que las escuelas deben reconocer y responder a la diversidad del alumnado atendiendo a las necesidades que los estudiantes sin distingo de raza, fe o condición social y cultural. \nAsimismo, uno de los principios básicos de la educación inclusiva es aquel que menciona que cada niño/a tiene características, intereses y capacidades de aprendizaje diferentes, por lo tanto se involucran ciertos cambios y modificaciones en contenidos y estrategias los cuales logran la inclusión y cumplen el propósito de educar a todos respondiendo a esta gama de necesidades educativas.​ \nAunque el concepto de educación inclusiva puede asociarse a una respuesta educativa que integre en las escuelas comunes a los niños y niñas con capacidades especiales; el término es más amplio, y hace referencia a una transformación progresiva de los sistemas educativos, orientada a que los mismos provean una educación de calidad a todas las personas por igual y adaptada a la referencia. De igual manera, este método que busca la forma de transformar a los sistemas educativos y que estos respondan a las diversas necesidades de los estudiantes tiene mucho que ver con la eliminación de barreras en el aprendizaje escolar, y la búsqueda de participación de todas las personas que se encuentran vulnerables ante la exclusión.​\nExisten diversos derechos fundamentales los cuales son vitales para el desarrollo y se encuentran dentro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio; uno de estos este es la educación. Una educación de calidad es un factor clave para mejorar el nivel de vida y la salud de las personas marginadas socialmente. Existen diversos derechos fundamentales, vitales para el desarrollo y se encuentran dentro de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio; uno de estos este es la educación. Una educación de buena calidad es un factor clave para mejorar el nivel de vida y la salud de los marginados.​\n\nMarco histórico\n\nEn el año 1978 se publicó el informe Warnock, del Comité de Educación a cargo de Mary Warnock para el Reino Unido. En dicho informe se hacía mención a conceptos generales: la educación es un bien al que todos deben tener acceso, los fines de la educación son los mismos para todos y que las necesidades educativas son iguales para todos los niños. Aborda el concepto de diversidad y con él, que requiere de una respuesta individualizada y comprensiva. Considera a los niños con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE) como aquellos que presentan alguna dificultad en su educación, teniendo necesidades diferentes al resto de sus compañeros.​ El informe establece que la educación especial debe tener un carácter adicional o suplementario y no paralelo, ya que dichas escuelas deben seguir existiendo para educar a niños con graves y complejas discapacidades.​ El informe Warnock conllevó un avance muy importante para la definición y clasificación de los alumnos, ya que anteriormente eran catalogados según las carencias que presentaban. Con este punto de vista se considera que todos los alumnos pueden tener necesidades especiales, pero algunos en particular necesitan que dichas necesidades sean contempladas por la escuela.​\nEn 1990, año declarado como \"Año internacional de la alfabetización\", fue celebrado en la ciudad de Jomtien, Tailandia, la Conferencia Mundial sobre Educación para Todos de la ONU con la presencia de 155 países y 150 organizaciones intergubernamentales y no gubernamentales con el fin de universalizar la educación. De ella se generó un marco de acción para \"establecer nuevas bases de superación de las desigualdades y generar nuevas posibilidades para erradicar la pobreza\".​\nJunto con la conferencia de Jomtien, la Conferencia Mundial sobre las Necesidades Educativas Especiales realizada en 1994 en la ciudad de Salamanca, España, por la UNESCO sientan las bases de las políticas mundiales de educación inclusiva.​ Es justamente en esta conferencia donde se recomienda que:\n\n \n\n \n\"Los niños y los jóvenes con necesidades educativas especiales tienen que tener acceso a las escuelas ordinarias, las cuales deberán incluirlos en el marco de una pedagogía centrada en el niño y con la capacidad para dar respuesta a sus necesidades\".​\n\n \nUNESCO, Salamanca, 1994.\nEn 2002, Booth T. y Ainscow M. proponen el concepto de \"barreras para el aprendizaje y la formación\" adicionando a los conceptos a tener en cuenta para la integración sus contextos sociales y escolares, y las barreras que estos contextos les imponen a los alumnos con NEE.​Como en los tiempos ancestrales \n\n \n\n \n\"Cuando las dificultades educativas se atribuyen a los déficits del alumnado, lo que ocurre es que dejan de considerarse las barreras para el aprendizaje y la participación que existen en todos los niveles de nuestros sistemas educativos y se inhiben las innovaciones en la cultura, las políticas y las prácticas escolares que minimizarían las dificultades educativas para todo el alumnado\".​\n\n \nBooth T. y Ainscow M., 2002.\n\nDiferenciación entre inclusión e integración\n\nLa \"integración\" de un individuo con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE) se da cuando se lo traslada a una instalación pero siempre concordando con las políticas de la escuela, sin ningún tipo de modificación sustancial.​\nLa educación inclusiva es aquella que adapta los sistemas y estructuras de la escuela para satisfacer las necesidades del individuo con NEE. Como parte del proceso de adaptación se pueden dar cambios en el currículum escolar, las actitudes y valores de los integrantes, la modificación de las imágenes y modelos, e incluso del edificio mismo.​\nEn el ciclo de trece reuniones regionales que co-organizó la Oficina Internacional de Educación (OIE) de la UNESCO como actividad preparatoria de la 48a reunión de la Conferencia Internacional de Educación titulada “Educación Inclusiva: el camino del futuro” (CIE, 25-28 de noviembre de 2008, Ginebra, Suiza) se tocó el tema \"Educación Especial, Integración y Educación Inclusiva: delicadas opciones y equilibrios\". Se debatió el hecho de tener escuelas especiales y escuelas inclusivas, las primeras generan discriminación y ya que es un refugio y un lugar de “colocación” de grupos vulnerables, lo que es una segregación de la sociedad. Lo óptimo serían las escuelas inclusivas, las cuales tendrían que brindar la atención y las herramientas necesarias y entender las limitaciones de las personas con alguna discapacidad, sin embargo es necesaria la existencia de escuelas especiales para la correcta estimulación y adaptación.(Ing. David F. Jordán)\n​\n\nEnfoques actuales\n\nLa educación inclusiva es un principio general que busca impregnar la cultura de la comunidad, las políticas educativas y las prácticas de enseñanza de aprendizajes, para hacer posible que todas las personas, independientemente de su origen socioeconómico y cultural, y de sus capacidades individuales innatas o adquiridas, tengan las mismas oportunidades de aprendizaje en cualquier contexto educativo, contribuyendo de este modo, a forjar sociedades justas y equitativas.​\nActualmente la escuela regular se ha modificado para atender a estas necesidades que se plantea la sociedad del siglo XXI, ahora se denominan \"escuelas integradoras\", donde el niño con dificultades especiales, puede aprender en compañía de otros sujetos del contexto regular, socializando los saberes de manera integradora. El reto es muy grande, pero la disposición y posibilidades también lo son.\nEl enfoque de educación inclusiva, parte de la premisa de que todos los estudiantes, sea cual fuere su condición particular, pueden aprender siempre y cuando su entorno educativo ofrezca condiciones necesarias de acceso y otorgue experiencias de aprendizaje significativas para todos. Significa que todos los niños y niñas de un lugar determinado pueden estudiar juntos.​ Los sujetos educativos, las personas en su construcción y desarrollo son iguales como seres humanos y a la vez diversos por su identidad personal o de grupo de población. Su formación exige diversidad de ofertas educativas.\nSegún Zappalá, Köppel y Suchodolski,​ la educación inclusiva implica la reformulación de la práctica docente, mediante la implementación de estrategias pedagógicas que faciliten el desarrollo de:\n\n \n\n \nUna cultura educativa en la cual todos se sientan partícipes.\nRespuestas a las necesidades educativas para las personas con barreras para el aprendizaje y participación en distintos contextos.\nLa promoción de las alfabetizaciones múltiples.\nEl aprendizaje constructivo.\nLa valoración de las capacidades de todos los estudiantes.\n\nEl sentido de comunidad, solidaridad y pertenencia plural.\n\n \nPor su parte, Masferrer y Peñalver abordan la educación inclusiva teniendo en cuenta el rol desempeñado por las propias instituciones educativas y destacando aspectos como la dotación y gestión de los recursos materiales y humanos necesarios, la dinamización del claustro con vistas al desarrollo de estrategias específicas, el compromiso explícito con la inclusión en los documentos del centro (Proyecto Educativo, Proyecto Curricular, Plan Anual y Memoria) o el estímulo a la participación de las familias.​\n\nAulas inclusivas\n\nEntendemos por aulas inclusivas, aulas donde todos se sienten incluidos porque reciben dentro de ella lo que necesitan para su progreso en el aprendizaje de contenidos y valores; perciben y comprueban que no solo reciben sino que también pueden aportar.\nAlgunas herramientas educativas que podemos utilizar en estas aulas inclusivas son:\n-El aprendizaje cooperativo, para así aprovechar la interacción del alumno, procurando que alcance todos sus objetivos relacionados con el currículum. Que sea consciente de sus posibilidades, que conozca cómo es trabajar en grupo y lo beneficioso que es. Aquí podemos destacar el apoyo que puede llegar a ejercer un alumno sobre otro al intentar colaborar en su aprendizaje.\n-Una buena relación afectiva del docente con el alumnado, ya que, según diversos estudios, el buen trato es algo muy importante, debido a que se pueden llegar a evitar malas reacciones de los alumnos, carácter desinteresado…\n-El componente lúdico ayuda a crear un espacio de confianza, creatividad, libertad en el proceso de enseñanza / aprendizaje en nuestros alumnos. Aprender mediante el juego. Cabe destacar que mediante esta técnica se fomenta el acercamiento entre los distintos alumnos y mejora sus relaciones.", "A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child\n\nArgumento\n\nLos supervivientes de A Nightmare on Elm Street 4 The Dream Master, Alice y Dan, terminan juntos. Tras pasar una noche de sexo, Alice se va a bañar, cuando descubre que la ducha enloquece y las paredes la aprisionan. Tratando de liberarase con un gran empujón, cae de bruces en un pasillo con luces muertas, largo y muy estrecho. Caminando, se percata de que está vestida como monja y que está dentro de una habitación con más de cien maníacos encerrados ahí, los cuales se abalanzan sobre ella y tratan de violarla. Al despertar, se da cuenta de que soñó con que ella era Amanda Krueger, en el día en que la violaron.\nLuego de este mal sueño, se prepara junto a Dan y a sus nuevos amigos (Greta, Ivonne y Mark) para la ceremonia de graduación de la secundaria, la que se lleva a cabo con todos los miembros de ésta y sus respectivos padres. En el caso de ella, nadie venía a verla y recordó los malos momentos que vivió con su padre. Pero casi yéndose de la ceremonia, se encuentra con él y lo abraza. La relación padre e hija había mejorado desde lo ocurrido en el capítulo anterior.\nLa fiesta de graduación se lleva a cabo en la piscina del colegio. Ahí, Alice le cuenta a Dan sobre lo que soñó la otra noche y éste (considerando que se refería a Krueger) trata de calmarla. Sin embargo, Alice vuelve a quedar sumergida en ese horrible ambiente del manicomio, pero esta vez veía a la monja violada que estaba a punto de dar a luz. Y nació un feto espantoso que salió disparado de ahí. Alice va tras él y regresa sin querer a la iglesia donde Freddy fuera vencido antes. El feto se refugia en la ropa abandonada de Freddy y comienza a regenerarse, hasta asumir su forma definitiva. Al grito de \"es un niño\" Freddy se pone de pie: Freddy Krueger estaba de vuelta. Tratando de atacar a Alice, Freddy retrocede al ver que una puerta se abre. Se trataba de Amanda Kruegger, quien le da a Alice la pista para poder encontrarla y destruir a éste renacido monstruo de los sueños.\nAlice no duda en avisar a Dan acerca del regreso de Freddy. Dan va de inmediato a la casa de ella para ayudarla, pero queda dormido manejando en plena noche, momento que Freddy aprovecha para atacar al muchacho; pasando de atraparlo en el carro a una moto, donde comienza a absorber toda la energía de Dan, hasta dejarlo hecho un esqueleto. Dan despierta y choca de cara con un trailer, provocando una explosión donde muere instantáneamente.\nTras la muerte de Dan, Alice sufre un desmayo. Gracias a Ivonne, es llevada a un hospital donde le informan que está embarazada, lo que complica más la situación. Estando internada, Alice conoce a un misterioso niño llamado Jacob, quien la consuela. Al otro día le pregunta a Ivonne sobre ese niño y ella afirma que en el hospital no había ningún niño internado. \nSabiendo que Freddy volvió y que ello pondría en peligro la vida de sus amigos, Alice, en una charla en casa de Greta, les cuenta todo acerca de Freddy y su concepción por Amanda Krueger. Ninguno de los tres la cree e Ivonne le dice que no piense esas cosas, ya que podría hacerle mal al bebé. \nEsa misma noche, Greta tiene un compromiso: Una cena que su excéntrica madre (siempre obsesionada con la perfección) había organizado, trayendo a varios invitados a la casa. En medio del banquete y tras discutir en plena cena con su madre acerca de su cuerpo, Greta se queda dormida. Freddy aparece en su sueño, vestido de cocinero. Aprisiona a Greta en una silla y pone en el plato una muñeca igual a Greta y le abre el estómago. Del estómago comienza a aparecer sangre. Freddy la obliga a comer enormes bocados de una sustancia repugnante las cuales eran sus propias tripas (lo que le sacaba a la muñeca era lo mismo que le sacaba a Greta), provocando que el rostro de la chica se deforme con tanta comida atorada en la boca. Alice (ya en casa) al abrir la refrigeradora, ve a Greta con la boca horriblemente deformada. Tratando de ayudarla, Freddy emerge del interior del frish y jala a la muchacha de un solo golpe. Para ese momento, Greta se intoxica y muere en la mesa frente a los invitados.\nCon la muerte de Greta, Mark (quien siempre estuvo enamorado de ella) comienza a creer que tal vez Alice tenga razón en todo lo que cuenta acerca de Krueger, pero Ivonne sigue tomando una postura bastante escéptica. La posibilidad de que las muertes son a causa de Freddy se reafirma para Mark, luego de que éste viva una odisea en sueños, en el interior de la casa de las pesadillas, donde Alice, curiosamente vuelve a cruzarse con el pequeño Jacob, llegando a la conclusión de que ese niño es su hijo aún no nacido.\nLos padres de Dan proponen hacerse cargo del bebé, debido a la inestabilidad emocional de Alice, a lo que ella se resiste rotundamente. Ivonne se preocupa por Alice y sobre todo por el niño. Mark se une a Alice contra Freddy, lo que le costará la vida luego de quedarse dormido (cuando debía estar de vigía) y caer en el interior de un cómic, donde se encuentra con Freddy. Mark le hace frente al camuflarse como un personaje de ficción, pero Freddy (ahora transformado en Súperfreddy) lo vence y lo corta en pedacitos con su guante filoso.\nIvonne recién le creerá a Alice cuando ésta sea atacada y lo viva por propia experiencia. Siguiendo las indicaciones que Alice da a Ivonne, va hasta la torre desde la que se suicidó Amanda Kruegger para liberarla, mientras que ella enfrentaría a Freddy en los pasillos del manicomio. Tras tenderle una trampa, Alice hace caer a Freddy en el interior del cuarto de los cien maníacos que, al verlo, lo despedazan en mancha. Sin embargo Freddy se recompone y utiliza al pequeño Jacob como cebo. Alice rescata al niño y tratan de huir del laberinto en donde Kruegger los ha sumergido. Para ese rato, Ivonne ya ha liberado el espíritu de Amanda.\nTras lograr escapar de Freddy, Jacob le dice a Alice que Freddy está dentro de ella. Tratando de expulsar a Krueger de su cuerpo, Alice comienza a agonizar, hasta que aparece Amanda Krueger, quien le dice a Jacob que la única manera de vencer a Freddy es regresándole toda la energía maligna que le había dado en el vientre. Jacob confronta a Freddy y le arroja toda la energía maldita que traía consigo. Freddy recibe el impacto y las almas de Dan, Greta y Mark salen disparadas de su cuerpo, hasta el punto que la ropa de Krueger queda vacía y el engendro regresa al vientre de Amanda, así como el bebé Jacob, al vientre de Alice. Amanda se encierra en un claustro donde Freddy trata de salir a través del cuerpo de su madre, pero queda prisionero en el manicomio de los sueños.\nPara el final de la película Alice ya dio a luz, y será ella quien desempeñe su papel como madre, haciéndose cargo, felizmente junto a su padre y a Ivonne, de su pequeño. Curiosamente unos niños juegan cerca a ellos, tarareando el cántico característico de la saga.\n\nTaquilla\n\nA Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child se estrenó el 11 de agosto de 1989 presentándose en 902 cines en Norte América. En su primer fin de semana la película alcanzó $8,115,176, estando detrás de películas como Parenthood ($9,672,350) y de James Cameron The Abyss ($9,319,797).​ La película quedó en el puesto 8 en el segundo fin de semana con $3,584,320, y decayó, saliendo de la lista 10 de Recaudación, quedando en el puesto 11 y 14 en la tercera y cuarta fin de semana respectivamente. El filme recaudo $22,168,359 en Taquilla. El largometraje quedó en el puesto número 43 del top 50 de las películas con mayores recaudaciones de 1989 y está en el puesto 37 de las películas Slasher con mayores recaudaciones catalogado por Box Office Mojo.​\n\nCrítica\n\nLa película recibió generalmente críticas negativas, en Rotten Tomatoes tiene la aprobación de 33% y un promedio de 4.2/10 basado en 30 comentarios.​", "Pálido fuego\n\nEstructura de la novela\n\nComenzando por el índice, Pale Fire parece como la publicación de un poema de 999 versos en cuatro cantos (\"Pálido Fuego\") por el ficticio John Shade con un Prólogo, amplio Comentario, y un Índice de su auto-elegido editor, Charles Kinbote. El comentario de Kinbote asume la forma de notas de varios versos numerados del poema. Aquí y en el resto de su aparato crítico, Kinbote explica sorprendentemente poco el poema. En lugar de ello se centra en sus propias preocupaciones, divulga lo que resulta ser la trama poco a poco, parte de lo cual puede relacionarse siguiendo muchas de las referencias cruzadas. Aunque la narración no es lineal y resulta multidimensional, el lector puede así todo elegir leer la novela de manera lineal sin arriesgarse a malinterpretarla.\nLa inusual estructura ha llamado mucho la atención, y a menudo se cita como un ejemplo importante de metaficción;​​​ también la han considerado un poioumenon.​ La conexión entre Pálido Fuego e hipertexto fue afirmada pronto después de su publicación; en 1969, el investigador de tecnología de la información Ted Nelson obtuvo permiso de los editores de la novela para usarla en una demostración de hipertexto en la Universidad de Brown.​\nLa interacción entre Kinbote y Shade tiene lugar en la pequeña ciudad universitaria de New Wye, Appalachia, donde viven al otro lado de la calle, de febrero a julio de 1959. Kinbote escribe su comentario desde entonces hasta octubre de 1959, en una cabaña turística en la igualmente ficticia ciudad del Oeste de Cedarn, Utana. Ambos autores relatan muchos acontecimientos anteriores, los de Shade ocurridos principalmente en New Wye y Kinbote en New Wye y en Europa, especialmente la \"distante tierra norteña\" de Zembla.\n\nSinopsis\n\nEl poema de Shade hace muchas descripciones de su vida a través de digresiones. El Canto 1 incluye sus primeros encuentros con la muerte y algunos detalles que él considera sobrenaturales. El Canto 2 es sobre su familia y el aparente suicidio de su hija, Hazel Shade. El Canto 3 se centra en la búsqueda de Shade de conocimiento sobre la vida después de la muerte, culminando en una \"débil esperanza\" en poderes más altos que están \"jugando un juego de mundos\" como indican algunas coincidencias aparentes. El Canto 4 ofrece detalles de la vida cotidiana de Shade y el proceso creativo, así como pensamientos sobre su poesía, que descubre que es una forma de entender el universo. \nEn las contribuciones editoriales de Kinbote, narra tres historias entrelazadas entre sí. Una es su propia historia, especialmente lo que piensa de su amistad con Shade. Después de que Shade fue asesinado, Kinbote adquirió el manuscrito, incluyendo algunas variantes, y ha asumido la labor de supervisar la publicación del poema, diciendo a los lectores que sólo le falta el verso 1000. La segunda historia de Kinbote trata del rey Carlos II, \"El Bienamado\", el depuesto rey de Zembla. El rey Carlos escapó de la cárcel por revolucionarios sostenidos por los soviéticos, haciendo uso de un pasadizo secreto. Una y otra vez Kinbote pretende que él inspiró a Shade a escribir el poema relatándole la huida del rey Carlos y que posibles alusiones al rey, y a Zembla, aparecen en el poema de Shade, especialmente en los borradores rechazados. Sin embargo, no hay referencia explícita al rey Carlos en el poema. La tercera historia de Kinbote es la de Gradus, un asesino enviado por los nuevos gobernantes de Zembla para asesinar al exiliado rey Carlos. Gradus se abre paso desde Zembla por toda Europa y América hasta New Wye, sufriendo cómicos contratiempos. En la última nota, al desaparecido verso 1000, Kinbote narra cómo Gradus mató a Shade por error. \nEl lector pronto se da cuenta de que Kinbote es el rey Carlos, viviendo de incógnito -o, aunque Kinbote construye una elaborada imagen de Zembla completa con ejemplos de una lengua construida, que él está loco y que su identificación con el rey Carlos es una ilusión, como quizá lo sea toda Zembla.\nNabokov dijo en una entrevista que Kinbote cometió suicidio después de terminar el libro.​ El crítico Michael Wood ha afirmado que \"Esto es un exceso del autor, y no debemos prestarlo atención,\"​ pero Brian Boyd ha argumentado que hay evidencias internas que apuntan al suicidio de Kinbote.​ Una de las anotaciones de Kinbote al poema de Shade (que se corresponde con la línea 493) trata el tema del suicidio con cierta extensión.", "Paul Virilio\n\nIntroducción\n\nPaul creció en la costa norte de Francia, en Bretaña. La Segunda Guerra Mundial lo marcó, dado que la ciudad de Nantes fue objetivo de la guerra Relámpago Germana, tomada como puerto de la marina alemana y bombardeada luego por aviones británicos y norteamericanos. Así, \"la guerra fue su universidad\". Luego de formarse en la École des Métiers d'Art, Virilio se especializó en el trabajo en vidrieras, y trabajó junto a Henri Matisse en iglesias de París. En 1950, se convirtió al cristianismo. Luego de ser reclutado por el ejército durante la guerra de la independencia de Argelia, Virilio estudió fenomenología con Maurice Merleau-Ponty en la Sorbona.\nEn 1958, Virilio llevó a cabo una investigación fenomenológica de la organización militar. Se interesó especialmente en la Muralla del Atlántico - los 15.000 búnker nazis construidos durante la II Guerra Mundial a lo largo de la costa francesa, diseñada para repeler un eventual asalto de los aliados. En 1963 comenzó a colaborar con el arquitecto Claude Parent y formó el grupo Príncipe Arquitectura. Entre el reducido grupo de participantes se encontraban los arquitectos François Seigneur y Jean Nouvel. Luego de participar en la revuelta de mayo de 1968, Virilio fue nombrado Profesor por los estudiantes de la Ecole Speciale d'Architecture. En 1973 se convirtió en Director de Estudios. Ese mismo año, Virilio comenzó a dirigir la revista L'Espace Critique. En 1975 co-organizó la exhibición Bunker d´Archeologie en el Museo de Artes Decorativas de París, una colección de textos e imágenes relativas a la Muralla del Atlántico. Desde esa época sus trabajos han sido ampliamente publicados, traducidos y antologizados. \nEn 1998 se retiró de la enseñanza y únicamente dicta seminarios intensivos en la Escuela Europea de Graduados. Sus últimos proyectos incluyen el trabajo con grupos sin hogar de París y la construcción del primer Museo del Accidente.\n\nEl \"modelo de guerra\"\n\nVirilio desarrolló lo que llama el \"modelo de guerra\" de la ciudad moderna y la sociedad humana en general, y es el inventor del término 'dromología', que significa la lógica de velocidad que es la fundación de la sociedad tecnológica. Sus trabajos más destacados incluyen \"Guerra y Cine\", \"Velocidad y Políticas\" y \"La bomba de la información\", en las cuales argumenta, entre muchas otras cosas, que los proyectos militares y tecnológicos guían la historia. \nComo otros teóricos culturales, rehúye a las etiquetas - incluidas \"teórico cultural\", aunque ha sido clasificado por otros dentro del post-estructuralismo y posmodernismo. Algunos describen el trabajo de Virilio posicionado en el ámbito de lo 'hipermoderno'. La descripción parece adecuada, ya que Virilio trabaja mucho con los conceptos y artefactos del modernismo. Ha afirmado repetidamente sus afinidades con la fenomenología, por ejemplo, y ofrece críticas humanistas de los movimientos de arte modernistas como el Arte Futurista. A lo largo de sus libros, las discusiones políticas y teológicas del anarquismo, pacifismo y catolicismo reaparecen como influencias centrales de su enfoque autodenominado 'marginal' a la cuestión de la tecnología. Su trabajo ha sido comparado al de Marshall McLuhan, Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze y Félix Guattari, Jean-Francois Lyotard y otros, aunque muchas de estas asociaciones son problemáticas. Virilio se describe a sí mismo como un 'urbanista'.\nLas predicciones de Virilio acerca de las 'logísticas de la percepción' - el uso de imágenes e información en la guerra en Guerra y Cine, 1984) - fueron tan acertadas que durante la Guerra del Golfo fue invitado a discutir sus ideas con los oficiales militares franceses. Mientras que Baudrillard afirmó (con gran difusión) que la (primera) Guerra del Golfo nunca sucedió, Virilio argumentó que lo que sucedió fue una \"guerra mundial en miniatura\".\n\nEl accidente integral\n\nVirilio cree que la tecnología no puede existir sin la posibilidad de accidentes. Por ejemplo, la invención de la locomotora contenía también la invención de descarrilamiento. Él ve el Accidente como un crecimiento más bien negativo del positivismo social y el progreso científico. Él cree que el crecimiento de la tecnología, es decir, la televisión, nos separa directamente de los acontecimientos del espacio real y en tiempo real. En él se sugiere que perdemos la sabiduría de la vista de nuestro horizonte inmediato y complejo al horizonte indirecto de nuestro entorno disimulado. Desde este ángulo, el accidente puede ser mental descrito como una especie de \"meteorito fractal\" cuyo impacto se prepara en la oscuridad propicia, un paisaje de acontecimientos que ocultan colisiones futuras. Aristóteles afirmó que \"no hay ciencia del accidente\", pero Virilio no está de acuerdo, señalando la creciente credibilidad de los simuladores diseñados para escapar del accidente- que argumenta es una industria que nace de la unión profana de la ciencia y la post-segunda guerra mundial el complejo militar-industrial. \nEn el huracán Katrina y los desastrosos acontecimientos que siguieron, ve un buen ejemplo de su concepto integral de accidente, lo que llevó a los ojos del mundo en un solo nexo de tiempo y lugar. De su artículo sobre Katrina, \"Ah oui, ce méchant ventilación, ventilación qui siffle, siffle. Tout le monde regarde, c'est sur toutes les chaînes, c'est l'émission no te le monde parle. Et c'est tellement, tellement MOUILLE La bas\". Traducción aproximada: \"Oh sí, que mal viento, el viento que sopla, sopla. El mundo entero está mirando, está en todas las estaciones, es el programa que el mundo está hablando. Y es tan, tan pasada, allí abajo\".\n\nDromología\n\nLa Dromología, \"ciencia (o lógica) de la velocidad\", es importante cuando se considera la estructura de la sociedad en relación a la guerra. «Quienquiera que controle el territorio lo posee. La posesión del territorio no es primordialmente un asunto de leyes y contratos, sino, primero y mayormente, un asunto de movimiento y circulación».​\n\nLogística de la percepción\n\nDurante la guerra contemporánea la logística no sólo implica el movimiento de personal, tanques, combustible y demás, también implica el movimiento de imagen, tanto del campo de batalla como hacia él. Virilio se extiende sobre la creación de la cadena CNN y el concepto de \"sabueso de noticias\". El \"sabueso\" captura imágenes que envía a CNN, la que luego las transmitirá al público. Este movimiento de imágenes puede comenzar un conflicto (el autor usa el ejemplo del escándalo que siguió a una transmisión sobre Rodney King). La logística de la percepción también se relaciona con la transmisión televisiva de maniobras militares y las imágenes del conflicto que son vistas no sólo por los televidentes en su casa sino también por el personal militar involucrado en el conflicto. El \"campo de batalla\" también existe como \"campo de percepción\".\n\nGuerra de movimiento\n\nPara Virilio, la transición del feudalismo al capitalismo fue conducida primeramente no por políticas y tecnologías de producción de riqueza sino por mecanismos de guerra. Argumenta que la ciudad feudal, tradicionalmente fortificada, desapareció debido a la creciente sofisticación de las armas y las posibilidades bélicas. Para Virilio, el concepto de guerra de asedio se convirtió en una guerra de movimiento. En Speed and Politics, él argumenta que la Historia progresa a la velocidad de sus avances armamentísticos.\n\nCríticas\n\nPaul Virilio es uno de los autores criticados por abusar de conceptos científicos equivocadamente citados y de terminología sin sentido en la obra de Sokal y Bricmont Imposturas intelectuales.", "Fire Emblem\n\nFire Emblem (ファイアーエムブレム Faiā Emuburemu, en español: Emblema de fuego) es una popular franquicia de videojuegos del género de RPG táctico (estrategia y rol) desarrollada por Intelligent Systems, diseñada por Shouzou Kaga y distribuida por Nintendo. Fire Emblem se caracteriza por la mezcla de los géneros de estrategia y rol, por ser pioneros en este tipo de juegos y por tener una gran influencia del folclore medieval europeo.\nLa serie consta de 15 juegos y cuatro mini-juegos para Satellaview, hasta el momento, y hay 3 juegos más anunciados. La saga ha visto la luz en la mayoría de consolas de Nintendo (NES, SNES, Game Boy Advance, GameCube, Wii, Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS) además de dispositivos móviles con Fire Emblem Heroes, lanzado en 2017.\nFire Emblem: Rekka no Ken, el séptimo juego de la franquicia, se convirtió en el primer juego de la saga en lanzarse internacionalmente en 2003. Presentado fuera de Japón con el escueto título de Fire Emblem, el juego se diseñó principalmente para los nuevos jugadores occidentales. Teniendo esto en cuenta, desde el primer capítulo se muestra un tutorial para aprender el modo de juego que dura diez capítulos. A partir de este juego, casi todos los título de Fire Emblem han sido presentado internacionalmente (con la excepción del remake Fire Emblem: Shin Monshō no Nazo ~Hikari to Kage no Eiyū~). A pesar de esto, los juegos anteriores a este siguen sin ver la luz en occidente.\n\nBásico\n\nFire Emblem es una serie de juegos de estrategia por turnos en los que el jugador maneja sus unidades/personajes por un mapa con el objetivo de derrotar a los enemigos para cumplir con la misión del capítulo: tomar un castillo, sobrevivir determinados turnos el ataque enemigo, acabar con todos los enemigos del mapa o derrotar a un jefe. La saga también contiene aspectos de RPG tradicionales; así por ejemplo, el jugador puede usar su dinero para comprar armas y objetos especiales de las tiendas, visitar pueblos, tener conversaciones con PNJ o personajes antagonistas, así como intercambiar objetos entre personajes y adquirir puntos de experiencia en cada lucha para aumentar el nivel y las características de cada unidad.\nEl sistema de combate está basado en el triángulo de armas en el que cada tipo de arma tiene ventaja sobre unas y desventaja frente a otras, método basado en el juego de piedra-papel-tijeras. Desde Fire Emblem: Seisen no Keifu, el triangulo de armas es el siguiente: la lanza derrota a la espada, la espada derrota al hacha, y el hacha tiene ventaja sobre la lanza. estas armas sólo pueden usarse para atacar unidades adyacentes. Aunque hay algunas armas especiales, como las hachas arrojadizas o jabalinas que pueden lanzarse a unidades más lejanas. El arco no se ajusta a este triángulo, esta arma produce un daño adicional a las unidades voladoras, como los pegasos, pero por el contrario, el arquero es muy vulnerable a los ataques directos. El arco sólo puede usarse para atacar a distancia, no es válido para atacar a enemigos adyacentes. El algunos títulos existen armas que permiten el ataque a unidades adyacentes.\nLa saga Fire Emblem también se caracteriza por el uso de la magia. Con los hechizos ocurre algo similar a las armas: existe la trinidad de la magia, cosa muy parecida al triangulo de las armas. Dicha trinidad varía de un juego a otro. Esta trinidad de la magia para algunos juegos es: los hechizos de luz sagrada vencen a los conjuros oscuros, los conjuros oscuros derrotan a los de alma o ánima, los que también pueden representar a los elementos (tierra, fuego, aire y agua) y finalmente los de alma o ánima vencen a los de luz. En otros juegos: fuego vence a viento, viento vence a trueno y este a fuego. Los hechizos pueden lanzarse a distancia y a enemigos adyacentes indistintamente (excepto en Fire Emblem Heroes).\nLas armas y hechizos en Fire Emblem tienen un número determinado de usos, tras los cuales, el arma o hechizo se rompe y es inutilizable. Existe algún juego de la saga que no sigue esta pauta, y sus usos pueden ser infinitos (Fates, Heroes, Gaiden y Echoes). En algunos juegos el jugador tiene la opción de reparar cualquier arma a cambio de cierta cantidad de dinero o usando objetos mágicos. Esto no es necesario para las armas típicas, pues pueden encontrarse en abundancia obteniéndolas al derrotar a ciertos enemigos, o en las tiendas y armerías repartidas en el juego, pero que es muy útil para armas especiales, de las que sólo existe un ejemplar y no se pueden obtener más en el juego. No pueden cambiarse las armas viejas por nuevas en el herrero local. Las armas pueden ser de bronce, hierro, acero y plata, algunas llegando a tener algún tipo de hechizo. Cuanto mayor sea la calidad del arma, más puntos de vida arrancará al enemigo, aunque también menos usos se le podrá dar.\n\nUnidades\n\nA diferencia de juegos como Advance Wars y otros juegos RPG tácticos como son Final Fantasy Tactics, el generador de personajes no existe. En su lugar, se utilizan diferentes clases y personajes, cada una con diferentes habilidades clases de personajes teniendo estos pasado y personalidad. Las estadísticas de los personajes empiezan a un nivel bajo al principio de cada partida, pero cuando se progresa durante el juego estas avanza en sus habilidades, otras unidades también pueden unirse a la causa del personaje principal si es necesario a través de los eventos de la trama y las acciones que se tomen.\nUsando las unidades en las batallas se dan al personaje puntos de experiencia; el nivel del personaje aumentará al llegar a los 100 puntos de exp. Nivelar a los demás personajes no principales se puede hacer usándolos, o bien dándoles experiencia, sin embargo al terminar con un enemigo que sea jefe del nivel, dependerá si el personaje tiene un nivel avanzado o bajo, ya que si este tiene mayor nivel en su clase tendrá menos puntuación y si por el contrario este no tiene tanto nivel de clase tendrá más puntos de experiencia que el anterior.\nAsí cuando el nivel de un personaje sube, pueden tener la posibilidad de cambiar el nivel de clase que tienen, muchas veces a esto se le conoce como «promoción», dependiendo de las reglas de cada juego de la franquicia, los personajes pueden ser «promocionados» por su nivel de experiencia, o a través de un objeto en particular que forzara la promoción de la unidad. Los personajes pueden avanzar de promoción y estadísticas con habilidades especiales que el jugador puede darles, estas solo pueden ser dadas a los personajes de mayor nivel. Por ejemplo, Oscar, un caballero de lanza en Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance, cambiará de nivel automáticamente al llegar al nivel 21, volviéndose paladín de nivel 1. Se le dan puntos extra por su nueva clase, y puede moverse dos turnos -al atacar y al terminar el ataque-, y ahora puede portar arcos junto con el arma adicional que tenía, en este caso, la lanza.\n\nRelaciones\n\nEl romance y la amistad son temas esenciales a través de las serie Fire Emblem. Empezando por la sexta entrega, Fuuin no Tsurugi, esta característica se añadió al modo de juego para tener conversaciones de soporte.\nEn los títulos para GBA de Fire Emblem, estas conversaciones pueden aparecer teniendo a las parejas juntas o al terminar sus turnos y mantenerlos uno junto al otro. Después de un número considerable de niveles en el juego, el jugador tiene la opción de conversación de soporte entre los dos personajes. Incluso, si se logra obtener un nivel de apoyo \"A\" entre dos personajes, estos podrán tener un final común al concluir el juego.\nPath of Radiance simplificó esta opción solamente teniendo a los personajes durante las batallas juntos y no necesariamente adyacentes uno al otro. Cada vez que los dos personajes tienen una conversación, la afinidad que tienen uno por el otro incrementará, dándoles estadísticas de apoyo y activando un bonus de apoyo cada vez que están cerca en el campo de batalla. Si dos personajes tienen una relación romántica, una fuerte amistad u otro tipo de conexión, estos llegan a tener tres niveles de soporte, el resultado de estas conversaciones afectará el final del juego. Dependiendo de los personajes, tales resultados pueden terminar en una boda, una profunda amistad, o una continuación de su relación.\nSin embargo, antes de los títulos lanzados para GBA, ya existía sistemas de soporte, pero mucho menos sofisticados. Por ejemplo, algunos personajes de Fire Emblem: Monshō no Nazo, por el solo hecho de estar cerca a otro con el cual se relaciona en la historia, reciben mejoras en sus estadísticas.\nUn sistema inédito en las relaciones entre personajes de un juego es el ocupado en Fire Emblem: Seisen no Keifu. Este juego consta de dos generaciones, donde cada mujer de la primera generación tiene descendencia fija que aparecerá en la segunda generación y cuyas estadísticas iniciales y crecimientos dependerán del hombre del que ésta se haya enamorado. En el caso de que una mujer muera o no se enamore, en la segunda generación aparecerán sustitutos de sus hijos que, por lo general, tendrán una historia muy parecida a los originales. Por ejemplo, los hijos de Tiltyu son Arthur y Tinny, pero si ella muere o no se enamora, en la segunda generación aparecerán Linda y Amid, sus sobrinos.\n\nMuerte\n\nLos personajes/unidades de Fire Emblem a los que se les acaban los puntos de vida y mueren, no pueden volver a usarse en lo que queda de juego. La partida continúa de manera normal, porque aunque la unidad no estará disponible para el combate, y si es necesario para la trama, el personaje aparecerá en las escenas de diálogo que enlazan los capítulos. Esta regla también afecta a los PNJ y a las unidades enemigas. Para evitar la baja definitiva del personaje, la única opción del jugador es volver a empezar el capítulo. Esta regla va más allá cuando se trata de un personaje principal, ya que si muere, la partida termina y el jugador es obligado a reiniciar el capítulo desde el principio.\nExisten varias excepciones en juegos como Mystery of the Emblem, Genealogy of Holy War, Blazing Sword, Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance y Echoes, en los que los personajes caídos pueden volver a usarse en algún punto del juego. Además, en algunos juegos también pueden resucitarse unidades usando ciertos hechizos, papiros o bastones, aunque suelen ser elementos bastante extraños y limitados. Esta excepción no es aplicable a los personajes principales.\nEn Fire Emblem: New Mystery of the Emblem ~ Hero of Light and Shadow ~ se implementa un nuevo sistema en el cual la muerte de los personajes no es definitiva. Esto es opcional, ya que el jugador, al comenzar una partida, puede elegir si aceptarlo o usar el sistema de muertes permanentes característico de la saga. Esta característica también está disponible en Fire Emblem: Awakening y Fire Emblem Echoes: Shadows of Valentia .\nFire Emblem Heroes se distancia de todos los demás juegos de la serie al no existir esta característica.\n\nMúsica\n\nLas partituras originales de los juegos de Fire Emblem han sido compuestas por Yuka Tsujiyoko, excepto la de Fire Emblem: The Sacred Stones, compuesta por Saki Haruyama, Yoshihiko Kitamura y Yoshito Hirano, bajo la supervisión directa de Tsujiyoko.\nEn los primeros ocho juegos de la saga, la música es únicamente instrumental. Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance cambió esta característica e incluyó un tema vocal en sus títulos de crédito: Life Returns; así como en Fire Emblem: Radiant Dawn se incluyó otro tema vocal, llamado: Dawn Awakens.\nMucha de la música de un título, se suele volver a utilizar en otros posteriores. Por ejemplo, el corte Fire Emblem Main Theme aparece en todos los títulos de la saga, en diferentes puntos del juego. Así como Together We Ride, música de reclutamiento de unidades, o la música usada en las batallas. Al reutilizar la música suelen modificarse añadiendo nuevos arreglos e incluso destinándola a otro fin del que fue designada originalmente: por ejemplo, la partitura musical para los mapas de prueba en Path of Radiance era originalmente la partitura para el capítulo diez de Fire Emblem: Seisen no Keifu.\n\nAnime\n\nEn 1995, fue producido (en colaboración con KSS) y emitido un OVA llamado simplemente Fire Emblem. Está basado en las primeras escenas de Monshō no Nazo, y se compone de dos episodios. Su protagonista es Marth, y todos los personajes que aparecen son de dicho juego.\n\nJuego de cartas\n\nEl juego de cartas coleccionables de Fire Emblem fue publicado por NTT Publishing Co., Ltd. en agosto de 2001. Seis series fueron realizadas antes de su fin en 2006. Las tres primeras series estaban basadas en los personajes de Seisen no Keifu. La cuarta en los personajes de Thracia 776, y la antología de expansión de personajes de ambos juegos, pero dibujados por varios artistas. En las dos últimas, figuran los personajes de Monshō no Nazo. El juego de cartas es similar a la forma de batalla en los juegos, pero se usan cartas de personajes, terreno, armas, cartas especiales, etc. NTT Publishing también publicó los libros y bandas sonoras de Fire Emblem.\n\nApariciones en otros juegos\n\nDesde su aparición en 1990, Fire Emblem ha permanecido en gran medida dentro de las fronteras japonesas. En 2001, sin embargo, fue lanzado Super Smash Bros. Melee, que incluía personajes de diversos juegos de Nintendo. Este juego contiene a dos personajes de la saga Fire Emblem: Marth, protagonista del primer (Fire Emblem: Ankoku no Ryū a Hikari no Ken) y tercer juego de la serie (Fire Emblem: Monshō no Nazo); y Roy, protagonista del en ese momento inédito sexto juego Fire Emblem: Fūin no Tsurugi. Según la página web de Nintendo, Marth fue incluido por la petición de los jugadores japoneses. Si Marth está desbloqueado, se puede cambiar la música del Templo Hyrule a una mezcla de la melodía de Fire Emblem Main Theme y Encounter Theme de Ankoku Ryū to Hikari no Ken.\nEl diseño y jugabilidad de Marth atrajo la atención de Nintendo America durante su fase de localización, por lo que se decidió su inclusión en la versión para Norteamérica. Roy se había incluido en Japón para promocionar el juego Fūin no Tsurugi. Debido a la popularidad adquirida gracias a Super Smash Bros. Melee, Nintendo decidió localizar y publicar los juegos de Fire Emblem en América y Europa.\nEn Super Smash Bros. Brawl, Marth sigue siendo un personaje jugable, junto a Ike, protagonista del juego lanzado por las mismas fechas Path of Radiance. Lyn, una lord de Fire Emblem, aparece como ayudante y otros muchos personajes hacen aparición como trofeos, pegatinas y otras cosas. \"Fire Emblem Theme\" está basado en la melodía de Fire Emblem del anterior juego, contando con algunos retoques y la letra en latín, aunque la melodía de Fire Emblem del Melee también aparece, entre otras canciones de la saga. Una prueba de juego del Fire Emblem: Monshou no Nazo fue incluida en la versión japonesa de Super Smash Bros. Brawl.\nEn otros juegos de Intelligent Systems, como Paper Mario: La puerta milenaria, un personaje secundario habla sobre sus videojuegos favoritos. El primero en mencionar es Fire Emblem. Además, el juego de Nintendo DS Daigasso! Band Brothers incluye el tema de Fire Emblem.\n\nTear Ring Saga\n\nCuando Shouzo Kaga dejó Intelligent Systems, formó su propia compañía: Tirnanog Co. Bajó el alero de ésta, creo un juego muy parecido a lo que venía haciendo en la saga Fire Emblem, el que fue llamado Tear Ring Saga.\nEste videojuego fue lanzado para PlayStation el 23 de mayo de 2001 en Japón, el único lugar en donde fue distribuido.\nMás tarde, el 26 de mayo de 2005, se lanzó para PlayStation 2 una secuela en Japón, llamada Berwick Saga.\nTearRing Saga contiene notables similitudes con la saga de juegos Fire Emblem. Entre ellas están el nombre de personajes y armas, el sistema de juego y que originalmente sería llamado Emblem Saga.\nEsto causó que el distribuidor, Nintendo, presentara una demanda en contra de Enterbrain y Tirnanog en julio de 2001, alegando que la compañía era culpable de una infracción de derechos de autor.​ El primer juicio terminó en noviembre de 2002, cuando el Tribunal de Distrito de Tokio rechazó las afirmaciones de Nintendo.​ Nintendo presentó una segunda demanda en apelación, y el segundo juicio comenzó tres meses después del primero, esta vez bajo el Tribunal Superior de Tokio. El segundo juicio terminó en noviembre de 2004, y se le ordenó a Enterbrain pagar una multa de 76 millones de yenes a Nintendo.​ Sin embargo, el juego no fue considerado como una violación de los derechos de autor, y las copias se mantuvieron en las tiendas.​ Nintendo y Intelligent Systems hicieron otra apelación ante el Tribunal Supremo de Japón, donde se confirmó la segunda sentencia.​ Los procedimientos judiciales terminaron en abril de 2005.", "Maurice Ravel\n\nInfancia\n\nRavel nació el 7 de marzo de 1875, en el 12 del Quai de la Nivelle en Ciboure, departamento de los Pirineos Atlánticos, parte del País Vasco francés. Su padre, Joseph Ravel (1832-1908), era un renombrado ingeniero civil, de ascendencia suiza y saboyarda (Ravex). Su madre, Marie Delouart-Ravel (1840-1917), era de origen vasco, descendiente de una vieja familia española (Deluarte o Eluarte). Tuvo un hermano, Édouard Ravel (1878-1960) con quien mantuvo durante toda su vida una fuerte relación afectiva.​\nPocos meses después, en junio de 1875, la familia Ravel se trasladó a París. La influencia sobre el imaginario musical de Maurice Ravel de sus orígenes vascos es discutida, puesto que el músico no regresó al País Vasco antes de los 25 años. No obstante, en la biografía escrita por Arbie Orenstein se menciona que Ravel se sentía muy unido a su madre y que ésta le transmitió su patrimonio cultural vasco (el cual, según Orenstein, habría tenido una gran influencia en la vida y la producción musical de Ravel); según dicha biografía, uno de los primeros recuerdos del compositor labortano eran las canciones folclóricas vascas que su madre le cantaba.​ Más tarde regresaría regularmente a San Juan de Luz para pasar las vacaciones o para trabajar.\nSus padres frecuentaban los medios artísticos, fomentando los primeros pasos de su hijo que muy pronto reveló un talento musical excepcional. Comenzó el estudio del piano a los seis años bajo la guía de Henry Ghys. Niño juicioso, aunque también caprichoso y terco, pronto demostró su natural talento musical, aunque, para desesperación de sus padres y profesores, reconoció más tarde haber sumado a sus numerosos talentos «la más extrema pereza.»​ De hecho, en un principio su padre, para obligarlo a practicar el piano, tenía que prometerle pequeñas propinas.​ En 1887 recibió precozmente clases de Charles René (armonía, contrapunto y composición). El clima artístico y musical prodigiosamente fértil de París de fines del siglo XIX no podía sino estimular el desarrollo del joven.\n\n \n\n \nDesde muy niño fui sensible a la música —a todo tipo de música—. Mi padre, mucho más cultivado en este arte que la mayoría de aficionados, supo desarrollar mis gustos y estimular tempranamente mi pasión». (Ravel, Esquisse autobiographique, 1928).​\n\nUn futuro prometedor\n\nAl ingresar al Conservatorio de París en 1889, Ravel fue alumno de Gabriel Fauré. Ahí conoció al pianista español Ricardo Viñes, que se convirtió en su amigo entrañable e intérprete escogido para sus mejores obras; ambos formarían parte del grupo conocido como Los Apaches, que armaron revuelo en el estreno de Pelléas et Mélisande de Claude Debussy en 1902. Impresionado por las músicas de Extremo Oriente en la Exposición Universal de 1889, entusiasmado por la de los rebeldes Emmanuel Chabrier y de Erik Satie, admirador de Mozart,​ Saint-Saëns y Debussy, influido por las lecturas de Baudelaire, Poe, Condillac, Villiers de L’Isle-Adam y sobre todo de Mallarmé, Ravel manifestó tempranamente un firme carácter y un espíritu musical muy independiente. Sus primeras composiciones lo probaban: eran ya muestras de una personalidad y una maestría tal que su estilo sólo evolucionaría con el tiempo: Ballade de la reine morte d’aimer (Balada de la reina muerta de amor, 1894), Sérénade grotesque (Serenata grotesca, 1894, ), Menuet antique (1895), Habanera para dos pianos (1895).\nEn 1897 Ravel entró a la clase de contrapunto de André Gedalge. Ese mismo año, Gabriel Fauré fue también su profesor. Éste juzgó al compositor con benevolencia y saludó al «muy buen alumno, laborioso y puntual» y a la «sinceridad que desarma».​ Al final de sus estudios compuso la Obertura de Shéhérazade (estrenada en mayo de 1899 entre silbidos del público —no confundir con la obra del mismo nombre para voz femenina y orquesta—), y la famosa Pavane pour une infante défunte (Pavana para una infanta difunta, ) de curioso título,​ que sigue siendo su obra pianística más tocada por los melómanos aficionados, aunque su autor no la tenía en mucha estima.​\nEn vísperas del siglo XX, el joven Ravel era ya reconocido como compositor, y sus obras eran objeto de discusión. Con todo, lograr la celebridad no iba a ser cosa fácil. La audacia de sus composiciones y su declarada admiración por los «affranchis» (liberados) Chabrier y Satie iba a costarle muchas enemistades entre el círculo de los tradicionalistas.\n\nEl Premio de Roma\n\nLa tradición en los estudios en el Conservatorio llevaron a Ravel a presentarse al prestigioso Premio de Roma. Sin embargo, sus cuatro candidaturas (1901, 1902, 1903, 1905) culminaron en célebres fracasos. Con su cantata Myrrha (basada en el Sardanápalo de Byron) obtuvo el segundo lugar en 1901 ​ (tras André Caplet y Gabriel Dupont); después fue eliminado prematuramente en 1902 (con Alcyone, basada en la historia de Alcíone en Las metamorfosis de Ovidio) y 1903 (con Alyssa), para ser expulsado en 1905 por haber superado por algunos meses la edad límite.​ Esta última tentativa desató un verdadero escándalo, al surgir una polémica entre varios periodistas, en la que Romain Rolland asumió notablemente su defensa);​ todo desembocó en la renuncia de Théodore Dubois, entonces director del Conservatorio de París, que fue sustituido por Fauré. El escándalo afectó al músico, que fue invitado por sus amigos Alfred y Misia Edwards a un crucero en yate a Holanda junto a los pintores Pierre Bonnard y Laprade; en dicho viaje se disiparía y compondría varias obras.\nMás allá del escándalo mediático que confrontó a conservadores y defensores del modernismo, y pese a la molestia que causó al músico, «l’affaire Ravel» contribuyó a dar a conocer su nombre.\n\nPrimeras obras maestras\n\nEs con Jeux d’eau (Juegos de agua) para piano, de 1901, que quedó afirmada la personalidad musical de Ravel, quien iba a mantenerse bastante independiente de la riqueza del patrimonio musical de su tiempo (aunque Ravel durante mucho tiempo haya llevado la etiqueta de «debussysta»).​ Curiosamente, esta vinculación tuvo un giro cuando algunos vieron una influencia raveliana en las piezas de Estampes (1903) de Debussy: esta polémica enfriaría las relaciones de ambos músicos.​ El estreno de Histories naturelles (1906) reavivó el asunto: Pierre Lalo, el crítico del Temps, estigmatizó este arte de «café-concierto con novenas» que recordaba a Debussy,​ nueva querella que disgustó a los dos músicos.\nSu reserva, su pudor, su gusto por lo exótico y lo fantástico, su búsqueda casi obsesiva de la perfección formal irradiaron su obra en el período que se extendió de 1901 a 1908: Cuarteto en Fa Mayor (1902), Melodías de Shéhérazade (1904), Miroirs y Sonatina para piano (1905), Introducción y allegro para arpa y conjunto (1906), la Rapsodia española (1908), Ma mère l’Oye (Mi madre, la oca, 1908), suite para piano sobre cuentos clásicos del célebre Mamá Ganso dedicados a los hijos de su amigo Godebski,​ luego su gran obra maestra para piano Gaspard de la nuit (Gaspard de la noche, 1908), inspirado en poemas de Aloysius Bertrand.\n\nÉxitos y decepciones\n\nEn abril de 1909 Ravel se encontraba en Londres, junto a Ralph Vaughan Williams, para su primera gira de conciertos en el extranjero. Con este motivo descubrió que era conocido y apreciado al otro lado del Canal. En 1910 fue (junto a Charles Koechlin y a Florent Schmitt, en particular) uno de los fundadores de la Société Musicale Indépendante creada para promover la música modernista, en oposición a la Société Nationale de Musique, más conservadora, entonces presidida por Vincent d'Indy.\nPronto dos grandes composiciones iban a causar muchas dificultades. En primer lugar, L'Heure espagnole (La hora española), ópera escrita sobre un libreto de Franc-Nohain, terminada en 1907 y estrenada en 1911, fue mal acogida por el público y sobre todo por la crítica (incluso se la tildó de pornografía). Ni el sabroso humor del libreto ni los atrevidos efectos orquestales de Ravel fueron comprendidos.\nPor aquel tiempo, las presentaciones de los Ballets Rusos causaban furor y transformaban la vida de los aficionados en París. El director del conjunto, Serguéi Diáguilev, encargaba obras a los compositores más célebres del momento: Ravel no podía ser la excepción. A continuación compondría por iniciativa de Diáguilev el ballet Daphnis et Chloé, titulado Sinfonía coreográfica. Con su presencia de coros que cantan vocalizaciones -no palabras-, Daphnis y Chloé es una visión de la Grecia antigua en la que Ravel se inspiró en la que los pintores franceses del siglo XVIII le habían dado. El argumento de la obra fue coescrito por Michel Fokine y el compositor. Se trata de la obra de mayor duración del compositor, y por ello fue la más laboriosa. La recepción de la obra fue desigual en el estreno en junio de 1912, lo que causó la amargura del músico.\nEn 1913, Ravel apoyó sin condiciones a su amigo Stravinski en el momento del tumultuoso estreno de La consagración de la primavera en París.​ A este período que precedió la guerra, más tarde lo describió Ravel como el más feliz de su vida. Vivía entonces en un apartamento de la prestigiosa avenida Carnot, cerca de la Place de l'Étoile.\n\nLa guerra\n\nAgosto de 1914. La Primera Guerra Mundial sorprendió a Ravel en plena composición de su Trío en la menor que estrenó finalmente en 1915. Desde el inicio del conflicto, el compositor pretendió enrolarse, pero, eximido del servicio militar debido a su pequeña estatura, fue rechazado por ser «más liviano que dos kilos».​ Por lo tanto, la inacción se convirtió en una tortura para Ravel. A través de varias gestiones, terminó por hacerse enrolar como chofer de camión (marzo de 1916) y fue al frente, cerca de Verdún. Víctima, con toda probabilidad, de peritonitis, se operó antes de ser desmovilizado.​ Fue hacia enero de 1917 que el compositor se enteró de la muerte de su madre, noticia que lo hundió en un tormento, sin comparación con el causado por la guerra -del cual nunca realmente se recuperó.​ Sin embargo, su actividad creativa, aunque algo retrasada, resistió estas pruebas acumuladas. Aquel año terminó seis piezas para piano agrupadas bajo el título de la Le Tombeau de Couperin (La tumba de Couperin), suite en un estilo neobarroco francés que dedicó a sus amigos muertos en la guerra.​\nAsí finalizaba la «gran época» de Ravel. Es de esta época aquella imagen comúnmente difundida del Ravel dandy, hombre voluntariamente frío y reservado, encubierto detrás de una afectación y elegancia cuidadosamente calculadas. Pero nada traicionará mejor su verdadera naturaleza que sus obras maestras posteriores a 1918.\n\nHeredero de Debussy\n\nFinalizada la guerra, se había llevado con ella las ilusiones de la belle époque y había cambiado al músico, como había cambiado a los millones de hombres movilizados en «el gran cataclismo». La máscara del dandy cayó, y fue otro Ravel el que salió de esta dolorosa experiencia. Su producción musical se retrasó considerablemente (una obra al año en promedio, excepto las orquestaciones) pero la intensidad creadora se amplió y la inspiración se encontró liberada.\nLos años que pasaban, y después de la muerte de Claude Debussy en 1918, Ravel fue considerado en adelante como el más grande compositor francés vivo. Después de haber superado los fracasos de los inicios de su carrera se encontraban ahora colmados de honores, y no fue sin desenvoltura que reaccionó al anuncio de su promoción al rango de Caballero de la Legión de Honor en 1920: se dio el lujo de rechazar la distinción.​ Satie bromeó: «Ravel rechaza la Legión de Honor, pero toda su música lo acepta».​\nSu primera obra maestra de la posguerra fue La Valse, poema sinfónico dramático comisionado por los Ballets Rusos de Serguéi Diáguilev y estrenado en abril de 1920 en presencia de Stravinski y de Poulenc.​ Fue a la memoria de Debussy que Ravel compuso más tarde su gran Sonata para violín y violonchelo que estrenó su violinista fetiche, Hélène Jourdan-Morhange.\n\nMontfort-l’Amaury\n\nEn 1921, Ravel se instaló en Montfort-l'Amaury en las Yvelines, deseando adquirir «una casucha a menos de treinta kilómetros de París»: Le Belvédère.​ En esta casa, hoy un museo, vivió hasta su muerte. Ahí compuso la mayoría de sus últimas obras, las tres Chansons Madécasses sobre poemas de Evariste Parny (1923) y Tzigane (Gitano), rapsodia de concierto (1924), llevando al mismo tiempo una apacible vida de soltero. Le Belvédère se impregnó rápidamente de la personalidad del músico que hizo de ella, incluso en vida, un verdadero museo (colección de porcelanas asiáticas, juguetes mecánicos, relojes.\nFue también la guarida ineludible del cenáculo raveliano (el escritor Léon-Paul Fargue, los compositores Maurice Delage, Arthur Honegger, Jacques Ibert, Florent Schmitt, Germaine Tailleferre, los intérpretes Marguerite Long, Robert Casadesus, Jacques Février, Madeleine Grey, Hélène Jourdan-Morhange, y los dos fieles discípulos de Ravel, Roland-Manuel y Manuel Rosenthal. Aunque solitario y pudoroso, Ravel tuvo una rica vida social y los testimonios coinciden que tuvo una generosidad y una fidelidad indefectible. Pero las visitas no podían ocultar enteramente la soledad y la tristeza de este hombre,​ que encontró un escape en la intensificación de su actividad creativa (orquestación de Cuadros de una exposición de Músorgski, 1922) y en una serie de giras por el extranjero (los Países Bajos, Italia, Inglaterra, España).\n\nLirismo y blues\n\nEn 1925, año del cincuentenario del compositor, conoció la composición de la obra quizá más original de Maurice Ravel: El niño y los sortilegios. El proyecto de esta fantasía lírica se remonta a 1919, cuando Colette propone (por mediación de Jacques Rouché, entonces directora de la Ópera de París) la colaboración de Ravel para poner en música un poema propio, titulado inicialmente Divertissement pour ma fille (Divertimento para mi hija). La recepción del público se mitigó para el estreno de la ópera en Montecarlo en marzo de 1925, pero la posteridad dio el lugar merecido a esta joya del repertorio lírico. Colette ha narrado con humor la relación puramente profesional y distante que tuvo con Ravel durante la elaboración de este proyecto.​ Mientras que en 1927 termina la Sonata para violín y piano (en la cual introduce un blues), Ravel era celebrado por todas partes y accedía al reconocimiento mundial por su música.\n\nRavel en América del Norte\n\n1928 fue el año de la consagración para Ravel, quien realizó de enero a abril una gigantesca gira de conciertos por Estados Unidos y Canadá​ que le valió, en cada ciudad visitada, un inmenso éxito.​ Interpretó como pianista su Sonatina, a veces dirigió la orquesta y pronunció discursos sobre la música que, desgraciadamente, no fueron registrados para el futuro.​ Fue también ocasión para él de admirar la belleza de este continente, cuna del jazz que amaba tanto. Conoció, en particular, al joven George Gershwin, cuya música apreció en gran medida. Cuando más tarde el compositor estadounidense viajó a Francia y le pidió tomar lecciones con él, Ravel se negó argumentando que «usted perdería su gran espontaneidad melódica para componer en un mal estilo raveliano».​\n\nEl Bolero\n\nDe regreso en su país, Ravel comenzó a trabajar en la que se convertiría en su obra más famosa e interpretada. La célebre bailarina y coreógrafa Ida Rubinstein le había encargado en 1927 un «ballet de carácter español» para el cual el músico adoptó una antigua danza andaluza: el bolero. La obra, que apuesta por durar alrededor de un cuarto de hora con sólo dos temas y una cantinela incansablemente repetida, fue estrenada el 22 de noviembre de 1928 frente a un público un tanto asombrado. Su difusión fue inmediatamente inmensa. Ravel había firmado una auténtica obra maestra a partir de un material casi insignificante, pero él mismo rápidamente quedó exasperado por el éxito de esta partitura que consideraba sobre todo como una experiencia, y «llena de música». Cuando una dama gritó: «Au fou, au fou!» (¡Al loco, al loco!) después de haber oído la obra, el compositor confió a su hermano: «Celle-là, elle a compris!» (He ahí, ella lo ha comprendido.)​\nEn octubre de 1928, Ravel recibió el doctorado en música honoris causa de la Universidad de Oxford. En su ciudad natal, inauguró, en agosto de 1930, el muelle que lleva su nombre.​\n\nÚltimas obras maestras\n\nDe 1929 a 1931, Ravel concibió sus dos últimas obras maestras. Compuestos simultáneamente y estrenados a pocos días de diferencia (enero de 1932), los dos Conciertos para piano y orquesta son, sin embargo, dos obras muy diferentes. Al Concierto para la mano izquierda, composición grandiosa bañada de una oscura luz y teñida de fatalidad, respondió el brillante Concierto en sol, en el que el movimiento lento es una de las más íntimas meditaciones musicales del compositor. Junto a las tres canciones de Don Quijote a Dulcinea compuestas en 1932 sobre un poema de Paul Morand, los Conciertos marcan un punto final en la producción musical de Maurice Ravel.\nEn 1932, el compositor hizo una triunfal gira de conciertos en Europa Central en compañía de la pianista Marguerite Long para presentar, entre otras obras, su Concierto en sol. De regreso en Francia, después de haber grabado este concierto bajo su propia dirección, Ravel no tenía más que proyectos: en particular, un ballet, Morgiane, inspirado en Las mil y una noches, y sobre todo una gran ópera, Jeanne d'Arc (Juana de Arco), sobre la novela de Joseph Delteil.​ Empero, este afán quedó interrumpido.\n\n1933-1937: Un trágico final\n\nDesde el verano de 1933, Ravel comenzó a presentar los síntomas de una enfermedad neurológica que lo condenaría al silencio en los últimos cuatro años de su vida. Desórdenes de la escritura, de la motricidad y el lenguaje fueron sus principales manifestaciones, mientras que su inteligencia se mantenía perfectamente y seguía pensando en su música, sin poder ya más escribir o tocar una sola nota. La ópera Jeanne d'Arc, a la que el compositor concedía tanta importancia, nunca podría llevarse a cabo. Se cree que un traumatismo craneoencefálico, consecuencia de un accidente en taxi del que fue víctima en octubre de 1932, fue lo que precipitó las cosas;​ pero Ravel parecía consciente de este trastorno hacía ya varios años (la tesis de la enfermedad de Pick es aún discutida,​ aunque hoy se cree que se trataba de una demencia frontotemporal).​ El público permaneció mucho tiempo ignorando la enfermedad del músico. Cada una de sus apariciones públicas le valía un triunfo, lo que hizo mucho más dolorosa su inacción.\nEn 1935, a propuesta de Ida Rubinstein (destinataria del Bolero), Ravel emprendió un último viaje a España y Marruecos que le dio un saludable consuelo, pero inútil. El músico se retiró definitivamente a Montfort-l’Amaury donde, hasta su muerte, pudo contar con la fidelidad y el apoyo de sus amigos y de su fiel ama de llaves, Madame Révelot. El mal siguió progresando. En diciembre de 1937 se intentó en París una intervención quirúrgica desesperada en su cerebro enfermo.​ El 28 de diciembre de 1937 moría Maurice Ravel, a los 62 años. Su muerte causó en el mundo una verdadera consternación, que la prensa retransmitió en un unánime homenaje. El compositor descansa en el cementerio de Levallois-Perret cerca de sus padres y su hermano.\nCon Ravel desaparecía el último representante de una generación de músicos que habían sabido renovar la escritura musical sin renunciar nunca a los principios heredados del clasicismo. Por esa razón fue el último compositor cuya obra entera, siempre innovadora y nunca retrógrada, es considerada «completamente accesible a oídos profanos» (Marcel Marnat).\n\n \n\n \nNunca he intentado la necesidad de formular, para otros o para mí mismo, los principios de mi estética. Si tuviera que hacerlo, pediría permiso para atribuirme las sencillas declaraciones que Mozart hizo al respecto. Se limitó a decir que la música puede emprenderlo todo, atreverse a todo y a pintarlo todo, con tal encanto que al final permaneciese siempre la música\n\n \nRavel, Esquisse autobiographique, 1928\n\nLas influencias\n\nNacido en un tiempo bastante propicio a la aparición de las artes, Ravel se benefició de influencias muy diversas. Mas, como lo destaca Vladimir Jankélévitch en su biografía, «ninguna influencia puede jactarse de haberlo conquistado totalmente (…). Ravel se sigue manteniendo imperceptible envidiosamente detrás de todas esas máscaras que le dieron los esnobismos del siglo».​\nPor ello, la música de Ravel parece, como la de Debussy, profundamente original, o incluso inmediatamente inclasificable de acuerdo a la estética tradicional. Ni absolutamente modernista ni simplemente impresionista (tal como lo hiciera Debussy, Ravel negaba categóricamente este calificativo que consideraba sólo reservado a la pintura),​ se inscribe mucho más en la línea del clasicismo francés iniciado en el siglo XVIII por Couperin y Rameau y del cual fue su última prolongación. Por ejemplo, Ravel (al contrario que su contemporáneo Stravinski) no deseó nunca renunciar a la música tonal y sólo utilizó con parsimonia la disonancia, lo que no le impidió por sus investigaciones hallar nuevas soluciones a los problemas planteados por la armonía y la orquestación, y dar a la escritura pianística nuevos caminos.\n\nDe Chabrier al jazz\n\nDe Fauré y Chabrier (Sérénade grotesque, Pavane pour une infante défunte, Menuet antique) a la música afro estadounidense (L’Enfant et les sortilèges, Sonata para violín, Concierto en sol) pasando por la escuela rusa (A la manera de… Borodine, orquestación de Cuadros de una exposición), Satie, Debussy (Jeux d’eau, Cuarteto de cuerdas), Couperin y Rameau (La Tumba de Couperin), Chopin y Liszt (Gaspard de la nuit, Concierto para la mano izquierda), Schubert (Valses nobles y sentimentales), Schönberg (Tres poemas de Mallarmé), y finalmente Saint-Saëns y Mozart (Concierto en sol), Ravel supo hacer una síntesis de corrientes extremadamente variadas e imponer su estilo a partir de sus primeras composiciones. Este estilo no tenía más que ir evolucionando poco a poco durante su carrera, si no del modo como él mismo se refirió al decir «dépouillement poussé à l’extrême» (depuración llevada al extremo) (Sonata por violín y violonchelo, Chansons madécasses).\n\nEl ecléctico\n\nCompositor ecléctico por excelencia, Ravel supo sacar provecho de su interés por las músicas de todos los orígenes. Sobre su imaginario musical tuvo notoria influencia el País Vasco (Trío en la menor) y fue su intención componer el concierto Zazpiak Bat, cuyo título (véase Zazpiak Bat) hace mención a la unidad de la nación vasca de las siete provincias o Euskal Herria.​ No obstante, Ravel abandonó esta pieza y utilizó sus temas y ritmos nacionalistas en otras de sus piezas. Asimismo, le influyó en gran medida España (Habanera, Pavana para una infanta difunta, Rapsodia española, Bolero, Don Quijote a Dulcinea), todo lo cual participó mucho en su renombre internacional, y consolidó también la imagen de un músico siempre enamorado del ritmo y las músicas populares. El Oriente (Shéhérazade, Introducción y Allegro, Mi madre la Oca), Grecia (Daphnis et Chloé, Canciones populares griegas) y la música gitana (Tzigane) lo inspiraron también.\nLa música afroestadounidense, que Gershwin le ayudó a descubrir durante la gira americana de 1928, fascinó a Ravel. Introdujo numerosas toques en las obras de su último período creativo (el ragtime en El niño y los sortilegios, el blues en el segundo movimiento de la Sonata para violín, sonoridades del jazz en el Concierto en sol y en el Concierto para la mano izquierda).\nFinalmente, es necesario subrayar la fascinación que ejerció el mundo de la infancia sobre Ravel. Fuese en su propia vida (apego absoluto, casi infantil, a su madre, colección de juguetes mecánicos...) o en su obra (en Mi madre la oca y El niño y los sortilegios), Ravel regularmente expresó una extrema sensibilidad y un gusto pronunciado para lo fantástico y el mundo de los sueños.\n\nEl orquestador\n\nRavel fue, según Marcel Marnat «el más grande orquestador francés», y de acuerdo al dictamen de numerosos melómanos, especialistas o no, uno de los mejores orquestadores de la historia de la música occidental. Su obra más famosa, el Bolero, ¿no debe su éxito sólo a la variación de los timbres y al inmenso crescendo orquestal?\nMaestro curtido en el manejo del timbre (aunque sin ser él mismo adepto de numerosos instrumentos), sabiendo encontrar el equilibrio armonioso más sutil, Ravel supo trascender numerosas obras originales (generalmente escritas para piano) y otorgarles una nueva dimensión, tanto obras suyas (Mi madre la oca, 1912, Valses nobles y sentimentales, 1912, Alborada del gracioso, 1918, La tumba de Couperin, 1919...) como de sus eminentes colegas: Músorgski (Jovánschina, 1913), Schumann (Carnaval, 1914), Chabrier (Menuet pompeux, 1918), Debussy (Sarabande et Danse, 1923) o incluso Chopin (Estudio, Nocturno y Vals, 1923).\nPero sería la orquestación de los célebres Cuadros de una exposición de Modest Petróvich Músorgski, comisión de Serge Koussevitzki para la Orquesta Sinfónica de Boston terminada en 1922, la que sentó definitivamente la reputación internacional de Ravel en la materia. Su versión sigue siendo referencial y eclipsa la de otros compositores que lo han intentado. Los Cuadros orquestados por Ravel forman parte, junto al Bolero, de las obras francesas más interpretadas en el extranjero.\n\nEl intérprete\n\nRavel fue un buen pianista sin llegar a ser un virtuoso (algunas de sus propias composiciones, en particular, el Concierto en sol, que él mismo soñaba interpretar,​ le siguieron siendo inaccesibles). Durante su gira americana en 1928, tocó su Sonatina, acompañó en su Sonata para violín y algunas de sus canciones.\nPodría decirse, también, que como director de orquesta, nunca igualó su calidad como orquestador. Las dos grabaciones que dejó (un Bolero de 1930 y un Concierto en sol de 1932) y los testimonios de su época confirman que Ravel no era un virtuoso en el podio." ]

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[ "Toad Hall (ANU) Toad Hall is a residential hall in Australian National University, it was opened in 1974. Toad Hall is primarily a residence for post-graduate/ mature age (generally over 23 years old) students drawn from some 50 countries across the globe.", "Australian National University The Australian National University (ANU) is a national research university located in Canberra, the capital of Australia. Its main campus in Acton encompasses seven teaching and research colleges, in addition to several national academies and institutes." ]

[ "Whitley College Whitley College is one of the twelve residential colleges of the University of Melbourne and also one of the eleven theological colleges of the University of Divinity. Unlike most colleges, Whitley College was not located on College Crescent but is placed slightly further north at 271 Royal Parade, Victoria, Australia. Unlike most other colleges associated with the university (the other exception being Trinity College), Whitley College is both a residential college and a theological school associated with the Baptist Union of Victoria and accredited by the University of Divinity. Whitley is also known for its motto \"Equipping leaders for a different world.\"", "University of Melbourne The University of Melbourne (informally Melbourne University) is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australia's second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria. Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world (both first in Australia).", "University Hall (University of St Andrews) University Hall is a student hall of residence at the University of St Andrews in St Andrews, Fife, Scotland. When it opened in 1896 it was the first residence for women students in Scotland. University Hall is now a mixed residence.", "Aberdeen University Students' Association Aberdeen University Students' Association (often referred to as AUSA) is the students' association of the University of Aberdeen, an ancient university in the city of Aberdeen in North East Scotland. It organises recreational activities; provides welfare and employment services for students; promotes equality and diversity of students; advancement of education; and provide facilities and support for student societie and sports clubs.", "Sydney Town Hall The Sydney Town Hall is a late 19th-century building in the city of Sydney, the capital city of New South Wales, Australia, housing the chambers of the Lord Mayor of Sydney, council offices, and venues for meetings and functions. It is located on George Street, in the Sydney central business district opposite the Queen Victoria Building and alongside St Andrew's Cathedral. Sited above the Town Hall station and between the city shopping and entertainment precincts, the steps of the Town Hall are a popular meeting place.", "Barton College (Deakin University) Barton College is a residential college located at the Waurn Ponds campus of Deakin University. Established in 1989, the college is a residence made up of the Dawson, Evatt, and Hammond buildings.", "St Albans Secondary College St Albans Secondary College is a 7-12 secondary school located at St Albans, Victoria, Australia, in Melbourne's western suburbs. It is recognised for its academic excellence, strong social and cultural values and high university admission rates.", "RMIT School of Architecture and Design RMIT's School of Architecture and Design is an Australian tertiary education school within the College of Design and Social Context at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), located in Melbourne, Victoria.", "Basser College, University of New South Wales Basser College, University of New South Wales is a residential college at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia. Basser College and its two neighbouring Colleges, Goldstein and Phillip Baxter, are collectively known as the Kensington Colleges.", "Macleay Museum The Macleay Museum in Sydney, Australia, is a natural history museum located on the main campus of the University of Sydney. The Macleay Museum gallery is now closed to the public in preparation for the opening of the new Chau Chak Wing Museum, scheduled for completion in late 2018.", "Curtin University, Malaysia Curtin University, Malaysia (Curtin Malaysia) is the largest international campus of Curtin University, a university based in Perth, Western Australia. It provides local and international students with higher education in Sarawak, Malaysia.", "Seymour Centre The Seymour Centre is a multi-purpose performing arts centre within the University of Sydney, NSW in the Australian city of Sydney. It is located on the corner of City Rd and Cleveland St in Chippendale, an inner-circle suburb, just south-west of the city centre.", "Alice Springs Desert Park The Alice Springs Desert Park is an environmental education facility in Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia.", "Urrbrae, South Australia Urrbrae is a suburb of Adelaide, South Australia. It is located in the City of Mitcham.", "Birmingham Gardens, New South Wales Birmingham Gardens is a suburb of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia, bordering the University of Newcastle 11 km west-northwest of Newcastle's central business district. It is part of the City of Newcastle local government area.", "Charles Sturt University Charles Sturt University (CSU) is an Australian multi-campus public university located in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, and the Australian Capital Territory. Established in 1989, it was named in honour of Captain Charles Sturt, a British explorer who made expeditions into regional New South Wales and South Australia.", "Murdoch University Dubai Murdoch University Dubai is a core branch of Murdoch University, which is based in Perth, Western Australia. The Dubai campus was inaugurated in 2008 by Sheikh Nahyan bin Mubarak Al Nahyan, the UAE Minister of Higher Education and Scientific Research, and is situated at the heart of the Dubai International Academic City, Dubai, UAE. The university has built its reputation through academic excellence in the field of Media, Business, on and Information Technology since 2008.", "RMIT Graduate School of Business and Law RMIT's Graduate School of Business and Law is an Australian graduate school within the College of Business at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT University), located in Melbourne, Victoria.", "Studholme College Studholme College is a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, situated on Clyde Street, a few minutes walk northeast of the university. Housing approximately 185 students, it is one of the smaller colleges in the region. It was founded as Studholme House in 1915. to provide facilities for domestic science students. The college maintains close links with the Department of Human Nutrition (the succeeded the university's School of Home Science), though it now accepts students from all faculties.", "Monash University, Berwick campus Monash University, Berwick Campus is a campus of Monash University located in Berwick, which is a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, in the state of Victoria. It offers degrees in Business and Commerce, Nursing and Education." ]

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[ "Timeline of quantum computing\nIBM unveils its first commercial quantum computer, the IBM Q System One [210]" ]

[ "Quantum computing\nIn May 2017, IBM announced that it has successfully built and tested its most powerful universal quantum computing processors. The first is a 16 qubit processor that will allow for more complex experimentation than the previously available 5 qubit processor. The second is IBM's first prototype commercial processor with 17 qubits and leverages significant materials, device, and architecture improvements to make it the most powerful quantum processor created to date by IBM.", "Quantum computing\nIn 2005, researchers at the University of Michigan built a semiconductor chip ion trap. Such devices from standard lithography may point the way to scalable quantum computing.", "Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations\nIn June 2018, Zhao et al. developed an algorithm for performing Bayesian training of deep neural networks in quantum computers with an exponential speedup over classical training due to the use of the quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations, providing also the first general-purpose implementation of the algorithm to be run in cloud-based quantum computers.", "Andrew Childs\nChilds is known for his work on quantum computing, especially on the development of quantum algorithms.\nHe helped to develop the concept of a quantum walk\nleading to an example of exponential quantum speedup\nand algorithms for spatial search, formula evaluation, and universal computation\nHe also developed quantum algorithms for algebraic problems and for simulating quantum systems.", "Charles H. Bennett (computer scientist)\nCharles Henry Bennett (born 1943) is a physicist, information theorist and IBM Fellow at IBM Research. Bennett's recent work at IBM has concentrated on a re-examination of the physical basis of information, applying quantum physics to the problems surrounding information exchange. He has played a major role in elucidating the interconnections between physics and information, particularly in the realm of quantum computation, but also in cellular automata and reversible computing. He discovered, with Gilles Brassard, the concept of quantum cryptography and is one of the founding fathers of modern quantum information theory (see Bennett's four laws of quantum information).", "Simon Devitt\nDevitt's recent work has focused largely on developing a software framework for large-scale, error-corrected machines, including methods to map high-level quantum circuits to machine level instructions and how these error-corrected circuits need to be optimised to reduce the resource load on quantum computing hardware.", "Matthew P. A. Fisher\nIn recent years, Fisher has developed new interests in neuroscience, where in particular he has proposed the possibility (and mechanisms) of quantum information processing (specifically, quantum cognition) in the human brain.", "Counterfactual quantum computation\nMore recently the idea of counterfactual quantum communication has been proposed and demonstrated. ", "Quantum computing\nIn October 2017, IBM Research scientists successfully \"broke the 49-qubit simulation barrier\" and simulated 49- and 56-qubit short-depth circuits, using the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's Vulcan supercomputer, and the University of Illinois' Cyclops Tensor Framework (originally developed at the University of California).", "Timeline of quantum computing\nCarbon 12 purified for longer coherence times[103] Lifetime of qubits extended to hundreds of milliseconds[104] Quantum control of photons[105] Quantum entanglement demonstrated over 240 micrometres[106] Qubit lifetime extended by factor of 1000[107] First electronic quantum processor created[108] Six-photon graph state entanglement used to simulate the fractional statistics of anyons living in artificial spin-lattice models[109] Single molecule optical transistor[110] NIST reads, writes individual qubits[111] NIST demonstrates multiple computing operations on qubits[112] First large-scale topological cluster state quantum architecture developed for atom-optics[113] A combination of all of the fundamental elements required to perform scalable quantum computing through the use of qubits stored in the internal states of trapped atomic ions shown[114] Researchers at University of Bristol demonstrate Shor's algorithm on a silicon photonic chip[115] Quantum Computing with an Electron Spin Ensemble[116] Scalable flux qubit demonstrated[117] Photon machine gun developed for quantum computing[118] Quantum algorithm developed for differential equation systems[119] First universal programmable quantum computer unveiled[120] Scientists electrically control quantum states of electrons[121] Google collaborates with D-Wave Systems on image search technology using quantum computing[122] A method for synchronizing the properties of multiple coupled CJJ rf-SQUID flux qubits with a small spread of device parameters due to fabrication variations was demonstrated[123]", "Quantum flux parametron\nInvented by Eiichi Goto at the University of Tokyo, the Quantum Flux Parametron (QFP) is an improvement over his earlier parametron based digital logic technology. Unlike its predecessor, QFP uses superconducting Josephson junctions on integrated circuits to improve speed and energy efficiency enormously. In some applications, the complexity of the cryogenic cooling system required is negligible compared to the potential speed gains. While his design makes use of quantum principles, it is not a quantum computer technology, gaining speed only through higher clock speeds. Apart from the speed advantage over traditional CMOS integrated circuit design is that parametrons can be operated with zero energy loss (no local increase in entropy), making reversible computing possible. Low energy use and heat generation is critical in supercomputer design, where thermal load per unit volume has become one of the main limiting factors.", "Quantum mechanics\nAnother goal is the development of quantum computers, which are expected to perform certain computational tasks exponentially faster than classical computers. Instead of using classical bits, quantum computers use qubits, which can be in superpositions of states. Quantum programmers are able to manipulate the superposition of qubits in order to solve problems that classical computing cannot do effectively, such as searching unsorted databases or integer factorization. IBM claims that the advent of quantum computing may progress the fields of medicine, logistics, financial services, artificial intelligence and cloud security.", "Quantum sensor\nThe Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has recently launched a research program in optical quantum sensors that seeks to exploit ideas from quantum metrology and quantum imaging, such as quantum lithography and the NOON state, in order to achieve these goals with optical sensor systems such as lidar.", "Timeline of quantum computing\nEntanglement in a solid-state spin ensemble[139] NOON photons in superconducting quantum integrated circuit[140] Quantum antenna[141] Multimode quantum interference[142] Magnetic Resonance applied to quantum computing[143] Quantum pen[144] Atomic \"Racing Dual\"[145] 14 qubit register[146] D-Wave claims to have developed quantum annealing and introduces their product called D-Wave One. The company claims this is the first commercially available quantum computer[147] Repetitive error correction demonstrated in a quantum processor[148] Diamond quantum computer memory demonstrated[149] Qmodes developed[150] Decoherence suppressed[151] Simplification of controlled operations[152] Ions entangled using microwaves[153] Practical error rates achieved[154] Quantum computer employing Von Neumann architecture[155] Quantum spin Hall topological insulator[156] Two Diamonds Linked by Quantum Entanglement could help develop photonic processors[157]", "Jacquiline Romero\nFollowing her PhD, Romero worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Glasgow. During this time, Romero and her colleagues made headlines with their discovery of a way to slow down photons in free space. In 2015 she moved to Brisbane, Australia as a Research Fellow in the School of Mathematics and Physics at the University of Queensland. In 2016, Romero was awarded a Discovery Early Career Research Award (DECRA) to continue her work on quantum foundations and single photon manipulation, specifically studying security in higher-dimensional quantum systems. Romero's work on quantum alphabets seeks to increase the amount of information encoded in a single photon, as opposed to only two options (0 and 1) for encoding in classical computing. This research has implications for cyber security and more efficient data transfer and storage. Romero is also currently developing a brain-inspired computer based on current quantum photonic capabilities to provide insight for both neuroscience and computing.Romero has been an advocate for women in science, emphasising the importance of role models for young women interested in physics. In interviews, Romero emphasises that it is possible to have a productive research career and have children saying, “I do not feel less of a physicist because I am a mother, nor less of a mother because I am a physicist”", "Quantum computing\nIn 2014, a group of researchers from ETH Zürich, USC, Google ,and Microsoft reported a definition of quantum speedup, and were not able to measure quantum speedup with the D-Wave Two device, but did not explicitly rule it out.", "Jacquiline Romero\nMary Jacquiline Romero is a quantum physicist in the Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Engineered Quantum Systems at the University of Queensland, Australia. Her research expertise and interests are in the field of quantum foundations and quantum information. In particular, Romero is an experimental quantum physicist studying the properties of single photons for the development of new quantum alphabets and the nature of quantum causality.", "One-way quantum computer\nOne-way quantum computation has been demonstrated by running the 2 qubit Grover's algorithm on a 2x2 cluster state of photons. A linear optics quantum computer based on one-way computation has been proposed.", "Quantum Philosophy\nQuantum Philosophy is a 2002 book by the physicist Roland Omnès, in which he aims to show the non-specialist reader how modern developments in quantum mechanics allow the recovery of our common sense view of the world.Omnès' project is not quite as it at first sounds. He is not trying to show that quantum mechanics itself can be understood in a common sense framework, quite the opposite. He argues that modern science has, necessarily, become more and more formal, and more and more remote from common sense, as it strives to make itself an accurate reflection of the physical world. But he argues that we have now come near enough to scaling the 'magnificent peaks' of the formal mathematics needed to describe reality for one thing to have finally become clear: it is now possible to demonstrate, formally, and starting from the underlying principles of quantum mechanics, that the laws of classical logic, classical probability and classical dynamics apply to objects at the macroscopic level.", "Quantum computing\nIn April 2015 IBM scientists claimed two critical advances towards the realization of a practical quantum computer. They claimed the ability to detect and measure both kinds of quantum errors simultaneously, as well as a new, square quantum bit circuit design that could scale to larger dimensions.", "Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity\nSeveral programs at IARPA focus on quantum computing and neuroscience. IARPA is a major funder of quantum computing research due to its applications in quantum cryptography. As of 2009, IARPA was said to provide a large portion of quantum computing funding resources in the United States. Quantum computing research funded by IARPA was named Science Magazine's Breakthrough of the Year in 2010, and physicist David Wineland was a winner of the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics for quantum computing research funded by IARPA. IARPA is also involved in neuromorphic computation efforts as part of the U.S. BRAIN Initiative and the National Nanotechnology Initiative's Grand Challenge for Future Computing. IARPA's MICrONS project seeks to reverse engineer one cubic millimeter of brain tissue and use insights from its study to improve machine learning and artificial intelligence.", "Qubit\nIn a paper entitled: \"Solid-state quantum memory using the 31P nuclear spin\", published in the October 23, 2008 issue of the journal Nature,[9] a team of scientists from the U.K. and U.S. reported the first relatively long (1.75 seconds) and coherent transfer of a superposition state in an electron spin \"processing\" qubit to a nuclear spin \"memory\" qubit. This event can be considered the first relatively consistent quantum data storage, a vital step towards the development of quantum computing. Recently, a modification of similar systems (using charged rather than neutral donors) has dramatically extended this time, to 3 hours at very low temperatures and 39 minutes at room temperature.[10] Room temperature preparation of a qubit based on electron spins instead of nuclear spin was also demonstrated by a team of scientists from Switzerland and Australia.[11]", "Counterfactual quantum computation\nPhysicists Graeme Mitchison and Richard Jozsa introduced the notion of counterfactual computing as an application of quantum computing, founded on the concepts of counterfactual definiteness, on a re-interpretation of the Elitzur–Vaidman bomb tester thought experiment, and making theoretical use of the phenomenon of interaction-free measurement.", "Quantum entanglement\nFrom 2016 various companies like IBM, Microsoft etc. have successfully created quantum computers and allowed developers and tech enthusiasts to openly experiment with concepts of quantum mechanics including quantum entanglement.", "Quantum annealing\nIn June 2014, D-Wave announced a new quantum applications ecosystem with computational finance firm 1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) and cancer research group DNA-SEQ to focus on solving real-world problems with quantum hardware. As the first company dedicated to producing software applications for commercially available quantum computers, 1QBit's research and development arm has focused on D-Wave's quantum annealing processors and has successfully demonstrated that these processors are suitable for solving real-world applications.", "Quantum algorithm\nIn quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm which runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the quantum circuit model of computation. A classical (or non-quantum) algorithm is a finite sequence of instructions, or a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, where each step or instruction can be performed on a classical computer. Similarly, a quantum algorithm is a step-by-step procedure, where each of the steps can be performed on a quantum computer. Although all classical algorithms can also be performed on a quantum computer, the term quantum algorithm is usually used for those algorithms which seem inherently quantum, or use some essential feature of quantum computation such as quantum superposition or quantum entanglement.", "Nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computer\nInitially the approach was to use the spin properties of atoms of particular molecules in a liquid sample as qubits - this is known as liquid state NMR (LSNMR). This approach has since been superseded by solid state NMR (SSNMR) as a means of quantum computation.", "Quantum probability\nSome recent advances are based on quantum filtering and feedback control theory as applications of quantum stochastic calculus.", "Rigetti Computing\nRigetti Computing is a Berkeley, California-based developer of quantum integrated circuits used for quantum computers. The company also develops a cloud platform called Forest that enables programmers to write quantum algorithms.", "Lateral computing\nIn a quantum computer, the fundamental unit of information (called a quantum bit or qubit), is not binary but rather more quaternary in nature. This qubit property arises as a direct consequence of its adherence to the laws of quantum mechanics, which differ radically from the laws of classical physics. A qubit can exist not only in a state corresponding to the logical state 0 or 1 as in a classical bit, but also in states corresponding to a blend or quantum superposition of these classical states. In other words, a qubit can exist as a zero, a one, or simultaneously as both 0 and 1, with a numerical coefficient representing the probability for each state. A quantum computer manipulates qubits by executing a series of quantum gates, each a unitary transformation acting on a single qubit or pair of qubits. In applying these gates in succession, a quantum computer can perform a complicated unitary transformation to a set of qubits in some initial state.", "Linear optics\nOne currently active field of research is the use of linear optics versus the use of nonlinear optics in quantum computing. For example, one model of linear optical quantum computing, the KLM model, is universal for quantum computing, and another model, the boson sampling-based model, is believed to be non-universal (for quantum computing) yet still seems to be able to solve some problems exponentially faster than a classical computer.", "Toffoli gate\nMore recent motivation comes from quantum computing. Quantum mechanics requires the transformations to be reversible and allows more general states of the computation than classical computers (superpositions).", "Quantum neural network\nRinkus proposes that distributed representation, specifically \"sparse distributed representation\" (SDR), provides a classical implementation of quantum computing. Specifically, the set of SDR codes stored in an SDR coding field will generally intersect with each other to varying degrees. In other work, Rinkus describes a fixed time learning (and inference) algorithm that preserves similarity in the input space into similarity (intersection size) in the SDR code space. Assuming that input similarity correlates with probability, this means that any single active SDR code is also a probability distribution over all stored inputs, with the probability of each input measured by the fraction of its SDR code that is active (i.e., the size of its intersection with the active SDR code). The learning/inference algorithm can also be viewed as a state update operator and because any single active SDR simultaneously represents both the probability of the single input, X, to which it was assigned during learning and the probabilities of all other stored inputs, the same physical process that updates the probability of X also updates all stored probabilities. By 'fixed time', it is meant that the number of computational steps comprising this process (the update algorithm) remains constant as the number of stored codes increases. This theory departs radically from the standard view of quantum computing and quantum physical theory more generally: rather than assuming that the states of the lowest level entities in the system, i.e., single binary neurons, exist in superposition, it assumes only that higher-level, i.e., composite entities, i.e., whole SDR codes (which are sets of binary neurons), exist in superposition.", "Centre for Quantum Computation\nInitially the CQC was based at the Clarendon Laboratory, but it has now grown to span several departments at the University of Oxford:The Centre has its origins in the early 80's when the computer industry began to worry about the limits of computing. In 1981, Oxford physicist David Deutsch attended a party in Texas given by the famous American physicist John Wheeler who had invited a number of scientists interested in the foundations of computing. It was at this party that Deutsch gained the crucial insight that would lead to an entirely new branch of physics. At the time, computer scientists were turning to Newtonian physics to try to resolve certain fundamental puzzles in the field. But during a conversation at Wheeler’s party, Deutsch realised that this was the wrong approach. Physics is fundamentally governed by quantum theory, and Deutsch could see immediately that using quantum theory instead of Newtonian physics would give a different result. As a consequence of this insight, Deutsch published the paper in 1985 that is now generally regarded as a classic in the field. The paper describes how a computer might run using quantum mechanics and why such a computer is fundamentally different from ordinary computers.", "Michel Devoret\nHis work in association with well-known experimentalists in the field such as Rob Schoelkopf, Steven Girvin and Irfan Siddiqi has brought about valuable insights in quantum computing and in developing a new paradigm of circuit QED using superconducting electrical circuits.\nHis recent work, in association with a colleague, A. Marblestone, has shown an exponential quantum enhancement in communication channels as a result of entanglement (see Quantum pseudo-telepathy).", "Timeline of quantum computing\nD-Wave Systems Inc. announces general commercial availability of the D-Wave 2000Q quantum annealer, which it claims has 2000 qubits.[193] Atos sells first Quantum Learning Machine to Oak Ridge National Laboratory, supporting US Department of Energy research[194] Blueprint for a microwave trapped ion quantum computer published.[195] IBM unveils 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it.[196] Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangled qudits each with 10 states, for 100 dimensions total.[197] Microsoft reveals an unnamed quantum programming language, integrated with Visual Studio. Programs can be executed locally on a 32-qubit simulator, or a 40-qubit simulator on Azure.[198] Intel confirms development of a 17-qubit superconducting test chip.[199] IBM reveals a working 50-qubit quantum computer that can maintain its quantum state for 90 microseconds.[200]", "Theoretical computer science\nWith the development of quantum mechanics in the beginning of the 20th century came the concept that mathematical operations could be performed on an entire particle wavefunction. In other words, one could compute functions on multiple states simultaneously. This led to the concept of a quantum computer in the latter half of the 20th century that took off in the 1990s when Peter Shor showed that such methods could be used to factor large numbers in polynomial time, which, if implemented, would render most modern public key cryptography systems uselessly insecure.", "Topological quantum computer\nA topological quantum computer is a theoretical quantum computer that employs two-dimensional quasiparticles called anyons, whose world lines pass around one another to form braids in a three-dimensional spacetime (i.e., one temporal plus two spatial dimensions). These braids form the logic gates that make up the computer. The advantage of a quantum computer based on quantum braids over using trapped quantum particles is that the former is much more stable. Small, cumulative perturbations can cause quantum states to decohere and introduce errors in the computation, but such small perturbations do not change the braids' topological properties. This is like the effort required to cut a string and reattach the ends to form a different braid, as opposed to a ball (representing an ordinary quantum particle in four-dimensional spacetime) bumping into a wall. Alexei Kitaev proposed topological quantum computation in 1997. While the elements of a topological quantum computer originate in a purely mathematical realm, experiments in fractional quantum Hall systems indicate these elements may be created in the real world using semiconductors made of gallium arsenide at a temperature of near absolute zero and subjected to strong magnetic fields.", "Quantum computing\nIn July 2018, a team led by the University of Sydney has achieved the world's first multi-qubit demonstration of a quantum chemistry calculation performed on a system of trapped ions, one of the leading hardware platforms in the race to develop a universal quantum computer.", "Quantum machine learning\nQuantum machine learning is an emerging interdisciplinary research area at the intersection of quantum physics and machine learning. The most common use of the term refers to machine learning algorithms for the analysis of classical data executed on a quantum computer. While machine learning algorithms are used to compute immense quantities of data, quantum machine learning increases such capabilities intelligently, by creating opportunities to conduct analysis on quantum states and systems.This includes hybrid methods that involve both classical and quantum processing, where computationally difficult subroutines are outsourced to a quantum device. These routines can be more complex in nature and executed faster with the assistance of quantum devices. Furthermore, quantum algorithms can be used to analyze quantum states instead of classical data. Beyond quantum computing, the term \"quantum machine learning\" is often associated with machine learning methods applied to data generated from quantum experiments, such as learning quantum phase transitions or creating new quantum experiments. Quantum machine learning also extends to a branch of research that explores methodological and structural similarities between certain physical systems and learning systems, in particular neural networks. For example, some mathematical and numerical techniques from quantum physics are applicable to classical deep learning and vice versa. Finally, researchers investigate more abstract notions of learning theory with respect to quantum information, sometimes referred to as \"quantum learning theory\".", "Human-based computation game\n\"Quantum Moves\" is a dexterity and spatial problem solving game, where players move slippery particles across quantum space. Players' solutions on various levels are used to program and fine tune a real quantum computer at Aarhus University.\nThe game was first developed as a graphical interface for quantum simulation and education in 2012. In 2013 it was released to the public in a user-friendly form, and has been continually updated throughout 2014.", "Quantum circuit\nSo far we have not shown how quantum circuits are used to perform computations. Since many important numerical problems reduce to computing a unitary transformation \"U\" on a finite-dimensional space (the celebrated discrete Fourier transform \nbeing a prime example), one might expect that some quantum circuit could be designed to carry out the transformation \"U\". In principle, one needs only to prepare an \"n\" qubit state ψ as an appropriate superposition of computational basis states for the input and measure the output \"U\"ψ. Unfortunately, there are two problems with this:This does not prevent quantum circuits for the discrete Fourier transform from being used as intermediate steps in other quantum circuits, but the use is more subtle. In fact quantum computations are \"probabilistic\".", "Quantum computing\nIn December 2017, Microsoft released a preview version of a \"Quantum Development Kit\". It includes a programming language, Q#, which can be used to write programs that are run on an emulated quantum computer.", "Quantum Fourier transform\nIn quantum computing, the quantum Fourier transform (for short: QFT) is a linear transformation on quantum bits, and is the quantum analogue of the discrete Fourier transform. The quantum Fourier transform is a part of many quantum algorithms, notably Shor's algorithm for factoring and computing the discrete logarithm, the quantum phase estimation algorithm for estimating the eigenvalues of a unitary operator, and algorithms for the hidden subgroup problem.", "Edward Farhi\nSince the late '90's, Farhi has been studying how to use quantum mechanics to gain algorithmic speedup in solving problems that are difficult for conventional computers. He and Sam Gutmann pioneered the continuous time Hamiltonian based approach to quantum computation which is an alternative to the conventional gate model. He and Gutmann then proposed the idea of designing algorithms based on quantum walks, which has been used to demonstrate the power of quantum computation over classical. They, along with Jeffrey Goldstone and Michael Sipser, introduced the idea of quantum computation by adiabatic evolution, which has generated much interest in the quantum computing community, as an example, the D-Wave machine is designed to run the quantum adiabatic algorithm. In 2007, Farhi, Goldstone and Gutmann showed, using quantum walks, that a quantum computer can determine who wins a game faster than a classical computer. In 2010, he along with Peter Shor and others at MIT introduced a scheme for Quantum Money which so far has resisted attack. In 2014 Farhi, Goldstone and Gutmann introduced a novel quantum algorithm for finding approximate solutions to combinatorial search problems.", "Superconducting quantum computing\nClassical computation models rely on physical implementations consistent with the laws of classical mechanics. It is known, however, that the classical description is only accurate for specific cases, while the more general description of nature is given by the quantum mechanics. Quantum computation studies the application of quantum phenomena, that are beyond the scope of classical approximation, for information processing and communication. Various models of quantum computation exist, however the most popular models incorporate the concepts of qubits and quantum gates. A qubit is a generalization of a bit - a system with two possible states, that can be in a quantum superposition of both. A quantum gate is a generalization of a logic gate: it describes the transformation that one or more qubits will experience after the gate is applied on them, given their initial state. The physical implementation of qubits and gates is difficult, for the same reasons that quantum phenomena are hard to observe in everyday life. One approach is to implement the quantum computers in superconductors, where the quantum effects become macroscopic, though at a price of extremely low operation temperatures.", "Timeline of quantum computing\nD-Wave claims a quantum computation using 84 qubits.[158] Physicists create a working transistor from a single atom[159][160] A method for manipulating the charge of nitrogen vacancy-centres in diamond[161] Reported creation of a 300 qubit/particle quantum simulator.[162][163] Demonstration of topologically protected qubits with an eight-photon entanglement, a robust approach to practical quantum computing[164] 1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) founded. World's first dedicated quantum computing software company.[165] First design of a quantum repeater system without a need for quantum memories[166] Decoherence suppressed for 2 seconds at room temperature by manipulating Carbon-13 atoms with lasers.[167][168] Theory of Bell-based randomness expansion with reduced assumption of measurement independence.[169] New low overhead method for fault-tolerant quantum logic developed, called lattice surgery[170]", "Continuous-variable quantum information\nContinuous-variable quantum information is the area of quantum information science that makes use of physical observables, like the strength of an electromagnetic field, whose numerical values belong to continuous intervals. One primary application is quantum computing. In a sense, continuous-variable quantum computation is \"analog\", while quantum computation using qubits is \"digital.\" In more technical terms, the former makes use of Hilbert spaces that are infinite-dimensional, while the Hilbert spaces for systems comprising collections of qubits are finite-dimensional. One motivation for studying continuous-variable quantum computation is to understand what resources are necessary to make quantum computers more powerful than classical ones.", "IBM Q Experience\nThe IBM Q Experience is an online platform that gives users in the general public access to a set of IBM's prototype quantum processors via the Cloud, an online internet forum for discussing quantum computing relevant topics, a set of tutorials on how to program the IBM Q devices, and other educational material about quantum computing. It is an example of cloud based quantum computing. As of May 2018, there are three processors on the IBM Q Experience: two 5-qubit processors and a 16-qubit processor. This service can be used to run algorithms and experiments, and explore tutorials and simulations around what might be possible with quantum computing. The site also provides an easily discoverable list of research papers published using the IBM Q Experience as an experimentation platform.", "Quantum supremacy\nLike factoring integers, sampling the output distributions of random quantum circuits is believed to be hard for classical computers based on reasonable complexity assumptions. Google previously announced plans to demonstrate quantum supremacy before the end of 2017 by solving this problem with an array of 49 superconducting qubits. However, as of early January 2018, only Intel has announced such hardware. In October 2017, IBM demonstrated the simulation of 56 qubits on a conventional supercomputer, increasing the number of qubits needed for quantum supremacy. In November of 2018, Google announced a partnership with NASA that would “analyze results from quantum circuits run on Google quantum processors, and ... provide comparisons with classical simulation to both support Google in validating its hardware and establish a baseline for quantum supremacy.” Theoretical work published in 2018 suggests that quantum supremacy should be possible with a \"two-dimensional lattice of 7x7 qubits and around 40 clock cycles\" if error rates can be pushed low enough.", "Quantum computing\nAdiabatic quantum computation relies on the adiabatic theorem to undertake calculations. A system is placed in the ground state for a simple Hamiltonian, which is slowly evolved to a more complicated Hamiltonian whose ground state represents the solution to the problem in question. The adiabatic theorem states that if the evolution is slow enough the system will stay in its ground state at all times through the process.", "Quantum computing\nIn 1980 Paul Benioff described quantum mechanical Hamiltonian models of computers and the Russian mathematician Yuri Manin motivated the development of quantum computers.", "Quantum pseudo-telepathy\nIt has been demonstrated that the above-described game is the simplest two-player game of its type in which quantum pseudo-telepathy allows a win with probability one. Other games in which quantum pseudo-telepathy occurs have been studied, including larger magic square games, graph colouring games giving rise to the notion of quantum chromatic number, and multiplayer games involving more than two participants.\nRecent studies tackle the question of the robustness of the effect against noise due to imperfect measurements on the coherent quantum state. Recent work has shown an exponential enhancement in the communication cost of nonlinear distributed computation, due to entanglement, when the communication channel itself is restricted to be linear.", "Quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations\nWiebe et al. provide a new quantum algorithm to determine the quality of a least-squares fit in which a continuous function is used to approximate a set of discrete points by extending the quantum algorithm for linear systems of equations. As the amount of discrete points increases, the time required to produce a least-squares fit using even a quantum computer running a quantum state tomography algorithm becomes very large. Wiebe et al. find that in many cases, their algorithm can efficiently find a concise approximation of the data points, eliminating the need for the higher-complexity tomography algorithm.", "United States Naval Research Laboratory\nNRL has most recently published research on quantum computing, quantum dots, plasma shockwaves, thermodynamics of liquids, modeling of oil spills and other topics.", "Centre for Quantum Computation\nA breakthrough in 1994 by Peter Shor, a researcher at the labs of the American telecommunications giant AT&T, boosted the entire field of quantum information. Shor showed that Deutch’s quantum computer could actually solve an important problem that an ordinary computer would find impossible. For the first time, it became clear that quantum computers were far from unimportant curiosities. After Shor’s announcement, quantum information became increasingly popular with Oxford. In 1995, Andrew Steane began an experimental effort to study how quantum computers might be built from ionised atoms trapped by laser beams. In 1996, Jonathan Jones started a group working on a quantum computer based on the same techniques used in magnetic resonance imaging in medicine. And two years later, Dirk Bouwmeester arrived from Geneva to begin an experimental group working out how the quantum world could also revolutionise communication. The group changed its name to the Centre from Quantum Computation.", "Quantum computing\nIn July 2017, a group of U.S. researchers announced a quantum simulator with 51 qubits. The announcement was made by Mikhail Lukin of Harvard University at the International Conference on Quantum Technologies in Moscow. A quantum simulator differs from a computer. Lukin’s simulator was designed to solve one equation. Solving a different equation would require building a new system. A computer can solve many different equations.", "Quantum computing\nIn February 2018, QuTech reported successfully testing a silicon-based two-spin-qubits quantum processor.", "Quantum computing\nIn April 2012 a multinational team of researchers from the University of Southern California, Delft University of Technology, the Iowa State University of Science and Technology, and the University of California, Santa Barbara, constructed a two-qubit quantum computer on a doped diamond crystal that can easily be scaled up and is functional at room temperature. Two logical qubit directions of electron spin and nitrogen kernels spin were used, with microwave impulses. This computer ran Grover's algorithm generating the right answer from the first try in 95% of cases.", "Hans Jürgen Briegel\nHans Briegel has developed fundamental concepts in the field of quantum information, quantum computing and quantum communication. In 2001, together with Robert Raussendorf, he introduced the concept of a one-way quantum computer or measurement-based quantum computer model, which presented a new paradigm for building a quantum computer. According to Thomson Reuter’s analysis, the publication of this work is the second most-often cited publication in the field of quantum computing research in the first decade of the 21st century. Together with his work in cluster and graph states, it led to a completely new understanding of entanglement as a resource for quantum information processing. The concept of the quantum repeater, presented by Hans Briegel and his colleagues in 1998, plays an important role in quantum communication.", "KLM protocol\nThe KLM scheme or KLM protocol is an implementation of linear optical quantum computing (LOQC), developed in 2000 by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn. This protocol makes it possible to create universal quantum computers solely with linear optical tools. The KLM protocol uses linear optical elements, single photon sources and photon detectors as resources to construct a quantum computation scheme involving only ancilla resources, quantum teleportations and error corrections.", "Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab\nThe Quantum AI Lab was announced by Google Research in a blog post on May 16, 2013. At the time of launch, the Lab was using the most advanced commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave Two from D-Wave Systems.", "Pittsburgh Quantum Institute\nPQI researchers work on various aspects of quantum computing and information. Development in information theory as well as in quantum algorithms is carried out. Qubit platforms, such as superconducting microwave circuits and Majorana Fermions in semiconducting nanowires are designed for quantum computing. Quantum simulation is another approach to quantum computing; the experimental thrust is the design of a 1D solid state quantum simulation platform that can be controlled on the nanoscale, while a theoretical approach consists of the development of powerful numerical methods that would open the door to faster, more accurate simulations of various novel and exotic quantum systems on a classical computer.", "Quantum computing\nIn 1994 Peter Shor, at AT&T's Bell Labs discovered an important quantum algorithm, which allows a quantum computer to factor large integers exponentially much faster than the best known classical algorithm. Shor's algorithm can theoretically break many of the public-key cryptosystems in use today. Its invention sparked a tremendous interest in quantum computers.", "Time-evolving block decimation\nWhen the first quantum computer will be plugged in and functioning, the perspectives for the field of computational physics will look rather promising, but until that day one has to restrict oneself to the mundane tools offered by classical computers. While experimental physicists are putting a lot of effort in trying to build the first quantum computer, theoretical physicists are searching, in the field of quantum information theory (QIT), for genuine quantum algorithms, appropriate for problems that would perform badly when trying to be solved on a classical computer, but pretty fast and successful on a quantum one. The search for such algorithms is still going, the best-known (and almost the only ones found) being the Shor's algorithm, for factoring large numbers, and Grover's search algorithm.", "Trapped ion quantum computer\nThe first implementation scheme for a controlled-NOT quantum gate was proposed by Ignacio Cirac and Peter Zoller in 1995, specifically for the trapped ion system. The same year, a key step in the controlled-NOT gate was experimentally realized at NIST Ion Storage Group, and research in quantum computing began to take off worldwide. Many traditional ion trapping research groups have made the transition to quantum computing research, while, more recently, many other new research groups have joined the effort. An enormous amount of progress in this field has been made in the past decade and trapped ions remain a leading candidate for quantum computation.", "Theoretical computer science\nA quantum computer is a computation system that makes direct use of quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform operations on data. Quantum computers are different from digital computers based on transistors. Whereas digital computers require data to be encoded into binary digits (bits), each of which is always in one of two definite states (0 or 1), quantum computation uses qubits (quantum bits), which can be in superpositions of states. A theoretical model is the quantum Turing machine, also known as the universal quantum computer. Quantum computers share theoretical similarities with non-deterministic and probabilistic computers; one example is the ability to be in more than one state simultaneously. The field of quantum computing was first introduced by Yuri Manin in 1980 and Richard Feynman in 1982. A quantum computer with spins as quantum bits was also formulated for use as a quantum space–time in 1968.", "Kenji Ohmori\nNational Institutes of Natural Sciences, Japan (NIMS), Institute for Molecular Science (IMS)Kenji Ohmori has succeeded in designing and visualizing spatiotemporal images given by the interference of matter waves of atoms in a molecule with picometer and femtosecond resolution [1,2]. The precision of this processing is the highest to date, higher than that of the current nanotechnology by three orders of magnitudes. This ultrahigh-precision processing has been implemented with the temporal oscillations of laser electric fields engineered with attosecond precision and imprinted on the matter waves of atoms and electrons in a molecule. He has utilized this technique to develop a molecular computer in which a single 0.3-nanometer-size molecule can calculate 1000 times faster than the current fastest supercomputer [3,4]. He has also developed an ultrafast quantum simulator that can simulate non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems in one nanosecond, introducing a novel concept where he has combined his ultrafast coherent control with attosecond precision and ultracold atoms cooled down to temperatures close to absolute zero[5].", "David Deutsch\nDavid Elieser Deutsch (; born 18 May 1953) is an Israeli-born British physicist at the University of Oxford. He is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Atomic and Laser Physics at the Centre for Quantum Computation (CQC) in the Clarendon Laboratory of the University of Oxford. He pioneered the field of quantum computation by formulating a description for a quantum Turing machine, as well as specifying an algorithm designed to run on a quantum computer. He is a proponent of the many-worlds interpretation of quantum mechanics.", "Quantum computing\nIn February 2013, a new technique, boson sampling, was reported by two groups using photons in an optical lattice that is not a universal quantum computer but may be good enough for practical problems. \"Science\" Feb 15, 2013", "Quantum computing\nIn May 2013, Google announced that it was launching the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab, hosted by NASA Ames Research Center, with a 512-qubit D-Wave quantum computer. The USRA (Universities Space Research Association) will invite researchers to share time on it with the goal of studying quantum computing for machine learning. Google added that they had \"already developed some quantum machine learning algorithms\" and had \"learned some useful principles\", such as that \"best results\" come from \"mixing quantum and classical computing\".", "Quantum computing\nThe state of a three-qubit quantum computer is similarly described by an eight-dimensional vector formula_11 (or a one dimensional vector with\neach vector node holding the amplitude and the state as the bit string of qubits). Here, however, the coefficients formula_12 are complex numbers, and it is the sum of the \"squares\" of the coefficients' absolute values, formula_13, that must equal 1. For each formula_14, the absolute value squared formula_15 gives the probability of the system being found in the formula_14-th state after a measurement. However, because a complex number encodes not just a magnitude but also a direction in the complex plane, the phase difference between any two coefficients (states) represents a meaningful parameter. This is a fundamental difference between quantum computing and probabilistic classical computing.", "Computing\nDNA-based computing and quantum computing are areas of active research in both hardware and software (such as the development of quantum algorithms). Potential infrastructure for future technologies includes DNA origami on photolithography and quantum antennae for transferring information between ion traps. By 2011, researchers had entangled 14 qubits. Fast digital circuits (including those based on Josephson junctions and rapid single flux quantum technology) are becoming more nearly realizable with the discovery of nanoscale superconductors.", "Quantum computing\nLarge-scale quantum computers would theoretically be able to solve certain problems much more quickly than any classical computers that use even the best currently known algorithms, like integer factorization using Shor's algorithm (which is a quantum algorithm) and the simulation of quantum many-body systems. There exist quantum algorithms, such as Simon's algorithm, that run faster than any possible probabilistic classical algorithm.\nA classical computer could in principle (with exponential resources) simulate a quantum algorithm, as quantum computation does not violate the Church–Turing thesis. On the other hand, quantum computers may be able to efficiently solve problems which are not \"practically\" feasible on classical computers.", "Lieb-Robinson bounds\nOne of the practical applications of Lieb-Robinson bounds is quantum computing. Current proposals to construct quantum computers built out of atomic-like units mostly rely on the existence of this finite speed of propagation to protect against too rapid dispersal of information.", "Quantum computing\nIn late 2017 and early 2018 IBM, Intel, and Google each reported testing quantum processors containing 50, 49, and 72 qubits, respectively, all realized using superconducting circuits. By number of qubits, these circuits are approaching the range in which simulating their quantum dynamics is expected to become prohibitive on classical computers, although it has been argued that further improvements in error rates are needed to put classical simulation out of reach.", "Natural computing\nQuantum cryptography is not based on the complexity of the computation, but on the special properties of quantum information, such as the fact that quantum information cannot be measured reliably and any attempt at measuring it results in an unavoidable and irreversible disturbance. \nA successful open air experiment in quantum cryptography was reported in 2007, where data was transmitted securely over a distance of 144 km. \nQuantum teleportation is another promising application, in which a quantum state (not matter or energy) is transferred to an arbitrary distant location. Implementations of practical quantum computers are based on various substrates such as ion-traps, \nsuperconductors, nuclear magnetic resonance, etc. \nAs of 2006, the largest quantum computing experiment used liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance quantum information processors, and could operate on up to 12 qubits.", "Quantum image processing\nTechnically, these pioneering efforts with the subsequent studies related to them can be classified into three main groups:A lot of the effort in QIP has been focused on designing algorithms to manipulate the position and color information encoded using the FRQI and its many variants. For instance, FRQI-based fast geometric transformations including (two-point) swapping, flip, (orthogonal) rotations and restricted geometric transformations to constrain these operations to a specified area of an image were initially proposed. Recently, NEQR-based quantum image translation to map the position of each picture element in an input image into a new position in an output image and quantum image scaling to resize a quantum image were discussed. While FRQI-based general form of color transformations were first proposed by means of the single qubit gates such as X, Z, and H gates. Later, MCQI-based channel of interest (CoI) operator to entail shifting the grayscale value of the preselected color channel and the channel swapping (CS) operator to swap the grayscale values between two channels were fully discussed in.", "Quantum computing\nIn April 2011, a team of scientists from Australia and Japan made a breakthrough in quantum teleportation. They successfully transferred a complex set of quantum data with full transmission integrity, without affecting the qubits' superpositions.", "Sridhar Tayur\nTayur created the Quantum Group at Carnegie Mellon in 2017 to study optimization problems―motivated by operations research and operations management applications―by bringing ideas and methods from algebraic geometry, geometry of numbers and algebraic topology to quantum computing. The group has conducted numerical testing on D-Wave of their new hybrid quantum-classical algorithm to compute Graver basis, which is known to be useful in many applications of non-linear integer optimization and game theory. Based on a novel algebraic geometry framing, the Quantum Group is also developing a “Translator API” that will make quantum hardware (based on Ising Spin Glass architecture, like D-Wave) more easily accessible to the optimization community. The group is also the first to introduce Morse theory (from algebraic topology) to understand adiabatic quantum computation better.", "Quantum contextuality\nRecently, quantum contextuality has been explored as a potential tool for quantum computing. In 2013, Robert Raussendorf showed that in general, any Mermin-like, inequality-free proof for quantum contextuality (such as the Kochen-Specker theorem) can be turned into a measurement-based quantum computation. More formally, \"under quite natural assumptions for multi-qubit systems, MBQCs (measurement based quantum computations) which compute a non-linear Boolean function with sufficiently high success probability are contextual.\" Then in 2014, Mark Howard, et. al. showed that applying contextuality to magic state distillation (MSD) provides a means for arriving at universal, fault-tolerant quantum computing. MSD is a process by which a single qubit's polarization is increased along one of several \"magic\" directions and its state is considered \"magic\" once its polarization reaches a certain level. In particular, the group proved that states are non-contextual if and only if they cannot be used as inputs for magic state distillation. This provides a selection criteria for proper input states needed in MSD, and by extension aids in the efficient creation of magic states that, when coupled with fault-tolerant operators, allows for universal quantum computing. In both cases, contextuality has a potential advantage over other quantum computational techniques since contextuality itself can be thought of as a theory of information that is built directly into quantum mechanics. Comparatively, more traditional quantum phenomena such as entanglement and interference use delicate physical states which are incredibly susceptible to noise and very difficult to manipulate experimentally.", "Counterfactual quantum computation\nIn 2015, counterfactual quantum computation was demonstrated in the experimental context of \"spins of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy color center in a diamond\". Previously suspected limits of efficiency were exceeded, achieving counterfactual computational efficiency of 85% with the higher efficiency foreseen in principle.", "Kane quantum computer\nThe Kane quantum computer is a proposal for a scalable quantum computer proposed by Bruce Kane in 1998, who was then at the University of New South Wales. Often thought of as a hybrid between quantum dot and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computers, the Kane computer is based on an array of individual phosphorus donor atoms embedded in a pure silicon lattice. Both the nuclear spins of the donors and the spins of the donor electrons participate in the computation.", "Carlton M. Caves\nCaves has also made contributions to the theory of continuous measurements in quantum mechanics, participated in initial work on what is now called Quantum Bayesianism, worked on a proposal for doing two-qubit quantum gates on neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice, helped to clarify the role of quantum entanglement in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) simulations of quantum computation, and explored the role of nonclassical correlations outside of quantum entanglement as the resource that powers quantum computation.", "D-Wave Two\nD-Wave Two (project code name Vesuvius) is the second commercially available quantum computer, and the successor to the first commercially available quantum computer, D-Wave One. Both computers were developed by Canadian company D-Wave Systems. The computers are not general purpose, but rather are designed for quantum annealing. Specifically, the computers are designed to use quantum annealing to solve a single type of problem known as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization. As of 2015, it is still heavily debated whether large-scale entanglement takes place in D-Wave Two, and whether current or future generations of D-Wave computers will have any advantage over classical computers.", "Quantum finance\nOne of these alternatives is quantum computing. Just as physics models have evolved from classical to quantum, so has computing. Quantum computers have been shown to outperform classical computers when it comes to simulating\nquantum mechanics as well as for\nseveral other algorithms such as Shor's algorithm for factorization and Grover's algorithm for quantum search, making them an attractive area to research for solving computational finance problems.", "Irfan Siddiqi\nSiddiqi's research is mainly focused on the fields of quantum electrodynamics and cQED. His work in collaboration with Robert J. Schoelkopf and Steven Girvin made significant contributions to the development of quantum computing and in developing a new paradigm of circuit QED using superconducting electrical circuits.", "Time-evolving block decimation\nGuifré Vidal, then at the Institute for Quantum Information, Caltech,\nhas recently proposed a scheme useful for simulating a certain category of quantum systems. He asserts that \"\"any quantum computation with pure states can be efficiently simulated with a classical computer provided the amount of entanglement involved is sufficiently restricted\"\nThis happens to be the case with generic Hamiltonians displaying local interactions, as for example, Hubbard-like Hamiltonians. The method exhibits a low-degree polynomial behavior in the increase of computational time with respect to the amount of entanglement present in the system. The algorithm is based on a scheme that exploits the fact that in these one-dimensional systems the eigenvalues of the reduced density matrix on a bipartite split of the system are exponentially decaying, thus allowing us to work in a re-sized space spanned by the eigenvectors corresponding to the eigenvalues we selected.", "Timeline of quantum computing\nResearchers from the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign use the Zeno Effect, repeatedly measuring the properties of a photon to gradually change it without actually allowing the photon to reach the program, to search a database without actually \"running\" the quantum computer.[26] Vlatko Vedral of the University of Leeds and colleagues at the universities of Porto and Vienna found that the photons in ordinary laser light can be quantum mechanically entangled with the vibrations of a macroscopic mirror.[27] Samuel L. Braunstein at the University of York along with the University of Tokyo and the Japan Science and Technology Agency gave the first experimental demonstration of quantum telecloning.[28] Professors at the University of Sheffield develop a means to efficiently produce and manipulate individual photons at high efficiency at room temperature.[29] New error checking method theorized for Josephson junction computers.[30] First 12 qubit quantum computer benchmarked by researchers at the Institute for Quantum Computing and the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Waterloo, as well as MIT, Cambridge.[31] Two dimensional ion trap developed for quantum computing.[32] Seven atoms placed in stable line, a step on the way to constructing a quantum gate, at the University of Bonn.[33] A team at Delft University of Technology in the Netherlands created a device that can manipulate the \"up\" or \"down\" spin-states of electrons on quantum dots.[34] University of Arkansas develops quantum dot molecules.[35] Spinning new theory on particle spin brings science closer to quantum computing.[36] University of Copenhagen develops quantum teleportation between photons and atoms.[37] University of Camerino scientists develop theory of macroscopic object entanglement, which has implications for the development of quantum repeaters.[38] Tai-Chang Chiang, at Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, finds that quantum coherence can be maintained in mixed-material systems.[39] Cristophe Boehme, University of Utah, demonstrates the feasibility of reading spin-data on a silicon-phosphorus quantum computer.[40]", "Neural cryptography\nA quantum computer is a device that uses quantum mechanisms for computation. In this device the data are stored as qubits (quantum binary digits). That gives a quantum computer in comparison with a conventional computer the opportunity to solve complicated problems in a short time, e.g. discrete logarithm problem or factorization. Algorithms that are not based on any of these number theory problems are being searched because of this property.", "Quantum computing\nIn February 2018, scientists reported, for the first time, the discovery of a new form of light, which may involve polaritons, that could be useful in the development of quantum computers.", "Joseph F. Traub\nMoore's law is an empirical observation that the number of features on a chip doubles roughly every 18 months. This has held since the early 60s and is responsible for the computer and telecommunications revolution. It is widely believed that Moore's law will cease to hold in 10–15 years using silicon technology. There is therefore interest in creating new technologies. One candidate is quantum computing. That is building a computer using the principles of quantum mechanics. Traub and his colleagues decided to work on continuous quantum computing. The motivation is that most problems in physical science, engineering, and mathematical finance have continuous mathematical models.", "Quantum Philosophy\nThe mathematical developments which allowed this progress have taken place in two fields: quantum decoherence and the consistent histories approach to quantum mechanics.", "Quantum compass\nDeveloped by the United Kingdom Ministry of Defence for future uses in submarines and aircraft, a prototype quantum compass comprises a one metre long container containing clouds of rubidium atoms frozen using lasers. By measuring the movement of these frozen particles over precise periods of time the motion of the device can be calculated or its proximity to areas of high gravity. It is proposed to use three such containers at right angles to each other to measure change in position from a known location (dead reckoning). The device would then provide a tamper proof accurate position in circumstances where satellites are not available for satellite navigation, e.g. a fully submerged submarine.", "Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer\nThe Loss–DiVincenzo quantum computer (or spin-qubit quantum computer) is a scalable semiconductor-based quantum computer proposed by Daniel Loss and David P. DiVincenzo in 1997. The proposal was to use as qubits the intrinsic spin-1/2 degree of freedom of individual electrons confined to quantum dots. This was done in a way that fulfilled DiVincenzo Criteria for a scalable quantum computer, namely:A candidate for such a quantum computer is a lateral quantum dot system.", "Timeline of quantum computing\n2000 Arun K. Pati and Samuel L. Braunstein proved the quantum no-deleting theorem. This is dual to the no-cloning theorem which shows that one cannot delete a copy of an unknown qubit. Together with the stronger no-cloning theorem, the no-deleting theorem has important implication, i.e., quantum information can neither be created nor be destroyed. First working 5-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the Technical University of Munich. First execution of order finding (part of Shor's algorithm) at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University. First working 7-qubit NMR computer demonstrated at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. The standard textbook, Quantum Computation and Quantum Information, by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang is published. 2001 First execution of Shor's algorithm at IBM's Almaden Research Center and Stanford University. The number 15 was factored using 1018 identical molecules, each containing seven active nuclear spins. Noah Linden and Sandu Popescu proved that the presence of entanglement is a necessary condition for a large class of quantum protocols. This, coupled with Braunstein's result (see 1999 above), called the validity of NMR quantum computation into question.[17] Emanuel Knill, Raymond Laflamme, and Gerard Milburn show that optical quantum computing is possible with single photon sources, linear optical elements, and single photon detectors, launching the field of linear optical quantum computing. Robert Raussendorf and Hans J. Briegel propose measurement-based quantum computation.[18] 2002 The Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmapping Project, involving some of the main participants in the field, laid out the . The Institute for Quantum Computing was established at the University of Waterloo in Waterloo, Ontario by Mike Lazaridis, Raymond Laflamme and Michele Mosca.[19] 2003 Todd D. Pittman and collaborators at Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory and independently Jeremy L. O'Brien and collaborators at the University of Queensland, demonstrate quantum controlled-not gates using only linear optical elements.[20][21] DARPA Quantum Network becomes fully operational on October 23, 2003. 2004 First working pure state NMR quantum computer (based on parahydrogen) demonstrated at Oxford University and University of York. First five-photon entanglement demonstrated by Jian-Wei Pan's group at the University of Science and Technology of China, the minimal number of qubits required for universal quantum error correction.[22]", "Quantum computing\nIn September 2012, Australian researchers at the University of New South Wales said the world's first quantum computer was just 5 to 10 years away, after announcing a global breakthrough enabling the manufacture of its memory building blocks. A research team led by Australian engineers created the first working qubit based on a single atom in silicon, invoking the same technological platform that forms the building blocks of modern-day computers.", "UK National Quantum Technologies Programme\nThe \"second quantum revolution\", or \"quantum 2.0\" is a term that is often used to describe quantum technologies based on superposition and entanglement. Originally described in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn, which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn, as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch. These technologies use equipment such as highly stabilised laser systems, magneto-optical traps, cryogenic cooled solid state devices, ion traps and vacuum systems to create, manipulate and then use quantum effects for a number of different purposes. These include: quantum information processing, such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum secure communications, quantum sensing and metrology and quantum imaging, and are widely believed to offer capabilities that will out-perform existing and future classical technologies.", "Timeline of quantum computing\nCoherence time of 39 minutes at room temperature (and 3 hours at cryogenic temperatures) demonstrated for an ensemble of impurity-spin qubits in isotopically purified silicon.[171] Extension of time for qubit maintained in superimposed state for ten times longer than what has ever been achieved before[172] First resource analysis of a large-scale quantum algorithm using explicit fault-tolerant, error-correction protocols was developed for factoring[173]", "Quantum computing\nIn March 2017, IBM announced an industry-first initiative to build commercially available universal quantum computing systems called IBM Q. The company also released a new API (Application Program Interface) for the IBM Quantum Experience that enables developers and programmers to begin building interfaces between its existing five quantum bit (qubit) cloud-based quantum computer and classical computers, without needing a deep background in quantum physics." ]

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[ "Read It and Weep Read It and Weep is a 2006 Disney Channel Original Movie which premiered on July 21, 2006. It is based on the novel \"How My Private, Personal Journal Became A Bestseller\" by Julia DeVillers. Sisters Kay and Danielle Panabaker star as Jamie Bartlett and her alter ego Isabella (Iz or Is), respectively. Both sisters have starred in previous Disney Channel films: Kay in \"Life Is Ruff\" (2005), and Danielle in \"Stuck in the Suburbs\" (2004), like \"Read It and Weep\", those films also premiered in July in their respective years.", "Kay Panabaker Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress, voice actress, and zookeeper. She is best known for her roles as Jenny Garison in the 2009 reboot of \"Fame\", Debbie Berwick on \"Phil of the Future\" and Nikki Westerly on \"Summerland\". She is the younger sister of Danielle Panabaker." ]

[ "Shurpanakha Shurpanakha (Sanskrit: शूर्पणखा, IAST: śūrpaṇakhā, lit. \"she whose fingernails are like winnowing fans\") is a character in Valmiki's epic, the \"Ramayana\", and is the sister of the main antagonist, Ravana, King of Lanka.", "Epifanio de los Santos Epifanio de los Santos y Cristóbal, sometimes known as Don Pañong or Don Panyong (April 7, 1871—April 18, 1928) was a noted Filipino historian, literary critic, art critic, jurist, prosecutor, antiquarian, archivist, scholar, painter, poet, musician, musicologist, philosopher, philologist, bibliographer, translator, journalist, editor, publisher, paleographer, ethnographer, biographer, researcher, civil servant, patriot and hero. He was appointed Director of the Philippine Library and Museum by Governor General Leonard Wood in 1925.", "Leela Dube Leela Dube (27 March 1923 – 20 May 2012) was a renowned anthropologist and feminist scholar, fondly called Leeladee by many. She was the widow of anthropologist and sociologist Shyama Charan Dube and a younger sister of the late classical singer Sumati Mutatkar. She is survived by two sons, Mukul Dube and Saurabh Dube. Known for her work on kinship and in women's studies, she wrote several books including \"Matriliny and Islam: religion and society in the Laccadives\" and \"Women and kinship: comparative perspectives on gender in South and South‑east Asia\".", "N. Mohanan N. Mohanan (April 27, 1933 – October 3, 1999) was a Malayalam–language short story writer and novelist from Kerala state, South India. He received the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in the year 1998 for the novel \"Innalathe Mazha\". He has published some ten collections of short stories including \"Ninte Katha (Enteyum), Dukhathinte Rathrikal, Poojakkedukkatha Pookkal, N. Mohanante Kathakal, Sheshapathram, Nunayude Kshanikathakal Thedi, Snehathinte Vyakaranam, Nishedha Rajyathile Rajavu\" and \"Orikkal\". He is the son of noted Malayalam writer Lalithambika Antharjanam.", "Kagayi Peter Kagayi Peter is a Ugandan poet, lawyer and teacher. He is the author of a collection of poems, \"The headline that morning and other poems\". He has served as the Anglophone Coordinator at Writivism, and President of The Lantern Meet of Poets.", "Wajahat Khan Wajahat Khan (also known as Vajahat Khan; IAST: Wajāhat Khān, Hindi: वजाहत ख़ान, Bengali: ওয়াজাহাত খান, Urdu: خان وجاہت,) is an Indian sarod player and composer who has earned international acclaim since 1977. He is the third son and disciple of sitar and surbahar player Imrat Khan, nephew of sitar player Vilayat Khan and a member of India's illustrious multi-generational musical Khan family which founded the Imdadkhani Gharana . He was born in the mid-1960s in Calcutta, India and now divides his time between London and India.", "P. T. Bhaskara Panicker P.T.Bhaskara Panicker (1922–1997) was a famous social activist and writer of Kerala, India.", "Dada Mukerjee Sri Sudhir Mukerjee (16 November 1913 – 10 September 1997) was also known by the familiar name \"Dada\", meaning elder brother in Hindi / Bengali (and with a variant spelling of last name as MukerJi). A professor of Economics at Allahabad University, Uttar Pradesh, India, he is best known as a close devotee of Neem Karoli Baba (known to his devotees as Maharajji). Starting 14 July 1958, when they moved into the \"Red House\" at #4 Church Lane, Neem Karoli resided with Mukerjee and his wife Kamala (or \"Didi\", elder sister) during the winters. This continued until Neem Karoli's death in 1973.", "Ente Katha Ente Kadha (\"My Story\") is an autobiography written by Kamala Surayya (Madhavikutty) in the year 1973. She was motivated to write this as she became ill and thought will not survive. The book was controversial and outspoken and had her critics gunning her after it was published in 1973; often shocking her readers with her disregard for conventions and expression of her opinions on subjects in society- more often on the hypocrisy of it. Though \"My Story\" was supposed to be an autobiography, Das later admitted that there was plenty of fiction in it.", "Arthur Kopit Arthur Lee Kopit (born May 10, 1937) is an American playwright. He is a two-time Pulitzer Prize finalist (\"Indians\" and \"Wings\") and a three-time Tony Award nominee: Best Play, \"Indians\", 1970; Best Play, \"Wings\", 1979; and Best Book of a Musical, for \"Nine\", 1982. He won the Vernon Rice Award (now known as the Drama Desk Award) in 1962 for his play \"Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet and I'm Feelin' So Sad\" and was nominated for another Drama Desk Award in 1979 for his play \"Wings\".", "Kris Aquino Kristina Bernadette \"Kris\" Cojuangco Aquino (born February 14, 1971) is a Filipino talk show host, actress, producer, entrepreneur, product endorser, and writer. Dubbed the \"Queen of All Media,\" she has hosted talk shows and game shows, and has also starred in movies and selected television series. She is the youngest daughter of former Philippine senator Benigno S. Aquino, Jr., and Corazon Cojuangco-Aquino, who served as the 11th President of the Philippines. Her brother is Benigno S. Aquino, III, who served as the 15th President of the Philippines.", "Saranya Bhagyaraj Saranya Bhagyaraj is an Indian film actress who appeared in Tamil and Malayalam films. She is the daughter of actor K. Bhagyaraj and actress Poornima Jayaram and is best known for her role in \"Parijatham\". Her brother is notable actor Shanthnu Bhagyaraj.", "S. K. Ramachandra Rao S K Ramachandra Rao (4 September 1925 – 2 February 2006) was an Indian author, Sanskrit scholar and", "R. Ramachandran R. Ramachandran (1923–2005) was a Malayalam–language poet from Kerala state, South India. Born in 1923 in Thamarathiruthi village in Thrissur district of Kerala, Ramachandran studied in various schools of the erstwhile Kingdom of Cochin and obtained his graduation and masters in literature from Maharajas College, Ernakulam. He taught Malayalam in Malabar Christian College, Kozhikode from 1948 until his retirement in 1978. He was a scholar in Sanskrit, English and Malayalam languages. Though not a prolific poet, Ramachandran had an impact in Malayalam poetry with his works such as \"Murali\", \"Sandhya Nikunjangal\", \"Shyama Sundari\" and \"Pinne\". An anthology of his poems titled \"R. Ramachandrante Kavithakal\" received the Sahitya Akademi Award in 2000 and the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 2003.", "Kaiser (Burmese singer) Kaiser (Burmese: ကိုင်ဇာ , ] ; also Kaizar; born 18 February 1961) is a Burmese singer-songwriter who was most popular in the late 1970s and mid-1980s. The ethnic Rakhine singer was arguably the most successful male singer in Myanmar in the early 1980s. His nonthreatening rockabilly songs were popular with the young and the old alike. He collaborated with leading songwriters of the day like Saw Bwe Mhu, Naing Myanmar, Soe Lwin Lwin, Maung Maung Zan, and Thukhamein Hlaing. His most successful songs were written by Naing Myanmar and Saw Bwe Mhu.", "Corinne Roosevelt Robinson Corinne Roosevelt (September 27, 1861 – February 17, 1933) was an American poet, writer, lecturer, and public speaker. She was also the younger sister of former President of the United States Theodore Roosevelt and an aunt of future First Lady of the United States, Eleanor Roosevelt.", "Malayattoor Ramakrishnan Malayattoor Ramakrishnan (27 May 1927 – 27 December 1997) was a prominent Malayalam writer and cartoonist from Kerala, India. He authored novels, short stories and biographical sketches. \"Yanthram\", \"Verukal\", \"Yakshi\" and \"Service Story\" are some of his most famous works. Malayattoor Ramakrishnan was also a practicing lawyer, a Judicial Magistrate and an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer, and has held various prominent posts. He was also the uncle of the famous actor Jayaram.", "Indira Devi Chaudhurani Indira Devi Chaudhurani (29 December 1873- 12 August 1960) was a Bengali Indian litereaur, author and musician. Born to the Tagore family, Indira was the younger child of Satyendranath Tagore and Jnanadanandini Devi and younger sister of Surendranath Tagore. She is noted for her work in scoring the music for a number of songs by her uncle Rabindranath, to who she was particularly close. In her literary works, Indira Devi Chaudhurany died in 1960.", "Daud Rahbar Daud Rahbar (1926 – 5 October 2013) was a scholar of comparative religions, Arabic, Persian, Urdu literature and Indian classical music. Rahbar is regarded as accomplished essayist, poet, composer, short story writer, translator, philosopher, contributor to inter-civilization dialogue, musicologist, drummer, singer and guitarist. He translated his own Urdu works to English, such as \"The Cup of Jamshid: A Collection of Ghazal Poetry\" and then translated the \"Urdu letters of Mirzā Asadu'lldh Khān Ghālib\".", "Pandalam Kerala Varma Kerala Varma (January 1879 – June 1919), most commonly known as Mahakavi Pandalam Kerala Varma, was an Indian poet, scholar, and publisher. He was born at Pandalam, and belonged to the Pandalam Royal Family. He wrote two mahakavyas, more than a hundred narrative poems, translations, and children's poetry. He is widely regarded as the author of the first complete mahakavya in Malayalam. He was the owner and Chief Editor of \"Kavana Kaumudi\", the first Malayalam periodical, which was also the first to introduce special issues in Malayalam." ]

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[ "Outcome data consistent with the goals of the program asserts the categorization of the program expenses." ]

[ "Expenses as investment is predicated on data consistent with the publics intent.", "People are building a house.", "The man is outside.", "The restaurant's windows are being cleaned.", "Two bicyclists are taking a curve on the road.", "Many members complain that the Farrakhan spends too much money.", "Man installing games in his laptop" ]

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[ "Porter Moser Porter Moser Porter Andrew Moser (born August 24, 1968) is the head men's basketball coach at Loyola University Chicago. Originally from Naperville, Illinois, Moser attended and played varsity basketball at Benet Academy, and then Creighton University. Moser previously held the head coaching position at Illinois State (2003–2007) and Arkansas-Little Rock (2000–2003). Prior to being hired at Loyola, Moser was an assistant coach at Saint Louis under Rick Majerus for the 2007-08 season, and the associate head coach from 2008-11. During his high school career, Moser helped at Benet Academy in suburban Lisle to a 70-14 (.833) record in three years" ]

[ "Eric Simpson Simpson played NCAA Division I men's basketball on the college level for the Big Ten's Northwestern Wildcats. After graduating with a B.A. in history in 1994, Simpson began a ten-year stint coaching at the high school level before joining the Loyola staff as the Director of Basketball Operations for the men's team. Eric Simpson Eric Simpson is an American women's basketball coach who most recently served as the head coach at Loyola University Chicago from 2009 until resigning at the end of the 2012–13 season. He previously served as a women's assistant coach and Director of Men's Basketball Operations at", "John Holecek in class 8A. Loyola finished the regular season at 8-1 in 2017 and the Ramblers’ won their third consecutive undefeated and outright Catholic Blue League title in a row (with Holecek again receiving Coach of the Year awards). LA's home win streak stood at 29 games (including a victory against perennial Californian powerhouse Bishop Amat) as the playoffs began. In early Nov 2017, Holecek became the school’s all-time coaching leader with 133 wins - including the last ten in a row and 31 consecutive victories at home.</https://www.journal-topics.com/articles/ramblers-brush-aside-red-devils/> In November of 2018, Loyola Academy beat their first three playoff opponents, including", "Neil Jones (footballer) Neil Jones (footballer) Neil Warren Jones (born 16 February 1982) is a New Zealand collegiate soccer coach and former professional footballer. Jones is the current head coach of the Loyola Ramblers men's soccer team at Loyola University Chicago. Jones was born 16 February 1982 in Takapuna, New Zealand, to parents Fran and Barry Jones. Growing up in New Zealand, he spent time with many football clubs, among them Rangitoto (Juniors), East Coast Bays AFC, Dunedin Technical, Waitakere City F.C., and Westlake Boys High School. He would later attend the University of Otago briefly before transferring to the University of California,", "George Ireland George Ireland George Ireland (June 15, 1913 - September 14, 2001) was an American basketball coach who led Loyola of Chicago to the 1963 NCAA Championship. Born in Madison, Wisconsin, Ireland was an All-American basketball player at the University of Notre Dame during the 1930s. His first coaching job was at Marmion Academy in Aurora, Illinois, which he led to 262-87 record from 1936 to 1951. In 1951, he succeeded John Jordan, a former teammate at Notre Dame, as head coach at Loyola University Chicago, and he remained at Loyola until 1975. Ireland encouraged full-court press and a high-speed style", "Porter Moser coaches by \"Basketball Times\" in 2009, Moser was an assistant coach at Saint Louis under Rick Majerus from 2007 to 2011, including as associate head coach from 2008 to 2011. In 2009–10, Saint Louis finished 23-13 and as CBI runners-up. On April 5, 2011, Loyola University Chicago named Moser head coach of the Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team. Moser's hire followed the firing of Jim Whitesell, who went 109–107 in seven seasons. In his introductory press conference, Moser said that he aspired to make Loyola–Chicago into a Horizon League contender similar to Butler. Under Moser, Loyola–Chicago went 7–23 in the", "Doug Bruno although it was reported that he tossed the folding chair \"30 feet across the floor at an official\". In a subsequent game, he thought his point guard was fouled with no call, so he went after the referee. Three security guards pulled Bruno off the referee, but not before the fans got involved. The fights included 70 people, requiring a call to the police to restore order. After a delay, the Chicago team won 128–123 in overtime. Bruno then left coaching women to become the associate men’s head coach at Loyola University Chicago under Gene Sullivan. He spent eight years", "John Holecek Loyola played Marist for the state title and utilized an aggressive defensive scheme with many blitz packages. LA defeated Marist 41–0 (with a running clock imposed) to win the IHSA class 8A State Championship, extending its season record to 14-0. For the 2015 season LA outscored its opponents 558–123, won nine games by 30 points or more, and had six shut-outs. Lovie Smith contacted Holecek about a position on his new coaching staff at the University of Illinois in late March 2016. Holecek declined citing his younger family and Loyola ties (and the short one year contract offer). Loyola finished", "Tavaras Hardy the position of associate head coach in 2011. After Carmody was fired by Northwestern, Hardy remained on staff under Chris Collins for one season before moving on to Georgetown to work as an assistant under John Thompson III in 2013. After three seasons with the Hoyas, Hardy joined Georgia Tech as an assistant coach under Josh Pastner. After two seasons with the Yellow Jackets, Hardy was named the 21st head men's basketball coach at Loyola (MD), succeeding G. G. Smith on March 28, 2018. Tavaras Hardy Tavaras Hardy is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the", "Loyola Greyhounds men's lacrosse Kelly left, going through two coaches in two seasons, both of which did not break .250. In 1947 began the reign of the program's longest active coach until that time, Bishop Baker. Baker coached for six consecutive seasons, almost breaking even with wins and losses. He was followed by John Mohler, who only coached for one year. For 17 seasons, from 1954 to 1970, the Greyhounds were coached by Charles Wenzel. Under Wenzel, the Greyhounds went .379. From 1983 to 2001, for almost two decades under Head Coach Dave Cottle, Loyola saw growth in to their lacrosse program. In 1982,", "Eric Simpson Eric Simpson Eric Simpson is an American women's basketball coach who most recently served as the head coach at Loyola University Chicago from 2009 until resigning at the end of the 2012–13 season. He previously served as a women's assistant coach and Director of Men's Basketball Operations at Loyola and was an assistant coach on the high school level at Loyola Academy from 1994 to 1996 and his alma mater, St. Ignatius, from 1999 to 2001. Simpson was also the athletic director and head boys basketball coach at Marquette Catholic High School in Michigan City, Indiana from 2001 to 2005.", "John Holecek After retiring from the NFL, Holecek returned to Illinois to work in finance and assist coaching high school football at St. Ignatius in Chicago. At the insistence of Nick Rassas (NFL safety, Notre Dame All-American, and Loyola Academy graduate) Holecek applied for the head coach position at Loyola Academy, a private college preparatory in Wilmette, Illinois. NFL coaches Marv Levy and Wade Phillips called the school's AD Pat Mahoney on Holecek's behalf. Mahoney remembered “You could see that he was a teacher of the game... He was smart and driven. He wasn’t going to do anything half-heartedly.” Holecek is Loyola's", "Gene Sullivan (basketball) Gene Sullivan (basketball) Gene Sullivan (April 21, 1931 – February 21, 2002) was an American basketball coach and collegiate athletic director. Sullivan grew up on the Northwest Side of Chicago and attended the University of Notre Dame. After serving with the United States Army in the Korean War, he became a boys' basketball coach at Loyola Academy in Wilmette, Illinois, and guided them to three Chicago Catholic League titles between 1957 and 1967. In 1967, he became an assistant coach to Johnny Dee at the University of Notre Dame, and hoped to succeed Dee as head coach. When Dee retired", "2017–18 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2017–18 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2017–18 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by seventh-year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena in Chicago, Illinois. They were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. With a win against Evansville on February 18, 2018, Loyola clinched at least a share of its first-ever Missouri Valley Conference regular season championship. With a win over Southern Illinois on February 21, the Ramblers clinched the outright MVC championship. The Ramblers defeated Northern", "John Holecek Illinois high school football coach to reach 100 wins in so short of a career span (9 1/2 seasons). At the close of the regular season in October 2015, Loyola ranked number 1 in the state of Illinois in all major football polls after completing a 9-0 undefeated regular season, by way of a 34-point average margin of victory (24-point lowest margin of victory). Holecek told the \"Chicago Tribune\", \"We haven't thrown one ball in the fourth quarter\". Loyola won the 2015 Chicago Catholic League Blue conference title after a 49-21 victory over defending 7A State Champion Mt. Carmel. In", "Tavaras Hardy Tavaras Hardy Tavaras Hardy is an American college basketball coach, and current head coach of the Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team. Hardy was a two-time All-Big Ten selection while playing at Northwestern from 1998 to 2002 and ranks in the top 10 in blocks, games played, and games started for the Wildcats. After graduation, Hardy played one season of professional basketball for Namika Lahti in Finland before returning to the United States to work in wealth management at JPMorgan Chase. In 2007, Hardy returned to his alma mater to become an assistant coach under Bill Carmody, where he rose to", "Loyola Greyhounds men's lacrosse trophy. In 1999, the Greyhounds went undefeated in the regular season before losing in the quarterfinals of the 1999 NCAA tournament. His run lasted 19 seasons, beginning in 1983 through 2001, Cottle coached his teams to a winning record of 181 wins and 70 losses, including a run of 14 straight seasons where Loyola received an NCAA tournament bid. Following Cottle's long coaching tenure, Loyola hired Bill Dirrigl as their head coach. After four seasons Dirrigl was fired and Loyola graduate Charley Toomey took over as head coach in 2006. In both 2007 and 2008, Toomey led the Greyhounds to", "John Holecek head varsity football coach and as the assistant athletic director. Since taking the reins in 2006, Holecek’s teams have been to the playoffs every year, including nine the last ten Illinois State 8A Semi-Finals or Finals and the four consecutive Illinois State 8A Finals since 2018. Holecek's teams have won at least 11 games for the last nine consecutive years (as of 2018). Loyola plays in the Chicago Catholic League Blue division. Loyola has won outright or shared six of the last eight CCLB conference titles (as of 2018). Holecek's career coaching record is 146–30 with a 83% overall winning", "Joe Logan Joe Logan Joe Logan (born January 28, 1974) is the head coach of the Loyola University Maryland women's basketball team, an NCAA Division I program that competes in the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference (MAAC). Logan was named head coach at Loyola on May 12, 2005, after spending the previous four seasons (2001–2005) as a women's basketball assistant coach at St. Joseph's University in Philadelphia. Logan, a 1996 graduate of Loyola, was also an assistant coach at Loyola from 1997-2001 under Pat Coyle and Cindy Griffin. Following his graduation, Logan spent a season as a men's basketball assistant coach at Centenary", "2018–19 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2018–19 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2018–19 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by seventh-year head coach Porter Moser, play their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena in Chicago, Illinois. They are members of the Missouri Valley Conference. The Ramblers finished the 2017–18 season 32–6, 15–3 in MVC play with a win against Evansville on February 18, 2018, Loyola clinched at least a share of its first-ever Missouri Valley Conference regular season championship. With a win over Southern Illinois on February 21,", "Loyola University Chicago Missouri Valley Conference regular season title in program history. Loyola University Chicago Loyola University Chicago (often referred to as Loyola or LUC) is a private Catholic research university in Chicago, Illinois. Founded in 1870 by the Jesuits, today Loyola is one of the largest Catholic universities in the United States. Loyola's professional schools have educated generations of local business and civic leaders, and distinguished programs in medicine, nursing, and health sciences are anchored by the nationally recognized Loyola University Medical Center. Comprising eleven colleges and schools, Loyola offers over 80 undergraduate and 140 graduate/professional programs and enrolls approximately 16,000 students.", "Gene Sullivan (basketball) in 1971, however, the school hired Digger Phelps as head coach, and a disappointed Sullivan spent the next few years writing a basketball book and running a limousine company. From 1975 to 1978, Sullivan worked as DePaul University's athletic director. He then became athletic director at Loyola University Chicago, and took over as men's basketball coach in 1980. In 1985, his Loyola Ramblers, led by Alfredrick Hughes, reached the Sweet Sixteen of the NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, where they lost to Georgetown University–their deepest NCAA Tournament run in 31 years. Sullivan left Loyola in 1989 with a 149-114", "Jim Whitesell Jim Whitesell Jim Whitesell (born December 27, 1959) is the Associate Head Coach of men's basketball for the Buffalo Bulls. He has previously coached at the Division I level as a head coach at Loyola University Chicago and an assistant at St. John's and Saint Louis. Whitesell replaced Larry Farmer as head coach of the Ramblers on April 14, 2004. Whitesell was fired as head coach of the Ramblers on March 14, 2011 after seven seasons, posting a 109-106 record in that time. Whitesell was hired in August 2013 as an assistant coach at St. John's to fill the void", "Joe Logan College, an NCAA Division III school in Hackettstown, New Jersey. During his time as a student at Loyola, Logan was a manager for both the men's and women's basketball teams. He was with each team when they advanced to the NCAA Tournaments (men, 1994; women, 1995) and served under former Loyola coaches Skip Prosser and Coyle. Logan returned to Loyola to help rebuild the Greyhounds, and he has done an admirable job at that. In 2005-2006, the Greyhounds compiled a 20-10 record, the most victories by a first-year head coach in school history. Loyola advanced to the MAAC Championship Game", "Lenny Sachs at Loyola on the staff of head coach Roger Kiley. After abandoning his NFL career, Sachs began to flourish as a basketball coach. In the 1926–27 season, the Loyola basketball team improved to 13–4. In 1927–28, the team set a new Loyola record for wins in a season by earning a record of 16–4. And in 1928–29, Loyola was a perfect 16-0 under Sachs' guidance. Loyola recorded 31 consecutive victories between 1928 and 1930. In the 1930s, Sachs developed an innovative fast-break offense and a 2–2–1 zone defense that prompted a rule change in 1937 to prevent goaltending. His 1938–39", "2016–17 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2016–17 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2016–17 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by sixth-year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena in Chicago, Illinois as members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 18–14, 8–10 in MVC play to finish in fifth place. They lost to Southern Illinois in the quarterfinals of the MVC Tournament. The Ramblers finished the 2015–16 season 15–17, 7–11 in Missouri Valley play to finish in eighth play. They defeated", "Larry Farmer (basketball) Loyola University Chicago from 1998 to 2004. Farmer had a 30–51 () record over his first three seasons before finally breaking through in 2001. In that year, Farmer compiled a 17–13 record, 9–7 in the Horizon League. Farmer took the Ramblers to the brink of the NCAA Tournament before losing to rival University of Illinois Chicago. Farmer did not have much success after that and struggled through his last two seasons with the Ramblers. Farmer has also coached at the professional level serving as head coach of the Qadsia Sporting Club in Kuwait (1988–90) and as an assistant with the", "Loyola Ramblers men's basketball 2013, at the White House to commemorate the 50th anniversary of their victory. The entire team was inducted in November of that year in the College Basketball Hall of Fame. As of 2018, Loyola remains the only school from the state of Illinois to win a men's Division I basketball NCAA tournament. Loyola's first-round regional victory over Tennessee Tech on March 11, 1963, remains a record for margin of victory (69 points) for any NCAA men's basketball tournament game. The Loyola University Chicago teams of the early 1960s, coached by George Ireland, are thought to be responsible for ushering in", "Jimmy Patsos rookie coach,\" said Patsos, a former longtime assistant at Maryland. \"I won a national title as a top assistant coach to Gary Williams. For 13 years I spent on Tobacco Road. I coached a couple of No. 1 picks in the draft. And we scored 48 points. That's the problem that Loyola basketball had today.\" (implying that his team's offense cost them the game, not their defense). After nine seasons at Loyola, Patsos agreed to replace Mitch Buonaguro in a similar capacity at Siena on April 2, 2013. On November 19, 2013 Patsos recorded his first win at Siena in", "Mark Mettrick replacing the veteran Bill Sento, who had been at the helm for two decades. Mettrick's first three seasons at the Evergreen were quite successful. In 2000, he took advantage of a team that was largely intact from the 1999 season, adding only Scottish central defender Niall Lepper to the starting lineup, and led Loyola to its first national ranking since 1997. Despite a slow start in 2001 after a loss and a tie in a season-opening tournament in California, Loyola went onto a 19-game unbeaten streak before losing to Saint Louis in the Sweet 16 of the NCAA Division I", "2017–18 Loyola Greyhounds women's basketball team advanced to the quarterfinals of the Patriot League Women's Tournament where they lost to Bucknell. !colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=| Patriot League regular season !colspan=9 style=| Patriot League Women's Tournament 2017–18 Loyola Greyhounds women's basketball team The 2017–18 Loyola Greyhounds women's basketball team represents Loyola University Maryland during the 2017–18 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Greyhounds, led by twelfth year head coach Joe Logan, play their home games at Reitz Arena and are members of the Patriot League. They finished the season 9–21, 7–11 in Patriot League play to finish in a tie for sixth place.", "Jim Whitesell left by former Director of Basketball Operations Moe Hicks. On April 16, 2015, he was named Associate Head Coach of men's basketball at the University at Buffalo. Several of Whitesell's brothers work in the entertainment industry, including director John Whitesell, writer Chris Whitesell, writer/actor Sean Whitesell, and agent Patrick Whitesell. Jim Whitesell Jim Whitesell (born December 27, 1959) is the Associate Head Coach of men's basketball for the Buffalo Bulls. He has previously coached at the Division I level as a head coach at Loyola University Chicago and an assistant at St. John's and Saint Louis. Whitesell replaced Larry Farmer", "Jimmy Patsos the Greyhounds to multiple 3rd place MAAC finishes, finishing with 18 wins in 2006–07 and a tied a school record with 19 wins in 2007–08. Patsos has sought local talent in his coaching staff. Former players from Maryland, Terrell Stokes and Matt Kovarik are former assistants at Loyola. A former member of his staff at Loyola was current Loyola Head Coach G.G. Smith, the son of college basketball coach Tubby Smith Patsos received a contract extension from Loyola on July 9, 2008. Per Loyola policies, details of the contract were not released. On November 25, 2008, Patsos and the Greyhounds", "Tim Lenahan Fleming, Xavier University, Rich Nassif, Benedictine University, Neil Jones, Loyola University – Chicago and Mike Babst, University of Chicago, and Mark Plotkin - DePaul University. In addition, current New York Red Bull Head Coach, Jesse Marsch got his coaching start under Lenahan as a volunteer assistant at Northwestern while playing for the Chicago Fire. His career coaching record stands at 289–191–70 (.597) Tim Lenahan Tim Lenahan is the head men's soccer coach at Northwestern University. He has been coaching there since the start of the 2001 season. He is widely regarded as one of the top program builders in NCAA", "Neil Jones (footballer) Jones was added to the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team coaching staff by Tim Vom Steeg as an assistant coach. The team would go on to win the 2006 NCAA Division I Men's Soccer Championship. After four seasons at his alma mater, Jones moved on to be an assistant coach at Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois, under Tim Lenahan. Ahead of the 2012 season, Jones was promoted to associate head coach. On 20 December 2012, Jones was introduced as the head coach of Loyola University Chicago's men's soccer team. \"Source:\" Neil Jones (footballer) Neil Warren Jones (born 16", "Bill Foster (basketball, born 1929) years' probation for rules violations that occurred during Foster's tenure. In April 1986 Foster was named head coach at Northwestern University, where he would finish his coaching career. He compiled a winning nonconference record, including victories over regional rivals Marquette, DePaul and Loyola of Chicago. However, like his predecessors, he wasn't able to compete with the Big Ten's powerhouse programs for top talent. His Wildcats only won 13 games in Big Ten play, and finished last in the conference in six of his seven seasons. A highlight of Foster's tenure was a nationally televised upset of defending national champion Indiana", "Gene Sullivan (basketball) career record. Sullivan spent the next few years as head of recreational programs for the Chicago Park District. He later worked as director of an anti-gang youth program with the Cook County State's Attorney's office and as a radio analyst for DePaul basketball radio broadcasts. He died of a staph infection at age 70 in February 2002. Loyola returned to the NCAA Tournament in 2018 for the first time since Sullivan's team made its 1985 appearance. The school honored the team in 2009. Gene Sullivan (basketball) Gene Sullivan (April 21, 1931 – February 21, 2002) was an American basketball coach", "1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team first-round Mideast Regional victory over Tennessee Tech, 111-42, continues to be the record margin of victory (69 points) in an NCAA men's basketball tournament game. 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago. The head coach was George Ireland. The Ramblers were the 1963 NCAA Tournament Champions, defeating top-ranked and two-time defending champion Cincinnati Bearcats in a 60–58 overtime contest. The team was notable in that it broke the so-called \"gentlemen's agreement\" among coaches in which no more than two black players would be on the floor at one time (and", "A. J. Guyton with the Midwest Professional Basketball Association. On September 30, 2016, Guyton was appointed an assistant coach of the Windy City Bulls, a new NBA Development League franchise. In September 2017, Guyton was named the director of player development for the Northwestern Wildcats men's basketball. In June 2018, Guyton was named an assistant coach for the Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team. A. J. Guyton Arthur James \"A. J.\" Guyton (born February 12, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player and now basketball coach. He played college basketball for Indiana University. Guyton chose to play basketball for the Indiana University Hoosiers", "George Ireland team to have four African-American players in the everyday lineup. On July 11, 2013, surviving members of Loyola's team were honored by President Barack Obama at the White House to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the school's championship. Ireland was represented at the Oval Office ceremony by his daughter, Judy van Dyck, and by Loyola's current head coach, Porter Moser. Under Ireland, the Loyola Ramblers returned to the NCAA Tournament in 1964, 1966, and 1968, although they never repeated the success of 1963. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, Ireland coached LaRue Martin, who became the first overall pick", "Tom Lieb a national championship as Knute Rockne spent most of the season recovering from complications due to thrombophlebitis, a crippling infection of Rockne's leg. Lieb's coaching success was recognized when he was offered the head coaching position at Loyola University in Los Angeles, California, where he remained from 1930 to 1938. Lieb relished his role as the Loyola Lions head football coach, posing with lion cubs in publicity photographs, and posted an overall record of 47–33–4. Lieb also started Loyola's ice hockey program as an off-season conditioning program for his football players, but quickly built the team into a powerhouse with", "John Holecek percentage; including over 91% of games in the last four full seasons (2015-2018). Holecek's Ramblers are 18-2 in the state playoffs over the last four years, winning two State Championships. In 2008, he coached Loyola to a Prep Bowl Championship at Soldier Field as the L.A. Ramblers defeated Lane Tech, 17–0. The 2009 team played in the state semi-finals. The 2010 team was the start of Holecek's run on Chicago Catholic League Blue championships. In 2011, he coached the Ramblers to a second-place finish in the Class 8A State Championship, losing to Bolingbrook High School 21-17 in inclement weather. This", "John Holecek the title game. In April 2014, Holecek's coaching mentor Marv Levy visited Loyola as part of the NFL \"Heart of a Hall of Famer\" program. Levy's lessons were laced with words like “perseverance”, “work ethic”, and “preparation”, hallmarks of Holecek's playing career and coaching tenure at Loyola. Loyola Academy won the Chicago Prep Bowl 14-7 over Chicago Curie at Soldier Field on November 28, 2014. Playing not the road with their third-string QB, LA had previously lost a close state playoff game against the eventual state champions. In late September 2015, John Holecek notched his 100th coaching victory—becoming the first", "Mike Dunlap coach. He joined Loyola Marymount in 2014. Mike Dunlap Michael Gregory Dunlap (born May 27, 1957) is an American basketball coach. He is currently the head coach of Loyola Marymount University. Dunlap is the former head coach of the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats. He replaced Paul Silas after the Bobcats' 2011–2012 season. Dunlap served three seasons in Australia (1994–1996) as head coach of the Adelaide 36ers in the National Basketball League. Dunlap signed to coach Adelaide for 5 years at approximately AU$200,000 per year, making him the NBL's first million dollar coach. Dunlap was successful in taking the team to the", "Babe McCarthy Babe McCarthy James Harrison \"Babe\" McCarthy (October 1, 1923 – March 17, 1975), was an American professional and collegiate basketball coach. McCarthy was originally from Baldwyn, Mississippi. McCarthy may best be remembered for Mississippi State's appearance in the 1963 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament when his all-white team sneaked out of town in order to face Loyola University Chicago, which had four black starters. In March 1975, McCarthy died as a result of colon cancer. McCarthy was from Baldwyn, Mississippi and played high school basketball at Tupelo Junior High School. After high school he attended Mississippi State University where", "Porter Moser 2011–12 season and 15–16 in 2012–13 before moving from the Horizon League to the Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) in 2013. In its first season in the MVC, Loyola–Chicago went 10–22. Moser's fourth season was his first at Loyola–Chicago with a winning record, at 24–13 (8–10 MVC) and the College Basketball Invitational title following a two-game sweep of Louisiana–Monroe. After a 15–17 season in 2015–16, Loyola–Chicago had its second winning season under Moser in 2016–17 with an 18–14 (8–10 MVC) record. Moser had his most successful season at Loyola–Chicago in 2017–18, with a 32–6 (15–3 MVC) record, MVC regular season and", "Donte Ingram reinstated on February 5. Milton Doyle, a native of Chicago, persuaded Ingram to come to Loyola (Illinois) after receiving a scholarship offer from Hampton University. One of the reasons Ingram picked the team is because his older brother DaJuan Gouard, who is now a community college coach, played for a Horizon League championship in 2002 with the Ramblers. When Ingram arrived at Loyola, the team had had three straight losing seasons, but he liked coach Porter Moser and the \"family\" feel of the program. He was an important piece of the 2014–15 Loyola Ramblers team that won the 2015 College", "Mysterious Walker of the Missouri Conference.\" However, Drury's basketball team failed to post a winning record in Walker's two seasons at the helm, amassing a cumulative mark of seven wins and thirteen losses. From 1926 to 1927, Walker served as athletic director and coach at Loyola University New Orleans. In his one year as the head basketball coach at Loyola, Walker led the team to a 12–6 record, including three wins over LSU. In September 1927, Walker was hired as the head basketball coach at the University of Texas. He remained in the position from 1927 to 1931, compiling a 51–30 combined", "Loyola Academy and was runners-up in 1992, 2011, and 2013. LA football coach John Holecek has led Ramblers to the state playoffs every year since 2006, including three of the last five Illinois State 8A Finals. In November 2011, the Loyola Academy football team lost to Bolingbrook in the class 8A Illinois State championship. In August 2012, the Loyola Academy football team, along with Loyola students, faculty, families and alumni, traveled to Dublin, Ireland to participate in a football tournament. The Ramblers played a Jesuit high school powerhouse from Texas. In a thrilling game with a last minute field goal, the Ramblers", "Steve Klosterman Steve Klosterman Steve Klosterman is a volleyball coach, a 2-time NCAA All American, NCAA Championship MVP, Puerto Rican Superior League Championship MVP, and former international player from the United States. Website: https://www.coachklosterman.com/ Coaching: - Assistant (vol) Coach at Loyola of Chicago, Women Fall, 2017 - Loyola of Chicago Men's: Camp Coach Summer, 2018 - High School Head Coach (current) - Club Head coach at Chicago Bounce - 10 years coaching at HBC Club in So. California - UCLA Men's, (vol) Assistant Coach Los Angeles Times article on Taking a very inexperienced team to the CIF Playoffs INTERNATIONAL PLAYER 2014—SKV Havířov,", "1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago. The head coach was George Ireland. The Ramblers were the 1963 NCAA Tournament Champions, defeating top-ranked and two-time defending champion Cincinnati Bearcats in a 60–58 overtime contest. The team was notable in that it broke the so-called \"gentlemen's agreement\" among coaches in which no more than two black players would be on the floor at one time (and in some road games, black players would have to rotate so that only one of them was playing at any given moment): the Ramblers would", "Charley Toomey and 1 record. The team's one loss was to Johns Hopkins. Toomey was named the 2012 winner of the F. Morris Touchstone Award as the Division I Coach of the Year.<ref name=\"http://loyo.la/YVzCs8\"></ref> Charley Toomey Charley Toomey is an American lacrosse coach. He is currently the head coach for the Loyola Greyhounds men's lacrosse team at Loyola University Maryland. He played for Loyola as a goalkeeper and helped bring them to the school's first NCAA final in 1990. He also played professionally for both the Baltimore Thunder and the original Boston Blazers, although he only played in three games during the", "Jerry Lyne the Chicago Sports Hall of Fame in 1989. Jerry Lyne Jerry Lyne is a South Side Chicagoan, who played for, captained and coached the Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team over the course of several decades that he was affiliated with the Loyola University Chicago. Lyne began playing basketball in 5th grade at Little Flower School on the North Side of Chicago, where he eventually became captain. Subsequently, he became captain at Leo Catholic High School and for Loyola. He played for the Loyola for four seasons (1952–56), started for three and captained the team as a senior. While a student", "Bernie Bradley coach at his alma mater, and in April of the following year, he was hired by his former college coach at Loyola Marymount. He worked as the line coach and scout for two seasons. In August 1942, Bradley was promoted to replace Brill as the head coach at Loyola. He led Loyola to a 5–4–1 record. In March 1943, Bradley resigned his post at Loyola to return as head coach at La Salle High School. In 1949, he joined the coaching staff at Villanova as a line coach. In 1950, he worked as the freshman coach and as a scout", "Clark Shaughnessy He also brought to Loyola his modified version of the Minnesota shift, which he claimed no opponent had been able to completely counteract. In 1931, California considered Shaughnessy as a candidate for its head coaching job. Despite opportunities to coach elsewhere, Shaughnessy remained in New Orleans because he liked the city and it was his wife's hometown. He compiled a 38–16–6 record at Loyola from 1927 to 1932. After the 1932 season, University of Chicago president Dr. Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out 70-year-old head coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, whom he considered too old for the position. Stagg then moved on", "Joe Logan first-ever postseason win, knocking off Old Dominion 67-65 on the road. During the 2011-12 season, Logan reached a pair of career milestones. First, he won his 100th career game with a win over George Washington, becoming just the second head women's basketball coach at Loyola to accomplish the feat. Logan then became the all-time winningest coach in Greyhound history on January 7, 2012, recording his 101st career win over Siena. Loyola went on to finish fourth in the MAAC during 2011-12, going 13-17 overall and 9-9 in the MAAC. Logan is married to former Loyola women's basketball player and assistant", "Ron Jacobs (basketball) to win with science, hard work, team play and discipline. Ron Jacobs was named West Coast Conference Coach of the Year for piloting the Loyola Marymount's basketball varsity to the NCAA Tournament in 1980. He had turned the program around in just a season from a lowly 5-21 pushover to a legitimate contender. Jacobs became an overnight hero at the Loyola campus in Los Angeles and there emerged a popular clamor for him to take over as Loyola athletic director. This didn't sit well with some in the school's Board of Trustees. Jacobs eventually left Loyola, exasperated by the politics", "Clark Shaughnessy happened at both Loyola and Chicago the year prior. The Bay Area media mocked the Shaughnessy hiring as comically inept. They believed that a prestigious academic school had foolishly hired an inveterate loser as its head coach. Prescott Sulivan of the \"San Francisco Examiner\" and Jack McDonald of the \"San Francisco Call-Bulletin\" coined the nickname \"Soup\" for Shaughnessy, which they sarcastically explained was a diminutive for the word \"super\". Sullivan wrote, \"We have heard it said that Shaughnessy has developed the knack of losing to the point where, with him, it is an exact science. In light of his record,", "2018–19 Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team as head coach. He finished at Loyola with a five-year record of 56–98. On March 28, the Greyhounds hired Georgia Tech assistant coach Tavaras Hardy for the head coaching job. !colspan=9 style=| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=| Non-conference regular season !colspan=9 style=| Patriot League regular season !colspan=9 style=| Patriot League Tournament 2018–19 Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team The 2018–19 Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team represents Loyola University Maryland during the 2018–19 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Greyhounds, led by first-year head coach Tavaras Hardy, play their home games at Reitz Arena in Baltimore, Maryland as members of the Patriot League.", "2015–16 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by fifth year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 15–17, 7–11 in Missouri Valley play to finish in eighth place. They defeated Bradley in the first round of the Missouri Valley Tournament to advance to the quarterfinals where they lost to Wichita State. The Ramblers finished the season 24–13, 8–10 in", "2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by second year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Horizon League. They finished the season 15–16, 5–11 in Horizon League play to finish in seventh place. They lost in the first round of the Horizon League Tournament to Youngstown State. This was the Ramblers final season as a member of the Horizon League. In July, 2013 they will", "Siena Saints men's basketball first time since 1994-1997. The Saints finished the season at 8-24 and coach Mitch Buonaguro was fired. On April 3, 2013, Siena introduced Loyola coach Jimmy Patsos as the 16th head coach in Siena history. In his first year, Patsos guided the Saints to a 20-18 record (11-9 in MAAC conference play) and the program's first-ever postseason championship, winning the 2014 CBI tournament two games to one over Fresno State. The home portion of the three-game series was noteworthy; both games were played at the Alumni Recreation Center on the Siena campus as the Times Union Center was being used", "Peter J. Patton Peter J. Patton Peter J. Patton (born February 9, 1974) is a retired American basketball player and is currently working with the Dallas Mavericks. Patton was previously employed as the shooting coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves Patton has worked closely with players such as Zach Lavine and Jimmy Butler. Patton, himself was a three-year varsity starter in basketball, baseball, and football at Loyola Academy. After the Chicago Catholic League, Patton received a scholarship to DePaul University. While at DePaul, Patton was named captain of the 1995–96 team. Patton set the DePaul single season 3pt fg% record, a mark that still", "Pat Coyle (basketball) Liberty started their season 6-11 despite a roster made up primarily of healthy, returning players. The team announced on July 31, 2009 that Coyle had been relieved of her duties, and that assistant coach Anne Donovan would take over as interim head coach. Prior to joining the Liberty as an assistant coach in 1998, Coyle was the head women's basketball coach at Loyola University Maryland . There, Coyle amassed a 100-77 (.565) record in over six seasons, making her the winningest coach in Loyola history. She led the Greyhounds to the Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Championships and the NCAA Division", "Jimmy Patsos as coach in 2004, he guided them to a 6–22 record. In his second season, they reached 15–13, the first time they had a winning record since the 1993–94 season, the year they reached the NCAA Tournament under Skip Prosser. On Dec. 22, 2009 a Patsos led Loyola team recorded the greatest regular season win in program history by defeating the Indiana Hoosiers 72–67. The Hounds led by as many as 22, before the Hoosiers rallied to take a late lead. Senior guard Brett Harvey led the Hounds back scoring 9 points in the final 3 minutes. Patsos has guided", "Ben Bluitt Force. Bluitt was the first African American on Loyola's basketball team, and the Chicago Defender followed his college basketball career closely. After graduating from Loyola, Bluitt became a teacher and coach at DuSable and Farragut high schools in Chicago. Bluitt joined the college coaching ranks in 1970 as an assistant coach at the University of Detroit. In 1974, Bluitt was hired as the head coach at Cornell, where he compiled a 45-108 record over six seasons. Ben Bluitt Ben Bluitt (1924 – December 26, 2000) was an American college basketball player for Loyola University Chicago, and a coach for the", "David Bailey (basketball) He was also recruited by Rhode Island, Northern Illinois and Southwestern Louisiana. Loyola head coach Larry Farmer was advised to recruit Bailey by his former head coach John Wooden. Bailey began contributing in his first moments on the court at Loyola in 1999, and he is credited with saving a game as a freshman. Bailey had the ability to slam dunk the basketball. At Loyola, Bailey earned 2000–01 and 2001–02 first team All-Horizon League recognition and 2002–03 second team recognition (along with his brother who was also on the second team that season). He was also a 2001–02 All-Tournament Team", "Dave Paulsen receiving an invitation to the 2017 CBI, where they would lose in the first round to Loyola (MD). Dave Paulsen Dave Paulsen (born September 14, 1964) is an American college basketball coach and the current head men's basketball coach at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. He was previously the head coach at Bucknell University for seven seasons. Prior to Bucknell, he spent eight years as the head coach at his alma mater, Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, and also coached at St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, and Le Moyne College in Syracuse, New York. At Williams College,", "Mike Dunlap Mike Dunlap Michael Gregory Dunlap (born May 27, 1957) is an American basketball coach. He is currently the head coach of Loyola Marymount University. Dunlap is the former head coach of the NBA's Charlotte Bobcats. He replaced Paul Silas after the Bobcats' 2011–2012 season. Dunlap served three seasons in Australia (1994–1996) as head coach of the Adelaide 36ers in the National Basketball League. Dunlap signed to coach Adelaide for 5 years at approximately AU$200,000 per year, making him the NBL's first million dollar coach. Dunlap was successful in taking the team to the NBL Grand Final in 1994 against the", "Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball 12 as Paul Hogue and Tom Thacker led the way with 22 and 21 points, respectively. When it was over, the Bearcats' second-year coach Ed Jucker had a pair of NCAA titles in two tries. 03/23/1963 – Loyola (Ill.) 60, Cincinnati 58: Despite its No. 3 ranking and a scoring average of 91.8, nobody expected Loyola of Chicago to beat Cincinnati, especially when the Ramblers fell behind by 15 in the second half. But Loyola rallied to send the game into OT and won the title on a last-second rebound and basket by Vic Rouse. 12/21/1981 – Cincinnati 75, Bradley", "Eric Luzzi gained an automatic place in the NCAA tournament, winning 3–0 in their first round match versus Western Illinois University. The Huskies then lost 3–0 in the second round to eventual College Cup semi-finalist Creighton University. He played goalkeeper at St. Ignatius College Prep in Chicago and at Saint Mary's University (Minnesota). Eric Luzzi Eric Luzzi is the former head men's soccer coach at Northern Illinois University. He held that position from 2009 thru 2016, and posted a 66–70–19 record at the helm. In just his first season, he led the Huskies to a 1–1 draw to No. 1 ranked North", "Jerry Lyne Jerry Lyne Jerry Lyne is a South Side Chicagoan, who played for, captained and coached the Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team over the course of several decades that he was affiliated with the Loyola University Chicago. Lyne began playing basketball in 5th grade at Little Flower School on the North Side of Chicago, where he eventually became captain. Subsequently, he became captain at Leo Catholic High School and for Loyola. He played for the Loyola for four seasons (1952–56), started for three and captained the team as a senior. While a student at Loyola in the Near North Side community", "Lisa Ryckbosch until 2002, and one season as an assistant coach at UIC from 1990 to 1991. Ryckbosch graduated from Loyola in 1984 after starting for the Ramblers for four years and serving as a team captain for two seasons, and in 2006 was inducted in Loyola's Athletics Hall of Fame. After graduation she began her coaching career at Hillcrest High School in Country Club Hills, Illinois, where she served as the Head Girls' Varsity Basketball Coach and a math teacher for three years. Lisa Ryckbosch Lisa Ryckbosch is the current director of Professional, Corporate & Community Relations at DePaul University. She", "Jo Ann Rooney Jo Ann Rooney Jo Ann Rooney (born March 23, 1961) is an American educator with a background in higher education, law, business, health care, and public service. On May 23, 2016, she was named the 24th president of Loyola University Chicago, a Jesuit, Catholic university in Chicago, Illinois. Rooney is the first lay, non-Jesuit president of the university in its history and began her term as president on August 1, 2016. Prior to her appointment at Loyola, Rooney was the managing director at Huron Consulting Group in Chicago with responsibility for developing strategies to advance Huron Healthcare’s Federal Government Healthcare", "Chicago Catholic League member Moose Krause and more contemporary athletes such as former NBA player Corey Maggette and All-Pro quarterback Donovan McNabb, Antoine Walker. Perhaps the conference's most accomplished alumnus is Duke University men's basketball coach Mike Krzyzewski. St. Joseph High School joined the conference in 2011. Lake Forest Academy joined the conference for football only in 2011. St.Viator High School joined in 2010 to compete in the conference for lacrosse. Additionally, St. Patrick High School, Notre Dame High School, and Marist High School participate in the conference for Boys Bowling. For those schools which are coed, most of the girls teams compete", "Michael J. Garanzini Michael J. Garanzini Michael J. Garanzini, S.J. (born September 24, 1948 in Saint Louis, Missouri) is an American priest of the Society of Jesus religious order of the Roman Catholic Church in the United States. From 2001 until 2015, Garanzini served as the twenty-third President of Loyola University Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, a member of the twenty-eight institution Association of Jesuit Colleges and Universities. Garanzini graduated from Saint Louis University with a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology in 1971, the same year that he entered the Society of Jesus. After spending years around the country and in Rome during his", "Chicago Maroons women's basketball Chicago Maroons women's basketball The Chicago Maroons women's basketball team is an NCAA Division III college basketball team competing in the University Athletic Association. Home games are played at the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, located on the University of Chicago's campus in Chicago. The team's head coach is currently Carissa Sain Knoche. As of the 2015–16 season, the Maroons are 610–414 (.596) in 45 seasons of play. They are 218–181 in UAA play since joining in 1987. Aaron Roussell has the best coaching record in Maroon history, winning 161 games while losing only 50 (for a .763 percentage) in eight", "2014–15 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2014–15 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2014–15 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2014–15 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by fourth year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 24–13, 8–10 in MVC play to finish in sixth place. They advanced to the semifinals of the Missouri Valley Tournament where they lost to Northern Iowa. They were invited to the College Basketball Invitational where they defeated Rider, Oral Roberts, and Seattle", "Jo Ann Rooney Mount Ida College in Newton, Massachusetts. After only a few months in the position, she was appointed by the Obama Administration to serve in the U.S. Department of Defense. On May 23, 2016, Rooney was announced as the 24th president of Loyola University Chicago. She assumed office on August 1, 2016. In addition to her work as an administrator, Rooney also spent more than 12 years teaching graduate and undergraduate level courses. She also currently sits on the sits on the Board of Trustees for Regis University, a Jesuit institution located in Denver, Colorado. On September 29, 2010, the Obama", "Tania Tetlow Tania Tetlow Tania Christina Tetlow is an American lawyer. On May 2, 2018, she was elected president of Loyola University New Orleans, making her the first female and non-Jesuit to hold the position. Tetlow was born in New Orleans, to her father Louis, who was formerly a Jesuit priest, and her mother Elisabeth. Tetlow went to Tulane University and graduated in 1992. Several years later, she graduated from Harvard University with a law degree. After graduating, Tetlow was a federal prosecutor, dealing particularly with cases involving domestic violence and family law. She became a part of the faculty for Tulane", "Loyola Greyhounds men's soccer success in its early years was limited; the team had some difficulty in finding a long-term coach and Emil G. Reitz Jr. - the school's head basketball coach - filled the position three separate times on an interim basis. Loyola did have its first notably successful season in 1962 under the direction of Reitz with a 9-2-2 record, including victories against American, Georgetown, and a 5-0 massacre of local rival Johns Hopkins. After Bullington retired from coaching following the 1979 season, local coach Bill Sento was hired at the coach of the Greyhounds, and he would lead the team for", "LaVall Jordan 2017, Butler hired Jordan to replace Chris Holtmann. Butler's athletic director Barry Collier had recruited Jordan as a player and coached him for three seasons. In his first season as head coach, he led the unranked Bulldogs to a stunning 101–93 upset of No. 1 Villanova in Hinkle Fieldhouse, marking Butler's third straight win over the Wildcats. LaVall Jordan LaVall Jurrant Jordan (born April 16, 1979) is an American college basketball coach, currently the head coach for the Butler Bulldogs. He is a former head coach of Milwaukee, as well as assistant coach at Michigan, Iowa, and Butler. In six", "Joe Logan most successful season in program history in 2010-11, tying the record for most wins in a single season with 21, and setting the mark for most conference wins with 15. Loyola finished 21-13 overall and 15-3 in the MAAC to finish second in the regular-season. During the 2010-11 campaign, Loyola won nine-straight games, tying the record for the longest winning streak in program history. The Greyhounds went on to the MAAC title game for the seventh time in school history, where they fell to Marist. Loyola qualified for the 2010-11 Women's National Invitation Tournament, where they picked up the program's", "Nate Boyden Nate Boyden Nathaniel Bostwick \"Nate\" Boyden (born November 27, 1982) is an American former professional soccer player who currently serves as an assistant coach for the Loyola Ramblers men's soccer team. Boyden was born on November 27, 1982, in Woodland, California. He attended Davis Senior High School, where he played on the soccer team. He later attended the University of California, Santa Barbara. While at UCSB, he played college soccer with the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos men's soccer team led by Tim Vom Steeg. He was with the program for 5 seasons, redshirting in 2003 to rehabilitate an injury. He", "Loyola Greyhounds men's lacrosse history. Loyola, a Jesuit university with over 3,700 undergraduates, has produced 13 USILA First Team All-Americans, 25 Second Team All-Americans, 18 Third Team All-Americans, and 68 Honorable Mention All-Americans. The Greyhounds local rivals are the Johns Hopkins Blue Jays, located just down Charles Street. The annual lacrosse game played between these two institutions is known as the \"Battle of Charles Street\". The Loyola Greyhounds men's lacrosse team was founded in 1938 and coached by Jack Kelly. Kelly coached five seasons before leaving after 1942, with an overall winning record consisting of 21 wins and 14 losses. The Greyhounds struggled after", "Skip Prosser collegiate level. He began his college coaching career when he was hired by Coach Pete Gillen as an assistant coach for eight seasons at Xavier University in Cincinnati, Ohio, starting with the 1985–86 season, and he became Gillen's top assistant. His collegiate head coaching career began at Loyola College in Maryland on April 1, 1993. Besides replacing Tom Schneider who had resigned in the midst of a then-school-worst 2–25 season, Prosser inherited a program that had completed its sixth straight losing campaign. In his only season at Loyola, the Greyhounds finished with a 17–13 overall record and won the Metro", "Jim McCafferty the Wolfpack for four seasons, including Loyola's first two NCAA Tournament appearances in 1954 and 1957. Unfortunately, the Wolfpack lost in the first round in both tournaments. After the 1957 season, he was named head coach at Xavier University. In his first season at Xavier, McCafferty led the Musketeers to the NIT, which it won against longtime rival Dayton, then coached by legendary Tom Blackburn. Then, in 1961, the Musketeers made it to their first NCAA Tournament. McCafferty was head coach at Xavier for six seasons until 1963. He also served as the school's athletic director from 1962 to 1979.", "Loyola Greyhounds men's soccer the University of Maryland, and went on a 19-game unbeaten streak before a loss in the Round of 16 of the NCAA Tournament at St. Louis. Loyola finished the 2001 season with a record of 17-2-2 and ranked in the Top 10 nationally. Loyola lost key players for the 2002 season including Nelson, Bobby Von Bremen, and Arturo Lopez, but Beatty and Lepper returned for their senior seasons and led the team to an early season #8 national ranking and an eventual 13-5-3 overall record before falling to Furman in the NCAA Tournament. From 2003 to 2006, Loyola was unable", "Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball in the NCAA Division II Tournament one time. Their record is 1–2. The Greyhounds have appeared in the NAIA Tournament four times. Their combined record is 2–4. Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball The Loyola Greyhounds men's basketball team represents Loyola University Maryland in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I competition. They are currently led by first-year head coach Tavaras Hardy. It became a member of the Patriot League along with the university's other intercollegiate athletic programs on July 1, 2013. Home matches are played at Reitz Arena. The program participated in the first interracial American basketball game played south of the", "2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team become a member of the Missouri Valley Conference. !colspan=9| Exhibition !colspan=9| Regular Season !colspan=9|Horizon League Tournament 2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team The 2012–13 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team represented Loyola University Chicago during the 2012–13 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by second year head coach Porter Moser, played their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Horizon League. They finished the season 15–16, 5–11 in Horizon League play to finish in seventh place. They lost in the first round of the Horizon League Tournament to Youngstown State. This was", "Jerry Lyne area, he commuted to and from the Auburn Gresham community area on the South Side via the Chicago Transit Authority buses and Chicago 'L'. After serving as an assistant coach for twelve years under George Ireland, Lyne became the interim coach when Ireland retired due to health reasons in January 1975. He remained coach until 1980 when third year athletic director Gene Sullivan took over the team. Lyne became an assistant for the 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team who won the 1963 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament. During his 12 years as an assistant, he worked at his", "Paul Lusk The Bears registered their first win over a Division I team on December 30, beating Southern Illinois University 70-59. Paul Lusk Paul Lusk (born November 14, 1971) is an American men's college basketball coach, currently an assistant coach at Creighton. A former assistant coach at Purdue under Matt Painter, he was introduced as the new coach at Missouri State University on Friday, April 1, 2011, replacing Cuonzo Martin after he left for the head coaching position at Tennessee.. He was fired from Missouri State on March 3, 2018. A native of New Baden, Illinois, Lusk played high school basketball at", "Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus Sexual abuse scandal in the Society of Jesus The Society of Jesus has had different episodes of Catholic sex abuse cases in various jurisdictions. Internal church records released in 2013 indicate that the Jesuits of the Archdiocese of Chicago willfully concealed sex crimes committed by Jesuit priest Donald McGuire for more than four decades. A letter written in 1970 by John Reinke, the president of Loyola Academy where McGuire worked, admitted that McGuire's presence at Loyola was \"positively destructive and corrosive,\" but suggested transferring him to Loyola University instead of sending him to treatment or turning him over to the", "Jim Boylen Jim Boylen James Francis Boylen (born April 18, 1965) is an American professional basketball coach. He serves as head coach for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has previously served as head coach for the University of Utah. He had coached the program from 2007 to 2011 before being fired on March 12, 2011. The Utah job was his first head coaching position after spending over a decade as an assistant at both the NBA and NCAA levels. He replaced Ray Giacoletti, who was fired from Utah on March 3, 2007. Prior to joining Utah, Boylen", "Black participation in college basketball led the Sycamores to the NAIB National Tournament final, losing to Louisville. That year, Walker became the first African-American to play in any post-season intercollegiate basketball tournament, coming off the bench and scoring eight points. The lifting of the ban on black players also meant the NAIB champion would be eligible for an automatic berth in the 1948 Olympic Trials. The higher-profile NIT and NCAA tournaments finally integrated two years later. The Loyola University (Chicago) teams of the early 1960s, coached by George Ireland, are thought to be responsible for ushering in a new era of racial equality in the", "Clark Shaughnessy Shaughnessy's Loyola freshman team before he transferred to Notre Dame. In February, Shaughnessy declined interest from Ohio State to replace former head coach Sam Willaman, and said that he had already assembled his coaching staff and had no desire to leave Chicago. In 1935, offered Shaughnessy a job as its head coach, which he seriously considered. Chicago moved to retain him, possibly with a salary increase, and the Harvard job ultimately went to former coach Dick Harlow. After breaking even in each of his first three seasons, Shaughnessy's Chicago teams suffered a losing record each year from 1936 to 1939.", "2016–17 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team style=\"background:#800000; color:#D4AF37;\"| Missouri Valley Women's Tournament 2016–17 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2016–17 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team The 2016–17 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago during the 2016–17 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by first year head coach Kate Achter, play their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 2–28, 2–16 in MVC play to finish in last place. They lost in the first round of the Missouri Valley Women's Tournament to Bradley. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#800000; color:#D4AF37;\"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=\"background:#800000;", "Chicago Maroons women's basketball before a loss to Calvin 68–50. Chicago Maroons women's basketball The Chicago Maroons women's basketball team is an NCAA Division III college basketball team competing in the University Athletic Association. Home games are played at the Gerald Ratner Athletics Center, located on the University of Chicago's campus in Chicago. The team's head coach is currently Carissa Sain Knoche. As of the 2015–16 season, the Maroons are 610–414 (.596) in 45 seasons of play. They are 218–181 in UAA play since joining in 1987. Aaron Roussell has the best coaching record in Maroon history, winning 161 games while losing only 50", "2015–16 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team style=\"background:#800000; color:#D4AF37;\"| Missouri Valley Women's Tournament 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team The 2015–16 Loyola Ramblers women's basketball team represents Loyola University Chicago during the 2015–16 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. The Ramblers, led by third year head coach Sheryl Swoopes, play their home games at the Joseph J. Gentile Arena and were members of the Missouri Valley Conference. They finished the season 14–16, 10–8 in MVC play to finish in fifth place. They lost in the quarterfinals of the Missouri Valley Women's Tournament to Southern Illinois. !colspan=9 style=\"background:#800000; color:#D4AF37;\"| Exhibition !colspan=9 style=\"background:#800000;", "Wade Walker team won the Southeastern Conference (SEC) championship and advanced to the second round of the NCAA tournament. They were set to face Loyola of Chicago, an integrated school, but Mississippi state schools had an unwritten prohibition against playing teams with black players. In violation of a court injunction that prohibited the team from leaving the state, Colvard ordered the athletic department staff, including Walker and head basketball coach Babe McCarthy, across state lines to Nashville, Tennessee. An assistant coach smuggled the team out of the state from a private airfield, and they met Walker and the rest of the staff", "John Holecek was only the school's third appearance in the state championship game and the first in 18 years. In August 2012, Holecek brought his Ramblers to Dublin, Ireland to play Jesuit Dallas in Global Ireland Football Tournament 2012, featuring Notre Dame vs Navy as the main draw. That same year John Holecek joined Dick Butkus in making an instructional video one of one Butkus's websites to emphasize tackling with proper form to reduce the risk of head injury. Loyola was a state semi-finalist in 2012. Loyola was the 8A state championship runner-up in 2013, after losing to Naperville Central 13-10 in" ]

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[ "A man is using a hula hoop" ]

[ "The man is juggling knives", "A dog sits calmly.", "two men are on a compartment motorcycle.", "They had never met Ca'daan before.", "We are a real and very big company, and I don't have contact with them.", "I don't think so.", "Guy making bagels" ]

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[ "Thorax cases the sclerites are fused to various degrees. Thorax The thorax or chest (from the Greek θώραξ \"thorax\" \"breastplate, cuirass, corslet\" via ) is a part of the anatomy of humans and various other animals located between the neck and the abdomen. The thorax includes the thoracic cavity and the thoracic wall. It contains organs including the heart, lungs, and thymus gland, as well as muscles and various other internal structures. Many diseases may affect the chest, and one of the most common symptoms is chest pain. In humans and other hominids, the thorax is the chest region of the" ]

[ "Mediastinitis Mediastinitis Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum. It can be either acute or chronic. It is thought to be due to four different etiologies: Acute mediastinitis is usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress rapidly, this is considered a serious condition. Chronic sclerosing (or fibrosing) mediastinitis, while potentially serious, is caused by a long-standing inflammation of the mediastinum, leading to growth of acellular collagen and fibrous tissue within the chest and around the central vessels and airways. It has a different cause, treatment, and prognosis than", "Pulmonary pleurae contains a lubricating fluid. as it reaches the 4th rib – atria 8th rib – mid clavicular 10th rib – axillary area 12th rib – back side The parietal pleura is supplied by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve. The costal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves. The diaphragmatic portion of the parietal pleura overlies the diaphragm and is innervated by the phrenic nerve in its central portion and by the intercostal nerves in its peripheral portion. The mediastinal portion of the parietal pleura forms the lateral wall of the mediastinum and is innervated by the phrenic nerve.", "Root of the lung visceral pleura (covering the lung) is made, and this marks the meeting point between the mediastinum and the pleural cavities. The root is formed by the bronchus, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary veins, the bronchial arteries and veins, the pulmonary plexuses of nerves, lymphatic vessels, bronchial lymph nodes, and areolar tissue, all of which are enclosed by a reflection of the pleura. The root of the right lung lies behind the superior vena cava and part of the right atrium, and below the azygos vein. That of the left lung passes beneath the aortic arch and in front of the", "Fremitus of choice. Tactile fremitus is normally more intense in the right second intercostal space, as well as in the interscapular region, as these areas are closest to the bronchial trifurcation (right side) or bifurcation (left side). Tactile fremitus is pathologically increased over areas of consolidation and decreased or absent over areas of pleural effusion or pneumothorax (when there is air outside the lung in the chest cavity, preventing lung expansion). The reason for increased fremitus in a consolidated lung is the fact that the sound waves are transmitted with less decay in a solid or fluid medium (the consolidation) than", "Pulmonary pleurae Pulmonary pleurae The pulmonary pleurae (\"sing.\" pleura) are the two pleurae of the invaginated sac surrounding each lung and attaching to the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung (the lung parenchyma) and dips into the fissures between the lobes. The parietal pleura is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. It also separates the pleural cavity from the mediastinum. The parietal pleura is innervated by the intercostal nerves and the phrenic nerve. Between the membranes is a fluid-filled space called the pleural", "Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity The thoracic cavity (or chest cavity) is the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall (rib cage and associated skin, muscle, and fascia). The central compartment of the thoracic cavity is the mediastinum. There are two openings of the thoracic cavity, a superior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic inlet and a lower inferior thoracic aperture known as the thoracic outlet. The thoracic cavity includes the tendons as well as the cardiovascular system which could be damaged from injury to the back, spine or the neck. Structures within the thoracic cavity include:", "Sternal fracture Sternal fracture A sternal fracture is a fracture of the sternum (the breastbone), located in the center of the chest. The injury, which occurs in 5–8% of people who experience significant blunt chest trauma, may occur in vehicle accidents, when the still-moving chest strikes a steering wheel or dashboard or is injured by a seatbelt. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), has also been known to cause thoracic injury, including sternum and rib fractures. Sternal fractures may also occur as a pathological fracture, in people who have weakened bone in their sternum, due to another disease process. Sternal fracture can interfere with breathing", "Plombage 1940s and early-1950s. However, with the introduction of drugs which were effective in destroying the tuberculosis bacterium (\"Mycobacterium tuberculosis\"), plombage treatment fell into disfavor. In addition, complications of plombage began to appear in patients who had been so treated. These complications included hemorrhage, infection and fistulization (abnormal opening between two hollow organs) of the bronchus, aorta, esophagus and skin. The technique involved surgically creating a cavity underneath the ribs in the upper part of the chest wall and filling this space with some inert material. A variety of substances were typically used and included air, olive or mineral oil, gauze,", "Pleural cavity also supply the overlying body wall. The costal and cervical portions and the periphery of the diaphragmatic portion of the parietal pleurae are innervated by the intercostal nerves. The mediastinal and central portions of the diaphragmatic pleurae are innervated by the phrenic nerves. The visceral pleurae covering the lung itself receive their innervation from the autonomic nervous system and have no sensory innervation. Only the parietal pleurae are sensitive to pain. Initially the intraembryonic coelom is one continuous space. During development this space partitions to form the pericardial, pleural and peritoneal cavities. The diaphragm and the paired pleuropericardial membranes separate", "Pulmonary pleurae vertebrae extending beyond the apex of the lung and into the neck. The \"costal pleura\" lines the inner surfaces of the ribs and the intercostal muscles and are separated from them by endothoracic fascia. An extension of the endothoracic fascia known as the suprapleural membrane covers the apex of each lung in a thickened layer of connective tissue. The \"diaphragmatic pleura\" lines the convex surface of the diaphragm. The \"mediastinal pleura\" attaches to the other organs in the mediastinum and forms the separating lateral wall. Between the two membranes is a space called the pleural cavity or interpleural space, which", "Base of lung the pleura, between the lower ribs and the costal attachment of the diaphragm. The base of the lung descends during inspiration and ascends during expiration. Base of lung The base of the lung is broad, concave, and rests upon the convex surface of the diaphragm, which separates the right lung from the right lobe of the liver, and the left lung from the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, and the spleen. Since the human diaphragm extends higher on the right than on the left side, the concavity on the base of the right lung is deeper than that", "Thorax or thoracic trauma) results in up to ¼ of all deaths due to trauma in the United States. The major pathophysiologies encountered in blunt chest trauma involve derangements in the flow of air, blood, or both in combination. Sepsis due to leakage of alimentary tract contents, as in esophageal perforations, also must be considered. Blunt trauma commonly results in chest wall injuries (e.g., rib fractures). The pain associated with these injuries can make breathing difficult, and this may compromise ventilation. Direct lung injuries, such as pulmonary contusions (see the image below), are frequently associated with major chest trauma and may", "Mediastinitis hydration. If discrete fluid collections or grossly infected tissue have formed (such as abscesses), they may have to be surgically drained or debrided. Treatment for chronic fibrosing mediastinitis is somewhat controversial, and may include steroids or surgical decompression of affected vessels. Mediastinitis Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mid-chest, or mediastinum. It can be either acute or chronic. It is thought to be due to four different etiologies: Acute mediastinitis is usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress rapidly, this is considered a serious condition. Chronic sclerosing (or fibrosing)", "Abdomen and the rectum. Other vital organs inside the abdomen include the liver, the kidneys, the pancreas and the spleen. The abdominal wall is split into the posterior (back), lateral (sides), and anterior (front) walls. The abdominal muscles have different important functions. They assist in the breathing process as accessory muscles of respiration. Moreover, these muscles serve as protection for the inner organs. Furthermore, together with the back muscles they provide postural support and are important in defining the form. When the glottis is closed and the thorax and pelvis are fixed, they are integral in the cough, urination, defecation, childbirth,", "Hemothorax procedure called a tube thoracostomy. Generally, the thoracostomy tube is placed between the ribs in the sixth or seventh intercostal space at the mid-axillary line. Usually the lung will expand and the bleeding will stop after a chest tube is inserted. The blood in the chest can thicken as the clotting cascade is activated when the blood leaves the blood vessels and comes into contact with the pleural surface, injured lung or chest wall, or with the chest tube. As the blood thickens, it can clot in the pleural space (leading to a retained hemothorax) or within the chest tube,", "Lung divided into three lobes, an upper, middle, and a lower, by two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal. The upper, horizontal fissure, separates the upper from the middle lobe. It begins in the lower oblique fissure near the posterior border of the lung, and, running horizontally forward, cuts the anterior border on a level with the sternal end of the fourth costal cartilage; on the mediastinal surface it may be traced backward to the hilum. The lower, oblique fissure, separates the lower from the middle and upper lobes, and is closely aligned with the oblique fissure in the left lung.", "Hypochondrium Hypochondrium In anatomy, the division of the abdomen into regions can employ a nine-region scheme, in which the hypochondrium is the upper part of the abdomen on either side, inferior to (below) the thorax, in the area of the lower ribs. The liver is in the right hypochondrium; the spleen and much of the stomach are in the left hypochondrium. The epigastrium intervenes. The word derives from : \"hupochondros\", meaning abdomen, or literally \"under cartilage\" or \"below the cartilage\". The word once referred only to the soft portion of the abdomen between the rib cage and the navel (the region", "Atelectasis Leakage of air into the pleural cavity (pneumothorax) also leads to compression atelectasis. It occurs when either local or generalized fibrotic changes in the lung or pleura hamper expansion and increase elastic recoil during expiration. Causes include granulomatous disease, necrotising pneumonia and radiation fibrosis. Chronic atelectasis may take one of two forms—middle lobe syndrome or rounded atelectasis. In right middle lobe syndrome, the middle lobe of the right lung contracts, usually because of pressure on the bronchus from enlarged lymph glands and occasionally a tumor. The blocked, contracted lung may develop pneumonia that fails to resolve completely and leads to", "Chest tube Chest tube A chest tube (chest drain, thoracic catheter, tube thoracostomy, or intercostal drain) is a flexible plastic tube that is inserted through the chest wall and into the pleural space or mediastinum. It is used to remove air (pneumothorax), fluid, pleural effusion, blood, chyle), or pus (empyema) from the intrathoracic space. It is also known as a Bülau drain or an intercostal catheter. The concept of chest drainage was first advocated by Hippocrates when he described the treatment of empyema by means of incision, cautery, and insertion of metal tubes. However, the technique was not widely used until the", "Mediastinum superior and inferior mediastinum. Is bounded: Bounded: pericardial sac – It contains the vital organs and is classified into the serous and fibrous pericardium. Is bounded: The mediastinum is frequently the site of involvement of various tumors: Mediastinitis is inflammation of the tissues in the mediastinum, usually bacterial and due to rupture of organs in the mediastinum. As the infection can progress very quickly, this is a serious condition. Pneumomediastinum is the presence of air in the mediastinum, which in some cases can lead to pneumothorax, pneumoperitoneum, and pneumopericardium if left untreated. However, that does not always occur and sometimes", "Parasternal lymph nodes Parasternal lymph nodes The parasternal lymph nodes (or sternal glands) are placed at the anterior ends of the intercostal spaces, by the side of the internal thoracic artery. They derive afferents from the mamma; from the deeper structures of the anterior abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus; from the upper surface of the liver through a small group of glands which lie behind the xiphoid process; and from the deeper parts of the anterior portion of the thoracic wall. Their efferents usually unite to form a single trunk on either side; this may open directly into the junction", "Thoracic diaphragm the vault formed by the muscle, closer to the front than to the back of the thorax, so that the posterior muscular fibers are the longer. There are a number of openings in the diaphragm through which structures pass between the thorax and abdomen. There are three large openings—the aortic, the esophageal, and the caval opening—plus a series of smaller ones. The inferior vena cava passes through the caval opening, a quadrilateral opening at the junction of the right and middle leaflets of the central tendon, so that its margins are tendinous. Surrounded by tendons, the opening is stretched open", "Pulmonary sequestration blood flow from the subclavian, intercostal, pulmonary, pericardiophrenic, innominate, internal mammary, celiac, splenic, or renal arteries. Usually the sequestration is removed after birth via surgery. In most cases this surgery is safe and effective; the child will grow up to have normal lung function. In a few instances, fetuses with sequestrations develop problematic fluid collections in the chest cavity. In these situations a Harrison catheter shunt can be used to drain the chest fluid into the amniotic fluid. In rare instances where the fetus has a very large lesion, resuscitation after delivery can be dangerous. In these situations a specialized", "Ascending aorta is enclosed in a tube of the serous pericardium, common to it and the pulmonary artery. The ascending aorta is covered at its commencement by the trunk of the pulmonary artery and the right auricula, and, higher up, is separated from the sternum by the pericardium, the right pleura, the anterior margin of the right lung, some loose areolar tissue, and the remains of the thymus; posteriorly, it rests upon the left atrium and right pulmonary artery. On the right side, it is in relation with the superior vena cava and right atrium, the former lying partly behind it; on", "Hypochondrium the chest wall. In clinical situations, the parts of the abdominal wall just below the right and left costal margins are referred to as the right and left hypochondriac regions respectively. Clinically speaking, symptoms and signs arising from this region are of great importance and have a specific list of diseases in their differential diagnoses. Hypochondrium In anatomy, the division of the abdomen into regions can employ a nine-region scheme, in which the hypochondrium is the upper part of the abdomen on either side, inferior to (below) the thorax, in the area of the lower ribs. The liver is in", "Middle cardiac nerve Middle cardiac nerve The middle cardiac nerve (\"great cardiac nerve\"), the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia. On the right side it descends behind the common carotid artery, and at the root of the neck runs either in front of or behind the subclavian artery; it then descends on the trachea, receives a few filaments from the recurrent nerve, and joins the right half of the deep part of the cardiac plexus. In the neck, it communicates with the superior cardiac and recurrent nerves.", "Bronchus and, although usually asymptomatic, it can be the root cause of pulmonary disease such as a recurrent infection. In such cases resection is often curative The cardiac bronchus has a prevalence of ≈0.3% and presents as an accessory bronchus arising from the bronchus intermedius between the upper lobar bronchus and the origin of the middle and lower lobar bronchi of the right main bronchus. Accessory cardiac bronchus is usually an asymptomatic condition but may be associated with persistent infection or hemoptysis. In about half of observed cases the cardiac bronchus presents as a short dead ending bronchial stump, in the", "Sternum in contact sports such as rugby and football. Sternal fractures are frequently associated with underlying injuries such as pulmonary contusions, or bruised lung tissue. A manubriosternal dislocation is rare and usually caused by severe trauma. It may also result from minor trauma where there is a precondition of arthritis. The breastbone is sometimes cut open (a median sternotomy) to gain access to the thoracic contents when performing cardiothoracic surgery. The sternum can be totally removed (resected) as part of a radical surgery, usually to surgically treat a malignancy, either with or without a mediastinal lymphadenectomy (Current Procedural Terminology codes #", "Base of lung Base of lung The base of the lung is broad, concave, and rests upon the convex surface of the diaphragm, which separates the right lung from the right lobe of the liver, and the left lung from the left lobe of the liver, the stomach, and the spleen. Since the human diaphragm extends higher on the right than on the left side, the concavity on the base of the right lung is deeper than that on the left. Laterally and behind, the base is bounded by a thin, sharp margin which projects for some distance into the costodiaphragmatic recess of", "Solitary pulmonary nodule a tissue cylinder or biopsy, precluding evaluation of the tissue architecture. Theoretically, this makes the diagnosis of benign conditions more difficult, although rates higher than 90% have been reported. Complications of the latter technique include hemorrhage into the lung and air leak in the pleural space between the lung and the chest wall (pneumothorax). However, not all these cases of pneumothorax need treatment with a chest tube. Other imaging techniques include PET-CT (simultaneous PET scan and CT scan with superposition of the images), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Solitary pulmonary nodule A solitary pulmonary", "Hs and Ts thoracotomy (inserting a needle catheter) into the 2nd intercostal space at the mid-clavicular line, which relieves the pressure in the pleural cavity. If the patient can be successfully resuscitated, there is a chance that the myocardial infarction can be treated, either with thrombolytic therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention. Hemodynamically significant pulmonary emboli are generally massive and typically fatal. Administration of thrombolytics can be attempted, and some specialized centers may perform thrombectomy, however, prognosis is generally poor. Cardiac arrest can also occur after a hard blow to the chest at a precise moment in the cardiac cycle, which is known as", "Abdomen Abdomen The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between L5 and S1) to the pubic symphysis and is the edge of the pelvic", "Parasternal lymph nodes of the internal jugular and subclavian veins, or that of the right side may join the right subclavian trunk, and that of the left the thoracic duct. The parasternal lymph nodes drain into the bronchomediastinal trunks, in a similar fashion to the upper intercostal lymph nodes. Parasternal lymph nodes The parasternal lymph nodes (or sternal glands) are placed at the anterior ends of the intercostal spaces, by the side of the internal thoracic artery. They derive afferents from the mamma; from the deeper structures of the anterior abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus; from the upper surface of", "Pneumothorax 1–2 cm) without breathlessness, with the difference that ongoing observation in hospital is required even after a successful procedure. American professional guidelines state that all large pneumothoraces – even those due to PSP – should be treated with a chest tube. Moderately sized iatrogenic traumatic pneumothoraces (due to medical procedures) may initially be treated with aspiration. A chest tube (or intercostal drain) is the most definitive initial treatment of a pneumothorax. These are typically inserted in an area under the axilla (armpit) called the \"safe triangle\", where damage to internal organs can be avoided; this is delineated by a horizontal", "Abdomen body section posterior to that bearing the legs and head (the prosoma or cephalothorax). Abdomen The abdomen (less formally called the belly, stomach, tummy or midriff) constitutes the part of the body between the thorax (chest) and pelvis, in humans and in other vertebrates. The region occupied by the abdomen is termed the abdominal cavity. In arthropods it is the posterior tagma of the body; it follows the thorax or cephalothorax. The abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim. The pelvic brim stretches from the lumbosacral joint (the intervertebral disc between", "Pulmonary pleurae the cavity provides lubrication and cushioning. Pleurisy is a condition of inflamed pleurae. Pleurisy can lead to a build-up of fluid known as pleural effusion in the pleural cavity. Pleural effusion can also occur from other causes. Pulmonary pleurae The pulmonary pleurae (\"sing.\" pleura) are the two pleurae of the invaginated sac surrounding each lung and attaching to the thoracic cavity. The visceral pleura is the delicate serous membrane that covers the surface of each lung (the lung parenchyma) and dips into the fissures between the lobes. The parietal pleura is the outer membrane which is attached to the inner", "Middle cardiac nerve On the left side, the middle cardiac nerve enters the chest between the left carotid and subclavian arteries, and joins the left half of the deep part of the cardiac plexus. Middle cardiac nerve The middle cardiac nerve (\"great cardiac nerve\"), the largest of the three cardiac nerves, arises from the middle cervical ganglion, or from the trunk between the middle and inferior ganglia. On the right side it descends behind the common carotid artery, and at the root of the neck runs either in front of or behind the subclavian artery; it then descends on the trachea, receives a", "Body cavity and spinal cord are protected by the bones of the skull and vertebral column and by cerebrospinal fluid, a colorless fluid produced by the brain, which cushions the brain and spinal cord within the posterior (dorsal) cavity. The thoracic cavity consists of three cavities that fill the interior area of the chest. The diaphragm divides the thoracic and the abdominal cavities. The abdominal cavity occupies the entire lower half of the trunk, anterior to the spine. Just under the abdominal cavity, anterior to the buttocks, is the pelvic cavity. The pelvic cavity is funnel shaped and is located inferior and", "Hemopneumothorax Chest X-ray, Aspiration(pleural tap), Chest CT scan. Treatment for this condition is the same as for hemothorax and pneumothorax independently: by tube thoracostomy, the insertion of a chest drain through an incision made between the ribs, into the intercostal space. A chest tube must be inserted to drain blood and air from the pleural space so it can return to a state of negative pressure and function normally. Commonly, surgery is needed to close off whatever injuries caused the blood and air to enter the cavity (e.g. stabbing, broken ribs). Hemopneumothorax Hemopneumothorax, or haemopneumothorax, is a medical term describing the", "Gunshot wound persistent air leak as noted above. Additional imaging after initial chest X-ray and ultrasound can be useful in guiding next steps for stable people. Common imaging modalities include chest CT, formal echocardiography, angiography, esophagoscopy, esophagography, and bronchoscopy depending on the signs and symptoms. Important anatomy in the abdomen includes the stomach, small bowel, colon, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, spine, diaphragm, descending aorta, and other abdominal vessels and nerves. Gunshots to the abdomen can thus cause severe bleeding, release of bowel contents, peritonitis, organ rupture, respiratory compromise, and neurological deficits. The most important initial evaluation of a gunshot wound to the", "Fibrothorax space, usually as a treatment for repeated episodes of a punctured lung, known as a pneumothorax, or for malignant pleural effusions. While this procedure usually generates only limited scar tissue, in rare cases a fibrothorax can develop. Fibrosis can affect one or both of the two sheets of tissue forming the pleura – the visceral pleura adjacent to the lung and the parietal pleura adjacent to the ribcage. The term fibrothorax implies severe fibrosis affecting both the visceral and parietal pleura, fusing the lung to the chest wall. Over time, generally over the course of years, the fibrotic scar tissue", "Lumbocostal triangle kidney, the presence of the kidney in the thorax instead of the usual abdominal position. Lumbocostal triangle The Lumbocostal triangle or Bochdalek's foramen is a space between the costal and lumbar parts of the diaphragm. The base of this triangular space is formed by muscle attachments originating from the XII rib and muscle fibers attaching to the lateral arcuate ligament. The apex of the triangle is oriented towards the tendinous centre of the diaphragm. Parietal pleura and renal capsule are in contact in this space, so possible infection can be transmitted through this space. The existence of this foramen might", "Parenchyma in contrast to the stroma, which refers to the \"structural\" tissue of organs, namely, the connective tissues. In the brain, the parenchyma refers to the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial cells. Damage or trauma to the brain parenchyma often results in a loss of cognitive ability or even death. Lung parenchyma is the substance of the lung outside of the circulation system that is involved with gas exchange and includes the alveoli and respiratory bronchioles. In cancer, the parenchyma refers to \"The portion of a tissue", "Sternum 21632 and # 21630, respectively). A bifid sternum is an extremely rare congenital abnormality caused by the fusion failure of the sternum. This condition results in sternal cleft which can be observed at birth without any symptom. The sternum, in vertebrate anatomy, is a flat bone that lies in the middle front part of the rib cage. It is endochondral in origin. It probably first evolved in early tetrapods as an extension of the pectoral girdle; it is not found in fish. In amphibians and reptiles it is typically a shield-shaped structure, often composed entirely of cartilage. It is absent", "Catamenial pneumothorax forming chocolate-like cysts. Generally the parietal pleura is involved, but the lung itself, the visceral layer, the diaphragm, and more rarely the tracheobronchial tree may also be afflicted. The mechanism through which endometrial tissue reaches the thorax remains unclear. Defects in the diaphragm, which are found often in affected individuals, could provide an entry path, as could microembolization through pelvic veins. The cysts can release blood; the endometrial cyst \"menstruates\" in the lung. Air can move in by an unknown mechanism. The blood and air cause the lung to collapse (\"i.e.\" catamenial hemopneumothorax). Diagnosis can be hinted by high recurrence", "Mediastinal tumor common primary anterior mediastinal mass in adults. Most are seen in the anterior compartment and rest are seen in middle compartment. Hodgkin's usually present in 40-50's with nodular sclerosing type (7), and non-Hodgkin's in all age groups. Can also be primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma with exceptionally good prognosis. Common symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, and compressive symptoms such as pain, dyspnea, wheezing, Superior vena cava syndrome, pleural effusions (10,11). Diagnosis usually by CT showing lobulated mass. Confirmation done by tissue biopsy of accompanying nodes if any, mediastinoscopy, mediastinotomy, or thoracotomy. FNA biopsy is usually not adequate. (12,13,14) Treatment", "Intercostal nerves spaces below the intercostal vessels. At the back of the chest they lie between the pleura and the posterior intercostal membranes, but soon they run between the internal intercostals and the innermost intercostals then anteriorly they lie between the pleura and the internal intercostals. Near the sternum, they cross in front of the internal mammary artery and transversus thoracis muscle, pierce the intercostales interni, the anterior intercostal membranes, and pectoralis major, and supply the integument of the front of the thorax and over the mamma, forming the anterior cutaneous branches of the thorax; the branch from the second nerve unites", "Rib cage attached only to the vertebrae–and not to the sternum or cartilage of the sternum. These ribs are relatively small and delicate, and include a cartilaginous tip. The spaces between the ribs are known as intercostal spaces; they contain the intercostal muscles, and neurovascular bundles containing the nerves, arteries, and veins. Each rib consists of a head, neck, and a shaft. All ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. They are numbered to match the vertebra they attach to – one to twelve, from top (T1) to bottom. The head of the rib is the end part closest to the", "Coelacanth to other fishes' swim bladder. The parallel development of a fatty organ for buoyancy control suggest a unique specialization for deep-water habitats. There has also been discovered small, hard but flexible plates around the vestigial lung in adult specimen, though not around the fatty organ. The plates most likely had a regulation function for the volume of the lung. Due to the size of the fatty organ, researchers assume it's responsible for the kidney's unusual relocation. The two kidneys, which are fused into one, are located ventrally within the abdominal cavity, posterior to the cloaca. \"Latimeria chalumnae\" and \"L. menadoensis\"", "Xiphoid process first seven ribs articulate with the sternum, the cartilage in the celiac plexus joins on the xiphoid process, reinforcing it, and indirectly attaches the costal cartilage to the sternum. The xiphoid process is involved in the attachment of many muscles, including the abdominal diaphragm, a muscle necessary for normal breathing. It also anchors the rectus abdominis muscles (\"abs\"). Pressure on the xiphoid process should be avoided when administering chest compressions in CPR, as this can cause the xiphoid process to break off, resulting in punctures or lacerations of the diaphragm. Additionally, the liver may be punctured, resulting in lethal hemorrhaging.", "Human embryogenesis the bronchial buds, which enlarge at the beginning of the fifth week to form the left and right main bronchi. These bronchi in turn form secondary (lobar) bronchi; three on the right and two on the left (reflecting the number of lung lobes). Tertiary bronchi form from secondary bronchi. While the internal lining of the larynx originates from the lung bud, its cartilages and muscles originate from the fourth and sixth pharyngeal arches. Three different kidney systems form in the developing embryo: the pronephros, the mesonephros and the metanephros. Only the metanephros develops into the permanent kidney. All three are", "Subcutaneous emphysema limbs, because there are no separations in the fatty tissue in the skin to prevent the air from moving. Conditions that cause subcutaneous emphysema may result from both blunt and penetrating trauma; SCE is often the result of a stabbing or gunshot wound. Subcutaneous emphysema is often found in car accident victims because of the force of the crash. Chest trauma, a major cause of subcutaneous emphysema, can cause air to enter the skin of the chest wall from the neck or lung. When the pleural membranes are punctured, as occurs in penetrating trauma of the chest, air may travel", "Intercostal muscle Intercostal muscle Intercostal muscles are several groups of muscles that run between the ribs, and help form and move the chest wall. The intercostal muscles are mainly involved in the mechanical aspect of breathing. These muscles help expand and shrink the size of the chest cavity to facilitate breathing. There are three principal layers; Both the external and internal muscles are innervated by the intercostal nerves (the ventral rami of thoracic spinal nerves), are supplied by the intercostal arteries, and are drained by the intercostal veins. Their fibers run in opposite directions. The scalene muscles, which also move the chest", "Kidney kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right is slightly lower. The right kidney sits just below the diaphragm and posterior to the liver. The left sits below the diaphragm and posterior to the spleen. On top of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The upper parts of the kidneys are partially protected by the 11th and 12th ribs. Each kidney, with its adrenal gland is surrounded by two layers of fat: the perirenal fat present between renal fascia and renal capsule and pararenal fat superior to the renal fascia. The kidney is a bean-shaped", "Rib cage muscles, the rib cage makes up the thoracic wall and provides attachments for the muscles of the neck, thorax, upper abdomen, and back. The rib cage has a major function in the respiratory system. Ribs are described based on their location and connection with the sternum. All ribs are attached behind to the thoracic vertebrae and are numbered accordingly one to twelve. Ribs that articulate directly with the sternum are called \"true ribs\", whereas those that connect indirectly via cartilage are termed \"false ribs\". Floating ribs (eleven and twelve) are not attached to the sternum at all. The terms \"true", "Phrenic nerve 2nd part of the subclavian artery. On both sides, the phrenic nerve runs posterior to the subclavian vein as it enters the thorax where it runs anterior to the root of the lung and between the fibrous pericardium and mediastinal face of the parietal pleura. Found in the posterior mediastinum, both phrenic nerves run from C3, C4, and C5 along the anterior scalene muscle deep to the carotid sheath. The pericardiacophrenic arteries and veins travel with their respective phrenic nerves. The phrenic nerve can be marked by a line connecting these two points: The contribution of the 5th cervical nerve", "Subcutaneous emphysema from the lung to the muscles and subcutaneous tissue of the chest wall. When the alveoli of the lung are ruptured, as occurs in pulmonary laceration, air may travel beneath the visceral pleura (the membrane lining the lung), to the hilum of the lung, up to the trachea, to the neck and then to the chest wall. The condition may also occur when a fractured rib punctures a lung; in fact, 27% of patients who have rib fractures also have subcutaneous emphysema. Rib fractures may tear the parietal pleura, the membrane lining the inside of chest wall, allowing air to", "Hydrothorax pus it is known as pyothorax (resulting from chest infections), and if the fluid is lymph it is known as chylothorax (resulting from rupture of the thoracic duct). Treatment of hydrothorax is difficult for several reasons. The underlying condition needs to be corrected; however, often the source of the hydrothorax is end stage liver disease and correctable only by transplant. Chest tube placement should not occur. Other measures such as a TIPS procedure are more effective as they treat the cause of the hydrothorax, but have complications such as worsened hepatic encephalopathy. Hydrothorax Hydrothorax is a type of pleural effusion", "Thoracotomy approaches to performing a thoracotomy. Some common forms of thoracotomies include: Upon completion of the surgical procedure, the chest is closed. One or more chest tubes—with one end inside the opened pleural cavity and the other submerged under saline solution inside a sealed container, forming an airtight drainage system—are necessary to remove air and fluid from the pleural cavity, preventing the development of pneumothorax or hemothorax. In addition to pneumothorax, complications from thoracotomy include air leaks, infection, bleeding and respiratory failure. Postoperative pain is universal and intense, generally requiring the use of opioid analgesics for moderation, as well as interfering", "Chest radiograph Splaying of the carina can also suggest a tumor or process in the middle mediastinum or enlargement of the left atrium, with a normal angle of approximately 60 degrees. The right paratracheal stripe is also important to assess, as it can reflect a process in the posterior mediastinum, in particular the spine or paraspinal soft tissues; normally it should measure 3 mm or less. The left paratracheal stripe is more variable and only seen in 25% of normal patients on posteroanterior views. Localization of lesions or inflammatory and infectious processes can be difficult to discern on chest radiograph, but can" ]

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[ "As of the 2000 United States Census there were 40,517 people, 15,848 households, and 8,700 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,569.8 people per square mile (1,378.3/km2). There were 20,219 housing units at an average density of 1,781.4 per square mile (687.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 44.16% black or African American, 26.68% White, 0.48% Native American, 10.40% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 13.76% other races, and 4.47% from two or more races. 24.95% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.44% of the population was non-Hispanic whites." ]

[ "The North American mnemonic \"spring forward, fall back\" (also \"spring ahead ...\", \"spring up ...\", and \"... fall behind\") helps people remember which direction to shift clocks.", "By 1874, Bell's initial work on the harmonic telegraph had entered a formative stage, with progress made both at his new Boston \"laboratory\" (a rented facility) and at his family home in Canada a big success.[N 14] While working that summer in Brantford, Bell experimented with a \"phonautograph\", a pen-like machine that could draw shapes of sound waves on smoked glass by tracing their vibrations. Bell thought it might be possible to generate undulating electrical currents that corresponded to sound waves. Bell also thought that multiple metal reeds tuned to different frequencies like a harp would be able to convert the undulating currents back into sound. But he had no working model to demonstrate the feasibility of these ideas.", "Despite significant European success during the 1970s and early 1980s, the late '80s had marked a low point for English football. Stadiums were crumbling, supporters endured poor facilities, hooliganism was rife, and English clubs were banned from European competition for five years following the Heysel Stadium disaster in 1985. The Football League First Division, which had been the top level of English football since 1888, was well behind leagues such as Italy's Serie A and Spain's La Liga in attendances and revenues, and several top English players had moved abroad.", "The reproductive system of female insects consist of a pair of ovaries, accessory glands, one or more spermathecae, and ducts connecting these parts. The ovaries are made up of a number of egg tubes, called ovarioles, which vary in size and number by species. The number of eggs that the insect is able to make vary by the number of ovarioles with the rate that eggs can be develop being also influenced by ovariole design. Female insects are able make eggs, receive and store sperm, manipulate sperm from different males, and lay eggs. Accessory glands or glandular parts of the oviducts produce a variety of substances for sperm maintenance, transport and fertilization, as well as for protection of eggs. They can produce glue and protective substances for coating eggs or tough coverings for a batch of eggs called oothecae. Spermathecae are tubes or sacs in which sperm can be stored between the time of mating and the time an egg is fertilized.:880", "Similarly, movies and television often revert to standard, clichéd snatches of classical music to convey refinement or opulence: some of the most-often heard pieces in this category include Bach´s Cello Suite No. 1, Mozart's Eine kleine Nachtmusik, Vivaldi's Four Seasons, Mussorgsky's Night on Bald Mountain (as orchestrated by Rimsky-Korsakov), and Rossini's William Tell Overture.", "For centuries, Jews worldwide have spoken the local or dominant languages of the regions they migrated to, often developing distinctive dialectal forms or branches that became independent languages. Yiddish is the Judæo-German language developed by Ashkenazi Jews who migrated to Central Europe. Ladino is the Judæo-Spanish language developed by Sephardic Jews who migrated to the Iberian peninsula. Due to many factors, including the impact of the Holocaust on European Jewry, the Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries, and widespread emigration from other Jewish communities around the world, ancient and distinct Jewish languages of several communities, including Judæo-Georgian, Judæo-Arabic, Judæo-Berber, Krymchak, Judæo-Malayalam and many others, have largely fallen out of use.", "Between 1949 and the 1980s, telephone communications in Greece were a state monopoly by the Hellenic Telecommunications Organization, better known by its acronym, OTE. Despite the liberalization of telephone communications in the country in the 1980s, OTE still dominates the Greek market in its field and has emerged as one of the largest telecommunications companies in Southeast Europe. Since 2011, the company's major shareholder is Deutsche Telekom with a 40% stake, while the Greek state continues to own 10% of the company's shares. OTE owns several subsidiaries across the Balkans, including Cosmote, Greece's top mobile telecommunications provider, Cosmote Romania and Albanian Mobile Communications." ]

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[ "On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life), published on 24 November 1859, is a work of scientific literature by Charles Darwin which is considered to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection. It presented a body of evidence that the diversity of life arose by common descent through a branching pattern of evolution. Darwin" ]

[ "Darwin for Beginners Darwin for Beginners Darwin for Beginners, republished as Introducing Darwin, is a 1982 graphic study guide to Charles Darwin and Evolution written by Dr. Jonathan Miller and illustrated by Borin Van Loon. The volume, according to the publisher's website, \"unravels Darwin’s life and his contribution to biology, and traces the path from his scientific predecessors to the later modifications that his own evolutionary theories required.\" This volume was originally published in the UK by Writers and Readers Publishing Cooperative in 1982, following the collapse of this organisation in 1984, in part due to a disagreement over the selling off of", "The Theory of Evolution foreword by Richard Dawkins, and newly written introduction by the author, was published in 1996. The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"The Origin of Species\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of", "Tim Berra by Stanford University Press in 1990. His book A Natural History of Australia (Academic Press, 1998) features 200 of his color photographs, 220 line drawings and maps, and over 500 references. Freshwater Fish Distribution featuring 169 maps, 324 fish drawings and 1,700 references was published by University of Chicago Press in 2007. Charles Darwin: The Concise Story of an Extraordinary Man, was published by Johns Hopkins University Press in 2009 and features 60 b/w illustrations and 16 color plates. It describes the life of Darwin and his significance to western thought. A sequel to that book, Darwin & his Children:", "Joseph Johnson (publisher) not have him or any other particular bookseller in mind\". After the success of \"The Botanic Garden\", Johnson published Darwin's work on evolution, \"Zoonomia\" (1794–96); his treatise \"A Plan on the Conduct of Female Education\" (1797); \"Phytologia; or, the Philosophy of Agriculture and Gardening\" (1800); and his poem \"The Temple of Nature\" (1803). According to Braithwaite, \"The Temple of Nature\" was \"Zoonomia\" in verse and \"horrified reviewers with its warring, factious, overly materialistic view of the universe\". Johnson continued to publish the poetic works of Aikin and Barbauld as well as those of George Dyer, Joseph Fawcett, James Hurdis, Joel", "Darwin and His Great Discovery Darwin and His Great Discovery Darwin and His Great Discovery is a science book for young adults by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, first published by Macmillan in 1972. The work is an examination of naturalist Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution he proposed and marshaled evidence for in \"The Origin of Species\". A brief account of his visit to the Galápagos Islands brings up the issue of human origins, leading into a discussion of early theories on the formation and age of the earth and evolution. A biographical sketch of Darwin follows, covering his", "Darwin Industry three well-received scholarly biographies have been produced: \"\" (1991) by Adrian Desmond and James Moore (with the alternative title \"Darwin: The Life of a Tormented Evolutionist\" when published in America); \"Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence\" (1996) by Peter J. Bowler; and Janet Browne's two-volume biography, \"Charles Darwin: Voyaging\" (1995) and \"Charles Darwin: The Power of Place\" (2002). With the 2005 publication of Sandra Herbert's \"Charles Darwin: Geologist\", some scholars are questioning whether this is, or ought to be, the end of the Darwin Industry, since most of Darwin's life and work has been explored so exhaustively; however, Darwin", "The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution The Theory of Evolution is a book by English evolutionary biologist and geneticist John Maynard Smith, originally published in 1958 in time for 150th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and the centenary of the publication of \"The Origin of Species\" the following year. It serves as a general introduction to the eponymous subject, intended to be accessible to those with little technical knowledge of the area. It has been highly successful, considered by many as the definitive publication of its type. The original version was updated several times, and a \"Canto\" edition, with a", "The Voyage of the Beagle Patagonia and The Falkland Islands\". After chapter X on Tierra del Fuego, chapter XI had the revised heading \"Strait of Magellan–Climate of the Southern Coasts\". The following chapters were renumbered accordingly. Chapter XIV was given the revised heading \"Chiloe and Concepcion: Great Earthquake\", and chapter XX had the heading \"Keeling Island:–Coral Formations\", with the concluding chapter XXI keeping the heading \"Mauritius to England\". The Voyage of the Beagle The Voyage of the Beagle is the title most commonly given to the book written by Charles Darwin and published in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks, bringing him considerable fame and", "Darwin and His Great Discovery \"The Booklist\" called it \"[w]ell written, readable, and informative\" and suitable for readers of junior high and high school age. The Scopes Trial was the subject of a comprehensive study previously written by L. Sprague de Camp, published as \"The Great Monkey Trial\" in 1968. Darwin and His Great Discovery Darwin and His Great Discovery is a science book for young adults by L. Sprague de Camp and Catherine Crook de Camp, first published by Macmillan in 1972. The work is an examination of naturalist Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution he proposed and marshaled evidence for in \"The", "Facts and Arguments for Darwin importance than a repeated analysis of what is already before us. Moreover, it is but fair to leave it to Darwin himself at first to beat off the attacks of his opponents from the splendid structure which he has raised with such a master-hand.” Facts and Arguments for Darwin Facts and Arguments for Darwin is an 1864 book on evolutionary biology by the German biologist Fritz Müller, originally published in German under the title (\"For Darwin\"), and translated into English by William Sweetland Dallas in 1867. Müller argued that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection that he had", "Darwin Industry systematic publication of all of Darwin's unpublished writings. Two volumes of the \"Life and Letters of Charles Darwin\" were published in 1887 along with \"The Autobiography of Charles Darwin\", edited by Francis Darwin; two volumes of \"More Letters of Charles Darwin\" were published in 1902. Francis Darwin edited 1909 editions of Darwin's notebooks related to the inception of his theory. Darwin's granddaughter Nora Barlow pieced together the 1930 \"Diary of the Beagle\" from Darwin's unpublished notebooks. A flood of Darwiniana was published in the mid-twentieth century, especially by Darwin's descendants, leading up to the 1959 Darwin Centennial, including an un-redacted", "Facts and Arguments for Darwin Facts and Arguments for Darwin Facts and Arguments for Darwin is an 1864 book on evolutionary biology by the German biologist Fritz Müller, originally published in German under the title (\"For Darwin\"), and translated into English by William Sweetland Dallas in 1867. Müller argued that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection that he had advanced in his book \"The Origin of Species\" only five years earlier was correct, citing evidence that he had come across in Brazil. Müller states in the 'Author's Preface': “It is not the purpose of the following pages to discuss once more the arguments", "Publication of Darwin's theory to be modified monkey as modified dirt\". Darwin was throwing himself into his work and his \"big book\" on \"Natural Selection\" was well under way, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace. It enclosed about twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, an unexpected response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell. Shocked that he had been \"forestalled\", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace, with a letter: There were differences, though these were not evident to Darwin on reading the paper. Wallace's idea of selection", "Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution is a 1959 biography of Charles Darwin by historian Gertrude Himmelfarb. The book has been praised for its historical research but heavily criticized for attacking the theory of natural selection. Reviewer Francis G. Townsend described it as a \"scholarly book, well organized and well written, interesting to the intelligent reader whatever his special field\". Historian Charles F. Mullett also described the book as scholarly but noted that the book contains a \"slough of misrepresentation\". Himmelfarb insisted to her readers that the theory of natural selection is on shaky ground, but", "Charles Darwin Lyell, who noted that his ally \"denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species\". Darwin's book \"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs\" on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work, and he then wrote his first \"pencil sketch\" of his theory of natural selection. To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural Down House in September. On 11 January 1844, Darwin mentioned his theorising to the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker, writing with melodramatic humour \"it is like confessing a murder\". Hooker replied \"There may in", "Publication of Darwin's theory to the nickname given to the Radical Revd. Robert Taylor who had visited Cambridge on an \"infidel home missionary tour\" when Darwin was a student there (though the term goes back to Chaucer's \"Parson's Tale\"). Darwin pressed on with writing his \"big book\" on \"Natural Selection\", overworking, until in March 1857 illness began cutting his working day \"ridiculously short\". Eventually, he took a fortnight's water treatment at the nearby Moor Park spa run by Edward Lane, and this revived him. Wallace had been working for Darwin, sending domestic fowl specimens from Indonesia, and a letter he had written in October", "Insectivorous Plants (book) a plant should secrete, when properly excited, a fluid containing an acid and ferment, closely analogous to the digestive fluid of an animal, was certainly a remarkable discovery.\" Insectivorous Plants (book) Insectivorous Plants is a book by British naturalist and evolutionary theory pioneer Charles Darwin, first published on 2 July 1875 in London. Part of a series of works by Darwin related to his theory of natural selection, the book is a study of carnivorous plants with specific attention paid to the adaptations that allow them to live in difficult conditions. It includes illustrations by Darwin himself, along with drawings", "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex by the end of March 1871, netting Darwin almost £1,500. Darwin's name created demand for the book, but the ideas were old news. \"Everybody is talking about it without being shocked,\" which he found, \"...proof of the increasing liberality of England\" (see the 1871 book review in External links). Darwin himself and some of his children edited many of the large number of revised editions, some extensively. In late 1873, Darwin tackled a new edition of the \"Descent of Man\". Initially, he offered Wallace the work of assisting him, but, when Emma found out, she had the task given to", "Rebecca Stott on a beach in Southern Chile and which led him to complete an enormous work of barnacle taxonomy while his revolutionary work on natural selection lay locked away in a drawer. In 2012 she published a book about the history of evolution before Darwin which documents a 2,200 year history, a tale of heretics and free thinkers who were prepared to risk public censure or even imprisonment by asking questions that challenged religious orthodoxies. \"Darwin's Ghosts: In Search of the First Evolutionists\" was published in the UK by Bloomsbury Publishing and in the US by Spiegel and Grau in May", "Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions me, but was assured that the case would never come to court. The two 450-page volumes of \"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex\" went on sale at twenty-four shillings, with a publication date of 24 February 1871. Within three weeks a reprint had been ordered, and 4,500 copies were in print by the end of March 1871, netting Darwin almost £1,500. Darwin's name created demand for the book, but the ideas were old news. \"Everybody is talking about it without being shocked\" which he found \"proof of the increasing liberality of England\". To critics, the book", "Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions splendid triumph of Germany over France... It is a most just retribution against that vainglorious, war-liking nation.\" An \"ailing and grumbling\" Darwin worked on with his corrections, and the proofs were sent off on 15 January 1871 with him doubting that the book was \"worth publishing\". He promptly started on his next book, using left over material on emotional expressions. Within a week Mivart had published \"On the Genesis of Species\", the cleverest and most devastating critique of natural selection in Darwin's lifetime. Mivart wrote expressing \"sympathy and esteem\" for Darwin, blaming \"irreligious deductions\" on overzealous supporters and adding \"God", "Darwin for Beginners Van Loon's illustrations are, according to Lewontin, \"a constant reminder not to take the life of the mind more seriously than it deserves.\" Seger describes, \"the stream of rapidly changing images,\" as, \"full of action,\" although at times, \"pointlessly vulgar.\" Miller and Van Loon have, concludes Seger, \"not produced a work of scholarship,\" but have, \"brought to life an important chapter of scientific history.\" Darwin for Beginners Darwin for Beginners, republished as Introducing Darwin, is a 1982 graphic study guide to Charles Darwin and Evolution written by Dr. Jonathan Miller and illustrated by Borin Van Loon. The volume, according to", "Darwin Industry edition of Darwin's autobiography edited by Barlow. However, all this made up only a fraction of Darwin's correspondence and other unpublished writings, and much of what was published was incomplete. By the 1990s there were two different versions of \"The Works of Charles Darwin\", an 18 volume edition by AMS Press and a more scholarly 29 volume edition by William Pickering, along with an annotated scholarly volume of \"Charles Darwin 's Notebooks, 1836-1844\". More significantly, two projects now make most of the primary material relating to Darwin available. Since 1974 the Darwin Correspondence Project has been locating, annotating and publishing", "Insectivorous Plants (book) Insectivorous Plants (book) Insectivorous Plants is a book by British naturalist and evolutionary theory pioneer Charles Darwin, first published on 2 July 1875 in London. Part of a series of works by Darwin related to his theory of natural selection, the book is a study of carnivorous plants with specific attention paid to the adaptations that allow them to live in difficult conditions. It includes illustrations by Darwin himself, along with drawings by his sons George and Francis Darwin. The book chronicles Darwin's experiments with various carnivorous plants, in which he carefully studied their feeding mechanisms. Darwin tried several methods", "Publication of Darwin's theory it was the selection of \"chance\" variations that produced new species. Darwin's experiments on how species spread were now extended to considering how animals such as snails could be carried on birds' feet, and seeds in birds' droppings. His tenth child, Charles Waring Darwin was born on 6 December apparently without his full share of intelligence, renewing fears of inbreeding and hereditary defects, a topic that he covered in principle in his book. Darwin's cousin William Darwin Fox continued to give hims strong support, warning him against overworking on his huge book and recommending a holiday, but Darwin was immersed", "Darwin's Dangerous Idea Darwin's Dangerous Idea Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life is a 1995 book by Daniel Dennett, in which the author looks at some of the repercussions of Darwinian theory. The crux of the argument is that, whether or not Darwin's theories are overturned, there is no going back from the dangerous idea that design (purpose or what something is for) might not need a designer. Dennett makes this case on the basis that natural selection is a blind process, which is nevertheless sufficiently powerful to explain the evolution of life. Darwin's discovery was that the generation of", "Alfred Russel Wallace was widely accepted in scientific circles. In 1889, Wallace published the book \"Darwinism\" as a response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is the most cited by scholarly publications. In 1872, at the urging of many of his friends, including Darwin, Philip Sclater, and Alfred Newton, Wallace began research for a general review of the geographic distribution of animals. He was unable to make much progress initially, in part because classification systems for many types of animals were in flux at the time. He resumed the work in earnest in 1874 after the publication", "Edward Clodd devotee of the work of Charles Darwin and had personal acquaintance with Thomas Huxley and Herbert Spencer. He wrote biographies of all three men, and worked to popularise evolution with books like \"The Childhood of the World\" and \"The Story of Creation: A Plain Account of Evolution\". Clodd was an agnostic and wrote that the Genesis creation narrative of the Bible is similar to other religious myths and should not be read as a literal account. He wrote many popular books on evolutionary science. He wrote a biography of Thomas Henry Huxley and was a lecturer and populariser of anthropology", "Ever Since Darwin of essays, written between 1973–1977, became a best-seller and propelled Gould to national prominence. Ever Since Darwin Ever Since Darwin is a 1977 book by the paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. Gould's first book of collected essays, it originated from his monthly column \"This View of Life,\" published in \"Natural History\" magazine. Edwin Barber—who was then the editorial director for W. W. Norton & Company— encouraged Gould to produce a book. He soon commissioned Gould to write \"The Mismeasure of Man\", but it was not until three years later, when Gould accumulated 33 columns, that it occurred to either of them", "Fertilisation of Orchids named \"Xanthopan morganii praedicta\" to celebrate this verification of a testable prediction made by Darwin on the basis of his theory of natural selection. Michael Ghiselin has expressed the view that all studies of coevolution follow directly or indirectly from Darwin's orchid book, which was also the origin of all work on the evolution of extreme specialisation. Its publication led almost immediately to research by many other naturalists into specialisation and coevolution, in some cases analysing other taxa. In his autobiography, Darwin modestly recalled how this work had revived interest in Christian Konrad Sprengel's neglected ideas: Among the many prominent", "Alfred Russel Wallace than 750 entries. A more comprehensive list of Wallace's publications that are available online, as well as a full bibliography of all of Wallace's writings, has been compiled by the historian Charles H. Smith at The Alfred Russel Wallace Page. Alfred Russel Wallace Alfred Russel Wallace (8 January 18237 November 1913) was a British naturalist, explorer, geographer, anthropologist, and biologist. He is best known for independently conceiving the theory of evolution through natural selection; his paper on the subject was jointly published with some of Charles Darwin's writings in 1858. This prompted Darwin to publish his own ideas in \"On", "Publication of Darwin's theory wife and his only daughter having died. Alfred Tennyson wrote his great poem \"In Memoriam A.H.H.\" which introduced the phrase \"Nature, red in tooth and claw\", and Darwin worked on \"The Struggle for Existence\". A discussion with Thomas Huxley on how jellyfish might cross-fertilise got the witty response that \"the indecency of the process is to a certain extent in favour of its probability\". In July 1856 Darwin passed Huxley's remark on to Hooker with the comment, \"What a book a Devil's chaplain might write on the clumsy, wasteful, blundering low & horridly cruel works of nature!\", apparently a reference", "Charles Darwin to work\", as his \"prime hobby\". His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the \"Beagle\" collections. When FitzRoy's \"Narrative\" was published in May 1839, Darwin's \"Journal and Remarks\" was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own. Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles", "The Creationists The Creationists The Creationists: From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design is a history of the origins of anti-evolutionism by Ronald Numbers. First published in 1992 as \"The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism\", a revised and expanded edition was published under the current title in 2006. The book has been described as \"probably the most definitive history of anti-evolutionism\". It has received generally favorable reviews from both the academic and the religious community. The expanded edition covers the history of creationism from the time of Charles Darwin to 2006. It first describes early opposition during Darwin's lifetime, then George Frederick", "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex their son George, so Darwin had to write apologetically to Wallace. Huxley assisted with an update on ape-brain inheritance, which Huxley thought \"pounds the enemy into a jelly... though none but anatomists\" would know it. The manuscript was completed in April 1874 and published on 13 November 1874, and has been the edition most commonly reprinted after Darwin's death and to the present. In the introduction to \"Descent\", Darwin lays out the purpose of his text: Darwin's approach to arguing for the evolution of human beings is to outline how similar human beings are to other animals. He begins by", "Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms with Darwin introducing his old friend the Revd. Brodie Innes, and defending agnosticism \"(see Charles Darwin's views on religion)\". \"Worms\" was published in October 1881 and within weeks thousands had been sold. It brought a flood of letters, with many \"idiotic\" enquiries, and a \"worn out\" Darwin escaped with Emma to visit Horace and Ida in Cambridge. Darwin, \"quite set up\", returned to his experiments on plant roots standing in an ammonia solution, preparing sections and looking for \"physiological division of labour\" through his microscope. In London he made an unannounced visit to the house of Romanes on 15 December.", "Grandmother Fish self-published version sold out, then the book was picked up by a mainstream publisher. Macmillan released a second edition in September 6, 2016. Grandmother Fish Grandmother Fish: A Child's First Book of Evolution was written by Jonathan Tweet. The book explains Charles Darwin's theory of common descent and its target audience is 3–5-year-olds. It uses a call-and-response interaction between speaker and listener, where the child is asked to mimic the behavior of various animals from our evolutionary past. The book is illustrated by Karen Lewis with colored artwork. \"Grandmother Fish\" takes children and adults through the history of life on", "Darwin's Angel Darwin's Angel Darwin's Angel is a book published in response to Richard Dawkins' \"The God Delusion\". It was written by John Cornwell and subtitled \"An Angelic Riposte to The God Delusion\". Cornwell runs a \"Public Understanding of Science\" programme at Jesus College, Cambridge, one of the constituent colleges of the University of Cambridge. He has previously written reviews of religious and scientific books, including other works of Dawkins. He stated that he finds \"The God Delusion\" harmful in its failure to tackle the problem of extremism, and wrong on many important issues. In this book, Cornwell adopts the persona of", "On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants is a book by Charles Darwin first printed in book form in 1875 by John Murray. Originally, the text appeared as essay in the 9th volume of the \"Journal of the Linnean Society\", therefore the first edition in book form is actually called the ‘second edition, revised.’ Illustrations were drawn by Charles Darwin’s son, George Darwin. Following the \"Origin of Species\" Darwin set out to produce evidence for his theory of natural selection. Initially Darwin spent much time in studying plants to achieve this", "The Autobiography of Charles Darwin The Autobiography of Charles Darwin The Autobiography of Charles Darwin is an autobiography by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin wrote the text, which he entitled \"Recollections of the Development of my Mind and Character\", for his family. He states that he started writing it on about May 28, 1876 and had finished it by August 3. The text was published in 1887 (five years after Darwin's death) by John Murray as part of \"The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter\". The text printed in \"Life and Letters\" was edited by Darwin's son Francis Darwin, who", "Francis Darwin to the discovery of auxin. Darwin was nominated by his father to the Linnean Society of London in 1875, and was elected as a Fellow of the Society on 2 December 1875. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on 8 June 1882, the same year in which his father died. Darwin edited \"The Autobiography of Charles Darwin\" (1887), and produced some books of letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin; \"The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin\" (1887) and \"More Letters of Charles Darwin\" (1905). He also edited Thomas Huxley's \"On the Reception of the Origin of", "Fritz Müller climbing. The next few months saw more observations, which Darwin had translated and published as Müller's first paper in English. As a botanist, Fritz Müller is denoted by the author abbreviation F.J.Müll. when citing a botanical name. Müller became a strong supporter of Charles Darwin. He wrote \"Für Darwin\" in 1864, arguing that Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was correct, and that Brazilian crustaceans and their larvae could be affected by adaptations at any growth stage. Müller sent a copy to Darwin, who had the book privately translated for his own use. A later translation into English, with", "Ternate intended the \"Ternate Essay\" to be published in the form in which he sent it to Darwin. The essay was titled \"On the Tendency of Varieties to Depart Indefinitely From the Original Type\", and in its nine pages it concisely describes the theory of evolution by natural selection. Wallace concludes the essay with the words Darwin at once decided to publish his own work, and arranged for Wallace's \"Ternate Essay\" and extracts of two of his own accounts of evolution, to be read at the Linnean Society of London on 1 July 1858. Like the rest of Indonesia, Ternate was", "The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin is a book published in 1887 edited by Francis Darwin about his father Charles Darwin. It contains a selection of 87 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin, an autobiographical chapter written by Charles Darwin for his family, and an essay by Thomas Huxley \"On the reception of the 'Origin of Species'\". It was published by Darwin's publisher John Murray. The autobiographical chapter was edited by Francis to remove references to his father's views on religion. These were later reinstated and published as \"The Autobiography of", "Publication of Darwin's theory \"during the evening and wet days, I had nothing to do but look over my books\". He had already read Lyell's \"Principles of Geology\" which opposed Lamarck by arguing that the fossil record showed no progress, and the 1845 second edition of Darwin's \"Journal of Researches\" which hinted at evolution by describing the \"wonderful relationship in the same continent\" between fossil and extant species, which would \"throw more light on the appearance of organic beings on our earth, and their disappearance from it, than any other class of facts\", and how species unique to the Galápagos Islands \"all show a", "Studies on Marx and Hegel on Marx and Hegel\" was published by Marcel Rivière et Cie in 1955. In 1969, an English translation by John O'Neill was published by Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. \"Studies on Marx and Hegel\" received a positive review from Michael Faia in \"American Sociological Review\". The book was also reviewed by the political scientist David McLellan in \"Sociology\". Faia credited Hyppolite with helping to clarify Hegel's philosophy, and with showing Marx's indebtedness to Charles Darwin. He also maintained that Hyppolite showed Hegel's anticipation of the ideas of existentialism. The philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre concluded in \"Search for a Method\" (1957) Hyppolite was", "Stephen Jay Gould particularly widely read. It's going to be far too long, and it's only for a few thousand professionals—very different from my popular science writings—but it is of greater consolation to me because it is a chance to put into one place a whole way of thinking about evolution that I've struggled with all my life.\" Gould became widely known through his popular essays on evolution in the \"Natural History\" magazine. His essays were published in a series entitled \"This View of Life\" (a phrase from the concluding paragraph of Charles Darwin's \"Origin of Species\") from January 1974 to January 2001,", "Darwinism (book) Darwinism (book) Darwinism: An Exposition of the Theory of Natural Selection with Some of Its Applications is an 1889 book on biological evolution by Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer of evolution by natural selection together with Charles Darwin. This was a book Wallace wrote as a defensive response to the scientific critics of natural selection. Of all Wallace's books, it is cited by scholarly publications the most. In the preface to \"Darwinism\", Wallace had used the term \"pure-Darwinism\" which proposed a \"greater efficacy\" for natural selection. The book is notable for defending August Weismann's theory of heredity and rejecting the", "Darwin from Orchids to Variation Darwin from Orchids to Variation Between 1860 and 1868, the life and work of Charles Darwin from \"Orchids\" to \"Variation\" continued with research and experimentation on evolution, carrying out tedious work to provide evidence of the extent of natural variation enabling artificial selection. He was repeatedly held up by his illness, and continued to find relaxation and interest in the study of plants. His studies of insect pollination led to publication of his book \"Fertilisation of Orchids\" as his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection, explaining the complex ecological relationships and making testable predictions. As his health", "The Autobiography of Charles Darwin removed several passages about Darwin's critical views of God and Christianity. The omitted passages were later restored by Darwin's granddaughter Nora Barlow in a 1958 edition to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the publication of \"The Origin of Species\". This edition was published in London by Collins under the title of \"The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809-1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow\". The Autobiography of Charles Darwin The Autobiography of Charles Darwin is an autobiography by the English naturalist Charles Darwin. Darwin wrote the text, which he entitled \"Recollections", "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication is a book by Charles Darwin that was first published in January 1868. A large proportion of the book contains detailed information on the domestication of animals and plants but it also contains in Chapter XXVII a description of Darwin's theory of heredity which he called pangenesis. Darwin had been working for two years on his \"big book\" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Alfred Wallace, who was then living in Borneo. It enclosed a twenty pages", "Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms Darwin giving his son £5,000 of railway stock and assuring Farrer that Horace would have a suitable inheritance. The wedding took place on 3 January 1880, with the families not on speaking terms. In \"Evolution Old and New\" Samuel Butler claimed that earlier evolutionists had correctly seen the mind as controlling evolution, and Mivart told Richard Owen that he thought the book would \"help to burst the bubble of 'Natural Selection'.\" Ernst Krause's \"Erasmus Darwin\" countered this, and Butler took affront at Darwin's preface which said that Krause's essay predated Butler's book, when it clearly had passages written later. Darwin", "Ever Since Darwin Ever Since Darwin Ever Since Darwin is a 1977 book by the paleontologist Stephen Jay Gould. Gould's first book of collected essays, it originated from his monthly column \"This View of Life,\" published in \"Natural History\" magazine. Edwin Barber—who was then the editorial director for W. W. Norton & Company— encouraged Gould to produce a book. He soon commissioned Gould to write \"The Mismeasure of Man\", but it was not until three years later, when Gould accumulated 33 columns, that it occurred to either of them that the \"Natural History\" columns should be published in a single volume. The collection", "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals major revision which made Darwin \"sick of the subject and myself, and the world\". It quickly sold around 7,000 copies and was widely praised as a charming and accessible introduction to Darwin's evolutionary theories. A second edition was published by Darwin's son in 1890, without several revisions suggested by Darwin; these were not published until the third edition of 1999 (edited by Paul Ekman). Published as a sequel to \"The Descent of Man\", \"The Expression\" was assured of a wide readership in mid-Victorian England. However, the early death of George Romanes (1848 - 1894) robbed Darwin of a powerful advocate", "William Paley after the publication of Darwin's \"Origin of Species\" in 1859. \"Natural Theology\" and the \"Evidences of Christianity\" appealed to Victorian Evangelicals, although not so much to adherents of the Oxford Movement – and both found his \"utilitarianism\" objectionable. Paley's views influenced (both positively and negatively) theologians, philosophers and scientists, then and since. In addition to \"Moral and Political Philosophy\" and the \"Evidences\", Charles Darwin read \"Natural Theology\" during his student years, and later stated in his autobiography that he was initially convinced by the argument. His views changed with time. By the 1820s and 1830s, well-known liberals like Thomas Wakley", "Richard Weikart Third Reich\". Weikart's \"The Death of Humanity: and the Case for Life\" \"charts how influential atheist thinkers have approached ethical questions\" with \"many brief summaries of the thought processes of influential authors, scientists, philosophers, and lawyers who have rejected Judeo-Christian ethics\". In \"Hitler's Religion\", \"Weikart offers no new scholarship\" in arguing that Hitler was not an atheist, but synthesized existing scholarship and sources to show \"Hitler was a pantheist\". Weikart is best known for his 2004 book \"From Darwin to Hitler: Evolutionary Ethics, Eugenics and Racism in Germany\". The Discovery Institute, the hub of the intelligent design movement, funded the", "Charles Darwin with prejudices\", while encouraging Wallace's theorising and adding that \"I go much further than you.\" Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been \"forestalled\", Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace, and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose. His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever, and he put matters in the hands of his friends. After some discussion,", "Wild animal suffering nature would be either unethical, unfeasible, or both. In his autobiography, Charles Darwin acknowledged that the existence of extensive suffering in nature was fully compatible with the workings of natural selection, yet maintained that pleasure was the main driver of fitness-increasing behavior in organisms. Evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins challenged Darwin's claim in his book \"River Out of Eden\", wherein he argued that wild animal suffering must be extensive due to the interplay of the following evolutionary mechanisms: From this, Dawkins concludes that the natural world must necessarily contain enormous amounts of animal suffering as an inevitable consequence of Darwinian evolution.", "Darwin and the Darwinian Revolution Mullett pointed out that the theory is supported by \"numerous experiments and observations [that] have established it most securely\". Historian Charles Coulston Gillispie wrote that, although the book contains well researched history on Darwin, it is a book that is hostile to science. According to Gillispie, \"her scientific discussion of the status of the theory of natural selection is simply incorrect\". Anthropologist Neil Tappen has written: Himmelfarb makes her greatest effort in discussing Darwin's theory of natural selection and arguing against its validity. Here she is at her very worst; her lack of thorough grounding in modern biology becomes painfully", "Teleological argument the general logical arguments made by David Hume in his \"Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion\", published 1779, and the explanation of biological complexity given in Charles Darwin's \"Origin of Species\", published in 1859. Since the 1960s, Paley's arguments, including the words \"intelligent design\", have been influential in the development of a creation science movement, especially the form known as the intelligent design movement, which not only uses the teleological argument to argue against the modern scientific understanding of evolution, but also makes the claim that supposed flaws in evolutionary science justify removing it from the educational curriculum. Also starting already in", "Development of Darwin's theory \"The Voyage of the Beagle\") brought him success as an author, and in 1842 he published his first major scientific book, \"The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs\", setting out his theory of the formation of coral atolls. He wrote out a sketch setting out his basic ideas on transmutation of species, which he expanded into an \"essay\" in 1844, and discussed his theory with friends as well as continuing with experiments and wide investigations. In the same year the anonymous \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\" brought wide public interest in evolutionary ideas, but also showed the need", "Thomas Roscoe Rede Stebbing museums and scientific circles in the capital. As his finances improved, he was able to give up teaching altogether and concentrate on writing. He died in Ephraim Lodge on 8 July 1926. His funeral was held at St. Paul's Church, Rusthall, where Stebbing had officiated when requested; since its churchyard was inadequate, Stebbing's body was buried in the town's public cemetery. His wife survived him by only a few months. Having trained as an evangelical Anglican, Stebbing expected to be a staunch opponent of Charles Darwin's recently published theory of evolution by natural selection. Stebbing reported that \"on reading \"The", "Christian counseling word \"noutheteo\", meaning \"to admonish\". Prior to this movement, counseling had become something more secular and not associated with the church. People such as Charles Darwin, who questioned the book of Genesis and how life began in his book \"Origin of Species\" published in 1859. This caused panic in the church because it called into question everything that the church believed at the time. Following in that direction, Later Wilhelm Wundt, a main contributor to the scientific method, introduced it to psychology and claimed that one's biological makeup was the reason why humans are the way they are. He was", "Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions \"confirmed invalid\" and at his brother Eramus's over Christmas 1872 sat drawing up his will. Darwin recovered and pressed on with several projects. He subsequently tackled a new edition of the \"Descent of Man\", incorporating ideas from Galton and new anecdotes. The manuscript was completed in April 1874, and the new edition was published on 13 November. Darwin continued his work following this period. Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions Between 1868 and 1872, the life and work of Charles Darwin from \"Descent of Man\" to \"Emotions\" continued with aspects of his intended \"Big Book\" on evolution through natural", "Robert Swinhoe his first publications was in 1858, the year in which Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published their paper on natural selection. Swinhoe took to the ideas of Darwin and in 1872 he named a species (now a subspecies) after Darwin (\"Pucrasia macrolopha darwini\"). He was a regular published in \"The Ibis\" after 1860 and later to the \"Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London\". During his travels he studied the birds and mammals apart from studying the local culture. He collected both live animals and specimens on his travels and regularly sent them to the London Zoo. The first", "Henry Walter Bates a teaching post in the Leicester Collegiate School. Wallace also became a keen entomologist, (his first interest had been plants) and he read the same kind of books as Bates and as Darwin, Huxley and no doubt many others had. These included Thomas Robert Malthus on population, James Hutton and Charles Lyell on geology, Darwin's \"The Voyage of the Beagle\", and above all, the anonymous \"Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation\" (by Robert Chambers), which put evolution into everyday discussion amongst literate folk. They also read William H. Edwards's \"Voyage Up the River Amazons\" on his Amazon expedition, and", "Darwin from Orchids to Variation should be stoned and cast out of the city gate, but I met with unmitigated applause!\"' Darwin was impressed that he had \"attacked Bigotry in its strong-hold\". Huxley published his lectures as a slim book on \"Man's Place in Nature\". Darwin persevered with his orchids, and the book, \"On the various contrivances by which British and foreign orchids are fertilised by insects and the good effects of intercrossing,\" was published on 15 May 1862, just in time to give Wallace a copy on his return from the far East. While demonstrating that orchids evolve mechanisms that allow for cross-fertilisation, and", "Herbert Spencer know whether [Spencer] was ever made to realise the implications of the second law of thermodynamics; if so, he may well be upset. The law says that everything tends to uniformity and a dead level, diminishing (not increasing) heterogeneity'. Spencer's attempt to explain the evolution of complexity was radically different from that to be found in Darwin's \"Origin of Species\" which was published two years later. Spencer is often, quite erroneously, believed to have merely appropriated and generalised Darwin's work on natural selection. But although after reading Darwin's work he coined the phrase 'survival of the fittest' as his own", "Natural selection process of writing his \"big book\" to present his research when the naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace independently conceived of the principle and described it in an essay he sent to Darwin to forward to Charles Lyell. Lyell and Joseph Dalton Hooker decided to present his essay together with unpublished writings that Darwin had sent to fellow naturalists, and \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\" was read to the Linnean Society of London announcing co-discovery of the principle in July 1858. Darwin published a detailed account", "Darwin's Angel the guardian angel of Charles Darwin and Gregor Mendel, who is now looking after Richard Dawkins. He pens a letter to Dawkins in 21 chapters. The book was praised by Salley Vickers in \"The Times\", Madeleine Bunting in \"The Guardian\", John Polkinghorne in \"The Times Literary Supplement\" and Peter Stanford in \"The Independent\" and was named one of the 'Books of the Year' by the \"Financial Times\". Anthony Kenny reviewed the book in \"The Tablet\" noting that both Cornwell and Dawkins fail to observe the prime rule of intellectual debate, that one should attack the opponent's arguments, not his personality.", "Darwin from Descent of Man to Emotions under Domestication\" which went on sale on 30 January 1868. He now published his ideas on human evolution and on how beautiful but apparently impractical features could have evolved in \"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex\". After revising \"The Origin of Species\" as the definitive 6th edition, his major works on species culminated in \"The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals\". This period was followed by extensive work on insectivorous plants and research into worms. Despite Darwin's concerns that his children were weakened as his wife Emma Darwin was his cousin or had inherited", "Ray Society and fauna. They include original monographs on particular groups and topics, facsimiles of historically important volumes and translations of existing works. During Charles Darwin's lifetime, the Ray Society published not only Darwin's two volumes on living barnacles (1851 and 1854) but also the work of many of the foremost British naturalists: Thomas Henry Huxley, William Crawford Williamson, John Blackwall, Albert Günther, James Scott Bowerbank, etc. Recent publications have included: Ray Society The Ray Society is a scientific text publication society that publishes works devoted principally to British flora and fauna. As of 2017, it had published 179 volumes. These are", "Evolution Without Evidence science that corresponds to our everyday experience of how careers are built.\" Biologist Gert Korthof has reviewed the book in depth. Evolution Without Evidence Evolution Without Evidence: Charles Darwin and \"The Origin of Species\" is a 1982 book by historian Barry G. Gale. Contrary to the title, the book is not on the Creation–evolution controversy. Gale attempts to explain why Charles Darwin waited twenty years to publish his theory of natural selection and how his theory evolved during this period. The book heavily relies on Darwin's letters, notebooks, essays and papers. Darwin's private correspondences with Asa Gray and Joseph Hooker", "Publication of Darwin's theory as well as his journal of the voyage, but he discussed his evolutionary ideas with several naturalists and carried out extensive research on his \"hobby\" of evolutionary work. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when he received an essay from Alfred Russel Wallace who was in Borneo, describing Wallace's own theory of natural selection, prompting immediate joint publication of extracts from Darwin's 1844 essay together with Wallace's paper as \"On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection\" in a presentation to the Linnaean Society on", "The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication admitted.\" By the end of April \"Variation\" had received more than 20 reviews. An anonymous review by George Henry Lewes in the Pall Mall Gazette praised its \"noble calmness ... undisturbed by the heats of polemical agitation\" which made the far from calm Darwin laugh, and left him \"cock-a-hoop\". In 1875 a second edition was published in which Darwin made a number of corrections and also reworked Chapter XI on Bud-variation and Chapter XXVII on Pangenesis. The book never became popular and sold only 5000 copies in Darwin's lifetime. De Vries in 1889 praised the \"masterly survey of the phenomena", "History of evolutionary thought the Galápagos Islands during the second voyage of HMS \"Beagle\" caused him to doubt the fixity of species, and in 1837 Darwin started the first of a series of secret notebooks on transmutation. Darwin's observations led him to view transmutation as a process of divergence and branching, rather than the ladder-like progression envisioned by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck and others. In 1838 he read the new 6th edition of \"An Essay on the Principle of Population\", written in the late 18th century by Thomas Robert Malthus. Malthus' idea of population growth leading to a struggle for survival combined with Darwin's knowledge on", "Duchenne de Boulogne written, in part, as a refutation of Sir Charles Bell's theologically doctrinaire physiognomy, was published in 1872. This book elaborated on Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and concentrated on the genetic aspects of human behaviour. Darwin's text carried illustrations drawn from Duchenne's photographs, and Darwin and Duchenne corresponded briefly. It is noteworthy, also, that Darwin lent his copy of Duchenne's book to the British psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne in 1869, that Crichton-Browne seems to have mislaid the book for a year or so (in the West Riding lunatic asylum in Wakefield, Yorkshire - see the \"Darwin Correspondence Project\", Letter", "More Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin, a sequel to \"The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin\" of 1887, was a book in two volumes, published in 1903, edited by Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward, containing as the title implies, additional publications of 782 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin. \"The Times\" noted that \"the two volumes of \"More Letters of Charles Darwin\" form a fitting supplement to \"The Life and Letters\"\", which it had in turn described as \"one of the best biographies ever written\". In the Darwin letters trilogy it was followed by", "More Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin More Letters of Charles Darwin, a sequel to \"The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin\" of 1887, was a book in two volumes, published in 1903, edited by Francis Darwin and A. C. Seward, containing as the title implies, additional publications of 782 letters from the correspondence of Charles Darwin. \"The Times\" noted that \"the two volumes of \"More Letters of Charles Darwin\" form a fitting supplement to \"The Life and Letters\"\", which it had in turn described as \"one of the best biographies ever written\". In the Darwin letters trilogy it was followed by", "Fisherian runaway selection even when the ornament has become non-adaptive. Over subsequent generations this could lead to runaway selection by positive feedback, and the speed with which the trait and the preference increase could (until counter-selection interferes) increase exponentially (\"geometrically\"). Fisherian runaway has been difficult to demonstrate empirically, because it has been difficult to detect both an underlying genetic mechanism and a process by which it is initiated. Charles Darwin published a book on sexual selection in 1871 called \"The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex\", which garnered interest upon its release but by the 1880s the ideas had", "Hominid (novel) The author has the events glided \"into the playful by his gently irony\". Several reviewers underline the narrative's ironic and satirical aspect, including the names of the characters, Latin quotations and idioms as well as the parallelism between the seven days of Creation and scientific hominization. Ingrid Reichel points out the perfect publication date, just in time for the 150th anniversary of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution. Similarly to other reviewers who had written about Ebner's earlier books, she highlights the sophisticated use of a detail-rich language which is \"steeped in subtle and sensitive humor\". Despite many explicit allusions to", "Rebecca Stott in the \"Financial Times\" described it as ‘an intellectual thriller, a book of penetrating humanity and a vivid evocation of Paris in the wake of Bonaparte's defeat’. Before 2003 Stott published academic books including books on Tennyson, Elizabeth Barrett Browning (with Simon Avery) and other aspects of Victorian culture. Since 2003 she has published books of creative non-fiction which explore the boundaries between literature, intellectual history and the history of science. \"Darwin and the Barnacle\" (Faber, 2003) tells the story of Darwin's obsession with breaking the riddle of a single aberrant barnacle species he had found in a conch shell", "Introduction to evolution \"survival of the fittest\", but this expression originated in Herbert Spencer's \"Principles of Biology\" in 1864, five years after Charles Darwin published his original works. \"Survival of the fittest\" describes the process of natural selection incorrectly, because natural selection is not only about survival and it is not always the fittest that survives. Darwin's theory of natural selection laid the groundwork for modern evolutionary theory, and his experiments and observations showed that the organisms in populations varied from each other, that some of these variations were inherited, and that these differences could be acted on by natural selection. However, he", "Vera Barclay series of stories for girls. She wrote some books under the pen names Margaret Beech and Vera Charlesworth, and one detective story was written under the name of Hugh Chichester. Barclay was a Catholic creationist who rejected evolution. She was also critical of theistic evolution. She authored \"Darwin Is Not for Children\" (1950) and \"Challenge to the Darwinians\" (1951). The former book was negatively reviewed in \"The Quarterly Review of Biology\" as an \"illogical\" anti-evolution work. Barclay returned to England before the start of World War II and lived in Felpham on the south coast from around 1938 and in", "Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms wanted to publish. Darwin counselled anonymity, and suggested study of the evolution of religious reasoning, giving him unused notes on instinct from his work on \"Natural Selection\". Romanes launched on the study of comparative psychology, and in August was given a standing ovation for his talk at the British Association. In November the Darwins were staying with the Litchfields, and Romanes drove there to introduce his fiancé and present his new book, \"A Candid Examination of Theism\" by \"Physicus\". Darwin read it with \"very great interest\", but was unconvinced. The German scientific periodical \"Kosmos\" featured, as a 70th birthday tribute", "Darwin among the Machines answer that is meaningful to us.\" The theme of humanity at war or otherwise in conflict with machines is found in a number of later creative works: Darwin among the Machines \"Darwin among the Machines\" is the name of an article published in \"The Press\" newspaper on 13 June 1863 in Christchurch, New Zealand, which references the work of Charles Darwin in the title. Written by Samuel Butler but signed \"Cellarius\" (q.v.), the article raised the possibility that machines were a kind of \"mechanical life\" undergoing constant evolution, and that eventually machines might supplant humans as the dominant species: The", "Emma Townshend of subjects, often environmental, ranging from the English landscape and long-distance walking to conceptual art. She has also written about sport, profiled public figures such as scientist Richard Dawkins, and often reviews for the Independent’s books pages. She has written strongly in support of using public funds to preserve significant archive material in the history of British pop music. Emma Townshend is the author of \" Darwin's Dogs: How Darwin's Pets Helped Form a World-Changing Theory of Evolution\" (2009) which was generally well-received, and she made several appearances to promote the title. This book looks at how Darwin used his", "Charles Darwin demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants. Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel, a zealous proponent of \"Darwinismus\" incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe's idealism. Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism. Darwin's book \"The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication\" (1868) was the first part of his planned \"big book\", and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity. It sold briskly at first, despite its", "Theistic evolution decade most scientists had started espousing evolution, but from the outset some expressed opposition to the concept of natural selection and searched for a more purposeful mechanism. In 1860 Richard Owen attacked Darwin's \"Origin of Species\" in an anonymous review while praising \"Professor Owen\" for \"the establishment of the axiom of \"the continuous operation of the ordained becoming of living things\"\". Sir John Herschel (1792-1871) apparently dismissed Darwin's book as \"the law of higgledy-pigglety\", and in 1861 he wrote of evolution that \"[a]n intelligence, guided by a purpose, must be continually in action to bias the direction of the steps", "The Great Monkey Trial a few relating to the dates of his own interviews. The Scopes Trial was also the subject of a chapter in \"Darwin and His Great Discovery\", written by the author in collaboration with his wife Catherine Crook de Camp and published in 1972. The Great Monkey Trial The Great Monkey Trial is a book on the Scopes Trial by L. Sprague de Camp, first published in hardcover by Doubleday in 1968. The book is a non-fiction account of the trial, as well as its social and political context and impact. This history of the trial was based on the archives", "On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection Darwin apparently mistook Wallace's meaning, writing \"nothing very new... Uses my simile of tree, [but] it seems all creation with him\". However, he spelt out the details of Natural Selection to Lyell, who found the idea hard to accept but urged Darwin to publish to establish priority. On 14 May 1856 Darwin began what became his draft for a book titled \"Natural Selection\". Wallace collected specimens and corresponded with Darwin from Borneo. In December 1857, he wrote to ask if Darwin's book would delve into human origins, to which Darwin responded that \"I think I shall avoid the whole subject,", "Evolution and the Theory of Games that it is going to lose. This frog would then reap the benefits of fighting, but not the ultimate cost. Hence, fighting to the death would easily be invaded by a mutation that causes this sort of \"informed fighting.\" Much complexity can be built from this, and Maynard Smith is outstanding at explaining in clear prose and with simple math. Evolution and the Theory of Games Evolution and the Theory of Games is a book by the British evolutionary biologist John Maynard Smith on evolutionary game theory. The book was initially published in December 1982 by Cambridge University Press. In", "River Out of Eden we have hardly made it past the front door. River Out of Eden River Out of Eden: A Darwinian View of Life is a 1995 popular science book by Richard Dawkins. The book is about Darwinian evolution and summarizes the topics covered in his earlier books, \"The Selfish Gene\", \"The Extended Phenotype\" and \"The Blind Watchmaker\". It is part of the \"Science Masters\" series and is Dawkins's shortest book. It is illustrated by Lalla Ward, Dawkins's wife. The book's name is derived from Genesis 2:10 relating to the Garden of Eden. The King James Version reads \"And a river went", "Alfred Russel Wallace a number of cases Darwin had attributed to sexual selection. He revisited the topic at length in his 1889 book \"Darwinism\". In 1890, he wrote a critical review in \"Nature\" of his friend Edward Bagnall Poulton's \"The Colours of Animals\" which supported Darwin on sexual selection, attacking especially Poulton's claims on the \"aesthetic preferences of the insect world\". In 1889, Wallace wrote the book \"Darwinism\", which explained and defended natural selection. In it, he proposed the hypothesis that natural selection could drive the reproductive isolation of two varieties by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridisation. Thus it might contribute", "Darwin on Trial point for the Darwinists, but how important ...?' - as though science were suggesting something else.\" Darwin on Trial Darwin on Trial is a 1991 book by law professor Phillip E. Johnson disputing tenets of science and evolution and promoting creationism. Johnson wrote the book with the thesis that evolution could be \"tried\" like a defendant in court. \"Darwin on Trial\" became a central text of the intelligent design movement, and Johnson has been described as the \"father of ID\". Eugenie Scott wrote that, in her opinion, the book \"teaches little that is accurate about either the nature of science,", "Stephen C. Meyer a philosophical, religious, or even popular movement\", but concludes \"If the object of the book is to show that the Intelligent Design movement is a scientific movement, it has not succeeded. In fact, what it has succeeded in showing is that it is a popular movement grounded primarily in the hopes and dreams of those in philosophy, in religion, and especially those in the general public.\" On 18 June 2013, HarperOne released \"Darwin's Doubt: The Explosive Origin of Animal Life and the Case for Intelligent Design\". In this book, Meyer proposed that the Cambrian explosion contradicts Darwin's evolutionary process and", "Thomas Cooper (poet) among them. Though still calling himself a Chartist, he sought to earn a living and a reputation as a writer. In addition to his poems he wrote several novels. However, novels like \"Alderman Ralph\" (1853) failed on both those counts. Having abandoned his religious beliefs at the time of his imprisonment, Cooper was dramatically re-converted to Christianity in 1855. He spent the next thirty years as a lecturer in defence of Christianity, attacking the evolutionary theories of Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel. He authored \"Evolution, The Stone Book, and The Mosaic Record of Creation\" (1878) which argued for creationism and", "Darwin's Dangerous Idea of it. Dennett goes well beyond biology. He sees Darwinism as a corrosive acid, capable of dissolving our earlier belief and forcing a reconsideration of much of sociology and philosophy. Although modestly written, this is not a modest book. Dennett argues that, if we understand \"Darwin's dangerous idea\", we are forced to reject or modify much of our current intellectual baggage... Writing in the same publication, Stephen Jay Gould criticised \"Darwin's Dangerous Idea\" for being an \"influential but misguided ultra-Darwinian manifesto\": Daniel Dennett devotes the longest chapter in \"Darwin's Dangerous Idea\" to an excoriating caricature of my ideas, all in", "Neo-creationism recognized scientific research and testing that supports their claims. Instead, the preponderance of neo-creationist works are publications aimed at the general public and lawmakers and policymakers. Much of that published work is polemical in nature, disputing and controverting what they see as a \"scientific orthodoxy\" which shields and protects \"Darwinism\" while attacking and ridiculing alleged alternatives like intelligent design. Examples of neo-creationist polemics include the Discovery Institute's Wedge Document, the book \"Darwin on Trial\" by Phillip E. Johnson, and the book \"From Darwin to Hitler\" by Richard Weikart. Research for Weikart's book was funded by the Discovery Institute, and is", "Iain McCalman and to the humanities as a teacher, researcher and author, and through administrative, advocacy and advisory roles in academic and public sector organisations.\" McCalman's 2003 book, \"The Seven Ordeals of Count Cagliostro\", Flamingo (also HarperCollins, US and Random House, UK 2003), explores the life of the celebrated and infamous alchemist, magician, freemason, and global identity of the eighteenth century, Alessandro Cagliostro. \"Darwin's Armada\", published in 2009, the 200th anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin, examines the sea voyages of four naturalists, Darwin himself, Joseph Hooker, Thomas Huxley, and Alfred Wallace, and their subsequent roles in the controversy surrounding the" ]

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[ "- Nevada County Assessors. All County Assessors in Nevada grant Governmental Services Tax exemptions for veterans with certain dates of service, disabled veterans, surviving spouses and the blind. Exemptions may be used to reduce vehicle Governmental Services Taxes or personal property taxes. Assessors or other county offices in many rural areas offer vehicle registration services as listed below. For more information on Governmental Services Tax Exemptions, see Nevada Revised Statutes Chapter 371 or contact your local Assessor. Veterans" ]

[ "Escrow ProgramPayment Drop BoxProperty TaxYou are here: Home > My Government > TreasurerTreasurerDuties & ResponsibilitiesAnnual collection of real estate taxes ($125 million) and manufactured home taxes ($275,000)Daily and monthly reconciliation of all accounts with the county's depository accountsCounty's Investment OfficerAbout the Current County Treasurer Stephen T. Metzger was first elected in 1988 and is currently serving his seventh term as treasurer of Clark County, Ohio. As treasurer, Metzger serves as the investment officer for the county with an average portfolio of $90 million. The county treasurer serves on various boards as required by Ohio Law, including:Data Processing BoardInvestment Advisory BoardBoard of Revision and Budget CommissionPrior to his election as county treasurer, Metzger served seven years in the Clark County Common Pleas Court and seven years as a certified state examiner with the Auditor of State of Ohio, beginning in September 1975. Metzger is currently a member of the Treasurer's Association of Ohio Legislative Committee.Stephen T. Metzger Treasurer Email 31 N. Limestone St. P.O. Box 1305 Springfield, OH 45501 Ph: 937-521-1832 Fx: 937-328-2661 Hours of Operation Monday - Friday 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Extended Hours February 9, 2018 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. July 13, 2018 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.⢠What are the payment methods available?⢠Are there any exemptions for senior citizens to reduce the amount of taxes due?⢠Are there payment plans for delinquent taxes?HomePrivacyContact UsDisclaimerAccessibilityRSSCopyrightPrintSite MapPowered by CivicPlus About the Current County Treasurer. Stephen T. Metzger was first elected in 1988 and is currently serving his seventh term as treasurer of Clark County, Ohio. As treasurer, Metzger serves as the investment officer for the county with an average portfolio of $90 million.", "Registration Fees, Tax Rates, and Penalties (THESE FEES INCLUDE THE $ 11.50 LOCAL FEES-Bell County charges a $10.00 road and bridge fee and $1.50 child safety fee.). If you choose to renew by mail, there is an additional mail fee of $1.00.Weight Classification Registration Fees.O PENALTIES-The following types of vehicles are exempt from late transfer penalties: The State of Texas imposes a motor vehicle sales and use tax of 6.25% of the purchase price on new vehicles and 80% of the Standard Presumptive Value (non dealer sales) of used vehicles used by Texas residents.", "Bloom Kansas Tax Deeds Without the tax revenue generated from real estate located in Bloom, Clark County would literally go bankrupt. To solve this cash-flow problem, the Clark County Tax Collector sells Tax Deeds Kansas tax deeds on properties located in Bloom Kansas to winning bidders at the Clark County tax sale. When you buy tax deeds in Kansas, you are paying someone else's delinquent property taxes.", "What You Should Know Before Buying The successful bidder must pay, in addition to the bid amount, a county transfer tax of $0.55 per $500 of the sale price. There is a one-year statute of limitations to bring an action to overturn a tax sale. Title companies will generally not issue title insurance until after the statute of limitations has expired.", "- Duties of the Treasurer / Real Property Lister. The Clark County Treasurer's office operates under the rules and regulations stated in the Wisconsin Statutes as well as the County Board and Wisconsin Department of Revenue. The treasurer is a member of the Wisconsin County Treasurer's Association and the Wisconsin Real Property Listers Association. The county treasurer is also the real property lister for the county. Some of the major duties of the office are: Calculate mill rates and produce tax bills and tax rolls after verifying levies for all 45 municipalities", "Nevada Property Tax Calculator Clark County. Easily the largest county by population in Nevada, Clark County contains over 75% of the state’s people. The average effective property tax in the county is 1.02%, slightly higher than the statewide average but lower than the national average. As mentioned above, there are 112 different tax districts in Clark County.", "Land Records The current Realty Transfer Fee Rate Schedule for no exemption, partial exemption, and new construction for total consideration not in excess of $350,000 can be found on the Division of Taxation’s Internet Website. REALTY TRANSFER FEES IMPOSED ON SELLER, TOTAL CONSIDERATION IN EXCESS OF $350,000.", "Clark County Maps Current: Clark County Maps Clark County Maps County maps, atlases, and plat books can be retrieved by filling out a call slip for each item that you need and presenting it at the second floor reference desk.", "- Total Clark County 8.1% 4.9% 5.3% 4.0% 6.4% 3.9% 5.3% 4.4% -0.5% 1.0% 5.2%. 2008 and 2009 with the exception of Mesquite, which grew at. a 6.6% annual rate in 2009. Twenty-two of the 74 zip codes within Clark County experienced. negative population growth during the recessionary period. between 2008 and 2009.", "- Kern County Assessor Recorder. Responsibilities. The Assessor must locate all taxable property in the county, identify the owners, and describe the property. Additionally, the Assessor must determine a value for all taxable property and apply all legal exemptions and exclusions. The Assessor must complete an assessment roll showing the assessed values for all property and maintain records of the above. The Assessor does not set tax amounts or collect taxes.", "Wisconsin Title Insurance Rate and Transfer Tax Calculator Use the Wisconsin title insurance rate calculator to estimate the basic title insurance rates for the great state of Wisconsin. This calculator will also estimate the transfer tax. According to Stewart Title Guaranty, the deed transfer tax is $3.00 per $1000.00 or major fraction thereof of consideration.", "Become an AHA Instructor Become an AHA Instructor. Thank you for your interest in becoming an American Heart Association (AHA) Instructor. CPR Professionals takes great pride in our role of developing and mentoring instructors. We have trained hundreds of instructors to confidently and professionally present this incredibly valuable information.", "Recorder of Deeds Marriage Licenses: Besides document recordings, the Recorder of Deeds Department is responsible for the issuance of Missouri Marriage Licenses. Of the 40,000+ licenses issued annually in the State of Missouri, over 5,000 couples -- approximately one of every eight -- come to the Jackson County to obtain their license.", "Sales and Use Tax Sales & Use Tax Return (7/1/11 to Current) 1 This is the standard monthly or quarterly Sales and Use Tax return used by retailers. Effective April 1, 2017, the Sales and Use Tax rates for Washoe and Clark Counties will increase -- Washoe will go from 7.725 to 8.265 percent and Clark from 8.15 to 8.25 percent.", "- For example, you are recording a 2-page grant deed. You determine that it is subject to the Survey Monument Preservation Fund and that it is subject to county transfer tax of $30.25 and San Jose city conveyance tax of $90.75.", "New York - Jefferson County Recorder Information New York Non Resident Transfer. Included supplemental form. Use this form if you are a non-resident of New York State and you are transferring real property. Submit your completed form with full payment of estimated tax due, if any, to the recording officer at the time the deed is presented to be recorded. Do not mail the form to the Tax Department.", "Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online And At Kiosks Clark County recently completed work to upgrade its computer system to allow the exemptions to be made with DMV electronically. Veterans are required to obtain exemption paperwork from Clark County. Veteran's exemptions are issued by the county assessor's office. With Clark County coming online, all 17 Nevada counties now offer processing of veteran's exemptions online or at a DMV kiosk. We are pleased that the exemptions are finally available for use online at DMV, and thank the veterans for their patience, said Michele W. Shafe, Clark County Assessor.", "- There are currently 112 separate tax districts in Clark County. The tax rate for each district is based on the amount of monies budgeted for government-provided services, such as schools, police, fire, parks, libraries, and capital projects, such as flood control and transportation. Click on the tax rate to view the entities that provide services for that district. TAX DISTRICT.", "LOOKING BACKWARD Taxpayers who would like information concerning whether their Tax Year 2015 property taxes were sold at the tax sale and information on how to redeem their taxes must contact the Cook County Clerk's Office or call the Clerk's Office at 312.603.5656. The Clerk's Office is located at: 118 North Clark Street, Room 434, Chicago, IL 60602.", "Clark County Treasurer Clark County Treasurer. The Clark County Treasurer is an elected official who oversees the billing, collection, and distribution of taxes on all real properties in Clark County, as well as special assessments in unincorporated Clark County. Additionally, the Treasurer is responsible for overseeing the receipt and disbursement of County revenues and. for administering banking and investment services.", "- In order to serve you better, the Riverside County Assessor-County Clerk-Recorder’s Office has improved our computer system. On Monday, May 11, 2015, our new CLERK system went live.", "- The 11-digit parcel number must be placed at the top left corner of the first page of the document. Must comply with current 11-digit parcel numbering system as used by the Assessor's office. Any document relating exclusively to the transfer of water rights does not require a parcel number. To obtain your 11-digit Parcel Number (APN), Visit the Clark County Assessor's Web Site ; COVER SHEET - The first page of a document must have a blank space of 3 X 3 inches in the upper right corner of the first page. The cover sheet is used to accommodate the recording label. You may download and include the Cover Sheet as your first page.", "CLERK AND RECORDER Mailing Address- P.O. Angel Colbry is the Clerk and Recorder for Liberty County. The Clerk and Recorder’s office contains a wide variety of records and duties. Recorded transfers and other transactions relating to real property are maintained in this office.", "- History of Elected Tax Commissioner/Property Valuation Administrator Daviess County, Kentucky • J.L. Riney was elected in 1937 and served until 1945. • In 1945, Maj. Herschel McKinley was elected and served 1 term of four years. • Lymon Head was elected in November 1949 and served until 1965.", "- Other duties of the County Recorder include keeping records of Separations and Discharges of Veterans of Armed Services, filing of State and Federal Tax Liens and Bankruptcy proceedings, filing of Minnesota Notary Public licenses. (320) 634-7700 - Pope County Courthouse - 130 E. Minnesota Avenue - Glenwood, MN 56334.", "- Alpha-Index of this Cemetery: [A] [E] [H] [K] [P] [V] [Y] Clark Co., Wis. Internet Library Search the Clark Co., Wisconsin Birth Indexes, Death Indexes & Obituaries. GRANT CEMETERY INDEX GRANT TOWNSHIP, CLARK COUNTY, WI The contact for this cemetery is Jim Sternitzky. This index, compiled by the Clark County History Buffs, is provided free of charge for non-profit uses. Respect the rights of the transcribers and do not repost it on any commercial sites or copy it without permission. Alpha-Index of this Cemetery: [A] [E] [H] [K] [P] [V] [Y].", "Virginia - Fairfax County Recorder Information The grantor taxes are $0.50 per $500, rounded to the next highest $500. The regional congestion relief fee is $0.15 per $100, rounded to the next highest $100. For additional information, see supplemental documents and/or contact the local land records office. Document Formatting Requirements", "- 1 Transfer tax differ by county and city / State tax is on half of 1 percent of sale price. 2 Montgomery County transfer and recordation tax-county will recapture the transfer tax if an exempt deed is recorded between family members and an existing deed of trust is refinanced within a few months thereafter.", "- Clark County, Washington (WA) County population in 2014: 451,008 (86% urban, 14% rural); it was 345,238 in 2000. County owner-occupied with a mortgage or a loan houses and condos in 2010: 81,860. County owner-occupied free and clear houses and condos in 2010: 22,143.", "- Chautauqua and Montgomery counties. Effective June 1, 2011, the following price deductions will be applied to crude oil delivered to. CVR's Humboldt facility only: BS&W percentages of 2.1 - 2.9 less $1.50 per barrel; 3.0 - 3.9 less. $2.25 per barrel; 4.0 - 4.9 less $3.00 per barrel; and 5.0 -5.9 less $3.75 per barrel.", "Special hotel/motel tax Find taxes & rates Other taxes Special hotel/motel tax Special hotel/motel tax. In Spokane County, there must be 40 or more units for the tax to apply. In Pierce County, the tax is .02 for 25 or less units and .05 for 26 or more units.", "- If you are a new visitor to our site, please scroll down this page for important information regarding the Assessor transactions. Assessor's Office Disclaimer: The Clark County Assessor's Office makes every effort to produce and publish the most current and accurate information possible. No warranties, expressed or implied, are provided for the data herein, its use, or its interpretation. The assessed values are subject to change before being finalized for ad valorem tax purposes. The Assessor parcel maps are for assessment use only and do NOT represent a survey.", "- 1. Clark County Courthouse. 1 51 State StNeillsville, WI 54456. 2 267289 517 Ct SNeillsville, WI 54456. 3 517 Court StNeillsville, WI 54456. 4 517 Court St Rm 201Neillsville, WI 54456. 5 801 Clay StNeillsville, WI 54456. 6 517 State StNeillsville, WI 54456. 7 517 State St Ste 105Neillsville, WI 54456. 8 517 State StNeillsville, WI 54456.", "- Clark County (208) 374-5304 320 West Main P. O. Box 205 Dubois, ID 83423 Clearwater County (208) 476-5615 150 Michigan, Room 201 P. O. Box 586 Orofino, ID 83544 For Court Information: 476-5596 Custer County (208) 879-2360 Main Street P. O. MountainBox 385 Challis, ID 83226.", "- Schedule files are available to download in PDF format with Adobe Reader. If you do not have this software just click on the Adobe Reader icon above to download this free software on your computer. © 2017 Clark County Fair. All Rights Reserved.", "Bloom Kansas Tax Deeds Bloom Kansas Tax Deeds The collection of real estate taxes for properties located in Bloom Kansas is a major priority for the Clark County Tax Collector. Real estate taxes fund local services such as public education, police protection and, in some cases, medical services.", "Auditor/Treasurer's Office With this convenient program, you can have your property tax payment automatically deducted from your checking or savings account at your financial institution on a semi-annual basis. Tax Forfeited Land - The Douglas County Auditor/Treasurer's Office administers the disposition of tax forfeited lands. These properties have been awarded to the state as a result of non-payment of property taxes after a 3-year redemption period has expired.", "Supplemental Mortgage, Deed Of Trust, Security Agreement, Pledge And Financing Statement Since the execution, delivery, and recording of the Mortgage, the Trustor has obtained certain royalty rights and interests in real property located in Eureka County, Nevada, due to the abandonment and relocation of certain unpatented mining claims that are burdened by the Trustor’s carried interest in such properties.", "- Berkeley Springs, WV 25411. (304) 258-8562. 2016 Bills are now being collected. The Morgan County Sheriff's Tax Office is now collecting the 2nd half of 2016 taxes, fire fee and ambulance fees at their office located on the first floor in the Courthouse. Taxpayers will be allowed a discount of 2 1/2 percent on the 1st half if paid by March 1, 2017. The Sheriff's Tax Deputies will be at the Senior Center in Paw Paw on Thursday, February 16, 2017 from 2:00 pm to 4:00 pm to receive payment on the second half or the full year. click here for a schedule of 2016 taxes due.", "Sheriff The Sheriff's Office also sponsors the Sheriff's Auxiliary Volunteers who assist the uniformed deputies and local law enforcement partners in numerous areas whenever called upon, saving county taxpayer dollars. Sheriff Clark has been a resident of Navajo County for the past 28 years.", "Concealed Handgun Licenses (This amount includes a fingerprint processing fee). Renewals: $50.00 Douglas County Sheriff's Office. Address Change: $15.00 Douglas County Sheriff's Office. These fees are non-refundable and cover the cost of the background investigation and processing required by law.", "- Wilder Building Permit. Zoning Action Application. Police Department Forms. Business Night Number. Police Feedback Form. Vacation Check Form. Fire Department Forms. Fire Department Application. HVAC forms (All HVAC permitting is done through Campbell County) Fees, Applications and Permits. Miscellaneous. Frederick's Landing Rental Form. Recreation Program Permission Form", "- Introducing MyDec. The Kane County Recorder's Office is pleased to announce our latest technology which electronically processes Property Transactions (PTAX-203 forms) through MyDec. MyDec is a new electronic system that handles Real Property Transfer Tax transactions through the Illinois Department of Revenue. For more information, please visit the MyDec website.", "What is the penalty for driving with expired plates and insurance in Las Vegas? Generally in Clark County, NV, a stop for expired registration will result in a citation with a fine that ranges from $148.00 to around $300, but it could be more. Fines for driving with a suspended/revoked/cancelled registration are usually around $1,140.00, but could be less.", "Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online And At Kiosks Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax. Exemptions Online and at Kiosks. LAS VEGAS - Nevada veterans in Clark County may now claim their annual property tax. exemption during a vehicle registration renewal online or at one of the DMV's self-. service kiosks. Up until now, veterans in Clark County could renew only by mail or in. person at a DMV office.", "Nevada Apostille We provide Apostille service for all 16 counties in Nevada and 1 Independent City. These counties include: Churchill, Clark County, Douglas, Elko, Esmeralda, Eureka, Humboldt, Lander, Lincoln, Lyon, Mineral, Nye, Pershing, Storey, Washoe, and White Pine. The Independent City is: Carson.ur Apostille service is fast, convenient, and saves you time and money. We can process documents from all 50 States including the U.S. Department of State, the Secretary of the District of Columbia, and all Consul / Embassy offices in Washington, DC.", "Clark County Treasurer Clark County Treasurer The Clark County Treasurer is an elected official who oversees the billing, collection, and distribution of taxes on all real properties in Clark County, as well as special assessments in unincorporated Clark County. Additionally, the Treasurer is responsible for overseeing the receipt and disbursement of County revenues and for administering banking and investment services. Real Property Tax Due Dates", "Michigan - Wayne County Recorder Information Transfer tax must be paid at the time of recording for all documents which transfer an interest in property unless a proper exemption is noted. The transfer tax rate is computed at $1.10 per $1,000 for Wayne County, and $7.50 per $1,000 for the State of Michigan. Improper Check Amounts If the amount of the submitted check exceeds the total amount due for the documents by more than $25.00, or the amount of the check is less than the total amount due, the documents and check will be returned without being processed.", "- The Real Property Transfer Tax is a tax collected when a home is sold in the state of Nevada. The County Recorder collects it at the time of recording and is part of the seller's closing costs. In Clark County NV (Las Vegas, Henderson, etc.), the rate is $5.10 per $1,000 of value.This is approximately 112 % of the sale price of a home.If a typical home sells for $250,000 the transfer tax would then be $1,300. This cost is typically a seller cost but can be negotiated.he County Recorder collects it at the time of recording and is part of the seller's closing costs. In Clark County NV (Las Vegas, Henderson, etc.), the rate is $5.10 per $1,000 of value.", "- The County Clerk in Kimble County is responsible for recording real property records for the county. Quit claim deeds and many other instruments relat... Quit Claim Deed Guidelines for Menard County. The County Clerk in Menard County is responsible for recording real property records for the county.", "Clark County, NV Sales Tax Rate The current total local sales tax rate in Clark County, NV is 8.100% . The December 2014 total local sales tax rate was also 8.100% .", "- .45 Acres Camas, Clark County, Washington. $669,000. Stunning river and mountain views take center stage from most rooms of this sophisticated, yet welcoming ViewHome. It is perfect for anyone who wants spacious and well-lit rooms with gorgeous cathedral windows, vaults and 10 ft ceilings.", "- Conveyances of less than $25,000 are exempt from City transfer tax but an RPT filing fee. may be imposed. Where consideration is $400,000 or more, a copy of the contract of sale or closing state-. ment must be attached to the RPT.", "- Checks must be made payable to the Clark County Fair & Rodeo. ONLINE Tickets may be purchased online at www.ccfair.com using a valid credit card. All purchases online are subject to an Etix service fee for each ticket purchased.", "Property Tax Relief - Homestead Exemptions Public Act 98-0007, which passed into law in 2013, increased the General Homestead Exemption (a reduction in the Equalized Assessed Value) amount from $6,000 to $7,000 for Cook County beginning with the 2012 tax year (property taxes payable in 2013).", "- The Clark County Recorder’s Office is a public record office serving the cities of Las Vegas, North Las Vegas, Henderson, Boulder City, Laughlin, Mesquite, and other areas of Clark County. Original records are NOT available to view on our web site, but a brief summary of recorded documents is available to search.", "- 2.0%. 4/18/20134 Nevada’s Sales Tax areview and analysis Combined Local School Support Tax Retail Sales Tax Allocation (of combined 8.10% Clark County rate) Source: Applied Analysis, based on data reported by the Nevada Department of Taxation.", "Transfer Tax Exemption Pursuant to ORS 93.030, a statement of consideration must appear on the face of any instrument conveying, or contracting to convey, fee title to real property. The transfer tax is due within fifteen days of the recording of the instrument transferring the property. Liability for the tax shall attach upon every purchaser and seller. When Is The Tax Due? You must pay the tax or file for an exemption within fifteen (15) days from the date of recording. It is imperative that one or the other is ...", "- Taxes Las Vegas / Nevada. TAX STRUCTURE. Effective July 1, 2009, Clark County assesses a 8.10% sales and use tax, exempting food for home consumption and prescribed medical goods. Nevada is proud to have the lowest overall tax rate of any state in the nation.", "- Forms & Documents. 1 2014 Road Standards PDF, 1.19 MB. 2 2017 County Budget PDF, 1.42 MB. 3 Address Request Form PDF, 66.46 KB. 4 Circulation Plan PDF, 532.03 KB. 5 Douglas County Code of the West PDF, 707.50 KB. 6 Notice of Tax Judgment Sale by Electronic Media PDF, 3.87 MB. 7 Small Works & Vendor List Application PDF, 15.60 KB.", "Staff County Clerk is the “Recorder” for the County. Documents such as Warranty Deeds, Mortgages, Oil & Gas Leases. County Clerk also handles the County’s Accounts Payables, Payroll & Purchasing. Recording fees are $13 first page ($8 recording + $5 preservation) and $2 each page thereafter, per document.", "Carver County Taxpayer Services Department If you are a new visitor to our site, please scroll down this page for important information regarding the Assessor transactions. Assessor's Office Disclaimer: The Clark County Assessor's Office makes every effort to produce and publish the most current and accurate information possible. No warranties, expressed or implied, are provided for the data herein, its use, or its interpretation.", "Peter L. Boyd Chief Deputy Treasurer Douglas County Diane A Holbert. Douglas County Treasurer. The Douglas County Treasurer’s office welcomes you to our online property TAX records search: TREASURER’S WEB. This site is designed to provide you with tax history and the ability to print tax notices, tax receipts or statements of taxes for the properties located in Douglas County, Colorado.", "- A referendum to place the duties of the Recorder’s Office into the County Clerk’s Office was passed by the voters of McLean County on November 6, 2012 and took effect December 31, 2013.", "- 1 Click here for deed transfers recorded within Jefferson Township of Greene County, Pennsylvania. Jefferson Morgan Regional Council of Governments (JMRCOG): was created in 2004 and includes Jefferson Township, Morgan Township, Clarksville Borough, Jefferson Borough and Rices Landing Borough.", "Delaware closing costs | Transfer taxes & fees 2010 Delaware closing costs | Transfer taxes & fees 2010. City Deed Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. State Deed Recordation Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. The Lender is not allowed to charge borrower a 'processing fee'. If refinancing with cash-out, there are no recordation taxes charged on the new money.", "- Opt in to the County's new Reverse Emergency Notification system! An anonymous donor has funded the purchase of a Reverse Emergency Notification system for Grant County. Register your phones, cell phones and email addresses to receive alerts of evacuations, emergency events, road closures and other significant events. The link below will take you to DeltAlert, who has been contracted to provide the Reverse Emergency Notification systemfor the County. Learn more!", "- Each year the Treasurer-Tax Collector 's Office mails in excess of 700,000 property-tax bills and informational copies to owners of property in Riverside County. These annual property-tax bills cover the period from July 1 to June 30 and reflect the assessed value of the property as of January 1st. Property tax bills are mailed out in late September/early October and are payable in two equal installments.", "Welcome to the Clark County Assessor's Office Welcome to the Clark County Assessor's Office. 1 Each year, the Assessor's Office identifies and determines the value of all taxable real and personal property in the county. 2 We hope you find the information here helpful as you learn more about the Assessor, our office and the work we do in Clark County.", "- Tim York, Marshall County Clerk pursuant to KRS 424.130, announces that the 2015 Delinquent Real Property Tax Bills (Certificates of Delinquency) will be published in the Marshall County Tribune-Courier on June 28, 2016. The list of Certificates of Delinquency is. also available for public inspection during the hours of 8:00 A.M. - 4:30 P.M. at the County. Clerk's office located at 1101 Main Street, Benton, KY 42025. This list may also be inspected. on the Marshall County website.", "- Transfer tax $0.80/$500: 0,16%: Kansas: Mortgage fee $0.26/$100: 0,26%: Kentucky: Transfer tax $0.50/$500: 0,10%: Louisiana: None Maine: Transfer tax $2.20/$500: 0,44%: Maryland: Transfer tax 0.5% (or 0.25% for 1st- time buyers) 0,50% County transfer tax varies by county Recordation tax varies by county: Varies Varies: Massachusetts", "Assessor-Recorder-County Clerk Assessor-Recorder-County Clerk. The elected Assessor-Recorder-Clerk oversees the valuation of taxable real and business personal property; recording and maintaining documents regarding property ownership, births, deaths and marriages; performing civil ceremonies; and processing marriage licenses, fictitious business names and other legal documents.", "- Auditor John S. Federer wishes to inform the citizens and taxpayers of Clark County that the first phase of the 2019 Real Property Reappraisal project is underway. The County has contracted with Tyler Technologies, Inc. of Dayton, Ohio to provide detailed, high resolution street level images.", "- P. O. Box 1151 Carolyn L. Guidry Phone: 409.835.8475 Option 1. Beaumont, TX 77704‐1151 Jefferson County Clerk Fax : 409.839.2394. Effective Date of Form: January 1, 2014. APPLICATION FOR BIRTH OR DEATH CERTIFICATE. Birth Certificate Death Certificate. ____ No. of Certified Copies Requested No.____ of Certified Copies Requested. @$23.00 each = __________________ @$21.00for First Copy and $4.00 additional. copies of same record/same request.", "- All payments must have a payment stub with them, unless you are paying with credit or debit through GTS. Duplicate bills will cost $2.00 per parcel in office or mailed, faxed copies will cost $5.00 and email copies will cost $3.00. You can mail in your request with payment to: Mercer County Treasurer PO BOX 228 Aledo, IL 61231. Taxes can be paid with credit or debit card at mercercountyil.org (Department) Treasurer.", "Youâre a homeowner! Take advantage of Homestead Exemption. City of Decatur / Dekalb County – you must file online with both the City and the County. The City deadline is April 1, 2017. It saves approximately $20,000 off your assessed value. File with the County by April 1, 2017, and it will take about 2/3rds off the County portion of the tax bill.", "Office of the County Recorder Welcome to the Washoe County Recorder’s Office! It is an honor and a privilege to serve the citizens of Washoe County. The mission of the Recorder's Office is to record, permanently preserve, and provide convenient access to public records, with superior quality and efficient customer service.", "Wisconsin Title Insurance Rate and Transfer Tax Calculator The seller customarily pays the deed transfer tax. Mortgage Tax-Wisconsin does not have a mortgage tax. Recording fees in Wisconsin are $11.00 for the first page and $2.00 for each additional page.", "Conservation Fee Conservation Fee. ​Dakota County charges a conservation fee on all documents that are required to pay mortgage registry tax or state deed tax. The fee of $5 is payable to: Dakota County Property Taxation & Records. Last updated: 10/29/2016 7:12 AM.", "Johnny Behan, Sheriff, Cochise County, Arizona Territory John G. Moore, recorder of Jefferson county, is a native of Madison, and was born October 9, 1834. His father was a Quaker; he was an early settler in Madison, and married Miss Sarah A. McIntyre, daughter of John McIntyre, who came to Madison in 1814, and was long a merchant of this city.", "- LIST OF EXCESS PROCEEDS FROM TAX SALE. Orig Receipt Date Case Number Style Ending Balance Payor Location Comment. 4/8/2015 07-DCV-160182 Fort Bend County, Et Al. Vs. Jerome Brown, Et Al.", "Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online And At Kiosks DMV offers a new convenience to more than 40,000 veterans. Nevada veterans in Clark County may now claim their annual property tax exemption during a vehicle registration renewal online or at one of the DMV’s self-service kiosks. Up until now, veterans in Clark County could renew only by mail or in person at a DMV office.", "- • State Deed Tax included (Purchase price times .0033 = Deed Tax) • Agricultural Conservation fee of $5.00 is required per deed and mortgage in Wright County. • Completed Electronic Certificate of Real Estate Value (eCRV submitted online: http://www.revenue.state.mn.us) • Send Tax Statements to: Include name & address **this should be typed on the document.", "- Recording. 1 We can only record original or certified copies of documents. 2 Signatures on the document must be notarized. 3 Grantee's mailing address must be on all deeds. Legal description of property (if applicable) must be in Shoshone 1 County. Records of Survey - One (1) transparency and one paper copy.", "Summary of the 2015-2016 Influenza Season Most of the time flu activity(https://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/season/flu-season.htm) peaks between December and February, although activity can last as late as May. The peak week of flu activity in terms of influenza-like illness (ILI) for the 2015-2016 season was the week ending March 12, 2016. This is one of the later season peaks on record. Over the last 18 seasons (including the 2015-2016 season), only three seasons have peaked during March (2015-2016, 2011-2012 and 2005-2006).", "- GRANT, BARGAIN, SALE DEED THIS INDENTURE WITNESSETH: That in consideration of $ and other valuable co10.00 nsideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, do hereby Grant, Bargain, Sell and Convey to all that real property situated in the County of Clark, State of Nevada, bounded and described as follows: Subject to: 1.", "Contact Information The Apache County Recorder’s Main Office is located at 75 West Cleveland Street, on the lst floor of the Apache County Annex Building in St. Johns, with outreach offices in Springerville, Ft.Defiance and Chinle.", "The Recorder records or retains on file, documents such as deeds, mortgages, contracts, condemnations, easements, federal and state tax liens, surveys, trade names, UCC filings, Article of Incorporations and military service records. As of July, 1997 the Recorder's office is the County Registrar of Vital Records and has the responsibility of issuing Marriage Licenses, registering Birth, Death and Marriage Certificates and issuing certified copies of Vital Records.", "Ohio - Columbiana County Recorder Information The Columbiana County Recorder is responsible for maintaining real property records in the county. The fee to record and index a deed, mortgage, affidavit, agreement, annexation, easement, certificate of transfer, land contract, lease, mechanic’s lien, partnership, trust document, or power of attorney is $28 for the first two pages. Each page thereafter is $8.", "Real Estate Transfer Division The lands, lots, and parts of lots, in the County of Clark forfeited to the State for the nonpayment of taxes together with the taxes, assessments, charges, penalties, interest and costs charged to them, agreeably to law, and the dates on which the lands, lots, and parts of lots will be offered for sale are contained and described in the following list:", "Delaney (surname) (January 2011) Delaney is an Irish surname derived from the Gaelic ó Dubhsláine, Dubh meaning black and Slaine for the River Slaine (Slaney). DeLaney is also of Norman origin. There is a branch of Dulaneys in the United States who trace back to a Thomas Delany.", "Property & Tax Information Property & Tax Information. The Clark County Treasurer's Office is committed to ensuring effective treasury management of the public's resources by mutually respecting the needs of each of its customers. Property and Tax Information Tax-Related RCWs Personal Property Information Assistance for Seniors and Disabled Tax Rate Information Understanding Your Tax Bill.", "- Therefore, a Criminal History. Report from the Nevada Criminal History Central Repository, AND a criminal. history SCOPE printout from the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, including all criminal arrests in Clark County, and microfiche, if applicable, must be. obtained for the record sealing process. Criminal History Report (CHR) SCOPE.", "- New Castle, Kent, & Sussex County. City Deed Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. Buyer and Seller split 50/50. State Deed Recordation Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. Buyer and Seller split 50/50. The Lender is not allowed to charge borrower a 'processing fee'.", "- Clark County Treasurer : The Clark County Treasurer is an elected official who oversees the billing, collection, and distribution of taxes on all real properties in Clark County, as well as special assessments in unincorporated Clark County. Additionally, the Treasurer is responsible for overseeing the receipt and disbursement of County revenues and", "Transfer Tax The transfer tax is collected on the following two transactions. The rate of tax is $2.20 for each $500 or fractional part of $500 of the value of the property being transferred. The tax is imposed ½ on the grantor, ½ on the grantee.", "*$10 PASSPORT FEE INCREASE - APRIL 2, 2018* Gilchrist County. Clerk of Court and Comptroller. Todd Newton welcomes you to the official website for the Clerk of the Circuit Court/Comptroller for Gilchrist County. This site is designed to keep you informed and assist you in conducting your business with the Clerk's office.", "- Personal checks are not accepted as payment for death certificates. Clark County Deaths Before 1988. Death certificates for people who died in Clark County before 1988 are available at the Nevada State Office of Vital Records by phone at (775) 684-4242 or through their website at http://dhhs.nv.gov.", "New York - Jefferson County Recorder Information The RP-5217 Real Property Transfer Report is a form (RPL Article 9, Section 333) used to document the. information associated with all real property transfers within New York State, except for New York City transfers prior. to January 1, 2003. An original RP-5217 form must accompany all deeds and correction deeds upon filing with.", "Sales and Use Tax Current Sales and Use Tax Forms. Sales & Use Tax Return (7/1/11 to Current) This is the standard monthly or quarterly Sales and Use Tax return used by retailers. Effective April 1, 2017, the Sales and Use Tax rates for Washoe and Clark Counties will increase -- Washoe will go from 7.725 to 8.265 percent and Clark from 8.15 to 8.25 percent.", "Recorder Mailing Address: 407 Main Street South, Room 206. Towner, ND 58788. Phone Numbers: (701) 537-5634 Fax Number:(701) 537-5969. E-mail Address: [email protected]. Responsibilities: The McHenry County Recorder is responsible for filing, recording and maintaining documents that pertain to real property in McHenry County.", "Real estate transfer tax File and pay tax. 1 File Form TP-584, Combined Real Estate Transfer Tax Return, Credit Line Mortgage Certificate, and Certification of Exemption from the Payment of Estimated Personal Income Tax, with the county clerk where the real property being transferred is located.", "Tennessee Real Estate Transfer Tax and Exemptions (Tenn. Code Ann. § 67-4-409) TCA 67-4-409(a)(2)-(3). A transfer of real estate will not be subject to the recordation tax if it is made pursuant to a Bankruptcy Chapter 11 Plan of Reorganization. TCA 67-4-409(e). Also, the recording and re-recording of all transfers of realty in which a municipality is the grantee are exempt from the Transfer Tax.", "- • Agricultural Conservation fee of $5.00 is required per deed and mortgage in Wright County Auditor/Treasurer Office. • IF you have documents that are required to be recorded in both Abstract and Torrens records we require separate. checks payable to the Wright County Recorder for the Abstract Fees and Torrens Fees.", "- For some projects, Griffin Jewelry Wire is a good economical solution, whereas your more elegant or higher-end projects may require a nicer drape, better durability, or a more professional look.", "- During September the Fremont County Treasurer issues tax liens to tax sale participants who pay the delinquent taxes and interest for delinquent property owners. The sale enables the Treasurer to collect and distribute property taxes to school districts, libraries, cities, towns and other taxing entities. The Tax Notice announces the date , time, location, and how the sale will be conducted. The Tax Sale List their taxes and avoid the additional cost of redeeming the tax lein.", "Story of boy named Tom Brady To this day, Brady is a fanatical rope jumper and a gym rat. At the annual family summer vacation in the Sierra Mountains, Brady drives 40 miles to the nearest health club so he can log his daily three-hour workout. Last summer, he comes back to the resort and I'm pulling steaks off the grill for dinner, Tom Brady Sr. says.", "FAQs No building or structure for which a Certificate of Occupancy is required under Clark County Title 30 shall be used or occupied, and no change in the existing occupancy classification of a building or structure or portion thereof shall be made until the Building Official has issued a Certificate of Occupancy.", "- The actual fee for a certified copy of a document from the Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder / County Clerk is $6 for the first page and $3 for each additional page per document. THE FACTS • You can obtain a copy of your Grant Deed directly from the Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk. No third party assistance is needed.• The County Registrar-Recorder mails the original Grant Deed document to the homeowner after it is recorded. Therefore, you should already have your original Grant Deed.• If you have the original Grant Deed in your possession there is no need to purchase a copy.", "New York - Jefferson County Recorder Information The RP-5217 Real Property Transfer Report is a form (RPL Article 9, Section 333) used to document the. information associated with all real property transfers within New York State, except for New York City transfers prior. to January 1, 2003. An original RP-5217 form must accompany all deeds and correction deeds upon filing with. the Recording Officer. A filing fee is also required.", "- NIC Services, LLC charges an extra fee, in addition to the usual Clark County Recorder’s fee, for using this online service. All major credit cards are accepted. See NIC Services, LLC’s website www.egov.com for additional information about payment for online orders.", "Floyd County Indiana Treasurer Floyd County Indiana Treasurer. The Floyd County Treasurer is responsible for depository of tax obligations, collection of property taxes, processing of Liquor License renewals, processing of mobile home relocation permits and title transfers, General bookkeeping, distribution, county investments and Auditing.", "Recording Fees Diane L. Battiato. Douglas County Register of Deeds. Fee Sheet. Schedule of Recording Fees as set forth in Nebraska State Statutes: FILING FEES (Effective Jan. 1, 2013, LB14): First page: $10.00,", "- We can only record original or certified copies of documents. Signatures on the document must be notarized. Grantee's mailing address must be on all deeds. Legal description of property (if applicable) must be in Shoshone County. Records of Survey - One (1) transparency and one paper copy. Subdivision Plats - Two (2) transparencies, no paper copies. Recorded documents will be returned to the requesting party.", "- Schedule for Public Records Research WorkshopsMore Information Recorder’s Office Winner of three 2012 NACo Awards Clark County Recorder’s Office Winner of Three 2012 National Association of Counties (NACo) AwardsMore Information", "What Is an Exemption to a Quitclaim Deed? Transfer Tax. The property transfer tax only applies when the property changes hands. The tax is unrelated to the annual real estate property taxes the owner will need to pay based on the value of the home. The transfer tax is due when the grantee records the deed. For most real estate transactions, the tax is based on the sale price of the property or the fair market value. The tax rate varies, based on the county. At the time of publication, transfer tax rates were around 70 cents per $100.", "- Transfer Tax Exemption. Overview; Application Forms; FAQ - Transfer Tax; GIS & Cartography. Overview; Maps Online; Changes to Ownership; Changes to Cadastral Map; FAQ - Cartography; Publications; Elections. Overview; News. Overview; Media Release; Current Election. Overview; Current Election Results; Current Voters' Pamphlet; Candidate and Measure Filings; Ballot Drop Sites", "- 0.1%. Hawaii. Transfer tax $0.10 to $1/$100, based on property value. $0.15 to $1.25/$100 without homeowner exemption, based on value.", "- For Bengali five-spice mixture, see Panch phoron. Five-spice powder is a spice mixture of five spices, used primarily in Chinese cuisine but also used in other Asian and Arabic cookery.It is very common in India, being used in north Indian and South Indian cookery extensively.", "- Clark County Tax Rates A tax district is an area defined within a county for taxing purposes. There are currently 3 tax districts in Mesquite (901,902, 903). The tax rate for all three Mesquite district is the same.", "Oklahoma Recorders You are NOT on the recorder's website, you are on Deeds.com, a private website that is not affiliated with any government agency. Colorado Recorder Information. Real estate deeds that transfer property in Colorado can be recorded to provide constructive notice of the transfer. In most cases deed documents are recorded in the County where the property is located.", "About Us The County Clerk-Recorder is responsible for examination and recording of documents presented to the office that deal with establishing ownership of land in the County or as required by law. The Recorder also collects Documentary Transfer Tax on property sales. Official Records are recorded, scanned, indexed and stored.", "- The County Transfer Tax Rate can vary by County. Be sure to check with the County Clerk. where the property is being recorded to verify, if Transfer Tax is Due. The State portion of this tax is levied at the rate of $1.10 for each $500 of value or any.", "What are transfer taxes? The city tax rate is half of the county rate and the city tax is. allowed as a credit against the county tax. Colorado Transfer tax $.01/$100 0.01%. State residential transfer tax has two tiers of either 0.75% or. 1.25%, based on value. 0.75% up to $800K and.", "- All transactions in Washington County go back to 1799 when the county was formed from Tyrrell County. Various types of documents filed in the office are old land grants, deeds, deeds of trust, maps, leases, agreements and powers of attorney. The Register of Deeds also issues birth, death and marriage certificates as well as marriage licenses.", "Butte County The Departments' staff provides support to the County Clerk-Recorder/Registrar of Voters, and strives to provide excellent customer service in a responsive, conscientious, and uniform manner with the highest degree of professionalism. Tweets by @ButteCCRR.", "- Payments in excess of the purchase price will be refunded by mail within 30 days. Purchasers of property at the tax sale must also pay a Documentary Transfer Tax on the amount of the bid. The tax is based on the rate of $.55 for each $500 or fractional part of each $500 when the bid exceeds $100. Purchasers of property within the city of Richmond must also pay a City Transfer Tax in addition to the Documentary Transfer Tax. The rate for this city tax is $7 per $1,000 of the purchase price. (a) Any lien for installments of taxes and special assessments, which installments will become payable upon the secured roll after the time of sale.", "- All transactions in Washington County go back to 1799 when the county was formed from Tyrrell County. Various types of documents filed in the office are old land grants, deeds, deeds of trust, maps, leases, agreements and powers of attorney. The Register of Deeds also issues birth, death and marriage certificates as well as marriage licenses. Search Online Register of Deeds Office Hours:8:30 AM to 5:00 PM-excluding holidays Address:120 Adams StreetP.O.", "- Riverside County’s property assessment roll has eclipsed the previous record set in 2008, reaching a value of $255 billion, which is 5 percent more than last year’s total, Assessor-County Clerk-Recorder Peter Aldana announced on Wednesday, July 13, 2016. Please click here to view the full press release.", "Jefferson County, TX Birth, Death, Marriage, Divorce Records Certificate requests may be made at the local office, by mail, or by fax; an application form is available at the website. Birth certificates are $23.00; death certificates are $21.00 for the first page and $4.00 for each additional page. Jefferson County Recorder Office - Birth, Death, Marriage & Divorce Records.", "Property tax exemptions in Cook County Cook County Assessor’s Office 118 North Clark Street, Room 320 Chicago, IL 60602 312.443.7550. You may find applications and additional information at: www.cookcountyassessor.com. 2. Senior Citizen Homestead Exemption. Seniors can save up to $250 a year in property taxes, and up to $750 when combined with the Homeowner Exemption.", "Oklahoma Recorders Oklahoma Recorder Information. Recorder information for Oklahoma. Real property records are maintained by the recorder in the County where the property is located. Real estate deeds that transfer property in Oklahoma can be recorded to provide constructive notice of the transfer. In most cases deed documents are recorded in the County where the property is located.", "Real Estate Transfer Division Clark County conveyance fees are $4.00 (four dollars) per $1000.00 (one thousand dollars) of consideration rounded up to the nearest one hundred dollars. Transfer fee is $.50 (fifty cents) per parcel. Forms. Form DTE 100 (EX) The DTE Form 100 is available to the public at the Real Estate Division, A B Graham Building, 31 N. Limestone Street, Springfield, OH 45501. Staff. Tina Cowan – Tax Exemptions, Tax Rates & Levies Taxing District Phone: 521-1872 Email: Contact Tina. CAUV and Land Phone: 521-1877", "- The Cuyahoga County Treasurer’s Office will be conducting a Tax Certificate Sale in. accordance with Ohio Revised Code 5721.33. *The sale of tax liens and all terms and conditions are contingent upon Cuyahoga. County Council’s approval. *Terms and conditions of the sale are tentative and subject to change.", "California - Kern County Recorder Information Legal-sized (8 1/2x14): $26.00 first page, $ 3.00 each add. page. $ 3.00 per page penalty fee for nonconforming documents. Documentary tax: $0.55 per $500.00 value. County recording fees are subject to change without notice. For the most current fees and further information, contact the local recorder directly.", "How do genes direct the production of proteins? How do genes direct the production of proteins? Most genes contain the information needed to make functional molecules called proteins. (A few genes produce other molecules that help the cell assemble proteins.) The journey from gene to protein is complex and tightly controlled within each cell. It consists of two major steps: transcription and translation. Together, transcription and translation are known as gene expression.", "Coahoma County, Mississippi Tax Assessors' Office Where is the Coahoma County Tax Assessor's Office? The Coahoma County Tax Assessor, Tax Collector, Delinquent Property Taxes, & Tax Sales Records Office is located at 115 1st Street in Clarksdale, Mississippi.", "Wisconsin Title Insurance Rate and Transfer Tax Calculator Use the Wisconsin title insurance rate calculator to estimate the basic title insurance rates for the great state of Wisconsin. This calculator will also estimate the transfer tax. According to Stewart Title Guaranty, the deed transfer tax is $3.00 per $1000.00 or major fraction thereof of consideration. The seller customarily pays the deed transfer tax. Mortgage Tax - Wisconsin does not have a mortgage tax. Recording fees in Wisconsin are $11.00 for the first page and $2.00 for each additional page. Search and Examination Fees - Title insurance premium includes the search and examination fee.", "Sales and Use Tax Sales & Use Tax Return (7/1/11 to Current) 1 This is the standard monthly or quarterly Sales and Use Tax return used by retailers. Effective April 1, 2017, the Sales and Use Tax rates for Washoe and Clark Counties will increase -- Washoe will go from 7.725 to 8.265 percent and Clark from 8.15 to 8.25 percent. The 2011 Legislation Session pursuant to AB 504, reduced the interest rate to 0.75% (or .0075) from 1% (or .01) effective 7/1/2011.", "- 4/18/20135 Nevada’s Sales Tax areview and analysis Basic City ‐ County Relief TaxSupplemental City ‐ County Relief Tax Retail Sales Tax Allocation (of combined 8.10% Clark County rate) Source: Applied Analysis, based on data reported by the Nevada Department of Taxation.", "- A. In the event of any transfer claimed to be exempt from the real estate transfer tax herein. imposed, the grantor or purchaser shall apply for and obtain from the town manager a. certificate of exemption, which may be affixed to the deed or instrument of transfer.", "- The actual fee for a certified copy of a document from the Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder / County Clerk is $6 for the first page and $3 for each additional page per document. THE FACTS • You can obtain a copy of your Grant Deed directly from the Los Angeles County Registrar-Recorder/County Clerk.No third party assistance is needed.• The County Registrar-Recorder mails the original Grant Deed document to the homeowner after it is recorded.Therefore, you should already have your original Grant Deed.• If you have the original Grant Deed in your possession there is no need to purchase a copy.otice to Homeowners Grant Deed Copy Scam Many home owners are receiving official-looking letters as though they are from the County or a mortgage lender urging them to request an “official” copy of their Grant Deed in order to prevent foreclosure, prove that they own their home, and to be in compliance.", "Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online And At Kiosks LAS VEGAS - Nevada veterans in Clark County may now claim their annual property tax exemption during a vehicle registration renewal online or at one of the DMV's self- service kiosks.", "- Rate; Nevada State: 6.850%: Clark County: 1.400%: Las Vegas: 0.000%: Total: 8.250%", "- If you are considering an end-of-year tax exempt donation to reduce your taxes, remember that you can donate for Community Chamber Orchestra to Clay County Arts Council, by putting “Chamber Orchestra” in the memo line, and sending it to Anne Clark or any of the Arts Council officers.", "Answering questions on adding spouse to title, sick leave The fee for recording a grant deed in Contra Costa County is $14 for the first page plus $3 for each additional page. But you do not pay a transfer tax when you add a spouse to a title, nor will it result in any change in your property tax.", "- The Grayson County Appraisal District has information on exemptions and discounts for property tax that may apply to you. One popular exemption could reduce your Grayson County property taxes by up to $1500 a year and it's available to all homeowners who you live in their homes.", "Financial Dictionary Transfer & Recordation tax table. The chart below shows the total amount of taxes, by county, to be paid at settlement based on the purchase price of the property. These taxes are customarily split 50/50 between the buyer and seller. For fast, accurate tax calculations, try our app Close It! for iOS and Web.", "Excise Tax Excise tax rates vary by location In Pierce County. Rates can be calculated online. Tax-exempt transactions are subject to a $10 fee. Excise affidavits must be fully completed and signed by grantor / seller and grantee / buyer or an agent for each. Supplemental statements can only be signed by grantor and grantee. Before a mobile home excise affidavit can be processed, personal property taxes must be paid in full for the year if excise tax is due, and must be paid current if no tax is due.", "Delaware closing costs | Transfer taxes & fees 2010 Delaware closing costs | Transfer taxes & fees 2010. Title fees & insurance calculator | DE Title Insurance rates. Purchase. New Castle, Kent, & Sussex County City Deed Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. Buyer and Seller split 50/50. State Deed Recordation Transfer Tax= 1.5% of the sales/purchase price. Buyer and Seller split 50/50. The Lender is not allowed to charge borrower a 'processing fee'. If refinancing with cash-out, there are no recordation taxes charged on the new money.", "- This office does not depend upon the County tax dollars to operate. The office of the Recorder of Deeds is self-sufficient and generates a profit (over the operating expenses) for the Lackawanna County General Fund. Pleases be advised that the 2017 City of Scranton Realty Transfer rate has been reduced to 2.4%.", "- The Allegany County Clerk s Office and the Office of Real Property will begin accepting the Online Generated Real Property Transfer Report starting June 1st, 2013.* County shape file purchasers are eligible for up to 4 updates of the county shape file@ $100.00 each. This is valid for a period ending 3 years from the initial purchase date.", "Butte County The County Clerk Recorder/Registrar of Voters is an elected official who serves at the pleasure of the voters. The Departments' staff provides support to the County Clerk-Recorder/Registrar of Voters, and strives to provide excellent customer service in a responsive, conscientious, and uniform manner with the highest degree of professionalism. Tweets by @ButteCCRR.", "- Taxes Las Vegas / Nevada. Effective July 1, 2009, Clark County assesses a 8.10% sales and use tax, exempting food for home consumption and prescribed medical goods. Nevada is proud to have the lowest overall tax rate of any state in the nation. With NO state income, inheritance, gift, or estate, franchise, inventory or corporate taxes are levied, Nevada leaves your money where it belongs, in your pocket.", "Recorder's Office Online access to the McLean County Recorder's land records is available through the North Dakota Recorders Information Network (NDRIN). NDRIN is a subscription service and is available for $25.00/month. McLean County's records are available online from January 1, 1997 to present. Currently 42 of North Dakota's 53 counties are publishing data to the NDRIN internet website, with varying years of information.", "Room tax After adding plenty of suspense to what many legislators considered a slam dunk, the state Senate voted 16-5 Tuesday to increase the hotel room tax by 3 percentage points. Although the Legislature is barely one month into the 120-day regular session, it faced a Friday deadline to act on the plan, which will increase the room tax rate to 13 percent in most of Clark County.", "ATA ATA. Short for Advanced Technology Attachment, ATA was approved May 12, 1994 and is an interface that connects hard drives, CD-ROM drives, and other drives. The first ATA interface is now commonly referred to as PATA, which is short for Parallel AT Attachment after the introduction of SATA.TA-4, ATAPI-4, and ATA/ATAPI-4. ATA-4 is a standard approved by ANSI in 1998 under document NCITS 317-1998.", "Escrow ProgramPayment Drop BoxProperty TaxYou are here: Home > My Government > TreasurerTreasurerDuties & ResponsibilitiesAnnual collection of real estate taxes ($125 million) and manufactured home taxes ($275,000)Daily and monthly reconciliation of all accounts with the county's depository accountsCounty's Investment OfficerAbout the Current County Treasurer Stephen T. Metzger was first elected in 1988 and is currently serving his seventh term as treasurer of Clark County, Ohio. As treasurer, Metzger serves as the investment officer for the county with an average portfolio of $90 million. The county treasurer serves on various boards as required by Ohio Law, including:Data Processing BoardInvestment Advisory BoardBoard of Revision and Budget CommissionPrior to his election as county treasurer, Metzger served seven years in the Clark County Common Pleas Court and seven years as a certified state examiner with the Auditor of State of Ohio, beginning in September 1975. Metzger is currently a member of the Treasurer's Association of Ohio Legislative Committee.Stephen T. Metzger Treasurer Email 31 N. Limestone St. P.O. Box 1305 Springfield, OH 45501 Ph: 937-521-1832 Fx: 937-328-2661 Hours of Operation Monday - Friday 8 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Extended Hours February 9, 2018 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. July 13, 2018 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m.⢠What are the payment methods available?⢠Are there any exemptions for senior citizens to reduce the amount of taxes due?⢠Are there payment plans for delinquent taxes?HomePrivacyContact UsDisclaimerAccessibilityRSSCopyrightPrintSite MapPowered by CivicPlus Prior to his election as county treasurer, Metzger served seven years in the Clark County Common Pleas Court and seven years as a certified state examiner with the Auditor of State of Ohio, beginning in September 1975. Metzger is currently a member of the Treasurer's Association of Ohio Legislative Committee.", "What Is an Exemption to a Quitclaim Deed? The transfer tax is due when the grantee records the deed. For most real estate transactions, the tax is based on the sale price of the property or the fair market value. The tax rate varies, based on the county. At the time of publication, transfer tax rates were around 70 cents per $100.", "- Sending notification to the email address on file with the Canyon County Assessor and/or the Canyon County Treasurer has the same legal effect as if the annual or supplemental property notices have been mailed to the property owner via U.S. mail.", "Recorder Fee Schedule Kern County Assessor Recorder. Recorder Fee Schedule. Notice: Effective April 9, 2014, the Real Estate Fraud Fee will increase from $2.00 to $10.00.Documents are recorded daily from 8:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. every working day. For walk-in recordings, we will mail the document back in 3-4 weeks from the recording date.", "Gow long before lortab gets out of system? Page 1 of 1. sandee1818. If your taking your meds everyday they will be in your system. Ittakes 3 days for all traces to be gone for a drug test to say negitive for the drug. There are mistakes made such as in the lab ect so would try and talk the dr into another test but I seriously doubt he will.", "- They include: Transfer Tax: Whenever property is transferred in New York State, the State transfer tax is due from you at the time the new deed is recorded. The State tax is $2.00 for every $500.00 of the selling price. If the property is in New York City, you must also pay NYC Real Property Transfer Tax (RPT). For most properties (sales less than $500,000.00), the RPT is 1% of the sale price.", "- Tax Assessor/Tax Collector. Hattie Shivers. Coahoma County Tax Assessor/Tax Collector. Mailing Address: P. O. Box 219, Clarksdale, Mississippi 38614. Physical Address: 115 First Street, Clarksdale, Mississippi 38614.", "Concealed Handgun Licenses Address Change: $15.00 Douglas County Sheriff's Office. These fees are non-refundable and cover the cost of the background investigation and processing required by law. Upon completion of the required research, the application will be submitted to the Sheriff for final approval.", "Tax Sales Tax Sales. The Washoe County Treasurer’s Office holds property tax and mobile home sales. Nevada State Law provides for the redemption of real estate properties up until 5 pm on the third business day before the day of the sale by a county treasurer (NRS 361.585). The Treasurer may withdraw any property prior to or at the auction.", "What are transfer taxes? Transfer tax $0.10 to $1/$100, based on property value. 0.1%-1.0% $0.15 to $1.25/$100 without homeowner exemption, based on value. 0.15%-1.25% Idaho: None Illinois: State $0.50/$500: 0,10% County - $0.25/$500: 0,05% Chicago - $5.25/$500: 1,05%: Indiana: None Iowa: Transfer tax $0.80/$500: 0,16%: Kansas: Mortgage fee $0.26/$100: 0,26%: Kentucky: Transfer tax $0.50/$500: 0,10% Mortgage tax $0.25/$100 up to $10 million value; more thereafter. 0,25% Local option for one-third more of state recordation tax. $20 fee on every deed collected", "Alcoholic Beverage LicensesBusiness LicensesCity AuditCity BudgetFormsOccupational License Fees (Payroll Tax)Other TaxesParking Ticket InformationProperty TaxProperty Tax LookupYou are here: Home > Government > Departments > Finance Department > Property TaxProperty TaxBillsContact Debra Bailey City Treasurer Email 32 Wall St. P.O. Box 4135 Winchester, KY 40392 Ph: (859) 744-1660 Fx: (859) 744-7450 Hours Monday - Friday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Property tax bills are mailed out the last week of October and are due on the first Friday in December. After that date, a 10% penalty is assessed. You may lookup your tax bill at Property Tax Lookup. You can search by address, name, or map number. If your taxes are escrowed, please forward your bill to your mortgage company. Owner of Records Property tax bills are mailed to the owner of record as of January 1st of the current tax year. If you have purchased property since January 1st, please do not assume that the seller will pay the taxes. Property Valuation Administrator If you need to change your mailing address or have a question about your assessment, please contact the Property Valuation Administrator (PVA) Office at (859) 745-0250. Mail You may pay your tax bill by mail by sending your payment, along with the bottom portion of your bill to the: City of Winchester Finance Department P.O. Box 4135 Winchester, KY 40392 In Person Please include a self-addressed stamped envelope if you would like a receipt. You may pay your bill in person in the: Finance Department City Hall 32 Wall St Winchester, KY Monday - Friday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm You may also drop off your payment in the drop box in front of City Hall. The City of Winchester currently accepts the following forms of payment: cash, checks, money orders, and cashier's checks. If you live in the city or your business is located in the city, you will receive a city tax bill and a county tax bill. You can pay your county tax bill at the: Sheriff's Office 17 Cleveland Ave. Winchester, KY 40391 You may contact the Sheriff's Office at (859) 744-4390. You can lookup your county tax bill at Clark County Sheriff's Department. Property Tax Liens The City of Winchester does not sell delinquent property tax bills. However, a Lien on your property may be filed with the Clark County clerk for unpaid tax bills. If we do file a lien on your property, it will cost an additional $146 fee. To release a tax lien, this fee must be paid, along with the taxes (plus penalty and interest already accrued) at the Finance Department in City Hall. The tax lien process begins in the spring following the tax year. We always send out delinquent tax bills and then a follow-up letter before a lien is filed.City of Winchester: 32 Wall St. P.O. Box 40, Winchester, KY 40392-0040 | Ph: (859) 744-2821 | Fx: (859) 745-4590 | Hours: Monday - Friday 8:00 am - 5:00 pm Home | Contact Us | Site Map | Accessibility | Mobile | Apps Download | Copyright Notices | Translate | Powered by CivicPlus The City of Winchester does not sell delinquent property tax bills. However, a Lien on your property may be filed with the Clark County clerk for unpaid tax bills. If we do file a lien on your property, it will cost an additional $146 fee.To release a tax lien, this fee must be paid, along with the taxes (plus penalty and interest already accrued) at the Finance Department in City Hall. The tax lien process begins in the spring following the tax year.wner of Records. Property tax bills are mailed to the owner of record as of January 1st of the current tax year. If you have purchased property since January 1st, please do not assume that the seller will pay the taxes.", "Iowa - Iowa County Recorder Information You are NOT on the Iowa County official website, you are on Deeds.com, a private website that is not affiliated with any government agency. The County Recorder is responsible for recording and maintaining records related to real property located in Iowa County. $7.00 for the 1st page, plus $5.00 for each additional page, plus $5.00 for each section or block being transferred (auditor's fee).", "- Taxes Las Vegas / Nevada. Effective July 1, 2009, Clark County assesses a 8.10% sales and use tax, exempting food for home consumption and prescribed medical goods. Nevada is proud to have the lowest overall tax rate of any state in the nation.", "- From using the automatically generated parse trees to parsing files with more than one language, this packs in code examples and applications from validating program symbols to recognizing ambiguous phrases.", "Clerk and Recorder Duties: The Clerk & Recorder Office is responsible for county accounts payable, payroll, elections and document records/recordings (birth, deaths, mortgages, land transfers, etc.). The office also provides secretarial services for the Fallon County Commission. Information Services: Document Fee Schedule Birth Certificates Death Certificates", "- Welcome to the home page for the Clark County Recorder’s Office. It is both a privilege and an honor to serve the citizens of Clark County as the County Recorder. The Recorder’s Office is focused on our mission which is to promptly record, preserve, and provide access to public records in the most accurate, efficient, responsible and professional manner.", "- Treasurer Henry also serves as the DuPage County Collector of real estate taxes. The Treasurer's office sends out over 330,000 real estate tax bills yearly, collects over 2 billion dollars in tax revenues, and distributes that collection to over 400 taxing districts in a timely manner.", "Recording Fees and Taxes The county ag tax is payable on any transfer for which state ag tax is due. Both state and county ag tax is collected by the County Treasurer's Office prior to recording with the Clerk of Circuit Court. For information on either ag tax, contact the County Treasurer's office at 240-313-2110.", "- Welcome to the Box Elder County Recorder Web Page. Chad Montgomery, County Recorder/Surveyor. 01 South Main Street Suite 11. Brigham City, Utah 84302. (435) 734-3395.", "COLORADOCounty Treasurers and Public Trustees B. The county clerks shall account for all collections from the sales of such tax stamps to the Oklahoma Tax Commission, on the last day of each month. The first fifty-five cents ($0.55) of each seventy-five cents ($0.75) collected shall be apportioned as follows: 1.", "- Clerk and Recorder Clerk/Recorder: Brenda Wood Deputy Clerk/Recorder: Debbie Wyrick Clerk: Cindy Irgens Clerk: Kathy Newell Clerk: Kimberly Jensen Clerk: Kelsey Phillips Address: 10 West Fallon Avenue, PO Box 846, Baker, MT 59313 Phone: (406) 778-7106 Fax: (406) 778-2048 E-mail: [email protected]", "Dawson County Assessor John P. Moore, Dawson County Assessor 700 N Washington, Room C Lexington, NE 68850 Phone: 308-324-3471 Fax: 308-324-9833 E-mail John at [email protected] Office Hours: Monday through Friday 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. 2017 Total Valuations for Political Subdivisions COUNTY GIS County Soil Information: This information is unavailable at this time County Land Information: This information is unavailable at this time", "- Transfer tax $0.10 to $1/$100, based on property value. $0.15 to $1.25/$100 without homeowner exemption, based on value.", "Clark County Assessor's Office The Clark County ASSESSOR's Office handles a wide array of additional tasks: 1 Oversees the Cyclical Reassessment process. 2 Calculates the total assessed values of all personal property in each taxing district. 3 Verifies and reviews the self reported values of all personal property in each taxing district.", "Recorder Brenda McDonald. Uintah County Recorder. The Recorder's Office records documents pertaining to real estate property and maintains cross-reference indexes to these records. The Recorder's Office is also required to maintain a set of maps which show the current ownership of every tract of land in the entire county.", "- Nevada and Real Property Transfer Tax. The Real Property Transfer Tax is a tax collected when a home is sold in the state of Nevada. The County Recorder collects it at the time of recording and is part of the seller's closing costs. In Clark County NV (Las Vegas, Henderson, etc.), the rate is $5.10 per $1,000 of value.", "- The supplemental tax bill you receive should cover only those months during which you owned the property, and the new owner should receive a separate supplemental tax bill. Because of the large number of parcels and property transfers in Tulare County, there may be delays in placing new assessments on the roll.", "- 31 after pleading no contest to charges of burglary and theft related to taking monstrances, ciboria, candelabras, altar candlesticks, a missal stand, an antique incense burner and several large candles from two Clark County churches.", "- Oregon law requires the Douglas County Tax Collector to. collect and distribute property tax dollars to more than 110. taxing districts. These districts provide a number of. services, including funding for education, public safety, roads, water, sewer, parks, as well as special.", "Welcome to the Clark County Assessor's Office Find It Fast. Welcome to the Clark County Assessor's Office. Each year, the Assessor's Office identifies and determines the value of all taxable real and personal property in the county. These values are used to calculate and set levy rates for the various taxing districts (cities, schools, etc.) in the county and to equitably assign tax responsibilities among taxpayers.", "- Tax Structure - Clark County, Nevada Sales Tax Rate Clark County, sales tax rate = 8.15 % Property Tax Rate Clark County, 2012-13 average county wide tax rate = 3.0631% Calculating Real Property Taxes The formula for calculating real property tax is as follows: Taxable Value x .35 = Assessed Value Assessed Value x Tax Rate = Total Real Property Tax For more information, please contact the Tax Assessor’s Office at 702.455.3882 . Calculating Personal Property Taxes", "- Property Tax: The Clark County Assessor determines taxable value of each parcel of improved and unimproved property in the county, and that value is multiplied by 35% to obtain the assessed value. To figure the property tax, multiply assessed value by the tax rate: $2.0380-$2.9307 per $100 of assessed valuation. Tax rates are formulated by various governmental boards in each municipality and county. Las Vegas' favorable tax climate makes it an ideal place for living, working and operating a business.", "New York Transfer Tax Rates State transfer tax is paid by the seller. Consideration of $25,000 or less is exempt. New York City transfer tax is paid by the seller. The applicable exemption amount is subtracted from the purchase price; then calculate the 1% tax. Mount Vernon transfer tax is paid by the seller.", "Imagine your best people ideating, prototyping, and creating together- so that their innovative ideas lead to dramatic growth. What is Strategic Innovation? Imagine your best people ideating, prototyping, and creating together—so that their innovative ideas lead to dramatic growth. They defy what seemed impossible in their individual silos, coalesce on a shared vision and an execution roadmap, and work to bring to life a new business creation and innovation.", "- For more information visit their web site or contact them at 702-455-4323. Clark County Tax Rates A tax district is an area defined within a county for taxing purposes. There are currently 3 tax districts in Mesquite (901,902, 903). The tax rate for all three Mesquite district is the same.", "Transfer Tax Exemption Transfer Tax Exemption. General Information. Transfer tax is imposed on each transfer of real property located within Washington County. Transfer of real property means and includes every grant, sale, exchange, assignment, quitclaim, contract for sale, or other conveyance of ownership in title to real property. The tax is one dollar per thousand dollars (or fraction thereof) of the selling price.", "- Real Property Taxes. Mesquite has one of the lowest local tax rates in Clark County and Nevada, which enjoys one of the lowest state tax structures in the nation. Property Tax Estimator. Clark County Treasurer The County Treasurer's office bills and collects taxes on all real property in Clark County.", "Recording Fees and Taxes State Recordation Tax. Recordation Tax is applied to any instrument that transfers an interest in real property or that creates a security interest in real or personal property. The recordation tax rate for Washington County is $3.80 for every $500 or fraction of $500 of consideration.", "Birth and Death Records 1 Verify that you are a qualified applicant. 2 We accept checks, money orders, cash, MasterCard, and Visa. Make checks or money orders payable to Washoe County Health District. Birth certificates and death certificates are $20.00 per copy. 3 Bring your valid photo identification. Come to our office.", "- CLARK COUNTY: PO Box 294 Clark, SD 57225-0294: 200 N. Commercial St. Clark, SD 57225 (605) 532-5851: CLAY COUNTY: PO Box 377 Vermillion, SD 57069-0377: 211 W. Main St. Vermillion, SD 57069 (605) 677-6756: CODINGTON COUNTY: 14 1st Ave. SE Watertown, SD 57201: 14 1st Ave. SE Watertown, SD 57201 (605) 882-5095: CORSON COUNTY: PO Box 175 McIntosh, SD 57641-0175: 108 1st St. E.", "Sales and Use Tax Effective April 1, 2017, the Sales and Use Tax rates for Washoe and Clark Counties will increase -- Washoe will go from 7.725 to 8.265 percent and Clark from 8.15 to 8.25 percent. In the 2011 Legislative Session reduced the interest rate to 0.75% (or .0075) from 1% (or .01) effective 7/1/2011.", "FAQs Marriage Certificate Request Form (pdf) By Mail: Mail your completed Request Form with a money order, company check, bank or cashier's check payable to the Clark County Recorder. No personal checks accepted. All payments must be made in U.S. dollars, and drawn from a U.S. Bank.", "Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online And At Kiosks Clark County Veterans May Now Claim Tax Exemptions Online and at Kiosks LAS VEGAS - Nevada veterans in Clark County may now claim their annual property tax exemption during a vehicle registration renewal online or at one of the DMV's self-service kiosks. Up until now, veterans in Clark County could renew only by mail or in person at a DMV office." ]

[ -7.2226600647 ]

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[ "FIFA World Cup two gold medals at the 1924 and 1928 Summer Olympics and their two World Cup titles in 1930 and 1950). With five titles, Brazil are the most successful World Cup team and also the only nation to have played in every World Cup (21) to date. Brazil were also the first team to win the World Cup for the third (1970), fourth (1994) and fifth (2002) time. Italy (1934 and 1938) and Brazil (1958 and 1962) are the only nations to have won consecutive titles. West Germany (1982–1990) and Brazil (1994–2002) are the only nations to appear in three consecutive" ]

[ "Germany national football team current national team. The official name and code \"Germany FR (FRG)\" was shortened to \"Germany (GER)\" following the reunification in 1990. Germany is one of the most successful national teams in international competitions, having won four World Cups (1954, 1974, 1990, 2014), three European Championships (1972, 1980, 1996), and one Confederations Cup (2017). They have also been runners-up three times in the European Championships, four times in the World Cup, and a further four third-place finishes at World Cups. East Germany won Olympic Gold in 1976. Germany is the only nation to have won both the FIFA World Cup and", "Argentina national football team tournament campaign led by Diego Maradona. They made the World Cup finals once more in 1990, and lost 1–0 to West Germany following a controversial penalty call in the 87th minute. Argentina, led by Lionel Messi, made their fifth appearance in a World Cup final in 2014, again losing to Germany, 1–0 during extra-time. Argentina's World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986. Argentina has been very successful in the Copa América, winning it 14 times, being second only to Uruguay in Copa América victories. Argentina have also won the 'extra' South American", "Uruguay at the FIFA World Cup twelve World Cups, reaching the second round in all but three, the semifinals five times, and the finals twice. They also won the gold medal in Olympic football twice, in 1924 and 1928, before the creation of the World Cup. Uruguay won the 1980 Mundialito, a tournament comprising former World Cup champions hosted in Uruguay to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the first World Championship. Uruguay is one of the most successful teams in the world, having won 19 FIFA official titles: 2 World Championships, 2 Olympic Games, and 15 Copa América championships. Uruguay refused to participate in 1934 and", "1974 FIFA World Cup champions winning the World Cup, until Spain (champions of the UEFA Euro 2008) defeated the Netherlands in the South Africa 2010 FIFA World Cup Final. France have also held both trophies, albeit in a different order, at the same time by winning the 1998 World Cup followed by Euro 2000. Joao Havelange (former FIFA President from 1974 to 1998) claimed that the 1966 and 1974 World Cups were fixed so that England and Germany would win respectively. This was only the second time that a team had won the World Cup after losing a match in the Finals (West Germany", "Philipp Lahm 10-man shortlist for FIFA's Golden Ball award for the tournament's best player. On 13 July 2014, Lahm led Germany to a World Cup victory, a 1–0 win against Argentina in the final, the fourth time Germany have won the competition and the first for a reunified Germany. Fritz Walter, Franz Beckenbauer, and Lothar Matthäus had skippered West Germany to the World Cup title. On 18 July 2014, Lahm, at the age of 30, announced his retirement from international football. He had scored five goals in 113 appearances. On 2 September 2014, Bastian Schweinsteiger succeeded Lahm as captain of the German", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics Bayern Munich. A total of 12 clubs have won the tournament multiple times: the three forementioned clubs, along with Liverpool, Ajax, Barcelona, Inter Milan, Manchester United, Benfica, Nottingham Forest, Juventus, and Porto. A total of 17 clubs have reached the final without ever managing to win the tournament. Clubs from ten countries have provided tournament winners. Spanish clubs have been the most successful, winning a total of 17. Italy and England are joint-second with 12, while the other multiple-time winners are Germany with seven, Netherlands with six, and Portugal with four. The only other countries to provide a tournament winner", "FIFA World Cup second round on home soil in 1982. England (1966) won its only title while playing as a host nation. Uruguay (1930), Italy (1934), Argentina (1978) and France (1998) won their first titles as host nations but have gone on to win again, while Germany (1974) won their second title on home soil. Other nations have also been successful when hosting the tournament. Switzerland (quarter-finals 1954), Sweden (runners-up in 1958), Chile (third place in 1962), South Korea (fourth place in 2002), and Mexico (quarter-finals in 1970 and 1986) all have their best results when serving as hosts. So far, South Africa", "Óscar Tabárez Uruguay advanced to the next round with Tabárez. Uruguay defeated Portugal and advanced to the quarterfinals to face France. France defeated Uruguay, and would proceed to win the World Cup. Tabárez became one of the national team managers with the most World Cups, and the only one representing the same team four times. Tabárez is presently the first on the list of football managers with most games, that have managed one national team, as of September 2016, he has surpass the record held by Sepp Herberger (167) and Morten Olsen (166) as the national team manager with the most games", "Spain at the FIFA World Cup 2008 and 2012 and the Olympic football tournament in 1992. The Spanish team went to the 2010 World Cup in South Africa as European Champions and enjoyed a record unbeaten streak of 35 matches from 2007 to 2009. Although they lost their first match against Switzerland by 1-0, they went on to win the group after victories over Honduras and Chile while the Swiss failed to win another match and were eliminated. The Spanish team won all three following knockout matches by 1-0, always scoring in the second half of regular time. The opponents were Portugal, Paraguay and Germany. It", "Fabien Barthez after which he retired from international football. Nicknamed \"Le Divin Chauve\" (\"The Divine Bald One\"), due to his trademark shaved head, Barthez is France's most capped player in the FIFA World Cup, with 17 appearances at the finals and shares the record for the most World Cup finals clean sheets with Peter Shilton, with ten. In club football, he won the UEFA Champions League with Olympique Marseille in 1993 as well as several Ligue 1 and Premier League titles. After retiring from football in 2007, Barthez began a career in motorsport in 2008. Born in Lavelanet, France, Barthez made his", "Germany at the FIFA World Cup regular time, but stayed goalless until substitute striker Mario Götze scored during the second half of extra time, in the 113th minute. The fourth title was the first since Germany's reunification in October 1990. Lothar Matthäus is the FIFA World Cup's all-time record player. In addition, along with Antonio Carbajal and Rafael Márquez from Mexico, he is one of the few players to have been fielded in five FIFA World Cups. Miroslav Klose, who is only one match behind, also holds the record for most victories at FIFA World Cups (17). Since 2014, Miroslav Klose is the all-time top goalscorer", "1998 FIFA World Cup Final Korea in 2002. Ronaldo went on to set the record for goals in World Cups, which was later broken by Miroslav Klose of Germany in the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Blanc and Deschamps both later had spells as manager of the France national team, with Deschamps leading them to a second World Cup title almost exactly 20 years later in the 2018 World Cup in Russia, making him only the third man to have won the World Cup as both player and manager after Zagallo and Germany's Franz Beckenbauer. Many of the French players who won the 1998 World Cup", "La Masia the best footballer in the world. Spain won the 2010 FIFA World Cup with seven players from Barcelona, setting a record for the most players to be provided by a club side for a team in a World Cup final. Joachim Löw, coach of Germany, said after his side's defeat by Spain that the opposition had a distinct Barcelona style: \"You can see it in every pass, how Spain plays is how Barcelona plays. They can hardly be beaten. They are extremely confident and very calm in the way they circulate the ball.\" On 25 November 2012, for the first", "Germany national football team was held at the Maracana in Rio de Janeiro on 13 July, and billed as the world's best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Mario Götze's 113th-minute goal helped Germany beat Argentina 1–0, becoming the first-ever European team to win a FIFA World Cup in the Americas and the second European team to win the title outside Europe. After several players retired from the team following the 2014 World Cup win, including Philipp Lahm, Per Mertesacker and Miroslav Klose, the team had a disappointing start in the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers. They defeated Scotland 2–1 at home,", "Spain national football team Spain national football team The Spain national football team () represents Spain in international men's association football since 1920, and is controlled by the Royal Spanish Football Federation, the governing body for football in Spain. Spain is one of the eight national teams to have been crowned worldwide champions, having participated in a total of 15 of 21 FIFA World Cups and qualifying consistently since 1978. Spain also have won three continental titles, having appeared at 10 of 15 UEFA European Championships. Spain became the first European team to win a FIFA World Cup outside Europe, having won the 2010", "Telmo Zarra 251 league goals, a Spanish record that lasted nearly six decades before being broken by Lionel Messi. His 81 goals in the Copa del Rey remains a record today. Despite his goalscoring records, he only played for Spain 20 times. Even so, he still managed to score 20 goals, including four in one match as Spain beat Switzerland 6–3 on 18 February 1951. He also scored his country's winning goal against England in the 1950 World Cup finals as Spain reached the final four—their best performance in the competition until winning the 2010 FIFA World Cup 60 years later. After", "Juventus F.C. the 2018 World Cup, making it as the association football club which supplied the most globally (25). Three Juventus players have also won the European Football Championship with a nation other than Italy, Luis del Sol won it in 1964 with Spain, while the Frenchmen Michel Platini and Zidane won the competition in 1984 and 2000 respectively. Since 27 June 1967, Juventus Football Club has been a \"società per azioni\" (S.p.A.) and since 3 December 2001 the Torinese side is listed on the Borsa Italiana. As of 31 December 2015, the Juventus' shares are distributed between 63.8% to EXOR N.V.,", "Diego Simeone and the 2000 Supercoppa Italiana. Simeone was capped over 100 times for the Argentina national team and represented the country at the 1994, 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cups, and in four editions of the Copa América, winning the tournament in 1991 and 1993. He also won the FIFA Confederations Cup in 1992, and a silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympic games. As a manager, Simeone has coached Argentine sides Racing Club, Estudiantes de La Plata, River Plate, San Lorenzo and Italian club Catania before joining Spanish club Atlético Madrid in 2011. He won the Argentine Primera División both", "Culture of Germany the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide. The Bundesliga attracts the second-highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world. The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990 and 2014 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany has hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1988. Amongst the most successful and renowned footballers are: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular spectator sports include handball, volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and tennis.", "2010 FIFA World Cup Final between Hungary and West Germany. Spain entered the 2010 World Cup as the reigning European Champions, having won UEFA Euro 2008, and as the shared holders of the international football record of consecutive unbeaten games for a national team, spanning 35 matches from 2007 to 2009; they also won all 10 matches of their qualifying campaign. The Netherlands entered the World Cup having won all eight matches in their qualifying campaign. Once at the finals in South Africa, the Netherlands reached the knockout stage as winners of Group E, with three wins out of three against Denmark, Japan and Cameroon,", "Argentina national football team 4–2, to Uruguay. Argentina won in their next final in 1978, beating the Netherlands, 3–1. Argentina, led by Diego Maradona won again in 1986, a 3–2 victory over West Germany. Argentina last reached the World Cup final in 2014, where it lost 1-0 to Germany. Previous to this their last World Cup final was in 1990, which it also lost, 1–0, to West Germany by a much disputed penalty. Argentina's World Cup winning managers are César Luis Menotti in 1978, and Carlos Bilardo in 1986. Argentina has been very successful in the Copa América, winning it 14 times and also", "Juventus F.C. and the Italy national football team World Cup, making the total number of Juventus 25 (including 22 for the Italy team since 1934), more than any other club around the world. Three Juventus players have also won the European Football Championship with a nation other than Italy, Luis del Sol won it in 1964 with Spain, while the Frenchmen Michel Platini and Zidane won the competition in 1984 and 2000 respectively. Below is a list of all Juventus F.C. players to have played in the senior national team (or \"Nazionale A\" in Italian) in official matches since 1920. <br> National team in figures: the call-ups to", "Uruguay national football team Uruguay national football team The Uruguay national football team represents Uruguay in international association football and is controlled by the Uruguayan Football Association, the governing body for football in Uruguay. The current head coach is Óscar Tabárez. The Uruguayan team is commonly referred to as La Celeste (The Sky Blue). They have won the Copa América 15 times, the most successful national team in the tournament, the most recent title being the 2011 edition. The team has won the FIFA World Cup twice, including the first World Cup in 1930 as hosts, defeating Argentina 4–2 in the final. They won", "Didier Deschamps national team to hold both the World Cup and Euro titles since West Germany did so in 1974, a feat emulated and surpassed by the Spain national football team between 2008-2012. Following the tournament, Deschamps announced his retirement from international football, making his second last appearance in a ceremonial match against a FIFA XI in August 2000, which resulted in 5–1 victory. His final appearance was against England. At the time of his retirement Deschamps held the record for the most appearances for France, though this has since been surpassed by Marcel Desailly, Zinedine Zidane and Lilian Thuram. In total,", "Paolo Maldini captain, wearing the armband a record 74 times, until he was overtaken by Cannavaro, and subsequently Buffon. Despite his performances for his country, Maldini was unable to win a trophy, although he reached the final of both the World Cup and the European Championship. Maldini made 23 appearances in World Cups, the second highest total after Lothar Matthäus, who appeared in 25 matches. Maldini holds the record for most minutes played in World Cup matches with 2,216 minutes played. In February 2009, Italian head coach Marcello Lippi declared his support for a testimonial match for Maldini, stating that it would", "Germany national football team the Diego Maradona-led Argentina in the final, 2–3. In Euro 1988, West Germany's hopes of winning the tournament on home soil were spoiled by the Netherlands, as the Dutch beat them 2–1 in the semifinals. At the 1990 World Cup in Italy, West Germany won their third World Cup title, in its unprecedented third consecutive final appearance. Captained by Lothar Matthäus, they defeated Yugoslavia (4–1), UAE (5–1), the Netherlands (2–1), Czechoslovakia (1–0), and England (1–1, 4–3 on penalty kicks) on the way to a final rematch against Argentina, played in the Italian capital of Rome. West Germany won 1–0, with", "FC Barcelona Super Cup victory also saw Guardiola win his 12th trophy out of a possible 15 in his three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at Barcelona. In December, Barcelona won the Club World Cup for a record second time since its establishment, after defeating 2011 Copa Libertadores holders Santos 4–0 in the final thanks to two goals from Messi and goals from Xavi and Fàbregas. As a result, the overall trophy haul during the reign of Guardiola was further extended and saw Barcelona win their 13th trophy", "Sport in Spain and Valencia have also gained prominence by winning the UEFA Europa League, with 9 titles going to Spanish teams since 2004. The Spanish national football team has been successful and has qualified for the FIFA World Cup tournament fifteen times since 1934. In 2010, Spain defeated the Netherlands in the final to win the tournament for the first time. In the European Championship they were champions in 1964, 2008 and 2012, and runners-up in 1984. Spain has won two medals in football Olympic Games tournaments. They have won a silver medal at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, and won a", "Dino Zoff World Cup final; following Italy's 3–1 victory over West Germany at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in Madrid, he followed in the footsteps of compatriot Gianpiero Combi (1934) as only the second goalkeeper to captain a World Cup-winning side (later Iker Casillas and Hugo Lloris repeated this feat for Spain and France in the 2010 and 2018 World Cups respectively). Due to his performances, he was voted as the Best Goalkeeper of the Tournament. Regarding Zoff's importance during Italy's victorious World Cup campaign, his manager Enzo Bearzot said of him: Zoff also holds the record for the longest stretch (1142 minutes)", "UEFA European Championship to entering the tournament all teams other than the host nations (which qualify automatically) compete in a qualifying process. The championship winners earn the opportunity to compete in the following FIFA Confederations Cup, but are not obliged to do so. The 15 European Championship tournaments have been won by ten national teams: Germany and Spain each have won three titles, France has two titles, and Soviet Union, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Denmark, Greece and Portugal have won one title each. To date, Spain is the only team in history to have won consecutive titles, doing so in 2008 and 2012. It", "FIFA World Cup World Cup finals. Germany has made the most top-four finishes (13), medals (12), as well as the most finals (8). To date, the final of the World Cup has only been contested by teams from the UEFA (Europe) and CONMEBOL (South America) confederations. European nations have won twelve titles, while South American have won nine. Only two teams from outside these two continents have ever reached the semi-finals of the competition: United States (North, Central America and Caribbean) in 1930 and South Korea (Asia) in 2002. The best result of an African team is reaching the quarter-finals: Cameroon in 1990,", "Jorge Valdano team, Valdano took part at the 1975 Copa América as well as the 1982 and 1986s FIFA World Cups, the latter of which Argentina won. He scored four goals in the 1986 tournament, including Argentina's second goal against West Germany in the final. In total, he earned 23 caps for his nation between 1975 and 1990, scoring seven goals. Although he initially played for Newell's Old Boys, Alavés and Real Zaragoza, his most successful period at club level was at Real Madrid, where he won La Liga twice, the Copa de la Liga and two UEFA Cups. As a manager,", "Jorge Valdano he coached Spanish sides Tenerife, Real Madrid and Valencia. Considered a benchmark for the way he addressed various football clubs, Valdano participated in 2013 at the World Leadership Forum and in the World Business Forum in Mexico City, where he associated the world of sports and business behind it, where he listed the 11 powers of leadership, based on his last book. Valdano is sometimes nicknamed \"The Philosopher of Football\". He was part of the Argentine team that won the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico (he scored Argentina's second goal in their 3–2 victory over West Germany), a starter", "Croatia national football team the World Cup final, behind Uruguay and Netherlands respectively. At major tournaments, Croatia holds joint-records for longest period between one goal and another of a player (2002–2014), most penalty shootouts played (2), (3) and most penalties saved in a match (3). They are also one of only two teams—along with Colombia—to be named FIFA's \"Best Mover of the Year\" more than once, winning the award in 1994 and 1998. Upon admission to FIFA, Croatia was ranked 125th in the world; following the 1998 World Cup campaign, the side rose to third place in the rankings, making it the most volatile", "Enzo Francescoli Francescoli was benched throughout the tournament, and Uruguay once again disappointed, suffering a quarter-final elimination. In a friendly match later that year, Francescoli made his first appearance for the \"Celeste\" in many years. Meanwhile, South American rivals Argentina won both the 1991 and 1993 editions of the tournament, overtaking Uruguay as the team with the most Copa América titles (14). Although Francescoli's role in the team was disputed during a low point in his international career, he showed he was still an important player for the national team, and appeared for Uruguay in the qualifying rounds for the 1994 World", "Austria at the FIFA World Cup Northern Ireland. Meanwhile, West Germany reached the final, losing 3-1 to European rivals Italy. Since 2002, the Austria national football team never qualified in the other World Cup editions as of now. The other being Norway. Ernst Happel has won 2nd Place as a coach with the Netherlands in 1978 after losing the final 3-1 a.e.t. to Argentina Austria at the FIFA World Cup This is a record of Austria's results at the FIFA World Cup. Austria has played at seven World Cups. They also qualified for the tournament in 1938, but withdrew after the annexation of Austria by the", "Thierry Henry he won the MLS Supporters' Shield in 2013. He also returned to Arsenal on loan for two months in 2012, before retiring in 2014. Henry enjoyed sustained success with France, winning the 1998 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2000 and 2003 FIFA Confederations Cup. In October 2007, he became his country's record goalscorer. After amassing 123 appearances and 51 goals, Henry retired from international football after the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Henry was also one of the top commercially marketed footballers; he was ranked ninth in the world in 2006. After retiring, Henry transitioned into coaching, and was appointed as", "Serie A Fiorentina, Lazio and Napoli, are known as the Seven Sisters of Italian football. Serie A is one of the most storied football leagues in the world. Of the 100 greatest footballers in history chosen by \"FourFourTwo\" magazine in 2017, 42 players have played in Serie A, more than any other league in the world. Juventus is the team that has produced the most World Cup champions (25), with Inter (19), Roma (15) and Milan (10), being respectively third, fourth and ninth in that ranking. Serie A, as it is structured today, began during the 1929–30 season. From 1898 to 1922,", "FIFA U-17 World Cup South America has 3 tournament wins and has been runner up three times. Additionally Argentina has finished in third place on 3 occasions, Chile has done so on one occasion and Colombia has finished in fourth place twice, but neither of the latter two have ever appeared in the final. Europe has 4 tournaments wins (1 each for France, USSR, Switzerland and England) and has been runner up 6 times. Spain has been runner up on 4 occasions. Additionally Portugal and Netherlands have won third-place medals in 1989 and 2005 respectively. The CONCACAF zone has 2 tournament wins (for Mexico", "Diego Simeone first coming in 1988. Simeone won the 1991 and 1993 editions of the Copa América with Argentina. He played in the 1994, 1998 and 2002 FIFA World Cups. He was a member of the team that won the silver medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, as one of the three over-23 players allowed per squad. As a midfielder, Simeone scored 11 goals for his country, including one in the final of the 1992 King Fahd Cup. During the 1998 World Cup, England's David Beckham was sent off for kicking Simeone in retaliation for a foul (see also", "Ivano Bordon Italian national football team that won the 2006 FIFA World Cup, under manager Marcello Lippi. Bordon was born in Marghera, Venice. During his Serie A career (from 1970 to 1989) he played for Inter (1970–83); he initially served as a back-up to Lido Vieri, but later won a place as the team's starting goalkeeper, winning two Serie A titles in 1971 and 1980, as well as two Coppa Italia titles; he also reached the 1972 European Cup final with Inter, where they were defeated by Cruyff's Ajax side. He later played for Sampdoria (1983–86), where he won another Coppa Italia", "Russia as one of the greatest goalkeepers in the history of football, and was chosen on the FIFA World Cup Dream Team. The Soviet national team reached the finals of Euro 1988. In 1956 and 1988, the Soviet Union won gold at the Olympic football tournament. Russian clubs CSKA Moscow and Zenit St Petersburg won the UEFA Cup in 2005 and 2008. The Russian national football team reached the semi-finals of Euro 2008, losing only to the eventual champions Spain. Russia had hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, with 11 host cities located in the European part of the country and", "Javier Mascherano two UEFA Champions League titles, and two FIFA Club World Cups, among other honours. Mascherano made 147 appearances for the Argentina national team and is the most capped player in the country's history. From his debut in 2003 until his retirement in 2018, he represented the nation at five Copa América tournaments, finishing runner-up in 2004, 2007, 2015, and 2016, and four FIFA World Cups, reaching the 2014 final. He twice won a gold medal at the Summer Olympics, in 2004 and 2008, becoming the first male footballer to achieve this double feat since 1968. Between 2008 and 2011, Mascherano", "Timeline of association football football tournament is played for the first time at the Island Games, by FAs not admitted to FIFA, hosted and won by Faroe Islands. Saudi Arabia win the FIFA U-17 World Cup, the first time an Asian team wins a FIFA World Cup. For the first time three clubs from the same country, Italy's Juventus, Sampdoria and A.C. Milan wins all four UEFA club competitions in the same season, a feat no more possible since the Cup Winner's Cup no longer exists. West Germany wins the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Rome, Italy, defeating defending champion Argentina 1–0 in the", "2014 FIFA World Cup knockout stage half, as Schürrle ran down the left wing and crossed for substitute Mario Götze, who controlled the ball on his chest and volleyed past Romero. Germany won their fourth World Cup title, and their first title since German reunification (they won as West Germany in 1954, 1974, and 1990). It was the first time a European team won the tournament in the Americas. For the third tournament in a row, the World Cup was won by a European team, first time for any confederation. Argentina finished as the runners-up for the third time in their history. A total of 171", "Germany national football team up fourteen goals in two World Cups (1970 and 1974). His ten goals in 1970 are the third-most ever in a tournament. (Müller's all-time World Cup record of 14 goals was broken by Ronaldo in 2006 which has been further broken by Miroslav Klose in 2014 with 16 goals). After West Germany were eliminated in the first round of Euro 1984, Franz Beckenbauer returned to the national team to replace Derwall as coach. At the 1986 World Cup in Mexico, West Germany finished as runners-up for the second consecutive tournament after beating France 2–0 in the semi-finals, but losing to", "Belgium at the FIFA World Cup goal. Champions Runners-up Third place Fourth place Belgium at the FIFA World Cup Belgium have appeared in the finals tournament of the FIFA World Cup on 13 occasions, the first being at the first FIFA World Cup in 1930 where they finished in 11th place. The inaugural FIFA World Cup final was officiated by Belgian referee John Langenus. Traditionally, Belgium's greatest rival is the Netherlands. The two countries have met each other twice in the history of the FIFA World Cup, with one win for Belgium (USA 1994) and one tie (France 1998). The team that has played the most", "France national football team for the second time. France is one of the most successful nations at the UEFA European Championship having won two titles in 1984 and 2000. The team is just below Spain and Germany who have won three titles each. France hosted the inaugural competition in 1960 and have appeared in nine UEFA European Championship tournaments, tied for fourth-best. The team won their first title on home soil in 1984 and were led by Ballon d'Or winner Michel Platini. In 2000, the team, led by FIFA World Player of the Year Zinedine Zidane, won its second title in Belgium and the", "Paolo Rossi Azzurri to advance to the semi-finals at the expense of the South Americans. Rossi further represented Italy in the 1991 edition of the World Cup of Masters, scoring in the third place play off against Uruguay. Rossi is currently Italy's joint all-time top goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup, with nine goals in 14 appearances over two editions of the tournament, alongside Roberto Baggio and Christian Vieri. Six of his World Cup goals came in seven appearances during Italy's passage to triumph in 1982, and three of his goals came in seven appearances during the 1978 tournament, when Italy finished", "Germany women's national football team below France and Sweden. The German team beat Sweden in the Olympics final in Rio in 2016 to obtain their first Olympic gold medal. Germany failed to qualify for the first two UEFA European Championships in 1984 and 1987. Since 1989, the German team has participated in every tournament and is the record European champion with eight titles. Germany has won six consecutive championships from 1995 to 2013 and has an overall 31–6–3 win–draw–loss record. The worst German result at the European championship finals was finishing fifth in 2017. Former German international Horst Hrubesch is the current head coach of", "Patrick Vieira match-fixing scandal. He then signed for Internazionale, where he won three league titles, before featuring for Manchester City, where he won another FA Cup before retiring in 2011. Vieira featured at senior level for much of his international career, representing France over a period of 12 years, where he also spent some part as captain. He played in the final in his nation's victorious campaign at the 1998 FIFA World Cup, and featured heavily as the team also won Euro 2000. Despite also playing a key role in the side that finished runners-up in the 2006 World Cup, Vieira was", "2014 FIFA World Cup Final best player (Lionel Messi) versus the world's best team (Germany). Before the match, Germany had reached the World Cup final seven times (six times as West Germany from 1954 to 1990), winning three (1954, 1974, 1990) and being runners-up four times (1966, 1982, 1986, 2002); Argentina had reached four finals, winning twice (1978, 1986) and placing second twice (1930, 1990). The result marked Germany's fourth World Cup title and their first World championship as a unified nation. The victory meant that three consecutive World Cups have been won by teams from the same continent, following Italy and Spain in 2006", "Gerd Müller goals in 62 games for West Germany. He was Germany's all-time leading scorer for almost 40 years until surpassed by Miroslav Klose in 2014, though Klose required more than double the number of caps to do so, scoring his 69th goal in his 132nd appearance. Müller's international career started in 1966 and ended on 7 July 1974 with victory at the 1974 World Cup at his home stadium in Munich. He scored the winning goal for the 2–1 victory over Johan Cruyff's Netherlands in the final. His four goals in that tournament and his ten goals at the 1970 World", "Franz Beckenbauer finished runners-up in 1966, third place in 1970, and champions in 1974, while also being named to the tournament all-star team in all three editions. He also won the 1972 European Football Championship and finished as runners-up in the 1976 edition. Beckenbauer's first game for the national team came on 26 September 1965. Beckenbauer appeared in his first World Cup in 1966, playing every match. In his first World Cup match, against Switzerland, he scored twice in a 5–0 win. West Germany won their group, and then beat Uruguay 4–0 in quarter-finals, with Beckenbauer scoring the second goal in the", "Guy Thys the reigning world champions Argentina 1–0. But Thys' most prominent success came in 1986 when Belgium ended fourth in the World Cup in Mexico. His team beat Spain and the Soviet Union, but was halted by Diego Maradona and his Argentine team in the semi finals. Guy Thys died after a lingering disease and is survived by his wife Christiane. Guy Thys Guy Thys (6 December 1922 – 1 August 2003) was a Belgian football manager, mostly known for being the most successful manager in the history of the Belgium national football team as he managed to lead the national" ]

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[ "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home \"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home\" is a song written by Dewayne Blackwell and recorded by American country music artist David Frizzell. It was released in April 1982 as the first single from the album \"The Family's Fine, But This One's All Mine\". \"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home\" was David Frizzell's only number one on the country chart as a solo artist. The single went to number one for one week and spent a total of 14 weeks in country music's top 40. The" ]

[ "I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home song also became an unexpected mainstream pop hit in Canada, peaking at No. 20 on the \"RPM\" Top Singles chart (in addition to peaking at No. 3 on the magazine's Top Country Tracks chart). The song talks of a wife who grows tired of her husband's barhopping (and spending his entire paycheck doing so). But instead of ending the marriage, she comes up with a unique plan – she decides to redecorate their house into a bar, and play the part of bartender/waitress as an inducement to get her husband to stay at home (and possibly bring his friends along", "Birtles & Goble All His Love\") was written by Randy Newman. The first single \"I'm Coming Home\" was a top ten hit in Australia and also sold over 100 000 copies in The Philippines. Birtles & Goble performed the song live on television programs such as The Don Lane Show and The Paul Hogan Show. The song earned Birtles and Goble a nomination for Best Recorded Songwriters at the 1979 Australian Pop Music Awards. Goble believes that the duo suffered from a lack of promotion: \"If \"The Last Romance\" album had been successful, I expect that Beeb and I would have left Little", "Kerry Gordy Raynoma Mayberry: Kerry has one daughter named Juliet Gordy. Kerry Gordy Joins Top Music Industry Executives who Launch a Clothing Line, for Client Debbie Siebers Kerry Gordy's Client, Debbie Siebers, One of America's Top 12 Fitness Experts of All Time Debbie Siebers and Kerry Gordy Sign Deal with Romar Group Kerry Gordy Produces George Clinton's Comeback Hit, \"Paint the White House Black\" on the \"Smell My Finger\" Album Paisley Park Recruits Kerry Gordy to Oversee its Roster George Clinton Music Video \"Paint the White House Black\", Produced by Kerry Gordy Starring Ice Cube, Dr. Dre, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Yo", "Paula West Dylan's \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\" and \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", \"If I Only Had A Brain\" from The Wizard of Oz, The Beatles' \"Fixin' A Hole\", Ella Mae Morse's \"Cow Cow Boogie\", \"Who Will Buy\" from \"Oliver!\", Bert Williams' turn of the (20th) century classic \"Nobody\", and Johnny Cash's \"Folsom Prison Blues\", as well as \"Danny Boy\". West performed predominately in clubs in San Francisco and New York City, with occasional performances in Europe. For ten years she held a one-month residency at the Empire Plush Room at the York Hotel in San Francisco (since closed). She also had recurring engagements at", "Trevor Gordon and TV appearances and Gordon was eventually made the host of his own Saturday afternoon kid's television program. During this time he met and befriended Barry, Maurice and Robin Gibb who were finding their own success in Australia as the Bee Gees. Gordon played lead guitar on several early Bees Gees tracks that appeared on the Bee Gees first album, \"The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs\". Gordon secured a record contract with Leedon Records and released the singles, \"House Without Windows\" and \"And I'll Be Happy\" (both songs written by Barry Gibb and credited to 'Trevor", "Willie Hutch Me Down\". After his move to Los Angeles, his music caught the eye of the mentor for pop/soul quintet The 5th Dimension, and Hutch was soon writing, producing, and arranging songs for the group. In 1969, he signed with RCA Records and put out two albums before he was spotted by Motown producer Hal Davis, who wanted lyrics to his musical composition \"I'll Be There\", a song he penned for The Jackson 5. The song was recorded by the group the morning after Hutch received the call. Motown CEO Berry Gordy signed Hutch to be a staff writer, arranger, producer,", "The Flamingos The Flamingos left Chance Records sometime after their December 1953 session and signed with DJ Al Benson's Parrot Records. Sollie McElroy was on their first Parrot session, but left the group in December 1954, to be replaced by tenor Nate Nelson (who was on their second Parrot session; he's lead on \"I'm Yours\", released in January 1955). In early 1955, the Flamingos signed with Chess Records, to record for their Checker Records subsidiary. At Chess/Checker, the Flamingos achieved their first national chart hit with \"I'll Be Home\", which went to #5 on \"Billboard\"s R&B chart. Pat Boone's cover version of", "Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band on the BBC television children's show Blue Peter, The Bonzos performed \"Won't You Come Home Bill Bailey\" in a suitably chaotic dadaist manner.[8] In spring, Bob Kerr replaced Leon Williams and shortly after this, Sid Nicholls also left. The band's fortunes really began to look up when Reg Tracey secured them a record deal with Parlophone in April. Their first single, a cover of the 1920s song \"My Brother Makes The Noises for the Talkies\", was backed with \"I'm Going To Bring A Watermelon to My Girl Tonight\". A second single, \"Alley Oop\" backed with \"Button Up Your Overcoat\" followed", "Hamm's Brewery song \"I'm Gonna Hire a Wino to Decorate Our Home\", the wife mentions the Hamm's Bear in the lyrics, referring to a Hamm's Bear clock, used in many bars, i.e.: \"When the Hamm's Bear says it's closing time, you won't have far to crawl\". In gratitude for Edward H. Hamm Jr. financing the film, \"God Bless America\", filmmaker Bobcat Goldthwait got a tattoo of the Hamm's Bear on his chest. Hamm's Brewery The Theodore Hamm's Brewing Company was the name of an American brewing company established in 1865 in St. Paul, Minnesota. As Hamm's expanded, additional breweries were acquired in", "American music during World War II songs, many World War II songs focused more on romance and strength instead of propaganda, morale, and patriotism. Songs that were overly patriotic or militaristic were often rejected by the public. Popular singers of the era included Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, the Andrews Sisters and Bing Crosby. Notable wartime radio songs were \"Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy\", \"Shoo Shoo Baby\", \"I'm Making Believe\", \"I'll Be Seeing You\", and \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\". Songs that ridiculed the Axis Powers were also popular. These songs include We'll Knock the Japs Right into the Laps of the Nazis, Yankee Doodle Ain't Doodlin' Now,", "George Richey since the 1960s through his songwriting and record production. In the 1970s, he co-wrote Keep Me in Mind, a No. 1 country hit for Lynn Anderson in 1973. He also wrote hits for future wife Tammy Wynette and Wynette's then-husband, George Jones, including Jones' \"A Picture of Me (Without You)\" and \"The Grand Tour,\" and Wynette's \"'Til I Can Make It On My Own\" and \"You and Me\", among many other artists. Richey served as the musical director for the television show \"Hee Haw\" from 1970 to 1977. Upon marrying Wynette, Richey served as Wynette's manager during the 1980s. Richey", "Neko Case it to be a 'fuck you' punk thing. But it was actually a physical ailment thing.\" Most of the album's fourteen songs are originals; the exceptions being covers of \"Running Out of Fools\", previously a hit for Aretha Franklin, and \"Look for Me (I'll Be Around)\" previously performed by Sarah Vaughan. \"Blacklisted\" finds Case even deeper in a \"country noir\" mood, and was described by critics as lush, bleak, and atmospheric. Case cited filmmaker David Lynch, composer Angelo Badalamenti, and Neil Young's soundtrack to the film \"Dead Man\" as influences. In April 2003, Case was voted the \"Sexiest Babe of", "Louis Jordan the comic classic \"Ain't Nobody Here but Us Chickens\", \"Buzz Me,\" \"Ain't That Just Like a Woman (They'll Do It Every Time)\", and the multimillion seller \"Choo Choo Ch'Boogie\". One of his biggest hits was \"Caldonia\", with its energetic screaming punchline, banged out by the whole band, \"Caldonia! Caldonia! What makes your big head so hard?\" After Jordan's success with it, the song was also recorded by Woody Herman in a famous modern arrangement, including a unison chorus by five trumpets. Muddy Waters also recorded a version. However, many of Jordan's biggest R&B hits were inimitable, and no hit cover", "Larry Smith (musician) tap-danced in Elton John's song \"I Think I'm Going To Kill Myself\", from the album \"Honky Château\" (1972), and is credited for the tap-dance interlude in Todd Rundgren's song \"Useless Begging\" from the album \"Todd\" (1974). He is also featured in the song \"Legs Larry at Television Centre\" on John Cale's 1972 album \"The Academy in Peril\", for which he provides the voice of a television director. On 28 January 2006, with other surviving members of the Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah Band, Smith played a reunion concert at the London Astoria. A countrywide tour, which began in Ipswich and ended with", "Harry Shannon Kids Next Door, touring colleges around the US, playing casino and show rooms and performing on variety television shows. He was also a member of The Back Porch Majority and did commercials for Ford Motor Company with The Going Thing. Shannon signed with ATV Music Group in 1975 and eventually became Executive Director of the company. He co-wrote a number of songs recorded by artists such as Eddy Arnold \"(Cowboy),\" Reba McEntire \"(Small Two Bedroom Starter),\" Engelbert Humperdinck \"(Love You Back To Sleep),\" and Glen Campbell \"(Why Don't We Just Sleep On It Tonight)\". During this period he collaborated extensively", "Boll Weevil (song) boll weevils reply, \"We ain't gonna do ya much harm\". The chorus of \"we're lookin' for a home\" was sung by Benton and the Mike Stewart Singers. \"Boll Weevil Song\" is an adaption of the traditional blues song written by Eddie Cochran and Jerry Capehart. It was the B-side of Cochran's Liberty Records hit single \"Somethin' Else\" and released in July 1959. Boll Weevil (song) \"Boll Weevil\" is a traditional blues song, also known by similar titles such as \"Boweavil\" or \"Boll Weevil Blues\". Although many songs about the boll weevil were recorded by blues musicians during the 1920s, 1930s", "Spike Jones more, so Jones started working on more comic arrangements. From 1937 to 1942, Jones was the percussionist for the John Scott Trotter Orchestra, which played on Bing Crosby's first recording of \"White Christmas.\" He was part of a backing band for songwriter Cindy Walker during her early recording career with Decca Records and Standard Transcriptions. Her song \"We're Gonna Stomp Them City Slickers Down\" provided the inspiration for the name of Jones’s future band. The City Slickers developed from the Feather Merchants, a band led by vocalist-clarinetist Del Porter, who took a back seat to Jones during the group's embryonic", "Randy Newman Live the as then unreleased \"Sail Away\" album (\"Last Night I Had a Dream\" and \"Lonely at the Top\"). \"I'll Be Home\" is a song that was also recorded (most notably) by Harry Nilsson (\"Nilsson Sings Newman\", 1970), Barbra Streisand (\"Stoney End\"), Cass Elliott (\"Cass Elliot\"), The New Seekers (\"Beautiful People\" album), Anne Murray (\"Danny's Song\"), Tim Hardin and Mina (\"Mina\", in Italian). Newman released a studio version on \"Little Criminals\" in 1977. All songs written by Randy Newman Randy Newman Live Randy Newman Live is a live album by American singer Randy Newman. It is one of only two official", "Coming Home (Diddy – Dirty Money song) What if my twins ask why I ain’t married their mom?\" Scott Schetler from AOL Radio Blog noted how Diddy referenced a different popular song in each verse. Lamb particularly noted the strong autobiographical lyrics, and the references to the 1979 hit song \"Ain't No Stoppin' Us Now\" by McFadden & Whitehead. Other songs referenced include Dionne Warwick's \"A House Is Not a Home\" (1964) and Smokey Robinson & the Miracles' \"The Tears of a Clown\" (1970). Rodriguez said \"Diddy do[es] some soul-searching in his rhymes as the chorus echoes his need for salvation.\" Lamb compared the song to Diddy's", "The Chevrons songs he had written for the group,\"New Orleans\" and \"Life\" on the Sabina label, owned and produced by The Belmonts. In 1967, Dennis Minogue aka Terry Cashman teamed up with Gene Pistilli and Tommy West on Paramount Records to form the pop-folk group Cashman, Pistilli and West. Their successful debut album, \"Bound to Happen\" (1967) included the Cashman and Pistilli composition \"Sunday Will Never Be the Same\", a summer 1967 hit for Spanky and Our Gang. Cashman and West later recorded the album \"Tale of Two Cities (American City Suite)\" on Dunhill records, and produced several hits for Jim Croce.", "Sylvia Robinson Willow Records distributed by King Records of Cincinnati. They are most noted during this period for singing background on Ike & Tina Turner's hit single, \"It's Gonna Work Out Fine\". In 1964, frustrated with the music business, Baker moved to Paris. In 1966, the Robinsons moved to New Jersey where they formed a soul music label, All Platinum Records, the following year, with artist Lezli Valentine, formerly of the Jaynettes, bringing the label its first hit with \"I Won't Do Anything\". In 1968, the duo signed a Washington, D.C. act named The Moments, who immediately found success with \"Not on", "Barry Goldberg the Bee Gees, Quinton Claunch, Fats Domino, and Otis Redding. By 1999, Goldberg both wrote and performed the theme to the Disney Channel original movie \"Smart House\", entitled \"The House is Jumpin',\" with Phil Shenale and Sterling Smith, with vocals by Chan André. He wrote the song with Jill Wisoff and Joel Diamond. 2004: Shining Through The Rain by Percy also co-produced by Davis and Goldberg, featuring Larry Byrom, Denny Freeman, Clayton Ivey, Ed Greene, Phil Upchurch, Bob Glaub, the Waters, Jakob Dylan... and songs by the Bee Gees, Mikael Rickfors, Carla Olson, Jackie Lomax, Earl Carson, Bobby Moore. In", "Matt Fishel Rain\" (originally performed by Belinda Carlisle and taken from her 1989 album \"Runaway Horses\"), \"Run With Us\" (the official theme tune to the 1980s/1990s animated television series \"The Raccoons\", originally performed by Lisa Lougheed), \"Big Casino\" (originally performed by Jimmy Eat World and taken from their 2007 album \"Chase This Light\") and \"Sky Fits Heaven\" (originally performed by Madonna and taken from her 1998 album \"Ray of Light\"). Howard Stump of music blog Soundtrack to mMy Day said of \"Cover Boy\": \"Fishel has an amazing grasp of pop music, serving up delicious treats with each release. So when taking on", "Rick DePiro Richard Davis, International EVP of the USWA. He then performed at eight USWA bi-annual international conventions until the age of thirty-two, often including his sister Jacki in concerts and events. His song \"America My Home\" was the first song in the convention's history to be performed and included as official business. DePiro performed the song on the convention floor during the 1994 convention in Las Vegas. DePiro produced a Christmas album in 1984 for vocalist Raine Austen and got his first national jingle contract writing and performing jingles with Ms. Austen for a (then) new chain of the Muffler Man", "Don Costa started working with Mike Curb at MGM Records, producing and arranging material for the Osmond Brothers hits, as well as having a hand in Sammy Davis, Jr.'s \"The Candy Man\", \"We Can Make it Together\" by Steve & Eydie featuring the Osmonds, and Petula Clark's cover of \"My Guy.\" In the early 1980s, Costa scored again as an artist with a hit with his 10-year-old daughter Nikka entitled \"Out Here on My Own\". The two were planning a follow-up when Costa died of a heart attack on January 19, 1983 in New York. Don Costa Dominick P. \"Don\" Costa (June", "Dirty Jobs episodes aired at the time had their introductions reedited. Mike Rowe has said \"Bottom line, the rights to 'We Care a Lot' were either not renewed on time, or not properly acquired in the first place\". Although the network has not issued any statement clarifying the situation, \"We Care A Lot\" returned as the show's theme song beginning with the June 26, 2007 episode and has been retained on subsequent DVD releases of earlier episodes. Season 2 commercials for the show feature the song \"Dirty White Boy\" by Foreigner. Season 3 commercials feature Rowe sharing the stage with a pig", "Sam Tsui as a paid soloist at Trinity Church Southport, an Episcopal church. In a recent interview with Southport-native Quinn Barry, Tsui stated that then-choirmaster Alan Murchie, well-renowned within Christian circles for his stellar work in the arts, taught him how to love music and inspired him to follow his dreams. Career beginnings and \"The ABC World News\" on October 28, 2009, singing The Jackson 5's \"I'll Be There\". Tsui also went on to perform on \"The Bonnie Hunt Show\" in November of the same year, where he was interviewed and performed Whitney Houston's \"I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)\".", "Al Downing (musician) \"Midnight Lace,\" which reached the 50s on the charts, and \"I Ain't No Fool,\" which peaked at the upper 70s. In 1980, the \"Story Behind The Story\" reached the Top 40 and \"Bring It On Home\" reached the Top 20. Two years passed before Downing created another hit, this time with the Team label. In 1982, \"I'll Be Loving You\" reached the Top 50, followed by \"Darlene,\" which reached the lower 60s. The next year, \"It Takes Love\" reached the Top 40, followed by \"Let's Sing About Love,\" which peaked in the mid-60s. In 1984, \"The Best Of Families\" became", "The Serendipity Singers television including WABC's syndicated series \"An Evening With\" on May 21, 1966 and a return to The Ed Sullivan Show on January 8, 1967 where they sang, \"If I Were a Carpenter\" and a medley of folk tunes. They also performed the soundtrack recording for a film spotlighting Lady Bird Johnson's beautification program singing, \"We're On Our Way\" which was played in movie theaters and television in 1967. The band's connection with the Johnsons had included a White House appearance performing with President Lyndon B. Johnson in attendance and performing at the 1964 Democratic National Convention. Moving to the United", "Don Ralke The Cappetta Company was a group that featured Suzie Cappetta. In the 1960s she wrote the song \"Dave Hull, the Hullabalooer\" which she and her grioup the Scuzzies recorded. Ralke did the arrangements on the Cappetta Company's single \"Me And Bobby McGee\" / \"Gimme' That\", which was produced by Ken Jenkins and engineered by Stan Ross. Hawaiian based Tongan singer/actor Vic Malo worked with Ralke. Malo in the late 1970s appeared as Billy Swan in \"Hawaii Five-O\". Also known as Vic Mataele, he was a fencing instructor, and related to the King of Tonga, Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV. Ralke produced his", "Jill Colucci Me\"\" campaign in 1989 and she also performed the title theme song of the short-lived NBC-TV series \"Brand New Life\" (1989-90). The following year, as she continued to sing for ABC, she sang for The Disney Channel's \"Celebrate Me Home\" promotions. She also sang for promotional videos for the Apple II entitled \"Apple ][ Forever\" in 1984. Colucci has also co-written four country music hits: \"I'm Gonna Be Somebody\" and \"Anymore\" by Travis Tritt, \"No One Else on Earth\" by Wynonna Judd, and \"He Would Be Sixteen\" by Michelle Wright. She also won the \"Billboard\" Song of the Year award", "Roger Nichols (songwriter) a staff songwriter, and it was during this period that he was introduced to Paul Williams. Nichols' collaborations with Paul Williams include \"We've Only Just Begun\" (performed by The Carpenters), which was originally written for a Crocker Bank commercial. They were commissioned to write a jingle after a bank executive heard Nichols' album, and it was composed in a matter of hours on the last day before the deadline. The commercial (sung by Williams) was heard on TV by Richard Carpenter, who believed it had hit potential and his group The Carpenters subsequently recorded a version, which became a major", "Gwen Guthrie Gwen Guthrie Gwendolyn \"Gwen\" Guthrie (July 9, 1950 – February 3, 1999) was an American singer-songwriter and pianist, who also sang backing vocals for Aretha Franklin, Billy Joel, Stevie Wonder, Peter Tosh, and Madonna, among others, and who wrote songs made famous by Ben E. King, Angela Bofill and Roberta Flack. Guthrie is well known for her 1986 anthem, \"Ain't Nothin' Goin' on But the Rent\". Guthrie was born in and raised in Newark, New Jersey. In school, she studied classical music, and her father began teaching her piano when she was eight years old. By the early 1970s, she", "Carla L. Benson were free to work as independent contractors for whomever they chose. As a result, they appeared on many projects outside the Philadelphia International stables. Benson's crisp, clear soprano blended perfectly with Barbara's sensual 2nd soprano and Evette's solid, gospel rich bottom. They can be heard on hundreds of hits, including Billy Paul's \"Me and Mrs. Jones\", The Spinners' \"I'll Be Around: , McFadden and Whitehead's \"Ain't No Stopping Us Now\", Evelyn \"Champagne\" King's \"Shame\", Patti LaBelle's \"New Attitude\" and \"If Only You Knew\", Lou Rawl's \"You're Gonna Miss My Lovin\" and Patti LaBelle and Michael McDonald's \"On My Own \"", "L. E. White on Twitty's hit songs \"To See My Angel Cry\" (1969), and \"I'm Not Through Loving You Yet\" (1974). White and his recording partner, Lola Jean Dillon, charted in 1977 with their recordings of \"Home, Sweet Home\" and \"You're the Reason Our Kids Are Ugly.\" White was also the father of Michael White, who recorded for Reprise Records in 1992 and is currently a songwriter in Nashville. L.E. White died on September 7, 2004, at age 74, in Hendersonville, Tennessee. L. E. White L.E. White (1930–2004) was an American Grammy Award-winning songwriter, singer and musician. Before establishing a songwriting career, White", "Rolf Harris the distinctive sound of the \"wobble board\". The fourth verse – \"Let me abos go loose, Lou/Let me abos go loose/They're of no further use, Lou/So let me abos go loose\" – became increasingly controversial, because of the use of what later became regarded as a racial slur, and was removed in later versions of the song. In 2006, four decades after the song's release, Harris expressed his regret about the original lyric. At the end of 1960, he toured Australia sponsored by Dulux paints and singing his hit song whilst doing huge paintings on stage with Dulux emulsion paint.", "Hell-Bent for Election GI Bill and Social Security. \"Hell-Bent for Election\" is a far more literal film than later UPA productions such as \"Gerald McBoing Boing\" and the \"Mr. Magoo\" shorts. Nevertheless, its strong symbolism, non-literal design styles, and unusual camera angles made the short stand out among its peers. The film was sponsored by United Auto Workers, and features a song, \"We're Going to Win the War\", written by Earl Robinson and E.Y. Harburg, the latter famous for writing the lyrics for \"The Wizard of Oz\". \"Hell-Bent for Election\" was UPA's first major success, and paved the way for its later achievements,", "Hank Williams Williams and his wife approached Fred Rose, the president of the company, during one of his habitual ping-pong games at WSM radio studios. Audrey Williams asked Rose if her husband could sing a song for him on that moment, Rose agreed, and he liked Williams' musical style. Rose signed Williams to a six-song contract, and leveraged this deal to sign Williams with Sterling Records. On December 11, 1946, in his first recording session, he recorded \"Wealth Won't Save Your Soul\", \"Calling You\", \"Never Again (Will I Knock on Your Door)\", and \"When God Comes and Gathers His Jewels\", which was", "Jonatha Brooke her song \"Your House\" was included in the ABC series entitled \"Once and Again\". Brooke was featured as a guest vocalist with artists such as Lisa Loeb, Chris Botti and Patty Larkin, and has co-written tracks for Joe Sample's \"The Pecan Tree\". In 2002 she moved from California to New York and married manager Patrick Rains. She performed two songs on Disney's \"Return to Never Land\" (2002) soundtrack, a movie based on the Peter Pan story, contributing her original song \"I'll Try\" and a cover \"The Second Star to the Right\". In 2003, Brooke revamped 1995's song \"War\" as a", "Mandatory Fun of twelve tracks, five of which are parodies of songs popular at the time of the album's production. The opening Iggy Azalea parody of \"Fancy\" is \"Handy\", performed from the point of view of a person described by Kenneth Partridge of \"Billboard\" as \"the world's most braggadocious contractor\". The character portrayed in the song rhymes about various handyman tasks including installing countertops, tile floors, and repairing leaf blowers. Kevin O'Keeffe of \"The Wire\" noted that the only direct connection between the character and Azalea is the line \"I got 99 problems but a switch ain't one\", which refers to Azalea's", "The Ovations and Spooner Oldham and recorded in Muscle Shoals. However, it was not a commercial success. Jones left the group in 1966 and was replaced by Billy Young, a member of the Avantis. Several later records by the Ovations on Goldwax failed to chart, including \"I Need A Lot Of Loving,\" also written by Penn and Oldham, and \"I Believe I'll Go Back Home,\" co-written by George Jackson, before the group had their second hit with \"Me And My Imagination,\" written by Claunch with Bill Cantrell, which reached no.40 on the R&B chart. The group continued to record for Goldwax, until", "Al Downing (musician) a Top 50 hit; That same year, Downing released his final hit with the Team label, \"There’ll Never Be A Better Night For Being Wrong\". In 1987, \"Big Al\" was signed by the Vine Street label, which released the \"Oh How Beautiful You Are\" (To Me) and \"Just One Night Won't Do,\" both of which hit the Top 70. Two years later, he was signed by Door Knob Records, with whom he produced the 1989 Top 100 hit, \"I Guess By Now.\" The popular entertainer Fats Domino recorded two songs written by Downing: \"Mary, Oh Mary\" and \"Heartbreak Hill\". Bobby", "Hank Williams after his burial). In June 1952, he recorded \"Jambalaya (on the Bayou)\", \"Window Shopping\", \"Settin' the Woods on Fire\", and \"I'll Never Get out of this World Alive\". In early July, Audrey Williams divorced him. The next day he recorded \"You Win Again\" and \"I Won't be Home No More\". Around this time, he met Billie Jean Jones, a girlfriend of country singer Faron Young, at the Grand Ole Opry. As a girl, Jones had lived down the street from Williams when he was with the Louisiana Hayride, and now Williams began to visit her frequently in Shreveport, causing him", "Whitney Houston version of \"Ribbon in the Sky\", and \"Love's in Need of Love Today\"), CeCe Winans (\"Don't Cry\", and \"Jesus Loves Me\"), Alicia Keys (\"Send Me an Angel\"), Kim Burrell (rewritten version of \"A Change Is Gonna Come\"), and R. Kelly (\"I Look to You\"). The performances were interspersed with hymns by the church choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston's record producer; Kevin Costner; Rickey Minor, her music director; her cousin, Dionne Warwick; and Ray Watson, her security guard for the past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program and was expected to sing, but was unable to", "Energizer Bunny themselves to the bunny, including President George H. W. Bush in 1992 and Howard Dean in 2004. In 1992, the company PC Dynamics created a Screen Saver for Windows 3.x featuring Energizer Bunny with audio clips from the commercials. During the ninth season of \"Roseanne\" (1996–97), the lyrics sung by Blues Traveler lead singer John Popper begin with: \"If what doesn't kill us is making us stronger, we're gonna last longer/Than that greatest wall in China, or that rabbit with the drum.\" Energizer was the corporate sponsor of Star Tours at Disneyland Park and Disney's Hollywood Studios for several years;", "Kirsten Price (musician) Saadiq and Danny Saber. Following business complications with the label, Price took the initiative to form her own label, KPI, and released the album in 2008. Around this time, Price recorded several covers and an original song for other commercial usage. In 2007, she recorded a cover of Simon & Garfunkel's \"Feeling Groovy\", which appeared in a Clinique commercial. In 2007, she recorded a cover of Stevie Wonder's \"Sir Duke\" for a Lee Jeans commercial. In 2008, Price also recorded vocals for the opening track, \"We Will Be Heroes\", of the television series, and the ending track, \"I'll Always Remember", "Tony Blackburn de Paul and Barry Green. His version of Doris Troy's \"I'll Do Anything\" was recorded in 1969 for his second album, \"Tony Blackburn\" for the Polydor label; it was re-released as a Northern soul single under the pseudonym Lenny Gamble on Casino Classics in June 1978. Blackburn was allegedly furious when Noel Edmonds revealed the alias on air. Nevertheless, Blackburn and Edmonds became close friends. All of the Blackburn's singles, including \"I'll Do Anything\" and \"House of Cards\" were finally released in 2012 on a CD compilation album \"The Singles Collection 1965-1980\" on the Cherry Red label. In June 1973,", "Bob Dorough \"Earth Rock\", to which he also contributed songs and performances). With his friend Ben Tucker, Dorough wrote the song \"Comin' Home Baby\", which gave Mel Tormé a Top 40 hit and two Grammy Award nominations. He was a partner for many years with Stuart Scharf, producing two albums for the folk-pop band Spanky and Our Gang and adding jazz arrangements to their sound. Dorough was the vocalist for The 44th Street Portable Flower Factory, recording cover versions of popular music for Scholastic Records in the early 1970s. Dorough remained with the show from 1973 to 1985. From 1985 to 1993", "Color Me Badd for Huey Lewis and the News, Sheila E. and Ronnie Milsap, and opened for Tony! Toni! Toné! in Oklahoma City in 1988. One afternoon in 1989, Thornton saw Jon Bon Jovi in a movie theater and called the other band members to join him. They waited for him to leave the theater and then sang the 1961 doo-wop hit \"Daddy's Home\" a cappella for him. Bon Jovi invited them to be his band's opening act the following night, to perform in front of 20,000 audience members. They moved to New York City on September 23, 1989. In 1990, they bumped", "Jack Bush Color Field Painting. Bush became friends with artists associated with color-field like Jules Olitski, Kenneth Noland and also Anthony Caro. As Painters Eleven disbanded in 1960, Bush moved on, and in the end became one of the more successful artists to come from this group. Jack Bush represented Canada at the 1967 44 São Paulo Art Biennial, and in 1976 the Art Gallery of Ontario toured a large retrospective of his work. He died in Toronto 24 January 1977. His son Terry is an award winning jingle writer, best known for singing and co-writing \"Maybe Tomorrow\", the theme for \"The", "Lightnin' Wells the Reverend Gary Davis. As part of his ongoing musical education, Wells sought out still living Piedmont performers, which led him later to produce work by Big Boy Henry, Algia Mae Hinton and George Higgs. In 1995, Wells made his own debut solo recording, \"Bull Frog Blues\", which was followed by \"Ragtime Millionaire\" (1998); both released on New Moon Records. \"I'll Be Coming Home Every Saturday Night\", written by Turner Foddrell was one of the tracks on \"Ragtime Millionaire\". By this time Wells was blending Piedmont and country blues utilisng a mixture of acoustic and resonator guitars, ukulele and harmonica.", "Normie Rowe with The Seekers he represented Australia in performance at Expo '67 in Montreal. He returned to Australia in July, where he appeared as a special guest at the national finals of the 1967 Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds. Rowe had more national chart success in late 1967 with the Graham Gouldman song \"Going Home\" (b/w \"I Don't Care\") -- assumed to be about the Vietnam War, but really about a migrant's return to Australia from Britain—which debuted at #22 in the \"Go-Set chart\" in late April and stayed in the national Top Ten until the end of May, peaking at", "Alvin Stardust Alvin Stardust was a guest act on the \"Morecambe & Wise Christmas Show\" in 1981. The singles \"I Feel Like Buddy Holly\" (written and produced by Mike Batt) and \"I Won't Run Away\" reached number 7 in the UK Singles Chart in 1984. \"So Near To Christmas\" was a minor hit, No. 29, in the same year. He participated in \"\", the UK qualifying heat of the \"Eurovision Song Contest\", in 1985, with the song \"The Clock on the Wall\". He finished in third place behind Vikki and Kerri Wells. He was the subject of \"This Is Your Life\" in", "Donnie Elbert for a re-make of the Supremes' 1964 hit, \"Where Did Our Love Go?\" on All Platinum. It became his biggest hit, reaching #15 on the Billboard pop chart, #6 on the R&B chart, and (in 1972) #8 in the UK. Its follow-up, \"Sweet Baby\" reached #30 on the R&B chart in early 1972. Elbert then signed with Avco-Embassy, where he entered the recording studio with the successful production team of Hugo & Luigi. His cover of the Four Tops' \"I Can't Help Myself\" reached #14 on the Billboard R&B chart, but climbed as high as #2 on the alternative Cashbox", "Buck Griffin Additionally, he did well as a songwriter; his \"Goin' Home All Alone\" was recorded by Wade Ray, and Janis Martin did a version of his failed single \"Let's Elope, Baby\". He appeared on ABC-TV's \"Talent Varieties\" on August 2, 1955, singing \"Next to Mine\". In 1956, Griffin contracted with the Dallas radio show \"Big D Jamboree\", and MGM Records picked up his previous Lin Records releases for national distribution. Though MGM released 45s from Griffin into the early 1960s, he never scored a hit; later releases on Holiday Inn Records fared no better. In 1963 Griffin started Rotary Records and", "Beaches (soundtrack) 1985 album \"Mud Will Be Flung Tonight\"), joining an experimental theater group (\"Oh Industry\"), to becoming a successful pop star (\"I Know You by Heart\", a duet with David Pack, only briefly heard in the movie) with the right to record material of her own choosing (Randy Newman's \"I Think It's Going to Rain Today\"). A recurring theme in the movie is Billy Hill's old swing standard \"The Glory of Love\", first made famous by Benny Goodman in the mid-1930s. In \"Beaches\" the song is first reluctantly sung as an upbeat showtune by a very young C.C. Bloom at an", "Tim Halperin album, “The Last Song,” as of September 26, 2011 was in the top ten on the Singer/Songwriters Songs chart on iTunes. For the music video of \"The Last Song\" fans donated a budget of $8,000. In November 2012 he released the EP \"Under that Christmas Spell\", which includes five arrangements of classic songs and the eponymous single written by Halperin. The album’s final cover, “I'll Be Home for Christmas,” features Hayley Orrantia on vocals. According to Halperin, “Growing up, I worked on a Christmas tree farm for four years. Around Christmas, people in general are more happy and forgiving.” According", "We've Got a Fuzzbox and We're Gonna Use It their cover of Norman Greenbaum's hit \"Spirit in the Sky\", with vocals provided by Magz (Maggie). The band signed to WEA and for their next album, \"Big Bang!\" (1989), they made an abrupt change and reinvented themselves as a slick dance-pop vocal group, with Vickie Perks being cast centre stage as a sex symbol. The songs \"Pink Sunshine\", \"Fast Forward Futurama\" and \"International Rescue\" were all produced by Andy Richards and co-written by Liam Sternberg. The first three singles from the album, \"International Rescue\" (UK No. 11), \"Pink Sunshine\" (UK No. 14) and \"Self!\" (UK No. 24) all reached the", "Jonathan Hay (publicist) close.\" In 2001, Hay had involvement with Prince for \"When Will We Be Paid\", a cover song originally performed by The Staple Singers. In 2013, Hay co-founded SMH Records with Mike Smith a Charlotte, North Carolina based record label. Hay got into a public dispute with Kanye West and Kim Kardashian over the song \"These Walls Revisted\" and a charity auction of an original painting of West, where it was alleged that 100% of the proceeds would go to Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, the couples charity of choice. Hay was a co-executive producer on \"Sex, Money and Hip-Hop\" by", "Billy Davis Jr. May 1969 and won the Grammy for Record of the Year. The group's recording of Nyro's \"Wedding Bell Blues\" topped the Hot 100 in November 1969. Davis sang the male lead on the group's singles, \"Worst That Could Happen\", \"A Change Is Gonna Come/People Got To Be Free\", and \"I’ll Be Lovin' You Forever\". In 1975, Davis and McCoo left the 5th Dimension and began performing as a duo. Landing a contract with ABC Records, they recorded their 1976 debut album, \"I Hope We Get to Love in Time\". The first single was the title track, which was a mid-chart", "State Farm firm specialized in auto insurance for farmers and later expanded services into other types of insurance, such as homeowners and life insurance, and then to banking and financial services. The State Farm jingle (\"Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there\") was written by American songwriter Barry Manilow in 1971. A cover was released by Weezer in 2011. State Farm's first commercial jingle was created for \"The Jack Benny Program\" in the 1960s. As of December 2017, State Farm had 70,000 employees and 19,000 agents. February 2014 figures show the group servicing 80 million policies in the United States and", "Rosemary Clooney the 1953 premiere of \"The Stars are Singing\" and her singing career. It was painted by Louisiana muralists Robert Dafford, Herb Roe, and Brett Chigoy as part of the Maysville Floodwall Murals project. Her brother Nick Clooney spoke during the dedication for the mural, explaining various images to the crowd. Rosemary Clooney Rosemary Clooney (May 23, 1928 – June 29, 2002) was an American singer and actress. She came to prominence in the early 1950s with the song \"Come On-a My House\", which was followed by other pop numbers such as \"Botch-a-Me\", \"Mambo Italiano\", \"Tenderly\", \"Half as Much\", \"Hey There\"", "Kenny Rogers album \"She Rides Wild Horses\" the following year (itself a top 10 success). In 1999, Rogers also produced a song, \"We've Got It All\", specifically for the series finale of the ABC show \"Home Improvement.\" Not found on any album, the recording sells for a high sum at auction. In the 21st century, Rogers was back at No. 1 for the first time in more than a decade with the 2000 single \"Buy Me a Rose\". In doing so, he broke a 26-year-old record held by Hank Snow (who, in April 1974, was aged 59 when he scored with \"Hello", "Dave Lee Travis version of the Proclaimers song \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\", performed by Peter Kay and Matt Lucas. Other TV appearances include \"The Weakest Link\", \"Noel's House Party\", \"Mrs. Merton\", \"Stars Reunited\", \"Kick Start\", \"Dave's Lee's and Travis's\" and \"Today with Des and Mel\". In October 2012, it was alleged by two former BBC employees that Travis sexually assaulted several women during his time at the BBC. One of the women, who was 17 at the time, claimed in the media after making a formal statement to police that Travis put his hand up her skirt in 1977. The other, presenter", "Donna Loren six singles, including \"I'm in Love with the Ticket Taker at the Bijou Movie\" (B Side: \"I'm Gonna Be All Right\", subsequently re-released as an A Side, with \"Johnny's Got Something\"), \"On the Good Ship Lollipop\" (B Side: \"If You Love Me (Really Love Me)\"), and \"Dream World\" (B side: \"(Remember Me) I'm the One Who Loves You\"). Nancy Mantz and Dave Burgess co-wrote two of Loren's Challenge songs (they also wrote one song each with other collaborators), and her arrangers included Sonny Bono. Loren's recording of \"Dream World\" written by Joy Kennedy was awarded four stars by \"Billboard\" in", "Will-O-Bees single, \"Shades of Gray\", was written by the company's staff writers Barry Mann and Cynthia Weil, and produced by Bill Traut of Dunwich Productions; the B-side, \"If You're Ready\", had originally been recorded by the Del-Vetts, another group managed by Traut. \"Shades of Gray\" was later recorded by the Monkees in 1967 on their album \"Headquarters\". The Will-O-Bees' third single, \"It's Not Easy\", another Mann-Weil composition produced by Traut, was their only chart success, reaching #95 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 in February 1968. \"It's Not Easy\" was originally written for the Righteous Brothers, and had first been recorded in", "Nan Wynn singing coach to Dinah Shore, Bea Wain, and Barry Wood, among others. Radio show stints followed with Rudy Vallee's orchestra, and with Hal Kemp's orchestra on his \"Time to Shine\" radio show. Having earned the moniker \"molten mama with the lava larynx\", she caught the eye of a Warner Bros. movie scout while singing at The Pump Room in Chicago, leading to a role in \"Million Dollar Baby\" (1941). Wynn is perhaps best known for dubbing Rita Hayworth's singing voice in several films, including \"The Strawberry Blonde\" (1941), \"My Gal Sal\" (1942), and \"You Were Never Lovelier\" (1942), In the", "Trini Lopez singles \"Michael\" (1964), \"Gonna Get Along Without Ya' Now\" (1967), and \"The Bramble Bush\" (1967). Beyond his success on record, he became one of the country's top nightclub performers of that era, regularly headlining in Las Vegas. In 1968, he recorded an album in Nashville entitled \"Welcome to Trini Country\" (R/RS 6300). In 1969, NBC aired a Trini Lopez variety special featuring surf guitar group The Ventures, and Nancy Ames as guests. The soundtrack, released as \"The Trini Lopez Show\" has him singing his hits with The Ventures as his backing band. During the 1960s and 1970s, Lopez moved into", "Mark Barkan Mark Barkan Mark Barkan (born 1934) is an American songwriter and record producer. He was also a musical director for the television show \"The Banana Splits Adventure Hour\", which aired between September 7, 1968, and December 13, 1969, lasting two seasons, on NBC. He has written numerous songs, including Lesley Gore's Top 5 hit \"She's a Fool\"; the often-covered \"Pretty Flamingo\", which was a hit single for Manfred Mann in 1966; \"I'm Gonna Be Warm This Winter\", which was a hit for Connie Francis in 1963; and \"The Tra La La Song (One Banana, Two Banana)\" from \"The Banana Splits\".", "Hank Williams Jr. was both a critical and commercial success. It was named \"Video of the Year\" by both the Country Music Association and the Academy of Country Music. Williams would go on to win a Grammy Award in 1990 for Best Country Vocal Collaboration. He is well known for his hit \"A Country Boy Can Survive\" and as the performer of the theme song for \"Monday Night Football\", based on his 1984 hit \"All My Rowdy Friends Are Coming Over Tonight\". In 1991, 1992, 1993, and 1994, Williams's opening themes for \"Monday Night Football\" earned him four Emmy Awards. In 2000, he", "Bob Morrison (songwriter) one isn't coming along, he rotates to the next one. Morrison's Grammy-winning song \"You Decorated My Life\" began as a poem written by Debbie Hupp, a Kentucky mother of five who began writing songs while working in a liquor distillery as a nightwatchman. Hupp and Morrison developed a writing relationship. She brought Morrison the first verse and the title, \"You Decorated My Life\". Morrison supplied the direction for the second verse, and wrote the chorus melody; together they finished the lyric. Morrison suggested the song to Dottie West, who declined it, but suggested it for Kenny Rogers. Rogers' recording, released", "Denny Randell Mysterians and, in 1998, was a #14 hit when covered by Smash Mouth. They also had a hit with Jay and the Techniques' \"Keep the Ball Rollin'\". Linzer and Randell wrote two songs recorded by The Monkees, \"I'll Be Back Up On My Feet\" and \"The Day We Fall in Love\", and \"Penny Arcade\" by The Cyrkle. They later wrote \"Native New Yorker\", performed by Odyssey on the soundtrack of the film \"Eyes of Laura Mars\"; it was later featured in the film \"The Nanny Diaries\" and the final year of HBO’s \"Sex and the City\". Other co-writes include \"Breakin'", "Otis Williams the Norman Whitfield-penned tune \"I Ain't Got Nothing\" from 1972's \"All Directions\" are extremely rare showcases for Williams singing lead. Williams has provided non-singing (spoken word) contributions to some Temptation songs, including \"I'm Gonna Make You Love Me\" (1968, a hit duet with Diana Ross and Eddie Kendricks sharing the lead vocals), and during the opening verse of \"Masterpiece\" (1973). In 1989, Otis Williams was inducted into The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of The Temptations. Williams received an honorary doctorate from Stillman College in May 2006. Williams married Josephine Rogers in 1961; the couple's son,", "Danny Kaye and \"Minnie the Moocher.\" In 1947 Kaye teamed with the popular Andrews Sisters (Patty, Maxene, and LaVerne) on Decca Records, producing the number-three Billboard hit \"Civilization (Bongo, Bongo, Bongo).\" The success of the pairing prompted both acts to record through 1950, producing rhythmically comical fare as \"The Woody Woodpecker Song\" (based on the bird from the Walter Lantz cartoons and a \"Billboard\" hit for the quartet), \"Put 'em in a Box, Tie 'em with a Ribbon (And Throw 'em in the Deep Blue Sea),\" \"The Big Brass Band from Brazil,\" \"It's a Quiet Town (In Crossbone County),\" \"Amelia Cordelia McHugh", "Television advertisement pop single \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)\" by the New Seekers, and became a hit. Additionally songwriter Paul Williams composed a piece for a Crocker Bank commercial which he lengthened and The Carpenters recorded as \"We've Only Just Begun\". Some pop and rock songs were re-recorded by cover bands for use in advertisements, but the cost of licensing original recordings for this purpose remained prohibitive in certain countries (including the U.S.) until the late 1980s. The use of previously recorded popular songs in American television advertisements began in earnest in 1985 when Burger King", "Hal Riney finally creative director in 1968. In 1970, he hired Paul Williams to write a song for a Crocker Bank commercial, which was later recorded by The Carpenters and became the hit \"We've Only Just Begun\". In 1976 he joined Ogilvy & Mather, building their West Coast office from scratch. In 1984, Riney created and did voiceover for the noted \"Morning in America\" and \"Bear in the Woods\" television commercials for the successful Ronald Reagan 1984 Presidential re-election campaign. After creating the Bartles & Jaymes campaign for E & J Gallo Winery, Riney resigned the account, but soon was awarded the", "Paul Kelly (U.S. musician) his own independent label, Laurence Records, using the pseudonym \"Laurence Dunbar\". The label had a minor hit with \"Bring It nn Home to Me\", sung by Carol Dennis and written and produced by Kelly, in 1984/85. (He wound up the label in 1991.) In the late 1980s, Kelly and his family moved from Brooklyn to Ruby, South Carolina. Kelly continued to send out demos to labels. Kelly recorded an album, \"Gonna Stick And Stay\", in New Orleans in July–August 1992. In 1994, he suffered a heart failure and another in 1995, as well as a stroke. His vocal range suffered", "Daddy Maxfield Hank Williams Jr, Anne Murray, Glenn Frey, Michael Martin Murphy, Chrystal Gayle, Kenny Rogers, etc. Norman was also the string arranger for The Eagles (\"Desperado\", etc.). as well as various recordings by Ronstadt. Upon teaming up with record producer and Rhino Records co-founder Harold Bronson, the duo changed their band name to The Ravers, co-wrote and recorded \"It’s Gonna Be A Punk Rock Christmas,\" which to this day is one of the most popular Rock Christmas recordings, receiving thousands of plays on the Internet, radio, as well as being one of the most downloaded holiday track on the web. Lou", "Richard Rodgers Juliet\" (1953) and \"Pipe Dream\" (1955). They also wrote the score to the film \"State Fair\" (1945) (which was remade in 1962 with Pat Boone), and a special TV musical of \"Cinderella\" (1957). Their collaboration produced many well-known songs, including \"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'\", \"People Will Say We're in Love\", \"Oklahoma\" (which also became the state song of Oklahoma), \"It's A Grand Night For Singing\", \"If I Loved You\", \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", \"It Might as Well Be Spring\", \"Some Enchanted Evening\", \"Getting to Know You\", \"My Favorite Things\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Sixteen Going on Seventeen\", \"Climb Ev'ry", "Billy Preston on the charts in the US. Failing thereafter to match its success, Preston left Motown in 1984 and focused on session work, contributing to works by artists such as Luther Vandross (his organ solos were included on Vandross' 1985 hit \"Til My Baby Comes Home\"), Whitney Houston and Patti LaBelle, among others. He served as musical director for \"Nightlife\", a late-night talk show hosted by David Brenner that lasted one season from 1986 to 1987. In 1991, Preston was treated for alcohol and cocaine addictions. In the same year, he was also arrested for sexually assaulting a 16-year-old Mexican boy,", "Tony Haynes \"The Love We Share\" Will Downing, \"Shadow\" and \"Personally\" by George Howard and \"He Said/She Said\" Debbie Allen. Haynes wrote songs for the NBC television series \"Guys Next Door\". Haynes also had a song \"Harder\" recorded by Gregory Alan Williams on the \"Baywatch\" TV Series soundtrack, as well as a collaboration with Rika Muranaka \"I Am The Wind\" on the Sony PlayStation game, \"\". In 1990 Haynes, partnered Laney Stewart. Their songs were recorded by Evelyn Champagne King, Karyn White, Ritual of Love and Chante Moore. \"Candlelight and You\" and \"Who Do I Turn To\", Nicki Richards, Altitude, Regina Belle,", "Blinky (singer) singles for Motown in the early 1970s (on the company's California-based MoWest subsidiary) and has had several others scheduled for release but never actually released. She is also credited with singing the theme for the 1970s TV series \"Good Times\", along with Jim Gilstrap. Her version of \"God Bless The Child\" appears on the album \"Rock Gospel: The Key To The Kingdom\" and her recording of \"'Tain't Nobody's Biz-ness if I Do\" is on the soundtrack of \"Lady Sings The Blues\", the Billie Holiday bio-pic starring Diana Ross. Unfortunately, most of her solo work, save for a few singles, remains", "Cledus T. Judd two more chart singles for him, including his highest-peaking, the No. 48 \"I Love NASCAR\", which parodied Keith's \"I Love This Bar\" and included guest vocals from Keith himself. Following this song was the No. 58 \"Bake Me A Country Ham\", based on Tracy Lawrence's \"Paint Me a Birmingham\". By mid-2005, Judd had announced plans to release a tribute album to Ray Stevens entitled \"Boogity, Boogity - A Tribute to the Comedic Genius of Ray Stevens\", containing covers of Stevens's material with several guest vocalists. Due to the closure of Koch's Nashville division, however, this album was delayed until 2007,", "Leonard Caston Jr. and later married, singer Carolyn Majors. They signed a contract as a recording duo, and, as Caston & Majors, recorded a gospel tinged self-titled album in 1974. The album was not a commercial success in the United States but contained the track \"I'll Keep My Light In My Window\", co-written by Caston with Terri McFaddin, which was later recorded by Diana Ross and Marvin Gaye, The Temptations, Ben Vereen, and in a Grammy-winning recording by The Mighty Clouds of Joy, among others. In the UK, 'Child of Love' was released as a single reaching a position of #55 in April", "Oscar Brown to \"Work Song\" and \"Afro Blue,\" as well as his song \"Bid 'Em In.\" Brown's \"Afro Blue\" lyrics have since been performed by numerous contemporary jazz vocalists, including Dianne Reeves, Dee Dee Bridgewater, and Lizz Wright. Vocalist Karrin Allyson has cited Brown as a particular inspiration, and has performed his compositions on several of her albums. Brown was scheduled to contribute new lyrics to Allyson's 2006 album \"Footprints\", but died before the project was complete; Allyson instead recorded Brown's songs \"A Tree and Me\" and \"But I Was Cool\" as a tribute. Brown's work has also been the focus of", "Johnny Mercer with music by Harry Warren, was a big smash for Judy Garland in the 1946 film \"The Harvey Girls\", and earned Mercer the first of his four Academy Awards for Best Song, after eight unsuccessful nominations. Mercer re-united with Hoagy Carmichael with \"Skylark\" (1941), and the Oscar-winning \"In the Cool, Cool, Cool of the Evening\" (1951). With Jerome Kern, Mercer created \"You Were Never Lovelier\" for Fred Astaire and Rita Hayworth in the movie of the same name, as well as \"I'm Old Fashioned\". Mercer founded Capitol Records in Hollywood in 1942, with the help of producer Buddy DeSylva and", "Darlene Love 1984 film \"Bachelor Party\". In 1986, Love's second chance came when she was asked to sing \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\" on David Letterman's Christmas show, that became a yearly tradition. In 1987, Love sang backup for U2's remake of \"Christmas (Baby Please Come Home)\". In 1990, Love released the album \"Paint Another Picture\", which included an update of her old hit \"He's Sure the Man I Love\", by Mann and Weill, as well as a ballad written especially for her, \"I've Never Been the Same,\" by Judy Wieder. The album did not make the US charts. In 1990, Cher", "Pam Tillis (1997) are all certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), while \"Put Yourself in My Place\" and 1995's \"All of This Love\" are certified gold. Besides her own work, Tillis co-wrote and sang on the 1990 Warner Bros. single \"Tomorrow's World\", written in honor of Earth Day, and Dolly Parton's 1992 single \"Romeo\". She has won two major awards: a Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals in 1999 for the multi-artist collaboration \"Same Old Train\", and the 1994 Country Music Association award for Female Vocalist of the Year followed by the CMA President's Award in", "Allee Willis Shop Boys featuring Dusty Springfield, and \"I'll Be There for You\" by The Rembrandts. I'll Be There for You became the theme song of the sitcom \"Friends,\" and went on to be one of the biggest tv theme songs of all time. During 1995 Willis was Emmy nominated for \"I'll Be There for You.\" She also co-wrote the Tony and Grammy-winning Broadway musical, \"The Color Purple.\" A major motion picture based on the musical is currently being produced by Steven Spielberg, Oprah Winfrey, Quincy Jones, and Scott Sanders. On September 28, 2017 Willis premiered \"The D\", a passion project she", "George Jones the flying dinner plates.\" Jones professed his love for Wynette on the spot and the couple were married in 1969. They began touring together and Jones bought out his contract with Musicor so he could record with Tammy and her producer Billy Sherrill on Epic Records (the singer had split with longtime producer Pappy Daily on acrimonious terms). Jones and Wynette became known as \"Mr. & Mrs. Country Music\" in the early 1970s, scoring several big hits, including \"We're Gonna Hold On,\" \"Let's Build A World Together,\" \"Golden Ring\", \"Near You,\" and \"(We're Not) The Jet Set.\" When asked about", "Hey, Good Lookin' (song) the object of his affection that they can become an exclusive couple (\"How's about keepin' steady company?\" and \"I'm gonna throw my date book over the fence\"). Williams was friendly with musician Jimmy Dickens. Having told Dickens that Dickens needed a hit record if he was going to become a star, Williams said he'd write it, and penned \"Hey Good Lookin'\" in only 20 minutes while on a plane with Dickens, Minnie Pearl, and Pearl's husband Henry Cannon. A week later Williams recorded it himself, jokingly telling Dickens, \"That song's too good for you!\" \"Hey, Good Lookin'\" was recorded on", "Smokey Robinson Records in 1991. However, the album, \"Double Good Everything\" failed to chart. Robinson remained virtually quiet during the nineties (though he would make a notable cameo appearance in The Temptations 1998 miniseries), making a brief comeback in 1999 when he re-signed with Motown and issued the album, \"Intimate\", which included the song \"Easy to Love\". In 2003, he once again split ties with Motown, releasing the gospel album, \"Food for the Soul\" on Liquid 8 Records in 2004. In 2004 Robinson sang the main title theme song \"Colorful World\" to the American children's animated series \"ToddWorld\" for Discovery Kids, TLC", "Katie Cole on \"I'll Be Home for Christmas\", performed by Dean Martin featuring Scarlett Johansson on his album \"My Kind of Christmas\". Her vocals also appear on Glen Campbell's albums \"Ghost on the Canvas\" (2011) and \"See You There\" (2013), and in music by Cheap Trick and New Church of Ease. In 2010–2011, Cole released \"Lost Inside a Moment\", an EP produced by Willing. Two singles from the recording, \"Lost Inside a Moment\" and \"Sunrise\", were playlisted by the United Kingdom's BBC Radio 2 in June and August–September 2011, respectively. A third song was also broadcast. In 2011, her single \"Gravity\" was", "The Carpenters current popular music. When the pair tried pleasing their customers and honoring the requests, they were fired by a Disneyland supervisor, Victor Guder, for being \"too radical\". Bettis and Richard were unhappy about their dismissal and wrote the song \"Mr. Guder\" about their former superior. Richard and Karen then teamed up with student musicians from Long Beach State to form the band Spectrum. The group included Bettis on guitar, who began writing lyrics to Richard's songs, guitarist Gary Sims, bassist Dan Woodhams, and vocalist Leslie \"Toots\" Johnston. The group sent demos to various record labels around Los Angeles, with little", "Hal Davis the album \"Stevie at the Beach\" and single \"Hey Harmonica Man\", co-produced by Davis. Most notably, Davis was the co-writer and producer of Jackson 5 hits such as \"I'll Be There\" and \"Dancing Machine,\" and Eddie Kendricks' \"Can I\". Davis also produced for Bette Midler (her Motown record of 1975, produced by Davis, was never released), Bobby Taylor & the Vancouvers, The Supremes, Gladys Knight & the Pips, Thelma Houston, Joy Holden, Diana Ross, Florence Ballard, Mary Wilson, Marvin Gaye, Four Tops, Junior Walker, and The Miracles. During the disco era, he produced hit songs for Diana Ross (\"Love Hangover\"),", "Hank Garland Garland recorded his million-selling hit \"Sugarfoot Rag\". Garland appeared on the \"Jubilee\" with Grady Martin's band, and on Eddy Arnold's network and syndicated television shows. Garland is perhaps best known for his Nashville studio work with Elvis Presley from 1958 to 1961, which produced such rock hits as: \"I Need Your Love Tonight\", \"A Big Hunk O' Love\", \" I'm Coming Home\". \"I Got Stung\", \"A Fool Such As I\", \"Stuck on You\", \"Little Sister\", \"(Marie's The Name) His Latest Flame\", and \"I Feel So Bad\". However, he worked with many country music as well as rock 'n roll stars", "I Wanna Be Around album \"I'm a Lady\" from which it was released as a single to reach #38 C&W. Aretha Franklin recorded the song for her album \"Laughing on the Outside\" (1962). The song was to be included as a part of The Beach Boys project \"Smile\", but the project was scrapped, only to later be finished in 2004 by Brian Wilson. The song was also sung by Sally (Rose Marie) on an episode of \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\", \"The Sam Pomerantz Scandals\". The Tony Bennett recording is used as the theme song for Joey Diaz's Podcast \"The Church Of What's Happening", "Roger Greenaway Stand\". The New Seekers' \"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (in Perfect Harmony)\" began life as a Cook–Greenaway collaboration called \"True Love and Apple Pie\", recorded by Susan Shirley. The song was then rewritten by Cook, Greenaway, Coca-Cola advertising executive Bill Backer, and Billy Davis, and recorded as a Coca-Cola radio commercial, with the lyric \"I'd like to buy the world a Coke and keep it company.\" First aired on American radio in 1970, it was also used as a TV commercial a year later, sparking public demand for its release as a single. Reworked, again, to remove", "Rustie Lee narrated children's stories for BBC Radio in Birmingham. Lee has recorded as a singer. In 1985, she released the album \"Invitation to Party\", including her cover versions of \"Barbados\" and \"My Toot Toot\". In 1994, she released a further single, \"You'd Better Phone\". She also sang on a number of her appearances on \"Big Brother's Bit on the Side\". Lee has appeared in several pantomime productions including \"Jack and the Beanstalk\", \"Aladdin\", \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\" and \"Peter Pan\" among others. Her sister is athlete Clova Court. Rustie Lee Rustie Lee, born 28 November 1953 in Portland, Jamaica,", "Graham Gouldman chart success, and 1983's \"Windows in the Jungle\" became the last 10cc album for almost a decade. In 1979, Gouldman scored a minor hit with his single \"Sunburn\", written for the Farrah Fawcett / Charles Grodin film of the same name. Two years later he produced the \"Pleasant Dreams\" album for the Ramones. Between 1984 and 1990, Gouldman teamed with American singer Andrew Gold, with whom he had co-written material in 1981, to form Wax. They produced four albums. Gold described how the partnership began: Gouldman, reflecting in 2018, later referred to his relationship with Gold as one of the" ]

[ 12.1796875 ]

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[ "I wouldn't have accomplished it without those words of the president's." ]

[ "I would have easily gotten it done without the words that you passed to me.", "Men playing a game on a field.", "The white dog is running outdoors.", "It sounds like the state of Iowa.", "People are running.", "I see exactly where I come in.", "The emperor had a private chapel." ]

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[ "Christopher Michael Holley Christopher Michael Holley (born November 23, 1971) is an American actor known for his role as Beanie in \"Smokin' Aces\".", "Smokin' Aces Smokin' Aces is a 2006 American crime film, written and directed by Joe Carnahan. It stars Jeremy Piven as a Las Vegas magician turned mafia informant and Ryan Reynolds as the FBI agent assigned to protect him. This film was the official debut of R&B singer Grammy-winner Alicia Keys as an actress and rapper Grammy-winner Common as an actor, and also starred Ben Affleck, Jason Bateman, Andy García, Ray Liotta, Chris Pine and Matthew Fox. The film is set in Lake Tahoe and was mainly filmed at MontBleu Resort Casino & Spa, called the \"Nomad Casino\"." ]

[ "Drop Dead Gorgeous (film) Drop Dead Gorgeous is a 1999 American black comedy film directed by Michael Patrick Jann and starring Kirstie Alley, Ellen Barkin, Kirsten Dunst, Allison Janney, Denise Richards, Brittany Murphy, and Amy Adams in her film debut. Shot in a mockumentary format, it follows the contestants in a beauty pageant called the \"Sarah Rose Cosmetics Mount Rose American Teen Princess Pageant\", held in the small fictional town of Mount Rose, Minnesota, in which various contestants die in suspicious ways.", "Cooley High Cooley High, directed by Michael Schultz, is a comedic drama that follows the narrative of high school seniors and best-friends, Leroy “Preach” Jackson (Glynn Turman) and Richard “Cochise” Morris (Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs). Written by Eric Monte, and produced by American International Pictures (AIP), the film, primarily shot in Chicago, Illinois, was a major hit at the box offices, grossing in at $13,000,000 (USD). The light-hearted and entertaining storyline captivated viewers with its portrayal of carefree best-friends, and its exciting soundtrack featuring the smash hit \"Baby Love\" by The Supremes, among many other Motown hits.", "Hardball (film) Hardball is a 2001 American comedy-drama film directed by Brian Robbins. It stars Keanu Reeves, Diane Lane and D. B. Sweeney. The screenplay by John Gatins is based on the book \"Hardball: A Season in the Projects\" by Daniel Coyle. The original music score is composed by Mark Isham.", "Kabluey Kabluey is a 2007 comedy film written and directed by Scott Prendergast.", "Man on Fire (2004 film) Man on Fire is a 2004 British-American crime thriller film directed by Tony Scott from a screenplay by Brian Helgeland, and based on the 1980 novel of the same name by A. J. Quinnell. The novel had previously been adapted into a feature film in 1987. In this film, Denzel Washington portrays John Creasy, a despondent, alcoholic former CIA operative/U.S. Marine Corps Force Reconnaissance officer-turned mercenary and bodyguard, who goes on a revenge rampage after his charge, nine-year-old Lupita \"Pita\" Ramos (Dakota Fanning), is abducted in Mexico City. The supporting cast includes Christopher Walken, Radha Mitchell, Giancarlo Giannini, Marc Anthony, Rachel Ticotin and Mickey Rourke.", "Cardboard Boxer Cardboard Boxer is a 2016 American drama film written and directed by Knate Gwaltney. The film stars Thomas Haden Church, Terrence Howard, Boyd Holbrook, Rhys Wakefield and David Henrie. The film was released on September 16, 2016, by Well Go USA Entertainment.", "Hobgoblins (film) Hobgoblins is a 1988 American low-budget independent comedy horror film directed, written, and produced by Rick Sloane, who also served as cinematographer and editor. The plot concerns small, often considered cheaply designed and made hobgoblins (small demon like mythical and goblin-like creatures).", "The Love Bug The Love Bug (sometimes referred to as Herbie the Love Bug) is a 1968 American comedy film and the first in a series of films made by Walt Disney Productions that starred an anthropomorphic pearl-white, fabric-sunroofed 1963 Volkswagen racing Beetle named Herbie. It was based on the 1961 book \"Car, Boy, Girl\" by Gordon Buford.", "The Barn (film) The Barn is a 2016 horror film written and directed by Justin M. Seaman. The film is set on Halloween night 1989 and follows two teenage friends that end up accidentally resurrecting a deadly curse.", "Jamie Sorrentini Jamie Sorrentini (also known as Jamie Perez Sorrentini and Jamie Mills) is an American film, television and theatre actress. She starred as Kathy Grovner in the 1987 television movie \"A Hobo's Christmas\". Sorrentini was a cast member during the 2000 United States tour of the 1999 musical \"Parade\". In 2002, she performed in the play \"Birdie's Bachelorette Party\", and appeared on the television program \"\".", "Long Gone (film) Long Gone is a 1987 baseball film by HBO that is based on Paul Hemphill's 1979 book of the same name. The television film was directed by Martin Davidson and starred William Petersen, Virginia Madsen, and Dermot Mulroney. Historic McKechnie Field, located in Bradenton, Florida, was the location for many of the film's scenes. Outside North America, the film was released as \"Stogies\".", "Mickybo and Me Mickybo and Me is a 2004 Northern Irish comedy-drama film written and directed by Terry Loane and based on the stage play \"Mojo Mickybo\" by Owen McCafferty. The film was produced by Working Title Films and released by Universal Studios.", "Bananas (film) Bananas is a 1971 American comedy film directed by Woody Allen and starring Allen, Louise Lasser, and Carlos Montalban. Written by Allen and Mickey Rose, the film is about a bumbling New Yorker who, after being dumped by his activist girlfriend, travels to a tiny Latin American nation and becomes involved in its latest rebellion. Parts of the plot are based on the book \"Don Quixote, U.S.A.\" by Richard P. Powell.", "Johnny English Johnny English is a 2003 British-American spy comedy film parodying the James Bond secret agent genre infused with comedy similar to Atkinson's Mr. Bean character. The film stars Rowan Atkinson, Natalie Imbruglia, Ben Miller and John Malkovich. The screenplay was written by Bond writers Neal Purvis and Robert Wade, with William Davies, and the film was directed by Peter Howitt. It is the first installment of the \"Johnny English film series\".", "My Father and the Man in Black My Father and the Man in Black is a 2012 Canadian documentary film directed and produced by Jonathan Holiff about the stormy relationship between country music star Johnny Cash and the filmmaker's father, Saul Holiff, Cash's personal manager. It qualified for Oscar consideration in 2013. Holiff was inspired to produce the film when he stumbled on his father's storage locker filled with audio diaries and a large assortment of other documents relating to his time in the 1960s and 1970s as Cash's manager. The locker also included a framed gold record of \"A Boy Named Sue\" which went on display at the Grand Theatre during the running of their musical \"Ring of Fire\".", "Hansie Hansie is a feature film, produced in South Africa by Global Creative Studios and directed by Regardt van den Bergh. It is based on the true story of cricketer Hansie Cronje. The movie was released on 24 September 2008 in South African cinemas and the Collectors Edition DVD on 24 November 2008.", "Hocus Pocus (1993 film) Hocus Pocus is a 1993 American comedy horror fantasy film directed by Kenny Ortega, starring Bette Midler, Kathy Najimy and Sarah Jessica Parker; written by Neil Cuthbert and Mick Garris, and based on a story by Garris and David Kirschner. It follows the villainous trio of witches, who are inadvertently resurrected by a male teenager as a virgin in Salem, Massachusetts.", "Outside Providence (film) Outside Providence is a 1999 American stoner comedy film adaptation of Peter Farrelly's 1988 novel of the same name. The film was directed by Michael Corrente, and it was written by Corrente and the brothers Peter and Bobby Farrelly. Centring on Timothy \"Dildo/Dunph\" Dunphy, the film is about his life of mischief, his \"incentive\" to attend the Cornwall Academy preparatory boarding school, and his realization that the haze in which he has lived has to give way to something that will stay with him forever. The book is based on Peter Farrelly's experience at Kent School, a prep school in Kent, Connecticut.", "Freak Dance (film) Freak Dance is an American comedy film written and directed by Matt Besser of the Upright Citizens Brigade and co-directed by Neil Mahoney. It premiered at the Austin Film Festival on October 21, 2011. The film had a limited theatrical release in May 2012 and made available on video on demand services. The film was released on DVD on July 10, 2012. The film is based on a stage show created by Besser, which originally ran at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater in Los Angeles for several years.", "Boonie Bears III Boonie Bears III is a 2016 Chinese animated adventure comedy film directed by Ding Liang and Lin Yongchang. The film is the third installment in the \"Boonie Bears\" film series based on the animated series of the same name, following the 2015 film \"\". It was released in China on January 16, 2016. It will be followed by \"\", scheduled for release in 2017." ]

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[ "young man in a hat" ]

[ "the man is not wearing anything", "A man is dressed in yellow.", "The three locus trees in my backyard have not been trimmed and are considered badly trimmed.", "Kids play in the ocean.", "The two people are outdoors.", "People watch TV on their couch.", "The sight of the two elderlies made him anxious." ]

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[ "Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) Saffron Walden is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2017 by Kemi Badenoch, a Conservative. 1885-1918: The Municipal Borough of Saffron Walden, the Sessional Divisions of Freshwell, Hinckford North, and Walden, part of the Sessional Division of Hinckford South (Halstead Bench), the part of the Municipal Borough of Sudbury in the county of Essex, and the civil parish of Thaxted. 1918-1950: The Municipal Borough of Saffron Walden, the Urban District of Halstead, and the Rural Districts of Belchamp, Bumpstead, Dunmow, Halstead, Saffron Walden, and Stansted. 1950-1974: The Municipal", "Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) It borders Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, and also extends deep into the middle of Essex near Chelmsford. Three medium-sized market towns, Saffron Walden, Dunmow and Halstead are in the constituency. All three have historic links, and are busy and regionally visitor-drawing towns in the South East. The largest single source of employment in the constituency is Stansted Airport, while there are also a host of small businesses, many of them high-tech, along and at the ends of the London-Cambridge corridor. The constituency consists of Census Output Areas of two local government districts with similar characteristics. Uttlesford district forms the bulk, and", "Saffron Walden Saffron Walden Saffron Walden is a market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England, north of Bishop's Stortford, south of Cambridge and north of London. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings from the medieval period. The 2001 parish population of 14,313 had risen to 15,504 by the 2011 census. Archaeological evidence suggests continuous settlement on or near the site of Saffron Walden from at least the Neolithic period. It is believed that a small Romano-British settlement and fort – possibly in the area round Abbey Lane – existed as an outpost of the much larger settlement of", "Saffron Walden Town F.C. Saffron Walden Town F.C. Saffron Walden Town F.C. is an English football club based in Saffron Walden, Essex. The club are currently members of the and play at Catons Lane. The club was established as Saffron Walden in 1872 and are the oldest senior football club in Essex. They entered the FA Cup in 1876–77, but withdrew after being drawn against holders Wanderers as they could not afford to travel. Two years later they made their first appearance, losing 5–0 to Upton Park in the first round. In 1882 the club were founder members of the Essex County Football Association.", "Saffron Walden County High School Hall are open to the public outside of school hours and used by the school otherwise. Saffron Walden County High School Saffron Walden County High School is a coeducational academy school and an ex-specialist Technology College for ages 11–18 in Saffron Walden, Essex, England. The current executive headteacher is Caroline Derbyshire, following the departure of John Hartley. The associate headteacher is Polly Lankester. The school is also an accredited training school. The school has developed a growing sporting pedigree, particularly in Rugby Union. Numerous forays into the latter stages of the Daily Mail National Cup competition culminated in the under", "Saffron Walden County High School Saffron Walden County High School Saffron Walden County High School is a coeducational academy school and an ex-specialist Technology College for ages 11–18 in Saffron Walden, Essex, England. The current executive headteacher is Caroline Derbyshire, following the departure of John Hartley. The associate headteacher is Polly Lankester. The school is also an accredited training school. The school has developed a growing sporting pedigree, particularly in Rugby Union. Numerous forays into the latter stages of the Daily Mail National Cup competition culminated in the under 15's achieving victory at Twickenham in the plate competition of 2011. The 2018 Sunday Times School", "Saffron Walden passed through Saffron Walden in 2014. Saffron Walden has a well-established hockey club with its main pitch and clubhouse in Newport and a second pitch at Saffron Walden County High School. The club has eight men's teams, seven women's teams and a large junior section. The women play in Division 2, and the men play in Prem B. The town's skate park is an American-built facility. It opened in 2007. Saffron Walden is the name of a tune often associated with the hymn \"Just as I am\". It was written by Arthur Henry Brown (1830–1926) from Essex. He wrote many", "Walden School (Saffron Walden) announced that Walden School would close at the end of the 2016-17 school year. Walden School (Saffron Walden) Walden School (previously known as Friends' School) was a Quaker independent school located in Saffron Walden, Essex, situated approximately 12 miles south of the city of Cambridge, England. The school was co-educational and accommodated children between the ages of three and 18 (boarders and day pupils). The school closed at the end of the 2017 summer term. Friends' School, Saffron Walden was founded as part of the Quakers' Clerkenwell workhouse in London in 1703, 50 years after George Fox. From September 2016", "Saffron Walden Cestreforda to the north. After the Norman invasion of 1066, a stone church was built. Walden Castle, dating from about 1140, may have been built on pre-existing fortifications. A priory, Walden Abbey, was founded under the patronage of Geoffrey de Mandeville, first Earl of Essex about 1136, on the site of what is now Audley End village. The abbey was separated from Walden by Holywell Field. After the dissolution of the monasteries, Sir Thomas Audley converted its cloisters into a dwelling. Later this became the site of Audley End House. The market was moved from nearby Newport to Saffron Walden", "Saffron Walden hymn tunes, which he often named after his favourite places. In alphabetical order: Saffron Walden is twinned with: The Hundred Parishes Saffron Walden Saffron Walden is a market town in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England, north of Bishop's Stortford, south of Cambridge and north of London. It retains a rural appearance and some buildings from the medieval period. The 2001 parish population of 14,313 had risen to 15,504 by the 2011 census. Archaeological evidence suggests continuous settlement on or near the site of Saffron Walden from at least the Neolithic period. It is believed that a small Romano-British settlement", "Walden Abbey Walden Abbey Walden Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Saffron Walden, Essex, England founded by Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex between 1136 and 1143. Originally a priory, it was elevated to the status of an abbey in 1190. Soon after its founding, Earl Geoffrey was arrested by King Stephen. When released on surrender of his castles, the earl launched a rebellion that lasted over a year. When he was killed, he had also been excommunicated and could not be buried at the priory. Walden suffered without a clear patron through the rest of Stephen's reign. Even when Geoffrey", "Saffron Walden Town F.C. Eastern Counties League. On 4 July 2012, members voted to convert the club into a Community Benefit Society. They were promoted to the Premier Division at the end of the 2014–15 season after finishing third in Division One. Saffron Walden Town F.C. Saffron Walden Town F.C. is an English football club based in Saffron Walden, Essex. The club are currently members of the and play at Catons Lane. The club was established as Saffron Walden in 1872 and are the oldest senior football club in Essex. They entered the FA Cup in 1876–77, but withdrew after being drawn against holders", "Walden Abbey of Henry VIII, the abbey property was purchased by Sir Thomas Audley, who built his house Audley End there. The current Jacobean mansion was built for his grandson, Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, however. Walden Abbey Walden Abbey was a Benedictine monastery in Saffron Walden, Essex, England founded by Geoffrey de Mandeville, 1st Earl of Essex between 1136 and 1143. Originally a priory, it was elevated to the status of an abbey in 1190. Soon after its founding, Earl Geoffrey was arrested by King Stephen. When released on surrender of his castles, the earl launched a rebellion that lasted", "Walden School (Saffron Walden) Walden School (Saffron Walden) Walden School (previously known as Friends' School) was a Quaker independent school located in Saffron Walden, Essex, situated approximately 12 miles south of the city of Cambridge, England. The school was co-educational and accommodated children between the ages of three and 18 (boarders and day pupils). The school closed at the end of the 2017 summer term. Friends' School, Saffron Walden was founded as part of the Quakers' Clerkenwell workhouse in London in 1703, 50 years after George Fox. From September 2016 the school changed its name to Walden School. On 11 May 2017 it was", "Little Walden and Saffron Walden calls at Little Walden (Tuesdays only). The nearest railway station is Great Chesterford. Little Walden Little Walden is a small settlement in the Uttlesford district, in the English county of Essex. It lies about north of the market town of Saffron Walden and is from Cambridge. The church, St.John's The Crown Inn public house is situated on a bend in the B1052 road which runs through the village. Chesterford Research Park is to the north west. In Little Walden parish are the remains of a banked enclosure which may date from the Iron Age. A World War", "Saffron Walden in 1889 and his son, also Guy Maynard, succeeded him as curator before moving on to Ipswich Museum. It is still owned by the founding society – now Saffron Walden Museum Society – and is managed by Uttlesford District Council. The museum contains the stuffed remains of a lion named Wallace(1812 – 1838), said to have inspired Marriott Edgar's comic poem \"The Lion and Albert\". The Fry Art Gallery exhibits the work of artists who had an association with Saffron Walden and north west Essex, focusing on Great Bardfield Artists. The collection includes extensive artworks and supporting material by Edward", "Saffron Walden Grammar School fighter control center in the building because of its proximity to Debden airfield. Saffron Walden Grammar School Saffron Walden Free Grammar School (or Saffron Walden Grammar School) was a school in the Essex town of Saffron Walden, which for over four hundred years educated the boys of the town and surrounding villages in a manner designed to be after the model of Eton College and Winchester. It was notable for its longevity and for some of its illustrious alumni. The earliest schools in Walden dated from 1423 under the control of the neighbouring monastery. The Grammar School was founded by", "Saffron Walden Grammar School Saffron Walden Grammar School Saffron Walden Free Grammar School (or Saffron Walden Grammar School) was a school in the Essex town of Saffron Walden, which for over four hundred years educated the boys of the town and surrounding villages in a manner designed to be after the model of Eton College and Winchester. It was notable for its longevity and for some of its illustrious alumni. The earliest schools in Walden dated from 1423 under the control of the neighbouring monastery. The Grammar School was founded by Dame Joan Bradbury in 1522. Lady Joan was the wife of London’s Lord", "Waltham Abbey F.C. Waltham Abbey F.C. Waltham Abbey F.C. is an English football club based in Waltham Abbey, Essex. The team currently plays in the . Waltham Abbey Youth Club, based in Waltham Abbey, first played football at “Capershotts” during the Second World War and in later years the club became known as firstly Waltham Abbey, then Abbey Sports. Both clubs gained numerous honours in the Northern Suburban League. The club was founded in 1944 with a mix of players from Waltham Abbey Youth Club and former juniors from Tottenham Hotspur under the leadership of the trainer and manager Wally Hickman. The secretary", "1901 Saffron Walden by-election 1901 Saffron Walden by-election The Saffron Walden by-election, 1901 was a by-election held on 31 May 1901 for the British House of Commons constituency of Saffron Walden in Essex. The by-election was caused by the death on 1 May 1901, at the age of 40, of the sitting Liberal MP for the constituency Armine Wodehouse. Wodehouse was the son of sometime Foreign Secretary John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley and had held the Saffron Walden seat since the general election of 1900. Saffron Walden Liberals selected as their candidate Jack Pease. Pease had been Liberal MP for the Tyneside Division", "Great Dunmow Great Dunmow Great Dunmow is a historic market town and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of Essex, England. It is situated on the north of the A120 road, approximately midway between Bishop's Stortford and Braintree, 6 miles east of London Stansted Airport. Originally the site of a Roman settlement on Stane Street, the town thrived during the Middle Ages. Many buildings survive from this period, including a sixteenth-century town hall. Dunmow means \"Meadow on the Hill\". The settlement was variously referred to as Dunmow Magna, Much Dunmow, or most commonly Great Dunmow. Great Dunmow borders the former estate of", "Waltham Abbey F.C. history in 2009–10. However, despite winning the last two games of their season, they finished 21st and were relegated for the first time in the clubs history. After 7 seasons in North Division a league restructure saw the club have been moved into the newly formed Isthmian League South Central League. Waltham Abbey F.C. Waltham Abbey F.C. is an English football club based in Waltham Abbey, Essex. The team currently plays in the . Waltham Abbey Youth Club, based in Waltham Abbey, first played football at “Capershotts” during the Second World War and in later years the club became known", "St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden St Mary the Virgin is the parish church of Saffron Walden, Essex. It is the largest non-cathedral church in Essex with an overall length of and the spire, high, which is the tallest in Essex. It was designated as a Grade I listed building in 1951. A Norman church was recorded in 1130, which in turn had replaced an earlier wooden structure. The building as it currently stands dates predominantly from a rebuilding between 1250 and 1258, with a further rebuilding in the Perpendicular style begun in about 1450, the latter stages supervised by", "RAF Great Dunmow Easton church. RAF Great Dunmow Royal Air Force Station Great Dunmow or more simply RAF Great Dunmow (Also known as Little Easton) is a former Royal Air Force station in Essex, England. The airfield is located approximately mi west of Great Dunmow, north of the A120; about northeast of London Opened in 1943, it was used by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces during the war, primarily as a bomber airfield. The airfield was closed in 1948. Today the airfield is located on private land primarily used for agriculture. Great Dunmow was designed as a", "RAF Great Dunmow RAF Great Dunmow Royal Air Force Station Great Dunmow or more simply RAF Great Dunmow (Also known as Little Easton) is a former Royal Air Force station in Essex, England. The airfield is located approximately mi west of Great Dunmow, north of the A120; about northeast of London Opened in 1943, it was used by both the Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces during the war, primarily as a bomber airfield. The airfield was closed in 1948. Today the airfield is located on private land primarily used for agriculture. Great Dunmow was designed as a Class A", "Waltham Abbey (town) building, and sold the former building to an Evangelical Free church. Waltham Abbey is served by Waltham Cross Station on the British Rail network, Theobald's Grove and Chingford stations on the London Overground network, and its nearest London Underground station is Loughton, served by the Central Line. Waltham Abbey is located on the M25 London Orbital Motorway, allowing efficient transport by motor vehicle around London. Several bus routes are operated in Waltham Abbey, some of which were originally operated by London Transport. Waltham Abbey (town) Waltham Abbey is a suburban market town in the Epping Forest District of Essex, the", "Uttlesford Uttlesford Uttlesford is a local government district in Essex, England. Its council is based in the market town of Saffron Walden. At the 2011 Census, the population of the district was 79,443. Its name is derived from the ancient Hundred of the same name, possibly from \"Udel's ford\". The district was formed on 1 April 1974 by the merger of the borough of Saffron Walden, Dunmow Rural District and Saffron Walden Rural District. Apart from considerable agriculture, retail and office premises in towns, Uttlesford District includes London Stansted Airport, which is its largest employer. For more detailed analysis of strengths", "Waltham Abbey (town) part of Waltham Abbey parish; The medieval Waltham Abbey Church was kept as it was close to a town and is still used as a parish church. In addition there are other remains of the former abbey – the Grade II*listed Midnight Chapel, the gatehouse, a vaulted passage and Harold’s Bridge – all in the care of English Heritage. Housed in a building dating back to 1520 is the Epping Forest District Museum, which tells the story of the people who have lived and worked in this part of south Essex from the earliest times to the present. On the", "1915 Saffron Walden by-election 1915 Saffron Walden by-election The Saffron Walden by-election, 1915 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Saffron Walden in Essex on 13 February 1915. The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Cecil Beck. Beck had been appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, one of the formal titles held by government Whips and under the Parliamentary rules of the day had to resign and fight a by-election. Beck was re-selected to fight the seat by his local Liberal Association and as the wartime truce between the political parties was in", "1915 Saffron Walden by-election operation no opposing candidate was nominated against him. There being no other candidates putting themselves forward Beck was returned unopposed. 1915 Saffron Walden by-election The Saffron Walden by-election, 1915 was a parliamentary by-election held for the House of Commons constituency of Saffron Walden in Essex on 13 February 1915. The by-election was caused by the resignation of the sitting Liberal MP, Cecil Beck. Beck had been appointed a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury, one of the formal titles held by government Whips and under the Parliamentary rules of the day had to resign and fight a by-election. Beck was re-selected", "Waltham Abbey (parish) Waltham Abbey (parish) Waltham Abbey is a civil parish in Epping Forest District in Essex, England. Located approximately north-northeast of central London and adjacent to the Greater London boundary, it is a partly urbanised parish with large sections of open land in the Metropolitan Green Belt. Waltham Abbey is a recent renaming of the ancient parish of Waltham Holy Cross. Aside from the town of Waltham Abbey, it includes the hamlets of Claverhambury, Fishers Green, Holyfield, Sewardstone and Upshire, and the village of High Beach. The local council is Waltham Abbey Town Council. Waltham Holy Cross was an ancient parish", "Waltham Abbey SSSI Waltham Abbey SSSI Waltham Abbey SSSI is a 34.2 hectare biological Site of Special Scientific Interest which is located within the Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills at Waltham Abbey in Essex. For 300 years the area was cut off from its surroundings by river boundaries and the highly secret nature of its work. The site was finally closed in 1991. Decontamination work was carried out between 1992-96 and the site opened to the public in 2001. The woodland site lies to the north of the present day Gunpowder Mills and is bounded by the River Lee Flood Relief Channel to", "Waltham Abbey Church chancel. The \"Waltham Abbey Church Heritage Organ Appeal\" was launched in July 2008 to replace the existing organ, which is deemed to have come to the end of its useful life. Its organists have included: In 2003 the church was attacked by a man wielding dual axes, resulting in an estimated £200,000 worth of repairs. Waltham Abbey Church The Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross and St Lawrence is the parish church of the town of Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. It has been a place of worship since the 7th century. The present building dates mainly from the early 12th", "Hill House, Saffron Walden listed in 1972 and is now divided into 17 flats. Hill House, Saffron Walden Hill House is a 19th-century building at 75 High Street, Saffron Walden, Essex, England. It is listed Grade II. In 1845, George Stacey Gibson (1818–1883) and his wife Elizabeth, the daughter of Samuel Tuke, bought Hill House and lived there until their death. Gibson was a British banker, botanist and philanthropist. Their only child, Mary Wyatt Gibson (1855–1934) lived at Hill House until her death. After her death, most of the grounds of Hill House were developed for housing, and the family name lives on in", "Hill House, Saffron Walden Hill House, Saffron Walden Hill House is a 19th-century building at 75 High Street, Saffron Walden, Essex, England. It is listed Grade II. In 1845, George Stacey Gibson (1818–1883) and his wife Elizabeth, the daughter of Samuel Tuke, bought Hill House and lived there until their death. Gibson was a British banker, botanist and philanthropist. Their only child, Mary Wyatt Gibson (1855–1934) lived at Hill House until her death. After her death, most of the grounds of Hill House were developed for housing, and the family name lives on in Gibson Gardens, Gibson Way and Gibson Close. The building was", "Waltham Abbey (parish) located nearby. The nearest stations are Chingford, half a mile south of the parish boundary; Loughton, one mile to the east; and Waltham Cross, half a mile to the west. Waltham Abbey (parish) Waltham Abbey is a civil parish in Epping Forest District in Essex, England. Located approximately north-northeast of central London and adjacent to the Greater London boundary, it is a partly urbanised parish with large sections of open land in the Metropolitan Green Belt. Waltham Abbey is a recent renaming of the ancient parish of Waltham Holy Cross. Aside from the town of Waltham Abbey, it includes the", "Little Walden Little Walden Little Walden is a small settlement in the Uttlesford district, in the English county of Essex. It lies about north of the market town of Saffron Walden and is from Cambridge. The church, St.John's The Crown Inn public house is situated on a bend in the B1052 road which runs through the village. Chesterford Research Park is to the north west. In Little Walden parish are the remains of a banked enclosure which may date from the Iron Age. A World War II airfield to the north, RAF Little Walden, closed in 1958. A bus service between Linton", "Waltham Abbey Church Waltham Abbey Church The Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross and St Lawrence is the parish church of the town of Waltham Abbey, Essex, England. It has been a place of worship since the 7th century. The present building dates mainly from the early 12th century and is an example of Norman architecture. To the east of the existing church are traces of an enormous eastward enlargement of the building, begun following the re-foundation of the abbey in 1177. In the Late Middle Ages, Waltham was one of the largest church buildings in England and a major site of pilgrimage;", "1901 Saffron Walden by-election in 1900 he had brought it down to just 110. He had continued working locally to try and eliminate it altogether and must have had high hopes of victory at the by-election. Saffron Walden had at this time a reputation as a town with strong Quaker influences and a prominent member of the Society of Friends, E B Gibson, was one of Gray’s nominators. Saffron Walden constituency at this time was a large rural entity, stretching across north Essex from Hertfordshire to Suffolk with the town itself the only real centre of population, the rest of the division being made", "Waltham Abbey (parish) local government again. The parish was initially known as Waltham Holy Cross, but by resolution of the new parish council it was renamed Waltham Abbey and the status of a town was adopted, with the parish council becoming Waltham Abbey Town Council. The Enfield Island Village area was transferred from the parish, to the unparished area of Enfield in Greater London in 1994. The parish ceased to be part of the Metropolitan Police District in 2000 and came within the area of Essex Police that year. The local council is Waltham Abbey Town Council. The town hall is located on", "Waltham Abbey (town) Waltham Abbey (town) Waltham Abbey is a suburban market town in the Epping Forest District of Essex, the metropolitan area of London, and the Greater London Urban Area. It has a population of about 21,149. Lying on the outskirts of North East London, it is located 15 miles from central London. It is on the Greenwich Meridian, between the River Lea in the west and Epping Forest in the east, situated north of the London Borough of Waltham Forest, north-east of the London Borough of Enfield, and east of Waltham Cross in the Borough of Broxbourne, Hertfordshire. It is one", "Great Waltham Great Waltham Great Waltham — also known as Church End — is a village and civil parish in the Chelmsford District, in the county of Essex. It is a few miles away from the city of Chelmsford. Great Waltham is on Walthambury Brook. The parish also consists of the village of Ford End, and five hamlets – Howe Street, Littley Green, North End, Broads Green, and Fanner's End. There were Roman settlements in the area. The Church of St Mary and St Lawrence is of Norman or earlier origin and is constructed of flint and stone. There is an Elizabethan", "Church End Mill, Great Dunmow sails with cloths long by wide. The windshaft carried an elm brake wheel diameter with 80 cogs, which drove an elm wallower diameter with 46 cogs, carried on an oak upright shaft long and square. The clasp arm elm great spur wheel was diameter, with 105 cogs. It drove two elm stone nuts of diameter, each having 28 cogs. References for above:- Church End Mill, Great Dunmow Church End Mill is a grade II listed Tower mill at Great Dunmow, Essex, England which has been converted to residential use. \"Church End Mill\" was built by William Redington, a miller from", "Atkinson Francis Gibson Bridge End Gardens on fields on the edge of Saffron Walden and covering an area of . Atkinson Francis Gibson Atkinson Francis Gibson (20 November 1763 – 22 January 1829) was a British banker. He was born in Saffron Walden, Essex, on 20 November 1763, the son of George Gibson and Elizabeth Robinson. He ran the Saffron Walden and North Essex Bank. On 1 October 1789 in Dunmow, Essex, he married Elizabeth Wyatt, the daughter of Jabez Wyatt of Saffron Walden. They had five children: He died on 22 January 1829 and was buried at the Friends' Burial Ground, Saffron", "Atkinson Francis Gibson Atkinson Francis Gibson Atkinson Francis Gibson (20 November 1763 – 22 January 1829) was a British banker. He was born in Saffron Walden, Essex, on 20 November 1763, the son of George Gibson and Elizabeth Robinson. He ran the Saffron Walden and North Essex Bank. On 1 October 1789 in Dunmow, Essex, he married Elizabeth Wyatt, the daughter of Jabez Wyatt of Saffron Walden. They had five children: He died on 22 January 1829 and was buried at the Friends' Burial Ground, Saffron Walden on 22 January 1829. From 1828, Gibson and his wife Elizabeth were responsible for laying out", "Church End Mill, Great Dunmow Church End Mill, Great Dunmow Church End Mill is a grade II listed Tower mill at Great Dunmow, Essex, England which has been converted to residential use. \"Church End Mill\" was built by William Redington, a miller from Harlow in 1822 for John Fuller. It incorporated second-hand machinery from a smock mill from an unknown location and the total cost of the mill was £564 10s 6d. In 1840, a new cast iron windshaft and Patent sails were fitted, but the windshaft snapped during a gale on 13 November, less than three months after it had been fitted. The sails", "Waltham Abbey Church politically sensitive figure to the Norman ruling class. In the 18th century, the historian David Hume wrote that Harold had been buried by the high altar in the Norman church and moved to the choir of the later Augustinian abbey. Visitors were shown a stone slab bearing the inscription \"\"Hic iacet Haroldus infelix\"\" (\"Here lies Harold the unfortunate\"), although it had been destroyed when that part of the abbey was demolished at the Dissolution. An earlier 18th century reference comes from Daniel Defoe's \"A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain.\" In his description of Essex, Defoe mentions Waltham", "Walden Abbey Foundation of Walden\" claimed that Countess Rohese turned him against Walden. On his death in 1189, the monastery was again left without a clear patron for a number of years. The earldom of Essex eventually passed to the husband of a distant cousin of earl William, Geoffrey fitz Peter, along with the patronage of Walden and the Mandeville lands and titles. The monks quarreled with him, however. The abbey eventually came under the patronage of the Duchy of Lancaster in the later Middle Ages, and thus passed to the crown in 1399. After the dissolution of Walden during the reign" ]

[ "Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) Borough of Saffron Walden, the Urban District of Halstead, the Rural Districts of Dunmow, Halstead, and Saffron Walden, and in the Rural District of Braintree the civil parishes of Bardfield Saling and Great Bardfield. 1974-1983: The Municipal Borough of Saffron Walden, the Urban District of Halstead, and the Rural Districts of Dunmow, Halstead, and Saffron Walden. 1983-1997: The District of Uttlesford, and the District of Braintree wards of Bumpstead, Castle Hedingham, Colne Engaine and Greenstead Green, Earls Colne, Gosfield, Halstead St Andrews, Halstead Trinity, Sible Hedingham, Stour Valley Central, Stour Valley North, Stour Valley South, Upper Colne, and Yeldham. 1997-2010:", "Saffron Walden 1906 from a 16th-century barn, it was restored in 2004-5. With a long history of non-conformism, Saffron Walden has a Baptist church and a Quaker meeting house. There is a United Reformed Church on Abbey Lane, a Methodist church on Castle Street now occupied as the Community Church by the independent former Gold Street Chapel which was located in Gold Street. The town is administered by Saffron Walden Town Council which has 16 members. The majority party is Residents for Uttlesford (R4U), formed by local residents' groups. The main opposition is the Conservative Party. The Liberal Democrats and Labour are", "Saffron Walden Bawden, who lived in the town during the 1970s and 1980s, and Eric Ravilious. Saffron Hall, which is attached to Saffron Walden County High School, opened in 2013. The 730-seater venue came about as a result of a £10 million donation by an anonymous music loving donor. In 2014, former head of music at the Barbican Centre Angela Dixon became its director. The Anglo American playing fields, located close to Bridge End Gardens on Caton Lane, are home to the town's cricket club and were donated to Saffron Walden by the US Forces after the war. Prior to that, Saffron", "Saffron Walden Railway day, while between 1877 and 1894 trains operated between Saffron Walden and London. Coaches dating from the 1890s operated on the line until the 1950s. From July 1958 the line was operated by railbuses until closure. The line closed to passengers on 7 September 1964 and to freight three months later. At Audley End services served a separate platform, of which the building still remains in the current car park (). Saffron Walden Railway The Saffron Walden Railway was a branch of the Great Eastern Railway between Audley End and Bartlow on the Stour Valley Railway between Shelford to Haverhill,", "Saffron Walden Walden Cricket Club played on the town's common – with a history of cricket matches recorded back to 1757. A monument at the site commemorates the American airmen and people of Saffron Walden who died in the Second World War. Saffron Walden has a non-league football club Saffron Walden Town F.C., which also plays at Catons Lane. There is also a Rugby Club playing in the London Leagues Saffron Walden rfc and a long-distance running and triathlon team. Lord Butler Leisure Centre is located on Peaslands Road and includes a pool, gym and sports injury clinic. The Tour de France", "Saffron Walden years Dame Bradbury paid the salary of the schoolmaster herself until the school was endowed in 1535. Friends' School, renamed Walden School, was a co-educational Quaker independent school with roots dating back to 1702. Its final building, in Mount Pleasant Road, opened in 1879. On 11 May 2017 it was announced that Walden School would close at the end of the 2016–17 school year. Its final day was 7 July 2017. Saffron Walden College, a teachers' training college for women, closed in 1977. Saffron Walden is served by Audley End railway station, which is located outside the town in the", "Saffron Walden Railway Saffron Walden Railway The Saffron Walden Railway was a branch of the Great Eastern Railway between Audley End and Bartlow on the Stour Valley Railway between Shelford to Haverhill, a distance of . The line was opened between Audley End and Saffron Walden on 21 November 1865 and to Bartlow in 1866. The line was the initiative of the local Gibson family whose bank helped to finance the railway. It remained independent until 1 January 1877 when the Great Eastern Railway purchased the line. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is AEB. Initially there were six return trains a", "Have with You to Saffron-Walden written some time earlier. Have with You to Saffron-Walden \"Have With You To Saffron-Walden, Or, Gabriell Harveys hunt is up\" is the title of a pamphlet written by Thomas Nashe and published in London in late 1596 by John Danter. The work is Nashe's final shot in his four-year literary feud with Dr. Gabriel Harvey. It consists of title-page, epistle dedicatory, an address to \"all Christian Readers\", and a lengthy dialogue between five characters. The title page makes it clear to the reader that the purpose of the pamphlet is to attack Gabriel Harvey, whose previous 1593 pamphlet vilifying Nashe", "Have with You to Saffron-Walden Have with You to Saffron-Walden \"Have With You To Saffron-Walden, Or, Gabriell Harveys hunt is up\" is the title of a pamphlet written by Thomas Nashe and published in London in late 1596 by John Danter. The work is Nashe's final shot in his four-year literary feud with Dr. Gabriel Harvey. It consists of title-page, epistle dedicatory, an address to \"all Christian Readers\", and a lengthy dialogue between five characters. The title page makes it clear to the reader that the purpose of the pamphlet is to attack Gabriel Harvey, whose previous 1593 pamphlet vilifying Nashe had until then gone", "Saffron Walden their religion. Saffron Walden County High School is a large co-educational academy with over 2000 pupils. Located to the west of the town centre, it was rated outstanding in its most recent Ofsted report in 2012. The school replaced Saffron Walden Grammar School, which was established in 1521 by the town's Holy Trinity Guild and Dame Joan Bradbury, a local benefactor. Dame Bradbury also founded Dame Bradbury's School on Ashdon Road. There has been a school on this site since 1317 but it was in 1521 that Dame Bradbury made this school available for local people. For the first four", "Saffron Walden a number of others had departed for the Massachusetts Bay Colony as part of the Great Migration. Saffron Walden was at the centre of the Eastern Association during the English Civil War. While the town was the headquarters of the New Model Army, Lieutenant-General of Horse, Oliver Cromwell paid a 19-day visit in May 1647, taking part in debates to seek a settlement between Parliament and the army. He is thought to have stayed at the \"Sun Inn\". By the end of the 18th century saffron was no longer in demand and the industry was replaced by malt and barley.", "The Hundred Parishes Saffron Walden and Thaxted hosts annual festivals of classical music and Morris dancing. Albury, Anstey, Arkesden, Ashdon, Aspenden, Aythorpe Roding, Bardfield Saling, Barkway, Barley, Barnston, Bartlow, Berden, Birchanger, Braughing, Brent Pelham & Meesden, Broxted, Buntingford, Castle Camps, Chickney, Chrishall, Clavering, Debden, Duxford, Eastwick & Gilston, Elmdon & Wenden Lofts, Elsenham, Farnham, Felsted, Finchingfield, Flitch Green, Furneux Pelham, Great & Little Chishill, Great Amwell, Great Bardfield, Great Canfield, Great Chesterford, Great Dunmow, Great Easton & Tilty, Great Hallingbury, Great Saling, Great Waltham, Hadstock, Hatfield Broad Oak, Hatfield Heath, Helions Bumpstead, Hempstead, Henham, Heydon, High Easter, High Roding, High Wych, Hildersham, Hinxton,", "Saffron Walden (horse) Rossenarra Stud in County Kilkenny where he has marketed as a National Hunt sire. The best of his offspring has been Moon Racer whose wins have included the Champion Bumper and Sharp Novices' Hurdle. Saffron Walden (horse) Saffron Walden (foaled 5 March 1996) was a French-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Bred by Stavros Niarchos he fetched IR£1,200,000 as a yearling and showed considerable promise on his only run as a two-year-old when he finished second in the Killavullan Stakes. In the spring of 1999 he emerged as a top-class miler, winning the 2000 Guineas Trial Stakes before recording an", "Saffron Walden open to the public. During the summer months, picnic concerts and a last night in the style of the BBC Proms have been held in the grounds. Audley End Miniature Railway – originally built by Lord Braybrooke – is a gauge railway ride through woodland adjoining Audley End House. The track is long and opened in 1964. Saffron Walden Museum, which was established in 1835 by Saffron Walden Natural History Society, is close to the town castle. The museum had many benefactors from local families, including the Gibsons, Frys and Tukes. The first professional curator Guy Nathan Mayard, was appointed", "Saffron Walden also represented. As of 2015, the mayor is Heather Asker of Residents for Uttlesford and the Acting Town Clerk is Malcolm White. The town is divided into three wards: Audley – named after Audley End House – represents the western area of Saffron Walden including Audley End; Castle takes its name from Saffron Walden Castle and includes Little Walden and the large rural area north of the town; Shire (formerly Plantation) represents the southern area of the town. The town's MP, for its eponymous Westminster constituency, was Sir Alan Haselhurst from a by-election in 1977 until his retirement at the", "Saffron Walden County High School Guide ranked the school as the best non-selective state school in East Anglia. In November 2013, the school opened a new \"world-class\" concert hall dubbed Saffron Hall. The £10m auditorium was funded by the Yellow Car Charitable Trust and replaced the previous main school hall. Saffron Hall won the Project of the Year award at the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors East of England Awards 2014. The only cinema in Saffron Walden has operated within the school since 2006. It is a not-for-profit cinema run by volunteer projectionists using both digital projectors and 35mm film. Both Saffron Screen and Saffron", "Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line The Bishop's Stortford–Braintree branch line was an line connecting the towns of Bishop's Stortford, Dunmow and Braintree. The Engineer's Line Reference for the line is BSB. The line was originally one of several schemes promoted in the 19th century, which included north-south routes connecting Great Dunmow with Epping, Halstead and/or Saffron Walden. The route of the built line was proposed by the Eastern Counties Railway in 1859, the line from Bishop's Stortford, Dunmow and Braintree was eventually built by Great Eastern Railway who had since absorbed ECR. Construction started in 1864 and the route opened on", "Saffron Walden by the Youth Hostel Association from 1947 to 2010. It is now used for functions. \"Pevsner\" described it as: \"without doubt, the best medieval house of Saffron Walden\". Other notable early buildings are in Bridge Street, Castle Street and the side streets off the High Street. The High Street contains some late-Georgian and Victorian buildings. Bridge End Gardens, seven interlinked gardens – including a maze, rose garden and walled garden – was originally laid out by the Gibson family. They have been restored with help from the Heritage Lottery Fund and volunteers. St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden is the", "Saffron Walden of housing estates in the 1970s and 1980s. Saffron Walden's unofficial coat of arms showed the saffron crocus within the walls of the castle in the form of an heraldic pun – as in, \"Saffron walled-in\". In 1961, a formal coat of arms was granted by the College of Arms and this was adapted in 1974 into its current form. The town has three ceremonial maces. The large mace was given to Saffron Walden by James II in 1685 and provides an early recording of the unofficial coat of arms. Made of silver gilt, it is approximately long. Two smaller", "RAF Great Dunmow containing 50 loop-type hardstands. Great Dunmow airfield was opened on 1 July 1943 and was used by the United States Army Air Forces Eighth and Ninth Air Forces. It was known as USAAF Station AAF-164 for security reasons by the USAAF during the war, and by which it was referred to instead of location. It's USAAF Station Code was \"GD\". USAAF Station Units assigned to RAF Great Dunmow were: Regular Army Station Units included: The first unit to use Great Dunmow was the American 386th Bombardment Group (Medium) which arrived from RAF Boxted on 24 September 1943. The group was", "Saffron Walden (horse) badly in the straight, finishing tailed off last of the nine runners behind Royal Anthem. Saffron Walden was off the course for eleven months before returning for his first and only appearance as a four-year-old in the Minstrel Stakes over one mile at the Curragh on 16 July 2000. Ridden by Seamie Heffernan he finished third of the six runners behind the tree-year-old colt Shibi. At the end of his racing career Saffron Walden was sold for an undisclosed sum and exported to become a breeding stallion in Japan. He returned to Ireland in 2005 and was based at the", "Saffron Walden (horse) Saffron Walden (horse) Saffron Walden (foaled 5 March 1996) was a French-bred, Irish-trained Thoroughbred racehorse and sire. Bred by Stavros Niarchos he fetched IR£1,200,000 as a yearling and showed considerable promise on his only run as a two-year-old when he finished second in the Killavullan Stakes. In the spring of 1999 he emerged as a top-class miler, winning the 2000 Guineas Trial Stakes before recording an emphatic victory in the Irish 2000 Guineas. He was fancied for The Derby but finished seventh and was disappointing in his two subsequent races. After being retired from racing he stood as a breeding", "Waltham Abbey (town) of the possible resting places, along with Bosham, of King Harold Godwinson, who died in the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Waltham Abbey takes its name from its former abbey, now the Abbey Church of Waltham Holy Cross, a scheduled ancient monument that was prominent in the town's early history. The town is within the large civil parish of Waltham Abbey which was known as Waltham Holy Cross until 1974. The parish has a town council and is twinned with the German town of Hörstel. The name Waltham derives from \"weald\" or \"wald\" \"forest\" and \"ham\" \"homestead\" or \"enclosure\". The", "Great Dunmow wished themselves unwed. If successful the couple are paraded along the High Street and receive a flitch of bacon. The last flitch trials were held in the town in the summer of 2016, with the next scheduled for 2020. The custom is ancient, and is mentioned in the Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale in Chaucer's \"The Canterbury Tales\". It acts as a major plot point in \"Made in Heaven\" (1952 film). Great Dunmow is twinned with the following town: The Hundred Parishes Great Dunmow Great Dunmow is a historic market town and civil parish in the Uttlesford district of", "Saffron Walden Birmingham New Street via and also stops at Audley End. Saffron Walden is accessed from junction 8 of the M11 travelling from London (a distance of about ) and from junction 10 travelling from the Cambridge direction (). Stansted Airport is some from the town, while Luton Airport is away. Regular bus services connect the town with Cambridge, Bishop's Stortford, Haverhill and Stansted Airport. Audley End Airfield, a private grass runway, is located about outside of the town. Audley End House – once one of the largest mansions in England – is now in the care of English Heritage and", "Great Dunmow 1590. Both Roman settlements were reoccupied during the Saxon period, at Great Dunmow in the seventh century and at Church End in the later Saxon period. The earliest medieval settlement appears to have been a continuation of the late Saxon settlement at Church End, where the parish church is located. The granting of a market charter may mark the time of the movement of the main focus of settlement from Church End to the High Street and market-place. The medieval and post-medieval development of Great Dunmow is reflected both in the surviving built heritage, which includes 167 Listed Buildings and", "1901 Saffron Walden by-election work in favour of the Liberals, particularly the concerns about the impact of the sugar tax on those with low wages in the countryside. It is possible that, as is usual in politics, the electorate may have been beginning to turn against the government, which had by this time been in office for six years. However other by-election results around this time in agricultural seats were not as propitious for the Liberals and saw an increase in the Unionist vote. 1901 Saffron Walden by-election The Saffron Walden by-election, 1901 was a by-election held on 31 May 1901 for the British", "Saffron Walden More than 40 maltings stood in the town by the end of the century. The trade was less lucrative than saffron, but the town continued to grow through the 19th century, and had a cattle market, corn exchange and other civic buildings. During this time Quakers became active. The influential Gibsons – one of the founding families of Barclays Bank – aided the construction of several public buildings that remain today, such as the museum and town hall. In the 1900s the Saffron Walden branch railway line from Audley End station, on the mainline from London to Cambridge, was extended", "Great Dunmow of Great Dunmow. The town's history is explained in the Maltings Museum on Mill Lane. A Roman small town developed on the junction between Stane Street and the Roman roads which ran north-east to south-west from Sudbury to London and north-west to southeast from Cambridge to Chelmsford. The main settlement area spread westwards from the road junction, with cemeteries on the outskirts. There was a second Roman settlement at Church End immediately to the north of present-day Great Dunmow. The site likely included a rural Roman Temple. Between the occupation by the Romans and the time of the Saxons, the", "St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden John Wastell the master mason who was building King's College Chapel in the nearby city of Cambridge. In 1769 the church was damaged by lightning. The repairs, carried out in the 1790s removed many medieval features but saved the building which was in a dilapidated state. The spire was added in 1832 to replace an older \"lantern\" tower to a design of Thomas Rickman and Henry Hutchinson. Thomas Cornell, progenitor of the American family bearing his name, was baptized in the church around 1592. St Mary the Virgin, Saffron Walden St Mary the Virgin is the parish church of Saffron", "Great Dunmow the below-ground archaeology. Great Dunmow was located on the GHQ Line, a series of defences and concrete Pillboxes built to hinder an anticipated German invasion. Many of these still remain and are clearly visible along the Chelmer Valley, one being located on the west bank of the River Chelmer in meadows behind the Dourdan Pavilion and recreation ground. Easton Lodge became RAF Great Dunmow in World War II and for a time was home to squadrons from the USAAF and the RAF. The site of the former air field is now owned by Land Securities who hope to build a", "Great Dunmow development including around 9,000 homes alongside significant supporting community, commercial and retail infrastructure, intending to call it Easton Park. The crews of two aircraft based at RAF Great Dunmow were killed in aircraft crashes very close to the town on 20 March and 21 November 1945. A recently declassified military nuclear bunker on the outskirts of the town was sold for a reported £22,000 and is now used as a secure data centre for nuclear weapons research. Great Dunmow is from Braintree railway station (63 minutes to London Liverpool Street) to the east and from Bishop's Stortford railway station (45", "Saffron Walden (horse) O'Brien commented \"He's a lovely horse and I think the Derby is next. We were worried about his stamina, being a half-brother to a very fast horse, and today was a bit of a test\" while Pesler said Peslier \"He was only getting going at the end, if there had been further to run, he would have won further.\" On 5 June Saffron Walden started the 8/1 fifth choice in the betting for the 1999 Epsom Derby over one and a half miles at Epsom Racecourse. After being restrained at the rear of the field by Kinane he made some", "Waltham Abbey Church was a frequent visitor and is said to have had a house or lodge at Romeland, adjacent to the abbey. During their summer progress of 1532, Henry and Queen Anne Boleyn stayed at Waltham Abbey for five days. Waltham was the last abbey in England to be dissolved. On 23 March 1540, the last abbot, Robert Fuller, surrendered the abbey and its estates to Henry's commissioners, the annual income from which was valued at £1,079 pounds, 12 shillings and one penny. In return, the abbot received a generous pension in the form of estates with an annual income of £200;", "Waltham Abbey (town) name of the ancient parish was Waltham Holy Cross, but the use of the name Waltham Abbey for the town seems to have originated in the 16th century, although there has often been inconsistency in the use of the two names. Indeed, the former urban district was named Waltham Holy Cross, rather than Waltham Abbey. There are traces of prehistoric and Roman settlement in the town. Ermine Street lies only 5 km west and the causeway across the River Lea from Waltham Cross in Hertfordshire may be a Roman construction. A local legend claims that Boudica's rebellion against the Romans", "Have with You to Saffron-Walden unanswered. Saffron Walden was Harvey's birthplace and he seems to have withdrawn there to live sometime in 1593. The epistle dedicatory is to Richard Lichfield, a barber-surgeon of Cambridge noted for his ability to make humorous, mock-academic orations. Nashe, who clearly knows something of Lichfield but may not have known him personally, at first addresses him in hyperbolic terms of exaggerated respect. The language chosen for the dedication is probably in imitation of a verbose and comically pedantic style sometimes used by Lichfield, and certain other barber-surgeons at Cambridge, for entertainment. Throughout the epistle Nashe seems to be appealing to", "Waltham Abbey (town) use and nature conservation. The Epping Forest Conservation Centre in High Beach provides information, maps, books, cards, displays and advice for visitors to the area. Waltham Abbey has one senior non-League football club, Waltham Abbey F.C. which plays at Capershotts. The Anglican abbey church is dedicated to St Lawrence. The town has long had a Catholic church. For some decades this was in a former Methodist chapel, an irregularly shaped Edwardian building of stone-dressed red brick with a roof of Welsh slate tiles in free late gothic style with a belfry. In 2008 the congregation moved to a more modern", "Flitch of bacon custom Bull\" on 8 October 1837 reported that it had been revived by the Saffron Walden and Dunmow Agricultural Society. Apparently however, this flitch was merely distributed at the annual society dinner. In 1851 a couple from Felstead were also refused a trial at the Priory, but obtained a flitch from the people of nearby Great Dunmow who felt that they deserved it. The flitch trials were revived in the Victorian era after the publication of Ainsworth's novel in 1854 which proved to be tremendously popular. Ainsworth aided the reinstitution by himself donating two flitches for the first of the revived", "Saffron Walden market place. This was demolished in 1847 to make way for a corn exchange. In the 16th–17th centuries the saffron crocus (\"Crocus sativus\") was widely grown, thanks to the town's favourable soil and climate. The flower was valuable, as the extract from the stigmas was used in medicines, as a condiment, in perfume, as an aphrodisiac, and as an expensive yellow dye. The industry gave Walden its name. The town and surrounding area, like much of East Anglia, was strongly Puritan during the 17th century. The population was influenced by the missionary John Eliot. By 1640, Samuel Bass's family and", "Saffron Walden households, 8.4 per cent co-habiting couples, and 7.9 per cent single parents with children. Of those aged 16–74, 22.3 per cent had no academic qualifications, close to the average for Uttlesford (22.0 per cent) and below that for the whole of England (28.9 per cent). In the 2001 UK census, 73.0 per cent of Saffron Walden residents declared themselves Christian, 0.6 per cent Muslim, 0.4 per cent Buddhist, 0.2 per cent Jewish, and 0.1 per cent Hindu. The census recorded 17.6 per cent as having no religion, 0.4 per cent with an alternative religion, and 7.8 per cent not stating", "Saffron Walden (horse) progress on the outside in the straight but never looked likely to win and finished seventh of the sixteen runners, six and a quarter lengths behind the winner Oath. Saffron Walden was then dropped in class and distance for the Group Three Meld Stakes over ten furlongs at the Curragh on 23 July in which he started 4/5 favourite but was beaten four lengths into second place by the four-year-old Make No Mistake. In August he was sent to England for the second time for the International Stakes at York Racecourse. He pulled hard in the early stages and faded", "Saffron Walden 2017 general election. Sir Alan was Chairman of Ways and Means and Deputy Speaker from 1997 to 2010. It has been considered a safe seat for the Conservative Party since 1922. According to the Office for National Statistics, at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001, Saffron Walden had a population of 14,313. The 2001 population density was , with a 100 to 94.5 female-to-male ratio. Of those over 16 years old, 45.0% were married, 27.4% were single (never married), and 8.2% divorced. The parish's 6,013 households included 38.5 per cent married couples living together, 31.5 per cent one-person", "Great Dunmow town acquired its name – in AD951 it was named Dunemowe, and later Dommawe. In the Domesday Book, Dunmow had seven manors, some of which still exist, in name at least – including Bigods, Newton Hall (seat of the Henniker baronets), Merks Hall, Minchins and Shingle Hall. The earliest record of a church in the town is in 1045, and in 1197 Geoffrey de Dunmow was rector. In medieval times, Dunmow was a thriving commercial centre, with market charters granted in 1253 and two fairs held annually until the 19th century. Dunmow's Corporation was granted in 1555 and confirmed in", "Waltham Cross certain Nicholas who had more than one toponymic surname. The town has a modest commercial centre, similar to many small towns of its type and is immediately north of the M25 motorway and the London Borough of Enfield. Waltham Cross takes up a southeastern corner of its county. The Waltham Cross post town stretches to the neighbouring town of Cheshunt and a small part of Enfield. The town falls within Hertfordshire's Borough of Broxbourne, the metropolitan area of London, and the Greater London Urban Area, with Waltham Abbey to the east, Cheshunt to the north, and Enfield to the south.", "Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) the 2011 census across the Uttlesford district. Since the snap election in 2017, this safe Conservative seat has been represented by Kemi Badenoch. It was held for many years by former Chancellor of the Exchequer Rab Butler and by former Deputy Speaker of the House of Commons Sir Alan Haselhurst. General Election 1939/40: Another General Election was required to take place before the end of 1940. The political parties had been making preparations for an election to take place from 1939 and by the end of this year, the following candidates had been selected; Saffron Walden (UK Parliament constituency) Saffron", "Waltham Abbey (parish) homes and farms by two woods, Deerpark Wood and Stockings Grove, to the north east of the town centre. Its bounds are the eastern slopes of Galley Hill. The western side of this hilltop is wooded. It is directly south of Epping Long Green, a tall ridge topped by the Stort Valley Way footpath between the towns of Epping and Harlow. Fishers Green is a locality north of the town of Waltham Abbey on the B194 road on the section known as the Crooked Mile. Holyfield Lake is home to the Fishers Green Sailing Club, offering a beautiful setting with", "Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills site grew in size, and gunpowder became less important. Shortly after World War II it became solely a Defence Research Establishment – firstly the Explosives Research and Development Establishment, then the Propellants, Explosives and Rocket Motor Establishment Waltham Abbey; and finally the Royal Armament Research and Development Establishment Waltham Abbey. Its superior production methods and high quality results earned it a reputation on an international level . The story of gunpowder production at Waltham Abbey begins with a fulling mill for cloth production; originally set up by the monks of the Abbey on the Millhead Stream, an engineered water course", "Waltham Abbey (town) were two guilds in the parish, each with an endowment for a priest: the Brotherhood of Our Lady, and the Charnel Guild, whose priest was also the parish curate. The former, which existed from at least 1375, occupied the Lady Chapel in the parochial part of the church. The Charnel Guild, which occurs as 'the Sepulchre' in 1366, probably used its crypt. The town's dependence on the Abbey is signalled by its decline after the Abbey was dissolved and partially demolished in 1540, the last working abbey or monastery to be dissolved. Waltham Abbey vicarage is a 17th-century timber framed", "Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills I there was another period of quiet before anxieties about the future surfaced again. It was decided that production at Waltham Abbey would be gradually transferred to the west of the country, more distant and thus safer from air attack from Europe. However, in the meantime, production continued and crucial development work was carried out on TNT production and on the new explosive RDX. During World War II, Waltham Abbey remained an important cordite production unit and for the first two years of the war was the sole producer of RDX. RDX is one component of torpex, the explosive that", "Saffron Walden (horse) stallion in Japan and Ireland with limited success as a sire of winners. Saffron Walden was a bay horse with a small white star and a white coronet on his right hind foot bred in France by Stavros Niarchos. Niarchos died a month after the colt was foaled and the horse then entered the ownership of the Niarchos family. In October 1997 the yearling was offered for sale at Goffs and was bought for IR£1,200,000 by the Dermot \"Demi\" OByrne on behalf of John Magnier's Coolmore organisation. During his racecourse career he was owned by Susan Magnier and trained by", "Saffron Walden (horse) the straight in third place an produced a strong finish to catch Mus-If in the final strides and won by a head. Aidan O'Brien said \"Michael was very happy with the horse today. He was educating him and didn't want to get to the bottom of him.\" On 22 May he was one of ten colts to contest the Irish 2000 Guineas at the Curragh and with Mick Kinane opting to partner the O'Brien stable's more fancied runner Orpen (winner of the Prix Morny), the ride on Saffron Walden went to the French jockey Olivier Peslier. Island Sands and Enrique", "Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills and wildlife. Waltham Abbey Royal Gunpowder Mills The Royal Gunpowder Mills, Waltham Abbey, an \"Anchor Point\" of the European Route of Industrial Heritage, (ERIH), set in of parkland and containing 21 buildings of major historical importance, mixes history, science, and attractive surroundings. It was one of three Royal Gunpowder Mills in the United Kingdom (the other mills were at Ballincollig and Faversham) but is the only site to have survived virtually intact. The Royal Gunpowder Mills, Waltham Abbey, were in operation for over 300 years; however, from the mid-1850s onwards the site was involved in developing new nitro-based explosives and" ]

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[ "Military men practice their rounds." ]

[ "Military men are planting a garden.", "They never really like to get in and fertilize things, because everyone is completely sure that it is illegal.", "Some kids are playing.", "An older man is taking a shower.", "Moore followed California's Unfair Business Practices and False Advertising Laws.", "\"He said something suggestive about you yesterday.\" he said through a smile.", "DOD programs release updates yearly rather than waiting to release huge developments all at once." ]

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[ "ゲーム機（ゲームき）とは、ビデオゲーム（コンピュータゲーム）を動作させるための装置の総称。「ゲーム機」という言葉自体はゲーム用のハードウェア全般を指すため、家庭用ゲーム機やアーケードゲーム機、任天堂のゲーム&amp;ウオッチやたまごっちなどの電子ゲーム、ビデオゲームをプレイするために使われている状態のPC（パーソナルコンピュータ）など、全てがゲーム機である。一方でビデオゲームに包含される言葉として「コンシューマーゲーム」があり、アーケードゲームに対して家庭用ゲーム機を「コンシューマーゲーム機」とも呼ぶ。\n日本において、ゲーム機は「家庭用ゲーム機」を指すことが多いことから、本記事では家庭用ゲーム機を中心に記載し、その他のゲーム機に関しては概略に留め、詳細は各記事を参照されたい。\n種類.\n家庭用ゲーム機との比較のために、広義のゲーム機に関する概略も以下に述べる。\nその後、2004年に発売されたPSPはゲームだけに留まらない多機能さにより、「ゲーム機という線引きが曖昧になっている（\"ゲーム機\"が消える）」と指摘され、2000年代後半からはスマートフォンが普及し始めたことで、スマートフォン内にゲームアプリをダウンロード・インストールすることで、一種の携帯型の高性能ゲーム機としても使うことが広く一般化している。\n分類.\n種類ごとに分類されるゲーム機はさらに下位に分類できる。分類方法はさまざまであるが、たとえば以下のように分類する方法がある。\n家庭用ゲーム機の下位分類としては、以下のような大分類をされることがある。\n家庭用ゲーム機は、時代とともにそのアーキテクチャや性能の水準が変化してきており、複数のメーカーによって開発・製造されているにもかかわらず、大まかに言うと時代ごとにある種の類似性でまとめることができるので、第一世代、第二世代...などと、世代（generation）で分類するということが広く行われている。据置型で顕著であるが、携帯型についても同様の分類がされることがある。\nアーケードゲーム機は、下位分類としては、以下のように大分類されることがある。\nビデオゲーム用のアーケード機は筺体のタイプで以下のように大分類されることがある。\nまた、汎用筺体と専用筺体に分類されることもある。汎用筺体（汎用タイプ）というのは、ソフトウェアやボード類を入れ替えてさまざまなゲームを走らせることができる業務用ゲーム機のことである。それに対して専用筺体（専用タイプ）というのは、ある特定のゲームにしか使えないようなゲーム機であり、たとえば特定のカー・レースゲームに特化して、ハンドル・座席・画面・画面まわりの装飾などを作りこんであって、他のゲームには転用できないようなゲーム機、そのゲームの需要が無くなったら、分解・廃棄処分せざるを得ないようなゲーム機のことである。\nゲーム機として用いられている状態のパーソナルコンピュータは以下のように分類することも可能である。\n世代分けによる分類.\nゲームハードの世代分けについては、英語版ウィキペディアにおける「」にだいたい相当するもの、すなわち、「コンシューマーゲーム機」「家庭用ゲーム機」「ゲーム専用機」等と呼ばれているものに関しての話題を主として扱う。\nマイナーなものまで含めれば多種多様のさまざまな形態があるものの、この項ではひとまず各機種を据置機（いわゆるテレビゲーム機）と、携帯型ゲーム機の2つに分類している。\n世代については、英語版ウィキペディアが「First generation」から「Eighth generation」まで分類しているためそれに沿っているが、おそらく独自研究であり、ここで見られる世代分けは日本のゲーム研究等ではあまり見られず、また英語による資料においても異同が見られる。\n家庭用ゲームコンソール.\nここでは家庭用ゲームコンソール、つまり家庭で使われるゲームコンソールについて解説する。これが一般に「家庭用ゲーム機」と呼ばれている。ただし、ゲーミングPCは対象外とした。\n第1世代.\n1970年代前半 - 中盤を、この記事では「第1世代」とする。\n1972年に史上初の家庭用ゲーム機とされる『オデッセイ』がリリースされた。オデッセイはCPUではなく、アナログ回路で電子ゲーム機能を実現していた。オデッセイを参考にして製作したビデオゲーム『ポン』をアーケードで大ヒットさせたアタリが、テレビに接続するだけで家庭でもポンが楽しめる『ホーム・ポン』を1975年にリリースし、大ヒットとなった。これによって家庭用ゲーム機という存在が広く知られ、「ポンクローン」と呼ばれるポンのコピーゲーム・亜流ゲームが、大手から中小までおびただしい数の玩具メーカーからリリースされた。日本ではオデッセイを発売したマグナボックスと提携したエポック社と任天堂からゲーム機が発売されたが、これらもポンクローンと呼ばれている。アタリが1976年に発売した『ブレイクアウト』（ブロック崩し）なども多くのクローン機が出回った。これらのゲーム機が最初期に現れたゲーム機、すなわちゲーム第1世代と呼ばれる。この時代はソフトがハードに組み込まれていて、後からソフトを買い足すことはできなかったが、スイッチで複数のゲームを切り替えることができるもの、切り替えカードを追加購入することでオプションのゲームをプレイできるものもあった。\n第2世代.\n1970年代後半 - 1980年代前半を、この記事では「第2世代」とする。\n1976年、フェアチャイルドがチャンネルFを発売した。チャンネルFはROMカートリッジを差し込むことで様々な種類のゲームを楽しむことができる最初の家庭用ゲーム機であった。マグナボックスも1978年に同様のシステムを採用したゲーム機Odyssey²を発売した。アタリも1977年にAtari 2600（VCS）を発売した。『スペースインベーダー』などの人気アーケードゲームのコンシューマ移植をキラータイトルとし、1980年頃にはアメリカにおいて爆発的な人気を博した。さらに、1979年にアタリからアクティビジョンが独立してゲーム史上初のサードパーティーとなって以後、続々と誕生するサードパーティーのソフトを積極的に受け入れるビジネスモデルを確立した。北アメリカでは他にインテレビジョンやコレコビジョンも人気となり、ヨーロッパではドイツのインタートンによるVC 4000なども人気を博した。しかし1982年のクリスマス商戦で決定的な市場崩壊（いわゆるアタリショック）を起こした。Atari 2600のみならずアメリカのゲーム機市場（パソコンゲーム市場は含まない）そのものが一時壊滅状態に追い込まれた。日本や南アメリカなどの地域におけるゲーム機の本格的な普及は、次のファミコン時代以後になる。\n第3世代.\n1980年代前半 - 中盤を、この記事では「第3世代」とする。\nアタリショック後、北アメリカとヨーロッパではゲーム機能に加えてプログラミング機能をそなえたゲームパソコンが勢力を増し、多くのゲームメーカーがゲームリリースを家庭用機からパソコン主力に移した。ゲームパソコンとして北アメリカではコモドール64が、ヨーロッパではZX Spectrumが成功を収めた。日本でも同様の機種（ぴゅう太、M5、SC-3000、MSXなど）が登場したが、最終的にはゲーム機能に特化し、第1・第2世代より優れたゲーム性能を実現した機種が成功を収めた。特に1983年に発売された任天堂のファミリーコンピュータ（以下ファミコン）は日本における家庭用ゲーム機の本格的普及を担い、1985年にはアメリカで海外版ファミコンであるNintendo Entertainment System（NES）が発売され成功を収めた。RPGや対戦型格闘ゲーム、2Dアクションゲームなどの今日に繋がるゲームシステムの原型もこの時期に出来上がった。これまではAtari 2600に由来するATARI仕様と呼ばれるジョイスティック型のコントローラーが一般的であったが、ファミコンのパッド型コントローラー（ゲームパッド）はコンパクトだが汎用性に優れ、以後のほとんど全てのゲーム機における入力機器の基礎となった。\n第4世代.\n1980年代後半 - 1990年代前半を、この記事では「第4世代」とする。\n従来機種より高度なスプライト機能を搭載し、2Dグラフィックスの表現力が向上した。ステレオサウンドが標準になり、ゲームの複雑化・高度化も進み、対応するコントローラーも多ボタン化が進んだ。他方、複雑で表現力豊かなゲームをROMカートリッジに詰め込むのには、容量不足による限界が見え始めてきた。ゲームソフトの大容量化によりROMの製造コストも高騰し、9,800円以上のソフトが続出した。このような情勢から、従来のROMカートリッジに代わり世界初のCD-ROMをゲーム媒体に使用したCD-ROM2が現れ、対応タイトルは、大容量を活かしたものとなっており、後の光ディスクによるソフト供給の基礎となった。\n主なハードは、PCエンジン・メガドライブ・スーパーファミコンの3機種である。スーパーファミコンは他の2種よりも大幅に発売が遅れたが、日本ではファミリーコンピュータからの圧倒的シェアを受け継いで移行することに成功した。一方の北アメリカ市場では任天堂のSNES（日本国外版スーパーファミコン）とセガのGENESIS（同メガドライブ）が市場競争を展開し、GENESISがシェア55%の2000万台を売り上げ一定の成功を収めた。\nアーケード市場において対戦型格闘ゲームなどで絶大な人気を得ていたSNKが、アーケードのシステムをそのまま家庭用機に流用したNEOGEOでゲーム機市場に参入した。家庭用ゲーム機の高性能化によりアーケードゲームやパソコンゲームとの性能差は縮まった。海外市場ではホビーパソコンのAtari STとAmigaがリリースされ、ゲームパソコンとして拮抗した人気を得た。日本でもX68000やFM TOWNSなどのホビーパソコンが発売されたが、据置機とソフトに恵まれた日本ではパソコンゲームは家庭用ゲーム機で扱えないアダルトゲームを除いて衰退した。第4世代ゲーム機はドット絵とスプライトによる2Dゲームの成熟・完成期に当たる。\n第5世代.\n1990年代中盤 - 後半を、この記事では「第5世代」とする。\nこの世代では、従来のROMカセットに代わって光ディスクがコンテンツ販売パッケージの主力となった。光ディスクは読み込みに時間がかかるという難点があるものの、データ容量がROMと比較して大きく、再プレスが容易であり、安価にゲーム媒体を量産可能になった。これに伴い音質の向上やムービー再生による演出が広がった。本格的な3Dグラフィックス機能が搭載されたゲーム機が現れ、ゲーム内での映像表現の幅が広がった。振動機能やアナログスティックを備えたコントローラも登場した。ドット絵とポリゴンでは製作ノウハウが違い、中小の新しいソフトハウスも台頭した。\nこの世代から第6世代にかけて、（ゲーム機戦争）と呼ばれるハードウェア同士の性能競争が最高潮に達し、各社とも自社製ゲーム機の高性能ぶりを盛んにアピールした。主要な機種はPlayStation、セガサターン、NINTENDO64の3機種である。この世代でゲーム機市場に新規に参入したソニー・コンピュータエンタテインメント（SCE。現：ソニー・インタラクティブエンタテインメント（SIE））のPlayStationは、安価で開発のしやすいシステムと、サードパーティーの高い支持による充実したソフト群を背景に首位に立った。セガのセガサターンは、PlayStationより早く100万台を売り上げるなど、発売直後は好調さを見せたが、コストカットしにくいハード構成であることからPlayStationとの値下げ競争で苦境に立たされた。また、北アメリカではアメリカ・セガがスーパー32Xを先行して投入するなど、販売戦略において日本セガ側との食い違いが見られ、結果的にユーザー側の混乱を招いて共倒れする形となってしまい、海外市場で不評を買った。任天堂が発売したNINTENDO64は、64ビットの高性能をその名でアピールする象徴的な存在を目指したが、他社に比べて発売が大きく出遅れた上、サードパーティーが少なく、旧来的なROMカセットを採用したためソフトウェアの価格は高めであり価格競争力も低く、北アメリカでは成功したが主流となることはなかった。日本でもPlayStationに大きな遅れをとることとなった。\n北アメリカ最大のコンシューマゲーム会社であるエレクトロニック・アーツの創設者が、3DO社を設立してゲーム機市場に参入した。ゲーム機やゲームパソコンのメーカーとして黎明期から長らくゲーム業界を支えたアタリがこの世代を最後にハード事業において四半世紀に渡る長い休眠期間に突入し、コモドールが倒産した。それによって、ゲーム用途で使われるパソコンとしてはPC/AT互換機がほとんどとなった。Windows 95の登場後もしばらくゲーム用途ではMS-DOSが主流であったが、DirectXの登場以後は次第にゲーム用途としてもWindowsがメイン環境となった。マイクロソフトはパソコン用ゲームの開発スタジオを多数抱える大手ゲームメーカーとなり、続く第6世代でついにコンシューマ機に参入した。\n第6世代.\n1990年代末 - 2000年代初頭を、この記事では「第6世代」とする。\n3Dグラフィックスの表現力が上がり、インターネットとの通信や5.1chサウンドにも限定的に対応し始めた。メディアはDVD、もしくはDVDの技術を応用した独自規格のディスクが主流となった。この世代を最後にセガはハード販売から撤退し、入れ替わる形でマイクロソフトのXboxが参入した。Xboxは日本国外市場において成功を収めてPlayStation 2に次ぐシェアを獲得したが、日本では一般にゲーム機が売れる年末を過ぎた2月に発売したり、初期不良やそれに関する対応などが批判を受けるなど振るわなかった。NINTENDO64の後継機のニンテンドーゲームキューブは日本で一定の支持を得たが、日本国外では前ハードほど振るわなかった。\nパソコンにおけるブロードバンドの普及期に当たり、ネット対応が不十分な家庭用ゲーム機に先行して、パソコン用のオンラインゲームが充実した。中国や韓国などアジアの新興国においても自国製ゲームの普及が見られ始めるが、据置型ゲームは多大な開発コストなどの参入障壁が大きかったことや、アジア諸国における海賊版の横行のためコンテンツ販売では利益を得にくかったなどの理由から、課金制のパソコンオンラインゲームが開発の主流となっていき、これらの国の作品が世界に輸出されるのも多く見られ始めた。\n第7世代.\n2000年代中盤 - 末を、この記事では「第7世代」とする。\n任天堂のWiiは、Wiiリモコンという体感型のコントローラを搭載し、高精細度ビデオ（HD）に対応したPlayStation 3とXbox 360もPlayStation MoveやKinectを発売した。いずれの機種もかつてのハードで発売されたソフトの公式エミュレータを用意しコンテンツのダウンロード販売も行われるようになった。ビデオ・オン・デマンドなど海外ではXbox 360がスマートテレビのデファクトともいわれた。\nソフトメーカーにとってはシェアの先行き不透明な状況が続き、前世代以上にマルチプラットフォームが増加した。Xbox 360とPS3は売れ行きは鈍く、人気ゲームの続編・リメイク・HD対応版の発売が多くなった。Wiiは今までのゲーム機の常識を変え体感型として出したため、新しくて面白さが分かりやすく、同世代のハードに比べ非常に速いペースでシェアを伸ばし2世代振りにハードシェアでのトップになったものの、他のハードとは異なり入力デバイスが特殊である事や同世代のハード中で唯一画質がHD画質に対応していない事等からマルチプラットフォームリリースの対象から外れる事が多かった。特に画質面において、2011年に地上デジタル放送の完全移行を控え、高画質テレビ（主にHDテレビ）の普及率が大きく上がった事がWiiの長期展開にとって大きなミスとなってしまった。また、後年はWii専用タイトルの数も大きく減少した。結果的にXbox 360やPS3のラインナップが充実していく中、逆にWiiは新作ソフトが不足するようになっていった。\n第7世代機ではネットワークサービスを利用して、当時のゲームや「ドット絵を利用した、当時のハードウェア環境そのままでの新作」が配信された。\n南アメリカやアジアなどの新興国ではネットワーク対応や体感型などを盛り込みながらも安価で低性能なゲーム機が盛んにリリースされており、ブラジルで長らくセガの代理店として活動していたTectoy社が2009年に独自にリリースしたドリームキャストの後継機Zeeboや、中国におけるセガの代理店であるAtGamesがリリースしたZONEおよびそのバリエーションであるSEGA Reactorが代表的な製品である。先進国ではハードから撤退したセガは新興国ではTectoyやAtGamesなどを介してハード事業を継続しており、Tectoyからはメガドライブのモデルチェンジ版であるメガドライブ4も2009年発売された。\n第8世代.\n2010年代前半 - 中盤を、この記事では「第8世代」とする。\nWii Uが2012年11月、PlayStation 4とXbox Oneが2013年11月に、共に北アメリカ地域のホリデーシーズンに合わせて発売された。3機種全てで北アメリカ地域での発売が優先されている。\n2012年にはスマートフォンやタブレットの普及によりコモディティ化した高度なモバイルハードウェア・ソフトウェア技術がゲーム機に転用され始め、クラウドファンディングの流行を背景にOUYAやGameStickなど新興企業の手によるAndroidゲーム機の企画・開発が相次いだ。ゲーム開発自由な「オープンプラットフォーム」およびメディア在庫を持たない「デジタルディストリビューション」といった特徴は共通している。また、2013年にはValve CorporationがSteamOS/Steam Machine/Steam Controllerを発表した。Steam Machineはかねてより構想が伝えられていたSteam Box、すなわち同社のPCゲームプラットフォームSteamのコンシューマ市場展開を担う家庭用ゲーム機・専用ゲーミングPCの規格である（Xi3のPistonは非公認となった）。\nGaikai/OnLive/PlayStation Now、Microsoft AzureやAmazon Web Servicesのように各クラウドのサービス・プラットフォームが台頭し、NVIDIA GeForce GRIDやGクラスタ/UbitusなどはSTBにも使用された（スーパーコンピューターゲーミングを目指していたシンラ・テクノロジーは解散したが、主要メンバーはGenvid Technologiesを立ち上げた）。\n第9世代.\n2010年代後半 - 2020年代前半を、この記事では「第9世代」とする。\n任天堂は前世代のWii Uが販売不振で短命となり、他社に先行する形で2017年3月に、据置機としても携帯機としても遊べるハイブリッドゲーム機としてNintendo Switchを発売。ゲームボーイ発売以降分離していた据置機と携帯機のプラットフォームが統合された。また2019年9月にNintendo Switchの携帯専用機、および廉価版としての位置付けでNintendo Switch Liteも発売された。Oculus VRは2019年5月、初のスタンドアローン型VRゲーム機であるOculus Questを発売。アタリはAtari Jaguar以来約四半世紀ぶりに家庭用ゲーム機業界に復帰し、Atari VCSを発表した。また、マテルもインテレビジョンの権利を買い戻し、Intellivision Amicoを発表した。さらに、ソニー・コンピュータエンタテインメントはPlayStation 5、マイクロソフトはXbox Series X/Sを2020年11月にそれぞれ発売している。\nこの時期からはゲームハードのさらなる高性能化、動画配信サイトの普及によるゲーム実況の人気の高まり、そして営利目的の転売の横行などから、特に発売直後のゲームハードがしばしば供給不足に苦しむようになる。Nintendo Switchは発売3ヵ月が経過しても品薄状態が収まらず、任天堂が公式に謝罪文を発表する事態となった。また2020年には新型コロナウイルスの世界的な蔓延によって巣ごもり需要がさらに高まり、PlayStation 5などはハードの供給不足が原因でゲームソフトの深刻な販売不振が発生、日本国内では発売二ヵ月後にも関わらず店頭販売に人が殺到し警察が出動する騒ぎも起きている。\nこの世代ではクラウドゲームサービス・プラットフォームも注目を集めており、Google、Amazon、Facebook、NVIDIAが参入した。\n携帯機.\n本節では便宜上、携帯型ゲーム機だけでなく、電子ゲームについても述べる。\n第1世代（携帯機）.\n1970年代後半 - 1980年代前半に当たる。\nROMカートリッジをハードに差し込む形式ではなく、1ハードにつき1ゲームという形式の電子ゲームが登場した。当時の電子ゲームはモノクロLCDすら搭載できず、LED表示によるものが主だったが、マテルが1976年に世界初の携帯型電子ゲーム機となるMattel Auto Raceをリリースして以降、各社から続々とLEDゲームが発売され、大きなブームとなった。\n第2世代（携帯機）.\n1980年代前半 - 中盤に当たる。\n据置型ゲーム機が第2世代となり、ブームとなっていた1979年、アメリカの大手玩具メーカーであるミルトン・ブラッドリー社から史上初のカートリッジ交換式携帯型ゲーム機Microvisionがリリースされた。MicrovisionはCPUがカートリッジ側についているなど、後のゲーム機とはずいぶん異なっていた。LCD画面が壊れやすいなど技術的な制約のため、商業的にほとんど成功せずに終わった。\n1980年代に入るとLCDが安価となり、LCDを搭載した電子ゲームがブームとなった。代表的な製品が、任天堂が1980年に発売したゲーム&amp;ウオッチシリーズであり、モノクロでシンプルなゲームが多数を占めたが、非常に普及した携帯ゲーム機の1つである。ゲーム&amp;ウオッチの一部機種では、後にの主力インターフェイスへと発展する十字キーも先行して採用された。任天堂、バンダイ、トミー、タイガー・エレクトロニクスと言った大手玩具メーカーの他にも多数のメーカーがさまざまな電子ゲームをリリースし、アーケードゲームの移植も盛んであった。1982年、本体に太陽電池を採用し、電池が不要な初のゲーム機であるLCD SOLARPOWERシリーズをバンダイが発売した。1983年、2つのディスプレイを搭載し、3D表示を可能とした初の携帯型ゲーム機であるTomytronic 3D（トミー3D立体グラフィックゲーム）シリーズをトミーが発売した。1984年にはエポック社から、日本初のROMカートリッジ交換型の携帯型ゲーム機であるゲームポケコンが発売されたが、商業的には失敗に終わった。\n第3世代（携帯機）.\n1980年代後半 - 1990年代前半に当たる。\nROMカートリッジ交換型の携帯型ゲーム機が実用的なスペックを獲得し、多彩なゲームが楽しめるようになった最初の世代である。Atari Lynx、ゲームギアのスペックは第3世代の据置ハードとほぼ同等であり、PCエンジンGTは据置機第4世代のPCエンジンと互換性があった。モノクロ液晶を採用したゲームボーイは、当時としては卓越した性能と画質を持つ他機種に大きく劣っていたが、当時の液晶技術は未熟で消費電力も大きく、カラー液晶機種はさらに高価でバッテリー（単三乾電池）消費も激しかったなかで、コンパクトで長時間駆動できるゲームボーイは携帯型ゲーム機で最も人気を集めた。ゲームギアは日本では商業的に苦戦したが、北米ではゲームボーイに対して善戦した。実用的な携帯型ゲーム機が登場してからも電子ゲームは販売されており、この世代ではバーコードバトラーが発売された。\n第4世代（携帯機）.\n1990年代中盤 - 後半に当たる。\nスペックは据置ハードの第3世代と同等か、やや上回る程度であり、携帯ハードの第3世代から大きく向上してはいないが、携帯性に優れた薄く小さいボディを実現した。液晶技術の発達により、カラー液晶を採用した機種でも、長時間の運用に耐えられるようになった。赤外線通信機能などを搭載し、通信機能を生かしたゲームが流行した。メガドライブと互換性のあるセガ・ノーマッドや、この時代にあえてモノクロで挑んだワンダースワンなどの意欲的な機種が出たものの、この世代ではカラー化を果たした任天堂のゲームボーイシリーズが一人勝ち状態であった。電子ゲームでは1996年にバンダイから発売された、たまごっちが1997年にヒット商品となった。\n第5世代（携帯機）.\n1990年代末 - 2000年代初頭に当たる。\n反射型TFT液晶や反射型FSTN液晶を採用したカラー液晶のゲーム機が主流となった。スペック的には据え置きハードの第4世代を上回る程度の機能を搭載し、携帯型ゲーム機における表現の幅が飛躍的に拡大した。ビジュアルメモリとポケットステーションは、据置機の外部記憶媒体（メモリーカード）にゲーム機能を付加するものだったが、普及には至らず、後世代機においては採用されなかった。前世代と同様に任天堂以外の機種は振るわない結果となり、携帯型ゲーム機において任天堂の独占状態が確立した。この頃から携帯電話の普及率が激増したため、それを使った携帯電話ゲームが登場し始めた。N-GageのようにPDAや携帯電話機能を搭載したゲーム機も出始めた。N-GageはS60を搭載し、2008年にはアプリケーション・プラットフォーム化した。\n第6世代（携帯機）.\n2000年代中盤 - 末に当たる。\nニンテンドーDS（以下DS）とPlayStation Portable（以下PSP）によって二分された。前世代までの乾電池に代わりエネルギー密度が高いリチウムイオン電池を採用し、明るいバックライト付き液晶となった。据置機同様にグラフィックの3D化が進み、ネットワークを介したデータのダウンロードやオンラインプレイが可能となった。DSはブルー・オーシャン戦略でライト層もターゲットに据え、PSPはコア層を主なターゲットに据えた。DSはインターネット接続へのハードルを下げたニンテンドーWi-Fiコネクションや、タッチパネルの採用は携帯型ゲーム機としては史上初であり、特徴的な2画面による「Touch! Generations」のヒットによってユーザー層が広がり、DSが教育にも取り入れられた。PSPは大型液晶画面と光学ドライブ、高性能マイクロプロセッサを搭載した。日本市場においては『モンスターハンター ポータブル』シリーズに恵まれたこともあり、任天堂のハードが一人勝ち状態であった前世代までとは違い善戦した。そして、タカトクトイスからゲームロボットを継いだハナヤマは、ゲームロボット九の復刻電子ゲーム機、ゲームロボット21を発売した。\n第7世代（携帯機）.\n2010年代初頭 - 後半に当たる。\n3DSやPS VitaはカメラによるARやコミュニケーション・ソーシャルを意識した機能が多数盛り込まれた。2013年にはGPUメーカーとして知られるNVIDIAがTegra/Android搭載のNVIDIA SHIELD Portableを発売した。新参Androidゲーム機はこの年のトレンドといえるが、同機はPCをサーバとするゲームストリーミングクライアントでもあり、新たなストリーミングサーバ技術とともに発表され注目を集めた。スマートフォン/タブレットといったスマートデバイス用OSにゲームを意識した機能が盛り込まれた。2008年にAppleのiPhone OS（現：iOS）のSDKが公開されて以降、iPod touch/iPhone/iPadといったiOS用のApp StoreやGoogleのGoogle Playが提供された。これまで家庭用ゲーム機向けに展開されてきたシリーズが提供されたり連携も図られた。\n第8世代（携帯機）.\n2010年代後半以降に当たる。\nSIEが携帯ゲーム機から撤退し、任天堂も据置・携帯両対応のNintendo Switchを出すことで厳密な意味での携帯ゲーム機が発売されることが少なくなった中、新たにPanic Inc.がPlaydateを発表した。また、Steam DeckやONEXPLAYER、AYA NEOのように携帯型ゲーム機の形状をしたゲーミングPCも登場し始めるようになった。\n立体映像対応のゲーム機.\n1980年代にトミーから立体視のできる電子ゲームが発売された（『宇宙壮絶戦車戦』、『ジョーズ』、『スペースレーザーウォー』、『ジャングルファイター』、『コスモ・ル・マン』、『ドッグファイト』、『シャーマンアタック』の7作品が確認されている）。\n任天堂からは1987年にファミコン3Dシステムが発売、セガからはアメリカ市場においてセガ・マスターシステムでと複数の対応ソフトが発売された。1994年にはアタリから『』と『Wolfenstein3D』のわずか2タイトルだったが、Jaguar VR ヘッドセットが発売された。\n1995年7月には任天堂からスタンドタイプのバーチャルボーイが発売されるものの、販売台数は振るわなかった。以上のように200x年代前半までは、いずれも散発的にリリースされたに留まる。2006年11月に発売されたPlayStation 3は2010年4月に公開されたシステムアップデートで3次元ディスプレイへの映像出力に対応し、また2011年2月に任天堂から裸眼立体映像に対応した携帯型ゲーム機ニンテンドー3DSが発売された。\n復刻系ゲーム機.\n2010年代以降、1970年代後半〜1990年代にかけての2D全盛期のレトロゲームを懐かしむ人々（当時の子供や若者、2010年代における中年層）や、動画サイトなどでレトロゲームを知った現代の若者の需要に応えるかたちで、数十年前のゲーム機やゲーム群を復刻させることが活発になった。\n概観は当時に似せて小型化し、テレビ受像機との接続についてはHDMI端子で行えるように進化させたものが多い。また筺体サイズやキータッチまで当時のものに似せていることもある。\n" ]

[ "理想科学工業株式会社（りそうかがくこうぎょう、\"Riso Kagaku Corporation\"）は、東京都港区芝五丁目に本社を置く、日本の機械メーカーである。通称：RISO（リソー）。\n概要.\n1946年に謄写版印刷業として創業し、印刷機器と消耗品の開発・製造・販売を行う。高速カラープリンター「オルフィス」を主としたインクジェット事業と、デジタル印刷機「リソグラフ」を主とした孔版事業がある。国内には16営業部41営業所（オフィス・CEステーション含む）、また23の海外子会社がある。\n主力の高速カラープリンター「オルフィス」とデジタル印刷機「リソグラフ」は高速、低ランニングコストが特長で、世界中の学校、官公庁、オフィスで利用されている。\nかつて長年ベストセラーを続けていた商品に家庭用製版用品「プリントゴッコ」があったが、2008年6月末をもって販売を終了した。なお、プリントゴッコの消耗品販売は2012年12月末まで続けられ、その後完全撤退となった。\n社名・由来.\n創業者 羽山昇が陸軍少尉として終戦を迎え、復員後に進学した日本大学在学中に学費と生計費を捻出するために謄写版印刷業を始める際に、「日本がどうなってしまうか分からないときだから、人は理想を失ってはいけない。どんなときでも理想を貫いていこう」という思いから「理想社」と名付けた。1948年9月に「理想印刷社」と改めるが、1955年に解消して「株式会社理想科学研究所」を設立。1963年に現在の「理想科学工業株式会社」に改めた。\n歴史.\n沿革.\n1946年9月2日、創業者 羽山昇が東京・世田谷若林の自宅に「理想社」の看板を掲げて謄写版印刷業を始めた。大学卒業後、孔版印刷一筋で仕事に専念し、1952年に業界で初めて英国製の電動タイプ印刷設備を輸入し、タイプ印刷の営業を始めた。当初、インクは輸入品を使っていたが供給不足になることもあり、インクの自社開発を開始。試行錯誤を経て、1954年に日本初のエマルジョンインク「RISO インク」が誕生し、これを機に印刷業からインクメーカーへの転換を図った。その後は、さらに改良を加えてインクが主力製品に成長する中、1961年にはタイプライターによる製版用「RISOタイプ原紙」を発売するなどそれ以外の商品も世に送り出していった。\n1960年代後半にはハードウェア開発に力を注いだ。1966年に発表した赤外線による感熱式製版機「RISOファックス」は画期的な“5秒ファックス”として評判を集めた。1968年には、米国の大手企業と専用原紙「RISOマスター」のOEM契約を締結し、増産に向けて大規模な設備投資を行ったが急激に受注が減少。経営は破たん寸前の危機に陥った。苦境の中でも羽山昇は新技術開発の姿勢を貫き、閃光によるOHP（オーバーヘッドプロジェクター）フィルム作成機「RISO トラペンアップ」が完成。視聴覚資料作成機器として会社の危機を救う売れ行きを見せ、羽山昇は1973年に危機突破を宣言した。\n1977年、家庭用簡易孔版印刷機「プリントゴッコ」を発売。「すべての家庭で親子一緒に印刷ゴッコを楽しんでほしい」という羽山昇の思いから開発されたこの商品は、大ヒット商品となった。\n1980年、日本初のマイコン搭載自動孔版印刷機「リソグラフAP7200」とストロボ式感熱製版機「リソグラフ FX7200」を発売。続いて1984年に、製版・印刷一体型「リソグラフ007」を、1986年には孔版印刷の製版をデジタル化した「リソグラフ007デジタル」を発売。1990年代には、パーソナルコンピューターの普及と情報通信のネットワーク化というオフィス環境の変化に対応した「リソグラフFRシリーズ」などの新機種を開発。2000年には世界初の一体型・2色同時デジタル孔版印刷機「RISO V8000」を発売した。\n孔版印刷機の専業メーカーとして歩みを進めていたが、2003年にはオリンパス光学工業株式会社（現・オリンパス株式会社）と共同開発した、インクジェット方式による高速カラープリンター「オルフィス HC5000」を発売。インクジェット事業への進出を果たした。\nインクジェット事業は順調に拡大していき、「オルフィスHC5000」の知見から得た技術を集約した「オルフィスXシリーズ」を2009年に発売すると、2011年にはオリンパス株式会社と協議のうえ合弁事業を終了。以後、インクジェット事業は理想科学工業株式会社の単独事業となり、2013年には「オルフィスEXシリーズ」を発売。多様化するユーザーの印刷ニーズに応えるための拡張性を強化し、またオプション機器としてフィニッシャーを充実させ、バリアブル印刷を活用した帳票・ダイレクトメールなどの作成・封入などさまざまな機能が付加できるようになった。2016年には「オルフィスFWシリーズ」と「オルフィスGDシリーズ」を発売。用途に合わせた2シリーズ化を果たしている。2020年には「オルフィスFWシリーズ」の後継機種「オルフィスFTシリーズ」、2021年には「オルフィスGDシリーズ」の後継機種「オルフィスGLシリーズ」を発売した。\n2019年より、プロダクションプリンター市場向けの高速インクジェットプリンターの新ブランド｢VALEZUS（バレザス）｣を展開。「VALEZUS T2100」を北米と欧州で先行発売し、2021年からは、国内でも販売を開始した。2022年には「VALEZUS T2200」を発売した。\nこの間、「リソグラフ」も並行して新機種の開発が進められた。2004年に2色同時印刷機「リソグラフMZシリーズ」を発売すると、2010年にはその後継機として2色両面機「リソグラフMDシリーズ」を発売。2014年に発売した「リソグラフMEシリーズ」では、前シリーズを踏襲しつつユーザビリティーを向上させている。2016年には「リソグラフSFシリーズ」を、2017年には「リソグラフMFシリーズ」「リソグラフSF939/939G」を発売。基本性能を進化させ、画像品質と使いやすさを大幅に向上した。2021年には、写真分版機能やタブレットとのUSB接続機能を搭載した「リソグラフMHシリーズ」を発売した。\nそして現在の主力事業は、このインクジェット事業と孔版事業からなる印刷機器事業である。\nその他、スクリーン製版機の販売を主とするプリントクリエイト事業を行っており、2019年に、リソグラフと同じ孔版印刷の仕組みを生かした小型デジタルスクリーン製版機「MiScreen a4」を発売した。また、デジタルコミュニケーション事業部を立ち上げ、2021年には学校と保護者間の連絡手段をデジタル化する、スマートフォン用のアプリケーションを使った学校向けソリューションサービス「スクリレ」のサービスを開始した。\n主な製品・サービス.\nデジタル印刷機「リソグラフ」.\n印刷には、「凸版（活版印刷）」「凹版（グラビア印刷）」「平版（オフセット印刷）」などの方法があるが、「シルクスクリーン印刷」や「ガリ版（謄写版）印刷」の方法を孔版印刷といい、スクリーン状の版に細かな孔を開け、その孔からインクを押し出して印刷する。\nリソグラフはこの孔版印刷の仕組みを利用している。まず始めに製版を行い、印刷の元となる版（マスター）をつくる。このマスターを印刷ドラムに巻き付けてプリントするので一度の製版で大量の枚数を印刷でき、印刷枚数が多くなるほど印刷単価は下がるため、低コストで大量印刷することができる。\n1980年に発売したマイコン搭載自動孔版印刷機「リソグラフAP7200」とストロボ式感熱製版機「リソグラフ FX7200」は、それまでの謄写輪転機の市場を一新。続いて製版・印刷一体型「リソグラフ007」や、製版をデジタル化した「リソグラフ007デジタル」を発売。その後も、高濃度・高精度の印刷が可能なインナープレス方式の「SR7200」や2色同時印刷機「RISO V8000」といった製品が発売された。2004年には、安定性が高くユーザーからの信頼も厚いアウタープレス方式を採用した「リソグラフMZシリーズ」を発売。以後も2色両面機の「リソグラフMDシリーズ」やユーザビリティーを向上させた「リソグラフMEシリーズ」を発売するなど、様々な進化を遂げている。また印刷速度も向上を続けており、2017年発売の「リソグラフSF939／939G」は毎分最高190枚となっている。\n2019年7月には、スタンダードモデルの利便性を向上した「リソグラフSFⅡシリーズ」を発売。2021年12月には2色両面機の後継となる「リソグラフMHシリーズ」を発売した。\n高速カラープリンター「オルフィス」.\nCMYK４色のインクジェットヘッドを並列に配置し一度にインクを吐出させることで、A3サイズ相当の用紙短辺幅に瞬時に印刷できる、ライン型インクジェットプリンター。「リソグラフ」では不可能だった、カラー（４色）化とバリアブル印刷（Variable data printing＝可変印刷。１枚ずつ内容の違う印刷を行うこと）を可能とした。インクには、独自に開発された専用の油性顔料インクが使用されている。油性インクは速乾度が高いため、高速プリントでも用紙が汚れたり波打ったりすることが少なく、従来のインクジェットでは難しかった高速両面プリントを実現している。\n2003年12月に、オリンパス光学工業株式会社（現・オリンパス株式会社）と共同開発した「オルフィス HC5000」を発売すると、2005年には「オルフィス HC5500」を、2009年には「オルフィス Xシリーズ」を発売。そのプリントスピードは「HC5000」が毎分105枚、「HC5500」が毎分120枚、「Xシリーズ」が毎分150枚と、発売の都度進化を遂げていき、世界最速を更新していった。\nオリンパス株式会社との共同開発から生まれた「オルフィス」だったが、2011年には合弁を解消し、理想科学工業株式会社へ事業譲渡がなされた。2013年に発売した「オルフィスEXシリーズ」は事業譲渡後に最初に発売された「オルフィス」となり、多様化する印刷ニーズに応えるため「くるみ製本フィニッシャー」や「メーリングフィニッシャー」との組み合わせで簡易製本や封入・封かんまでを自動化するなどの拡張性が強化された。\n2016年には「オルフィスFWシリーズ」と「オルフィスGDシリーズ」を発売。「FWシリーズ」は従来比約3分の2とコンパクトサイズ化を果たし、静音性も向上させた。「GDシリーズ」は、トータルプリント枚数1,000万ページという耐久性を備え、加えてCMYK４色だったインクに新たにグレイインクを採用することで、高い画像再現性を実現した。さらに「GDシリーズ」のプリントスピードは毎分160枚に達した。\n2019年3月には、「FWシリーズ」の後継機種「オルフィスFWⅡシリーズ」が発売され、プリントコストの低減と印刷物の視認性が向上した。2020年10月には、「オルフィスFTシリーズ」を発売。コンパクトなサイズでありながらプリントスピードを従来機の毎分120枚から140枚に高速化し、生産性が向上した。\nまた、2021年12月には、「オルフィスGLシリーズ」を発売。プリントスピードは従来機の毎分160枚から165枚となり、「オルフィス」は世界最速を更新し続けている。\n高速インクジェットプリンター「VALEZUS（バレザス）｣.\n2019年秋、プロダクションプリンター市場向け高速インクジェットプリンター「VALEZUS T2100」を北米と欧州で先行発売した。「VALEZUS T2100」は、表面を印刷する印字ユニットと裏面を印刷する印字ユニットを連結することで、A4用紙カラーで毎分320ページの高速両面プリントを実現している。2021年からは国内でも販売を開始した。2022年には「VALEZUS T2200」を発売。プリントスピードは毎分330ページに達した。\n学校向けのソリューションサービス「スクリレ」.\n2021年、学校と保護者間の連絡手段をデジタル化する、スマートフォン用アプリケーションを使った学校向けのソリューションサービス「スクリレ」のサービスを開始した。\n「スクリレ」は、学校が配布する「お便り」をデジタルで保護者のスマートフォンに確実に届けることができる「スクリレお便り」（無償）、「欠席連絡」「個別連絡」「アンケート」など学校と家庭の双方向のデジタル連絡手段として活用できる「スクリレオプション」（有償）、アプリ上の広告を保護者が閲覧することで学校がポイントを獲得、貯まったポイントを学校で使う事務用品などに交換できる「スクリレポイント」（無償）の3つのサービスを提供する。\n家庭用簡易孔版印刷機「プリントゴッコ」.\n「プリントゴッコ」は、1977年9月に発売された。その名前には、「すべての家庭で親子一緒に印刷ゴッコを楽しんでほしい」という創業者 羽山昇の思いが込められている。価格も「家庭で使ってもらうには1万円を切る額でなければならない」との羽山昇の考えから、発売当時は9,800円だった。\nこの価格を実現することができた背景には、当時としては画期的であった流通システムがあった。当時は問屋を通すのが当たり前だったが、問屋を介さずに文具店と直接契約・販売する流通経路を開拓し、代金の回収には銀行の口座振替を活用するという独自の流通システムを構築し、合理化を推し進めた。\n「プリントゴッコ」は日本の文化的・国民的行事ともいえる「年賀状づくり」のツールとして人気を博し、その価格設定も相まって大ヒット商品となった。「プリントゴッコ」の販売台数・売上金額はともに毎年増加を続け、初年度には販売台数6万台だったものが翌1978年には24万台と大幅に増加し、1983年には50万台を超え、1980年代後半から1990年代前半にかけては毎年60万台以上がコンスタントに売れた。\nだが販売台数は1987年に72万台を記録したのをピークに、1990年代半ばになると大きな落ち込みが続いた。その背景には、パソコンとプリンターの一般家庭への普及があった。1996年に累計生産台数が1,000万台を達成したものの、販売台数の減少に歯止めはかからず、2008年に「プリントゴッコ本体販売終了のお知らせ」のリリースを発表した。\n本体販売終了後も、インクやマスターといった消耗品の販売は継続していたが、2012年12月末をもってそれらの販売も終了。「プリントゴッコ」は35年の歴史に幕を閉じた。\nスポンサーシップ.\n2016年より茨城県鹿嶋市を本拠地とするプロサッカークラブ 鹿島アントラーズF.Cのクラブオフィシャルスポンサーとなった。同クラブユニフォームシャツの背中裾部分に、企業ロゴマークが掲出されている。\n", "株式会社ローソン（）は、日本のコンビニエンスストアチェーンである。1939年にアメリカ合衆国のオハイオ州でJ・J・ローソンによって創業された。日本では1975年よりスーパーマーケット大手のダイエーがチェーン展開を行い、現在では三菱商事の子会社として三菱グループに属している（三菱広報委員会の会員企業にもなっている）。\nコンビニエンスストアチェーンとしてはセブンイレブン・ジャパン、ファミリーマートに次ぐ日本国内店舗数3位（2019年時点）であり、1997年7月には業界で初めて全ての都道府県に出店した。\n一般的な「ローソン」のほか、品揃えが異なる「ローソンプラス」「ローソンストア100」も展開している。各地の青果店などと連携して新鮮な野菜や果物、米の取り扱いを増やしなど、全国画一ではない商品構成を模索している。\n歴史.\n米国.\n1939年、酪農家のJ・J・ローソンは、酪農を始めた。オハイオ州カイヤホガフォールズにあるブロードブールバードの乳製品工場で、ミルクを販売するための店を始めた。 ローソンズ・ミルク・カンパニーは、主にオハイオ州においてチェーン店を持つまでに成長した。ローソンは、1959年にコンソリデーテッド・フーズに買収された。\nローソンのコンビニエンスストアは1960年代から1980年代半ばまでオハイオ州でよく見られ、牛乳、パン、卵、オレンジジュースのほか、デリカカウンターの「チップス」スタイルのハムやサワークリームポテトチップスディップなどの特産品を販売していた。店舗はペンシルベニア州など近隣の州にも広がり、ローソンはピッツバーグを含む州西部で営業していた。\n1985年、コンソリデーテッドはサラ・リーに社名を変更した。ほぼ同時期に、米国内のローソンの店舗は、コネチカット州エンフィールドの小規模なコンビニエンスストア・チェーン、デイリー・マートに売却された。デイリー・マートは本社をカヤホガフォールズに移し、ローソンの店舗名をデイリー・マートとしてその後17年間チェーン店を運営した。\n2002年、カナダのコンビニエンスストア会社、ケベック州ラヴァルのアリマンタシォン・クシュタールがデイリー・マートの資産と社名を買収。アリマンタシォン・クシュタールは翌2003年にサークルKを買収、元々ローソンだった店舗や、ローソンがあった地域にある旧デイリー・マート店舗のほとんどはサークルKブランドへ転換された。消費者からの要望もあり、ローソンの「チップ・ディップ」は店名に関係なく販売し続けることが発表された。オハイオ州コロンバス地域の独立経営のデイリー・マート数店舗はサークルKから独立して存続し、アリメンテーション・クシュタールからのライセンスでデイリー・マートの名前とロゴを使い続けていたが、2021年9月にこれらの店舗はブランド名を外し、正式にデイリー・マートは消滅した。\n企業系列.\nローソンは長らくダイエーが親会社であり、福岡ダイエーホークスの多くの選手がCMに出演していた。しかしダイエー本体は業績悪化に伴い保有するローソン株の多数を総合商社の三菱商事に売却した。2001年（平成13年）からは三菱商事が30.68%の議決権を有する筆頭株主である。また、2007年（平成19年）5月31日までは登記上の本店が大阪府吹田市豊津町9番1号の旧ダイエーグループ本社ビル（江坂東洋ビル、現：ビーロット江坂ビル）にあったが、2007年6月1日より東京都品川区に移転した。2016年時点はローソンHMVエンタテイメントやダイエーグループ商品券、OMCカードの取り扱いを行っていたが、ダイエーグループ商品券はダイエーがイオンの完全子会社になったため2015（平成27年）6月末を以って取り扱いを終了した。2015年（平成27年）11月10日には、同年12月よりイオンが展開する電子マネーWAONが利用可能になる事が発表された。既述のように2001年（平成13年）以降ローソンは三菱商事の傘下に入ったが、2016年（平成28年）に三菱広報委員会へ入会し名実とともに三菱グループの一員となった。これと前後して、ローソンの経営としてもこれまで以上に三菱商事との連携を強化する方針とし、玉塚元一が会長CEOとなり、社長COOに三菱商事出身の竹増貞信が就任（副社長から昇格）し、三菱商事とのパイプ役も担うこととなった（なお、玉塚の前の社長・会長だった新浪剛史も三菱商事出身）。2017年（平成29年）2月に三菱商事の子会社となっている。三菱商事グループには同じ小売業のライフコーポレーションが存在するが小規模な協業に留まり、ローソンとライフコーポレーションとの間で業務提携は行われていない。\n関連会社.\n銀行業参入へ.\n2016年11月25日、銀行業参入に向け三菱東京UFJ銀行（BTMU）ともに、ローソンが95%、BTMUが5%出資して資本金10億円でローソンバンク設立準備株式会社を設立した。新会社の会長には財務省出身の岩下正、社長には新生銀行出身の山下雅史を迎えた。また開業については2018年度中を目指していると報じられている。\n金融庁は2018年8月10日、認可申請中だった「ローソン銀行」について、銀行業の免許を交付した。同年10月15日からローソン銀行は業務を開始予定である。\n店舗関連.\n日本国外展開.\nローソンは中国に1996年に進出（日本のコンビニとしては初の中国進出だった）。2012年現在は現地法人の上海華聯羅森有限公司を通じて主に上海市・重慶市・大連市で展開を行っているが、中国国内の外資規制などの影響を受け、店舗数は350店舗程度に留まっている。\n中国以外への展開は従来全く行われていなかったが、2011年にインドネシアに進出したのを皮切りに、2012年6月にハワイに店舗をオープン、同年11月にはタイのサハグループとの合弁会社設立を発表するなど、本格的な日本国外展開を開始した。しかし日本国外の店舗数は2012年現在合計で400店舗弱にとどまっており、セブンイレブンやファミリーマートなど同業他社に比べるとやや出遅れていた。\nその後、2019年2月時点でローソン海外店舗数は2209店舗となり、そのうち中国が2007店舗と大半を占めるに至った。また同年、2020年までに北京で300店舗出店計画や、生鮮ミニスーパー出店計画、さらにはローソン中国法人が2025年までに1万店規模への拡大計画 が報じられた。\n特徴のある店舗.\n下記の他、各地の景観条例に配慮し、店舗のカラーリングを通常と変更している店舗が多数存在する。\n病院内店舗や高速道路内の店舗はカットする。また、店舗名の前にLが付く店舗はローソンプラスかローソンハイブリッドである。\n教育機関.\n産学連携店舗や、運営方法に特徴のある店舗のみ記す。\n道路交通関連.\n出店形態に特色のあるものについてのみ記す。\nJPローソン.\n日本郵政グループとの包括提携により展開する店舗。源流は郵政事業民営化前の日本郵政公社との提携店舗「ポスタルローソン」。\n2003年（平成15年）8月5日の代々木局店を皮切りに郵便局・郵政庁舎（現在の日本郵政グループビル）のロビーや空き区画からスペースを捻出し、ミニ店舗で開始。2008年2月現在、代々木局店など5店舗を展開し、店のロゴも切手をモチーフにした独自のものを使用していた。\n2008年2月12日に両社社長が、共同店舗を3年間で800店展開するなどの業務提携や、将来の日本郵政上場後の相互出資の構想を表明。この包括提携に基づき、2008年8月に郵便局株式会社が運営する新形態「JPローソン」を新規に6店舗開店。この「JPローソン」の展開に伴い、既存の「ポスタルローソン」（日本郵政旧本社ビル内にあった「ポスタルショップ」（2013年閉店）を含む）は順次「JPローソン」に切り替わった。\nポスタルローソンは旧日本郵政公社、民営化後の郵政グループの不動産を所有する郵便局会社などへ賃料を支払った上でローソン側が運営しており、経営上は同グループから独立していた。JPローソンは郵便局会社・合併後の日本郵便を経て、2012年度以降は子会社の郵便局物販サービスがフランチャイジーとして運営している。\n企業内店舗.\n下記の店舗は特記されている店舗を除き、各企業関係者以外の立ち入りができない区域に設けられており、関係者しか利用できない。\nコラボレーション店舗.\n各地域を本拠とするプロスポーツとのコラボレーション店舗が複数存在する。多くの店舗で、店舗の装飾が各チームのイメージカラーに合わせてあるほか、各チームのグッズを多くそろえる。\n店舗ギャラリー.\n店舗名の前にアルファベットが付く店舗が存在するが、意味は次の通りである。詳細は店舗の種類を参照。\n独自商品.\nからあげクン.\n1986年（昭和61年）4月発売。販売開始当時流行していた漫画「かりあげクン」がネーミングの由来となっている。ちなみに作中でもかりあげクンが「からあげクン」と呼ばれる事もある。その名の通り鶏の胸肉（国産ないしはブラジル産）を使った唐揚げである。ローソンのファストフード主力商品。味は基本的にはレギュラー・レッド・チーズの3種類だが、季節・地域限定で様々なフレーバーを出している。2009年（平成21年）にはカルビーとのコラボレーションで「ピザポテト風味」も登場している。\n現在は5個入りで税込216円。発売当時は5個入り200円で、9個入りの箱型もあった。なお、時期により1個増量する場合がある。2013年（平成25年）10月からは焼き印入りのレア物が極稀に入っている。2022年5月31日販売分から価格が税込216円が238円になることが発表された。\n期間限定で映画作品等とのコラボレーション（スパイダーマン3・ONE PIECE・ナルト等）、アイドルグループNEWSとのコラボレーションなどを行ったこともある。また、秋田県では過去に秋田放送「超神ネイガーVSホジナシ怪人」のコラボレーションCMを放送していた。\nなお、現在のパッケージは3代目（2003年（平成15年）より使用）で、パッケージに描かれているキャラクターはニワトリではなく妖精である。身長は10cm（おにぎり3個分、うち身長の3分の1がトサカ）、体重は約10g、胴回り21cm、ライバルはLチキで、普通の人間には見えず、心の純粋な人のみ見えるという。\nまた、パッケージのキャラクターには、レギュラーは「レギュラーくん」、レッドは「レッドママ」、チーズは「チーズパパ」という名前が付けられている。家族構成は、先述のレッドママがレギュラーの母、チーズパパが同じく父とされている点に加え、レギュラーの兄がのりしお、同じく姉がピザ、同じく双子の弟にガーリックペッパー、育ての親にからあげおやじ（初代のパッケージに描かれたキャラクター）など、様々な関係も明らかになっている。\n2011年（平成23年）には、発売25周年となることを記念した「からあげクン25周年記念キャンペーン」を実施。\n日本唐揚協会監修による“ご当地唐揚げ味”シリーズの第一弾として2011年（平成23年）6月7日より「からあげクン 宇佐しょうゆダレ味」を、第二弾として同年7月12日より「からあげクン 名古屋手羽先ダレ味」を、第三弾として同年8月16日より「からあげクン 中津しおダレ味」をそれぞれ発売。延期されていた前述の紀州南高梅味を挟んで、第四弾として同年9月21日より「からあげクン 仙台味噌味(せんだいみそあじ)」を発売。なお、仙台味噌味の販売価格210円のうち10円が「夢を応援基金」に寄付された。第五弾として同年10月18日より「からあげクン タルタルソース味」を、第六弾として同年12月13日より「からあげクン 徳島すだち味」をそれぞれ発売。\n2012年5月からは“ご当地唐揚げ味”シリーズとは別にから揚げも単品販売されている。\nタイ王国内の「ローソン108」では「くんからあげ」の名で売られているが、これはタイ語で「くん」=「あなた」を意味するため、「からあげクン」よりも馴染みやすいと判断されたためである。\nLチキ.\n2009年（平成21年）3月24日発売。名前の由来は「ローソンのチキン」から。味は基本的には、レギュラー、レッドの2種類で他にレモン味（2010年（平成22年））・ゆず風味（2011年（平成23年））もある。2009年（平成21年）にはカルビーとのコラボレーションでポテトチップス「Lチキ味」が発売されている。また、LチキパンズというLチキをはさんで食べるパンも発売されている。値段はLチキが税込148円、Lチキパンズが72円（発売当初は50円）となっていて、カロリーはレギュラーが288kcal、レッドが310kcalとなっている。\n2010年（平成22年）3月16日にはLチキの発売一周年を記念して、全国のローソン店舗（ナチュラルローソン、ローソンストア100、SHOP99は除く）で2010年（平成22年）3月23日(火)から一週間限定でLチキを1個購入することができ、Lチキの無料引換券などがその場であたる「Lチキくじ」を展開していた。\nプライベートブランド.\n最も有名なものとしてはローソンの原点であるミルクにちなんで、ローソン牛乳（PB第1号）がある。その他にはシェービングや洗剤、入浴剤などがある。かつては缶の緑茶、烏龍茶、紅茶などや2Lの北アルプス天然水、烏龍茶があった。\n2010年（平成22年）からは、惣菜・飲料・菓子・乾麺などの食料品からトイレットペーパー・洗剤など日用品を安価で扱う『ローソンセレクト』が展開されており、2011年（平成23年）10月からセブン-イレブンに対抗して拡充された。ローソンセレクトは提携しているポプラでも一部取り扱っている。韓国のハイト眞露を第3ビールのPBブランドの輸入先にするなど海外との提携も行っている。\n2020年（令和2年）、約680品目に及ぶPB製品のパッケージをnendoが手掛けたシンプルなデザインに統一。1年以上かけて行われたデザイン変更だったが、早々に分かりにくいとの声があがり、納豆、マーガリンなどではパッケージの再変更が決定された。\nおやつごろ。.\nおやつごろ。（おやつごろ。）は、ローソンから発売しているプライベートブランドの菓子シリーズである。製造は複数の製菓会社が行っている。\nチョコレート、せんべい、ポテトチップなどを全品108円（ただしビッグサイズはその限りではない）で販売している。パッケージに、水性インキを使っていることを示すロゴや、「味のポイント」が書かれている。\nなど\nパスタ屋.\nファミリーマート「三ツ星パスタ」やサークルKサンクス「rubetta」に対抗し開発。2012年10月16日に発売した「焼パスタ ラザーニャ ボロネーゼ」が発売から19日で100万食を超えるヒットとなった。\nUchi Cafe SWEETS.\nオリジナルのチルドデザートブランド。以前は「Casual Sweets」名義で展開されていたが、セブン-イレブン「7iro cafe」やファミリーマート「Sweets+」、サークルKサンクス「Cherie Dolce」に対抗するため2009年（平成21年）9月に立ち上げられた。\nスプーンで食べるロールケーキやシュークリームなどのプレミアム品がラインナップされているのが特徴。中でもロールケーキは約半年間で販売個数1800万個を突破する大ヒット商品となり、コンビニのオリジナルチルドデザートとして初めてモンドセレクション（2010年（平成22年）度）製菓部門において金賞を受賞した。なお、ロールケーキの成形は全て手作りである。\n2012年2月からは、和菓子の本格展開をスタートさせ、うち餡を使用したアイテムに「あんこや」のブランドを付けている。また2012年4月には従来のチルド飲料ブランド「L's Style」を統合し、チルド飲料のラインを追加した。\nその他独自商品.\nおにぎりブランド「おにぎり屋」・パンブランド「実りベーカリー」（2013年4月2日〜・旧：「とっておき宣言」）・一品弁当ブランド「浪そん亭」(2011年（平成23年）3月 - )・惣菜ブランド「マチのおかず屋さん」などがある。また一部店舗でFrancfranc製の雑貨を販売している。\n3社共同企画飲料水.\n2006年（平成18年）8月1日、ローソン・サークルKサンクス・ファミリーマートの3社は共同企画商品の清涼飲料水を発売。発売されたのは、日本コカコーラ社「カナダドライパイナップルフィズ」・サントリーフーズ「デカビタCデカボンベ」・伊藤園「本味」（緑茶）の3商品。いずれも税込147円。\nポイントサービス.\nローソンでは懸賞への応募・お試し引換券などに交換できるポイントサービスを実施している。\nレジでカードを提示すると、税抜200円で0:00~15:59は1ポイント、16:00~23:59は2ポイントが加算される。\nただしタバコ・公共料金・ロッピー関連のほとんどの支払い・プリペイド式電子マネーのチャージ等は買上ポイントの対象とならない商品もある。\n2008年（平成20年）4月1日より北海道地区限定で、レジ袋を辞退したポイントカード会員に「レジ袋削減ポイント」として1ポイント付与を開始した。この他、カードの提示により特定商品の割引やボーナスポイントが付与される場合もある。\n付与されるポイントは支払方法（現金・クレジットカード・商品券など）によらず一律である。\n2008年（平成20年）12月からはレジで直接1ポイント（1円相当）単位でポイントを利用する事ができるようになった。\n従来のローソンでのみ展開されていたポイントは2010年（平成22年）3月1日から親会社である三菱商事が中心になって立ち上げた共通ポイントサービス「Ponta」に移行。\n既存のローソンパス・マイローソンポイントはそのままPontaカードとして利用可能。\nクレジット機能があるポイントカード（17歳以下を対象としたローソンパスジュニアを除く・通常のローソンパスでもクレジットカード機能のないものもある）。\nクレジットカードはローソンのみで利用可能な独自のもの（ローソンパスハウス）と、VISA機能が付帯されている提携カード（ローソンパスVISA・JMBローソンパスVISA）がある。ローソンパスジュニアとローソンパスハウスは2007年2月28日をもって新規会員募集を終了しており、現在は発行されていない。\nJMB機能付のカードはJALマイレージバンクとの相互交換も可能である。\n当初はクレディセゾンとローソン・三菱商事の合弁会社ローソンCSカードによる運営で、クレディセゾンがカードに関わる全ての業務をアウトソーシングする形であった。しかし2008年4月にローソン持株分をクレディセゾンが全て取得、同年9月1日付けで簡易吸収合併された。\n前述のローソンパス機能のうち、ポイントの積み立て及びポイントの利用による各機能のみに削ぎ落とした現金ポイント専用カードでローソンパス会員価格商品・ボーナスポイント対象商品・ローソンエンターメディアの先行販売については本サービスの対象外であった。\nカードのデザインは「ポインター」という犬をモチーフにしたものであり、ナチュラルローソンの店舗で配布されている申込書にて申し込んだ場合は、ナチュラルローソンのオリジナル図柄のカードが発行されたが、通常柄のマイローソンポイントとナチュラルローソン柄のマイローソンポイントの2枚を持つことができず、また双方同時に申し込んだ場合についてはいずれか一方のカードが発行される。誰でも申し込む事ができるが、16歳未満の場合は親権者の署名が必要である。\n現在のところは、他のポイントとのポイント交換は不可。\n決済.\n現金以外の支払（電子決済）手段が同業他社に比べて充実しており、クレジットカード・デビットカード・クオカード・電子マネー・バーコード決済に対応している。\nバーコード決済はAlipay、LINE Pay、楽天ペイ、d払い、PayPay、QUOカードPay、WeChat Pay、メルペイ、au PAY、NAVER Pay、Smart Code加盟の全てのバーコード決済、に対応している。このうちAlipay・LINE Payがコンビニストアの全店規模で導入されるのは日本初。Origami PayはOrigami Payサービスの終了に伴い、コード決済機能は2020年4月28日22時に終了した。\nデビットカードについてはJ-Debitと異なる独自の規格で導入されており、ゆうちょ銀行・東和銀行・島根銀行・西京銀行および全国の信用金庫のキャッシュカードのみの対応する。\n長らくNEC製の決済端末を用いていたが、2017年に深刻化する人手不足への対応や複雑化する店舗業務の効率化を目指すことを目的にPOSシステムの全面刷新を実施。多言語化対応・オールタッチパネル式の自動釣銭機機能付きPOSレジを導入し、決済端末はパナソニック製のJT-R600CRに順次変更された。\nクレジットカードのVISA・mastercard・JCB・AMERICANEXPRESSではコンタクトレス決済も可能。\nクレジットカード.\n1990年（平成2年）7月に業界で初めて、ダイエーグループのカード会社であるダイエーファイナンス（現：セディナ）と提携し「ローソン ステーション メンバーズカード」を発行。同時に東京都、大阪府・兵庫県の店舗から現金自動支払機の設置を開始し、現在ではOMC及び五大国際ブランド、中国銀聯など多くのブランドが利用できる。クレジットカードでの切手・葉書・有価証券の購入はできない。また、Loppiサービスについては、決済手段に一部制限がある。\n電子マネー.\n使用可能な電子マネーは、プリペイドタイプの楽天EdyとWAON、ポストペイタイプのiDとQUICPay、交通系電子マネーが使用可能である。2014年末までローソンストア100及びローソンマートでは利用できなかったが、2015年1月から上記のWAON以外の各電子マネーでも決済に対応可能となった。\n決済方法は、当初は画面上より使用する電子マネーを自ら選択して決済する方法であったが、POSシステム更新後は決済に使用する電子マネーをあらかじめ申告し、店員により操作する方法に変更されている。電子マネーもクレジットカード同様、切手・葉書・有価証券の購入はできず、Loppiサービスについては、決済手段に一部制限がある。\n楽天Edyが全店で利用できるコンビニはam/pm（現在はファミリーマートへ統合・移管）、サークルKサンクス、ポプラグループ、ファミリーマートに次ぐ5社目である。\n交通系電子マネーについては2009年（平成21年）4月8日にSuicaショッピングサービスがJR東日本エリア内の全店舗に導入されたのを皮切りに、各地で導入が相次いだ。同年8月24日からは、JR西日本エリア内の全店舗（約2,700店）に、ICOCA電子マネーが順次導入された。同年10月下旬からは、福岡県内の全店舗に西鉄のnimocaが導入された。（これ以前から福岡市内50店舗でnimocaは利用可能であったが、暫定的導入であったため他の電子マネーの決済端末とは別にnimoca専用のJREM製複数マネー対応端末が設置されていた。当時は利用者がタッチパネルで選択する方式であったが、nimocaでの決済時には口頭で伝えなければならないなど、レジとは連動していなかった）\n近畿2府4県および三重県・愛知県内の店舗では、関西の私鉄などで利用できる、ポストペイ（後払い）方式のPiTaPaも取り扱いが可能である。また、札幌市営地下鉄4駅構内の店舗及び札幌オーロラタウン店・ポールタウン店では、札幌市交通局などで利用できるSAPICAも取り扱い可能である（チャージ不可）。さらに、愛媛県松山市内の10店舗では、伊予鉄道等で利用できるICい〜カードの決済・チャージが2007年（平成19年）3月 - 2008年（平成20年）2月の1年間試験導入された。これも専用端末による対応である。\nセルフレジ.\n2010年から、一部の店舗でセルフレジを導入している。現金を取り扱わない決済（電子マネー・クレジットカード及びポイント決済）限定である。\n2016年からは東京都内の設置型オフィス内コンビニ「プチローソン」に交通系電子マネー専用のセルフレジを導入している。\n2019年からはすべての通常POSレジをセルフモードに切り替えることができるようになっており、2020年7月よりCOVID-19感染拡大防止の観点からも、セルフモードの活用を進めることを発表している。\nATM.\nコンビニATMは、原則として子会社のローソン銀行 が運営する「ローソン銀行ATM」が大半の店舗に設置されている。しかし、一部地域ではローソン銀行ATMでなく、地元金融機関やゆうちょ銀行のATMを設置している店舗もある。また、かつて新鮮組本部運営の一部店舗にはローソン切り替え前からのイーネットATMが継続して設置されていたが、現在はすべてローソン銀行ATMに転換されている。\nこの他にも、ローソン店舗敷地内の駐車場に店舗外ATMが設置されている事例もある。\n制服.\n柄は変わらない、青と白のストライプ（縦縞模様）である。2000年代にはマイナーチェンジされた。デザインは有名な化粧会社作製で、ブランドはかつて同じくダイエー系列だった百貨店のプランタン銀座である。半袖及び長袖がある。配色は青、白、桃色。ペットボトルによる再生糸を採用しており、比率は50%以上。エコマークが左袖に付いている。また、制服にはICチップが縫いつけられており、制服のリース等の管理に活用されている。なお一部の直営店では青いシャツに黒いエプロンを採用している。2009年（平成21年）10月からは再びマイナーチェンジされ、歴代に続き青いストライプのデザインが残されている。2011年（平成23年）6月25日からは、東日本大震災の影響などにより、青色のエプロンに「がんばろう日本!」のロゴが入った制服を東北・関東エリアで採用していたが、衣替えと同時にストライプの制服に変更された。\nなお、MACHI Cafe取扱店では、制服は着用せず、専用のシャツの上にMACHI Cafeのエプロンを着用するという形式になっている。\nテレビCM.\n現在.\n2022年（令和4年）6月14日 - \n2018年（平成30年）春 - \n2016年（平成28年）1月 - \n2015年（平成27年）6月 - 2016年（平成28年）1月\n2013年（平成25年） -\n2011年（平成23年） - \n過去.\n2015年（平成27年）3月 - 5月\n2011年（平成23年）から2012年（平成24年）春\n2010年（平成22年）から2011年（平成23年）夏\n2008年（平成20年）「元気になろーソン」がキャッチコピー。無人島に漂着したNEWSのメンバー達がサバイバル生活に悪戦苦闘するが、ローソンによって救われる。\n2007年（平成19年）3月より「元気荘物語」と題されたショートドラマ仕立てのCMが放送された。出演者は以下のとおり。\n2006年（平成18年）3月より「とっておき宣言」をキャッチコピーとしたストーリー仕立てのCMが放送された。次年度は篠原涼子サイドがイメージ転換を図りたいとの理由で契約更新をせずに終了。出演者は以下のとおり。\n2002年（平成14年）1月より同年末までは「週刊ローソン」をキャッチコピーとしたストーリー仕立てのCMが放送された。出演者は以下のとおり。\n2001年（平成13年）1月 - 12月。キャッチコピーは「新型ローソン」。\n以下、それより以前のシリーズのタレントを列記。\nコラボレーション・タイアップ企画.\n1980年代以降、現在もアニメやゲームなどとのタイアップ企画を積極的に行っている。\n", "パチスロとは、「風俗営業等の規制及び業務の適正化等に関する法律」の適用を受ける第4号営業店（パチンコ店等）に設置されるスロットマシンに似た遊技機のことである。「パチンコ型スロットマシン」の略称。法律上は「回胴式遊技機」と称するが、業界としての正式名称は「オリンピアマシン」とすることが1981年4月に決定している。第4号営業店で稼働するパチスロは、保安通信協会（保通協）によって行われる型式試験に適合している必要がある。\nカジノで稼働するスロットマシンは、回転するリールが自動的に停止するのに対し、パチスロでは基本的には遊技者がストップボタンでリールを停止させる。これは、パチンコと同様に、遊技結果に対する遊技者による技術介入を求める法的要件を満たすためである。\n当初のパチスロ機は、カジノ向けに生産されていた「アップライト型」のスロットマシンの筐体を流用していたが、既存の第7号営業店舗に導入する際の利便性のために、パチンコ台を設置する枠にそのまま設置できる筐体が開発された。\n概要.\nパチスロは、スロットマシンをパチンコ台の空間に入るよう製造されたもの（ただし0号機の時代はその限りではなく、筐体はそのまま外国のスロットマシンと同じものだった）。そのため当初からパチンコを設置している店の一角にパチスロのコーナーが設けられていて、賞品との交換方法もパチンコの方式を準用しているところがほとんどである（同一事業者がパチンコ専門店、パチスロ専門店を隣接して法的には別店舗として営業を行っている場合もある）。\nまた、2012年以前はパチンコとパチスロの交換率が異なったり、極端な場合では同一店内のパチスロでも機種やコーナー、イベント内容によって交換率が異なるということも見受けられた。現在では一物一価の徹底が求められ、イベント自体も規制された影響もあり、パチスロコーナー間での交換率が異なるという営業はほぼ見られなくなっている。（徹底されていない地域では低貸しコーナーと20円貸しコーナーでの交換率に差がある場合もある）\n遊技に使用するメダルの借り賃は1枚20円以下（消費税分は除く）と定められている。2014年より以前の一般的な20円スロットの営業では1000円でメダル50枚を1単位として貸出を行う店が多かったが、消費税率の上昇に伴いメダル代への消費税転嫁が問題となったため、2014年4月に「貸玉料金に消費税相当分の上乗せを認める」旨の改正が行われており、以後は1000円でメダル47枚（21.27円/枚）や46枚（21.74円/枚）の貸出とする店が増えている。またパチンコ同様に、2000年代以降貸メダル料金を低く抑えるサービスが広まっており、当初は1枚あたり10円、低くても5円が主流であったが、現在では1〜2円/枚での貸出を行っている例もある。\nパチンコとの遊技性の違いは、「ある程度の技術介入」要素が明確であり、出玉を左右しやすい点にある。つまり打ち手のレベルやテクニックによって目に見えて差が開きやすい。しかしながらシステムや遊技方法にある程度の理解が無いと遊技する上での楽しみや興奮が少なく、始めるにあたりハードルが高い、と思う者も多い。特にパチンコとの顕著な違いは「あらゆる役が当選しても、遊技者がその絵柄を決められた位置に止めないと払い出しを受けられない」という部分である（ただし本来は、パチンコでも、役が当選しても、開放した入賞口に玉を入れられなければ払い出しを受けられない部分は同じである）。そのため、ボーナスや小役は基本的に遊技者が止める必要がある。\n4号機が発売されていた時期はパチンコのホールをパチスロ専用のホールとして改装する店が多くあった。これはパチスロの演出の変化により店内のBGMや放送及び照明がパチンコのものと両立しなくなってきたためである。もちろん当時のパチスロ人気の高騰も原因の一つだった。これはパチンコの出玉に関する規制が一時厳しくなったために、より爆発力の大きいパチスロに客が流れたことに原因があった。しかし5号機の時代に入りパチスロの出玉規制が強化されたため、一旦はパチスロブームが下火になったが、2010年頃からART機種の台頭により再度人気が盛り返しつつある。\nこのことからもわかるように、遊技者は大量のコインを短時間で獲得できるような仕様のパチスロ機を求め、設置するホールも客の求める機種を多く設置するため、メーカーもそのような機種を発売する。そのために常にギャンブル性（射幸性）の高さが問題となり、そのたびに当局より規制を受けることになる（後述参照）。\n三重県では全国的にパチスロが普及した後も、公安委員会がパチスロの導入を認めないという理由でパチスロ台が1台も稼動していない状況が続いていたが、2000年にはパチスロの導入を認める方針に転換し、同年7月より三重県内でもパチスロが一斉に導入された。\n2005年、これまでのメダルではなく、パチンコ玉にて遊技するパチスロ機（通称「パロット」）がSANKYOから登場。メダル3枚に相当するパチンコ玉15発が一回の遊技代となる。しかし、設置台数はほとんど増えず、パロットはほとんど見ることがなくなった。また、筐体の変化も様々で、床置きタイプの筐体なども少ないながら存在した（箱型以外のパチスロ機はホールには現存しない）。\nパチンコにも共通する内容ではあるが、ホールから撤去されたパチスロ台を一般ユーザー向けに再販を行う市場が存在する。これらは一般的に家スロと呼ばれる物であり、個人のユーザーが過去に設置されていた台を収集して遊技を行ったり、インテリアとして設置が行われている場合がある。\n進化と変遷.\n前史.\n1964年、日本初の回胴式遊技機が風俗第7号営業の認可を受け、ホールに設置された。スロットマシン型のこの遊技機は、日本で同年に開催された東京オリンピックに因んで「オリンピア」と名づけられた。ゲーム機メーカーのセガは、同業の太東貿易（現タイトー）と共同会社である「株式会社オリンピア」を設立、セガがかねてより製造していたスロットマシンを応用した製品の製造を担当し、販売営業を分け合った。なお、この会社は現在は存在せず、現存するパチンコ・パチスロメーカーの株式会社オリンピアとは関係がない。\nオリンピアでは、1ゲームに投入できるメダルは1枚、絵柄の組み合わせの有効ラインは1つで、ボーナスゲームはなかったが、後続機種であるニュー・オリンピア以降は、特定の絵柄が揃うと、以降の7ゲームは、第1リールに特定の絵柄が出現するだけで10枚のメダルが払い出されるボーナスゲームが付加された。\n\"以下、代表機種については検定審査通過順に記載する\"\n0号機.\nオリンピアに始まる回胴式遊技機の人気はほどなくして下火となるが、1977年7月、マックス商事より「ジェミニ」が発売され、アメリカンパチンコ（アメパチ）と言う呼び名で再び台頭し始めた。\n「ジェミニ」では、1ゲームに投入できるメダルは最大3枚、絵柄の組み合わせが有効となるラインは、メダル3枚を投入した場合、上段、中段、下段、右下がり、右上がりの5ラインとなった。\n「ジェミニ」の筐体や主要部品には、米国のゲーミング機メーカーであるバリー社の製品が流用されており、それらの部品は、同業者の組合を作って業界を成立させる目的から同業他社にも供給された。そのため、当時のパチスロは、従来のパチンコ店の事情を考慮したサイズになっておらず、パチンコ店がパチスロを新規に導入する場合は、パチンコ台を設置する枠を撤去する必要がままあった。パチンコ台の枠に設置できるパチスロ筐体は、し始める。\nこの頃、すなわち1985年に施行された風適法以前に作られたパチスロ機は、後に0号機と呼ばれるようになる。、目押しの出来るプレイヤーにとっては攻略の対象になった。リールもギアで動くものだった機種では、窓を押さえることでリールを止めることができたものもあった。\n役は、ボーナスゲームと小役ゲームのみで構成され、一度ボーナスゲームが当たると次回のボーナスゲームが高率で当たるようになっていた。ただし、機種や絵柄によっては、単発で終わるボーナスゲームが存在したり、抽選などの要因により打ち止めに達する前に通常状態に戻る（パンク）場合もあった。また、連チャンの規制も無かったので荒い波を持った機種もあった。\n当時の営業方法は定量制で、一定数のメダルを払い出すと「打ち止め」とされ、強制的に遊技を終了させるのが一般的であった。賞品との交換率も、10枚交換などというホールが珍しくなかった。メダルサンドもまだなく、紙で棒金状に包装した50枚のメダルをカウンターで1000円で貸し出していた。また、メダル貸し出し単価や機械仕様が統一されておらず、都道府県ごとに異なるレートが適用されていたり、それに合わせて打ち止め枚数などの仕様が異なっていたりした。都道府県ごとに規制が異なったため、0号機では、同一機種でも隣の県では異なるゲーム内容となっていた。\n1号機.\n1985年、パチスロに新風営法に基づいた全国統一認定基準が定められ、1号機が登場。現在のボーナスシステムと同等のゲーム性を搭載した。\n1.5号機.\n不正改造対策により登場。Aタイプのみ存在。純増方式のみで、約360枚で打ち止めとなる。ボーナス終了時に打ち止めとなるのは0号機時代の名残である。\n2号機.\n1988年に2号機が登場。ボーナスの抽選方法が完全確率方式に統一され、吸い込み方式などは全廃された。コインを50枚まで貯留できるクレジット機能が採用されて操作性が向上したうえに、シングルボーナスや集中役など新しい遊技機能が許可されたことにより、ゲーム性が従来と比較して格段に向上した。その一方で、1ゲーム4秒（3号機以降は4.1秒）の規制が加わり、スピーディなプレイが難しくなった。\n3号機.\n1990年に3号機が登場。2号機のギャンブル性を抑えた仕様であり、人気のあった集中役に対する規制が強化された。しかしゲーム性が画一化されたことにより、結果的に基板の交換やRAMの書き換え（いわゆる「注射」）などによる違法な状態（裏モノ）での営業が蔓延し、一部の機種を除いてほとんどが裏モノ化される地域もあった。それへの対処として大規模な基板改修や再封印が行われた結果、パチスロ人気は急落した。また検定取り消しになった機種もあったが法的な拘束はなく、4号機から5号機への移行のように即時に撤去されることはなかった。末期にはCR機の試作機も作られたが、さまざまな障壁により、製品化は2006年に発売された『CSスロ原人』（アビリット）まで待つことになる。\n4号機.\n1992年に4号機が登場。3号機よりもコイン持ちをよくするために、再遊技（リプレイ）が新たに搭載されるようになった。フラグ告知機能も許可されたが、当初はあまり活用されなかった。他にも、オートリセット機能（3号機まではビッグボーナス終了のたびに店員を呼んでリセットをしてもらう必要があった）の搭載、払い出しに関係のない絵柄（多くの機種における中・右リールのチェリーなど）も4号機から認められている。さらに、ビッグボーナスに「期待値方式」を採用し、獲得枚数が毎回変化するようになったことも特筆される。また、3号機までは1メーカーにつき2機種までしか販売が許可されなかったが、4号機からは何機種でも販売できるようになっている。ビッグボーナス中に3回のJACゲームが入賞可能なAタイプ、同じくJACゲームが2回ないし1回まで入賞可能なBタイプ、ビッグボーナスを搭載しない（レギュラーボーナスもしくは、後に登場するCTやATによって出玉を獲得する）Cタイプの区分が生まれた。\n4.0号機.\n4号機の規定の盲点をついた「小役回収打法（パチスロ情報誌の命名により、一般にDDT打法やKKK打法と呼ばれる）」「リプレイはずし」など、打ち手の技術介入度が高い機種が続々登場。「目押し全盛時代」と言われる。一方で、3号機の終焉と共に消滅したと思われた裏モノは、ギャンブル性を求めた客側と利益を上げたい店側の利益が合致し、『キングガルフ』『ビガー』『エイトマン』などが裏モノ化され、長期に渡って鉄火場を演出した。\n1998年にチャレンジタイム（CT）が許可され、『ウルトラマン倶楽部3』（サミー）をはじめとしたCT機が流行。その一方で、『ジャグラー』（北電子）に代表される、リーチ目がわからなくても特定のランプが点灯すればボーナスが確定する完全告知マシンが高齢者や初心者を中心に人気を集める。\n沖縄では沖スロと呼ばれる独自の機種が人気を集め、『トリプルクラウン』『シオサイ』『ハナハナ』などは、後期まで根強い人気を誇った。なお、沖スロは日本本土にも設置されたが、それらは裏モノに基板が交換されるものが多く、沖スロが完全告知であることでさらに興奮を煽っていた。\n4.1号機.\n完全確率をベースとした規制を受け登場した4.0号機であったが、拡大解釈により大幅な変貌を遂げることになった。2001年に初のストック機『ブラックジャック777』が登場。また、リール以外の手段を用いて演出を表示できる筐体が登場する。当初は簡易なドット絵やフラッシュが主流であったが、その後4thリールや液晶搭載機（『ゲゲゲの鬼太郎』で初搭載）の登場などで筐体そのものも大きな進化を遂げた。\nその中で、最大711枚の出玉が獲得できる大量獲得機の登場やアシストタイム（AT）がブームになり、1日で数万枚（等価交換なら1万枚＝20万円）以上という、異常なまでの出玉性能を持つ機種が登場するなど、射幸心を煽る流れは加速していった。過激化する一方の出玉性能が世間で問題視され始め、『灼熱牙王』（ロデオ）が発売中止になるなど公安委員会も動きを見せる中、2002年7月に日電協は規制を自主的に改定し、「適度な射幸性を超えるおそれがあると認められる遊技機」と判定した4.0号機の一部機種を4.1号機と呼称することとした。さらに2003年には同じく改定前の「著しく射幸性が高いと認められる遊技機」と判断された機種は検定を取り消され、撤去された。\n4.5号機.\n前述の通り射幸心を抑えるために日電協は2002年7月自主規制を改定、これ以降に審査を通過した機種を4.5号機と呼称することとした。\nそれまで人気を博していたAT機は事実上、審査がほぼ通らなくなり、『スーパーリノ』で初搭載されたサイレントストック型のストック機がメインとなった。4号機におけるビッグボーナスの最大獲得枚数である711枚のビッグボーナスがストック機能によって連チャンする吉宗の登場以降、同様の大量獲得＆連チャン機種が多数発売されるなど、長時間では及ばないものの短時間での出玉性能は4.1号機に負けない機種も多かった。\n4.7号機.\n射幸心を抑えるために導入された4.5号機であったが、それでも十分ではないと判断され、2004年1月に規制を強化し、以降に審査を通過した機種を4.7号機と呼称することとした。\n総じて4.5号機より出玉性能が抑えられているが、短期的な爆発力は登場当初の5号機と比べれば依然勝っていたため客のニーズは高く、多くの機種が検定期間満了まで設置された（全ての4号機が撤去されたのは2007年9月30日である）。また、パチンコ店からは撤去されたものの、人気の高かった4号機の多くは若干の改造を加えられるなどしてゲームセンターなどで新たにメダルゲーム機として転用された（いわゆる七号転用機）。\n5号機.\n2005年登場。事実上、射幸性が高くなりすぎた4号機への規制を意図した要件改定のため、検定基準も厳しくなり出玉性能が大幅に制限された。\n短時間での出玉制限やボーナスのストック機能が禁止されるなど出玉の波が穏やかになり、4号機時代のような大量獲得も不可能になったように思えたが、2006年5月発売の『ボンバーマンビクトリー』に初めて搭載され、その後流行したリプパンはずしや、ノーマルタイプに代わり主流となったART機種、AT機種など波の荒い機種が次々と開発され、4号機と比較して引きに左右されるほか獲得に時間はかかるものの、万枚、果ては2万枚クラスも獲得可能な機種も登場している。\n6号機.\n2018年登場。5号機より検定基準が厳しくなり、短期～長期出玉率各項目の上限が抑えられ、出玉性能が更に制限された。\n一方で、5号機にはなかった短期～中期の出玉率の下限も設定されたことから、吸い込み速度は幾分抑えられ､その代わりとしてART/AT中の純増が3枚/毎ゲームという自主規制が撤廃､瞬間的な出玉速度は4号機のAT時代に並ぶ純増10枚という機種も実際に複数登場した｡\n6号機初期より、有利区間の制限や解釈変更などが繰り返されて非常に流動性が高い状況となっていたが、6.5号機が登場した2022年以降は出玉性能が評価されて、人気が確立された状況になりつつある。\nスマスロ.\n2022年登場。遊技にメダルを使用しない「メダルレス機」であることが特徴だが、それ以外にも出玉性能などが6.5号機と比べても向上している。\n様々な規制の余波.\n2002年以降、出玉上の規制が行われ、スペックの変化は様々であるが、出玉設計以外の分野においても規制の余波が届いている。\nなお､下記に記載される規制については各都道府県や地域による温度差が非常に大きく全国一律の規制ではないことに留意を要する｡\nホール営業.\n原則的に「来店客に対し、射幸心を煽る店内行為」が自粛されている。\n5号機移行後における業界の動向.\n2007年10月から、すべての遊技場（パチンコ店やパチスロ専門店）に設置できる機種は5号機のみとなり、4号機は設置できなくなった。しかしながら、4号機での『北斗の拳』→『北斗の拳SE』、『吉宗』→『押忍!番長』『秘宝伝』への入れ替えのように、一気に十台単位で入れ替えるという傾向は見られず（4号機ジャグラーシリーズから『アイムジャグラーEX』への入れ替えは除く）、メーカーによっては4号機の下取り、新たなリースプランの導入などで入れ替えの経費を押さえ、促進しているにもかかわらず、数台ずつ導入していく店がほとんどであった。なかには、シマを改造してパチンコ台に入れ替えたり、ベニヤ板で台の入っていた場所をふさいで総台数を減らしたりするところもあった。\n4号機人気によってパチスロ専門店として改装・開店した店が、再びパチンコとの併設店（甚だしい場合はパチンコ専門店）に戻ったり、パチスロ専門のゲームセンターへの移行や店自体を廃業したりする例も見られた。2号機以前から営業していたような老舗の閉店も相次ぎ、一時は深刻な事態となった。2007年4月27日に業界第6位のダイエー（本社・会津若松市）が東京地裁に民事再生法の適用を申請したことをはじめ、2007年度のパチンコ店倒産件数は前年比37.1％増の大幅増加となり、同年度パチスロ機市場規模（メーカー売上高ベース）が2007年度（5009億円）比51.6%減の2423億円に落ち込むなど、パチスロを取り巻く環境は一気に厳しくなった。パチスロ専門店の店舗数も2006年の2,086店をピークに減少傾向が続き、2010年には903店とピーク時の半分以下に落ち込んでいる（パチンコ店#店舗数も参照）。\nまた2007年秋以降、一部のパチスロ店で4号機以前のパチスロ機を意図的に撤去せずに設置し続ける例や、4号機以前の台を並べた無許可営業店（俗に「闇スロ」、「地下スロ」などと呼ばれる）が現れており（このような店では、貸メダル1枚の単価が100円を超えるような高レート営業が行われることもある）、これについての摘発事例も報道されている。地下スロについては暴力団が関与している疑いも浮上している。また、2010年頃に「金スロ」と称した金箔カードの自動販売機なるものが登場。これには4号機のパチスロ台が接続されており、金箔カードを購入するおまけとしてパチスロを遊技することができ、ボーナスを当選すると金箔カードが更に貰え、金箔カードは併設の古物店で現金で買取ってもらえるいう物である。発案者はあくまで自動販売機であり合法であるとしているが、2013年に風営法違反で摘発されている。詳しくは当該項目を参照されたい。\n一方、5号機も2008年に行われた規制緩和と、それによってART機を中心に多様な機種が投入されたこともあり、2010年5月にはパチスロ設置台数が久々に前月比で増加に転じ、警察庁調べによるパチスロの設置台数も2010年には久々に対前年比でプラスとなるなどパチスロ市場が底入れし、その後のART機の隆盛を背景にパチスロ機の増台が続き、パチンコ機のシマをパチスロに転換するという逆転現象が起こるようになるなど、一転してパチスロ市場は活況を呈した（パチンコ店#設置台数も参照）。\n2022年以降ではパチンコが規則改定により1時間で4万発､5万発の出玉獲得が可能な機種が複数登場しているにもかかわらずパチスロ側は大きな技術的な革新や規制緩和が無く､下火が続いている状況であったが2022年後半より登場した6.5号機により遊技者が投入した枚数+2400枚の上限値を払い出すことが可能となったこと、更に管理ユニットを搭載したメダルレスのスマスロに限り有利区間に関する規制の緩和が実施されたことによりパチスロにも短時間で大量獲得が可能な機種が複数登場、また4号機時代に大ヒット機種であった北斗の拳のリメイク作品も登場したことによりそれまでパチスロから引退していたスリープ層がホールに戻るなど、盛り上がりを見せている。\n営業方法.\n1号機〜2号機時代.\nこのころは1回交換や定量制の営業が多く（無制限営業もあったが現在よりも割合は低い）、交換率も等価交換〜8枚交換まで様々なバリエーションがあった。このころはパチスロだけではなくパチンコでも1回交換やラッキーナンバー営業、定量制の営業が多かった。\n当時は等価〜6枚交換は無制限営業、7枚交換以下は1回交換が多い。\n3号機〜4号機時代.\nこのころになると店側のモーニングサービスやスペック上の問題等から営業形態は1回交換や定量制から無制限へ移行。店側のモーニングサービスがイエローキャンペーンで事実上廃止された後も店側は1回交換へ戻ることはなく無制限営業が事実上定着した。以後5号機時代へ突入した現在も無制限営業が主流である。交換率も同様にそれまで6枚交換や7枚交換等で営業していたホールが等価交換等へ移行する現象が見られた。しかし高設定イベント等では1回交換を行う店もあった。\n5号機時代.\n5号機時代になって、従来のメダル1枚20円から5円ないし10円に単価を下げた営業も見られるようになった。最近はさらに単価を下げた2円単価（2スロ）、更には1円単価（1スロ）も存在する。一方で、消費税率の引き上げによりメダル単価を上げる事例も見受けられ、2014年4月に施行された消費税率8％化にあわせた1000円あたり47枚（1枚約21.27円）営業のほか、2019年10月に施行された消費税率10％化にあわせた1000円あたり46枚（1枚約21.74円）といった営業も見受けられる。\n5号機は機種ごとにボーナスでの獲得枚数に違いが出るバリエーションの豊富な機種が生まれた（0枚〜448枚）またRT（リプレイタイム）やART（アシストリプレイタイム）の登場もあり、イベント以外で1回交換という営業は見られなくなった。4号機の時代に比べて、射幸心を煽るような営業方法は自粛されるようになってきている。\n日本国外におけるパチスロ.\nパチスロは日本国内だけではなく国外にも存在する。これらは基本的に日本で開発された台を利用したものである。そのまま利用していることもあれば何らかの改造を受けている物もあり､台湾等の一部ではあるが完全にオリジナルの機種が存在することが確認されている｡\n韓国では、ソウル市内を中心に多数の店舗が存在していた。説明書きなどはハングルに直されている場合もある。機種は古いものでは『大花火』、新しいものでは『ヒデキに夢中!!』まで確認されている。店の規模は40-50台程度のところが多く、ほとんどの店は韓国の法律に照らすと不法営業である。貸しコインは1万ウォン（約750円）で90枚貸してくれ、交換するときは100枚で1万ウォン分の商品券をくれる。そのまま使えば1万ウォンは1万ウォンだが、現金に（それなりに堂々と）変えてくれるお兄さんを通すとそこから更に10%引かれるので、交換率で言うと6.3枚交換程度になる。\n2006年末に「韓国版パチンコ機」ともいえるメダルチギが非合法化されたため姿を消した。\n北朝鮮では、平壌市にあるボウリング場「平壌ゴールドレーン」の中にもあり、日本と同様景品と交換できる。モンゴルでは、ウランバートル市内で数店舗が営業を行っている。\n台湾では、台北市など除いた一部の地域に電子遊技場(ゲームセンター)においてビデオスロット､バカラ等とともにメダルゲームの一種として運用されている｡中には日本のパチンコ､パチスロを専門に設置し日本のパチンコ屋顔負けの営業を行う大規模店舗も存在する｡現金への交換は法律で禁止されているが、景品への交換については合法とされており再プレイを目的とした特殊景品への交換が可能｡しかしながら現実問題として特殊景品から現金への換金を行う店舗が後を絶たず､度々摘発が行われている｡\n台湾のパチスロの市場規模は日本に次いで大きく､2018年に入りエマがめんそーれ及びイミソーレ30を台湾向けに再販を行う他､台湾バージョンと謳う特殊な基盤の販売を開始した｡\n日本国内のパチスロは5号機に移行したため、4号機以前のパチスロ台は2007年秋までに撤去されたことにより、一部業界関係者は「海外のカジノ等で、日本人客を対象に旧式のパチスロ機による営業を行うところが増えるのではないか」との声もある。ただし、同一のゲーム性のままでカジノに設置することが不可能な国や地域も多い。例えば、ラスベガスなどではスロットマシンにストップボタンを設置することが出来ない。\n日本国外では、日本における保安通信協会（保通協）や公安委員会による検定制度に相当する制度が存在しない、あるいは制度が存在しても検定基準が異なるといった理由から、台に改造が加えられゲーム性が当該機種本来のものと異なる（いわゆる「裏モノ」化している）可能性があり、各国においてパチスロを打つ場合は注意が必要である。\nアルゼやIGTやエマは、一部パチスロ機の海外バージョンを正式発売している。ただし、デザインはパチスロと同じだがゲーム内容はスロットマシンのものとなっているものや台湾仕様として日本で販売されていた機種とは異なった挙動を示すものもある。アルゼは、かつてはパチスロ筐体と同じ筐体（ただし、沖縄仕様のアップライト型）からストップボタンを除去した筐体を使用していたが、現在は海外ではオリジナルの筐体を使用している。\n日本のパチスロメーカー一覧.\nすべて五十音順。\n現存するメーカー.\n括弧内の名称は略称・通称・ブランド名。同一グループに属するメーカーは主メーカーのところにまとめて《》囲みで掲載している。\n", "AIM-120 AMRAAM（Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile、アムラーム）は、アメリカ合衆国のヒューズ社が開発した中距離空対空ミサイルである。なお、ヒューズ・ミサイル・システムズ社はレイセオン社に吸収合併されたため、AMRAAMは現在レイセオン社によって生産と派生型の開発が行われている。\n開発経緯.\nAMRAAMは1975年からAIM-7 スパローの後継として開発が開始された。1979年2月、アメリカ空軍は概念開発段階に提案していた5社のうちからヒューズ・エアクラフト社のヒューズ・ミサイル・システムズとレイセオン社を選定、概念実証段階に進んだ。概念実証段階では1981年12月までに両社は試作ミサイルを3発ずつ発射、その結果からヒューズ・エアクラフト社製のものが優れているとされ、1982年に全規模開発契約（FSD）を結んだ。\nこの契約により、ヒューズ・エアクラフト社は100発弱の試験用AMRAAMを製造。1987年には低率初期生産（LRIP）が認められ、1991年に空軍が初期作戦能力（IOC）を獲得。1992年にフル生産が開始、1993年にはアメリカ海軍も初期作戦能力を獲得した。\n1994年には誘導装置に改良がなされたAIM-120Bが、1996年にはF-22などのウェポンベイに収まるようAIM-120Bの前方のフィンを小型化したAIM-120Cが開発された。AIM-120Cはフィンを小型化した以外はAIM-120Bと同様であり、本来ではF-15やF-16などの非ステルス機にはAIM-120Bが使用され、F-22やF-35などのステルス機にはAIM-120Cが使用される予定であったが、ステルス機の配備・開発の遅れもあり、現在では非ステルス機でもAIM-120Cが使用されている。また現在は、目標情報のアップ・リンク対応や距離の延伸等の改良を施したAIM-120Dが開発され、実射試験を行っている。\nAMRAAMの改良型については、かつて2基のラムジェットエンジンを取り付けたFMRAAM（Future Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile）の開発が計画されていたが、その後開発中止となった(下記参照)。FMRAAMはAMRAAMの倍近くとなる100km超の最大射程を性能目標としていたものの、ラムジェットエンジンを搭載する以外の変更点は無く、AMRAAMが搭載可能な機種であれば改修を行わなくても搭載が可能となる予定であった。\nまた、高・中高度防空ミサイルに転用したSL-AMRAAM（Surface Launched AMRAAM）も開発されており、こちらはノルウェーのコングスベルグ・ディフェンス&amp;エアロスペース社がレイセオン社と共同開発した地対空ミサイルシステムNASAMSに採用された。\n特徴.\n本ミサイルの主な特徴は「撃ちっ放し能力」（fire and forget）と「同時多目標攻撃能力」である。\n撃ちっぱなし能力・同時多目標攻撃能力.\n従来の中距離空対空ミサイルの主役であった旧型のスパロー・ミサイルは、セミアクティブ・レーダー・ホーミング（SARH）誘導方式であった。この方式は、飛翔時の誘導にミサイル外部の助けが必要であり、発射母機のレーダーから目標に対してレーダー波を放射し続け、ミサイルは目標からの反射波をレーダー・シーカーで捉える事で追尾を行い誘導される。発射母機はミサイルの発射後も敵に向けてレーダー波を放射し続け、ミサイルが外れるか衝突するまでその状態を維持しておく必要があった。従って自機のミサイルが飛翔中は、基本的に発射母機は回避行動が行えず、発射母機が誘導を継続する限り敵からの攻撃に対して脆弱になり、またミサイル自体の誘導も1発ずつしかできなかった。\nAMRAAMは、レーダーに放射器まで搭載する事で、アクティブ・レーダー・ホーミング（ARH）方式、すなわちミサイル自身のレーダー放射による自律誘導を可能にした。これにより発射母機はミサイルを放った段階で回避行動が行える「撃ちっぱなし能力」が備わり、航空機の生存性が向上する。しかし、細いミサイルの弾頭部に内蔵されたレーダーはサイズの制約から性能が限られており、遠距離目標はレーダーの微弱な反射波が検出できないことで誘導不可能である。そのままでは実用上は短射程となるため、AMRAAMではアクティブ・レーダー・ホーミング方式に加え他の誘導方法も用いる事でその欠点を補った。すなわち、ミサイルを発射後、レーダー・シーカーが目標を捉える距離までは他の誘導方式で中間誘導を行い、目標接近後にアクティブ・レーダー・ホーミング方式で最後まで誘導する（終端誘導）というものである（LOBLとLOALも参照）\nAMRAAMでは、目標接近までの中間誘導を慣性誘導と指令誘導（COLOS）で行う。目標接近後はアクティブ・レーダー・ホーミングで終端誘導を行う。発射母機は終端誘導が開始された時点で回避行動に移る事ができる。短距離の発射では、中間誘導を行わずに発射前からミサイルのレーダーで終端誘導に入ることで、発射母機は発射直後に行動の自由を得ることができる。中間誘導時に発射母機が攻撃を受けた場合は指令誘導を中止して回避運動を取ることも可能であり、ミサイルは慣性誘導によって定められた方位角で飛翔を続け中間誘導を継続することでアクティブ・レーダーの覆域内（ボアサイト内）に目標を捉えることを期待する。アクティブレーダーに検知されるとそのまま終末誘導へと切り替えて目標の撃墜を図る。ただし、このような慣性誘導だけの中間誘導では命中率が低下する。これらの誘導システムにより、AMRAAMは発射母機の火器管制システム（FCS）にもよるが、複数目標への同時攻撃も可能とした。\nその他の特徴.\nまた、AMRAAMはECCM能力（対電子妨害対抗能力）にも優れ、仮に発射後ジャミング（電波妨害）を受けた場合、その電波の発信源へと誘導される。また、チャフによる妨害にも強いとされる。\n他には、AMRAAMはAIM-7 スパローを超える射程を持ちながらも、弾体サイズは一回り小型となり、重量も軽量化されている。そのため\n等の特長を持つ。特に後者については、これまでは対地攻撃などを行う際の自衛用ミサイルは短距離用のものしかなく頼りなかったのに対して、中距離ミサイルが装備可能となり生存性を高めることとなった。\n名称.\n先述の通り、AMRAAMとはAdvanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile（発展型中距離空対空ミサイル）の頭文字を取ったものであり、スパローやサイドワインダーといった通称とは趣旨が異なる。これはAMRAAMの計画から実用化までの期間が長く、その間呼び習わされたAMRAAMが通称として定着してしまっていたことによる。スラマー（slammer）という非公式の愛称を持つ。\n基本型・派生型.\nAIM-120A.\nAIM-120Aが最初の実用型であり、以後の改良された派生型の基本となったミサイルである。誘導装置にWGU-16/Bを用いた。\nAIM-120B.\n1994年から引渡しが始まった、AIM-120Bは、AIM-120AのWGU-16/Bに代えて、WGU-41/B誘導装置を用いた。WGU-41/Bは、EPROMによってプログラム変更を可能とし、プロセッサーもデジタル化された。\nAIM-120C.\nAIM-120Cは、事前計画製品改良（P3I）プログラムによって、1991年より開発が始まった。誘導装置にWGU-44/Bを用い、F-22の兵器倉に3発収容可能とするために中央フィンと後部制御翼の先端を除いて小型化した。\nAIM-120Cにはさらに細かな改良・派生型が存在する。それぞれ1つ前の型から各々の点で改良された。\nAIM-120D.\n最新型で2015年4月にアメリカ海軍において初期作戦能力を獲得した。初の海外顧客はオーストラリアで2016年4月に輸出承認された。主な改良点は電子防護機能強化、射程と精度向上のためのGPS/IMU（衛星航法システム/慣性航法ユニット）の装備、双方向データリンクの装備、目標の回避ゾーンをなくすための運動エネルギー強化である。射程は従来型比で1.5倍に向上、マッハ4の速度で飛翔して100nm程度とも言われている。その他キネマティック性能と兵器の有効性を向上させる新誘導ソフトウェアを導入し、高角度でのオフボアサイト射撃に最適化されている。\nFMRAAM.\nAIM-120の発展型でラムジェットエンジンを搭載し、それ以外はAIM-120Dと同様の改良がされる予定であった。FMRAAMはFuture Medium Range Air-to-Air Missile（将来中距離空対空ミサイル）の略。\nFMRAAMは1990年代半ばにユーロファイター用の次世代ミサイルとして提案されたが、共同開発のミーティアに敗れ開発計画はキャンセルされた。\nNASAMS.\nノルウェーとアメリカが開発した、AIM-120を使用する中高度防空ミサイルシステムである。アメリカがNASAMSを使用している他、ノルウェー、フィンランド、オランダ、スペイン、オマーンがNASAMSのアップグレード版であるNASAMS2を運用している。\n生産と配備.\n実戦使用.\nAMRAAMの初の実戦は、1992年12月、イラク軍のMiG-25が2機飛行禁止空域を越え南下してきたのに対して、アメリカ空軍のF-16が早期警戒管制機の支援を受けAIM-120Aを発射、MiG-25 1機を撃墜した。\nユーゴスラビア紛争でも使用されている。\n輸出.\nAMRAAMは、当初からヨーロッパ諸国での使用も考慮されており、米国製の戦闘機以外にもイギリス・ドイツ・スペイン・イタリア共同開発のユーロファイター タイフーンや、スウェーデンで開発されたサーブ 39 グリペンなどにも搭載可能である。\n日本での運用.\n航空自衛隊では飛行教導隊（現：飛行教導群）に44発のAIM-120B（及びC-5、C-7）が試験的に導入されたが本格導入はされず、AIM-7F/Mの後継としては国産の中距離空対空ミサイルである99式空対空誘導弾（AAM-4）が採用された。しかし、第4次F-Xで選定されたF-35Aには、胴体内ウエポンベイのサイズが合わないなどの問題があり、レイセオンはF-35用にはAIM-120の導入が望ましいとしている。\n2014年12月12日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-7 17基と訓練用キャプティブ弾2基、コンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定3,300万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した。\n2017年10月4日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-7 56基、コンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定1億1,300万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した。\n2018年11月19日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-7 32基、スペアコンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定6,300万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した\n2019年5月17日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-7 160基、コンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定3億1,700万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した\n2020年8月26日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-8 32基、AIM-120C-8誘導セクション1個、スペアコンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定6,300万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した。\n2022年7月25日、アメリカ国務省はAIM-120C-7/C-8 150基、AIM-120C-8誘導セクション3個、スペアコンテナ、付属品、部品、サポートなど推定2億9,000万ドル分の日本への輸出を承認した。\n", "ハモンドオルガン（）とは電気楽器の一種。\n1934年にローレンス・ハモンドによって発明された。パイプオルガンのパイプの代わりに、（歯車状の磁性金属製の円盤）を回転させて、近接して設置された電磁ピックアップにより磁界変化の波を音源として出力する。このように生成された正弦波を基音または倍音として、パイプオルガンと同様にミックスして音を作り出す。\n機種や演奏環境によって若干の差異はあるが、空気感に富む明朗な音色が特徴である。複雑な発音方式から生じる深みのあるサウンドを利して、ジャズやロックなど比較的近代的な音楽に導入している例も少なからず見受けられる。\n歴史.\n誕生.\n1930年代初頭、既に真空管を使ったシンプルな電子楽器が製品化されていたが、大規模で本格的な電子楽器はまだ研究途上にあり、真空管式電子オルガンの製品化には困難があった 。ローレンス・ハモンドは（もちろん当時としては）軽量かつ小型で、どこでも正確な音程で演奏出来るように、自身が開発した電気時計に採用した、電源周波数に同期した同期電動機（シンクロナス・モーター、synchronous AC motor）を用いてトーンホイールを回転させることにした。多数のトーンホイールは、多数の減速歯車によって同期回転させて各音程の周波数を発生させる。しかし整数比の歯車の作り出す音程は正確な十二平均律ではないため、合成音はコーラス効果で独特な音色となり、いわゆるハモンド・サウンドといわれるものとなる。\nパイプを用いないこの楽器を人々は当初、「オルガン」とは認めなかったが、シカゴ大学のホールでパイプオルガンとハモンドオルガンを多くの人々の前でブラインドテストした結果、この楽器は「オルガンである」と認められたという。日本ではウィリアム・メレル・ヴォーリズが輸入代理店を開き、広く紹介したことにより普及した。\n全盛期.\n1940年代ごろから、ハモンドオルガンを身近に感じて育った子どもたちがジャズなどのミュージシャンとなり、一部のジャズプレイヤーはピアノに代わる選択肢としてハモンドオルガンを演奏するようになった。ジャズオルガニストの中でもジミー・スミスはジャズの世界にとどまらない影響を与え続けることになる。\n1950年代、ロックンロールなどの黒人音楽の影響が強い音楽が一世を風靡すると、ハモンドオルガンはこうした音楽にも導入されていった。エレクトリック・ギターなどの電気楽器が次々登場し、ますます大きくなるバンドの音量に負けまいと鍵盤奏者が必死になってピアノの鍵盤を強打していたこの時代、比較的簡単に大音量が得られ、ドラムキットや管楽器、エレクトリック・ギターに負けない攻撃的なトーンをも生み出せるハモンドオルガンは、一躍多くの鍵盤奏者たちに愛されることとなった。1960年代後半にはディープ・パープル、ザ・ナイス、ステッペンウルフといったロックバンドのオルガン奏者がギタリストと対等に渡り合う、もしくはギタリストの在籍しないロックバンドが次々と登場。クラシックの技法なども導入され、たくさんのヒットレコードにハモンドオルガンの音は記録された。\nサウンドの発展.\nハモンドオルガン・カンパニーは専用アンプとしてPR-40などの専用トーンキャビネットを製造し、推奨していた。1940年代、オルガン奏者であったドン・レスリーという人物はパイプオルガンの響きが左右に動いて聴こえるのに気づき、回転する高音用ホーンと低音用ローターをもったスピーカーを開発する。「レスリー・スピーカー」の誕生である。ローレンス・ハモンドは生前、レスリー・スピーカーを認めることはなかったが、オルガニストたちはこぞってこのスピーカーを使い始める。瞬く間にハモンドオルガンとレスリー・スピーカーは殆どの場合セットで用いられることになり、現在ではレスリー・スピーカーはハモンドオルガンの個性の半分以上を担うと看做されるようになった。\nギターアンプなどに内蔵されたスプリング・リバーブユニットに衝撃を与えると爆発音や雷のような音が出ることが発見されてから、一部のロックオルガニストたちはより「ロックな」パフォーマンスを行うため、本来リバーブを内蔵しないB-3やC-3にユニットを組み込み、オルガンを揺らし、叩き付け、ドラムスティックなどで直接ユニットのバネを擦って攻撃的なノイズを発生させるようになった。また、一部のオルガニストはギターアンプを用いてオルガンサウンドを増幅することでギターへの憧憬を表したり、より攻撃的なトーンを作り出したりした。この代表選手はディープ・パープルのジョン・ロードであろう。\nザ・ナイス～ELPのキース・エマーソンはジミ・ヘンドリックスなどの影響からフィードバック（ハウリング）やスプリング・リバーブの衝撃音、ナイフ（鍵盤の間に突き刺し、音を出たままの状態にする）まで利用し、オルガンに馬乗りになったり下敷きになったりして演奏するという強烈なパフォーマンスを行い、観客の目も耳も釘付けにした。ジョン・ロードはスプリングリバーブの衝撃音やリングモジュレーターを使って印象的なノイズを多用したことで有名である。また1969年から1972年までのディープ・パープルのいわゆる「第2期」にはレスリー・スピーカーを用いずにギターアンプ（マーシャル社のベースアンプ）を使用した。\n1970年代後半には、元々レスリースピーカーを真似て作られたエフェクターであるフェイズシフターを、大きくかさばるレスリースピーカーの代用として使う奏者も現れた。フェイズシフターの音はレスリーとはまったく異なるものであったが、これも個性的なオルガンサウンドを生み出した。オルガンの機構を利用した特殊奏法も、様々なものが編み出されている。これについては「メカニズム」の項で例を挙げることとする。\nポピュラー音楽での使用頻度増加に伴い、1960年代初めごろにはトランジスタ回路でハモンドオルガンの音を模倣した「コンボオルガン」が多くのメーカーから発売されるようになった。代表的なものはヴォックス（VOX）社製とファルフィッサ（）社製である。機構が比較的単純なためハモンドオルガンよりコンパクトで軽く、安価でもあったためアマチュアバンドに広く利用された後、ドアーズ、ビートルズ、アニマルズ、ピンク・フロイドなど、プロのバンドにもよく使われるようになり、1960年代後半のサイケデリック・ロックの特徴の一つともなった。音色自体はハモンドオルガンには全く似ていないチープなものであるが、これが独自の個性を確立し、現在まで評価されている。\n衰退と再評価.\n大きく重くならざるを得ないトーンホイールシステムは、鍵盤楽器の小型化・軽量化の流れにやがて取り残された。1974年末に全てのトーンホイールオルガンの生産が終了し、電子回路による発振に置き換えられて、完全に電子化された。全盛期にはどんなヒット曲でも聴くことのできたハモンド・サウンドはやがて飽きられ、1970年代末から急速に発展していたシンセサイザーに取って代わられることになった。\n1986年末ハモンド・オルガンカンパニーの経営は緩やかに終息を迎えた。 修理部品と保守サービスは別会社に移行され 、商標その他はハモンド・オーストラリアに譲渡された 。 唯一の生産拠点となった日本ハモンドの権利関係は複雑化し、最終的に親会社 阪田商会は関連事業を鈴木楽器に譲渡した 。 鈴木楽器は1991年ハモンド、1992年レスリーをそれぞれ買収し、旧・日本ハモンドの流れを汲むトランジスタ発振方式の製品や、新しいサンプリング音を利用したハモンドオルガン、レスリー・スピーカーの生産を開始した 。シンセサイザーの音が飽きられ始め、古い電気・電子楽器の音が再評価されるようになった1990年代前後からは多くのメーカーでPCM音源や物理モデル音源を利用したオルガンが作られるようになる。現在ハモンドオルガンの商標を持っているハモンドスズキ（Hammond-Suzuki）の製品はビンテージのB-3のトーンホイール一つ一つからサンプリングした音を使用しており、他社のものは物理モデル音源を用いて再現しているものが多い。これらのオルガンは「クローンホイール（Clonewheel）」と呼ばれている。しかしながら、旧式のトーンホイールから生み出される深みのある太い音は、現在の技術で完全に代替出来ているとは言い難い。このため、今でもヴィンテージのハモンドオルガンを買い求める演奏家は多い。\nまた伝統的なトーンホイール・オルガンを再生産するメーカーも存在する（Pari.E Electromagnetic organ）。\nメカニズム.\n2つの起動スイッチ.\nB-3の場合で91枚のトーンホイールを回転させるために要するトルクは大きいため、始動時にはより回転力のあるモーターを同時に動かす必要がある。このためオルガン本体には、自動車のセルモーターに相当するStartモーターを回す\"Start\"スイッチ（電源スイッチとStartモーターの始動スイッチを兼ねる）と、トーンホイールを一定速度で回すシンクロナス・モーター用の\"Run\"スイッチがある。演奏の準備のためには、まずStartスイッチを10秒近く押し上げ、モーター音が安定したところでRunスイッチを押し上げる。その後Startスイッチは指を離すと中央で止まり、プリアンプの真空管が暖まれば演奏が可能となる。鍵盤を押しながらRunスイッチを切ると、トーンホイールが減速～停止する一方、プリアンプには電気が供給されているために発音を続けるので、音程のベンドダウンを行うことができる。完全に停止してしまうと、再び立ち上げ動作を行う必要があり、10秒以上演奏できなくなる。Startモーターを演奏中に回すことでベンドアップも可能である（Startモーターの回転数に依存するため、音程変化量は個体差がある）。1970年代にはロックバンドで頻用された裏技である。なお、前述のようにシンクロナス・モーターは電源周波数により回転速度を決定しているため、日本の関東地方など50Hz圏で正しい音程で使用するには、サイクルチェンジャーの組み込みが必要である。50Hz圏でそのまま使用すると、約短3度音程が低下する。一部の業者では50Hzを60Hzに変換するだけでなく、様々な電源周波数に切り替えることで好みの調に移調できるように製作したものがある。\nトーンホイール・ジェネレーター.\nハモンドオルガンのすべての楽音を生み出すのは、上述したとおりトーンホイールと呼ばれる歯車状のパーツである。その縁には正弦波を模した波形が刻まれており、ピックアップとの距離が周期的に変化することによって生じる磁界の変化を音として出力する（エレクトリックギターの弦振動とほぼ同じようなものである）。代表的機種のB-3で91枚が組み込まれている。ペダル鍵盤用の12枚とメインの79枚に分けられ、ペダル用の12枚は低音を聞こえやすくするために正弦波よりも複雑な波形を持っている。それぞれのトーンホイールが生み出した音源信号は、いくつもの系統に分けられて出力される。「上鍵盤のBプリセット用・8'のドローバーに接続される系統」「下鍵盤のA#プリセット用・2'のドローバーに接続され、かつビブラート回路を通る系統」「2ndパーカッションとして出力される系統」といった具合である。このため、トーンホイール・ジェネレーターは非常に複雑な配線がなされている。各トーンホイールはピックアップとの距離が調整されており、聴感上目立つ高音の出力が低音より抑えられていることに加え、コンソールモデルでは一度に押されている鍵盤の数、引かれているドローバーの数、演奏される音域に関わらず音量が概ね一定となるように設計されており、これによって主旋律が伴奏に埋もれてしまうことや多数のドローバーが引かれた際に音量が過大になるのを防ぐことができる（Loudness Robbingと呼ばれる）。ジェネレーターは機械式であるため、年1回程度、トーンジェネレーターとモーターに専用の潤滑油を注油する必要がある。フェルト製のトーンジェネレーターカバーに数カ所、漏斗に似た形の給油口が取り付けられていて、専用潤滑油を少量入れておけばよい。注がれたオイルを適所に補給するため、ホイールを回転させる歯車やモーターのベアリングに接触するように糸が取り付けられており、オイルが浸透して必要な部分に伝達される。\nドローバー.\nハーモニック・ドローバーは、基本的には9本で構成される、パイプオルガンのストップ（音栓）にあたる操作子である。これを引き出すことで倍音を重ね、オルガンの音を作り上げる。それぞれ音量が0から8までの9段階あり、向こう側に押し込んだ状態（0）では音が出ず、手前にいっぱいに引く（8）と最大音量となる。ドローバーは左から16'（16フィート）・5-1/3'（5と3分の1フィート）・8'・4'・2-2/3'・2'・1-3/5'・1-1/3'・1'となっている（パイプオルガンの、相当するパイプの長さを示す）。このうち8'は「基音」と呼ばれ、この音を中心にドローバーを調整して音色を作り上げていく。白のドローバーは基音およびそれとオクターブの関係にある倍音で、右に行くほどオクターブが上がる。黒のドローバーは基音の第3、第5、第6倍音である。ペダル鍵盤は16'と8'の2本で音色を作る（ペダル専用の倍音を多く持つトーンホイールと通常のトーンホイールを併用している）。5-1/3'のドローバーは8'の左側にあるが、これは8'ではなく16'の整数次倍音（基音の整数倍の高さの音。5-1/3'は16'の第3倍音）だからである。8'を基音とした音に深みを与えたりする場合などに使用される。16'・5-1/3'のドローバーのみ色は茶色になっている。ドローバーの組み合わせをレジストレーションとよび、「88 8000 000」などと表記する。B-3などのコンソールタイプでは上下鍵盤それぞれに9本のセットが二つずつ、ペダル用に2本のセットが一つ設置される。安価かつ小型のスピネットタイプでは上鍵盤に9本のセットが一つ、下鍵盤に7本ないし8本のセットが一つ、ペダル用に1本が設置されている。\nフォールドバック.\n手鍵盤の16'担当分、最低オクターブは上のオクターブの繰り返しとなる。また、1'の最高オクターブはその下のオクターブの繰り返しとなる。これをフォールドバック（折り返し）という。これは人間の可聴域を超えるトーンホイールを省略しつつ、細くなりがちな高音域の音を太く、過剰に響きがちな低音域を引き締める効果がある。パイプオルガンにも同様の理由で折り返しがある。61鍵の音域で9つの倍音を持たせると単純計算で109枚のトーンホイールを要するはずだが、これにより91枚に留まる（この中には12枚のペダル専用トーンホイールも含まれる）。電子回路を用いたコンボオルガンの多くはフォールドバックを持たなかったため、ハモンドオルガンと電子オルガンを分ける個性とされる。ハモンドでも小型のスピネットオルガンにはフォールドバックは装備されない（しかし、サードパーティーからフォールドバックを追加するキットがオプションとして発売されている）。クローンホイールオルガンでは、ユーザーがフォールドバックの程度を調整できるものもある。\n多列接点.\n鍵盤の各キーにはドローバー9本それぞれに対応するスイッチが上下方向、櫛状に並んでおり、キーをゆっくり押し込んでいくと高次倍音から順に発音される（多列接点）。また、これらのスイッチが接触するときの電気的スパークはキークリックと呼ばれる。ハモンドの開発陣はこの音を余計なものとして、6kHz以上の周波数を取り除くフィルターを設置する等して取り除く努力をしたが、後年この音はアタックを強調し打楽器的な演奏をより魅力的なものにするためオルガン奏者から愛され、ハモンドサウンドの特徴の一つとされている。多列接点は1970年代までの電子オルガンではハモンドに限らず採用しているものは多かったが、これは単に当時の技術の限界による設計で、機構の複雑化や重量の増加を招いていたため、1970年代末から1980年代初期を以て淘汰されていった。しかし、単接点鍵盤を持つクローンホイールオルガンは、デジタル・アナログ問わずキークリックを発音するように設計され、多くはクリックの音量も調整できる。ただし単接点では鍵盤の微妙な押し込み具合によるキークリックのばらつき（ゴーストノートを多用する場合、ノリを生み出す要素となる）や多くのドローバーを引き出したレジストレーションを用いて演奏するスローテンポの楽曲におけるハープのような効果を演出することができず、これらを利用するスタイルを持つオルガン奏者にとっては不満が残った。そこで、2003年にハモンド鈴木から発売された「New B-3」では、多列接点もハモンドオルガンの魅力であるとして、デジタル式クローンホイールオルガンで初めて機械式多列接点が採用された（本来は足鍵盤も4列接点だが、これは単接点になっている。アナログ式クローンホイールオルガンについては、フィンランドのウルム社製「HIT Organ」や日本のエース電子工業製の「GT-7」など、多列接点が廃れる以前に設計されたものがある）。\nパーカッション.\n4'と2-2/3のドローバーに対応する倍音は、スイッチを入れることにより「コン」という減衰音としても出力される。これを「パーカッション」と呼び、B-3以降に開発されたオルガンのほとんどに搭載されている。4'に対応するものが「セカンド（第2倍音）」、2-2/3'に対応するものが「サード（第3倍音）」と表記される。発音はコンデンサに溜められた電力を放出することにより行われる。すべての鍵盤を離すと再充電されるが、一つでも鍵盤を押さえていると電力は放出され続けるため、レガートで演奏する場合にはパーカッションは発音しない。減衰速度、音量は2段階から選択可能で、音量を大きい設定にするとパーカッション音量が少し大きくなるだけでなく、パーカッションを強調するためにオルガントーン音量が3 dBほど低下する。また、バランスよく聴かせるために低音部は大きく、高音部は小さく鳴るように作られ、最低音と最高音で1dB程度の音量差を設けている。パーカッションをonにすると、1'に対応する接点がパーカッション用に充てられるため、1'の倍音は発音しなくなる。また、パーカッションは上鍵盤でのみ発音し、コンソールタイプでは上鍵盤用の2つのドローバーセットのうち右側の音色（プリセット\"B\"）を選択したときのみ発音する。\nB-2/C-2など、パーカッションが装備されないオルガンのために、他のメーカーから後付け用のパーカッション回路も販売されている。セカンド、サード以外の倍音（第5倍音など）も選択可能、かつ、複数のパーカッショントーンをミックスして使えるタイプもある。\nドローバーを全て引っ込めた状態で、パーカッションの音だけを用いてエレクトリックピアノのように演奏することもある。左側のドローバー3本をいっぱいに引き出した音（俗に「下3本」）とサード・パーカッションを組み合わせた音色はジミー・スミスやキース・エマーソンのオルガンスタイルを代表する音色となった。\nコーラスとビブラート.\nBV/CV以降のコンソール型ハモンドオルガンでは、スキャナービブラートという機構を採用している。コイルのタップ切替による位相変調方式で、円筒の中をプロペラのようなパーツが回転し、周囲に設けられた16個のコイル・タップを切り替えて位相遅れを変更し、周期的に音程を上下させる。B-2/C-2以降のモデルでは、ビブラートを上下の鍵盤それぞれに独立してon/offを設定できる。ビブラート音と原音を混ぜることでコーラス効果も作ることができ、それぞれ3段階の深さがセットされている。なお、L-100などの廉価版（スピネット型）では電子回路（フェイズシフター）を用いたビブラートユニットが装備されているが、音の厚みは劣る。ちなみに最初の製品「モデルA」ではトレモロを内蔵していた。次に開発された「モデルBC」では大型のコーラスジェネレーターが内蔵されていた（モデルBCのコーラス無しのモデルがBキャビネットを使用した最初の製品「モデルAB」である）。\nプリセット.\nB-3などの上位機種では、上下の鍵盤の左端に白黒反転カラーの鍵盤が装備されているが、これはドローバーで生成した音色およびプリセットの選択スイッチになっていて、押し込むと下がったままになる。上下鍵盤用にそれぞれ2セットずつ装備されたドローバーの音色はBおよびA♯のスイッチで選択できる。2つ以上のスイッチを同時に押すと、両方を組み合わせた音色になる（例：88 8000 000+00 8444 200=88 8444 200）。Cスイッチはキャンセルキーで、これを押すと選択されていたスイッチは解放され、音が出なくなる。なお、前述したパーカッションは上鍵盤のBスイッチの音色にだけ作動する。また、右手で鍵盤を押さえておいて、左手でCスイッチを押しながら残りのプリセットキーをランダムに押すことで倍音構成を次々に変化させる特殊奏法がある。なお、L-100など安価なスピネットタイプでは鍵盤上に舌のように突き出たスイッチ群の中にプリセットを選択する機能が割り当てられている（プリセットは下鍵盤に1つか2つ、上鍵盤に4つ。パーカッションは上鍵盤でドローバー音色を選んだ際に有効になる）。\n代表的なハモンド・トーンホイールオルガン.\nB-3.\n200種類以上あるといわれているハモンドオルガンの中で、代表的かつ最も人気のある機種。最初のハモンドオルガン「モデルA」から採用されている、演奏者の足が見えるように作られた四足の外観が特徴（ただし、B-3に用いられるBキャビネットは当初大型のコーラスジェネレーターを採用した「モデルBC」として開発されたため、Aキャビネットより大型）。このモデル以降パーカッションが装備される。ほとんどのジャズオルガン奏者やポピュラーバンドに使われており、ユーザーは枚挙に暇が無い。ハモンドNew B-3やローランドVK-88などといった、現在製造されているオルガンは外見的にB-3を意識しているものが多い。ロックコンサートで使用するために、鍵盤およびメカニズムを取り出し、軽量で簡素な筐体に内蔵する改造もよく行われた（以下、RT-3まで、この改造モデルのベースとしてよく使われた。これらをHammond Chop(s)と呼ぶ）。\nC-3.\nB-3と並んで有名なものはC-3。チャーチモデルと呼ばれるC-3は音源部分はB-3と同一だが、教会のパイプオルガンの演奏台に似た筐体を持つ（このタイプが作られた理由は「教会で使用するため」とも「スカートをはいた女性が演奏しやすくするため」ともいわれている）。筐体以外の音源部分・鍵盤部分はB-3と同一である。外観には3種類あり、アメリカ製のものは彫刻が多く施された豪華な初期型と、筐体上部の彫刻が省略された1958年以降のものがある。イギリス製は1965年以降、彫刻を省略して側面が平らで全体的に鋭角的な外観の筐体となった。また、イギリスの工場ではC-3とA-100がB-3よりも多く生産されたため、イギリスの市場では新品のB-3は高価・希少となった。このためミュージシャンは同一機能を持ち、入手しやすいC-3を多く買い求めることになった。そのためディープ・パープルのジョン・ロードや、ELPのキース・エマーソン、イエスのリック・ウェイクマンなど、主にイギリスのロックオルガニストがC-3ユーザーとして有名になった。一部のロックミュージシャンはオルガンを改造した。よく行われたのは筐体を上下に分割することとスプリングリバーブの内蔵である。ジョン・ロードはさらにRMIエレクトラピアノを組み込んで、オルガントーンと組み合わせて使用できるようにした。4本足のB-3と比べて鍵盤部が前にせり出したC-3は揺れに不安定であり、オルガンを揺さぶってリバーブに衝撃を与えてノイズを出すパフォーマンスが行いやすかった。\nA-100シリーズ.\nB-3/C-3のバリエーションで、家庭用に作られたもの。「A」と銘打たれているが、最初の製品「モデルA」の直接発展したものではない。音源部分はB-3と同一であるが、筐体は前後幅が短縮されたスリムなものとなった。本来B-3やC-3でもビブラートユニットの小型化により前後幅の短縮は可能になっているのだが、筐体の小型化は新設計のこのモデルにおいてようやくなされた。鍵盤の蓋は省略され、B-3やC-3とは異なるタイプの譜面台を持つ。設置スペースを省くためにスピーカーとスプリングリバーブを装備。猫足の優雅な外観を持つA-102やC-3と同一筐体を使用するA-105などのバリエーションがある。前後幅の短縮ゆえ、オルガンの上に他の鍵盤楽器を載せることが多いロックバンドではあまり使われず、内蔵スピーカーを装備しているため重く、ジャズでの使用例も少ない。そのためか、Hammond Chopの材料や、B-3の部品取り用に使われることが多かった。現在はそのデザインが再評価されている。なお、イギリスでは需要があったようで、アメリカで1964年に生産中止となって以降も、1975年のトーンホイール廃止まで生産された。ジャズオルガニストの河合代介はスピーカーを取り外し、レスリースピーカー用のジャックを追加したものを使用している。\nRT-3.\nC-3のバリエーションで、コンサートモデルと呼ばれるカテゴリーに属する。足鍵盤が25鍵からアメリカン・ギルド・オブ・オルガニスツ（AGO）準拠の32鍵（Cから2オクターブ上のGまで）に拡張され、ペダルドローバーの音に重ねてパイプオルガン並みの重低音を実現するために真空管式の発振器を装備した。このため、横幅は高音側が15cmほど大きい。このモデルの筐体もC-3同様のバリエーション（初期・後期・イギリス製）がある。スピーカー内蔵タイプとしてD-100シリーズがある。中でもD-152はアビー・ロード・スタジオにも設置され、ビートルズやピンク・フロイドのレコーディングでも使用された。\nM-3およびM-100シリーズ.\n以下は上記までのコンソールモデルと比べて小型かつ安価なモデルで、スピネットモデルという分類に入る。スピネットモデルは内蔵スピーカーを備え、上下鍵盤は各々44鍵で下鍵盤は低音側、上鍵盤は高音側にオフセットされている。フォールドバックを持たないため高音域の音が薄い。また手鍵盤用の低音域トーンホイールを持たない（ドローバーも下鍵盤用は16'と5-1/3'を欠く）ためコンソールモデルと違い下鍵盤でベースラインを弾けないという特徴がある。足鍵盤用ドローバーは16'が1本のみである。\nM-3は最初のスピネットオルガン\"M型\"の改良型であり、ブッカー・T・ジョーンズが使用していたことで有名。鍵盤やスイッチ類はB-3と同じもの（ウォーターフォール型鍵盤、タブレットスイッチ）を装備。M-3までのモデルはリバーブおよびプリセットを持たない（M-100以降で採用）。特徴的な機能として、エクスプレッションペダル左側にペダル鍵盤のサステインスイッチを持つ（この機能を持たせるためにペダルドローバーにはコンデンサーが接続されている。M-100以降では廃止）。またペダル鍵盤はCからBまでの12鍵（M-100以降で13鍵に改良される）。M-100以降のM型は他のスピネットタイプと同様の仕様（ダイビングボード型鍵盤、フリップスイッチ）になる。M型全体での特徴は、下鍵盤のドローバーセットにL型以降のスピネット同様の7本（16'と5-1/3'を欠く）に加えて1本で24度（第10倍音）と26度（第12倍音）の音程を同時にコントロールするもの（合計8本）を持つことと、B-3同様のスキャナービブラートを装備していることである。M-100シリーズはジョン・ポール・ジョーンズがレッド・ツェッペリンの1枚目のアルバムで使用したほか、プロコル・ハルムでマシュー・フィッシャーがM-102を使用した例が有名。スピネット第1世代のM型は1960年代から第2世代のL型に交代していった。\nL-100シリーズ.\nM-100シリーズの改良型。キークリックを特に抑制するため、高音域の出力を上げたうえでフィルターを用いて高音域を削る設計になっている（上述したように、キークリックは当時、ハモンドオルガン・カンパニーのスタッフおよび教会オルガン奏者にとっては邪魔なものであった。B-3などでも6kHz以上の周波数をカットするように設計されている）。下鍵盤のドローバーの数は7本と少なくなっている（Mシリーズまでの「下鍵盤用の8本目のドローバー」は廃止された）。ペダル用ドローバーはMシリーズ同様の1本。プリセットは上鍵盤に4つ、下鍵盤に1つ。ビブラート回路は簡単なものに置き換えられ、2段階に切り替え可能なスプリングリバーブとスピーカーを内蔵。プリセットやビブラート、リバーブはコンソール型で見られるロッカースイッチではなく、舌型のフリップスイッチで選択する。キース・エマーソンが、有名なナイフを刺して馬乗りになるなどの破壊行為を行ったのはこのオルガンである（スピーカーがあることでフィードバックノイズを作りやすいうえに小型・軽量であるためにステージを引きずり回すのに好都合だった）。その他、イエスの初代オルガニストトニー・ケイらが使用していた。スピーカーと木製の筐体を取り払った「Porta-B」というモデルもある。脚や筐体の仕様の違いでL-112などのバリエーションあり。L-200シリーズはロータリースピーカーを内蔵している。\nT-100シリーズ.\nL型の発展型。プリアンプはトランジスタ式となり、リズムボックスを内蔵している。ジェネシスのトニー・バンクスが数少ない有名な使用例。脚や筐体の仕様の違いでT-112などのバリエーションあり。T-200シリーズはロータリースピーカーを内蔵している。1975年のトーンホイール・ジェネレーター廃止まで生産された。\n", "マーガリン（）は、植物性または動物性の油脂を原料とし、バターに似せて作った加工食品である。英語の発音はマージャリンに近い。ドイツ語では同じスペルでマーガリネと読むので、日本語は両者の混合に近い。\n概要.\n元々バターが高価であることから、バターの代替としてつくられた食品。日本ではかつては人造バターと呼ばれていたが、1952年11月にマーガリンに呼称を改めている。\n日本農林規格 (JAS) では、「マーガリン類」についての規格を定めており、これにはマーガリンとファットスプレッドが含まれる。両者は主として油脂含有率によって区別され、油脂含有率が80 %以上のものがマーガリン、80 %未満のものをファットスプレッドと呼ぶ。日本で家庭用のマーガリンとして販売されているものの多くはファットスプレッドである。\nバターやオリーブ・オイルのように、主にパンに塗って食べるために広く用いられる。また、バターに比べ安価であることから、バターの代用品としてパンやケーキ、クッキー、アイスクリーム、チョコレートなど多くの食品の原材料として使われる。バターは風味に優れるとされる一方、マーガリンにはあっさりした味わいがあるとされる。バターや乳脂肪が添加され、バターに近い風味にされた製品もある。\n商品形態はプラスチックカップ、チューブ、ディスペンパックなどである。\n成分・原料.\nマーガリンは精製した油脂に発酵乳・食塩・ビタミン類などを加えて乳化し練り合わせた加工食品で、その製造過程において水素を分子に付加して（水素付加、水素化）、常温で固体にしている。バターとの大きな違いは、バターの主原料は牛乳だがマーガリンの主原料は植物性・動物性の油脂である点である。\n植物油としては、大豆油、なたね油、コーン油、パーム油、ヤシ油、綿実油、ひまわり油などが使用されており、動物油としては、主に魚油や豚脂、牛脂などが使用されている。以前は鯨の脂肪（鯨油）を用いた物も普及していた。\n日本ではJAS規格により、「マーガリン類」の中で油脂含有率が80 %以上のものがマーガリン、80 %未満がファットスプレッドと分類されている。\n歴史.\n名称としてのマーガリンは、1813年にフランスの化学者であるミシェル＝ウジェーヌ・シュヴルールが、動物性脂肪の研究からマルガリン酸を発見したことに遡る。マルガリン（またはマーガリン）という言葉はギリシャ語の\"margarite\"（真珠の意）に由来しており、真珠のように美しく輝くという性質を表現したものである。\n製品としてのマーガリンは、19世紀末に発明された。1869年にナポレオン3世が軍用と民生用のためにバターの安価な代用品を募集したところ、フランス人のが牛脂に牛乳などを加え硬化したものを考案。これは、オレオマーガリン（oleomargarine）という名前がつけられ、後に省略してマーガリンと呼ばれるようになった。ムーリエの考案したマーガリンは公に採用され、その後1871年にオランダのが特許権を買収。ユルゲンスはと共にを創業し、これは現在のユニリーバに繋がっていく。\n日本へは1887年（明治20年）に初めて輸入され、1908年（明治41年）に横浜の帝国社（現在のあすか製薬の前身の一つ）によって国産化に成功している。\n19世紀末に、ニッケル触媒を用いる水素添加反応が発見され、さらにこの反応により植物油が硬化すること（硬化油）が見出された。20世紀に入るとこの硬化植物油を用いる“合成”マーガリンの製造が始められた。第二次世界大戦中のアメリカ合衆国では、牛脂の逼迫から“合成”マーガリンが本格的に製造され、戦後は「マーガリン」といえば、これを指すようになった。近年問題視されているトランス脂肪酸は、上記の水素添加反応によるものである。\nトランス脂肪酸の問題.\nかつて植物油から作られるマーガリンは、動物性脂肪であるバターよりも健康に良いというような印象が持たれていた。しかし近年では逆に、マーガリンに含まれるトランス脂肪酸が健康被害を与える可能性が指摘されている。トランス脂肪酸は心臓疾患などの一因である可能性が指摘されており、アメリカ合衆国では既に、食品中に含まれるトランス脂肪酸の量の表示義務や使用規制が行われている。\nWHO / FAOの2003年のレポートで、トランス脂肪酸は心臓疾患のリスク増加との強い関連が報告され、また摂取量は全カロリーの1 %未満にするよう勧告されている。トランス脂肪酸の摂取量の増加に伴って認知機能が低下していることも観察されている。こうした科学的な研究報告の結果、トランス脂肪酸の削減の政策を行っている国がある。\n水素添加によって作られる通常のマーガリンはトランス脂肪酸を7 %前後、ファットスプレッドは5 %前後含む。過度なトランス脂肪酸批判のためメーカーが使用を低減させたことにより、逆に飽和脂肪酸の使用量が増加しており、飽和脂肪酸での健康被害（肥満、動脈硬化など）が危惧されるという主張もある。\n2011年10月1日にデンマークでは、肥満の原因となる飽和脂肪酸の多い食品への課税を世界で初めて導入している。飽和脂肪酸も心臓疾患との関連からWHO/FAOはトランス脂肪酸の10倍の許容量である10 %を上限とし、どちらも低減を目標とすることが示されている脂肪酸である。たとえば、子供の健康を考えた加工食品の指針を、アメリカ合衆国連邦政府関連機関が合同で提案した時、以下のような基準が示された。\n2011年4月28日、アメリカ食品医薬品局（FDA）、アメリカ疾病予防管理センター（CDC）、アメリカ合衆国農務省（USDA）、連邦取引委員会（FTC）の4機関は、肥満増加の対策として子供に販売する飲食品の指針として、加工食品1食品あたりの上限を、飽和脂肪酸1グラム、トランス脂肪酸を0グラム、砂糖を13グラム、ナトリウムを210ミリグラムとした。\n2015年6月16日、FDAは「加工食品中に使われる工業的に生産されたトランス脂肪酸の主原料である部分硬化油（PHO: Partially Hydrogenated Oil）が人間の食品に使われても安全だとする一般的な合意はない」として、3年の猶予期間の後、部分硬化油を加工食品に用いることを禁止することを最終決定。2018年6月18日から実施される。\n、日本では、日本人のトランス脂肪酸摂取量が十分少ないという調査結果に基づいて、トランス脂肪酸を含む、不飽和脂肪酸、飽和脂肪酸、コレステロールの食品中の含有量を表示する義務や、濃度に関する基準値の規制は定められていない。\n日本マーガリン工業会の見解.\n日本マーガリン工業会は、マーガリンの安全性に関する見解をウェブサイトに掲載している。その要旨は、\nというものである。\nトランス脂肪酸を低減したマーガリン.\n従来法.\nマーガリンの生産時に、トランス脂肪酸量を低減する工程を入れることは少ないため、マーガリンに含まれるトランス脂肪酸の含有率は、ほとんど上記のとおりであった。\n新製法.\n2003年、不飽和脂肪酸への水素添加により生成されるトランス脂肪酸の摂取量の量的制限が勧告されて以降、メーカー各社は技術開発を進め、現在の市販品マーガリンは、飽和脂肪酸であり、常温で固化しているパルミチン酸組成が高いパーム油を素材にした製品に転換している。パルミチン酸の融点は、体温より高く、パーム油原料のみでは官能評価が極めて低く、炭素数20以上の脂肪酸を添加した製法が一般的である。\n2018年頃から、日本でも、アメリカの規制と同様の「部分水素添加油脂を使用していないマーガリン」が、各社から発売されるようになっている。ただし、日本人のトランス脂肪酸の摂取源は、マーガリンよりも菓子類、パン類、油脂類の方が大きな割合を占めており、マーガリンだけに注意するのは的を射ていないとの指摘もある。\n最新の研究・開発.\nマーガリンには、粉乳や食塩などを加える精製した油脂に、大豆油・菜種油・コーン油などの植物油である「部分水素添加油脂」が、特有のなめらかさや風味作りのために使われていた。2018年には、日本の乳業各社は従来の製法でなく、食感を損なわない代替油脂の開発を進め、消費者のニーズに答えた「部分水素添加油脂」を使わないマーガリンを実現した。明治は同年3月1日以降発売、雪印メグミルクも同日発売の商品から、同油脂の使用していない商品のパッケージには「部分水素添加油脂不使用」の表示を付ける予定だと公表した。\n最近の主要な商品では、マーガリンが嫌厭される要因となったトランス脂肪酸の含有量を、使用1回分である10グラム当たり0.1グラム程度にまで減らすことに成功している。これは10年前の商品の約1割相当の量であり、油の高温処理などの製造過程で微量に生じた分以外、殆どのトランス脂肪酸を除いたことになる。\nマーガリン生産企業のひとつであるミヨシ油脂によれば、メーカーのトランス脂肪酸低減への努力により、現在の同メーカーのマーガリンのトランス脂肪酸の含有量は、同量のバターの半分以下となっている（100グラム中に0.99グラム。バターには100グラム中に1.9グラムのトランス脂肪酸が含有）。\n製造・販売企業.\nかつては味の素も「マリーナ」で参入していた。「マリーナ」は味の素がマーガリン事業から撤退後、日本リーバ（現: ユニリーバ・ジャパン）が販売を引き継いだが、現在は販売を終了している。また、ユニリーバ・ジャパンがもともと手掛けていた「ラーマ」ブランドのマーガリン事業は上記のJ-オイルミルズへ譲渡された（日本国内のみ）。歴史的経緯から味の素の油脂事業（味の素製油）を引き継いでいる同社にとっては事実上の再参入である。ちなみにユニリーバ・ジャパンはユニリーバと豊年製油（現: J-オイルミルズ）の合弁で設立されたものである（その後、合弁解消。当時の社名は豊年リーバ）。\n", "グフ \"(GOUF)\" は、「ガンダムシリーズ」のうち宇宙世紀を舞台とする作品に登場する架空の兵器。有人操縦式の人型機動兵器「モビルスーツ (MS)」のひとつ。初出は、1979年放送のテレビアニメ『機動戦士ガンダム』。\n作中の敵側勢力であるジオン公国軍の量産機で、ザクII（陸戦型仕様）の格闘能力を強化した改良型。青い機体色と、両肩の牛の角のように反り返ったスパイクが特徴で、電磁ムチのヒート・ロッドや左手指の機関砲といった武器が内蔵されている。ランバ・ラル大尉が搭乗する1機が先行して登場し、「ザクとは違う」性能をもって主人公アムロ・レイが搭乗するガンダムを苦しめる。のちに、量産型も複数登場する。\n本記事では、外伝作品などに登場するバリエーション機などについても解説する。\nデザイン.\nメカニックデザインは大河原邦男による。ヒート・ロッドを武器にすることが前提とされたが、それ以外は自由にデザインできたという。ザクよりは高貴な感じをもたせたとのこと。\n設定解説.\nジオン公国軍は、独立戦争における地球侵攻作戦用にザクII（F型）の改修型である陸戦型（J型）を開発するが、汎用型であるザクIIには基本設計に削除不能な部分が多く、性能に限界があった。ジオニック社ではJ型の生産と並行して、J型を全面改修した新型陸戦用MSの開発が進められる。また、ジオン軍は連邦軍もMSを開発することを予測しており、対MS戦も視野に入れて開発されている。\nザクIIの基本設計をもとに、陸戦用MSという目的を徹底的に追求した構造となっており、新造パーツは60パーセント以上におよぶ。地上での冷却効率の悪さからラジエーターを大型化、ロケット燃料タンクの容量は減らされ、無重力区域での走行用マグネットは省略されている。また南極条約の締結を受け、対放射線能力が低い代わりに強化された装甲を採用、格闘戦用に部分的な強化もおこなわれるが、過度の重装甲は避けてシールドはオプションとなっている。\n試作1号機（YMS-07A）から特徴的な両肩のスパイク・アーマーと頭頂部のブレード・アンテナが装備されているが、試作3号機 (YMS-07B) で両腕への固定武装の装備と外装の整理がおこなわれ、一般的に知られるグフの外観となっている。ランバ・ラルが搭乗したのもこのYMS-07Bである。\n開戦間もない宇宙世紀0079年初頭に制式採用され、MS-07Bとして量産化される。量産には月面のグラナダと北米のキャリフォルニアベースにあったザクII J型の生産ラインがそのまま転用されている。実戦配備は3月18日の第3次地球降下作戦から開始され、おもに北米やアジア方面に配備されている。しかし、熟練パイロット以外での操縦は難しいことや運用コストの高騰といった問題から、オデッサ戦以降の生産ラインは縮小を余儀なくされ、ドムの登場もそれに拍車をかけている。生産機数は不明であるが、それほど多くないという。一年戦争後期には、来たるべき月面での決戦に備え宇宙用としての改造プランがあったとする説もある。\n劇中での活躍.\nテレビ版第12話で初登場。それまでの公国軍のMSはザク（シャア専用ザクおよび旧ザクを含む）以外は登場しておらず、ガンダムで本機と交戦したアムロから「新型」と認識されている。アムロは戦闘の中で装甲、パワーともにザクとは違うことを体感し、搭乗者のラルも「ザクとは違うのだよ、ザクとは」という台詞を発している。\n第12話では「グフ」という名称は呼ばれておらず、2度目の登場となる第16話でラルが「モビルスーツのグフ」と呼んでいる（なお第15終了後の次回予告で、これに先行して「グフ」の名が呼ばれている）。第17話にも登場、第19話では唯一ヒート・サーベルを使用してガンダムと剣技による一騎討ちとなる。迫りくるガンダムが構えるシールドを両断、その隙に見失うがガンダムは上方にジャンプしており、本機は口吻部からコックピット・ハッチにかけて斬りつけられる（操縦系統は無事）。お返しにガンダムのコックピットハッチを斬り裂いてお互い目視となり、2度目は本機から仕掛けるが、本機が両手で横なぎに振るったサーベルをガンダムはかがんでかわしつつ、そのままビーム・サーベルを振り上げて本機の両腕を切断する。お互いの搭乗者を認識した後、本機はタックルを仕掛けるが、背中にサーベルを突き立てられて撃破される。爆発前にラルは後退するガンダムにワイヤーを投げて引っ掛け、脱出に成功している。\n第22話冒頭には、ヒート・ホークを携行する第86ボーキサイト基地所属の1機が登場、ガンダムのビーム・サーベルでコックピットを貫かれる。同話後半にはマ・クベ配下の計8機が登場し（うち6機はザク・マシンガンを携行）、ザクと同様に本機も量産されていることが明示される。うち半数はガンダムとハヤト・コバヤシのガンキャノンに撃破されるが、弾薬およびエネルギー切れのため両機は撤退する。これらは劇場版には登場しない。\n第23話では、前話でのマ・クベの策略により大破・不時着したホワイトベースに対する補給を阻止するため、本機とド・ダイYS 3機ずつによる戦隊が出撃。ドップの編隊とともにマチルダ・アジャン率いるミデア輸送隊を襲撃、救援に駆け付けたアムロのコア・ファイターのミサイル連射により1機が撃破される。その後、空中換装したガンダムとヘイブ機が地上で交戦、ヒート・ロッドを巻き付けてガンダムの腹部装甲およびシールドに損傷を与えるが、そのまま近付いてきたガンダムに左脚を切断され、倒れた拍子に爆発。脚部の回路までダメージがおよび歩行もままならなくなったガンダムに、ド・ダイに乗るマーチ機が集中砲火を浴びせるが、輸送隊が運んできたGファイターにハヤトが搭乗し、ガンダムを乗せることで空中戦となる。最後はガンダムにシールドを投げつけられて地上に落下したところを、コックピットにビーム・サーベルを突き立てられて撃破される。これらも劇場版には登場しない。\nその後はドムや水陸両用MSの登場、さらに舞台が地上から宇宙へと替わることで出番はなくなり、第29話のジャブロー攻略戦でガウ攻撃空母から降下する3機の小隊と、地上に降り立つ1機が確認できるのみである。劇場版『機動戦士ガンダムII 哀・戦士編』では、さらにザクIIとともに降り立ち、ドムのジャイアント・バズを発射する1機が新たに描かれた。\nテレビ版当初の全52話構想を監督の富野喜幸が記した「トミノメモ」と呼ばれるシノプシスでは、キシリア艦隊の偵察部隊の中にガッシャの随伴機として宇宙での登場が想定されていた。\nテレビ版放送終了直後に朝日ソノラマから出版された児童向けのアニメ絵本『主題歌のソノシート付き絵本 機動戦士ガンダム』第2集では、シャア・アズナブルがジャブロー攻略戦で赤い本機に搭乗する場面が描かれていた。\n試作機・先行量産機.\nプロトタイプグフ.\n画稿の初出は『MSV』の企画以前に発行されたムック『TV版ストーリーブック2』で、グフの準備稿（2つあるうちの2番目）をリファインしたものだが、「青い塗装ではないグフ」という旨のキャプションが添えられるのみであった。その後の『講談社のポケットカード8 モビルスーツコレクション』では「グフ試作タイプ」の名称で掲載された。『MSV』から「プロトタイプグフ」とされ、詳細な設定が掲載されるとともに、背面画稿が新たに描かれた。型式番号は、『MSV』初期の設定では \"YMS-07\" とされており、のちに \"YMS-07A\" に改められるが、開発系統図ではYMS-07からYMS-07AとYMS-07Bに枝分かれしている資料もある。\n公国軍の「第1期陸戦用MS開発計画」において、ジオニック社が提案した機体。地上用のMS-06J ザクIIを原型としており、試作は3か月でおこなわれ、占領したキャリフォルニアベースで完成している。グフの試作1, 2号機の仕様で、細部はのちの量産型と異なる。モノアイは360度の全周型になっており、背部ランドセルはメイン・スラスター3発、コックピット・ハッチは3面式で、ザクII同様脚部の動力パイプが露出している。\n本機から脚部に補助推進機が装備されたとされるが、外観上確認できるのはYMS-07Bからである。塗装はカーキ色を基調に、一部黒と白で塗られており、腹部、左足、シールドに \"2\" の番号が記された機体が有名である。グフ飛行試験型の開発には、3機がベース機として使用されている。\nグフ (YMS-07B).\n型式番号は『MSV』で設定された。詳細は設定解説を参照。\nグフの試作3号機の仕様。のちの量産型とまったく同じだが、チューニングは慎重におこなわれているため、実戦ではかなりの好成績をおさめている。ランバ・ラルが搭乗した機体のほか、1機がグフ飛行試験型のベースとなっている。\nグフ（先行量産型）.\n『MSV』の文字設定が初出（型式番号：MS-07A）。「先行量産型」の名称は『ガシャポン戦士』のおまけシールにより、「初期生産型」とも呼ばれる。\nYMS-07Bの開発後、固定武装の生産に先行して製造された機体。両腕が通常のマニピュレーターとなっており、機体の特色に乏しい仕様となっている。32機が生産されている。\nテレビ版『機動戦士ガンダム』第22話後半に登場する、両手でザク・マシンガンを構え左前腕にシールドをマウントする数機のグフがこれに当たるとする見解もあるが、明言した資料はない。また、うち1機は右腕にヒート・ロッドを装備しているのが劇中で確認できる。『ガシャポン戦士』のおまけシールでは、量産型と同様の外観でザク・マシンガンとシールドを携行している。\nゲーム『機動戦士ガンダム ギレンの野望』シリーズでは、量産型と同様の外観ながら頭部アンテナがなく、ドダイYSへの搭載が不可能となっている。武装は120ミリマシンガンとヒート・ホーク。\nゲーム『ジオニックフロント 機動戦士ガンダム0079』では、量産型を基本に腹部、膝部、股間部、ランドセルがプロトタイプグフと同様の外観になっている。塗装は濃淡グリーンを基調とする。武装は120ミリマシンガンと120ミリアサルトライフル、およびヒート・サーベル。\nグフ降下猟兵.\nムック『GUNDAM GAMES』に登場（型式番号：MS-07A）。\n低速で飛行するガウ攻撃空母が連邦軍の高射砲に対して無防備であるため、砲弾の到達高度よりも上空から降下するための仕様。先行量産型の背部にパラシュートを内蔵したバックパックを、両脚部にバーニアを追加装備しており、これらは着地後に切り離される。背面しか確認できないが、機体はグレー地に緑の迷彩塗装がほどこされている。マ・クベ大佐麾下の空軍第6航空団第4MS降下猟兵旅団に配備されている。\n高機動型試作機.\n画稿の初出は『TV版ストーリーブック2』で、「ザクからグフへの改良過程の試作MS」とのキャプションが添えられていた。その後『講談社のポケットカード8』で「ザク→グフ発展型」の名称で掲載され、解説では頭頂部メイン・カメラや腰部の冷却器より、ガンダムの影響下にあることが指摘されている。『MSV』で「高機動型試作機」とされ、詳細な設定が掲載されるとともに、背面画稿が新たに描かれた。「高機動型試験機」とも呼ばれる。なお、テレビ版『機動戦士Ζガンダム』に登場が予定され、ほかの『MSV』の機体とともにときた洸一によってクリーンアップ画稿（カラー、MSV版と同じ塗装）が描かれたが、劇中には登場しなかった。\n公国軍の「第1期陸戦用MS開発計画」において提案され、プロトタイプグフと競作の形で開発が進められた新型陸戦用MS。開発はのちのドムによって一躍名をはせるツィマット社によるもので、ザクII F型の基本設計を流用し、おもに接近戦やゲリラ戦を主眼に置いている。ラジエーターや装甲の強化、および機体の軽量化がなされ、背部と脚部には新開発の推進エンジンを装備し、短距離のジャンプ飛行も可能な設計となっている。胴体部は、のちのペズン・ドワッジに近い構造が採用されている。\nしかし、総合的にはザクII J型と大差ない性能であり、「ザクのリファイン版に過ぎない」ともいわれる。また、推進エンジンの出力不足で十分なジャンプができずに終わる。コストパフォーマンスも悪く、ツィマット社上層部と軍部の判断によって試作段階で計画中止となり、プロトタイプグフに計画が統合されたため、5機の生産に留まっている。しかし、本機で培われた技術はドムで結実する。なお、のちに連邦軍のガンダムのデータをもとに高機動化が図られるが、性能は期待されたほど向上せずに終わっている。塗装は黒を基調に、一部白とグレーで塗り分けられている。\nゲーム『SDガンダム GGENERATION-ZERO』を初登場とする同シリーズでは、『MSV』の設定とは逆に宇宙適性の高い機体とされている。同シリーズの攻略本の中には、ザクIIに替わる宇宙空間での機動性を強化した機体のための試作機であり、並行して開発されたグフと同型のフレームなどが用いられるが、同時期に開発されていた高機動型ザクIIとコンセプトが被るため早期に開発が中断されたとするものもある。\nバリエーション.\nグフ（量産型）.\nYMS-07Bの量産型（型式番号：MS-07B）。型式番号は『MSV』で設定された。『ガシャポン戦士』のおまけシールの解説では「後期生産型」とも呼ばれる。詳細は「設定解説」を参照。\n下記の個人専用機のほかにも、「グフレディ」のイラストを胸部に描いた東南アジア戦線のサイラス・ロック中尉、機体をダーク・ブラウンで塗装し「チャイナレディ」のイラストを描いたマルロ・ガイム中尉など、エースパイロットの愛機として名をはせている。\nグフカスタム.\nOVA『機動戦士ガンダム 第08MS小隊』に登場。メカニックデザインはカトキハジメ。OVA『機動戦士ガンダム0083 STARDUST MEMORY』に登場したF2型ザクの系譜に沿ったデザインとなっている。名称は、公式ウェブサイトでは「グフカスタム」と表記されているが、「グフ・カスタム」と中黒が入る資料も多い。また、OVA発売当初の文献では「MS-07B グフ」とされていた。当初の予定では「グフ=青」のイメージを崩したく、頭部アンテナのみ赤く全身は黒（映像ではわかりづらいのでグレーで表現）とされていたが、スタッフの反発を受けて変更された。監督の飯田馬之介によれば、決定稿のカラーリングは青に見えるグリーンとのこと。また、全身グレーの塗装はグフフライトタイプに受け継がれている。\n固定武装化により失われたグフの汎用性を、左手を通常のマニピュレーターに戻し内装火器を外付けにすることによって確保し、遠距離戦闘への対応も主眼に入れた仕様で、07B系のうち最後期に生産されたもののひとつ。飛行タイプの試作のためにジオン本国で再設計・生産されたパーツを多用しているといわれており、一説には08系の技術導入を良しとしないジオニック社の技官により同社の純正品のみで建造されたハイエンドな機体であるともいわれる。運動性・機動性ともにキャリフォルニアベース純正のグフとは一線を画することから、「グフカスタム」と呼称されることが多い。\n内部構造は従来機から大きく変更されていないが、統合整備計画の影響が濃厚であり技術の熟成が反映されている。頭部にはジオン本国で生産されたパーツやデバイスが多く実装され、空間把握能力に優れているといわれ、高所から俯瞰しての索敵能力は偵察機並みであるとも噂される。コックピットは、共通規格の第2期生産型を採用している。脚部は、従来型より多少跳躍高度が改善されている程度である。\n一年戦争末期に投入されているため、配備数は多くない。しかし、幾人ものエース・パイロットの愛機として赫々たる戦果を挙げており、07系MSの最高傑作であると評価するものも多い。\nグフ（後期改修型）.\n『MSV』の文字設定が初出（型式番号：MS-07C-1）。「後期改修型」の名称は『ガシャポン戦士』のおまけシールによる。\n固定武装を主兵装とするグフは、局地的な戦況に対応しきれないことが判明したため、固定武装のバリエーションを増やし、状況に応じた機種を配備するというコンセプトのCシリーズが開発される。C-1型は、両腕ともマシンガン装備とした機体であるが、ヒート・ロッドの有無については明らかにされていない。\nテレビ版第23話に登場する、両腕マシンガン装備（右腕にヒート・ロッドも装備）でド・ダイYSに乗る3機がこれに当たるとする見解もあるが、明言した資料はない。『ガシャポン戦士』のおまけシールではヒート・ロッドはなく、また動力パイプが薄い水色で塗られている。\nなお、Cシリーズは本機や後述の重装型（MS-07C-3）、試作実験機（MS-07C-5）のほかに、MS-07C-2とMS-07C-4の存在も確認されている。C-4型は脚部の補助推進機を大幅に変更したとされるが、C-2型については型式番号以外不明である。\nグフ重装型.\n『MSV』で設定され、アニメ『機動戦士ガンダムUC』にも登場した。ヨーロッパ戦線で運用されたことから「ヨーロッパ戦線用グフ」とも呼ばれる。また、「グフ重装改 \"(GOUF HEAVY ARMED CUSTOM)\"」とする資料もある。\nC-1型をベースに、両腕の5連装機関砲の口径を75ミリから85ミリに拡大、給弾は前腕部装甲の弾倉からおこなわれるようになり、両腰に予備弾倉を装備する。右腕のヒート・ロッドは廃止されており、両肩のスパイク・アーマーはザクIIと同様のものに換装されている。頭頂部には30ミリ砲（30ミリマシンガン）とサブ・カメラ（狙撃用センサー）が装備されており、そのためブレード・アンテナはなく、左側頭部にロッド・アンテナが設置されている。装甲も強化されており、シールドはほとんど必要がなかったとされる。また、本機は歩兵支援のための「機動力を持つ装甲砲」という、従来のMSとは異なるコンセプトで開発されたともいわれる。\nヨーロッパ戦線をはじめとして各地で運用されており、ジャブロー攻略戦でも2機が確認されている。もっとも有名な、ダーク・グリーン（グレーともいわれる）を基調とした機体番号 \"53\" の機体は、左上腕にフランス南部に配属された第29機甲中隊（通称「ブリッツ」中隊）のエンブレムである「狐と三日月」が描かれている。北米への配備も知られている。\n背面画稿は発表されていないが、1984年に森永製菓から発売された『森永チョコスナック』のおまけプラモデルでは、頭頂部ユニットから後頭部へ動力パイプが伸びており（『UC』では確認できない）、左肘前部にあるユニットが左肘後部にも付いている。ランドセルは通常のグフと同型。\nグフ試作実験機.\n画稿の初出は『TV版ストーリーブック2』で、キャプションには「グフの発展型」と記されていた。『講談社のポケットカード8』では「ドム試作タイプ」の名称で掲載された（なお、隣に掲載された（のちの）プロトタイプドムの名称は「試作タイプドム」）。『MSV』で「グフ試作実験機」とされ、詳細な設定が掲載されるとともに、背面画稿が新たに描かれた。\nグフシリーズ中、もっとも異色の機体とされる。プロトタイプドムのデータ収集用に造られた機体で、グフのライセンス生産をおこなっていたツィマット社がB型をもとに改修し、軍によって便宜的に型式番号が与えられている。固定武装が廃され、モノアイレールは十文字型となり、ヒート・サーベル（この時点で完成している）が装備されるなど、グフとドムの中間的な外観をもつ。また、背部バーニアも強化され、脚部に補助推進エンジンも装備されている。腹部には、動力パイプを収納するウェスト・ジョイント・アーマーが設置されている。1機のみが製造され、北米の試験場でテストがおこなわれたのみで実戦参加記録はない。塗装は黒と濃淡グレーを基調に、一部赤と青で塗られている。\n『機動戦士ガンダム THE ORIGIN』の『MSV』的企画『Mobile Suit Discovery (MSD)』では、本機の頭部などのデザインを流用したドム試作実験機が設定された。\nグフ・ハンター.\nメカニックデザイン企画『F.M.S.』（福地モビルスーツステーション）に登場（型式番号：MS-07F）。\nジャングルにおけるゲリラ戦を目的として開発されたグフのバリエーション機で、フィンガーバルカンやヒート・サーベルといった従来の武装のほか、ゲル弾やトリモチを発射可能なハンドガンやグレネードなどを装備している。アジア方面の部隊に配備されており、宇宙世紀0079年12月2日にボルネオ島で連邦軍第17機甲海兵師団第2特務小隊と交戦しているのが確認されている。\nデザインは福地仁。\nグフ・ヴィジャンタ.\nメカニックデザイン企画『MSV-R』に登場。デザインは大河原邦男。\n連邦軍が圧倒的な兵力で地球侵攻を阻む現状を打破するために開発陣が提示し、開発が承認されたプラン。グフの特性はそのままに機動性と火力を向上、単独行動でザクII J型の3-4倍の移動能力をもつ機体というプランであるが、設計は難航し開発は大幅に遅れる。再考の結果、機動性と火力のそれぞれを向上した2種類の機体を開発して2機セットで運用する形に落ち着き、開発は順調に進みB型をベースに改良試作機がそれぞれ製作されるとともに、開発陣は並行してオプション装備の開発にも着手する。\n完成した試作機はおおむね良好な仕上がりを見せるが、どちらも予定の機動性能に達しておらず、エンジン周辺の見直しや機体の軽量化が図られることとなる。このころには、機動性向上型にYMS-07BG-1、火力向上型にYMS-07BG-2の型式番号が与えられている。各種テスト後、細部の修正を経て当初の予定より2か月遅れて完成。キャリフォルニアベースで量産が開始され、すべてが実戦部隊（おもに強行偵察部隊などの特務部隊）に配備され、夜襲やゲリラ戦で多大な戦果を挙げたことが記録されている。生産と同時に、それぞれMS-07G-1 / G-2の型式番号が与えられるが、開発陣が付けた「戦闘工兵 \"(Combat Engineer)\"」が前線でも定着していたようだとされる。\n機動性向上型であるG-1型はヒート・ロッドと5連装マシンガンが撤去され、4種類のオプション装備が用意されている。\nグフ戦術強攻型.\n『MSV-R』に登場。デザインは大河原邦男。\nグフ・ヴィジャンタと同時に開発された火力向上型。兵装類の増加による重量増を軽減するため、機体構造材の再設計や脚部スラスターの追加がおこなわれ、B型と同等の機動性の維持に成功している。再設計に手間取ったこともあり、生産数は38機で終了している。\nグフ飛行試験型.\n『MSV』で設定された。その後発行された初期の『MS大全集』シリーズなどでは「グフ飛行型」とするものもある。\n地球上におけるMSの航続距離の短さを克服するため、機体そのものに飛行能力を持たせるべく開発された試験機。開発担当はアイザック・ウーミヤック大佐を中心としたチームで、サイド3の第29工業コロニーに試験場が構えられる。\nすでにMS-07Aの生産配備が開始していたことから、開発ベースにはYMS-07AとYMS-07Bが用いられる。複数候補に挙がった飛行プランのうち、簡易型ロケットバーニアの強化と熱核ロケットの脚部集中措置が採用され、両腕部には接近戦用として75mm5連装フィンガーバルカンを装備。完成した試作機4機はムサイによって地球へ運ばれ、キャリフォルニアベースのシャトルベースやテストセンターを経た後、アリゾナのフラットネイル空軍基地へ送られる。\n同地では4週間のうちに38回の飛行試験が実施されるが、高度での試験に至るまでに10数回のトラブルが発生し、一定の巡航速度を保つことができないうえ、重量増加の影響で離陸後に実用的な航続距離を得ることもできなかった。また、エンジンを全開することで作戦行動を取ることも可能ではあったが、これでは燃料搭載量の問題が発生し、ドロップタンクを増設（この増設型は、MS-07H-2とされる）したとしても若干の向上が見られるのみであった。\n計画期間を終えた機体は縮小する形で研究続行を承認され、アリゾナ基地にはYMS-07Aから改装された3号機とYMS-07Bから改装された4号機のみが残された。このうち、4号機はMS-07H-4に改装されている。MS-07H-4の空中爆発事故を受けて本機の開発計画は中止され、最終的にMS-07には代行措置としてドダイYSが配備されている。\nグフ飛行試験型（地球連邦軍仕様）.\nテレビアニメ『機動戦士Ζガンダム』に登場（型式番号：MS-07H）。\nH型は一年戦争後に連邦軍に接収され、少数が連邦軍によって生産されている。脚部は熱核ジェット・エンジンに換装され、コクピットはリニアシート方式に改められ、ジャイアント・バズで武装している。宇宙世紀0087年5月、エゥーゴによるジャブロー攻撃に対してダークブルーのカラーリングの4機が防衛の任に就いている姿が目撃されている。ジャブロー基地上の湿地帯やアマゾン川の水上をホバー移動するなど、ドムのように運用されていた。\nグフ飛行型.\n『MSV』で設定された。名称は1988年発行の『MS大全集』により、同名とされていたMS-07Hが2013年版で「グフ飛行試験型」に修正されたあとも本機の名称は変更されなかった。\nYMS-07Bをベースに建造されたH型の4号機に改装を施した機体。脚部エンジンの換装や腰部にベントラルフィンが設置され、両肩部は有翼状に変更された。この仕様変更がなされた機体はMS-07H-4とされ、滞空時間の延長と良好な運動性を示したが、エンジンの調整は複雑さをきわめた。最終的には、テスト10日目に空中爆発で機体は失われている。\nグフ・ホバータイプ.\nスマートフォンゲームアプリ『機動戦士ガンダム U.C. ENGAGE』に登場するゲームオリジナルMS（型式番号:MS-07H-6）。\n下記のグフフライトタイプ同様グフカスタムをベースに、ジオン本国で改修された機体。ツィマット社から提供された熱核ジェット・エンジンのデータにより、1G環境下でドム・タイプ並みの高速機動を実現。加えて原型機がもち得る白兵戦性能を引き上げるため、左前腕部甲にはスラスター搭載の打突兵器「ブースト・ナックル」を装備、ホバー走行と併せて一撃離脱戦法を可能としている。しかしデータ調整などで開発は難航し、完成を迎える最中にキャリフォルニアベースが陥落、地球に送られることなく終戦を迎えている。\nグフフライトタイプ.\n『機動戦士ガンダム 第08MS小隊』に登場。名称は、公式ウェブサイトでは「グフフライトタイプ」と表記されているが、「グフ・フライトタイプ」と中黒が入る資料も多い。メカニックデザインはカトキハジメ。グフカスタムをベースに実質的にH-4型をリファインしたデザインでありながら、コクピット・ハッチはプロトタイプA型をベースにしたとされるH型3号機までの特徴が残っている。その理由については、グフカスタムとの差別化を強調したいというアニメスタッフ側の意向が反映されたものだという。従来の設定とのつじつまが合わないことと、模型化した際にパーツの流用への不便さを理由にカトキは反対したが、バンダイ側の模型設計スタッフによる「模型化に支障なし」との声もあり、アニメスタッフの意向を優先させる結果となった。\n飛行試験型の8番目の改良型で、事故で失われたものの比較的良好な結果を残したH-4型の設計思想を継承しつつ細部に改良がほどこされている。ランドセルと臀部のスラスターはより強力なものに換装され、脚部の熱核ジェット・エンジンも出力が高いものを使用している。H-4型から採用された整流効果を考慮したショルダー・アーマーと、ランドセルとスカート・アーマーの可動式の安定翼（H-4より翼面積は広くなっている）によって、空中での姿勢制御を安定させている。グフカスタムと同じ兵装（ヒート・ロッドを除く）を装備するが、これは本体重量の軽減を図り、かつ状況に応じた兵装の取捨選択を可能とするためである。\nアジアのジオン新兵器開発秘密基地で、アプサラスの護衛用としてギニアス・サハリン技術少将がサイド3から運び込んだパーツから組み上げた数機によって試験がおこなわれる。本機によって飛行性能が確立されるが、プロペラントや熱核ジェット・エンジンの冷却問題は解消されておらず、高速で高々度の飛行をおこなうと滞空時間は極端に短くなってしまう。結局は試作機の域を越えられず、量産には至っていない。\nグフ飛行試験型（ヤーコブ機）.\n漫画『機動戦士ガンダム バニシングマシン』に登場（型式番号：MS-07HX）。デザインは近藤和久。他作品のグフよりも細身に描かれている。\n07H型のバリエーションの一つで、義勇軍部隊「ヤーコブ隊」の隊長であるヤーコブ大尉の乗機。名称はH型と同一だが、両腕がマニピュレーターとなっている点や機体形状などはH-8型やB-3型と類似している。作中では飛行は行わず、もっぱらドム同様のホバリングを行うに止まっていた。戦闘の中で現地改造が行われており、ホバリング用エンジンがドム用のTM901に換装されたため、機体重量に対してエンジンのパワーが大きすぎるピーキーな機体となっている。また、盾としても使用できる通常の2倍サイズの試作型ヒートサーベル「エクスキャリバー」を新たに装備している。\nグフ複合試験型.\n『MSV-R』に登場。\n一年戦争後期、キャルフォルニアベースにて連邦軍に発見されたMS。胸部に専用のドップ（リトル・ドップ）を収納可能となっており、このリトル・ドップがコックピット兼脱出ポッドとなっている。そのためRXシリーズのコア・ブロック・システムの模倣機といわれているが、グフからの離脱はできても、その逆は不可能であり、リトル・ドップ自体はあくまでも脱出ポッドである。\nその他、腕部のシールドにバーニアが搭載されており、オリジナルより機動力は大きく向上しており、なんらかのテストベッド機であるのは確かなようであるが、いずれにせよ実戦投入が確認されていないことから、本機はパイロットの生還率向上のための実験機であったと思われる。\n本機が発見された時に、リトル・ドップとは別に、MSのコックピット機能を持ったシーランスに似た小型潜水艇が製作途中で発見されている。これらから、本機はコックピットの換装によって水陸両用MSとしても運用可能にしたと推定されている。\n漫画『機動戦士ガンダム MSV-R ジョニー・ライデンの帰還』において、「ニューヤーク市解放10周年記念展」にザクIIFS型と共に展示されている。\nデザインは「ガンダムエース」誌上から一般公募されたうちの大賞作である「ガルマ専用グフ」をもとに、大河原邦男がクリンアップしたもの。そのためカラーリングはガルマ専用機を思わせるものとなっている。\n後継機.\nRFグフ.\n漫画『機動戦士ガンダムF90』およびゲーム『機動戦士ガンダムF91 フォーミュラー戦記0122』に登場。\nオールズモビル（火星独立ジオン軍）が開発した陸戦用量産機。一年戦争時のグフを模しているが、内部は宇宙世紀0110年代以降の技術でリファインされている。\n陸戦型であるが宇宙空間での運用も可能。RFザクよりも格闘戦能力に優れているものの、RFザクと共通のユニットを使用しており、兵装・パーツの共有率が高く整備性に優れている。\n武装はビーム兵器を主体に運用している。ヒートロッドの先端にビームを発生させることもでき、その攻撃力は以前のグフの2倍以上とされている。一年戦争時の機体と比べると性能差は著しいが、機体性能は第二世代の水準にとどまっており、機体サイズは宇宙世紀0120年代の小型機であるガンダムF90に比べると大型となっている。\n『F90』劇中では火星に配備された機体が登場。オールズモビルの襲撃を受け、火星に強行着陸を行ったF90の降下シャトルを調査するが、ナヴィの仕掛けたトラップに巻き込まれ撃破されたほか、F90奪還部隊のジェガンと交戦していた。『フォーミュラー戦記0122』では火星の残党部隊の戦力として、RFザクとともに劇中序盤から中盤にかけて登場している。\nグフ（サンダーボルト版）.\n漫画・OVA『機動戦士ガンダム サンダーボルト』に登場（型式番号：MS-07B）。\n一年戦争終結後に地球連邦軍の軍閥である「南洋同盟」が改修・運用する機体。背部に2基の大型ファンを有するフライト・ユニットを装備しているのが特徴で、ホバリングが可能であるうえ、ジャンプ機動時の自由度も向上しており、当時のMSとしては優れた空中戦能力を誇る。フライト・ユニット中央上部には兵員輸送用のコンテナをもつ。\nグフ・カスタムとの共通点も多く、右腕にワイヤー式のヒート・ロッドを内蔵、左手は通常のマニピュレーターで、外付けの3連装ガトリング砲を装備する。また、ヒート・サーベルやシールドのほか、ザク・マシンガンやザク・バズーカ、ジャイアント・バズも携行する。\n南洋同盟の支配地域へ進軍するペガサス級強襲揚陸艦「スパルタン」に対し、本機12機がド・ダイとの連携攻撃をかける。チャウ・ミンの搭乗機がスパルタンに取り付き、コンテナに乗せた決死隊を侵入させたのちに撤退するが、同機以外は全滅する。\n外伝「砂鼠ショーン」では、一年戦争後に傭兵となったショーン・ミタデラの搭乗機「グフ・ショーン・カスタム」が登場する。上記の機体とほぼ同じ仕様であるが、コンテナは装備されていない。肩アーマーのスパイクもないが、ヒート・ロッドの電撃使用時にはスパイクのあった箇所から円筒形のユニットが突出し、ガンタンク2機を一度に破壊するほどの電流を放っている。\nOVA版では膝下の形状など、原典に寄せたデザインアレンジが施されている。\n『機動戦士ガンダム THE ORIGIN』におけるグフ.\n漫画『機動戦士ガンダム THE ORIGIN』では、ランバ・ラル機は、ヒート・ロッドを収納する右腕が太く丸い形状になり、バルカン砲を装備している左腕は角ばった形状になるなど、アニメ版以上に左右非対称が強調された腕部に変更されている。武装に関してはヒート・ロッドの先端に展開式のアンカーロックが付けられ、左胸に三門の小型バルカン砲（本編未使用）を装備している以外は基本性能は同じである。その他に形状記憶型（ビーム）サーベルを多用し、ガンタンクを一刀で切り裂くなど接近戦において高い性能を発揮している。「オデッサ編」では、マ・クベのギャンに率いられ集団で登場した。その中の大半が角の付いていないタイプだったが、性能的に差があるのかどうかは不明。なお、実剣タイプのサーベルを装備していた。\nプロトタイプグフ 機動実証機.\nオリジン版MSVであるメカニックデザイン企画『機動戦士ガンダム THE ORIGIN Mobile Suit Discovery』 (MSD) 用に、一部設定の追加・改変が行われた機体。\n駆動部・動力系のテストのために試作された機体。両腕がザクIIと同型のマニピュレーターになっており、独自形状のマシンガンと、ヒート・ホークを収納したシールドを装備する。ダーク・コロニーでの試験後、重力下での最終試験のために地球に降ろされた。\nカラーリングはMSV版と同様のカーキ系のサンドカラータイプと、青・白に塗り分けられた機体の2種類が存在する。前者に関しては、デザインも塗装もMSV版とほぼ同様の外見となっている。\nデザインはカトキハジメ。\nプロトタイプグフ 戦術実証機.\n『MSD』に登場。『MSV』にて文字設定のみ存在していた3号機以降の機体と考えられている。\n機動実証機のテストと並行して行われていた「試作型ヒート・ロッド」と、「フィンガーバルカン」の試作型にあたる「三連装マシンガン」を装備した試験機。カラーリングは青と紺で、頭部アンテナや肩部スパイクなどに白いラインが入っている。完成機では右腕にマニピュレーターとヒート・ロッドを両方搭載しているが、本機の場合はマニピュレーターがなく、腕部先端がヒート・ロッドの射出口となっている。左腕のマシンガンも完成機は五連装だが、本機は親指部分がセンサーとなった三連装式を採用しており、関節がないために指を曲げられない。前腕部は「モビルワーカー MW-01 01式後期型」と同規格のアタッチメント式になっており、通常のマニピュレーターに換装することも可能である。\nランバ・ラルがテストパイロットだったとされているが、その理由はラルが搭乗していたMW-01後期型の青い塗装と識別番号「31」が戦術実証機と同一であることと、ジオニック社でグフの開発を行っていた技師の証言からである。その説によると、ラルはガンタンク初期型と模擬戦を行い、ヒート・ロッドで行動不能にしたという。\n", "ニュー・ワールド・オーダー（\"New World Order\"）は、かつてアメリカ合衆国のプロレス団体「WCW」と「WWF」、日本のプロレス団体「新日本プロレス」に登場したプロレスラーのユニット。略称はnWo（エヌ・ダブリュー・オー）。アメリカでは「nWo Tシャツ」を着た人が街中に溢れ、社会現象にまでなった。\n概要.\nWCW時代.\n1996年発足。結成当初のオリジナル・メンバーはハルク・ホーガン、スコット・ホール、ケビン・ナッシュ。\nWWFよりホールとナッシュが引き抜かれ、5月27日に「WWFからの侵略者」としてホール、翌週にナッシュがマンデー・ナイトロに登場した。7月7日、PPVバッシュ・アット・ザ・ビーチでWCW正規軍のスティング&amp;レックス・ルガー&amp;ランディ・サベージvsアウトサイダーズ（スコット・ホール&amp;ケビン・ナッシュ）、第3のメンバーは謎のまま試合が始まった。試合が混沌とし始めた中にハルク・ホーガンが登場。WCW正規軍を助けるのかと思いきや、リングインするなりサベージに必殺技のレッグドロップを放ちアウトサイダースに加勢。試合は無効試合となり、ホーガンが「これがニュー・ワールド・オーダー（新世界の秩序）だ。お前たち観客に媚びるのは止めた。お前たちはゴミだ!」などとマイクアピール。翌日のナイトロより、黒と白をテーマカラーとしたヒール軍団「nWo」が結成された。ストーリー上の設定はユニットではなく、WCWに敵対する「新団体」ということになっていた（これはエリック・ビショフ副社長が新日本プロレスとUWFインターナショナルの抗争を参考にしたためとされる）。\nアウトサイダーズという名前は、自分達が名乗った名前ではなく、WWF在籍時のリングネームはスコット・ホールがレーザー・ラモン、ケビン・ナッシュがディーゼルという名前であったが、WCWに登場時には、そのリングネームがつかえないために『彼ら』という呼ばれ方をしており、その後、『WCW＝インサイダー』VS『彼ら＝アウトサイダー』という図式が生まれチーム名となっていった。\nユニット結成後、ホーガン、ホール、ナッシュの3人はプロモーションビデオを作成提供したが、それは真っ黒の画面に「the following Announcement Has been paid for by new world order.(この映像の放映権は我々ニュー・ワールド・オーダーが買収した。)」と言うフォントの後、モノクロ映像の中でメンバーが映し出されると言う物であった。ナッシュによるとこのアイデアは製作スタッフが発案し、「当時、俺とスコットはアウトサイダーズとして活動する数ヶ月間は大袈裟に演技せず、素のままでいこうと決めていた。ホーガンが撮影で昔のプロレスさながらに吠え続け、ありきたり過ぎて上手くいかない、もっと面白く出来るのにと思っていたところ、製作スタッフが『発言を断片的に用いて、映像をモノクロにすればいける。』と話した。」と語っている。\nメンバーの係わる試合には必ず乱入し、倒した相手の背中に黒のスプレーで「nWo」と書くなど数々の暴挙を行う。8月10日にはホーガンがザ・ジャイアントを下してWCW王座を強奪、ベルトにもスプレーでnWoの文字を書いた。\n眼を付けた選手に対してはメンバーTシャツを渡して勧誘。その他数々の斬新なコンセプトでヒールでありながら非常に高い人気を誇った。その後ランディ・サベージやザ・ジャイアントなどの元々WCWに在籍していたレスラーやWCW副社長であるエリック・ビショフ、NBA選手のデニス・ロッドマンまでもが加わり、プロレス界の一大ムーブメントとなった。あくまで団体という設定だったためにnWo主催の自主興行も行われている。nWoブームにより当時WCWとWWFで繰り広げられていたマンデー・ナイト・ウォーズでWWFを圧倒。一時はWWFを倒産寸前にまで追い込んだ。\nWCWではWWEのビンス・マクマホンのような絶対的なボスが存在せず、選手の統制が全く取れていない組織だった。そのためヤラレ役をやらされない人気ユニットのnWoに入りたがる選手が続出し、nWoは20人近い大所帯となった。\n1998年にnWo結成当初から続くホーガンとスティングの直接対決で、スティングがベルト奪取した事により、対立ストーリーが終了する。その後は、ホーガンとナッシュの不仲ストーリーが進展。アウトサイダーズのスコット・ホールはホーガン派となりチームは解散、ナッシュはコナンと脱退。その後レックス・ルガーが加入し、スティング、ランディ・サベージ、カート・ヘニングとメンバーも増員しnWoウルフパック（\"nWo Wolfpac\"）という赤と黒を基調にしたnWoが分裂誕生した。残ったメンバーはホーガンを中心としたnWoハリウッド（\"nWo Hollywood\"）となり、スコット・スタイナー等の新規メンバーも加入した。この頃からWCWのストーリーのマンネリ化と、WWFのアティテュード路線などにより徐々にマンデー・ナイト・ウォーズにおいて劣勢になる。\n1999年1月に二つのnWoが合流、二軍nWoブラック&amp;ホワイトも誕生したがしばらくしてストーリーから姿を消す。しかしビンス・ルッソーにより同年末にnWo2000として復活。メンバーはケビン・ナッシュ、スコット・ホール、ブレット・ハート、ジェフ・ジャレット、スコット・スタイナー、ハリスブラザーズ。しかしながらまとまりに欠ける部分があり長続きはせず2000年には消滅し、その後復活することはなく2001年3月のWCW消滅を迎えた。\nWWF時代.\nWWFへの登場は2002年である。当時のストーリーのメインであった、リック・フレアーとビンス・マクマホンの団体経営権を巡る抗争において、ビンスが「WWFを壊滅させる致死量の毒」としてnWo投入を宣言、2月17日のPPVノー・ウェイ・アウト（頭文字はNWO）にnWoオリジナルメンバーの3人（ホーガン、ホール、ナッシュ）が登場した。ホーガンはレッスルマニアX8でのザ・ロック戦敗戦後にフェイスターンしたことにより追放されたためメンバーは2人になったが、元メンバーのX-パック（シックス）、ビッグ・ショー（ザ・ジャイアント）らを次々に加入させて規模を大きくしていった。しかし同年5月にスコット・ホールがイギリスツアー中のトラブルにより解雇される。6月に入りブッカー・Tが加入。その一週間後にナッシュのかつての親友であるショーン・マイケルズが新メンバーとして加入。nWoに似合わないと判断しブッカー・Tを追放。これから反撃開始という7月にケビン・ナッシュが試合中に大腿四頭筋断裂という重傷を負ったために離脱、その翌週にはビンス・マクマホンが一方的に終結宣言をし、nWoのストーリーは打ち切られた。\nTNA時代（the BAND）.\n2010年1月、ホールとシックスがTNAに復帰し、ナッシュ、ホール、シックス・パックの3人によって再結成された。ただし、nWoとNEW WORLD ORDERの商標をWWEが所有していることから、ザ・バンド（the BAND）というユニット名を名乗った。シックス・パックが解雇されてからはエリック・ヤングを加入させて巻き返しを計るが、後にホールも6月に解雇され、ヤングはギミックを変えたためにユニットから脱退。8月にnWoウルフパック仕様のフェイスペイントを施したスティング、9月にはディアンジェロ・ディネロが加入し、TNA版フォー・ホースメンであるフォーチュンと、ホーガンとビショフ率いるインモータルの二大ユニットの抗争に割って入ろうとするも次第に出番はなくなり、the BANDは終焉を迎えた。\n2019年12月、ハルク･ホーガン、スコット･ホール、ケビン･ナッシュ、X-パックのメンバーで2020年度のWWE殿堂入りが決定した。\n派生およびパロディ.\nロゴをあしらったTシャツはデザインのよさとTシャツを渡してメンバーを勧誘する儀式からプロレス界を超えた人気を呼び、90年代後半頃ファッションとしても流行した。\nnWoというプロレスユニットの形態は、WCWのみならず他団体へも大きな影響を与えた。日本では当時WCWと業務提携関係にあった新日本プロレスにおいて、蝶野正洋・天山広吉らが「nWoジャパン」を結成し、後に武藤敬司らも参加して一大ムーブメントを巻き起こした。蝶野と武藤（ムタ）はWCWの大会にも参戦しており、WCW側からの選手派遣も行われている。同チームはその後、WCWと新日本プロレスの業務提携解消に伴い前年にnWoを脱退した蝶野によって結成された「TEAM 2000」に吸収されている。\nWCWでも、エディ・ゲレロを中心としたlWo（ラティーノ・ワールド・オーダー）というユニットも誕生している。\nWWEではランディ・オートンがnWoのロゴをモチーフに「rKo」とプリントされたTシャツを着用している。\nメキシコにおいてはAAAで「LLL（Lucha Libre Latina）」が人気を博す。\nECWにおいては、パロディユニットであるbWo（ブルー・ワールド・オーダー）が人気を博した。\nJCWではWCWで活動していたハードコア・ヒップホップ・デュオのICPを中心にし、オリジナルnWoメンバーであったケビン・ナッシュとスコット・ホール、Xパックが所属している。\n日本でも大日本プロレスにおいて、hWo（北海道・ワールド・オーダー）なるパロディユニットが登場している。\n全日本プロレスでは、泉田純が黒のバックカラーに白字で「PWF」とnWoロゴチックな顔ペイントで登場したことがある。\nDDTプロレスリングでは2007年1月28日にプリンス・トーゴー率いる「aWo」（アロハ・ワールド・オーダー）が登場している。また、nWoとWJプロレスをモチーフとした「nWJ」（new World Japan）なるユニットも誕生している。\nNEO女子プロレスでは、ホリプロ女子プロレス軍団が中心となった「nEo」が登場している。\nWRESTLE-1では、征矢学を中心としたニュー・ワイルド・オーダーが活動している。\nゆでたまご作『キン肉マンII世』でも敵陣営の組織名として「dMp」（デーモン・メイキング・プラント）が登場した（ロゴもnWoのものとそっくり）。\n『ボキャブラ天国』では海砂利水魚（現：くりぃむしちゅー）がnWoをモデルにした「bAd」なるヒール軍団を結成したことがある。メンバーは海砂利水魚、X-GUN、アンタッチャブル、アリtoキリギリス（後に脱退）。\n『ウッチャンナンチャンのウリナリ!!』で人気を誇ったユニット「ブラックビスケッツ」は、名称こそnWoを踏襲していないものの、ポケットビスケッツの敵として誕生したいきさつや、南原清隆が演じたリーダー・南々見狂也のメイクや立ち振る舞いが明らかに蝶野を意識していたこと、天野ひろゆきも「天山（あまざん）」として牛の角付きマスクをつけて登場していたことなど、nWoジャパンに強く影響されたと思われる部分があった。\n『リングの魂』にてがnWo（Nanchan World Owarai=ナンチャン・ワールド・お笑い）を結成（その他構成員は番組日のみの参加）しTシャツもパロって着用していた。\n", "F7F タイガーキャット（\"Grumman F7F Tigercat\" ）は、アメリカのグラマン社が開発しアメリカ海軍が第二次世界大戦末期から戦後にかけて運用した双発艦上戦闘機。\n愛称の「タイガーキャット(Tigercat)」はトラネコの意。\n概要.\nグラマン社が不採用に終わったXF5Fスカイロケットの開発経験を生かして開発した、航空史上でも極めて珍しい制式採用されたレシプロ双発艦上戦闘機となった。\n歴史.\nアメリカ海軍は、日本との戦争を睨んで建造計画を進めていた大型航空母艦（後のミッドウェイ級航空母艦）に搭載する双発艦上戦闘機の開発をグラマン社に依頼した。グラマン社は以前に試作双発艦上戦闘機XF5Fを開発・試作しており、採用こそされなかったものの大きな技術の蓄積を得ており、この計画には最適であるとされた。\n双発の大型戦闘機であり、制空任務のみならず地上攻撃任務や対艦攻撃任務も視野に入れられており、可能であれば雷撃能力を持つ事が要求されていた。中翼配置（機体構造的には高翼配置に近い）の機体に首輪式の降着装置を持ち、空母上での運用を考慮して左右主翼は上方に折り畳みが可能である。武装は12.7mm機関銃4門を機首に、20mm機関砲4門を主翼に装備している。開発当時の艦上機としてはかなりの大型機だが、2,100馬力のエンジン2基により機動性は高く、F7F-1で最大速度は732km/h（高度6,100m）、上昇率1,320m/minにも達する。\n1941年6月に原型機2機の開発契約が結ばれ、社内名称G-51として開発が開始されたが、太平洋戦争が勃発したため初飛行前にまず海兵隊向けとして500機が発注され、F7F-1の制式番号が与えられた。試作機は1943年11月2日に初飛行したが、海軍はグラマン社にまずF4F、F6Fの両艦上戦闘機とTBF艦上攻撃機の生産を優先するよう通達したため、F7Fの生産は後廻しとされた。その結果第二次世界大戦中に若干数が就役したものの、実戦を経験することなく終戦を迎えた。\n生産契約は250機で打ち切られたが、生産そのものは戦後の1946年11月まで続けられ、各種の派生型と改良型も開発されて朝鮮戦争に投入され、夜間戦闘機として、また戦術偵察機として活躍した。\nF7Fは重量過大と着陸速度が速すぎることが問題とされ、昼間戦闘機型は陸上基地での海兵隊により運用され、航空母艦で運用されたのは夜間戦闘機型に限られた。\n1950年代に入ると急速に退役が進み、多くの機体が民間に払い下げられ、森林火災消防機に改造されて運用された。\n派生型.\n解説は航空ファンイラストレイテッドNo.73 『第二次大戦米海軍機全集』「グラマンF7F タイガーキャット」（文林堂）より、\nXP-65.\nアメリカ陸軍はXP-50の開発が失敗に終わった時点で、グラマン社がXF5Fに続いて開発に着手していた試作双発艦上戦闘機（後のG-51/XF7Fとなる機体）を陸上型としたものにXP-65の名称を与え、2機の試作発注を行った。\n事実上同一の機体が陸海軍双方から発注された形になったが、双方の仕様には多分に異なる個所があり、同一の機体で両方の要求を満たすことは困難であることから、どちらかの開発を優先させなければ開発計画が大幅に遅延する可能性が生じた。\n海軍のXF7Fに対する発注は陸軍よりも1ヶ月遅れていたため、このままではXF7FよりもXP-65の開発が優先されかねないと懸念した海軍は、陸軍上層部に対してXP-65の開発計画をキャンセルするよう要求した。\n陸軍でもこのまま海軍仕様と並立したままでの機体の開発は計画の遅延を招くだけと判断し、海軍の要求を受け入れXP-65の開発計画を1941年にキャンセルした。\n", "メガデス（）は、アメリカ合衆国出身のヘヴィメタル・バンド。同時期にデビューした「メタリカ」「スレイヤー」「アンスラックス」と並び、スラッシュメタル\"BIG4\"と形容された一角に君臨。テクニカルな曲構成を展開し、同ジャンルの発展に大きく貢献した。2017年度『グラミー賞』受賞。メタルシーンを代表するバンドである。\n概要.\nデビュー前に「メタリカ」を解雇されたデイヴ・ムステインを中心に1983年に結成。現在まで15枚のスタジオ・アルバムと5枚のライヴ・アルバムを発表。5000万枚を超えるセールスと、グラミー賞のノミネート12回を数える。2002年に一度解散したが、2004年に再始動した。\n音楽的にはテクニカルなギターリフや複雑な曲展開を特徴とし、中心人物のムステイン自ら\"インテレクチュアル（知的な）・スラッシュメタル\"と称した。その名に違わず、歌詞の内容も戦争の正当性、核戦争、政府の陰謀、環境保護、表現の自由に対する検閲など、政治的な主題を持つものが多い。\n来歴.\n結成.\n1983年、過度の飲酒や暴力などの問題行動、およびラーズ・ウルリッヒ、ジェームズ・ヘットフィールドらメンバーとの確執で「メタリカ」を解雇されたギタリストのデイヴ・ムステインは、失意のうちにロサンゼルスに戻る。2ヶ月後、ベーシストのデイヴィッド・エレフソンと出会ったムステインは「メタリカを超えるバンドを作る」という決意のもとにメガデスを結成する。当初はボーカリストを探していたが、適任者が見つからなかったため、ムステインがボーカルを兼ねることになった。また、ムステインとエレフソン以外のメンバーが固定できず、一時はケリー・キング（スレイヤー）がライヴにおいてギターを担当した。\nデビュー.\n1984年末にインディレーベルのと契約。1985年には、ギタリストのとドラマーのをラインアップに加え、1stアルバム『Killing Is My Business... And Business Is Good!』でデビューを果たす。ムステインの「元メタリカ」という肩書きも手伝い前評判は良かったものの、レコーディングのために与えられた8000ドルの予算の半分近くをドラッグやアルコールの購入に使ってしまったため、サウンドプロダクションに問題を抱える仕上がりとなった。\n1986年にはメジャーレーベルのキャピトルレコードに移籍。2ndアルバム『PEACE SELLS... BUT WHO'S BUYING?』を発表。前作に比べ音質は飛躍的に向上し、複雑なギターリフと政治的な歌詞をはじめムステインの標榜する「インテレクチュアル・スラッシュメタル」が具現化された作品となった。\n1988年、新たにギタリストのとドラマーのを加えて3rdアルバム『SO FAR, SO GOOD...SO WHAT!』を発表。前作に比べ内容が比較的コマーシャルだとの批判も一部にあったが、攻撃的でスラッシーなリフが満載されたこのアルバムは全米チャート28位を獲得し、バンドにとって初めてのプラチナムアルバムとなった。同年にはモンスターズ・オブ・ロックに出演。順風満帆に思えたが、ベーシストのエレフソンが薬物依存症でツアーを続けられなくなり、ムステインが加入したばかりのヤングとビーラーを解雇したため、年内の活動を停止。新しいギタリストとドラマーを探すにあたり、ムステインはパンテラのギタリストのダイムバッグ・ダレルに目をつける。一時は加入が内定するも、ダレルは兄でドラマーのヴィニー・ポールを同時に採用することを条件としたのに対し、既にメガデスはニック・メンザの加入を決めていたことから、最終的にダレルの参加は見送られた。また、ムステインは裁判所の命令で薬物依存症の治療を受けさせられ、一時的に中毒から立ち直ることに成功する。\n1989年、バンドはジェフ・ヤングの後任ギタリストが決まらないままトリオとしてアリス・クーパーのカヴァー「ノー・モア・ミスター・ナイス・ガイ」をレコーディングし、映画『ショッカー』のサウンドトラックに提供した。\n黄金期.\n1990年、4thアルバム『RUST IN PEACE』を発表。新たにギタリストのマーティ・フリードマン(\"Marty Friedman\")とドラマーのニック・メンザ(\"Nick Menza\")を迎えて制作された本作は、より正統なヘヴィメタルに近づき、ムステインのアグレッシヴなプレイスタイルとフリードマンのメロディアスなプレイスタイルが見事に調和し、以前のどの作品よりも洗練されたアルバムとなった。また、ムステインをはじめとするメンバーが麻薬やアルコールの問題と無縁のままレコーディングを終えたことも作品の質に影響を与えている。アルバムは全米チャート初登場23位、全英チャート8位を記録。プラチナムの認定を受け、グラミー賞にノミネートされるなど、スラッシュメタルの枠にとどまらない成功を収めた。\n前作と同じメンバーで、1992年に5thアルバム『COUNTDOWN TO EXTINCTION』を発表。前作までの攻撃的なリフと複雑な曲展開を用いた手法とは一線を画し、より幅広い層に受け入れられるよう無駄なものを一切排除したシンプルな作品となった。前作での成功ともあいまって、全米チャート初登場2位を記録。ダブル・プラチナムを獲得するバンド史上最大のヒット作となった。1993年3月には4度目の来日が予定されていたが、その直前にムステインが薬物乱用により集中治療室での療養が必要となったため、日本公演はキャンセルとなる。当時のギタリストのマーティ・フリードマンは夢だった武道館でのライヴができなかったことが非常に残念だったと後に語っている。同年6月にはデビュー以来初めてメタリカとの共演を果たす。ステージ上でムステインは「この10年間の確執は終わった」と宣言したが、両バンドの間のしこりはその後も残った。7月にはエアロスミスのゲット・ア・グリップツアーに参加するが、7公演の参加で終了となる。ムステインのステージ外での問題行動が原因、と報道された。\n1994年、さらにサウンドを変化させた6thアルバム『YOUTHANASIA』を発表。それまで特徴的だったムステインのシニカルで冷徹な視点が影を潜め、曲はより温かみのあるメロディアスなものに。ムステインの麻薬中毒の再発によってツアー中断というアクシデントに見舞われたものの、前作の勢いを引き継ぎ全米チャート初登場4位を記録。\n1997年に7thアルバム『CRYPTIC WRITINGS』を発表。プロデューサーにマイケル・ジャクソンのギタリストだったダン・ハフを迎え、前作からさらに作風を変えポップ寄りのハードロックに仕上がった。シングル曲『Trust』はビルボード・メインストリーム・ロックチャート5位を記録したが、アルバム自体は10位にとどまった。\n1998年、『CRYPTIC WRITINGS』に伴うツアー中に膝の故障を理由にメンザが脱退、新しいドラマーとして元Y&amp;Tのジミー・デグラッソ(\"Jimmy DeGrasso\")が加入する。翌年、8thアルバム『RISK』を発表。前作と同じプロデューサーのもとでインダストリアル寄りの実験的な音楽性を展開したが、メタルから離れたサウンドはファンから受け入れられずセールス面でも大失敗に終わった。翌1999年にはマーティ・フリードマンが脱退する。\n解散.\n2000年10月、新たなギタリストにアル・ピトレリ(\"Al Pitrelli\")を迎え、新曲2曲を含むベストアルバム『CAPITOL PUNISHMENT』を発表。2001年、サンクチュアリ・レコードに移籍し、9thアルバム『THE WORLD NEEDS A HERO』を発表。往年の音楽性に回帰したものの、以前の作品ほどの支持は得られなかった。2002年3月、『THE WORLD NEEDS A HERO』に伴うツアー中のライヴの模様を収めたライヴDVDと二枚組ライヴ・アルバムをリリース。しか、その直後の4月にデイヴ・ムスティンが腕の故障（橈骨神経麻痺）を理由に音楽活動を休止することを発表し、メガデスは解散することとなった。\n空白期間.\n2004年、デイヴ・ムステインは、かつて在籍していたメタリカのドキュメンタリー映画「メタリカ：真実の瞬間（METALLICA:SOME KIND OF MONSTER）」に出演。メタリカがバンド内の問題を解決するために行われたセラピーの一環として、ドラマーのラーズ・ウルリッヒがムステインと話す様が収められている。劇中でムステインはメタリカから離れた後の20年間の思いを赤裸々に語った。\n再結成から現在.\n2004年9月14日、復活第一作となる10thアルバム『THE SYSTEM HAS FAILED』をリリース。当初はムステインのソロ作品として制作されたが、レコード会社の要望でメガデス名義で発売されることとなった。ギタリストには元メンバーのクリス・ポーランド、ドラマーにはヴィニー・カリウタが参加している。同年10月、グレン・ドローヴァー（G)、ショーン・ドローヴァー（Dr)、ジェイムズ・マクドノー(B)をメンバーに迎え、新体制で\"Blackmail the Universe world tour\"に出る。当初、このツアーには黄金期のメンバーであるニック・メンザの参加が予定されていたが実現しなかった。\n2005年、キャピトルからベストアルバム『Greatest Hits』がリリースされた。また、ドリーム・シアター、フィア・ファクトリーなどとともにアメリカとカナダを回るコンサートツアー・を主催した。\n2006年2月、ベーシストのジェイムズ・マクドノーが辞め、新たなベーシストとしてジェイムズ・ロメンゾ(元ホワイト・ライオン、ブラック・レーベル・ソサイアティ)が参加。また、昨年に引き続きGigantourを開催。同年3月、キャピトル所属時のすべてのビデオクリップや秘蔵映像を2枚のDVDに収録した『THE ARSENAL OF MEGADETH』をリリース。5月にはロードランナー・レコードへ移籍した。\n2007年5月、11thアルバム『UNITED ABOMINATIONS』を発表。全米チャート8位を記録した。10月末には来日公演を行った。\n2008年1月、ギタリストのグレン・ドローヴァーが脱退。脱退の理由はツアー中にグレンが心臓に問題を抱えていた事が発覚したためであり、彼の推薦で新たなギタリストとしてクリス・ブロデリック(\"Chris broderick\")を迎える。同年3月、BURRN!4月号における読者人気投票で、LIVE PERFORMANCE IN JAPAN、ALBUM COVER、DVD、TUNE、SHINING STARの部門で5冠を達成。\n2009年9月、12thアルバム『Endgame』を発表。全米チャート9位を記録した。\n2010年2月、オリジナル・メンバーであるベーシストのデイヴィッド・エレフソンが復帰。入れ替わる形でジェイムズ・ロメンゾが脱退した。\n2011年10月、13thアルバム『Th1rt3en』をリリース。全米チャート11位を記録した。\n2013年6月、14thアルバム『Super Collider』をリリース。ロードランナーを離れデイヴ・ムステイン自身の新レーベル「Tradecraft」からのリリースとなる（流通はユニバーサルが担当）。全英アルバムチャート22位、Billboard 200チャート6位（初週売上は2万9000枚）をそれぞれ記録した。\n2014年11月26日、ギタリストのクリス・ブロデリックが「音楽的嗜好の違いにより、自身の音楽的目的を追求するため」、ドラマーのショーン・ドローヴァーが「（バンド再結成から）10年が経ち、自分の音楽的関心を追求したい」との理由でそれぞれメガデスを脱退した。この2人の脱退に対してエレフソンは「（2人の脱退は）個人的な理由であって、彼らは彼らが正しいと思うことをした」「俺たちは絶対に解散しない」などと話している。\n2015年春、アングラのギタリスト、キコ・ルーレイロとラム・オブ・ゴッドのドラマー、クリス・アドラーと新作のレコーディングに臨むことが報じられ、キコは正式メンバーとして加入し、アドラーはゲストドラマーとして参加することが決定。なお、キコはアングラでの活動も継続することが決まっている。\n2016年1月、15thアルバム『Dystopia』をリリース。全米チャートで初登場3位を記録した。7月14日、ソイルワークのドラマー、ダーク・ヴェルビューレンの加入を発表。ヴェルビューレンは5月の＜Rock on the Range festival＞からメガデスのライヴに参加していた。なお、メガデス側からの声明で「元ソイルワーク」とあるため、ヴェルビューレンはソイルワークを脱退したと考えられているが、ソイルワーク側からの正式な発表はない。\n2017年2月、『第59回グラミー賞』最優秀メタル・パフォーマンス部門で「Dystopia」が受賞。\n2019年、結成35周年記念の3枚組コンピレーション作品『Warheads On Foreheads』をリリース。同年初夏、主宰するムステインが咽頭がんの発症を公表。今後のスケジュールの大半を白紙とし、治療に専念しながらも作品の制作は継続する。\n2021年5月、ベーシストのデイヴィッド・エレフソンが若い女性ファンとのスキャンダルでメガデスから解雇された。後任としてジェイムズ・ロメンゾがサポートとして11年ぶりに復帰し、翌2022年から正規メンバーに格上げとなった。但しロメンゾは『ザ・シック、ザ・ダイイング...アンド・ザ・デッド!』のレコーディングには参加しておらず、レコーディングでサポートメンバーとしてベースを弾いているのはスティーヴ・ディジョルジオである。\n2022年9月2日、16枚目となるニューアルバム『ザ・シック、ザ・ダイイング...アンド・ザ・デッド!』を世界同時発売。発売一週目のチャート順位は全米3位、全英3位、日本10位。世界的に好調な反応を得た。\nディスコグラフィ.\n「キリング・イズ・マイ・ビジネス」から「リスク」までのアルバムは、リマスタリングとリミックスがされ、デモバージョンなどのボーナストラックを追加したうえで再発されている。\n", "マークII（マークツー、\"MARK II\"）は、トヨタ自動車が1968年（昭和43年）から2004年（平成16年）まで製造・販売していた高級乗用車（Dセグメント）である。\n概要.\n1968年に、クラウンとコロナの中間に位置する車種として登場する。4代目までは「コロナ・マークII」が正式名称。モデルチェンジごとにボディーの大型化と高級化が進み、1980年代後半には姉妹車のチェイサー、クレスタとともに、「マークII三兄弟」を形成し、当時の高級車（ハイソカー）ブームの中心的存在として高い人気を集めた。また信頼性や耐久性の高さから、タクシー、ハイヤー、教習車、社用車、パトロールカーといった業務用車両や特殊車両としても使用された。2004年11月からは後継車種マークXとして系統を継承していた（2019年12月生産終了）。\n手頃なボディサイズでFRかつ車格相応のパワーも備える(特に4代目以降)パッケージングと流通量の多さからチューニングカー、とりわけドリ車のベースとして人気がある。\n初代 T60/70型（1968年 - 1974年）.\n1960年代後半の急激な自家用車需要の高まりによるユーザーの増加を受け、コロナ(T40系)を発展させた新しい車種として登場した。当初はコロナのフルモデルチェンジとして企画されていた。従来のコロナはマイナーチェンジとグレードの整理が行われ、「ゴールデンシリーズ」として設定されていた1,600cc車と2ドアのハードトップ、ピックアップトラックがマークIIシリーズに移行した。車両型式もコロナを踏襲しており、T60系（セダン）、T70系（ハードトップ）となる。一方で、フォーマルなクラウンやコロナとの競合を意識的に避けるため、レジャー用、遊び用のセグメントにポジションを設定した。\nエンジンは水冷直列4気筒SOHCの7R型(1,600cc)、および8R型(1,900cc)。シングルキャブレター仕様と共に、SUツインキャブレター仕様が「SL」として、セダン・ハードトップ両方に設定されている。主に1,600ccモデルは従来のコロナの価格帯に近いファミリーカーとして、ハードトップにパワーウィンドウなどを備えた1,900ccモデルはクラウンに次ぐ高級車（ハイオーナーカー）として訴求された。なお、1,900ccモデルと同クラスの車種として、同年4月に日産・ローレルが先行して登場している。\n発売初期のテレビCMには高島忠夫と寿美花代が出演し、岩谷時子作詞、山本直純作曲のCMソング「すてきなパパ、きれいなママ」を越路吹雪が歌唱した。\nなお、ピックアップのみ他が2代目に移行後の1974年8月まで生産・販売された。本車種に設定された最初で最後のトラックモデルでもあった。\n初代の販売終了前月までの新車登録台数は累計43万334台。\n2代目 X10/20型（1972年 - 1976年）.\n2代目はX10型（セダン・ワゴン・バン）・X20型（2ドアハードトップ）で、車両コードが\"X\"となる（マークXにも踏襲）。ボディは大型化された。スカイラインGTへ対抗すべく、スカイラインGTのアドバンテージであった6気筒に対抗し、クラウンから移植のM型6気筒エンジンを搭載したモデル「Lシリーズ」が登場。エンジンは4気筒1700（6R）/4気筒2000（18R）/6気筒2000（M）。HTには18R-G型DOHCのGSSが設定される。この代から“コロナ”が外され「トヨタマークII」と表記されるようになったが、カタログにはコロナの名前が残っていた。販売台数は増加したが、初代に引き続き、レジャー用、遊び用のセグメントにポジションを設定したことが仇となり、小型上級車市場の拡大について行けずシェアは下降傾向をたどった。（トヨタの製品開発 P.24)\n3代目 X30/40型（1976年 - 1980年）.\n2代目の販売苦戦を踏まえ、小型上級車市場の幅広い顧客に対応することを基本方針とした。開発コンセプトは「堅気になろう三代目」。デザインは当時のアメリカ車の「ヨーロッパ調セミクラシック」に影響を受けており、単眼2灯式のシンプルなマスクから「ブタ目」の通称を持つ。先代まではボディタイプによって車両型式が異なったが、排出ガス規制に伴い適合した規制内容によって型式が振られるようになったため、2/4ドアの違いなどは型式だけでは分からなくなった。衝撃吸収バンパーは後期型のみのメーカーオプション。デビュー時点でのエンジンのバリエーションは6気筒が2600（4M-U）2000（M-U）2000・EFI（M-EU） 4気筒が2000（18R-U）。6気筒も昭和51年排出ガス規制適合となった。ちなみに歴代のマークIIとしては唯一、DOHCエンジンが存在しないモデルとなった。サスペンションは前輪がマクファーソン・ストラット(全車)、グランデ・LGツーリング・GSLが後輪セミトレーリング・アームの4輪独立懸架。他は4リンク（ワゴン、バンは後輪リーフサスペンション）。なお、4輪独立懸架車は4輪ディスクブレーキとされた。また、この代から最上級グレード「グランデ」（Grande）が登場。マークIIとしては初めての3ナンバーとなる2,600ccの4Mを搭載したモデルもある（2600グランデ）。オート店で販売される姉妹車チェイサーが1977年に登場している。また、輸出仕様車であるクレシーダの登場もこの代からである。なお、ハードトップはトヨタ車体、バンとワゴンは関東自動車工業が開発を担当した。\n3代目の販売終了前月までの新車登録台数の累計は19万2937台。\n4代目 X60型（1980年 - 1984年）.\nデザインは直線基調となり、2ドアハードトップは廃止され、日本国内向けにセンターピラーを持つ「4ドアハードトップ」が登場する。エンジンはアルミエンジンで直列6気筒の1G-EUと直列4気筒の21R-Uの2種類があり、5M-EU搭載の2,800ccの「2800グランデ」も登場した。また、スポーツモデルとして、前期型に限り直列4気筒の18R-GEU搭載の「GT」もあった。この代まで「コロナ」の名が残っていたが、車体にCORONAの表記はなく（リアクォーター窓枠に「CORONA MARKII」の表記あり）、ユーザーや新聞広告・CMでも「マークII」のみの名称で呼ばれるようになっていった。この4代目から、販売の主力がセダンからハードトップへ移行になった。モデル末期には黒の可倒式電動ドアミラーが新たに設定された。タクシー、教習車向けのLPG車はクラウンと同じM型LPGが搭載されていたが、1983年以降は1,800ccをベースに（E-SX60-XEMRS、車検証上ではSX60改）、コロナLPG車と同じ2Y型LPGを搭載したモデルも教習車向けに生産・販売された。\nこの世代からビスタ店および沖縄トヨタ専売の姉妹車クレスタが登場し、チェイサーと合わせて「マークII三兄弟」と呼ばれるようになる。\n4代目の生産終了前月までの新車登録台数の累計は42万5218台。\n5代目 X70型（1984年 - 1997年）.\nバン、ワゴンを除き1984年 - 1988年\nこのモデルより正式に車名が「トヨタ・マークII」となり、コロナから独立したモデルとなった（ただし前述の通り、4代目からCM等では単にマークIIと呼ばれていた）。キャッチコピーは「美しき正統」。ボディは先代と同じセダンとワゴン、ハードトップの三種。ハードトップは、F30型日産・レパード、S120系クラウンと同様にクリスタル・ピラーと呼ばれるブラックアウトされたCピラー周りの樹脂処理がスタイリングの特徴。ハードトップが販売の主力で、セダンはタクシーや教習車としてよく使われた。搭載エンジンはディーゼルが2.2LのL型から2.4Lのレーザー2L型へ変更した程度で基本的にX60系（後期）と同じである。ディーゼル、1.8L車はリアサスが4リンクリジッドであった。2.0リッター超の3ナンバー車は設定されなかった。ハードトップの「グランデ（1G-EU型エンジン搭載車）」は1985年度のグッドデザイン賞を受賞している。CM出演者は九代目松本幸四郎。\n6代目 X80型（1988年 - 1996年）.\nハードトップ:1988年 - 1993年\nこの代よりガソリンエンジン搭載車が全てDOHC化される（2.0グランデ以下のグレードは4気筒、6気筒関わらず全てハイメカツインカム化）。ツインカム車へのスーパーチャージャー搭載（グランデG）やシャーシ性能の全面的な刷新が図られる。一部グレードにはオプションで運転席エアバッグが装着可能であった。モデルチェンジの度にボディサイズを拡大してきたが、この代でついに上位クラスのクラウンセダンと全長・全幅が全く同じ寸法となり、一時的ではあるが車格が追いついた格好となった。\nプラットフォーム(シャーシ)自体は先代からのキャリーオーバーだったものの、足回りは新設計された。\nスタイリングはX70系のキープコンセプトでありながら、やや丸みを帯びた滑らかなものとなった。ハードトップはX70系よりも車高が低くなっている。このため室内空間が犠牲となり、ハードトップの室内は大人4人が快適に長時間乗車できるものとは評し難いものであった。セダンは法人需要が根強く、自動車教習所の教習車としても大量に投入されていた。また、居住性・性能向上の観点から小型タクシーのクラスアップが進んだ。CM出演はX70型に続き九代目・松本幸四郎（前期のみ）。\n　主な内容は、「2.5グランデリミテッド」にはベースとなる、「2.5グランデ」を基に“メッシュ型15インチアルミホイール”、“専用外板色のホワイトパールマイカ”、“カラードドアハンドル”、“リミテッド専用エンブレムおよびリヤゴールドエンブレム”、“ワイヤレスドアロックリモートコントロール”を装備。「2.0グランデリミテッド」には、「2.0グランデ」を基に同じく“メッシュ型15インチアルミホイール”と、“既設のホワイトのボディカラーのみ”の設定として“カラードドアハンドル”、“リミテッド専用エンブレムおよびリヤゴールドエンブレム”、“カラードフロントスポイラー”に“エレクトロニック・ディスプレイメーター”と、ファブリックシートの材質をベース車よりグレードアップさせた、“スーパーラグジュアリーシート”の3点は、2.0グランデリミテッドのみ設定となる。\n7代目 X90型（1992年 - 1996年）.\nフルモデルチェンジで日本国内専用車になり、全車3ナンバーボディとなった。プラットフォームは新設計されている。開発時期はバブル景気まっただ中だったが販売直前にバブル経済が崩壊。財政事情の悪化によりコストダウンを余儀なくされた。代表的な例としては、TEMSの設定グレードを3Lモデルのみに限定、パワーウインドウの駆動方式を従来のパンタグラフ方式からケーブル方式への変更など。搭載エンジンはガソリン車が3.0L 2JZ-GE、2.5L 1JZ-GE（GTE）、2.0L 1G-FE、1.8L 4S-FE。ディーゼル車が2.4L 2L-TE。グランデ系の下には「グロワール (Groire)」というグレードが設けられた。ただし、書体がグランデ系のものと酷似していたため見分けがつきにくかった。この代からスポーツモデルが「ツアラー（Tourer）」に改称。全車3ナンバーサイズとなり、小型乗用車の寸法制約がなくなったことから車体寸法の縦横比の適正化と居住性の向上が図られた。またサイズが大きくなったにもかかわらず車重は先代に比べて最大で約100kgほど軽量化された。この代からフロントグリルのグレードエンブレムが廃止された（先代は前期のみに設定されていて後期から廃止）。給油口はこのモデルより車両左側に変更された。テレビCMにはイギリスの映画監督アルフレッド・ヒッチコックを起用。\n7代目の販売終了前月までの新車登録台数の累計は20万6389台。\n8代目 X100型（1996年 - 2001年）.\nバブル崩壊による厳しい経済情勢が依然続いていた時期でのモデルチェンジのため、フロアパネルはX90系のそれを流用し、コストダウンが図られた。その一方で安全性向上に力を入れ、衝突安全対策の施されたトヨタ独自規格の「GOA」や、運転席・助手席SRSエアバッグシステム・ABSを全車標準装備（先代のX90系は運転席エアバッグのみ1995年9月モデルから標準装備）。搭載エンジンは2JZ-GE、1JZ-GTE、1JZ-GE、1G-FE、2L-TE。X90系まで搭載された4S-FEは廃止となった。X90系で問題のあった居住性を改善し、デザインはかなり丸みのあった従来型を継承しつつ、大ヒットしたX70系やX80系を思わせる直線基調のものになった。ツアラー系はゲート式ATシフトレバー、レバー式パーキングブレーキ、カーボンパネル、ディスチャージヘッドランプが採用され、スポーツモデルであるツアラーVには先代と同様にトルセンLSDが標準装着(AT車はオプション)されていた。グランデ系とツアラー系の2シリーズ。MTはツアラーV(1JZ-GTE搭載)およびグランデ(1G-FE搭載)の後輪駆動車のみ設定されていた。\n9代目 X110型（2000年 - 2004年）.\nマークIIとしての最終モデルとなったX110系は、それまでの4ドアハードトップから、クラウン（S170系）と共通シャシの4ドアセダンに移行した。姉妹車であったチェイサーとクレスタが廃止となる。その代わり、後継車のヴェロッサが登場。歴代で最も背の高いボディ、厚みのあるヘッドライト、テールライトが歴代の横長型から一転して縦長になるなどにより歴代で最もボリュームあるデザインといえる。室内が広くなった事が高評価される一方で、販売台数は100系以前ほどの成功を収めることはなかった。グレード名には全車「グランデ」が付けられ、旧グランデ系は、上からターボ搭載の「2.5グランデG-tb」「2.5グランデG」「2.5グランデ」「2.0グランデ」で、3.0Lは廃止された。グランデのエンブレムはこれまでの筆記体から活字体に変更された、スポーツ系のツアラーの呼称は廃止され、「グランデiR-V」と「グランデiR-S」という呼称になった。エンジンは、1G-FE（VVT-i）・1JZ-FSE（VVT-i）・1JZ-GE（VVT-i）・1JZ-GTE（VVT-i）のラインナップである。この代から2.5Lモデルに搭載された1JZエンジンがドライブバイワイヤ化された。5速MTは2.5グランデiR-Vにのみ設定。先代のスカイフックTEMSに代わりインフィニティTEMSが採用された。テレビCMにはジョージ・クルーニーが出演。\nステーションワゴンモデル.\nマークIIクオリス（1997年 - 2002年）.\n8代目（X100系）の販売時期にステーションワゴン車としてマークIIクオリス (MARKII Qualis) が追加販売された。カムリグラシア（6代目カムリ）をベースにしたFF車であった。実際に型式コードもカムリグラシアと同じくSXV20（2.2L）/MCV20（2.5L/3.0L）であった。\nカムリグラシアには設定のないV6・3.0L（1MZ-FE：ウィンダム＝レクサス・ESと同じエンジン）モデルの設定がある。\nマークIIブリット（2002年 - 2007年）.\n2002年1月に、マークIIクオリスの後継車として「マークIIブリット（MARKII BLIT）」が発売された。ブリットは、クオリスと異なりセダンと共通シャシの後輪駆動・四輪駆動。形式コードは9代目のX110である。エンジンは、1G-FE（VVT-i）・1JZ-FSE（VVT-i）・1JZ-GE（VVT-i）・1JZ-GTE（VVT-i）のラインナップである。1JZ-GTE搭載モデルは2006年に廃止。\n車名の由来.\n当時の小型セダン“コロナ”をよりスポーティに高級化した車 という開発コンセプトにより、端的にはその二次的車種という意味で“マークII”と命名、上級車志向のコロナオーナーを意識し、ジャガーMk－IIなどの英国車のモデルチェンジやグレード変更によく使われる方法からこの車名が採用された。後にコロナの持つファミリーカーのイメージを払拭し、コロナから独立した車種となる。高級車としてのイメージを確立。\nエンブレムはコロナと同一的コンセプト（中心から光を放つ）の意匠で、最終型まで世代ごとに デザインの変更を重ねながら用いられた。\n後継車.\nいずれの車種も、2019年までに生産終了となったため現存しない。2021年時点では、乗用モデルのポジションには現行カムリが、商用モデルのポジションには現行プロボックスがそれぞれ存在する。\nなお、ハリアーを現代版マークIIとすることもある。\n", "インドネシア料理（インドネシアりょうり）は、インドネシアの多民族文化を反映し、、、、、、パダン料理、などの各民族の料理を包含する。日本でよく知られているナシゴレンの他、インドネシアで発想された料理、サテ（sate）やルンダン（rendang）、サンバル（sambal）などはマレーシアやシンガポールでも知られている。\n概要.\nインドネシアは古くから香辛料の国として有名である。モルッカ諸島はニクズク、チョウコウ、コショウの生産地で、香辛料産地として名高かった。オランダによる植民地化以前にスペインやポルトガルの貿易船が訪れ、新世界からの作物を持ち込み、その後インドネシア各地で栽培されるようになった。スペイン人はメキシコからフィリピン経由でトウガラシ、サンドマメ、トマト、トウモロコシ、ジャガイモをインドネシアに持ち込んだ。ポルトガル人はアフリカとブラジルからピーナッツ、パパヤ、パイナップル、サツマイモ、キャッサバを持ち込んだ。オランダ人はキャベツ、ニンジン、カリフラワーを持ち込んだ。中国人は大豆製品、麺類をもたらした。インドからはタマネギ、ニンニク、ナスなどの野菜とカメムシソウ、クミン、ショウガ、タマリンドなどが伝えられた。古くからインドネシアで知られていた食材には、ウコン、ココナッツ、ヤシ砂糖、塩、トラシがある。\nインドネシア料理は諸外国の影響を受けている。スマトラのパダン料理はインド、中近東、イスラーム文化の影響を受け、肉や野菜を香辛料で煮込んだ料理が多い。ジャワ料理はヒンドゥー教と仏教の影響を受けたため、肉を使う料理が少ない。ジャワ島ではテンペ（tempe）や豆腐と野菜を使った料理が発達している。テンペはジャワ人独特の食文化から発想した健康食品で、現在では豆腐とテンペ料理がインドネシアの各地で見られる。インドネシア東部にはポリネシアとメラネシアの食文化の影響が見られる。\nインドネシア料理の特徴の一つは、揚げ物の種類が多いことである。テンペ、豆腐、鶏肉、干物、牛肉、魚、エビなどを油で揚げて調理する。調理方法は複雑なものもあり、例えばジャワのアヤムゴレンカラサン（）は鶏肉をサンバルという合わせ調味料で和えてから煮込んだ上、油で揚げる。スープの種類によっては、鶏肉や牛肉などの具を油で揚げてからスープに入れる。西スマトラ州では長時間煮込む料理が多く、パダン料理のルンダンは出来上がりまで4時間程煮込む。これに反して、西ジャワ州のスンダ料理は生野菜にサンバルを付けて米飯のおかずとして食べるなどシンプルな料理が特徴である。\n中部ジャワ州とジョグジャカルタの料理は、砂糖で甘く煮るものが多い。中部ジャワ州とジョグジャカルタの名物グドゥッはパラミツをココナッツミルクと鶏がらスープで煮込み黒砂糖で味付けしたものである。中華料理の影響を受けた料理としてミー（mi）またはバッミー（bakmi）という麺料理、バッソ（ないしはバクソbakso、肉団子）、ルンピア（lumpia、春巻き）、バッパウ（bakpau、リョクトウまたは牛肉の饅頭）、ケチャップマニスがある。ヨーロッパ料理の影響（特にオランダ料理）を受けたものとしてパン、ケーキ、クッキー、コロッケ、プルクデル（perkedel）などがある。ラピスルギ（lapis legit）はインドネシアの名物ケーキの一つである。\nインドネシアの人口の86.1%はムスリムで、彼らは豚に起因する一切の食材を調理しない。豚肉はもちろん、豚から作られている調味料や食材も同様に使用されない。食料品店に並ぶ食材やファーストフードやフードコートの料理にはハラル（halal）の認証が必要である。中華インドネシア料理店では豚肉を使用せず、豚肉の替わりにエビ、鶏肉、牛肉を使用する。豚肉料理を食べる習慣があるのはチャイナタウン、ヒンドゥーの多いバリ島、キリスト教信者の多い北スラウェシ州、北スマトラ州、パプア島である。大都市では中華料理、バリ料理、マナド料理、バタック料理店で豚肉を食べることができる。\nインドネシア人は米を主食とする。米の種類はインディカ種である。稲作に適さない地域ではキャッサバとサゴヤシが主食である。インドネシア語でナシプティ（nasi\nputih）という白飯として炊く以外に、米をココナッツミルクで炊いたナシウドゥッやちまきのようなロントン（lontong）、クトゥパッ（ketupat）、ナシゴレンなどの調理法がある。インドネシア人は白飯を好み、白飯を食べて初めて「食事をした」と言う人が多い。KFCやマクドナルドのフライドチキンも白飯と一緒に食べる。パーティや祝い事ではナシクニン、ナシトゥンペン（nasi tumpeng）、クトゥパッ、ロントン、ルマン（lemang）などを作る。\n餅米はルピスやクタンウラップなどの菓子の原料になる。米粉はビーフン（bihun）やクエティアウ（kwetiau、河粉）などライスヌードルの原料になる。小麦からできた麺はミーゴレン、ソトミー（soto mi、汁麺）、ミーアヤム（mi ayam、鶏肉入り汁麺）として食べる。ご飯の替わりや軽い食事として即席ラーメンも食べられており、特にインドミーは国民食とも呼ばれる。インドミー・ミーゴレンというインスタントのミーゴレンもある。東インドネシアのモルッカ諸島とパプア島では主食としてサゴヤシのでんぷんを熱湯で溶いて食べる。\nご飯のおかずは野菜と肉である。インドネシア人は鶏肉を好み、牛肉、水牛肉、ヤギ肉も食べる。魚介類も海産物ではエビ、イカ、貝を食べ、淡水魚ではフナ、グラミー、タウナギ、ナマズが食べられる。北スマトラ州のバタク料理や北スラウェシ州のマナド料理では犬肉をパーティ料理として調理する習慣がある。\nインドネシアにはコース料理の習慣がない。インドネシアの高級レストランのコース料理は、植民地時代にオランダ人がインドネシア各地の様々なご飯料理とおかずを合わせて供したライスターフェルという習慣を取り入れたものである。\n主な調味料.\nインドネシアには香辛料を多用した辛口の料理が多く、一般的な調味料にはエシャロット、ニンニク、唐辛子、胡椒、ウコン、ガランガー、レモングラス、キャンドルナッツ、トラシ、ココナッツミルクなどがある。\nケチャップマニスとブンブ・カチャン（bumbu kacang、ピーナッツソース）は数多くのインドネシア料理に使用される。ケチャップマニスとココナッツミルクは万能調味料であり、またどんな料理にも何らかのサンバルが必要である。\nココナッツミルク.\nココナッツミルクはインドネシア語で「サンタン」（santen）という。ソト（soto）、グドゥッ、ルンダン、グライ（gulai）、サユロデ（sayur lodeh）、ナシウドゥッ、ナシクニンなどの様々な料理で使用される。ココナッツミルクはデザートにも使われ、ココナッツミルク入りのビカアンボンケーキ（Bika Ambon）は北スマトラ州メダンの名物、ココナッツとココナッツミルク入りクラプルタート（klappertart）はマナドの名物である。エステレル（es teler）とエスチェンドル（es cendol）などかき氷のようなデザートにもココナッツミルクが入る。パダン料理では、揚げ物と野菜の炒め物以外、ほとんどの料理にココッナツミルクを使用する。\nココナッツミルクは生のココナッツの実をココナッツ削り器で削り、水を加えて絞って作る。市場やスーパーマーケットの野菜売り場では削りたてのココナッツが販売されている。紙パック入りや缶詰のココナッツミルクも市販されている。濃さは加える水の量で調節し、濃いココナッツミルクはルンダン、グライ、デザートなどに使用し、ココナッツミルクはサユロデとソトの汁に用いる。アンパス・クラパ（ampas kelapa）というココナッツの絞りかすは捨てずに、野菜とサンバルに和えてウラプ（urap）にしたり、味をつけて炒め、スルンデン（serundeng）というふりかけ状の食品にしたり、テンペの原料の大豆に混ぜたりすることもある。スルンデンは牛肉を加えてスルンデン・ダギン（serundeng daging）にしたり、ソトやクタン（ketan、もち米）にかけてたりして食べる。米をバナナの葉で包み、ココナッツミルクで炊くとブラス（buras）というおやつができ、スルンデンに似たココナッツフレークをかけて食べる。\nサンバル.\nインドネシア料理はサンバルという調味ソースで始まる。ナシゴレン、ミーゴレン、野菜炒めなどの簡単な料理から、ルンダン、グライなど煮込む料理までほとんどの料理がサンバルで始まる。その他、サンバルはソースとして汁ものに入れたり、食べ物やスナックに掛けたり、ご飯のおかずとして食べられる。市販されているサンバルやサンバルソースもある。中華インドネシア料理の特徴は色々な料理をサンバルと一緒に食べること。サンバルを作る材料は料理に合わせて決める。石臼でトウガラシ、キダチトウガラシ、塩、ニンニク、シャロット、トマト、トラシ、ショウガ、バンウコンなどを潰して、サンバルやブンブ（bumbu、ソース）を作る。\nケチャップマニス.\nケチャップマニスはインドネシアの甘い醤油である。ミーゴレン、ナシゴレンなど炒め料理から目玉焼き、揚げ豆腐、揚げテンペなどの調味料として使う。白飯の上にケチャップマニスを掛けて食べる人もいる。\nピーナッツソース.\nインドネシアのピーナッツを食用とする歴史は浅く、16世紀にポルトガルやスペインとの貿易と共に栽培が始まったが、今ではインドネシア料理に欠かせない食材となった。ピーナッツソースを使った代表的な料理としてガドガド、サテ、カレドッ（karedok）、プチェル（pecel）などがある。サンバルにピーナッツソースとケチャップマニスを加えるとサンバルカチャン（sambal kacang、ピーナッツサンバル）というソースができる。オタッオタッ（otak-otak）、ルンピア、リソルス（risoles）などにつけて食べる。\n食事の文化.\nテーブルマナー.\nインドネシア料理は右手でスプーン、左手でフォークを持って食べる。本格的な中華料理店ではご飯は茶碗で出すこともある。おかずは大皿に盛って、テーブルか床のマットの上に置き、各自好きなものを自分の皿に取って食べる。お皿とスープの椀は食卓から持ち上げないことが良いマナーである。「シラカンマカン」（Silakan makan）という挨拶は、宴会の時ホストがゲストに「どうぞ食べてください」という意味で使う言葉である。食前や食事中にアイスティー、炭酸飲料、ジュースなどの甘い飲み物を摂る人が多い。\n食べ物によっては手で食べることも多い。左手は不浄とされているので右手を使う。パダン料理は手で食べる人が多い。インドネシア人は元々、ヨーロッパ人がスプーンとフォークを持ち込む前は料理を手で食べていた。手で食べる際は大皿に備え付けのスプーンで取り皿によそってから食べる。パダン料理店ではライム入りの小さい椀（フィンガーボウル）に水を入れ、食べる前にそれで手を洗う。近くにあるシンクで石けんを使って手を洗うこともできる。中華料理店や麺料理店では箸が一般的だが、スプーンで麺を食べる人も多く、スプーンで麺を一口大に切ってから食べる。\n朝食.\nインドネシア人は一日三回、朝、昼、晩に食事をする。朝食はインドネシア語でMakan pagi（マカン パギ）と呼ばれる軽い食事で、ナシゴレン、鶏粥、インスタントラーメン、ご飯とアボン（abon、牛肉そぼろ）、目玉焼きなどが一般的なインドネシアの朝食である。朝の飲み物はジャスミンティー、紅茶（テ）、コーヒー（コピ）などで、全て砂糖や練乳、牛乳を入れて飲む。\nより伝統的な朝の料理もあり、地方によって異なる。西スマトラ州ではソトパダン（Soto padang）、ジャカルタではナシウドゥッ（Nasi udok）、ジャワ島ではナシウラム（）、ナシムゴノ（Nasi megono）、ソトアヤム（）などがある。\n都会に住む人々は古くからオランダ文化の影響を受け、朝食にパンを食べる習慣がある。パンにはマーガリン、チーズ、チョコレート、ピーナッツバターなどのスプレッドを塗り、パイナップルジャムを挟んで食べる。\n昼食・夕食.\n西部や中部インドネシアの一般家庭では一日一回、朝に調理する。食事の時間は特に決まっておらず、家族全員揃って食べるのではなく、家に着いた者から自由に食べる。一般的に昼食（Makan siang、マカンシアン）は正午から、夕食（Makan malam、マカンマラム）は午後7時から9時までである。お昼に食べ切れなかったおかずはハエよけで覆って食卓に置いておく。夕食の時に温めて、必要であれば簡単な1 - 2種類のおかずを追加して、家族全員揃ってご飯を食べることもある。\n食卓にはクルプック（Krupuk、Kerupuk、Keropok。えびや魚の揚げ煎餅）、ウンピン（）、アボンを常備し、朝食のおかずとして、またご飯の友として食べる。\n朝食を終え、家の掃除をすませると、主婦や家政婦はその日使う食材の買い物に出かけ、市場やスーパーマーケットや移動式食材屋台で野菜や肉を買う。場合によって、冷蔵庫に買い置きする人もいる。小・中学生は授業がお昼くらいに終わるので家に帰り、昼食を家で食べる。前述のとおり食事の時間が決まっていないので、子供たちは家に着くと自由に食事をするが、母親が家にいる時は、子供達と一緒に食べる。\n白飯（Nasi）はインドネシア人の食卓に一般的で、野菜料理（スープ〈〉や野菜炒め〈Sayur yang ditumis〉）と肉、魚、テンペ、豆腐などの3 - 4種類のおかずと一緒に食べる。食卓には少なくともサンバルは欠かせない。\nインドネシア人は、職場や学校へ行く時に弁当を持っていく習慣がない。幼稚園と小学校では休憩時間があり、家から持ってきたスナックやパンを食べる。都会で働く人々の昼ごはんはほとんど外食で、レストランや屋台で食べる。白飯とおかずをバナナの葉と紙で包んだナシブンクス（、ランチパック）を買ってオフィスの食堂で食べる者もいる。\n外食.\n料理店.\nインドネシア各地ではパダン料理店が一般的である。客がテーブルにつくと、10種類以上の煮込み料理が出て来る。好きな料理を好きなだけ食べ、食後に食べた分だけ代金を払う。\n場所によって、パダン料理店の他に、中華料理店、スンダ料理店、グドゥッと伝統的なアヤムゴレン（鶏の揚げ物）の専門店を含むジャワ料理店、マカサル料理、マナド料理、バタク料理店もある。大都市にはピザ、フライドチキン、ハンバーガーのチェーン店もある。\nほとんどの料理店では料理を持ち帰ることができる。パダン料理店のナシブンクスは旅行やピクニックの弁当として人気がある。ビニールスプーンが無料で付いてくることもある。箱代は別料金で、パダン料理店とグドゥッ専門店では紙箱にご飯とおかずを入れたものをナシコタッ（nasi kotak、箱に入ったご飯の意）という。\n屋台.\nカキリマ（kaki lima）と呼ばれる屋台では麺料理、サテ（鶏肉のサテアヤム、山羊肉のサテカンビン、パダン風のサテパダンなど）、マルタバッ（martabak）、ソトアヤム、ピサンゴレン（pisang goreng、揚げバナナ）、ブブカチャン・ヒジャウ（bubur kacang hijau、緑豆粥）、魚介料理などを販売している。カキリマの本来の意味は「5フィート」で、歩道の幅を指し、食べ物やその他の物品を歩道で販売することを表す言葉である。本物の屋台のおいしさをアピールするレストランもあり、店の前に屋台を飾り、サテ、ソト、麺料理、ソマイ（siomay、ピーナッツソースで食べる魚の焼売）など様々な料理を販売する。\n屋台の営業時間は食べ物の種類によって異なる。早朝から営業する屋台はブブアヤム（bubur ayam、鶏粥）、緑豆粥など。正午から営業するのはラクサ、ゴレンガン（gorengan、揚げ物各種）、ソマイ、バタゴル（batagor）、トゲゴレン（toge goreng）、麺料理、ソトアヤム、かき氷の屋台である。午後4〜5時からの営業はミーゴレン、ナシゴレン、サテ（サテアヤム、サテカンビン）、マルタバッ、ピサンゴレンの屋台などである。都会の夜を繁華街の歩道で営業するカキリマが街を賑やかにする。\n移動式屋台は荷車、改造した自転車、オートバイに乗った物売りである。パンを始め、麺料理、ミー・パンシッ（mi pangsit、ワンタン麺）、バーワン、トゲゴレン、鶏粥、ソマイを売る。移動式屋台は独特の掛け声や鍋、椀、竹を叩いて、販売する料理を宣伝する。\nジョグジャカルタの繁華街マリオボロ通り（Jalan Malioboro）には地面の上にマットを広げたレセハン（lesehan）という屋台があり、主にグドゥッを商う。ジャワ語で「レセハン」とは床に座るという意味である。ストリートミュージシャンが必ず現れ、客から貰う小銭を期待して歌を歌う。\nジョグジャカルタの夕方から営業するワルン（warung）はアンクリンガン（angkringan）という。コーヒーなどの飲み物とスナックや、セゴクチン（segå kucing、ネコご飯の意）という数口分のご飯とおかずを販売する。アンクリンガンはジャワ語でリラックスして座るという意味で、ジョグジャカルタの薄暗いところで世間話をする場所である。\nワルン.\nワルンとは小さな店という意味で、庶民の食堂を示す。ワルンの食べ物は値段が安く、衛生面で問題がないとはいえない。バリ島の各地ではナシチャンプルなどを販売するワルンが多い。\nワルントゥガル（Warung Tegal）はトゥガル人が経営する食堂で手頃な値段で料理が食べられ、ジャカルタでよく見かける。食事だけではなく、コーヒーや飲み物を販売する。\n飲み物・デザート.\n生水を飲むことに衛生的な問題がないとはいえない。ミネラルウォーターはインドネシア各地で瓶やペットボトルやプラスチックの容器で販売されている。インドネシア語でミネラルウォーターをアクア（Aqua)というが、元々はミネラルウォーターのブランドの一つであった。一般的なブランドなので、今ではすべてのミネラルウォーターをアクアと呼んでいる。テボトル（teh botol、瓶入り、または紙パック入りの甘いジャスミンティー）はインドネシアで人気の飲み物である。\n「コピ」（kopi）はコーヒーのことである。インドネシア人はコーヒーフィルターを使わず、挽いた豆と砂糖をグラスに入れて湯を注ぎ、上澄み液を飲む。これを「コピトゥブルッ」（kopi tubruk）という。\n料理店のデザートにはスライスしたフルーツ、ジュース、かき氷、タピオカ入りのエスチャンプル、パラミツ入りのエステレルなどがある。かき氷も飲み物とされ、食事中にかき氷を食べる（飲む）人もいる。\n食事と一緒にデザートが出ることもあるので、デザートを食事の前に食べたくない場合は必ず店の人に伝えた方がよい。\n「エス」（es）とは氷のことであり、「エス」の付く飲み物はアイスティー以外ほとんどかき氷類である。レストランでは飲み物の注文の時、客に氷入りのグラスと一緒に出すか、瓶や紙パック入りの冷えた飲み物のどちらにするかを尋ねる。生水で氷を作っていることもあるので、場所によっては氷入りグラスには衛生面の問題がある場合がある。\n代表的なデザートと飲み物\nシロップはかき氷にかけて食べる以外に、氷で薄めて氷と一緒に飲むこともある。パッションフルーツシロップはメダンとマカッサルの名物である。\nアルコール飲料.\nインドネシアでは酒の販売は認められているものの、国民の9割がムスリムであるため、多くの国民には飲酒の習慣がない。しかし、人口が2億5000万人を超えるインドネシアでは、ムスリム以外の国民も決して少なくはなく、彼らには独自の酒の文化もある。また、ムスリムの中でも戒律をさほど重視しない者もおり、経済成長や、日本や欧米の食文化が流入していることも相まって、ムスリムでも飲酒を楽しむ者が増えつつある。\n酒はレストランやバーで販売される。ホテルや高級レストランではアルコールの制限がなく、ビンタンビール、アンカービール、ハイネケンビールなどインドネシアの代表的なビールが販売される。米から作られた酒ブルムはバリ島の名物である。\n北スマトラ州の伝統的な酒は砂糖ヤシの樹液を醗酵させて作るトゥアッ（tuak、アラック）である。北スラウェシ州では、同じ原料で伝統的なチャップティクス（cap tikus）という強い酒が作られ、密造されることもある。\n代表的なインドネシア料理.\nスープ.\nスープはソト（soto）またはソプ（sop)といい、ココナッツミルク入りのものもある。地方料理として地方名物になっているソトもあり、都市の名前をつけたものが多く、クドゥスのソトクドゥス（soto Kudus）、クディリのソトクディリ（soto Kediri）、ジャカルタのソトブタウィ（soto Betawi）、パダンのソトパダン（soto Padang）、バンドンのソトバンドン（soto bandung）、ソトソカラジャ、チョトマカサル（coto Makassar）などがある。鶏のソトアヤム（soto ayam）、牛の胃のソトババッ（soto babat）、ヤギの足のソトカンビン（soto kambing）、麺入りのソトミー（soto mi）など、食材によって命名されたソトもある。ソトは白飯と一緒に食べるが、ソトの椀に米で作ったロントンやクトゥパッを入れることもある。\nサテ.\nサテは串に刺した肉を炭火で焼いた、中近東料理のケバブの影響を受けた料理である。サテを食べる時のソースには、刻みトウガラシ、キダチトウガラシ、シャロット、トマト、コショウなどを混ぜたピーナッツソースとケチャップマニスの2種類がある。\nサテは肉の種類によって命名され、鶏肉のサテアヤム（sate ayam）、鶏挽肉のサテリリッ（sate lilit）、ヤギ肉のサテカンビン（sate kambing）、牛肉のサテサピ（sate sapi）、豚肉のサテバビ（sate babi）などがある。サテはご飯かロントンやクトゥパッと一緒に食べる。\n菓子とパン.\nパンはスーパーマーケット、街のパン屋（英語のbakeryからバケリという）や移動屋台で販売される。移動屋台で販売されるパンは販売人が作ったのではなく、パン工場で作られている。街のパン屋ではショートケーキも販売している。お菓子のことを「クエ」（）という。\nスナック.\nインドネシアのスナックはジャジャンパサー（jajan pasar、「市場のおやつ」の意）といい、地方と民族によって種類が異なる。\n焼き菓子とケーキ：バピア（bakpia）、シュークリーム、ラピスルギ、ビカアンボン。\n祭日料理.\nインドネシアの独立記念日、誕生パーティ、出産祝い、開店記念、結婚式などのお祝い事料理の代表はナシトゥンペン()である。これは元々ジャワ人の感謝パーティ「スラマタン」（selamatan）に出された料理がインドネシア各地に広まったものである。米を竹で編んだ円錐形の容器にいれて蒸し、ご飯を円錐形に盛り、周囲をおかずで囲む。ジャワ人は先祖と神様は山に住んでいると信じており、トゥンペンは聖なる山（須弥山）を表す。インドネシアでは、トゥンペンはバースデーケーキの代わりでもある。\nトゥンペンのご飯は白飯か米をウコンとココナッツミルクで炊いたナシクニンまたはココナッツミルクで炊いたナシウドゥッ。おかずはウラプ（サンバルとココナッツフレークで和えた茹で野菜）、アヤムゴレン、スムル（semur、ケチャップマニスで煮た牛肉）、サンバル・トゥリカチャン（sambal teri kacang、アンチョビとピーナツのサンバル）、揚げえび、テロールプインダン（ゆで卵）、錦糸玉子、テンペオレッ（千切りテンペの揚げ物）、プルクデル（マッシュポテトを団子にして揚げたもの）、プルクデルジャグン（perkedel jagung、エビとトウモロコシの衣揚げ）、サンバルゴレンアティ（sambal goreng hati、サンバルで炒めた鶏レバー）などである。\nライスターフェル.\nライスターフェルとはオランダ式インドネシア料理で、「ご飯のテーブル」という意味である。植民地時代のオランダ人の富裕層の暮らしを表す料理の数々である。オランダには17世紀にアムステルダムの富裕層が紹介した。\n数十種類のインドネシア料理をテーブルの上に置いて、ビュッフェとして食べる他、インドネシア料理をヨーロッパ式にコース料理として供することもある。飲み物は、ワインやジンなどのアルコールを出される。料理の種類は非常に多く、ナシゴレン、ミーゴレン、数種類のスープ、サテなどインドネシア各地の料理が供される。\n料理に関するインドネシア語.\n素材＋調理法　から命名されているものが多いため、基本語を知っておくと容易に想像できる。\n", "トルコ石（トルコいし、turquoise、ターコイズ）は青色から緑色の色を持つ不透明な鉱物。化学的には水酸化銅アルミニウム燐酸塩であり、化学式では CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O と表される。良質のものは貴重であり、宝石とみなされる。\nその色合いのために、数千年の昔から装飾品とされてきた。近年では他の多くの不透明の宝石と同様に、表面処理されたものや模造品・合成品が市場に出回っていて問題となっている。専門家でもその鑑定は難しい。宝石学者ジョージ・フレデリック・クンツによれば、大プリニウスの『博物誌』に「カッライス（callais）」として登場する宝石が現在のトルコ石の古名に当たるが、当時から盛んに模造品が作られていたという。\n語源.\n英語では turquoise （ターコイズ）と言い、フランス語の pierre turquoise （トルコの石）に由来する。十字軍（東方の文物が西ヨーロッパに到来するきっかけ）の時代にヨーロッパに広まったため、この石が「トルコの石」と呼ばれるようになったばかりか、もとは古フランス語で「トルコの｣を表す形容詞だった\"turquoise\"と言う語が、青の色みの一つを表すようにもなった。\n後述のとおり、かつてペルシアと呼ばれた現在のイラン周辺は、少なくとも2000年来トルコ石の主要な産地として知られ、9世紀以来トルコ系王朝が興亡を繰り返したホラーサーンには最も古い鉱脈があった。つまり最初にヨーロッパに認識された「トルコ石」がトルコ人の国のものであったというのが、トルコ石と呼ばれる所以である。\nなお、これは幾分かの誤解を含んでおり、トルコでトルコ石が産出されたわけではなく、アトラス山脈周辺の砂漠で産出されたものが貿易でトルコを経由してヨーロッパへ広がったのちになじみの深い宝石になり、「トルコ石」と呼ばれるようになったという説が存在する。現在のトルコからトルコ石の産出はない。\n性質.\nトルコ石は良質のものでもやや脆い。モース硬度では6以下。\nトルコ石は単結晶を作ることがほとんどない隠微晶質鉱物なので、性質は変異に富む。X線回折によると、結晶系は三斜晶系である。硬度と同様に比重も小さく、 2.60 – 2.90 である。また多孔質である（これらの性質は結晶の粒度に左右される）。\nトルコ石は一般に不溶性だが、熱した塩酸には溶ける。条痕は薄く青みがかった白。断口は貝殻状で、ろう光沢が残る。トルコ石は宝石の中では比較的柔らかいが、よい磨き粉になる。トルコ石の表面に黄鉄鉱が斑点状に分布していたり、暗い色の褐鉄鉱の筋が網目状に入っていることがある。\nトルコ石の光沢は、通常はろう光沢～準ガラス光沢である。通常は不透明であるが、薄いものでは半透明性を示すことがある。色も変化に富んでいて、白～淡青色～空色、または青緑色～黄緑色の範囲に変化する。青色は銅による発色であり、緑は不純物の鉄によるものか、または脱水によるものである。\nトルコ石の屈折率は約 1.61 – 1.62 である（589.3nmのナトリウム光による計測）。この値は宝石用屈折計で得られた単一の値の中間値であるが、トルコ石がほとんどの場合多晶質であることが影響を与えている。希な単結晶標本から、1.61 - 1.65（0.040の差は複屈折によるもの）という屈折率が得られている。小型の分光計で吸収スペクトルを見ることができ、432nmの鋭い吸収と460nm付近の弱い吸収帯を示す（これは強い反射光で見るのがよい）。長波長の紫外線を当てると、トルコ石はときに蛍光を発することがあり、緑、黄色、明るい青などに光る。短波長紫外線やX線には反応しない。\n生成.\nトルコ石は二次鉱物の一種であるため、先に存在する鉱物が風化し、酸化される過程で、酸性の水溶液が浸透する作用によって生成する。例えば、銅は、黄銅鉱のような一次の硫化銅、もしくは孔雀石または藍銅鉱のような二次の炭酸塩から来ている。アルミニウムは長石に由来する。またリンは燐灰石に由来する。トルコ石の銅が亜鉛に置換すると、二価鉄に置換するととなる。\nトルコ石がしばしば高度に変成された火山岩中の穴および裂け目を埋めるか覆うような形で、褐鉄鉱や他の酸化鉄とともに乾燥地帯で見つけられることから、気候要因は、重要な役割を果たすようである。アメリカの南西部では、トルコ石は、ほとんど常に斑岩の貫入を受けたカリウム長石の中もしくは周辺にあり、硫化銅の鉱床の風化生成物を伴っている。明礬石（カリウム・アルミニウム硫酸塩）が顕著な二次鉱物である場合もある。基本的に、トルコ石の鉱物化は20メートル未満の比較的浅い深度に限られるが、二次溶液がより大きな浸透を起こしている場合は20メートルより深い裂け目に沿っても起こる。\nトルコ石の持つ特徴は、二次鉱物か、溶解物による富化により生成する起源と矛盾無く説明できるが、一部には深成起源としている文献もある。深成起源仮説は、水溶液が熱水作用によりかなりの深さで発生するとする説である。最初に、これらの溶液は、先に存在した鉱物と相互作用し必須元素をろ過しながら、高温で表層に向かって上方へ上昇する。溶解液が冷えるとともに、周囲の岩にある穴や裂け目に沿ってトルコ石が沈殿するというものである。この深成プロセスはオリジナルの硫化銅の沈殿物に対しては適用可能であるが、深成プロセスによってトルコ石発生の多くの特徴を説明することは困難である。すなわち、トルコ石の粒子の中に90–190℃の高い温度で均質化する二相液体包有物があるという報告されているためである。\nトルコ石は常にほとんど隠微晶質で、重く、また決まった外形を持たない。結晶は微視的な規模でさえ、非常にまれである。通常は、石理や裂け目を埋める形、団塊状、または葡萄の房状である。 この他、鍾乳石状のものも報告されている。さらに、トルコ石は仮晶として長石、燐灰石、他の鉱物あるいは化石などと入れ替わることがある。骨トルコ石は、化石の骨あるいは象牙であるが、これまでは、鉄のリン酸塩である藍鉄鉱のような鉱物と、トルコ石や同様のリン酸塩鉱物とが置き換わってできたと考えられてきた。さらに、珪孔雀石のような他の二次の銅の鉱物を伴った相互成長も、広く見られる。\n産出.\nトルコ石は人類が初期に掘り出した宝石のひとつであり、歴史的な産出場所は既に多くが枯渇しているが、今日でも稼動しているものもある。これらは、鉱脈の範囲が狭く、また人里離れているために、いずれも小規模で、季節限定の操業である。ほとんどが手作業で、機械化はわずかか、またはまったくされていない。しかし、特に米国では、トルコ石はしばしば大規模な銅の採掘事業の副産物として回収されている。\nイラン.\n少なくとも2000年以上にわたり、ペルシャとして知られたこの地域は、トルコ石のもっとも主要な産地だった。というのも、高品位の素材が最も一貫して採取されていたためである。この「完璧な色合い」の鉱脈は、イランのホラーサーン地方の主要都市マシュハドから25キロメートルにある標高2012メートルのアリ・メリサイ山（Ali-mersai）に限られる。これらの採掘所はシナイ半島のものと合わせて、最も古くから知られている。\nイランのトルコ石はしばしば長石と置き換わる形で見つかる。一般に白い斑点が付いているが、その色合いと硬さは他の産地のものより優れていると考えられている。イランのトルコ石は何世紀にも渡って採掘され、取引されてきており、おそらくヨーロッパに最初に渡ったのはイランのものであったろう。\nシナイ半島.\n少なくとも第1王朝（紀元前3000年頃）または恐らくそれ以前から、エジプトではトルコ石がシナイ半島でエジプト人によって採掘され、用いられていた。現地のMonitu人はシナイ半島を「トルコ石の国」と呼んでいた。この地域にはおよそ650平方キロメートルに渡る6か所の鉱山があり、それらすべては半島の南海岸にある。これらの中で歴史上もっとも重要なのは、セラビト・エル・カジムと、ワジ・マガレであり、知られた鉱山の中で最古のものだと言われている。前者はハトホルのための古代の神殿から4キロメートルの場所にある。\nこのトルコ石は、玄武岩に覆われているか、またはもともと覆われていた砂岩の中で見つかる。銅と鉄の採掘が現在でもこの地域で行われている。大規模なトルコ石の採掘は今日では採算が合わないが、鉱脈はベドウィンが自家製の火薬を使って散発的に採石している。雨が多い冬の季節には、採掘者は鉄砲水の危険に曝される。乾季ですら、無計画に採掘された砂岩の壁が崩壊して死ぬこともあるらしい。\nシナイ半島のトルコ石の色合いは、一般的にイランのものよりも緑がかっているが、安定でかなり耐久性があると考えられている。しばしばエジプトのトルコ石と呼ばれているが、シナイ半島のものは一般に最も透明で、拡大鏡で観察すると表面構造には他の産地のものには見られない暗青色の円盤が散りばめられているのが見える。\nイスラエルのエイラトの近くでは、トルコ石、クジャク石、珪クジャク石の魅力的な合生が見つかっている。この岩はエイラト石と呼ばれ、しばしばイスラエルの国の石とも言われる。エイラト石は現地の職人によって加工され、観光客に売られている。\nアメリカ合衆国.\n米国の南西部は、顕著なトルコ石の産地である。アリゾナ州、カリフォルニア州（サンバーナーディーノ、インペリアル及びインヨーの各郡）、コロラド州（コネホス、エルパソ、レイク及びサガチェの各郡）、ニューメキシコ州（エディー、グラント、オテロ及びサンタフェの各郡）、ならびにネバダ州が特に豊富である（またはかつて豊かだった）。ニューメキシコ州セリロスには最も古い鉱山があり、19世紀の終わりには、ニューヨークのティファニーが所有していたため、ティファニー・ターコイズと呼ばれる。1920年代以前にはニューメキシコが国内最大の産地だったが、現在では多かれ少なかれ枯渇している。今日では、カリフォルニアのアパッチ渓谷にある一か所だけが商業的な規模で操業されている。\nここでのトルコ石は、石理か割れ目を埋める形、または小さな塊状で産出する。ほとんどが小さいサイズである。色合いと耐久性においてはイランのものと肩を並べるほど、かなり上質のものがたまに見つかることがあるが、大部分のアメリカ産トルコ石は低いグレードのもの（いわゆるチョーク状トルコ石）である。すなわち、高い鉄の含有率によって緑や黄色が強く、また一般的に脆く、人工処理しなければ宝飾品で用いることができない。\nアリゾナは、価値の面では現在最も主要な産地である。鮮やかなビズビーブルーがそこの天然の品質のよい例である。アリゾナ産のものは、多くが銅採鉱の副産物として採取されている。ネバダはもうひとつの国内の大産地であり、歴史上、推定で75から100か所の鉱山が開かれた。ネバダ産のものはしばしば、いわゆる「蜘蛛の巣状の基質（スパイダーウェブ）」を形成する魅力的な茶色や黒の褐鉄鉱の石理で特徴付けられる。ヨーロッパと異なり、アメリカではスパイダーウェブが入っていないトルコ石は価格も安い。世界でもっとも価格の高いトルコ石は、ネバダでほんの少しだけ採掘された濃いブルーに細かなスパイダーウェブの「ランダーブルー」で、現在では数十カラット以上の大きな物は$10,000以上の価格がつく。\n1912年にバージニア州キャンプベル郡のリンチステーションで、はっきりとした単結晶のトルコ石の鉱脈が発見された。母岩の上に晶洞を形成していたこの結晶は、非常に小さいものであって1mmは大きい方だった。1980年代まではバージニアは明瞭な結晶が取れる唯一の場所と考えられていたが、現在、これ以外に少なくとも27か所になっている。こういった試料は、収集家に高い価値を付けられている。\n利益を回収し需要に応えるための試みとして、ほとんどのアメリカ産トルコ石はある程度人工処理または強化されている。これらの人工処理には、ワックスを塗る無害な方法から、染色や浸透法のようなもっと問題のある方法まで、さまざまである（下記の\"人工処理\"の項を参照）。採掘されたままで人工処理されないトルコ石は「ナチュラル」と呼ばれ、価格も高い。\nその他の産地.\n中国は3000年以上に渡り、少量ながらトルコ石の産地だった。小さな塊状をなす宝石級の品質のものが、湖北省の鄖陽区（Yunxian）及び竹山県（Zhushan）から採掘されたケイ化した大理石の破片から見つかっている。加えて、マルコ・ポーロは、現在の四川省からトルコ石が見つかったと報告している。\nほとんどの中国産トルコ石は輸出されるが、翡翠に似た加工法で加工された彫刻もいくつか存在する。\nチベットでは緑色のトルコ石が珍重されるが、宝石級の品質のトルコ石が、東部の（四川省、カンゼ・チベット族自治州、徳格県）、及び西部のNagari-Khorsumの山から産する。\nこのほかの顕著な産地は以下の通り：アフガニスタン、オーストラリア（ビクトリアとクイーンズランド）、チリ北部（チュキカマタ）、コンウォール、サクソニー、シレジア、及びトルキスタン。\n歴史.\nトルコ石のパステル色の色合いは古代の多くの大文明に愛された。トルコ石は、古代エジプト、アステカ、ペルシア、メソポタミア、インダス渓谷 、そして少なくとも殷王朝以来の古代中国の統治者を飾った。\n他のシルクロードの産品と共にヨーロッパへ（トルコを経由して）導入された、古い宝石のうちの一つであるにもかかわらず、トルコ石は西洋では14世紀まで宝飾品として重要にならなかった。それは、カトリック教会の影響力が低下し、教会以外での宝飾品にトルコ石を使うことを認めるのを待たねばならなかったからである。\nインドにおいては、明らかにムガル帝国時代までは知られておらず、日本においては18世紀まで知られていなかった。これらの文明の多くは皆、トルコ石がある種のお守りのような特質を有すると信じていた。つまり、着用者の健康状態によって色が変化し、悪い運の力から着用者を守ると考えられていた。\nアステカ人は仮面（一部は本物の人間の頭蓋骨をベースに用いた）、ナイフおよび楯のような、人を刺激するための（そしておそらく儀礼用の）モザイク装飾へ、金、水晶、クジャク石、黒玉、硬玉、珊瑚および貝殻と共に、トルコ石を象眼した。装飾の基礎材料へトルコ石を接合するためには、天然樹脂、れき青、及びろうを用いた。基礎材料は通常は木だったが、骨と貝殻も用いられた。\nアステカ人と同様に、プエブロ、ナバホおよびアパッチの種族は、トルコ石をお守りとして重用した。アパッチは、トルコ石を身に付けると射撃の正確さが上がると信じた。これらの民族の間では、トルコ石は彫刻品の中で、モザイク象眼として使用された。また、ドーナツ型のビーズや自由形のペンダントが作られた。\nグランチャコの昔のプエブロ族（アナサジ族）および周囲の地域は、トルコ石製品の生産および取引で非常に繁栄したと考えられている。今日、ナバホおよび他の南西アメリカインディアンの種族によって生産される特産の銀の宝飾品は、むしろ現代になってから開発されたものである（ヨーロッパの影響の結果およそ1880年頃以降）。\nペルシアでは、トルコ石が一千年の間事実上の国家の宝石だった。オブジェクト（ターバンから馬具まで）、モスク、およびイスファハンのメドレシ・シャー・フセイン・モスクのような他の重要な建物の内外を徹底的に飾るために、広範囲に使用された。ペルシア式のトルコ石およびその使用は、ムガル帝国の設立の後、インドへ伝わった。高いカラットの金の宝飾品（ルビーやダイヤモンドと共に）およびタージ・マハルのような建物でその影響が見られる。ペルシアのトルコ石は、しばしばアラビア文字で祈祷文が彫られ、その後、金で象眼された。 \n輸入トルコ石のカボションは、珊瑚と共に、チベットおよびモンゴル（ここでは緑の色調がより好まれると言われている）の銀や金の宝飾品の中で広範囲に使用され、現在でもそうである。\nエジプトでのトルコ石の使用は、第1王朝まで遡る。\nさらに、トルコ石は指輪、及び胸飾り（pectorals）と呼ばれる大きな曲線を描くネックレスを飾った。その宝石は金の中にセットされ、ビーズに加工されたり、象眼として使用されたり、しばしば赤メノウやラピスラズリを伴って、コガネムシ（スカラベ）のモチーフの形に刻まれた。 コガネムシの彫刻の場合は有色のガラスが伴うこともあった。\n13世紀、十字軍によって西欧社会にもたらされたトルコ石は、落下、特に落馬事故から身を守る護符として男性に人気を博した。皇帝ルドルフ2世のお抱え医師であった17世紀の医学者アンセルムス・デ・ブートは父から贈られたトルコ石に落馬事故から命を救われたと書き残している。\n19世紀中頃、そして20世紀始めに、フランス人によるツタンカーメンの墓を含むエジプトの遺跡の考古学的調査は、西洋世界の大衆の関心を大いに集め、そのために、当時の宝石、建築、および芸術に影響を与えた。トルコ石は、1810年頃以来そのパステル色の色合いのために既に愛されていたが、このときエジプト復興芸術の主要をなした。\n同時代の西洋では、トルコ石は、しばしばアメリカインディアンのスタイルの、銀の指輪や腕輪にカボションカットで用いられるか、もしくは磨かれるか荒く削られネックレス中の大玉のビーズとして用いられることが最も多かった。小さめの素材は、ズニ族によって作られたもののような、物神の形に刻まれることもあった。強い空色のものが高い価値を持つ一方、緑と黄色のまだらの素材は職人に人気がある。また、西洋の文化ではトルコ石は12月の誕生石である。 \nトルコ石はユダヤ教とキリスト教に共通する聖典の中で重要性を持っているかもしれない。出エジプト記（28:15-30）では、「裁きの胸甲」の構造が、アーロンの僧服の一部として記されている。エフォド（法衣）に付けられた胸甲は金にセットされ四列に並べられた12の宝玉で飾られた。それぞれの宝玉にイスラエルの12の種族のうちの1つの名前が彫られた。第3の列の中の4個の石のうち、1番目および第2のものは、様々な学者によってトルコ石と翻訳された。しかしながら、他の学者はそれぞれヒヤシンス石（ジルコン）と瑪瑙と翻訳して、見解が一致していない。また各石がどの種族を意味しているかに関しても見解が一致していない。\n模造品.\nトルコ石の人造の模造品を最初に作ったのは、明らかにエジプト人である。エジプト人は、磨いたファイアンス焼きの陶器を用いていた。後には、ガラスやエナメルも用いられた。\n近代ではさらに洗練されたセラミックス、磁器、プラスチック、ならびにさまざまな組み立て、圧縮、接着および焼結された材料（さまざまな銅とアルミニウムの化合物）が開発されている。後者の例として、オレイン酸銅で着色し沈殿させたリン酸アルミニウムでできている「ウイーン風トルコ石」、bayeriteとリン酸アルミニウムの混合物「ネオリス」というのがある。こうした製品のほとんどは、物性、化学特性において自然のトルコ石とは明らかに異なる。しかし、1972年にピエール・ギルソンは真の合成過程に極めて近いものを開発した（使っている結合剤が違うために化学組成は本物とは異なるので、合成品というよりも模擬製品simulantというべきものである）。ギルソンのトルコ石は、均一な色合いと、黒い「蜘蛛の巣状の基質」を備えており、天然のネバダのものとは似ていない脈状配列を持つ。\n今日目にするもっとも一般的なトルコ石の模造品は、染色されたハウライトとマグネサイトである。どちらも自然な状態では白色である。前者はトルコ石に似た（それらしい）黒い脈状配列を持っている。染色された玉髄、碧玉、大理石は、それぼど一般的ではないし、あまりそれらしくない。その他の天然の素材で、トルコ石と間違えることがある、あるいはトルコ石の代用として用いられることがあるのは、バリッシャー石、ファウスト石(トルコ石の銅が亜鉛に置き換わったもの)、珪孔雀石（特に石英を含有しているもの）、天藍石、菱亜鉛鉱、異極鉱、ウォード石、および、藍鉄鉱に置き換わったために青い色に着色された、「歯トルコ石」と呼ばれる化石の骨または歯など。今日ではほとんど目にすることはないが、歯トルコ石はかつては特にトルコ石の代用品として、南フランスで大量に採掘されていた。\nこういった偽物は、第一に拡大鏡を用いた非破壊の表面構造検査を始めとするいくつもの検査を用いれば、宝石学者なら見分けられる。模様のない青白い背景に、白っぽい斑点またはまだらが見えるのが、天然のトルコ石の典型的な外見である。一方で、人造の模造品は、色（一様な濃い青のことが多い）、模様（粒子状または砂糖状であることが多い）の両方で根本的に違っているのである。ガラスやプラスチックは、透明度がずっと高く、しばしば表面からすぐ内側に泡や流れ線が見える。染色された模造品では、結晶粒界に染料のしみが見えることがある。\nしかし、破壊検査が必要な場合もある。例えば、希塩酸を加えると、歯トルコ石の炭酸塩やマグネサイトでは泡が出るし、ハウライトは緑色を呈する。一方、加熱プローブを用いると、プラスチックならば特有の刺激臭が出る。比重、屈折率、光吸収（吸収スペクトルで明らか）、およびその他の物理特性、光学特性もまた、識別の手段と考えられる。\n模造品のトルコ石は非常に広く普及しているので、本物のトルコ石より数においてはるかに上回っているだろう。ネイティブアメリカンやチベット人の「正真正銘の」宝石で用いられる素材ですら、模造品か、よくてかなり人工的な処理が加えられたものである。\n人工処理.\nトルコ石は、色の良さと耐久性を上げる（すなわち、硬度を増やし空隙率を下げる）ことを狙って人工処理される。歴史上最初に（古代から）行われた人工処理は、軽くワックスと油を塗ることだった。これにより、濡れ効果（色とつやを増すため）を与えたのである。この処理は、多かれ少なかれ伝統として受け入れられている。通常高いグレードの素材に対して行われたためでもある。\nそれに対し、後世の、人工処理しなければ売り物にならないようなアメリカ産のもろい素材に対して、エポキシ、プラスチック（例えばポリスチレン）、および水ガラスを高圧注入する手法（これによって耐久性を増すばかりでなく濡れ効果を与える意味合いもある）は、あまりにも急進的な合成であるとして一部からは拒絶された。\nプラスチックや水ガラスは、耐久性を増すという点では、技術的には油やワックスよりも勝っている。はるかに永久的で、安定で、かつ油やワックスが十分に効き目を発揮するにはもろ過ぎるような素材に対しても適用できるためである。こうした素材は「結合された」または「安定化された」トルコ石と呼ばれる。エポキシ結合技術は、1950年代に、アリゾナのColbaugh処理施設（今日でも稼動している）で初めて開発された。アメリカ産の素材の大部分は、現在この方法で処理されている。\n油やワックスを塗った石は、あまり高くない高温、または日光に晒され過ぎると、油脂分が溶けて液体になることが避けられない。また、時間が経つと表面に白い膜や粉が生じることがある（いくらかの技量があれば油、ワックス処理は再生できる）。染料は、トルコ石の網目を黒っぽくするためにも用いられる。\n最も急進的な人工処理は「再構築」だろう。これは、おそらく単独では小さすぎて使えない細かい素材を粉末化し、結合して一個の大きな形にするものである。こうした「再構築」された素材の原料のほとんどは、（天然の物質をまったく含まない）完全な偽造、または、異質な充填剤が加えられていることがある（上記の模造品の項を参照）。\nまた別の人工処理のひとつとして、（詳細は公開されていないが）いわゆるザッカリー法がある。開発者であり電気技師、トルコ石貿易家でもあるジェームス・E・ザッカリーの名にちなんで名づけられた。この工程は、少なくとも中程度のグレードの素材だけを使って、トルコ石をより堅く、よりよい色とつやを与えるのだと主張している。\n宝石でよくあるのと同様に、完全に開示されていないことが頻繁にある。したがって、疑わしい石について人工処理を検知することはさまざまな検査方法を用いる、宝石学者に頼ることになる（その一部は破壊検査である。例えば目立たないしみに加熱プローブを使うことで油、ワックスか、またはプラスチック処理を確信を持って検知することができる）。\n価値付けと手入れ.\n色の豊かさはトルコ石の価値を決める主要な要素である。一般的に言って、最も望ましい色合いは、濃い空色か「ロビン（＝アメリカンロビン）の卵色」の青とされる。緑色が増える、色が薄くなる、または斑点があるごとに価値は下がる。しかしチベットやネパール、ブータンでは緑っぽい青が好まれるという。どのような色であれ、トルコ石は過剰に軟らかかったりチョーク状に脆かったりしてはならない。そのような品位の低い素材（大部分のトルコ石がそうなのであるが）は、たとえ人工処理を加えたとしても、時間と共に色あせたり色が落ちたりして、通常の宝飾品としての使用には耐えられない。\nトルコ石が見つかる母岩が、しばしば石全体に網目状に走る茶色～黒の汚れ、または石理として存在することがある。この石理は、石をより美しく見せるようなものであれば石の価値を高めることもあるが、そのようなことは稀である。このような素材は、「蜘蛛の巣状の母岩」と表現され、米国の南西部と中東ではもっとも価値が高いとされるが、無傷で石理も無いものが理想とされる。どれだけ石理が石をより美しくするとしても、近東ではあまり高く評価されない。\n色の均一さも要求される。また、人工処理されたものについては、加工の品質も要素のひとつになる。これには、研磨の品質や石の左右の釣り合いも含まれる。正確に測定された石、すなわち標準的なセッティングの宝石測定法に則っているものは、おそらくより好まれるだろう。珊瑚やその他の不透明な宝石と同様に、トルコ石はカラット重量よりもむしろ物理的な大きさに応じた値段で売られている。\nトルコ石は、さまざまな方法で人工的に処理される。その一部はより恒久的で急進的である。こうした人工処理を受け入れるべきかどうかについては議論があるが、ある方法は全体としては多かれ少なかれ許容されている。それは、ほとんどのトルコ石に色とつやを良くするために軽くワックスか油を塗ることである。もし始めからその素材が高い品質のものであったなら、トルコ石にはごく少量のワックスや油しか吸収されないので、そのような非恒久的な処理に美観を“頼る”ことはないのである。人工処理されているかどうか以外の要素が全て同等であれば、人工処理されていない素材が常により高い価値を持つ。接着された、または「再構築された」素材はかなり価値が下がる。\nリン酸系の鉱物であるため、トルコ石は本質的に脆く、また溶媒に弱い。したがって、香水やその他の化粧品はトルコ石を腐食し色合いを変えてしまうことがある。皮脂も同様である。直射日光に長く曝すと、トルコ石は退色または脱水することがある。したがって、身に付けるときは、化粧品（日焼け止め剤やヘアスプレーを含む）はトルコ石を身に付ける前に付けなければならない。また、ビーチやその他強い日光に当たる環境では身に着けてはならない。使用後は、残渣を取り除くため柔らかい布で優しく拭き、他のより硬い宝石でひっかき傷を作らないよう別の箱に分けて保管しなければならない。\n", "日本のプロ野球（にほんのプロやきゅう）では、日本で行われるプロ野球全般について述べる。\n歴史.\n以下のうち、1949年の日本野球機構（NPB）発足以降で特記のないものはNPBの事象を指す。\n日本野球機構（NPB）.\n日本野球機構（NPB）では1軍公式戦としてセントラル・リーグとパシフィック・リーグ、ファーム公式戦としてイースタン・リーグとウエスタン・リーグが開催されているほか、オールスターゲーム、日本選手権シリーズなどを主催している。日本で単に「プロ野球」と言えば通常これらを指す。\nNPBのリーグ・球団.\n日本野球機構（NPB）傘下にはセントラル・リーグ（セ・リーグ）とパシフィック・リーグ（パ・リーグ）の2リーグがある。\n現在は両リーグがそれぞれ6球団を擁し、これらを指して一般に「12球団」と呼ばれる。かつては両リーグとも最大で8球団が在籍したが、黎明期に弱小球団が淘汰された結果、1950年代には現在の数となっている。\nホームゲーム開催地.\nホームゲーム開催地\n観客数.\n以下に、2005年以降のペナントレース（リーグ戦＋セ・パ交流戦）における、主催試合（ホームゲーム）での、1試合あたり平均観客数（人/試合）の変遷を示す。同年以降に記載を限ったのは、2004年シーズン中に発生したプロ野球再編問題の結果、翌2005年シーズンより、観客数の発表が実数に切り替わったこと、かつ、セ・パ交流戦が開始されたことによる。\n2005年シーズンよりパ・リーグでは、従前のオリックス・ブルーウェーブ（兵庫県神戸市）と大阪近鉄バファローズ（大阪府大阪市）が合併し、オリックス・バファローズ（移行措置としてダブル・フランチャイズ期間あり）という1つの球団になって参戦している。また同シーズンより、東北楽天ゴールデンイーグルス（宮城県仙台市）が新規参入で加わった。この結果、パ・リーグは従前同様、6球団で維持されている。\nなおNPB12球団は、8球団が三大都市圏に所在し、4球団が札仙広福（地方中枢都市）の各都市（★）にある。\n球団の運営母体の業種.\n1950年のセ・パ分立時には、鉄道系7球団（セの阪神・国鉄、パの西鉄・阪急・近鉄・南海・東急）、新聞系4球団（セの読売・中日・西日本、パの毎日）、映画系2球団（セの松竹、パの大映）、食品系1球団（セの大洋）、独立系1球団（セの広島）であった。\n撤退した業種は、上述の映画系のほか、放送系（横浜：TBSHD）、流通系（ダイエー：ダイエー）、衣料品系（太陽：田村駒）、不動産業系（日拓：日拓グループ）等が挙げられる。\n球団の変遷.\n2008年までの日本野球連盟・日本野球機構所属球団の変遷（シーズン中の変更のみ日付を記す）。\n2012年からは横浜ベイスターズが横浜DeNAベイスターズとなっている。\nスケジュール.\n年間カレンダー.\n※あくまでもおおよその目安であって、この通りとは限らない。\n独立リーグ.\n概要.\n2004年に起こったプロ野球再編問題と四国アイランドリーグ（現・四国アイランドリーグplus）誕生の影響もあって、当時は全国各地に独立リーグ構想が持ち上がった。ルートインBCリーグのように実現した独立リーグもあるが、資金面などの問題もあって実現までに至っていないものも複数存在する。\n社会人野球を統括する日本野球連盟は、リーグ所属選手について2005年から2008年までは社会人などアマチュアと同等に扱っていた。しかし、2009年に日本野球連盟は「国内の独立リーグに関する取扱要領」を制定し、NPB同様プロ選手として扱われる（退団者の社会人野球選手登録は1チーム3人以内）ことになった。2010年からは、独立リーグ退団者は退団翌年度に社会人野球選手登録ができない制限も追加された。その後、2014年11月に、すべての独立リーグ退団者に対して登録者数制限が適用外となり、日本独立リーグ野球機構所属リーグ（四国アイランドリーグplusとベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグ）並びに賛助会員チームの退団者に対しては登録期間制限も適用外となった。この決定以降に機構に加盟した九州アジアリーグや北海道フロンティアリーグの選手に関しても同様に適用される。\n一方、日本野球機構（NPB）は、外国人（日本の学校卒業者を除く）およびNPB在籍経験のある独立リーグ選手に対しては「移籍」の形でNPB球団と契約することを認めているが、それらに該当しない選手についてはプロ野球ドラフト会議での指名を受けなければ契約できない。この点について、独立リーグ（アイランドリーグとBCリーグ）側は、選手の経歴によらず移籍可能にしたいという意向を持っていると報じられている。\n独立リーグの選手もNPB同様にプロ契約を交わして球団から報酬を受け取っているものの、その額はNPBと比べ極めて少ない。解散時点のKANDOKは完全無給制で、同リーグを脱退した球団によって設立されたBASEBALL FIRST LEAGUE→さわかみ関西独立リーグも同様である。そのため、オフシーズンに副業を認めるリーグも存在する。また、2020年より開幕した北海道ベースボールリーグは、シーズン中も球団地元の企業や農家で選手が就労する形態を採用する。\n四国アイランドリーグplus.\n四国アイランドリーグplusは、下記の4球団によって構成される。\n2004年の創設当初の名称は「四国アイランドリーグ」で、四国4県の各1球団が加入して2005年シーズンを行った。2007年12月、福岡・長崎の九州2球団が新規加入したのに伴い、「四国・九州アイランドリーグ」に改称。2008年シーズンから6球団で公式戦を行っていた。福岡（福岡レッドワーブラーズ）は経営難に伴い、2009年でいったんリーグ戦への参加を休止し、2010年は5球団で開催された。福岡は事務所は存続し、「準加盟球団」として新たなスポンサーを探して2011年の復帰を目指すとしていたが、2011年の復帰は見送られた。また、長崎セインツは2010年シーズン限りで撤退・解散した。一方、休止が決まったジャパン・フューチャーベースボールリーグから三重スリーアローズが加盟して2011年度より参加したことに伴い、「四国アイランドリーグplus」に改称。しかし、三重は2011年度限りでリーグを脱退し、解散。2012年度以降は四国4チームで公式戦を開催しており、福岡の復帰は実現していない。資金は4億円程である。\nベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグ.\nベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグ（ルートインBCリーグ）は、下記の8球団によって構成される。\n2006年の創設当初の名称は北信越ベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグで、新潟・信濃・富山・石川の4球団が加入して2007年シーズンを行った。2007年11月、群馬・福井の2球団が新規加入したのに伴い、現名称に改称。2008年シーズンからは6球団（2地区制）で公式戦をおこなった。2015年シーズンから福島・武蔵の2球団が加入して8球団（2地区制）となり、さらに2017年度から栃木および滋賀の2球団が加入、10球団（2地区制）となった。2019年に茨城が加入し、11球団（2地区制）となる。2020年シーズンからは、神奈川がリーグ戦に参加し、12球団となった。2020年は2地区制で開催予定だったが、新型コロナウイルスの感染拡大に伴い、3地区制に変更された。2021年も3地区制で開催された。2021年9月1日、西地区の4チーム（富山・石川・福井・滋賀）は2022年シーズンよりリーグに参加せず、新リーグを結成することが発表され、9月16日にはリーグの名称が日本海オセアンリーグとなることが明らかにされた。これに伴い、2022年は2地区制となる。\nまた、静岡県浜松市に事務所を置く「静岡県民球団」（正式名称未定）が、将来の加盟を前提にした球団設立活動をおこなう「準加盟球団」の承認を受けている。\n関西独立リーグ（初代）.\n関西独立リーグは2009年シーズンより開始。「KANDOK」の略称を使用していた。大阪エキスポセブンティーズや三重スリーアローズが加入する予定があったが、いずれも独自にリーグを結成する方針に変更した（大阪エキスポセブンティーズはリーグ発足に至らず）。また、初年度参加の大阪ゴールドビリケーンズは2009年のシーズン終了後に脱退し、2010年シーズンから韓国人選手主体のソウル・ヘチ（旧コリア・ヘチ→韓国ヘチ）が加盟した。2011年からは大阪ホークスドリームのほか、2010年限りで休止した神戸9クルーズの選手を引き継いだ兵庫ブルーサンダーズ、チームの権利を引き継いだフォレストホームの設立による神戸サンズが参加した。一方、明石レッドソルジャーズは代表者の死去などに伴い、2011年から活動を休止した。2012年度は06BULLSと大和侍レッズの2球団が加入する一方、大阪ホークスドリームやソウル・ヘチはリーグ戦への参加を休止した。2012年度終了後、大阪ホークスドリームはリーグを脱退してクラブチームに変更、神戸サンズと大和侍レッズは活動を休止した。このため、リーグ発足当時から残っている球団は紀州レンジャーズのみとなっていた。2013年度は紀州・兵庫・06BULLSの3球団であった。シーズン終了後、紀州と他の2球団が運営方針をめぐって対立し、全球団が脱退したためリーグは事実上活動を停止した。兵庫と06BULLSは、新たにBASEBALL FIRST LEAGUE（ベースボール・ファースト・リーグ、現・さわかみ関西独立リーグ）を設立した。\nジャパン・フューチャーベースボールリーグ.\nジャパン・フューチャーベースボールリーグは、下記の2球団によって構成されていた。\n2010年シーズンより開始。三重スリーアローズは当初関西独立リーグに加盟する予定だったが、関西独立リーグの既存球団との間に選手の給与水準やリーグ運営方針に関して意見や理念の相違があったとされ、その為に2009年10月に関西独立リーグからの脱退を決定し、独自の独立リーグを結成する運びとなった。10月13日に新リーグの名称を「ジャパン・フューチャーリーグ」と発表。同年12月1日に「ジャパン・フューチャーベースボールリーグ」に改称した。また関西独立リーグの初代王者である大阪ゴールドビリケーンズも、三重スリーアローズと同様に、2009年10月に関西独立リーグからの脱退を決め、ジャパン・フューチャーベースボールリーグへの参加を表明した。2010年は四国・九州アイランドリーグとの交流戦も加えてリーグ戦を実施した。しかし、大阪球団の選手の不祥事によりスポンサーが撤退するなど経営問題が浮上し、2010年9月に2011年度のリーグ休止を決定した。上記の通り、三重は2011年度は四国アイランドリーグplusに参加した。\n関西独立リーグ（2代）.\n関西独立リーグ（さわかみ関西独立リーグ）は、下記の5球団によって構成される。発足から2018年12月3日までのリーグ名は「BASEBALL FIRST LEAGUE」だった。2018年12月4日より「関西独立リーグ」にリーグ名を変更した。2020年のシーズン開始後に同年シーズン（12月末日まで）は命名権売却による「さわかみ関西独立リーグ」の名称を使用すると発表された。発表のないまま2021年1月以降もリーグウェブサイト等では「さわかみ関西独立リーグ」の名称が使用されていたが、同年4月になって命名権契約を更新したことが発表された。2022年時点では、旧リーグと同じ「KANDOK」の略称をリーグウェブサイトにて使用している。\n2013年12月にリーグの運営方針をめぐって紀州と対立した兵庫ブルーサンダーズと06BULLSによって設立が表明され、2014年になって設立された姫路GoToWORLDを加えて、2014年4月に開幕した。基本的に選手が無給という点は、解散時の初代関西独立リーグと同じである。\n2016年度限りで姫路が活動を休止し、一方2017年度より和歌山ファイティングバーズ（現・和歌山ウェイブス）が加入したため、2018年度まで3球団で運営された。2019年度より堺市をフランチャイズとする堺シュライクスが加入し、4球団での運営となる。からは淡路島に本拠を置く新球団淡路島ウォリアーズが加入し、5球団でリーグ戦を実施している。さらに2024年度からは姫路 Egretters（イーグレッターズ）が参加する予定である（かつての姫路GoToWorldとは別球団）。\n北海道ベースボールリーグ.\n北海道ベースボールリーグは、2023年は下記の3チームにより運営される。2020年よりリーグ戦を実施し、初年度は富良野と美唄の2チームで公式戦を実施した。2021年シーズンより士別・石狩の2チームが加わっている。選手はシーズン中も球団の地元で就労しながら練習・試合をおこない、当初はチームに監督を置かないなど、過去の独立リーグとは異なる方針を採用している。\n2021年シーズン終了後の同年10月6日に、美唄・士別・石狩の3球団が9月30日をもってリーグを脱退し、新リーグを結成することが明らかにされた。北海道ベースボールリーグは、残る富良野に加え、すながわリバーズ、滝川市の新球団で2022年の運営をおこなうとした。滝川市の新球団は後日「滝川プレインウィンズ」に名称決定したが、本拠地を滝川市から奈井江町などに変更したことに伴い「奈井江・空知ストレーツ」に再度変更された。2022年シーズンからは監督を置いている。\n離脱した3球団側は11月5日にリーグ設立記者会見を開き、リーグ名を北海道フロンティアリーグと発表した。\n2023年シーズンより「旭川ビースターズ」がリーグ戦に参加している。一方、前年加入した奈井江・空知はシーズン開幕前の3月31日に、前年シーズンでのリーグ脱退と解散を発表した。\n九州アジアリーグ.\n九州アジアリーグはよりリーグ戦を実施し、2023年は下記の4チームにより運営される。初年度は火の国と大分の2チームであった。2021年9月より命名権による「ヤマエ久野 九州アジアリーグ」の通称を使用し、ヤマエ久野の持株会社化に伴って2022年11月に「ヤマエグループ 九州アジアリーグ」に通称を変更した。2022年に北九州（同年の正式名称は「福岡北九州フェニックス」）、2023年に宮崎がそれぞれ加入している。\n北海道フロンティアリーグ.\n北海道フロンティアリーグは2021年に設立され、2022年は下記の3チームにより公式戦を開催。\nベイサイドリーグ.\nベイサイドリーグは、「日本海オセアンリーグ」の名称で2021年に設立され、2022年より公式戦を開催している。発足当初はベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグの西地区から離脱した4球団で構成されていた。しかし、福井ネクサスエレファンツは2022年限りで活動を休止する一方、2023年からリーグ戦に参加する前提で千葉県に新球団を設立することが2022年10月に発表された。さらに神奈川県を本拠とする「YKSホワイトキングス」の加入と滋賀GOブラックスの1年間の活動休止を発表した後、2023年は千葉・YKSによる「ベイサイドリーグ」に再編することとなった。残る富山と石川はリーグを離脱して、次節の日本海リーグを結成した。2023年は下記の2チームで公式戦を開催している。\nなお日本海オセアンリーグ時代に1年間の活動休止が発表された滋賀の2024年以降の処遇については公表されていない。\n日本海リーグ.\n日本海リーグは、2023年に設立され、下記の2球団で公式戦を開催している。\n独立リーグ非加盟チーム.\n2020年度より始動する琉球ブルーオーシャンズは上記の独立リーグには加盟せず、NPBが参入枠を拡大した場合に加盟することを目標とする。試合はNPBのファームや上記の独立リーグのチームのほか、アジアのプロ野球リーグのチームとの交流戦を実施する意向を持っていた。しかし、2022年11月に、今後の活動を一時休止すると発表した。\nなお、リーグには非加盟のまま、琉球は日本独立リーグ野球機構に賛助会員として加盟していたが、2022年2月に除名された。\nプロ野球マスターズリーグ.\nNPBで現役を終えた引退選手によるリーグであるプロ野球マスターズリーグは、下記の5球団によって構成される。\n2001年（2001-2002年シーズン）よりNPBで現役を終えた選手によって、主にプロ野球のオフシーズンである冬季にリーグ戦を開催していたが、2008-2009年シーズンをもってリーグ戦は休止（以後、オールスター戦のみ開催）。その後はリーグ戦再開を目指しているが、2019年現在再開には至っていない。\n女子プロ野球.\n女性によるプロ野球リーグとして、1950 - 1951年にかけて日本女子野球連盟が存在した。\n2010年より日本女子プロ野球機構によるリーグが開始され、59年ぶりに女子プロ野球リーグが復活した。2020年までリーグ戦が開催されていたが、2021年7月21日に所属選手が0人となったため、以後は事実上の消滅状態となっている。\n一方、2009年に発足した関西独立リーグにおいて、吉田えりが神戸9クルーズに入団し、男子リーグでプレーする初の女子プロ野球選手となった（同年限りで退団）。吉田は2013年に石川ミリオンスターズに移籍した。2010年に、増田里絵が明石レッドソルジャーズに入団し、2人目となった。NPB及び四国アイランドリーグplusでも女子選手のプレーが認められているが、2021年現在まで所属した女子選手は現れていない（NPBでは過去にオリックスや近鉄で女性が入団テストを受験した事例がある）。\nその他.\nドーピング対策.\nドーピングに対しては平成19年（2007年）から機構独自の検査を行い、罰則を設けている。日本アンチ・ドーピング機構（JADA）には加盟していない。2017年度シーズンからは血液検査も実施される。\n暴力団排除活動.\n2003年に「暴力団等排除宣言」。12球団や球場等で「プロ野球暴力団等排除対策協議会」を結成。2016年、前年に野球賭博問題があり、改めて反社会的勢力の遮断の必要性があるとのことから、各球団に身元確認などを強化するよう要請。野球協約の改定も検討課題と報じられた。\n公式戦海外遠征.\n古くは日本運動協会と天勝野球団が、1923年にソウルでプロ球団同士の海外試合を行っている。\nプロ野球リーグ戦開始後、初の公式戦海外遠征開催は、1940年に行われた満州リーグ戦である。満州（現在の中華人民共和国・東北部）に参加全9チームが総遠征し、7-8月にかけての夏季リーグ戦（事前の練習試合・オープン戦含む）を開催した。翌1941年も開催する予定だったが日中戦争の戦局悪化の影響で取りやめとなった。\n戦後は1961年5月20日に当時アメリカ占領下の沖縄・奥武山野球場で西鉄ライオンズ対東映フライヤーズ戦で戦後初の海外遠征が開催された（1962年6月13、14日にも阪急ブレーブス対大毎オリオンズ戦が同じく沖縄遠征を実施）。\n2002年5月14、15日には台湾（中華民国）の台北市・天母棒球場で福岡ダイエーホークス対オリックス・ブルーウェーブ戦が開催された。\n2005年にも韓国のソウルの蚕室（チャムシル）球場と釜山の社稷（サジク）球場で千葉ロッテマリーンズ対福岡ソフトバンクホークス戦が6月28、29日に予定されていたが、韓国プロ野球のLGツインズと斗山ベアーズが蚕室球場を本拠地として使っているため、空き日がなく試合が不可能となり、代わりに仁川の文鶴（ムナク）球場で試合することに決めたが、採算が取れないと判断し、同年3月9日に開催取りやめを発表した（実際はロッテの本拠地・千葉マリンスタジアムで開催）。\nこのほか、2014年の開幕戦「巨人対阪神」を日本プロ野球創立80年記念としてアメリカ合衆国で開催する計画もあったが、予算その他の理由により同年度の開催を見送っている。なおアメリカ開催に際しては外務省出身だった当時のNPBコミッショナー・加藤良三が強く熱望していたといわれている。\n中継番組.\nNPBによるプロ野球中継は対巨人戦ナイターをメインとして、黎明期からラジオやテレビ（NHK・各民放）の地上波で全国放送されてきたものの、2000年代になると視聴率低迷とBSデジタル放送・CS放送の普及により地上波放送は激減した。衛星放送の多チャンネル化で民放系BS放送局やJ SPORTS、トゥエルビなどで、特にパ・リーグ主催試合を中心に放送が増えた。2010年代後半からはDAZN、パ・リーグTVなどインターネットで配信する事例も多くなった。\n報道量上位競技では地上波でもプロ野球の比率が非常に高く、視聴率の低さに対して報道量は多い。特に2007年から2009年にかけては、2位3位に対して約2倍の報道量である。近年の全国放送は開幕戦や週末デーゲーム、日本シリーズなど少数だが、関東地方以外の本拠地を持つ球団では地元局でのローカル中継は随時放送されており、視聴率も各地で高視聴率を獲得している。\nラジオでは、2007年にはラジオ大阪が国内中波ラジオ局としては初めてプロ野球中継から撤退している。また、2012年には、地上波の視聴率が低いことから、読売ジャイアンツが日本シリーズに進出したにもかかわらず、日本テレビ系列のラジオ日本が日本シリーズの放送を行わなかった。さらに、2017年にはTBSラジオが関東キー局では初となるプロ野球中継から全面撤退している。1980年代まではラジオNIKKEI（当時はラジオたんぱ）もプロ野球中継を編成していた。衛星放送局の日本BS放送(BS11)では、四国・九州アイランドリーグとベースボール・チャレンジ・リーグ（BCリーグ）による一部の公式戦も中継していた（現在はNPBを含め、BS11でのプロ野球・セミプロ野球の放送はしていない）。NPBでは基本的にオープン戦、公式戦およびクライマックスシリーズの放映権は主催各球団が管理している。日本シリーズ、オールスターゲームの放映権は日本野球機構が管理する。\n", "ウイスキー（、愛/）は、世界の酒の一つ。大麦、ライ麦、トウモロコシなどの穀物を麦芽の酵素で糖化し、これをアルコール発酵させ蒸留したものである。元々はイギリスおよびアイルランドの特産品であったが、現在では多くの国で生産されている。\n日本語ではウィスキーとも表記される（ウヰスキーとも）。日本の酒税法上の表記は「ウイスキー」であり、国税庁も「ウイスキー」の表記を用いている。漢字を当てて火酒、烏伊思幾とも書かれた。\nまたスコッチ・ウイスキーは whisky、アイリッシュ・ウイスキーは whiskey と表記される。\n語源.\n\"whisky\" または \"whiskey\"の名称は、蒸留アルコールを意味するラテン語の \"aqua vitae\" （アクア・ウィタエ、「命の水」の意）に由来する。スコットランドやアイルランドにアルコールの蒸留技術が伝わると、それぞれの地域で使われるゲール語やアイルランド語に逐語翻訳されて、\"uisge beatha\" や \"uisce beatha\" （ウィシュケ・ビャハ、同様に「命の水」の意）となり、その後、「水」の部分 \"uisce\" または \"uisge\" （ウィシュケ）が訛って \"whisky\" （ウィスキー）になったと考えられている。英語の初期には、uskebeaghe（1581年）、usquebaugh（1610年）、usquebath（1621年）、usquebae（1715年）と、綴りのブレが見られる。\nなお、ラテン語の \"aqua vitae\"（「命の水」）を名称由来とする酒名はウィスキーだけではなく、例えばブランデーのフランス語 \"eau-de-vie\"（オードヴィー）、ウォッカの、ポーランド語やロシア語由来の原語 \"wodka\" （ヴトゥカすなわちウォッカ）、ジャガイモを原料とする蒸留酒アクアビット \"Akvavit\"（デンマーク語およびノルウェー語）、\"Aquavit\"（ドイツ語） も同じ「命の水」に由来する派生語である。\nWhiskeyの語源に関しては他に俗説として、1170年にイングランド王ヘンリー2世がエール（アイルランド）に侵攻した時、接収した修道院から酒の小樽を発見したイングランド兵が、仲間のもとへ矢のように飛んで（to wisk）帰り、報告したことから、Whiskeyとして広まったというものがある。\nwhiskyとwhiskey.\n予てよりウィスキーの原語には、\"whisky\" と \"whiskey\"の二通りの綴りがある。この問題について2つの考えがある。1つは単純に地域の言語的規則の問題であり、スペリングは意図する対象者、背景、ライターの個人的な好みによって選択して良いというものである。もう1つは、その製品の伝統や精神を守るために綴りには拘るべきというものであり、少なくとも、ラベルに印刷された正しい名前を引用するとき、そこに印字された綴りは変えるべきではないという一般的なルールがある。\nwhiskeyの綴りは、アイルランドとアメリカ合衆国では一般的だが、whiskyは、他の全てのウイスキー生産国で使用されている。そのアメリカでも元から使用法が一貫していたわけではなく、新聞のスタイルガイドが導入される前の18世紀後半から20世紀半ばまでは、両方のスペルが用いられていた。1960年代以降、アメリカのライターたちは、アメリカ国内または国外での製造に限らず、穀物由来の蒸留酒を、whiskeyとして使用するようになった。ただし、ジョージ・ディッケル、メーカーズ・マーク、オールド・フォレスターなどの有名なアメリカン・ウィスキーのブランドでは、whiskyの綴りが使用されており、全体を通して見てもwhiskyの使用は少なくない。\n定義.\nウイスキーについて、世界共通の明確な定義があるわけではないが、各国の法制度上、種々の目的から定義されていることがある。\n日本.\n日本においては、酒税法3条15号において、次のように定義されている。\n上記定義から除かれている「第九号ロからニまでに掲げるもの」とは次のものであり、ウォッカ、ラム、ジン等のスピリッツが除外されていることになる。\n欧州連合.\n欧州連合（EU）においては、スピリッツ飲料の定義、記述、展示、ラベル表示および地理的表示保護ならびに理事会規則（EEC)1576/89号の廃止に関する2008年1月15日[[欧州議会]・[[欧州理事会|理事会]]規則（EC)110/2008号]別紙II第2項において、ウイスキー（whiskyまたはwhiskey）が、次のように定義されている。\nアメリカ合衆国.\nアメリカ合衆国においては、[[連邦規則集]]第27編第1章A節第5款C目5.22条(b)項柱書において、ウイスキー（whisky）が次のように定義されている。\n歴史.\n\"下記ではウイスキーが誕生したとされる15世紀以前の「蒸留」及び「蒸留酒」についても触れる。また、個々の地域のウイスキーや、ブランドの詳細な歴史については当該の記事を参照のこと。\"\n蒸留という技術について、古いものでは紀元前2000年頃の[[メソポタミア]]の[[バビロニア]]人が行っていた可能性が指摘されているが、これは不確定であり、その根拠の妥当性について論争がある。最も初期の化学蒸留は西暦1世紀の[[アレクサンドリア]]の[[古代ギリシャ]]人によるものだが、これはアルコールの蒸留ではない。一説に、最初の蒸留アルコールの精製は、8世紀から9世紀にかけて[[中東]]で行われたものとされている。その後、蒸留技術は、[[十字軍]]遠征を通して中世[[アラブ人]]から[[中世ヨーロッパ|中世ラテン人]]に伝播し、12世紀初頭にラテン語で最も古い記録が残された。\nアルコールの蒸留がいつから行われていたかには諸説あるが、現代のルーツにつながる最古の記録は、13世紀の[[イタリア]]において、Ramon Llull（1232-1315年）による、[[ワイン]]からアルコールを蒸留させたものである。その技術は、中世の修道院に広がり、主に[[疝痛]]や[[天然痘]]の治療用の医療目的で利用された。\n15世紀までにはアイルランドとスコットランドにも蒸留技術が伝播するが、当初は当時の他のヨーロッパ地域と同じく、アルコール蒸留は薬用目的であり、ラテン語で「命の水（aqua vitae、アクア・ウィタエ）」と呼ばれた（その後、名前がウィスキーになった経緯については[[#語源]]の通り）。そして、蒸留技術は、当時の専門家集団である「Barber Surgeons」[[ギルド]]を介して修道院で行われるものから、一般社会でも行われる時代へと移り変わっていく。\nウィスキーの起源についてはアイルランド説とスコットランド説が古くから知られているが、共に15世紀以前に根拠を求めるものは裏付けに乏しい（詳細は[[アイリッシュ・ウィスキー]]と[[スコッチ・ウィスキー]]を参照）。アイルランドで最も早くにウィスキーについて言及される史料は、17世紀に成立した『クロンマクノイズ[[年代記]]』であり、1405年の首長の死因は[[クリスマス]]に「命の水（アクア・ヴィテ）を暴飲したからだ」とある。一方、スコットランド説の場合は、1494年に「王命により修道士ジョン・コーに8ボルのモルト（麦芽）を与えてアクアヴィテを造らしむ」（8ボルはボトル約500本分に相当）が最古の根拠であり、これは同時にウィスキーに関する最古の文献である。\n1506年、[[ジェームズ4世 (スコットランド王)|スコットランド王ジェームズ4世]]（1488年-1513年）がスコッチウィスキーを好むと伝えられると、[[ダンディー (スコットランド)|ダンディーの町]]は当時の生産を独占していた「Barber Surgeons」ギルドの外科医からウイスキーを大量に購入した。また1536年から1541年にかけて、[[ヘンリー8世 (イングランド王)|イングランド王ヘンリー8世]]が修道院を解散すると、独立した修道士たちは自身の生活費を稼ぐためにウィスキーの製法を市井に伝え、ウイスキーの生産は修道院から個人の家や農場へと移った。\n[[File:Distillerie OldBushmills.jpg|thumb|1608年に操業を開始した[[北アイルランド]]のウイスキー蒸溜所]]\nまだ製法が確立していなかったこの頃のウィスキーは、後述する[[密造酒|密造]]時代に樽による熟成の技法が確立するまで、他の穀物原料の蒸留酒（スピリッツ）と同じく熟成させるものではなかった。現代に知られるものと比べ、色は無色透明で、味はドライかつ荒々しかった（現代でいう[[ニューポット]]である）。\n1608年、[[北アイルランド]]のは、ウイスキー蒸留の許可を[[ジェームズ1世 (イングランド王)|イングランド王ジェームズ1世]]から得て操業を開始した（正式な登録記録は1784年）。同蒸留所は、世界で最も古く認可されたウイスキー蒸留所を名乗っている。\n[[File:Erskine Nicol, A Nip against the Cold (1869).jpg|thumb|left|upright|器にウィスキーを注ぐ人を描いた絵（1869年、スコットランドの画家[[:en:Erskine Nicol|Erskine Nicol]]）]]\n1707年、[[合同法]]によって[[イングランド]]と[[スコットランド]]が合併（[[グレートブリテン王国]]の成立）すると、スコットランドの蒸溜所に最初の課税が行われる。これはスコットランドの酒造に不公平な重税であり、以降、さらに様々な名目で税金は釣り上がっていった。1725年のイギリス麦芽税が施行される頃には、スコットランドの蒸溜所のほとんどは廃業するか、地下に潜って[[密造酒|密造]]するようになっていた（密造時代）。密造業者ら（あるいは正規事業者だが生産数を過少に誤魔化したい者）は、政府の徴税官や取締官の目から逃れるために、煙が見えなくなる夜にウィスキーの蒸留を行い、祭壇の下や[[棺]]の中など、様々な場所に樽に入れたウィスキーを隠した。この頃のスコットランドのウイスキー生産量の半分以上は違法酒だったと推定されている。\nこの密造時代に、結果として樽での長期保管により、ウィスキーはマイルドなものとなり、また、樽（特に[[シェリー (ワイン)|シェリー]]樽）の香りや風味が添加され、現代に知られる[[琥珀色]]を帯びるようになった。以降、密造時代が終わりを迎えた後も、樽で熟成させるという工程がウィスキー製法の重要な要素となる。また、この製法はアイルランドにも広まった。\nアメリカでは、[[アメリカ独立戦争]]（1775年-1783年）の間、通貨の代わりとしてウィスキーが取引されていたことがある。[[ジョージ・ワシントン]]も、1797年の大統領辞任後にマウントバーノンで大規模な蒸留所を運営していた。[[13植民地|イギリス植民地時代のアメリカ]]においては、イギリスとの距離や大陸内での貧弱な輸送インフラを考えると、アイルランドやスコットランドからの入植者たちは自分たちでライ麦などを原料にしたウィスキーを製造し、自分たちの市場に送る方が有益だと考えるようになっていく（[[アメリカン・ウイスキー]]の始まり）。同時に、当時のウィスキーは非常に需要の高い物品であり、1791年に追加の酒税が課されると、[[ウィスキー税反乱]]が起こった。これは最終的に鎮圧されるが、課税を逃れるために、当時は[[アメリカ合衆国連邦政府]]の管轄外であった[[ケンタッキー州|ケンタッキー]]や[[テネシー州|テネシー]]に作り手たちは移住し、当地で採れるトウモロコシを原料とした[[バーボン・ウイスキー|バーボン]]が生産されるようになる。また、同様にして国境を越えて[[カナダ]]に逃れた作り手たちもいた（[[カナディアン・ウイスキー]]の始まり）。\nまた、19世紀には[[イギリス領インド帝国]]にスコッチウィスキーが運ばれ、1820年代後半にカソーリのEdward Dyerによってインドで最初の蒸溜所が建設された。新鮮な湧き水が豊富だったため、すぐに近くのソラン（[[シムラー (インド)|インド帝国の「夏の首都」シムラー]]に近い）に操業が移った。\n1823年にイギリスは密造が多かったウィスキー蒸溜所を合法化する目的で、新たな酒税法を可決し、蒸溜所を政府の許可制とすることでスコットランドにおける密造時代は終焉を迎えた（ただし、可決当時は密造業者たちからの評判は悪かった）。この時、最初に政府の許可を得たのが1824年操業の[[グレンリベット蒸留所]]である。俗説の一つとして、当時のイギリス国王[[ジョージ4世 (イギリス王)|ジョージ4世]]がスコットランドを訪れた際に、密造だったグレンリベットを飲み、これが税法改正に繋がったというものがある。\n1831年、アイルランド出身の[[イーニアス・コフィー]]は[[カフェ式蒸留]]（[[連続式蒸留器]]の一種）の[[特許]]を取得し、より安価で効率的なウィスキー蒸留を確立する。これによって、それまでのモルト・ウィスキーと異なるトウモロコシなどの穀類を原料とするグレーン・ウィスキーが製造されるようになる。また1850年、[[アンドリュー・アッシャー]]は、伝統的なポットスチル（単式蒸留器）によるウィスキー（モルト・ウィスキー）と新しいカフェ式の連続蒸留器によるウィスキー（グレーン・ウイスキー）を混ぜた[[ブレンデッド・ウイスキー]]の生産を開始した。この新しい蒸留方法は、伝統的なポットスチルを重視したアイルランドの蒸溜所では拒絶され一部蒸留所のみ採用に留まった。また、多くのアイルランド人は、新たな製法によるウィスキーを、ウィスキーとは呼べないと非難した（アイリッシュにとってウィスキーとはモルト・ウィスキーのみを指した）。一方でスコットランド（特にローランド）では広く採用され、1824年に操業開始した[[キャメロン・ブリッグ蒸留所]]は、1830年には連続式蒸留器を用いて世界で最初にグレーン・ウイスキーの生産を開始した。ブレンデッド・ウィスキーの生産もスコットランドで活況を帯び、その万人好みの酒質から、それまでスコットランドの地酒扱いに過ぎなかったスコッチがイングランドなどの他地域でも飲まれるようになり、ブレンデッド・ウイスキーはスコッチの代名詞ともなる。アメリカでも南北戦争終了後に、連続式蒸留機が広く採用されて大規模生産の時代に突入し、1866年に政府公認第1号の蒸留所となる[[ジャック・ダニエル蒸留所]]が建設された。\nこの頃、主要な酒といえばワインやブランデーであり、英国の首都[[ロンドン]]も例外ではなかった。だが1880年代までには、1860年代から始まる[[ブドウネアブラムシ|フィロキセラ病害虫]]によってフランスのワインやブランデー産業が壊滅したことで、その代用としてウィスキー需要が高まり、世界的に多くの市場で主要な酒となった。\n20世紀初頭の[[アメリカ合衆国における禁酒法|アメリカ禁酒法時代（1920-1933）]]においては、国内で全てのアルコール販売は禁止されていた。しかし、連邦政府は、医者によって処方されたウィスキーは例外とし、認可薬局で売られることとなった。この間に、ウォルグリーンの薬局チェーンは、20店から約400店に増えた。また、この禁酒法によってアメリカンは元より主要輸出元であったスコッチやアイリッシュも大打撃を被る一方、それまで粗悪品の代名詞であった隣国カナダのカナディアンが密輸などで活性化した。\n日本の歴史.\n日本における最初の受容は、1853年の[[黒船来航]]の際、[[江戸幕府]]側の役人や通訳が[[サスケハナ (蒸気フリゲート)|サスケハナ号]]に乗船した時にウイスキーが振る舞われたものとされている。その後、在日外国人向けの輸入ウイスキーの英字広告が1861年のジャパンヘラルド紙にあり、1871年には日本人向けに「猫印ウヰスキー肩張丸形壜」がカルノー商会によって輸入されていた記述が1915年出版の日本和洋酒罐詰新聞社『大日本洋酒罐詰沿革史』にある。当時、日本産のウィスキーと言えば、安価な輸入アルコールに砂糖や香料を加えた「模造ウィスキー」と呼ばれる粗悪品しかなかった。\n本格的な国産ウィスキーを目指したのが[[鳥井信治郎]]と[[竹鶴政孝]]であり、1918年にスコットランドへ留学してウィスキー製造を学んだ竹鶴の下で、1923年に日本初のモルト・ウィスキー蒸留所（[[山崎蒸溜所]]）の建設が始まり、1929年に国産第一号となる「サントリーウヰスキー白札」（現在の[[サントリーホワイト]]）が販売された。また、その後、竹鶴は更に本格的なスコッチ・ウィスキーの生産を目指し、1934年に[[余市蒸溜所]]を設立する。これらが[[ジャパニーズ・ウイスキー]]の始まりとされる。\n[[1940年]]9月、バーやカフェーで提供されるウィスキーを含む洋酒全般に[[公定価格]]が設定された。当時、ウィスキー1杯が2-3円程度で販売されていたが、30ccにつき50銭と大幅な引き下げとなった。すでに国内には高額な外国産ウィスキーの在庫のほとんどが払底し、国産に置き換わっているとする判断が基準となった。小売りの瓶入りウィスキーの価格もサントリー・ウィスキー12年物が8円80銭に設定され、仮に外国産のウィスキーがあったとしても、この上限価格を超えて販売することは許されなかった。\n一般的な製法.\n[[麦]]を発芽させ、その[[麦芽]]に含まれる[[酵素]]を利用して[[デンプン]]を[[糖化]]させる。この方法自体は[[ビール]]の仕込みとほぼ同じであり、これを[[濾過]]して[[麦汁|麦汁（ばくじゅう）]]を得、これを出芽酵母によって発酵させると、[[アルコール度数]]7〜8%の「ウォッシュ」(Wash) と呼ばれる液体となる。これを単式[[蒸留器]]で[[蒸留]]する。一般に、複数回の蒸留を終えた際のアルコール度数は60〜70%で、色は無色透明である（これを[[ニューポット]]と呼ぶ）。\n蒸留液は木製の樽（[[樽#樽を用いた熟成|樽を用いた熟成]]）に詰められ、数年以上[[エイジング]]して熟成させることによって豊かな[[風味]]と色を呈する。スコッチ・モルト・ウイスキーでは通常、素材に[[オーク]]が用いられる。ウイスキーの色や香りには樽の材料のオークに含まれる[[ポリフェノール]]の一種（[[タンニン]]）が寄与している。同時に樽の木に含まれるタンニンは滓（おり）下げ剤としてウイスキーの透明感や味にも役割を果たしている。\nウイスキー原酒は熟成により、樽毎に異なる風味に仕上がるものであり、最終的にはこのいくつかの樽の原酒を調合し、香味を整えてから度数40%程度まで加水し、[[瓶詰|瓶詰め]]され出荷される。また、低価格品でも高級品でも、同一メーカーであれば同じ原料と同じ製法であるところが、[[日本酒]]や[[ワイン]]などの[[醸造酒]]とは大きく異なる点である。\n21世紀においては、ウイスキーを[[分子]]レベルで分析して植物・果実などから抽出した成分を添加したり、ウイスキーの中に木材を入れて圧力をかけたりして熟成工程に代え、最短1日という短期間で風味を出す新興企業もアメリカ合衆国にはある。\n飲み方.\n飲み方は多様。そのままで（ストレート）、または水で割り（[[水割り]]）、もしくは[[氷]]を入れて（[[オン・ザ・ロック]]＜[[クラッシュ]]＞）飲むほか、[[カクテル]]の材料として加えられることもある。\nウイスキーの種類.\n材料による分類.\nモルト・ウイスキー.\n[[スコッチ・ウイスキー]]においては大麦麦芽（モルト）のみを原料とするもの。一般的に、単式蒸留釜で2回（ないし3回）蒸留する。少量生産に適しており、伝統的な製法。もっとも、大量生産や品質の安定が難しい。[[アメリカン・ウイスキー]]においては、大麦が原料の51%以上を占めるものを指す。なお、アメリカン・ウイスキーにおいては大麦のみを原料とするものをシングル・モルトウイスキーと呼ぶが、スコッチ・ウイスキーにおいては1つの蒸留所で作られたモルトウイスキーのみを瓶詰めしたものを指す。\nグレーン・ウイスキー.\nトウモロコシ、ライ麦、小麦などの穀物(grain)を主原料に、大麦麦芽を加えて糖化・発酵させたウイスキー。連続式蒸留機による蒸留を経るため、モルトウイスキーに比較して飲みやすい反面、香味に乏しく、通常はブレンデッドウイスキーに加えられ、風味を和らげる。しかし高級モルトウイスキー同様の長期熟成を行ったシングル・グレーンの最終商品も稀少ながら発売されている。\nブレンデッド・ウイスキー.\nスコッチ・ウイスキーにおいては、モルト・ウイスキーとグレーン・ウイスキーをブレンドしたもの。大量生産や品質の安定に適している。また、ブレンドに用いる原酒の中でも、特に香味の中核を担うモルトウイスキーのことを「キーモルト」と呼ぶ。アメリカン・ウイスキーにおいては、ストレート・ウイスキーに他のウイスキーまたはスピリッツを混ぜたものを指す。\nライ・ウイスキー.\n主に[[北アメリカ]]で生産される。[[ライムギ|ライ麦]]を主原料とする。カナダとアメリカ合衆国ではそれぞれ定義が異なる。\nコーン・ウイスキー.\n[[トウモロコシ]]を原料とする。[[バーボン・ウイスキー]]のうち、原材料の80%以上にトウモロコシを用いたものを指す。\n産地による分類.\n産地などによって原材料や製法に違いが見られ、そのため以下のように区別される。スコッチウイスキー、アイリッシュウイスキー、アメリカンウイスキー、カナディアンウイスキー、ジャパニーズウイスキーが、日本では世界の五大ウイスキーとされる。ただし、ジャパニーズウイスキーを含めることについては、日本のメーカーだけが主張している可能性、スコットランドの一般人がこのような認識を持っていない可能性を指摘する意見もある。\nスコッチ・ウイスキー.\n英国北部のスコットランドで造られるウイスキーを[[スコッチ・ウイスキー]]または単にスコッチと呼ぶ。仕込みの際に、[[泥炭]]（ピート）で麦芽を燻蒸するため、独特の香気（スモーキー・フレーバー）があるのが特徴である。\nアイリッシュ・ウイスキー.\n[[アイルランド島]]（[[アイルランド共和国]]と英領[[北アイルランド]]）で造られるウイスキーを[[アイリッシュ・ウイスキー]]と呼ぶ。大麦麦芽のほか、未発芽の大麦や[[ライムギ|ライ麦]]、[[コムギ|小麦]]なども原料として使用する。\n最大の特徴は、ピートによる燻蒸を行わないことと、単式蒸留器による蒸留回数が3回であること。これにより、一般的なスコッチウイスキーよりもまろやかな味わいに仕上がる。\nウェルシュ・ウイスキー.\n古くから英国[[ウェールズ]]でもウイスキーは製造されていたが、1894年に一度この歴史が途絶えた。2000年に製造が再開され、2004年3月1日に出荷された。\nイングリッシュ・ウイスキー.\n[[イングランド]]（ウェールズを除く）でも1910年頃までなんらかの蒸留所が稼働していたが、ウイスキー蒸留所としての正確な記録はほとんど残っていない。およそ100年間の空白後、2006年にウイスキー専門の蒸留所であるセント・ジョージ蒸留所が稼働し、イングランドのウイスキー製造が復活した。\n2018年現在では蒸留所のバリエーションがなく、イングリッシュ・ウイスキーの特徴と呼べるものは未だない。製法はオーソドックスなスコッチ・ウイスキーに準じたものとなっているが、単式蒸留器で二回蒸留後のニューポットをアルコール度数の調整をせずに樽詰めするため、樽出しのボトルはスコッチよりアルコール度数がわずかに高くなるのが今のところの特色となっている。\nアメリカン・ウイスキー.\n[[アメリカ合衆国]]で醸造されるウイスキー。地域によって差があるが、他の地域のウイスキーではあまり用いられないトウモロコシを原料として用いる特色がある。\nカナディアン・ウイスキー.\n[[カナダ]]原産。トウモロコシを主原料とするベース・ウイスキーとライ麦を主原料とするフレーバリング・ウイスキーをブレンドして作られ、アイリッシュ・ウイスキーより更におとなしい風味であることが一般的。一方で、少数だがスコッチスタイルのウイスキーも生産されている。\nジャパニーズ・ウイスキー.\n日本産。1918年よりスコットランドに留学した[[竹鶴政孝]]によってスコッチ・ウイスキーの伝統的製法が持ち帰られたことが端緒である。竹鶴は壽屋（現：[[サントリーホールディングス]]）に在籍し、1923年開設の[[山崎蒸溜所]]の初代所長となり、のちに[[ニッカウヰスキー]]を創業した人物である。\n当初竹鶴の目指した本格的なウイスキー（[[サントリーホワイト]]）は高価格に加え、ピート（泥炭）の香りの効いたスコッチ直系の重厚な風味が逆に敬遠されて、当時の日本人の嗜好には合わず、庶民が好むものは、[[トリスウイスキー|トリス]]をはじめとした安価で（本場のウィスキーから見れば）あまり質の良くないウイスキーであった。竹鶴の目指した本格的なスコッチ・ウイスキーが、広く庶民にも好まれるようになったのは、戦後の高度成長期以降である。\nサントリーとニッカの両社は独自の発展を遂げ、技術も向上し21世紀初頭には国際的な品評会で高い評価を収めることが増えている\n日本のウイスキーは当初、本格的な高級品と安価な粗悪品に二極化していた。酒税法の改正や醸造技術の向上により、長期熟成や製法を工夫した高級品、ブレンドを工夫することで飲みやすく仕上げた普及品、バルクウィスキーなどを利用した低価格品が出揃っている。\n高価格帯ではサントリー（[[サントリーローヤル|ローヤル]]など）とニッカ（[[竹鶴 (ウイスキー)|竹鶴]]など）が技術力を活かし多彩な製品を製造している。また[[本坊酒造|マルスモルテージ越百]]、[[江井ヶ嶋酒造|シングルモルトあかし]]、[[ベンチャーウイスキー|イチローズモルト]]、[[長浜浪漫ビール|長濱ニューメイク]]など中小企業の少量生産品も流通している。\n中価格帯ではサントリー（[[サントリーオールド]]など）とニッカ（[[スーパーニッカ]]など）が生産規模を活かし安定した品質の製品を供給している。\n低価格帯ではサントリーとニッカが過去から製造している廉価品の品質を向上させた製品を大量供給しており、個人消費者向けの他に業務用としても供給されている。中小企業では輸入したバルクウイスキーを使用して価格を抑えた自社ブレンド品を供給している。このほかにも[[セブンアンドアイホールディングス|7&amp;iグループ]]や[[トップバリュ]]などが[[プライベートブランド]]（PB）商品を流通させている。これらは大量に買い付けることで価格を抑えた[[OEM]]品が多い。\n2020年4月以降、業界団体である[[日本洋酒酒造組合]]が「ジャパニーズ・ウイスキー」の自主基準を制定し、日本国内で蒸留・貯蔵されたもののみを「ジャパニーズ・ウイスキー」と表示させることを決めた。これに前後して、日本国内で調合されながらも、国内外の原酒をブレンドしたブレンデッドウイスキーについては「ワールドブレンデッドウイスキー」などのジャンル名で呼び分けられている。\n日本の主なウイスキー製造会社.\n主なメーカーとしては\nなどがある。\nウイスキーの日本国内市場での販売量は、2004年の1年間で、8万7500キロリットル余りと推計されており（課税および通関統計）、うちサントリー（現：サントリースピリッツ）が約67%、ニッカウヰスキー（[[アサヒビール]][[子会社]]）が約21%と推計されている（日本経済新聞社推計）。\n地方の小規模な酒造会社（多くは日本酒の蔵元を兼ねる）も少量ながらウイスキーを生産している。これらは「地ウイスキー」と呼ばれる。2010年代以降はハイボールブームや[[ジャパニーズ・ウイスキー]]の評価の高まりで需要が増えたこともあり、経営的な判断で新規参入する例もある。メーカーとしては以下のような例がある。\n以下の酒造会社はウイスキー生産を終了している。\nその他の産地.\nイギリスの植民地において滞在するイギリス人向けにスコッチ・ウイスキーの製法に準じたウイスキーが生産されているが、気候の違いによりスコットランドとは味が異なるとされる。これらは製法が同じでもスコットランドでは、製造されていないため、現代ではオリジナルブランドとして流通している。\n関連項目.\n[[Category:ウイスキー|*]]\n[[Category:蒸留酒]]\n", "スーパーマーケット（）とは、高頻度に消費される食料品や日用品等をセルフサービスで短時間・短期間に販売を行い、商品を安価に販売することを追求した小売業態。\nスーパーマーケットの名称は、英語で「市場（いちば）」を意味する “マーケット”(market)に、「超える」という意味の“スーパー”(super)を合成し、「伝統的な市場を超えるほどの商店」の意で作られた造語であるが、スーパーマーケットの事業が拡大するうちにひとつの名詞となった。\n特定の品目を専門的に扱うのではなく、幅広い品目の商品を取り揃えることが通例であり、狭義では食料品や日用品販売主体の店舗を指すが、日本では総合スーパー、食品スーパー、衣料スーパーというように、セルフサービスの総合店を指している場合が多い。\n日本で、この業態が誕生した時期には「SSDDS」や「セルフデパート」と呼ばれたりもしていた。\n&lt;br&gt;（詳細は#SSDDS・セルフデパート参照）\n歴史.\n20世紀前半.\n1910年代、米国の小売業をリードしていたのはグロサリーストアのチェーンであるで、A&amp;Pは「エコノミーストア」という販売形態で多店展開していた。エコノミーストアの販売形態では、来店した客はカウンター越しに店員に注文し、店員が棚や倉庫から商品を取り出して代金と引き換えに商品を渡す方式であった。このような販売形態は高級宝石店などに見られる方式であるが、当時は食品販売でも一般的であった。食品や商品は消費者が購入するサイズにまで分けて包装されていないものも多く、その場合は客の注文に応じて店員が切り分けて包装する必要があるなど、労働力への依存が大きい販売形態であった（日本の小規模な精肉店などでは現在でも行われている方法である）。\nそこで新たな販売形態として、売場のセルフサービスが出現した。セルフサービスの起源は、1916年に米国の起業家クラレンス・サンダースがテネシー州メンフィスにオープンした、食品や日用品を販売するグロサリーストア「」とされている。彼は1916年にテネシー州メンフィスに1号店をオープンした。クラレンス・サンダースのセルフサービスは、来店した客を直接倉庫に入れて自ら商品を手に取って選べるようにし、集中レジで精算するという販売形態であり、彼は店内に導入したアイデアについて多数の特許を取得した。セルフサービスはもともと店舗側の省力化のための方法であったが、顧客が自ら商品を手にすることができるため、客の好奇心を刺激するシステムでもあった。サンダースの店は大成功しフランチャイズ展開を始めた。A&amp;Pもカナダとアメリカ合衆国で同様の方式で成功を収め、1920年代には北米全体でよく知られるようになった。初期の食料雑貨店は肉や野菜を販売していなかったが、生鮮食品も販売する食料雑貨店が1920年代ごろ生まれた。\n現代的なスーパーマーケットの創始者は、クローガーの従業員だったマイケル・J・カレンとされている。スミソニアン博物館などの資料によれば、アメリカでの現代的なスーパーマーケット（または、食品スーパーのうち大規模なものはフードセンター、小規模なものはフードマーケット）と呼ばれる形態は、マイケル・J・カレンが1930年8月4日にニューヨーククイーンズ区のジャマイカ地区にある6,000平方フィート（560平方メートル）の空きガレージで始めた店が最初であるとしている。この「キング・カレン」（、\"king\" はキングコングに着想を得て命名したという）は、「高く積み上げ、安く売る」をスローガンとして経営し、中心街から数ブロック離れた大型倉庫を店舗として広い駐車場を用意し、過去に見られないほど低価格での商品販売が行われるようになった。1936年にカレンが亡くなったとき、キング・カレンは17店が営業していた。\n1930年代にはクローガーやセイフウェイといった既存の食料雑貨チェーンもあり、当初はカレンのアイデアに抵抗していたが、世界恐慌で景気が落ち込み消費者が低価格志向になっていたため、結局それらのチェーンもスーパーマーケット方式に転換せざるを得なくなった。1937年にはキャスター付きショッピングカートが開発され、来店客はさらに多くの買い物をするようになった。\n20世紀後半.\n第二次世界大戦後には、郊外の宅地開発が進むにつれて、アメリカやカナダではスーパーマーケットがさらに広まっていった。北米のスーパーマーケットの多くは、郊外のショッピングセンターにおける核店舗として建設された。スーパーマーケットのチェーンの多くは地域的なものが多く、全国的なブランドではない。クローガーはその中でもアメリカ全土で知られているが、傘下には多数の地域ブランド（Ralphs、City Market、King Soopers など）を抱えている。カナダでは や が全国的ブランドとして知られているが、運営している店舗は様々な地域ブランド名である。\n1950年代には、スーパーマーケットは顧客への特典としてしばしばトレーディングスタンプを発行するようになった。最近では、各店専用の「メンバーシップカード」や「クラブカード」を発行したり「ポイントサービス」を実施したりしている。一般に支払い時にカードをスキャンすると、カード所有者が特定商品について会員割引を受けられるという形態のものが多い。\nまた、モータリゼーションによって自家用車で買い物に行くという文化が生まれ、駐車場を備えた大規模スーパーマーケットが確立した。こうして、商品の大量陳列と値引きによる薄利多売を実現し、チェーン展開による多数出店を進めたスーパーマーケットは、次第に流通業の中で影響力が大きくなり、これまでメーカーや問屋が握っていた価格決定権に強い発言力を持つ存在となった。\n1970年代には、POSシステムが導入され、レジは手打ち式に代わってバーコードスキャン式が普及した。\n1996年には、売場だけでなく精算もセルフサービスで行う、完全自動セルフレジが登場した。\nスーパーマーケットの普及により小規模な生鮮食品・雑貨店や旧来の商店街などは減少していった。\n21世紀.\n他の小売業態との競合.\nスーパーマーケットのうち独立系スーパーマーケットは消費者主導型の基準に重点を置くのに対し、大規模なスーパーマーケット・チェーンは商品陳列や回転率など商品経済的利益追求型の基準に重点を置く傾向があるとされている。しかし、量販店（ウォルマートなど）や会員制大型ディスカウント店（コストコなど）の出現で、これらの従来型のスーパーマーケットが価格競争に敗れシェアを奪われる傾向も出始めている。\n従来型のスーパーマーケットは、量販店や会員制の大型ディスカウント店に対抗するため、有機食品や高級食品を扱う陳列場所を設置するなど新たな差別化戦略を導入するようになった。米国ではアジア系移民とその子孫の多い地域やヒスパニック系が多く暮らす地域など、居住する消費者グループに合わせた食品の品揃えやレイアウトの変更も行っている。\n電子商取引との競合.\n米国では消費者のスーパーマーケット離れと食料品のEC（電子商取引）販売の増加も指摘されている。\n米国では新型コロナウイルス感染拡大の影響もあり、2020年4～6月期の米国小売売上高は前四半期比3.9％減の1兆3110億ドル（約138兆1000億円）となったのに対し、同期の米国EC（電子商取引）の売上高は前期から31.8％増加して2115億ドル（約22兆2800億円）となり、米国小売売上高に占めるECの比率は16.1％にまで拡大した。\n日本におけるスーパーマーケット.\n歴史.\n1950年代：草創.\n「スーパーマーケット」という名称を日本で最初に使用したのは、1952年に京阪電気鉄道の流通部門（現在の「京阪ザ・ストア」）が大阪の旧京橋駅に展開した店「京阪スーパーマーケット」である（1970年3月15日閉店）。ただしこの店舗は対面販売式であり、スーパーマーケットの特徴とされるセルフサービスを取り入れてはいない。また、米軍の売店（PX）ではセルフサービスが採用されているが、日本の一般消費者に開かれた店舗ではなかった（ただし、紀ノ国屋の増井徳男はセルフサービス方式をここで実際に見て知ることになる）。\n日本で初めてセルフサービスのスーパーマーケット業態が導入されたのは、翌1953年11月に紀ノ国屋が東京都港区赤坂青山北町六丁目の神宮前駅（現在の表参道駅）至近でオープンした店である。紀ノ国屋（1910年創業）のセルフサービス店舗開業には、日本ナショナル金銭登録機株式会社（現在の日本NCR）の指導があった。日本NCRは金銭登録機（レジスター）を扱うNCRの日本法人であるが、後藤達也（副社長）や長戸毅（企画経営部長）は自社のレジスターの販売もさることながら、米国の近代小売業経営運動に基づいて日本の小売業近代化に注力した人物であった。\nただし開業当初の紀ノ国屋は規模も小さく（40坪）青果のみを扱う高級店であり、生鮮三品（青果・精肉・鮮魚）を含むさまざまな食料品を低価格で大量販売する点において、1956年3月10日に福岡県小倉にオープンした「丸和フードセンター」を「スーパーマーケットの元祖」とする見解もある。このほか、1956年2月に八幡製鉄購買会（従業員向けの福利厚生の一環としての会員制小売組織）の分配所のひとつがセルフサービスを取り入れており、万人に開かれた営利組織ではないものの、セルフサービス方式の普及に貢献したとの評価がある。\n1950年代末-1960年代：初期の拡大.\n丸和社長の吉田日出男は、公開経営指導協会の喜多村実に招聘されて同業態の指導・普及に努め、各地に「主婦の店」を称するスーパーマーケットが設立されることになった。背景として、当時は生活協同組合の成長が中小小売店にとって脅威と受け止められており、高い販売効率で驚異的な売り上げを記録した吉田の体験が、先進的な中小小売店や日本専門店会連盟会員から注目されたことがある。「主婦の店」運動は1958年末に全国27店舗を数える広がりを有したが、1958年8月に方針をめぐって分裂することとなった。\n1958年3月には「日本セルフ・サービス協会」が設立された（初代会長は紀ノ国屋の増井徳男）。12月、同協会は「スーパーマーケットとは、単独経営のもとに、セルフサービス方式を採用している総合食料品小売店で、年商1億円以上のものをいう」とする「スーパーマーケットの定義」を発表する。1962年には共同仕入れと情報交換のための組織としてオール日本スーパー経営者協会（初代会長は淡路主婦の店の西岡茂。1972年にオール日本スーパーマーケット協会）が発足した。\n新たな業態であるスーパーマーケットには「スーっとできて、パーっと消える」と揶揄される不安定さがあった。1964年東京オリンピック終了後、中小企業が中心であったスーパーマーケット業界は資金繰りに苦しみ続々倒産を余儀なくされた。ニチイはこの危機を取引先の増資引受と銀行の協力で回避した当時の成功例である。\n1970年代-1980年代：大店法とスーパーマーケット.\n1960年代後半以降、スーパーマーケットの大規模化・総合化が進むと、地元小規模小売業者との紛争も発生するようになった。1973年には大規模小売店舗法が制定（略称「大店法」。1974年施行）され、大型スーパーマーケットを含む「大規模小売店舗」の進出に際して、利害調整が図られた。「大規模小売店舗」は店舗面積500平方メートル以上のものとされた。\n1973年に第一次オイルショックが発生。消費者の不安はスーパーマーケットでの石油関連商品やトイレットペーパーの買い占めという形で現れた（トイレットペーパー騒動）。同年10月、三徳の呼びかけにより中堅・中小スーパーマーケットが結集してCGCグループ（シジシージャパン）が設立される。安定供給を目標に掲げ（グループ設立期に行った事業は、オイルショック後の品不足商品を緊急輸入することであった）、共同仕入れやオリジナルブランドの共同開発などが取り組まれる。\n1980年代、各都道府県でスーパーマーケット協会が組織され、1982年には全国スーパーマーケット協会が設立された（初代理事長は三徳の堀内寛二）。\n1990年代以後：規制緩和.\n1980年末、日米構造協議においてアメリカ合衆国から大規模小売店舗法が非関税障壁であるという指摘が行われ、規制緩和が進むこととなった。1991年に大規模小売店舗法が改正され（1992年施行）、「大規模小売店舗」の種別境界の改正、商業活動調整協議会（商調協）の廃止などが行われた。1994年には改正大店法の運用基準が緩和され、店舗面積1000平方メートル未満の店舗の出店が原則自由化されるとともに、休業日数・閉店時刻に関する規制が緩和された。1990年代後半よりタバコ・酒類などの免許品の取り扱い、長時間営業（9～10時から20～24時まで、一部では24時間営業もある）・売り場面積の大型化・新規出店の増加が進んだ。1996年からダイエーが日本のスーパー業界で初めて、全国規模で元日営業を開始。その後大手スーパーを中心に他社でも、元日営業が行われるようになった。\n1998年には大規模小売店舗立地法が制定（略称「大店立地法」。2000年施行）され、大規模小売店舗法は廃止された。1999年には食品スーパーの業界団体として日本スーパーマーケット協会（初代会長はライフの清水信次）が発足した。2009年に日本セルフ・サービス協会と全国スーパーマーケット協会が合併し、現在の一般社団法人全国スーパーマーケット協会となった。\n他方、大規模小売店舗立地法は中小小売業者の保護から生活環境の保全に主眼を変更するものであり、地方都市の中心市街地の空洞化も深刻化した。2006年には大店立地法・都市計画法・中心市街地活性化法（まちづくり3法と総称される）の改正が行われ、調整が図られることとなった。\n種別.\n日本の場合、売場面積300m2程度から3,000m2以上までいくつかの系統付けられたタイプがある。大規模なものでは、一店舗で食料品や日用品といった消費財から、衣料品・家電までの耐久消費財までも扱う総合スーパー、ゼネラルマーチャンダイズストアが主に市街中心地に多く出店されたが、最近では、食料品や日用品までを扱うスーパーマーケットが、郊外へ多数の店舗が集約されたショッピングセンターに出店する場合が多い。\n日本のチェーンストア業界では、構成比が50%以上の部門の名前を頭につけて分類する。\n総合スーパー.\n構成比が70%以上の部門がなく、3つ以上の部門にわたって品揃えしているものであり、日本型スーパーストアや擬似百貨店とも呼ばれたことがあった。また、米国のシアーズ、JCペニーなどが G.M.S.(General Merchandise Store。「M」はマーケティングではない) と呼ばれていることから、同様の名で呼ばれることもあるが、米国の場合は食品を扱わないので、日本のものとは異なる。まれに「総合スーパーマーケット」と表記されるが、多くの場合「総合スーパー」が用いられる。日本で初めてこの業態を採り営業を始めたのは、福岡市のユニード（現在はダイエーに吸収合併）だとされる。\n複層の建物を用い、店舗面積は広い。扱う商品が幅広く、日々の買い物というよりも、週末などに大きな買い物やまとめ買いをするために賑わう形態の店舗である。1990年代以前には郊外型大型店が多く見られ、飲食店など一部テナントを入れている場合も多い。\n食品スーパー.\n食料品の売上構成比が70%以上あるものであり、スーパーマーケットの中で店舗数が最も多い。\n住宅街の近くを基本に立地し、来店頻度は1週間に2・3回が想定されている。生鮮食品の扱いを主力として日常生活を支えることを目標に、売り場にある商品だけで1週間生活できるような品揃えを行うものとされている。元より薄利多売型の同種業態の中でも、特に競合店との安売り競争の激しい業態である。2000年代以降は生鮮食品を含む食料品に特化しての長時間営業をするものが増えている。\n郊外型の大規模な店舗はスーパースーパーマーケット (SSM) とも呼ばれ、インストアベーカリー・惣菜の調理場・店内飲食スペースなどを備え、最終加熱をするだけの食品の販売やサラダバーなどのミールソリューションを行うようになってきている。このような店舗では一般では入手しにくい食材も取り揃える事で、1980年代以降に急速に広がった大衆のグルメ志向もあり、またこれらを安く提供する事で人気を集めている。\n大規模小売店舗立地法の規制売り場面積の以下の小型の店舗では、出店規制の厳しい都市部や住宅街の多い地域に深く根付いている事もあって一定の繁栄を見せている。その一方で、経営体力的に価格競争も難しくコンビニエンスストアと余り明確な違いを打ち出し難い部分もある。若者層や高齢者宅では、生鮮食品を買わず出来合いの弁当や惣菜で済ませる中食が増え、より立地条件の良いコンビニエンスストアとの競合も起きている。\nミニスーパー.\n2000年代半ば以降、首都圏生活者の居住地の都心中心部への回帰や、人口全体における高齢化に伴い、大規模な立地や物件確保が難しい都心を始めとした都市部で、コンビニ程度の店舗面積のスーパーが増え続けており、「ミニスーパー」と呼ばれている。\n消費者側には、店舗がコンビニのように自宅近辺にありながら、商品価格がコンビニのように高くない事、売れ筋の商品中心とはなるものの、一般のスーパーに準ずる品揃えがある事、等の利点があり、店舗側としては、出店のしやすさや、少ない初期投資や人件費で上記の都市生活者を顧客にできる利点があるため、店舗数、売り上げ高共に増え続けている。\n都市生活者の生活習慣に合わせ、深夜まで営業している店舗も多い。店舗面積の制約上、厨房を持たない店舗が多く、肉、魚、弁当、総菜類は、工場から配送される場合がほとんどである。\n主なチェーンに、全日食チェーン、「まいばすけっと」、「リコス」等がある。\n衣料品スーパー.\n商品の大部分を衣料品で占め、その売上構成比が70%以上あるものである。元々は衣類販売店等が大型化の過程でこのような業態に行き着くが（実例としてはユニクロやしまむら）、売り場面積を大きくして総合スーパーマーケットになっていったものが多い。\nネットスーパー.\nインターネットで注文を受け付けて、主に総合スーパーの店舗からその商圏の消費者に向けて即日配達するという商形態が始まっている。\nSSDDS・セルフデパート.\nSSDDSは英語で「Self Service Discount Department Store」の略で、直訳すると「セルフサービスによる割引料金の百貨店」になる。\nまた略して「セルフデパート」と呼ばれたりしていた。これまでの百貨店並の品揃えで、かつセルフサービスを採用して安売りを行っていた。\nSSDDSは流通用語でもある。両語とも、スーパーマーケットの用語が一般化する前の1960年代頃、使われた用語である。\n一例としてダイエー三宮第一店（1963年開店、1995年閉鎖）が開店当初名乗っていた。\n", "トリンプ・インターナショナル（Triumph International）は、スイスに本社を置く女性用下着製造販売会社。1886年にドイツで設立され、現在では女性用下着メーカーとして世界最大規模を誇る。\n日本現地法人のトリンプ・インターナショナル・ジャパン株式会社（Triumph International (Japan) Ltd.）も日本の下着業界で第4位に位置し、「天使のブラ」「恋するブラ」など複数のブランドを取り扱っている。\n発音.\n「Triumph」は英語の発音では「トラィアンフ」 、ドイツ語の発音では「トリウンフ」 だが、日本語での表記としてはトリンプ自身が称している「トリンプ」が正式なものである。\n歴史.\n1886年、ヨハン・ゴットフリート・シュピースホーファーとミヒャエル・ブラウンが、ドイツ・ホイバッハにてコルセットの製造所を設立。当初は従業員6名とミシン6台での出発であった。1890年には従業員数150名までに拡大し、1894年に初めて製品を国外輸出。1902年には、シュピースホーファーとブラウンにより、パリの凱旋門を想起させる「トリンプ」を登録商標。その後、「インターナショナル」が商標に追加される。好景気の後、1920年代にはクラシカルなコルセットの需要が減少し、会社は並行してブラジャーの製造を開始。1930年代トリンプ・インターナショナルは、さらにオールインワンの製造にも着手した。\n1933年、スイスのバート・ツルツァッハに、最初の国外支社を設立。東西ドイツの分断に伴い、1949年以降トリンプ・インターナショナルの商標は、ドイツ連邦共和国で継続されていたが、そこでの事業活動はほぼ停止状態となった。しかし会社の国際化はその後も進み、1950年代からは、例えば複数のヨーロッパ諸国で支社が誕生。トリンプ・インターナショナルは更に1960年からアジア太平洋地域にも拡大し、例えば1963年には日本に初の支社が開設となった。当時を知る人は既に、コンツェルン企業の「策略的な多重構造」を見極めていたが、その中にはタックス・ヘイブンであるリヒテンシュタインとバミューダ諸島に登記されている会社もあった。1960年代の終わりには、ドイツのファウンデーション（下着）市場全体に占めるトリンプ・インターナショナルの割合は、約50%であった。\n1960年代中盤、トリンプ・インターナショナルは、広範囲にわたってコンピュータ処理を導入。経済危機に伴い、会社は1970年代初頭、時短労働導入を余儀なくされるほどの危機に初めて陥った。1969年に開始したパンティーストッキング事業も打撃を受け、はや3年後には停止。同時にナイロン繊維やライクラ繊維など、より軽い生地を使用した製品の製造に初めて着手した。1970年代終わりには更に「sloggi（スロギー）」という新ブランドを投入し、以来、コットン高混率の下着やその他製品を市場展開。1977年、本社はドイツからスイスへと移転。以来、コンツェルンのホールディングの所在地はバート・ツルツァッハとなる。1986年までに売上額は約10億スイスフランに上昇。同時に中国での販売を開始し、更には1988年から旧東独にて同国市場向けに、ライセンス契約による各種トリンプ製品を製造。下着の他、水着も製造された。\nフランスのメーカーである「HOM」と「Valisère」の買収により、トリンプ・インターナショナルは男性用下着、または高級ランジェリーに進出。それと同時に1995年には、将来的には親ブランドである「トリンプ」に更に注力し、その下に他の全ブランドを組み込むことを発表。1990年代には再び国際的な拡大を図り、1998年からはインド亜大陸にも進出している。最も新しい工場としては、2001年にハンガリーのドゥナウーイヴァーロシュに、生産拠点を開設。21世紀に入ってからは同国の市場で、売上高で最大のテキスタイルメーカーのひとつとなっている。\n近年では自社の新規店舗や競合他社の買収により、拡大を続けている。2010年にはスイスの下着チェーン店大手のBeldonaを買収し、更にその後メキシコ及び米国でも販売業者を買収。米国では、高級小売業者「Journelle」の株式の過半数を取得し、以来、ニューヨークに3店の直営店を展開している 2011年にはドイツ子会社の株式を取得し、トリンプ社は再びシュピースホーファー家とブラウン家による完全所有となった。\nトリンプ・インターナショナル・ジャパン株式会社（日本法人）.\n日本法人は1964年に設立され、国内でトリンプブランドの下着を製造・販売している。なかでも技術力、新製品の企画開発力が高く中核的な存在となりつつある。「天使のブラ」「恋するブラ」など多くのブランドを発売している。\nイメージモデル.\nトリンプ・イメージガール.\n※2012年度から2017年度までは2人を起用していた。\nキャンペーンイベント.\nユニークブラジャー.\n時流や話題をテーマに、自由でオリジナリティ溢れるデザインのブラジャーを毎年発表、近年は年2回の発表となっていた。「世相ブラ」と報道されることが多く、ニュース・情報番組で取り上げられた場合「なお、このブラの販売予定はありません」で〆られることが多い。2018年限りで終了。\n下着川柳.\n文化活動の1つとして「インナーウエアにまつわる川柳〜ブラ川柳〜」として誕生。現在は「下着川柳」として、10年以上続けている。過去の入選作品はインナーウエアに対する切実な願いをこめたものや、その年の時勢を想起させる題材を詠んだものなど、バラエティに富んだ句が入選している。\n", "S.O.B（エス・オー・ビー）は、日本のハードコア・パンクバンド。\nナパーム・デス\"(NAPALM DEATH)\"、ブルータル・トゥルース\"(BRUTAL TRUTH)\"等のグラインドコアバンドに多大な影響を与えた。\nS.O.BはSabotage Organized Barbarian（サボタージ・オーガナイズド・バーバリアン）の略称であるがこの呼び名で呼ばれることはほとんどない。バンド名をつけたのはTOTTSUANで、結成当時、略語のアルファベットを並べたバンド名で考えていて、元々SOBというスラングが意味するところのSon Of a BitchからとってS.O.Bと言うバンド名にした。ただそのままだと面白くないと言う理由で、「Sabotage Organized Barbarian」の略＝S.O.Bとした。最初にリリースした1stDEMO TAPEのタイトルは「Sabotage Organized barbarian」である。\n後年のインタビューで「今年の海外での活動も考え、敢えて意味を変えた」とあるが、特段大きな理由は無かった。\nなお SxOxB と表記することも多く、1993年（平成5年）以降はほぼこちらの表記となっている。\n概要.\nバンドリーダーのTOTTSUANは、S.O.B結成以前はSKINHEADで、結成極初期はそれほどスピードも速くない、US-UK系のハードコア・パンクに触発されたバンドであった。オムニバス「LAST PUNK OSAKA」の前のデモは、このオムニバスに収録されている曲と比べても、オーソドックスな、スピードもそれなりの構成だった。\nオリジナルメンバーのTUNKが「OUTO（オウト）」に正式加入する事になってしまったため、TOTTSUANはメンバーを固定させ、サウンド面での進化を考えて、全パートを再選考する事にした。\n以前より目をつけていた、京都で少し前に解散していた「THE BONES（ザ・ボーンズ）」のTOSHIMI、同じく京都の「SELTIC FROST（セルティックフロスト）」をやっていたYASUE、スケートボードショップ「VIOLENT GRIND大阪店」でバイトしていて、「BRUTUS（ブルータス）」で活動していたNAOTOに声をかけ、新体制を確立。\nこのラインナップでの1st 7\"EP「LEAVE ME ALONE」がS.O.Bを一躍有名にした。\nYASUEが当時掛け持ちしていたSELTIC FROSTはかなり早いドラムリズムであったため、サウンド全体の加速は著しかった。ギグでの実際の演奏も、初期ラインナップと比べ物にならない速さになった。\nYASUEはS.O.B加入後もメンバーを探して「SELTIC FROST（セルティックフロスト）」を継続させてはいたが、暫くしてS.O.Bに専念すべく、活動を停止させた。\nスケートボードとの音楽的なマッチングもよく、大阪ハードコア代表としてOUTOと肩を並べる存在になって行った。\n1987年（昭和62年）、「NAPALM DEATH（ナパーム・デス）」の1st LPのTHANXリストにS.O.Bの名前を見つけたTOTTSUANが、当時のボーカルであったLEE DORIAN（リー・ドリアン）と交流が始まり、日本・英国を含むヨーロッパツアーが実現。「EARACHE RECORDS（イアー・エイク・レコーズ）」所属のバンドとの接触も増えた。\n同時期、NAOTOが「RISE FROM THE DEAD（ライズ・フロム・ザ・デッド）」結成のため脱退。「DANCE MACABRA（ダンス・マカブラ）」のKAWATAKAが加入。\n当時のTOTTSUANとYASUEの方向性がデスメタルで合致しており、スピードよりもヘビーなサウンドへ変化。（WHAT'S THE TRUTH（2nd Album）からトイズファクトリー移籍後の2枚のアルバム）\nしかし、バンドのリーダーであったTOTTSUANが、電車への飛び込み自殺により1995年（平成7年）死去。ちなみに自殺の理由だが、有力な説として、TOTTSUANが薬物で警察に捕まった際に、警察の取り調べに屈して入手ルートや購入者の名前を警察に明かしてしまい、多くの知り合いに迷惑を掛けた上に、薬物を取り扱う組織からも報復を示唆され、精神的に参ってしまったためと言われている。また、慢性的な薬物の摂取により完全な中毒状態であったが、警察に捕まって以降、薬物の入手が困難になり、禁断症状からひどい鬱状態に陥っていたとの話もある。常習していた薬物は主にコカインであったと言われている。音楽的指向がデスメタルであったにも関わらず、ポジティブな歌詞が多いのはその影響が強かったためという人もいる。\n不測の事態になり、一時期解散も危ぶまれたが、YASUEが後を引き継ぎリーダーとなり、初期のベース、当時（現在）RISE FROM THE DEADのNAOTOを再加入させて始動。\n元OUTOのKATSUMIも迎えた「DUB GRIND」では、初期S.O.Bと後期RISE FROM THE DEADを足して2で割ったようなサウンドであり、初期のS.O.Bを知る者と後期デスメタル化したS.O.Bから知る者とでは評価が分かれた。短期間ではあるが一時期はシンセサイザーのメンバーも加入していた。\n2000年（平成12年）、NAOTOがRISE FROM THE DEADに専念するため、再び脱退。\nYASUEは新しいボーカルを各方面で探し、新体制で初期音源のセルフカバーを発表。\n現在の活動はあまり活発ではないが、サウンドはVICIOUS WORLD発表時期のデスメタルに戻っている。\nメンバー.\n現在のメンバー.\nTOTTSUANが亡き今、オリジナルメンバーは不在。\n初期メンバーのYASUEが現在のS.O.Bのリーダーである。\nディスコグラフィー.\nアルバム.\n○What's The Truth? は3レーベルからリリースされている。\n1)SELFISH RECORDSからは、10曲のみのオリジナルでCDのみリリース。\n2)RISE ABOVEからは、オリジナル10曲とThrash NightのNAPALM DEATHカバー曲を除きプラスして収録。ジャケットの色身が若干異なる。またWhat's The Truth?はLPもあるが、そのLPはこのRISE ABOVE盤のみである。\n3)トイズファクトリーからは、オリジナル10曲とSOUND OF BURIAL RECORDSリリースのNAPALM DEATHスプリットと無料配布 FLEXIの曲をプラスして収録。\n○Vicious World（トイズファクトリー盤）は、紙ジャケットと通常版があり、通常版の方がプレス数は少ない。紙ジャケット版内のイメージは非常に凝った作りとなっているが、ヴィジュアル系バンドを多く手がけるデザイナーがデザインしたらしく、S.O.B本人達はインタビューでその出来を不本意と語っている。\n○Dub Grindの限定300BOXは、クリアブルービニールの12\"と特典7\"（ライブ）、特殊LYRICシート、ターンテーブルマット（緑かオレンジのうちどちらかを同梱）、バッジ2種をセット。ジャケットデザインも特別なものになっている。\nブートレッグ.\nブートレッグはジャケット含めて粗悪品であった事と、当然ながらメンバーの許諾も無いため、TOTTSUAN、YASUEも否定的であったが、インタビューでは海外へ行くとお土産として自分達のブートレッグを買ってくるとも言っていた。\n「THE PEEL SESSION」以外の音源は現在では公式に入手出来るため、特別に価値がある物ではない。\n", "日本車（にほんしゃ）とは、日本で生産される自動車（日本製自動車）、もしくは日本を本拠とするメーカーやブランドが販売する自動車（日本ブランド車）のことである。日本国内では国産車（こくさんしゃ）とも呼ばれる。\n概要.\n日本車の大きな特徴は品質の高さにあり、メーカーは公式に保証していないがエンジンの交換無しで100万kmを走行可能な品質の車両が一般向けの価格帯で販売されている。\n新興市場14地域におけるイメージ調査では「質が良いと思う日本製品」として日本車が挙げられている。信頼性や安全性等を考慮したアメリカの消費者団体の調査でも、推薦車種に日本車が挙げられることが多い。また、信頼性の高い車種・燃費のよい車種でも日本車がリードしており、アメリカの自動車耐久品質調査において、レクサスが1995年から2008年まで14年連続でトップであったほか、米国環境保護庁の2009年燃費ガイドによれば、クラス別燃費ランキングのトップは40車中13車が日本車であった。\n2008年、日本の主要自動車メーカーによる自動車生産台数は2298万2924台で、世界の自動車生産台数6956万1356台の33.0%を占めている。\n2013年、アメリカの高速道路安全保険協会による評価では、安全性で最高評価である「トップセーフティーピックプラス」の基準を満たした22車種のうち、16車種が日本メーカー車両であった。2014年、コンシューマー・レポートはブランド別の信頼度順位を発表し、レクサス、トヨタ、マツダ、ホンダの順に、日本勢がトップ4位まで独占した。\n世界主要国の乗用車販売台数に占める、「日本ブランド車」のシェアは以下の通り。\nこれらのように性能や品質では評価される一方で、｢感性に訴えかける領域に関してはダメ｣と言う評価を受けることも間々あり、それは北米でのサイオンブランド設立の背景にも挙がっていた。\n現在は日産自動車と三菱自動車がルノー、三菱ふそうがダイムラー・トラックの傘下に入っているほか、過去には富士重工業（現：SUBARU）およびスズキがゼネラル・モーターズ（GM）、マツダがフォード・モーターの傘下に入っていた時期もあった。\n主なメーカー・ブランド.\n四輪車\n二輪車\n日本国外における日本車.\n戦後における日本車の本格的な海外輸出は、1949年（昭和24年）12月1日の外国為替及び外国貿易管理法、および輸出貿易管理令を経て、さらに翌1950年（昭和25年）4月の自動車の統制価格の廃止をもって、原材料の調達、生産、販売、値付けに関する一切の規制が取り払われ、自由化がなされるまで待たねばならなかった。また、自動車業界側は、1949年4月に「自動車輸出振興会」を設立し、トヨタ社長の豊田喜一郎を会長に据え、輸出再開の準備を進めた。\n民間輸出業者に続き、メーカーも海外輸出を再開したが、当初の輸出先は本土復帰前の沖縄、台湾、タイ、ブラジルが主であった。当初は、第二次大戦後の世界で普及途上であった一方、軍用車両生産によって日本での製造技術蓄積が進んでいたディーゼルエンジン搭載の大型トラック・バスが輸出の主力であった。\n純粋な輸出による増産ではないが、1956年から始まった「U.S. Army Procurement Agency in Japan（APA）特需」も、生産技術の向上には好機となった。\nより外貨の獲得に有利な対米輸出は、1957年のトヨタのクラウンとランドクルーザーから始まった。当時はまだ技術力が低かったため、クラウンはオーバーヒートや焼きつき、操縦安定性の欠如、灯火類の照度不足などで市場不適合の烙印を押され、改良の甲斐もなく早々と輸出中止を余儀なくされたため\n、設立当初の米国トヨタ（現・）はランドクルーザーのみに命脈を繋ぐという危機的状況に追い込まれた\nその後各メーカーは欧米の技術を徹底的に模範、研究することで次第に評価が高まっていった。\nオイルショックや大気汚染問題が深刻化した1970年代に、ホンダによってCVCCが開発されるとその高い技術力や省燃費性に注目が集まるようになり、世界での評価は大きく高まった\n今では燃費の良さや、工作精度の高さによる故障の少なさ、そして安価である事が評判となり、世界各国で高い人気を得るまでになっている。\n国交のない北朝鮮や、フセイン政権時代のイラクにも、商社を通じて輸出（主にトヨタ・ハイラックスや、同メーカーハイエースなどピックアップや大人数が乗車可能なバン）されている。チャド政府軍対リビア軍・反政府軍によるチャド内戦や、イラン・イラク戦争の際は、両軍ともに日本製のトラックや4輪駆動車に銃砲類を搭載した簡易戦闘車「テクニカル」を大量投入して戦闘を繰り広げ俗にトヨタ戦争とも呼ばれた。\nロシア連邦や東南アジア、南アジア、西アジア、アフリカ諸国など、多くの国に日本で使用されていた中古車が大量に輸出されており、ロシアやモンゴル国などでは、右側通行にもかかわらず右ハンドルのままで使用されている。特に商用車などは日本語の看板が描かれたまま使われているものも多い。\nまた、日本車に限定されるものではないが、盗難車の輸出も増え続けている。これには、自由貿易港を持ち、ジュベル・アリ・フリーゾーンでもあるドバイが存在する限り、有効な対策はないといわれている。\nイギリスやアメリカなどではスカイラインGT-Rやランサーエボリューション、インプレッサWRXなどの一部のスポーツモデルがカルト的な人気を誇っている。また近年特にアメリカ市場では、いわゆる25年ルール（外国製車種のうち製造後25年を経たものは制限なく輸入・使用が可能）が1990年代も除外対象になってきたことから日本のバブル期の高性能車から軽自動車まで様々な中古車が輸出される事象が発生している。\nブラジルでは1990年代まで国策により輸入車の販売が原則禁止されており、トヨタが一部車種を現地組み立てするに止まっていた。しかし現在は輸入車の販売が解禁された上に、本田技研工業も現地生産を開始し、更にフレックス燃料車を発売したのを皮切りにトヨタもフレックス燃料車の生産販売に参入した。\nアメリカ市場での市場シェアは約35%と高い。カリフォルニア州に限ると、シェアは45%になり、41%のアメリカ車より高いシェアを記録した（2006年）。アメリカメーカーはピックアップトラックが販売の中心になっているのに対し、セダンやSUVでは日本メーカーがリードしている。2007年、全米最大の新聞であるUSAトゥディ紙が発表した「過去25年間に最もインパクトのあった自動車」では、1位・トヨタ・カムリ（1992年型）、3位・トヨタ・プリウス（2001年型）、7位・レクサスLS400（1990年型）など、トップ10のうち6車が日本車であった。\nヨーロッパにおいては、市場シェアは約13.5%であり、1999年の11.7%から増加している。特にイギリスでは18%近くのシェアがある。ドイツでも輸入車としては最も高いシェアがある。近年、トヨタ自動車が欧州での販売台数を伸ばしているのに対し、日産自動車は大きく落としている。\nオーストラリアでは50%近くのシェアがある。現地工場を持つトヨタが全（アメリカ、欧州、日本、韓国）メーカーの中でトップシェアである。また、かつては日産や三菱も現地生産したこともあった。\n韓国では、1988年に自動車の輸入が自由化されたものの、「輸入先多辺化（多角化）制度」と呼ばれる事実上の対日輸入禁止品目において自動車が指定されていたために、日本製自動車に限っては輸入・販売が禁止されていたが、その間にも現地メーカーにより、三菱車やマツダ車、スズキ車などをはじめとした多くの車種が現地生産されていた。日本車の販売は、同制度が1998年6月をもって撤廃された後に開始された。日本車に乗ることに対する心理的な後ろめたさがあるとも言われたが、2005年以降はレクサスが輸入車販売の第1位となっている他、ホンダやインフィニティの販売も好調である。近年は米韓自由貿易協定により、米国製日本メーカーの車も徐々に増えてきている（トヨタ・カムリ、トヨタ・シエナ、日産・アルティマなど）。\n台湾（中華民国）でも21世紀に入るまでは日本を含むアジア製やオーストラリア製の完成車輸入を禁止していたため、日本のメーカーは現地企業と合弁でKD生産に力を入れていた。中でも日産のモデルを生産していた裕隆汽車（ユーロン、）は1960年代から創業を始めている。\n中国では、2008年の「日本ブランド」（現地生産車と日本からの輸出車の合計）のシェアは21%で、外資としてトップである。\nインドでは、マルチ・スズキ（スズキの子会社）が60%近いシェアを握っている。\n現地生産の開始.\n前述のように、1960年代以降、日本製自動車は世界各地に輸出されていたが、日本の自動車生産台数が世界一になった以降の1980年代後半頃から、いわゆる貿易摩擦（ジャパンバッシング）の激化や円高、相手国の政策上の都合（関税、輸入制限など）などにより、トヨタや日産など主要なメーカーでは、アメリカ・ヨーロッパ・南アメリカ・中国・台湾・ASEANといった、世界の主要な地域に現地生産工場を設立し、日本から技術が移管されて、現地で日本ブランドの自動車が生産される割合が多くなっている。\n当初は日本から主要な部品などを輸出していたことが多かったが、やがて主要な部品の現地調達率も高まりつつあり、外国拠点の主導で改良、設計された車種も現れるようになった。外国拠点で生産された一部の車種は日本にも輸入されている。\n日本国外の文化にみる日本車.\n海外、主にアメリカ合衆国ではチューンアップした日本車（スポーツコンパクト：スポコン）をライス・バーナー（Rice burner）あるいはライス・カー（Rice car）、日本のオートバイメーカーのスポーツバイクをライス・ロケット（Rice rocket）と呼んでいる。このような日本車をテーマのひとつにした映画『ワイルド・スピード』（原題：\"The Fast and the Furious\"）は、アメリカを中心に全世界でヒットし、シリーズ化されている。\nとりわけ2019年前後ではアメリカの通称｢25年ルール｣と呼ばれる輸入規制免除枠(環境保護庁(EPA)が21年、が25年経過した車両に対し、ヴィンテージ品としての価値を勘案し並行輸入車に対しての試験を免除するというモノ)も相まって、ネオヒストリックカー(とりわけRB26世代のスカイラインGT-Rが取り沙汰されることが多い)の北米への流出が起こっている。 \n改造車のベースに日本車が多く使われたことからライサーという単語が生まれた。 \n以上の流れについてはスポーツコンパクト及びJDM (自動車)を参照のこと。\n", "医薬品（いやくひん、）は、ヒトや動物の疾病を診断・治療・予防する薬品である。飲用する内服薬、塗布する外用薬、注射する注射剤などがあり、剤形に詳述がある。医師らが診察に基づいて処方して薬剤師が調剤する処方箋医薬品と、薬局と薬店が販売する一般用医薬品がある。医薬品は臨床試験で有効性を実証したのちに先発医薬品（新薬、ピカ新）として承認される。新薬発売から20年経過後、後発医薬品（ジェネリック医薬品、ゾロ薬）も販売される。\n医薬品の定義と分類.\n日本.\n医薬品医療機器等法による定義.\n日本の医薬品、医療機器等の品質、有効性及び安全性の確保等に関する法律（薬機法）第2条は次のように定義する。\n日本薬局方（局方）に収載された医薬品を日本薬局方医薬品と称する。第一部医薬品、第二部医薬品に大別される。局方はおよそ5年に一回大改定するが、その間2年に一回程度追補版を発行して収載品目を見直す。最新版は2011年3月24日に第十六改正日本薬局方が公表された。局方は使用方法、効果、作用機序などが明確な品目を収載するが、米国薬局方 (, USP) などに比して収載品目数や記載内容で現状に過不足が生じ、収載品目を増補している。\n国内で医薬品として譲渡を含め流通させるためには、厚生労働大臣による製造販売承認が必要である。承認のないもので医薬品、医薬部外品、化粧品もしくは医療機器に該当しないものは「効能」「効果」をうたうことはできない。保健機能食品で許された範囲内で標榜する場合を除き、医薬品としての効能効果をうたう製品は「未承認医薬品」として処罰対象となる。\n医薬品の分類.\n日本の医薬品は次のように分類される。動物用医薬品を除く。\n食薬区分.\n食品成分の薬理作用から疾病予防などの効果をうたう健康食品が出現して医薬品と食品の区分が不明瞭となり、明確な区分が閉めされた。\n1971年（昭和46年）、「無承認無許可医薬品の指導取締りについて」（昭和46年6月1日薬発第476号、厚生省薬務局長通知、（別紙）医薬品の範囲に関する基準）が出され、医薬品と食品の区分が明示された（通称46通知）。\n食品に分類されるもの\n上記に該当しないものは、下記4要素で医薬品と食品を判別する。\n上記の4要素のうち1つ以上を満たすものは医薬品に分類され、医薬品医療機器等法による規制を受ける。\n2001年（平成13年）に厚生労働省医薬局長 「医薬品の範囲に関する基準の改正について」（医薬発第243号平成13年3月27日、厚生労働省医薬局長）で、錠剤やカプセルなど医薬品のような形態でも食品であることを明記すれば形状だけで医薬品と判断しない、と基準が緩和された。\nフランス.\nフランスでは処方箋医薬品と良性の初期症状への処置を目的とする処方箋任意医薬品に分類される。\nドイツ.\nドイツでは処方箋医薬品、副作用が少なく一定の安全性が確認されているものに指定される薬局販売医薬品、強壮・健康状態の改善・内臓諸器官の機能保護・疾病の予防を目的とするもので具体的な効能・治療効果をもたないものに指定される自由販売医薬品に分類される。\nイギリス.\nイギリスでは処方箋医薬品、一定の安全性が確立されているものの薬剤師が販売を監督する必要があるものに指定される薬局販売医薬品、安全性が広範に確立され薬剤師が販売を監督する必要がないものとして一般小売店で販売が可能なものに指定される自由販売医薬品に分類される。\n医薬品の開発.\n新薬の開発は、さまざまな素材から化合物を抽出または合成して基礎研究し、動物などで非臨床試験を実施後、3段階に分けて臨床試験する。試験終了後に国による承認審査が行われ、認可を受けて生産体制を整えて発売する。着手から発売までは、最短で10年余を要し、創薬と呼ばれる。\n新たな医薬品（先発医薬品・新薬）を開発することにより一定の利益を上げられるほか、画期的なブロックバスターとなれば製薬会社に莫大な利益をもたらすため、会社間の開発競争が続いている。一方で開発には長い期間（十数年）と巨額の費用（数百億円）を必要とする。医薬品業界は研究開発費の占める割合が世界で最も高い業界であり、2006年度で売上の15.9％が研究開発費に充てられていた。日本でも同様の傾向を示しており、2014年度には売上の12.2％が研究開発費となっていた。製品化できないリスクも他の業界に比べて高い。1990年代後半以降、研究開発費は上昇を続ける一方、研究の成功率は減少している。\n厚生労働大臣の承認を得る必要があり、新薬の特許は申請後原則20年で無効となる。特許庁に特許延長が認められれば、最大5年間の延長される。上市後の特許保護期間は、ほかの製品に比べ短くなることから、常に新たな医薬品の研究・開発が必要とされる。新薬開発の標的となるタンパク質の枯渇により研究開発費は上昇を続けている。以上のことから、医薬品業界は世界的に再編が進み、世界的な超大手企業（多国籍企業）に集約されつつある。日本でも例外ではなく、医薬品メーカーの再編が急激に進んでいるという。\n期間の切れた特許で作られた医薬品は後発医薬品（ジェネリック医薬品）と呼ばれ、後発品専門の医薬品メーカーも存在する。既に先発メーカーで実績のある有効成分を用いる事から、開発期間も短く、新たな投資が少ないため、先発品よりも費用が安く、国の医療保険財政に貢献している。2007年度には日本の医薬品販売額の6.2％がジェネリック医薬品によって占められていた。\n医薬品の製造.\n日本で医薬品の製造は、医薬品医療機器等法により医薬品製造業許可を要する。製造した医薬品を上市するためには、上市する医薬品の種類に応じて（第1種、第2種）医薬品製造販売業許可が必要である。\n医薬品の製造過程は、有効成分を製造し、ついで成型・充填して包装し出荷する。有効成分の製造は外注する場合があるが、成型・充填・包装はメーカーが行う。\n医薬品の販売.\n日本.\n医薬品は都道府県知事より許可された以下の場所のみ販売できる。診療所や病院などの医薬品扱いは、医師法あるいは歯科医師法の例外規定に拠る。\n薬局.\n薬機法では、薬剤師が販売または授与の目的で調剤業務を行う場所を、薬局と定義している。調剤室以外での調剤は、薬剤師法の規定により原則として認められていない。ただし、在宅医療などの場合は例外がある。\n処方箋に基づいて調剤をおこなう薬局を調剤薬局と呼ぶこともあるが、薬局であれば原則調剤ができるので不自然な呼び方であり、「薬局」と「調剤薬局」が別の形態であるかと誤認されるのを防ぐため、法的強制力はないが新規の薬局には「調剤薬局」という名称を避けることが求められている。\n店舗販売業.\n医薬品販売業のうち店舗において一般人へ一般用医薬品を販売する業態で，一般用医薬品以外の医薬品は扱うことができない。いわゆる調剤を行わない薬店やドラッグストアと呼ばれている業態。従来の一般販売業および薬種商販売業は経過措置により2012年5月までは店舗販売業とみなされ営業できる。2009年施行の改正薬事法で新たに設けられた業態。\n配置販売業.\n配置販売業とは、配置員（販売員）が消費者の家庭を訪問し、医薬品の入った箱（配置箱）を配置し、次回の訪問時に使用した分の代金を精算し、集金する仕組み（「先用後利（せんようこうり）」という）の医薬品配置販売業である。配置販売される医薬品は、置き薬ともいわれる。以前は、配置販売業の配置員は薬剤師などの資格を必要としなかったが、2009年の改正法による配置販売業では、薬剤師または登録販売者の資格を持たない配置員は、代金回収や補充以外の医薬品販売の業務ができないこととされた。配置販売に従事するに際しては都道府県知事の身分証の交付が必要となる。\n卸売販売業.\nいわゆる医薬品卸であり、医薬品販売業のうち医療機関や薬局などに医薬品を卸売りする業態である。倉庫が主体で店舗は持たない。自治体にワクチンを納めるなど特殊な例を除き、医療関係者以外に直接医薬品を販売することは禁じられている。\nフランス.\nフランスでは医薬品を販売することが可能な業態は薬局に限られる。薬局には薬剤師を常時配置することが必要で、一定の販売額を超える薬局では販売額ごとに決められた人数の薬剤師を配置することを要する。\nドイツ.\nドイツでは処方箋医薬品と薬局販売医薬品を販売することが可能な業態は薬局のみ、自由販売医薬品を販売することが可能な業態は薬局およびドロゲリーに限られる。処方箋医薬品と薬局販売医薬品の販売には薬剤師を常時配置することが必要であるほか、すべての医薬品は薬局の管理者による常時対応が可能になっていることを要する。\nイギリス.\nイギリスでは処方箋医薬品と薬局販売医薬品を販売することが可能な業態は薬局に限られる。自由販売医薬品は一般小売店でも販売することができる。処方箋医薬品と薬局販売医薬品の販売には薬剤師を常時配置することが必要である。\n医薬品産業.\n上記の製薬・流通・販売を含めた医薬品産業は巨大な規模となっており、一大産業となっている。2005年にはOECD加盟国のGDPのうち、平均で1.5％が医薬品に支出されていた。この支出金額は速いペースで増加傾向にある。2004年度の最大の医薬品生産国はアメリカであり、これにEU諸国が次ぐが、GDPに占める割合はそれほど高くない。医薬品産業が経済に大きな割合を占めるのはアイルランドとスイスであり、薬品の一大輸出国ともなっている。\n製薬会社の数は多く、全世界に存在しているものの、研究開発費の圧迫などから寡占化が進んでおり、2006年にはメガ・ファーマとも呼ばれる上位10社の市場占有率が46％に達した。約2014年度の医薬品販売額は1兆ドルを超えており、数値は拡大傾向にある。医薬品の最大の市場は北アメリカであり、次いで中国・日本・ドイツ・フランスの順となっている。\n医薬品をめぐる問題.\n不正.\n医薬品の有害反応（副作用）の監視が適切に組織化されておらず、そして有害反応に関する情報は非公開とされていることもあり、その少ない情報における患者からの副作用の報告が監督庁に容認されないことすらある。今まで処方箋医薬品であったものが、一般医薬品となる傾向もあり、副作用を把握する体制の弱体化ともなる。\n処方箋医薬品の不正として、その有効性や副作用を詐称して販売することが一般化しており、深刻かつ反復的な犯罪であるとされる。アメリカでは近年、違法に医薬品を販売したことによって、各製薬会社で罰金最高額を更新し合っており、一度で数十億ドルの罰金に達している。\n医薬品へのアクセス.\n世界保健機関はWHO必須医薬品モデル・リストを定めており、必須医薬品がどの国家においても容易に入手・使用できるよう求めている。しかし、特に発展途上国においてこの要求は満たされていないことが多い。これは、特に途上国において政府による医薬品規制が機能しておらず、高額な薬価や低品質な薬の問題が解決されていないこと、途上国向けよりも先進国向けの医薬品の方が多く製造されており、「顧みられない熱帯病」など途上国に蔓延する病気の治療薬の開発が遅れていることなどによる。特許権保護により新薬を開発した製薬企業の権利が保護され、安価なジェネリック医薬品の製造が制限されることも問題の一因であるが、知的所有権の貿易関連の側面に関する協定（TRIPS、トリップス協定）では医薬品特許は20年間保護されているものの、国家の緊急事態においてはこの特許を無視し、当該薬品を製造・輸入する、いわゆる強制実施権が同協定内で認められており、タイやインドなど数カ国で数度実施されたことがある。\nかつて日本においては、海外で発売された新薬の承認の遅れ、いわゆるドラッグ・ラグが2000年代に深刻化しており、2010年には海外での初売り出しから日本国内販売までの期間が平均で4.7年に達していた。これは先進12か国で最も遅い数字であり、最短のアメリカの2倍以上の期間となっていた。これをうけて日本政府は国際共同治験の推進や審査体制の強化を図り、2012年には審査時の遅れは解消され、ドラッグ・ラグ全体でも0.3年にまで短縮された。その後ドラッグ・ラグはやや伸びたものの少ない数字を維持しており、2018年度には0.9年となった。\n価格高騰.\nまた、医薬品価格の上昇、とくに一部医薬品の高額化は全世界的な問題となっている。研究開発費の高騰により、画期的な一部の新薬は非常に高額なものとなり、日本でも2019年には1回の投与に3000万円を超える薬品も出現した。同年にはアメリカでゾルゲンスマが承認され、価格は212万5000ドルと日本円で2億円を超える額となった。ゾルゲンスマは日本でも2020年の保険適用時に薬価が1億6707万円となり、初の1億円超えの薬となった。\nこの医薬品の高騰が特に問題となっているのはアメリカである。同国の薬価は世界で最も高く、1人あたり国民の医薬品出費も最も大きくなっている。アメリカは薬価基準制度が存在しないため価格の値上げが行いやすく、新規薬のみならず従来から使用されている薬においても大幅な値上げが行われることがある。2015年にはマーティン・シュクレリがエイズ治療薬であるダラプリムの価格を一気に55倍に引き上げ、アメリカのみならず全世界から強い批判を浴びた。このほかにも2010年代後半には薬価の高騰がさらに加速し、各社が大幅な値上げを行った。このため薬価引き下げが政治的焦点のひとつとなり、2019年には民主党が薬価引き下げ法案の提出の動きを見せ、また2020年にはドナルド・トランプ大統領が薬価引き下げを指示する大統領令に署名したものの、実現性は薄いとみられている。\n日本の医療保険制度においては、薬価基準制度が存在しており、薬品価格の高騰には規制がかけられている。患者の自己負担は薬価の3割（障害者や高齢者の場合は2割や1割に減額される）であり、残りの7割が医療保険から支払われる。しかし日本においても、高額医薬品の保険適用による、医療保険制度への財政負担も問題となりつつある。そのため、国は医療保険財政の改善策として、先発医薬品に比べ薬価が低く同等の効果を持つ後発医薬品（ジェネリック医薬品）の使用促進策と、薬局やドラッグストアなどで自分で選んで購入する一般用医薬品（市販薬）（このときに購入する医薬品をOTC医薬品と呼ぶ）の利用促進策に取り組んでいる。\n動物用医薬品.\n日本では「専ら動物のために使用されることが目的とされている医薬品」と定義されており、農林水産大臣が定めたものをいう。\n" 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[ "You don't want to admit that your instinct tells you another name." ]

[ "You are following your instinct already.", "Girls playing chess on a beach", "You have no right to criticise what I did.", "He couldn't believe what he had presumed.", "The gallery has a range of art works by Beatrix.", "Three people are walking.", "woman sitting in a house." ]

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[ "There is a man wearing a construction vest and hard hat." ]

[ "There is a woman taking pictures of cats on a street.", "A blond girl stands alone.", "The Great Mughals of history who ruled a longstanding Islamic empire", "He is trying to make a living by selling dreams.", "man they really have their um", "Two people play a game.", "People are playing music together." ]

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[ "KJUG-FM From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. KJUG-FM (106.7 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country format. Licensed to Tulare, California, USA, it serves the cities of Visalia-Tulare-Hanford-Porterville, and other rural communities in the region. The station is currently owned by Momentum Broadcasting, LP." ]

[ "Kidd Kraddick He is also a host of Dish Nation, 20th Century Fox syndicated TV show covering 92% of America. He is the owner and Chairman of Yea Networks, which owns Kidd Kraddick in the Morning, Infinite Agency, Radar Online, The Hollywood Five, and other related companies. www.kiddnation.com.", "- Urea Cycle. Urea is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism in humans and mammals. Ammonia, the product of oxidative deamination reactions, is toxic in even small amounts and must be removed from the body. The urea cycle or the ornithine cycle describes the conversion reactions of ammonia into urea.", "How many liquors have the word Gold in it? Alchemy, which was at its high point in the 16th century when Goldwasser appeared, held gold to have many desirable medical properties. Since the flakes are extremely small and thin, the price is not prohibitive. When used as food additive, Gold is labelled as E175.", "About Brooke & Jubal in The Morning Working in morning radio for 13 years, Brooke has hosted Top 40 radio’s first all female morning drive show in Spokane (KZZU-FM), served as music director and morning co-host in Portland (KKRZ-FM), started another all female morning show in Seattle (KQMV-FM) and has most recently found her radio match with Jubal Flagg.", "Suge Knight Record company CEO Suge Knight missed another court-ordered hearing on April 1st, 2006 to determine the legal ownership of pioneering west coast hip-hop label, Death Row Records. This comes about as a result of a long feud between old business partner Michael ‘Harry-O’ Harris who provided Suge with the capital start up money to launch the record label in 1991 from within prison.", "Kiss FM morning host: âThey pulled the plug on usâ Kiss FM morning host: ‘They pulled the plug on us’. Austin radio station 96.7 Kiss FM has apparently dumped nationally syndicated morning host Elvis Duran. “They pulled the plug on us,” New York-based Duran told one listener today on Twitter. A short time later, he told another fan, “They decided to take us off.”. Kiss FM is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia.", "\"Tag: \"\"Tom Sullivan\"\"\" At 11:00 am, station staff will open a time capsule left by a past generation of KFBK employees and longtime KFBK talk host Tom Sullivan – now syndicated by Fox News Radio but still heard on the station – joining Kitty O’Neal during the KFBK Afternoon News to commemorate the occasion.", "KRON-TV KRON-TV, virtual channel 4 (UHF digital channel 38), is a MyNetworkTV-affiliated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States.The station is owned by Media General. KRON maintains studios in the KGO-TV building in the Financial District, and its transmitter is located atop Sutro Tower.Its signal is relayed on low-powered translator K41AF (channel 41) in Ukiah.RON-TV became a MyNetworkTV affiliate when it debuted on September 5, 2006 (it is currently one of the largest MyNetworkTV-affiliated stations not to previously have been an affiliate of either The WB or UPN, second only to the network's Dallas O&O KDFI).", "- More Details for Kjug. Categorized under Radio Stations and Broadcasting Companies. Current estimates show this company has an annual revenue of $5 to 10 million and employs a staff of approximately 20 to 49.", "Safewayâs owner Albertsons postpones IPO, signaling trouble ahead Biz & Tech. Safeway’s owner Albertsons postpones IPO, signaling trouble ahead. The Safeway store at College and Claremont avenues is seen in Oakland, Calif. on Wednesday, Oct. 14, 2015. Cerberus Capital Management, which just completed a merger between its Safeway and Albertson's grocery stores, plans on taking the supermarket chains public again.", "TUCSON, ARIZONA âTHE MORNING BLENDâ SHOW on KGUN/ABC TV 11 AM MT This event has passed. THE MORNING BLEND on KGUN/ABC TV is Tucson’s most popular morning show. Today Hosts Heather Striker, Alex Steiniger and Tina Jennings welcome Mark Anthony the Psychic Lawyer® author of the afterlife and spiritual bestseller EVIDENCE OF ETERNITY. To visit the KGUN website:", "- To hold a lot of harnesses in a small space, get a better view of all the different harnesses you have available, and save money, you might try homemade crawler harness storage. Visit the lumberyard or pickup scraps from construction sites of 1/2 or 3/4 thick house insulation (sheet foam).", "- 13Owned by Corporate Media Consultants Group (itself 49% owned by Max Media) and operated by Sinclair. 14Owned by Waitt Broadcasting, but operated by Sinclair under an SSA. 15Owned by Intermountain West Communications Company and operated by Sinclair, sale to Cunningham Broadcasting pending. 16Owned by Granite Broadcasting Corporation and operated by Sinclair through a JSA and SSA. 17Owned by New Age Media and operated by Sinclair under an MSA.", "- CHICAGO, IL — Radio personality Erich Mancow Muller of WLUP-FM 97.9 filed a lawsuit Monday in Cook County Circuit Court after his employer hired his former boss, radio executive Marv Nyren. Muller, of the Mancow Morning Show, is suing Nyren for ...", "Kinder Morgan KN Energy became Kinder Morgan, Inc. (NYSE: KMI), Kinder Morgan's second publicly traded company. Today KMI owns 50 percent of and operates NGPL. A third publicly traded Kinder Morgan company was formed in 2001 - Kinder Morgan Management, LLC (NYSE: KMR) - to facilitate institutional ownership of KMP equity.", "- Sinclair, either directly or through its venture subsidiaries, makes equity investments in strategic companies. Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. was founded in 1986, went public in 1995 and is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol SBGI.", "\"Tag: \"\"Tom Sullivan\"\"\" Back at what is currently KNEW (910 AM), that station will take on new calls KKSF and become “San Francisco’s Talk 910 – KKSF.” Armstrong & Getty (piped in from Sacramento) remain in mornings with Dial Global’s Clark Howard, Fox News Radio’s Tom Sullivan and a local PM drive show yet to be announced.", "- McLean, Va.-based Gannett Co., which owns KSDK (Channel 5) and 22 other TV stations nationwide, said Thursday that it’s acquiring Belo Corp. of Dallas for $1.5 billion in cash, plus the assumption of $715 million in debt. One of Belo’s 20 TV stations is KMOV (Channel 4).", "Shakeup at WGCI: Morning show, program director out Tony Sculfield, Nina Chantele and Leon Rogers. Morning personalities Tony Sculfield and Nina Chantele were forced out Monday in a programming shakeup at urban contemporary WGCI FM 107.5. Sole survivor of the morning team is Leon Rogers, who will stay on with soon-to-be-named new hosts. Until then, Rogers will co-host mornings with weekend personality Rob Nice. Kenard Karter. Also out after nine months as program director of WGCI is Kenard Karter.", "WGBH-TV The station is owned by the WGBH Educational Foundation, which also owns and operates: WGBX-TV (channel 44), Springfield, Massachusetts-based PBS station WGBY-TV (channel 57) and public radio stations WGBH (FM) and WCRB in the Boston area, and WCAI (and satellites WZAI and WNAN) in Cape Cod.", "Top Music Stations in Knoxville, TN Knoxville, TN. WUOT (91.9 FM) is the National Public Radio member station in Knoxville, Tennessee. Owned by the University of Tennessee, it airs a mix of news, classical music and jazz, along with programming from NPR, American Public Media and Public Radio International. The station is also broadcast on HD radio.", "KCEE KCEE is a commercial radio station located in Cortaro, Arizona, broadcasting to the Tucson, Arizona area on 690 AM. KCEE airs an adult standards music format. The station is currently owned by Good News Communications, who bought the station in order to swap its former frequency of 1030 KHz with the one of Good News' talk station KVOI.", "Radio and television brands Alba and Bush sold to Argos owner Home Retail Group Home Retail Group, the owner of Argos, has bought two of Britain's oldest radio and television brands, Alba and Bush, for £15.25m to save the very strong heritage of the unprofitable businesses. Bush radio from the 1960s Photo: PHIL COBURN. By Rowena Mason.", "Sirius XM Has A New Owner Sirius XM Radio Inc. (NASDAQ: SIRI) has a new owner, and it is certainly no surprise that owner is Liberty Media (NASDAQ: LMCA). As of Thursday evening 1/17/2013, Liberty released a form 4 indicating that it had purchased 50,000,000 shares of Sirius XM on 1/15/2013.", "KHOT-FM KHOT signed on the air on July 19, 1996, carrying a country music format known as Young Buck Country. Before the station was on the air, the call letters were KXLL. The call letters were changed shortly after sign on to KBUQ to complement the Young Buck Country branding.", "ABOUT CURTIS MEDIA GROUP ABOUT CURTIS MEDIA GROUP. Founded in 1968 by Don Curtis, Curtis Media Group began its adventure in broadcasting in Cherryville, NC with WCSL-AM. Over the years CMG has grown and developed into the largest single-shareholder radio broadcasting company in the country. CMG is currently home to 57 AM and FM radio signals across the state.", "Top 3 Companies Owned by Comcast (CMCSA) NBCUniversal Media, LLC, is Comcast Corporation's media, content and entertainment arm. The company owns and operates numerous media properties, including broadcast networks, cable networks, movie studios and theme parks. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast Corporation. NBCUniversal Media operates the broadcast networks NBC and Telemundo, both of which air across all 50 U.S. states. The company owns local affiliate NBC stations in 10 U.S. cities and local affiliate Telemundo stations in 17 U.S. cities.", "- 1 Sourn Serey Ratha accuses World Khmer Radio of using the name of the MoI to warn a volunteer working for his KPPM radio station. 2 WKR rejects Sourn Serey Ratha’s accusation. A postcard from an anonymous reader to Kim Van Chheng, the personal aid of the minister of Interior Sar Kheng.", "- [UPDATED] Two big music media deals close out 2016. Hollywood Reporter and Billboard Media Group have acquired SpinMedia’s music assets Spin, Vibe and Stereogum and Irving Azoff and Tim Leiweke's Oak View Group bought Venues Today. Hollywood Reporter and Billboard Media Group have acquired troubled SpinMedia’s music assets Spin, Vibe and Stereogum.", "Sinclair Broadcast Group On June 3, 2013, Sinclair announced that it would purchase four stations from the Titan TV Broadcast Group – KMPH-TV and KFRE-TV in Fresno, California, KPTM in Omaha, Nebraska, and KPTH in Sioux City, Iowa.", "KPNX Gannett's ownership of KPNX and the Republic was a factor in their acquisition of the Belo Corporation, owner of KTVK and KASW, in 2013; Belo's Phoenix properties had to be divested to the Meredith Corporation and SagamoreHill Broadcasting (KASW has since been sold to the Nexstar Broadcasting Group).", "- Comcast Corporation acquired 51% of NBCUniversal from General Electric and became majority owner of the company on January 29, 2011. Comcast completed its acquisition of NBCUniversal upon its purchase of General Electric’s remaining common equity stake on March 19, 2013. FCC Order on Comcast NBCUniversal Transaction | Conditions | Erratum. U.S. Department of Justice Consent Decree regarding the Comcast NBC Universal Transaction.", "- khfi-fm (96.7 fm; georgetown, tx; owner: ccb texas licenses, l.p.) kqjz (92.1 fm; hutto, tx; owner: central texas radio, inc.) kamx (94.7 fm; luling, tx; owner: texas infinity radio l.p.)", "- Sinclair Broadcast Group is an American telecommunications company that is owned by the family of company founder Julian Sinclair Smith.", "- Separate regulatory reviews of the proposal were continuing in the United States and Canada. On January 25, 2010, the United States and Canadian governments cleared the way for Live Nation and TicketMaster to merge. Irving Azoff is chairman and founder of Azoff Music Management Group, Inc. In late 2008, he became chairman and CEO of Ticketmaster Entertainment. He is now Executive Chairman of Live Nation Entertainment. As part of the agreement with governments to merge, Ticketmaster has to sell its ownership in its self-ticketing company, Paciolan.", "Alex Jones Alex Jones (radio host) Alexander Emerick Jones (born February 11, 1974) is an American radio show host, filmmaker, writer, businessman, and conspiracy theorist. He hosts The Alex Jones Show from Austin, Texas, which airs on the Genesis Communications Network and shortwave radio station WWCR across the United States and online. His website, Infowars.com, is a conspiracy theories and fake news website.", "WTTO However, trusts belonging to members of SBGI's founding Smith family control almost all of Cunningham's stock. 3Operated by Nexstar under an LMA. 4Owned by Second Generation Ltd. and managed by SBGI. SBGI is seeking an FCC failing station waiver to purchase the station's license.", "Talk:Kotaku The Whois record notes that Kotaku.com is owned by Kinja Kft and Kotaku also reports that Kinja.com (or the site) manages it's policies. I don't want to add a whole bunch about Kinja on the Kotaku page.", "Florence County, Wisconsin Florence County was founded in 1882. Florence County takes its name from the Florence Mining Company. Geography. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 498 square miles (1,290 km 2), of which 488 square miles (1,260 km 2) is land and 9.3 square miles (24 km 2) (1.9%) is water. Adjacent counties", "Clear Channel flips its name to iHeartMedia (Kevin Winter / Getty Images for Clear Channel) Clear Channel, the nation's biggest radio station owner, is broadcasting a new signal to listeners and advertisers. The San Antonio-based media company, owner of 840 radio stations, has changed its name to iHeartMedia, after its iHeartRadio online network that lets people listen to the likes of Ryan Seacrest and Rush Limbaugh over the Web.", "Radio New Jersey: Is Everyone Listening? It seems to be a point of pride at WKXW-FM, universally known as New Jersey 101.5, that it was not Gov. Jim Florio's tax increase that made the station what it is today. Still, it may well be 101.5 that made Mr. Florio what he is today: a former Governor.", "K-Jug - KKJG - FM 98.1 - San Luis Obispo, CA K-Jug - KKJG - FM 98.1 - San Luis Obispo, CA. Today's Best Country. 98.1 KJUG serves San Luis Obispo and Northern Santa Barbara Counties on the beautiful Central Coast of California! KJUG is KKJG-FM and is owned by ... See more American General Media with offices and studios in San Luis Obispo, California. Country.", "About Us Capitol Broadcasting Company, Inc. is a diversified communications company which owns and/or operates WRAL-TV, WRAL Digital, WRAZ-TV, WRAZ Digital, WRAL-FM, WRAL-HD2, WCMC-FM, WCMC-HD1, WDNC-AM, WCMC-HD2, WCMC-HD3, WCLY-AM, WCMC-HD4, Microspace, CBC New Media Group and Wolfpack Sports Properties (a joint venture with Learfield) in Raleigh, NC; ...", "- ktrb (860 am; 50 kw; modesto, ca; owner: pappas radio of california, a california limited partnership) knbr (680 am; 50 kw; san francisco, ca; owner: knbr lico, inc.) kcbc (770 am; 50 kw; riverbank, ca; owner: kiertron, inc.)", "- KTAS. KTAS is a Spanish-language television station in San Luis Obispo, California, broadcasting locally on 34 (digital) as an affiliate of Telemundo. The station is owned by Raul & Consuelo Palazuelos. KTAS was previously seen on now-defunct repeater stations K07TA in Santa Maria and K09UF in Morro Bay.", "- KSWB, San Diego’s Fox affiliate owned by Tribune, has made Alejandro Guajardo the new creative services director. He had been acting as interim CSD since February and was the station’s commercial production manager prior to that.", "Digity to sell radio station portfolio to Alpha Media Digity to sell radio station portfolio to Alpha Media. Digity LLC said Wednesday it has agreed to sell its radio station portfolio to Alpha Media. Financial terms weren’t announced. Garrison Investment Group LP and Dean Goodman own a majority of Digity. West Palm Beach, Florida-based Digity owns or operates 116 stations in 26 markets.", "KGGO KGGO is a classic rock radio station based in Des Moines, Iowa. It is located at 94.9 on the FM band. The station's studios are in Urbandale, Iowa, with Cumulus Media's other Des Moines stations: KJJY, KHKI, KWQW, and KBGG. (Before 2001, KGGO's studios were located in Berwick, a small town north of Des Moines.) History The first radio station to occupy the 94.9 FM frequency in Des Moines was KNDR (New Directions Radio), which signed on in 1961, under the ownership of the Hopkins family, with studios in the Brown Hotel but left the air a year later due to financial problems.", "NBCUniversal Transaction Overview Comcast Corporation, one of the nation's leading providers of entertainment, information and communications products and services, is the owner of NBCUniversal, which owns and operates entertainment and news cable networks, the NBC and Telemundo broadcast networks, local television station groups, television production operations and a major motion ...", "Kroger and Roundy's Announce Definitive Merger Agreement CINCINNATI and MILWAUKEE, Nov. 11, 2015 /PRNewswire/ -- The Kroger Co. (NYSE: KR) and Roundy's, Inc. (NYSE: RNDY) today announced a definitive merger agreement under which Kroger will purchase all outstanding shares of Roundy's for $3.60 per share in cash.", "WHUD In 1982, Highland Broadcasting sold WHUD and WLNA to Radio Terrace, Inc. The format remained unchanged, however, more resources were diverted away from WLNA in favor of WHUD as AM radio began to decline. In 1986, Joe O'Brien retired and was replaced by longtime NYC radio personality Ed Baer.", "'Arizonaâs Family' could go by the wayside as KTVK Channel 3's new owner takes over Enlarge. Bill Lewis. Meredith Corp. , the new owner of KTVK-TV Channel 3, is expected to take over this week and there’s much speculation about the station’s future and its local newscasts – especially since Meredith also owns competitor KPHO-TV Channel 5.", "KSWB-TV On August 1, 2008, KSWB-TV swapped network affiliations with Tijuana, Mexico-based XETV-TV as a... On August 1, 2008, KSWB-TV swapped network affiliations with Tijuana, Mexico-based XETV-TV as a result of an affiliation agreement signed earlier that year between Tribune Broadcasting and the... fandom", "New owner at Fox 25 after station swap with Cox Media Above, longtime evening anchor Maria Stephanos. Boston TV station Fox 25 has a new owner under a surprise TV station swap announced yesterday — and the first big move is general manager Gregg Kelley, who is heading to the West Coast to helm two TV stations.", "TK99 is the new radio home for New York Yankees baseball in Syracuse TK99, owned by Galaxy Communications, will be the home for Yankee radio broadcasts in Syracuse starting with the 2014 season. The Yankees had previously been on WSYR radio in Syracuse, owned by Clear Channel Communications. Clear Channel has had the local rights to the Yankees since 2002. We are thrilled to partner with the greatest brand in sports, the New York Yankees, said Ed Levine, President and CEO of Galaxy Communications. We intend to go far beyond just broadcasting the games on the radio in Syracuse.", "Company Overview of Digity Media, LLC Company Overview. Digity Media, LLC owns and operates radio stations. The company was incorporated in 2013 and is headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida. Digity Media, LLC operates as a subsidiary of Digity, LLC.", "KKGO KKGO is a commercial radio station located in Los Angeles, California, broadcasting on 105.1 FM. KKGO airs a country music format, branded as Go Country 105. KKGO was founded by Saul Levine and is still owned by his corporation, Mount Wilson Broadcasting, and remains the only independently owned-and-operated FM radio station licensed to Los Angeles.", "Ellen K Ellen K. (born September 19, 1962)[1] is an American radio personality in the Los Angeles, California market and a television host. She is the host of the Ellen K Radio Show on KOST 103.5 FM. From 1990 to 2015 she worked at KOST's Sister Station 102.7 KIIS-FM, co-hosting the Rick Dees morning show and later the On Air with Ryan Seacrest show. On October 19, 2015, Ellen took over the morning show at KOST after longtime morning host Mark Wallengren moved to afternoons.", "Digity to sell radio station portfolio to Alpha Media Digity to sell radio station portfolio to Alpha Media Digity LLC said Wednesday it has agreed to sell its radio station portfolio to Alpha Media. Financial terms weren’t announced. Garrison Investment Group LP and Dean Goodman own a majority of Digity. West Palm Beach, Florida-based Digity owns or operates 116 stations in 26 markets. Piper Jaffray served as advisor to Alpha Media.", "NBC In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, forming NBC Universal. Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electric's remaining stake in 2013.", "KTTC Owned by Quincy Newspapers, KTTC operates the area's Fox affiliate KXLT-TV (owned by SagamoreHill Broadcasting) through a shared services agreement. Both stations share studios on Bandel Road Northwest in Rochester. KXLT also operates an advertising sales office on Lakeview Drive in Clear Lake, Iowa that also serves Mason City. Syndicated programming on KTTC includes Inside Edition, Judge Judy, The Doctors, and Steve Harvey among others.", "G. Gnanalingam Runs Westports, Malaysia's largest privately owned port, which he founded in 1994. Said to be making way for son Ruben to eventually take over.Also owns a stake in pencilmaker Pelikan and logistics firm Konsortium Logistiks.uns Westports, Malaysia's largest privately owned port, which he founded in 1994. Said to be making way for son Ruben to eventually take over.", "KTWV KTWV is a commercial FM radio station owned by Entercom. KTWV is located in Los Angeles and broadcasts to Greater Los Angeles, including its suburbs in Orange County, Riverside–San Bernardino and Ventura Counties. Airing an Urban Adult Contemporary radio format branded as 94-7 The Wave, the station has studios on Wilshire Boulevard in the Miracle Mile district of Los Angeles. Its transmitter is located on Mount Wilson.", "WPVI-TV It was originally owned by Triangle Publications, publishers of The Philadelphia Inquirer and owners of WFIL radio (560 AM, and 102.1 FM). WFIL radio had been an ABC radio affiliate dating back to the network's existence as the NBC Blue Network.", "- Home Retail Group, the owner of Argos, has bought two of Britain's oldest radio and television brands, Alba and Bush, for £15.25m to save the very strong heritage of the unprofitable businesses. Bush radio from the 1960s Photo: PHIL COBURN.", "- Yahoo News. Glenn Beck defends Tomi Lahren ousting In an interview with Glenn Beck, the founder and CEO of Mercury Radio Arts and the majority shareholder in the Blaze, Yahoo News and Finance Anchor Bianna Golodryga asked Beck about the ousting of commentator Tomi Lahren after she expressed pro-choice views.", "KQRS-FM Tom Barnard and Terri Pawelk (Traen/Trainy) host the long-running morning show (with others such a Dave Mordal, Phillip Wise, Throttle-Me Bill and KMSP-TV news personality Jeff Passolt), Wally Walker hosts middays; Lisa Miller hosts half of the afternoon drive and Brian Zepp takes the other; Ray Erick hosts evenings.his location was the first studio and transmitter site for the station. The KQRS call sign stayed with the AM until 1982, when it switched to an oldies format as KGLD before returning to the simulcast and the KQRS calls less than two years later.", "Top 3 Companies Owned by Comcast (CMCSA) It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast Corporation. NBCUniversal Media operates the broadcast networks NBC and Telemundo, both of which air across all 50 U.S. states. The company owns local affiliate NBC stations in 10 U.S. cities and local affiliate Telemundo stations in 17 U.S. cities.", "- WGLT picked up a coveted Keeping The Blues Alive award presented by the Blues Foundation in Memphis, Tennessee. GLT Morning Edition host and Music Director Jon Norton accepted the award for the station during the KBA awards luncheon February 3 at the Doubletree Hotel in Memphis.", "NEW: Radio Host Jim Polito to Leave WTAG for FOX25 Representatives for FOX25 and WTAG could not immediately be reached for comment on the staffing change, but GoLocalWorcester has learned that Polito has signed a contract with the station, and the departing radio host posted the television station's logo to his Facebook page on Monday.", "Dish Network to own huge block of spectrum Dish Network Chairman Charlie Ergen Photo: Reuters. Weeks after withdrawing a $2.2 billion bid to buy bankrupt LightSquared and its 4G spectrum, Charlie Ergen is about to win a government auction for the so-called H Block of spectrum, The Post has learned.", "- Title I-Helping Disadvantaged Children Meet High Standards. Program purpose authorization : Title I, formerly known as Chapter 1, is part of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, and is the foundation of the federal commitment to closing the achievement gap between low-income and other students.Nearly 14,000 of the 15,000 school districts in the nation conduct Title I programs.he 1994 reauthorization of Title I shifted the program's emphasis from remedial education to helping all disadvantaged children reach rigorous state academic standards expected of all children. Title I funds can be used for instructional activities, counseling, parental involvement, and program improvement.", "- ktxz (1560 am; 3 kw; west lake hills, tx; owner: nogales broadcasting, l.c.) ktkr (760 am; 50 kw; san antonio, tx; owner: ccb texas licenses, l.p.) woai (1200 am; 50 kw; san antonio, tx; owner: ccb texas licenses, l.p.) koke (1600 am; 5 kw; pflugerville, tx; owner: amigo radio, ltd.) kkyx (680 am; 50 kw; san antonio, tx; owner: cxr holdings, inc.)", "- His company, Union Square Hospitality Group, owns nine full-service restaurants. High Rents Are Killing the Restaurant Capital Will Doig October 28, 2014 Korte Luitjohan Contractors, Inc., Illinois-based full-service construction contractor.", "- Meanwhile, Steve Freeman, vice president and operations manager for TCR Radio, which owns WAI and KFSH, said the company is set to make the jump from broadband to terrestrial radio on May 1 with its Arkansas Priority Radio Network.", "- Arizona s Family (general) The Place with More News (news) Everywhere, Always There (breaking news) KTVK is a full service television station in Phoenix, Arizona, broadcasting on local digital UHF channel 34. Founded in 1955, it is owned by Belo ... See more Corporation. It is an affiliate of The CW (The CW Television Network) which features on a mixture of programming mostly targeted towards women and young adults.", "Spike TV to Become Paramount Network in Viacom Rebranding (Exclusive) Sources tell THR that Spike chief Kevin Kay — who recently added oversight of CMT and TV Land to his purview of the Global Entertainment Group — is expected to remain in place. The rebranding could begin as early as 2018, sources say, and no personnel changes are expected to be made at this time.", "Turner Broadcasting System In 1970, Ted Turner, then owner of a successful Atlanta-based outdoor advertising company, purchased WJRJ-Atlanta, Channel 17, a small, struggling Ultra High Frequency station, and renamed it WTCG, for parent company Turner Communications Group. By careful programming acquisitions, Turner guided the station to success.", "KFMB Stations KFMB Stations are owned by Midwest Television and operated in San Diego, CA. KFMB-TV (CBS 8): KFMB-TV went on the air on May 16, 1949, as San Diego's first television station. It has always been a CBS affiliate, and is the only station in the city to have never changed its affiliation. website: www.cbs8.com KFMB-AM (760 KFMB am): 760 KFMB is a news/talk radio station and can be heard on 760 AM featuring San Diego and America's top talk personalites!", "\"NewsMSG Buys NY's Radio City Music Hall, Will Keep RockettesDec 04, 1997New York's legendary Rockettes aren't going anywhere -- the only thing different will be the signature on the bottom of their paychecks. That's because Cablevision Systems Inc., owner of Madison Square Garden, MSG network, the and NY Knicks & Rangers, has purchased Radio City Music Hall, home of the annual Christmas Spectacular.New York's legendary Rockettes aren't going anywhere -- the only thing different will be the signature on the bottom of their paychecks. That's because Cablevision Systems Inc., owner of Madison Square Garden, MSG network, the and NY Knicks & Rangers, has purchased Radio City Music Hall, home of the annual Christmas Spectacular.According to the NY Daily News, Cablevision plans to invest $25 million in the 5,901-seat Hall, including lobby renovation and TV equipment. MSG President Dave Checketts said he hopes to \"\"return Radio City Hall to its original splendor.\"\" Doing so will entail shutting the Hall down for four months and cancelling the next Easter show.The Long Island cable giant will lease the building from Tishman-Speyer for 25 years; the previous lease expires January 1998.Built in 1932, Radio City fell on hard times in the 1970s. In 1996, developer Jerry Speyer bought Rockefeller Center and has since sought a new operator for Radio City Music Hall to boost its profile in the entertainment world. Said Checketts, \"\"Instead of reaching just the people in the theatre, they could potentially be reaching millions of TV viewers.\"\"Though ticket prices at Radio City are likely to rise (as they did for sports and other events at MSG), Cablevision CEO James Dolan did tell the News the good news: \"\"The Rockettes are staying right where they are for at least the next 25 years.\"\" Founded in 1925, the Rockettes became the first and premiere attraction of Radio City Music Hall since its opening day, Dec. 27, 1932. -- By David Lefkowitz\" Founded in 1925, the Rockettes became the first and premiere attraction of Radio City Music Hall since its opening day, Dec. 27, 1932. -- By David Lefkowitz Today’s Most Popular News:", "What is wmg? and why are they messing up the youtube audio? The big music/media corporations such as UMG, EMI, Warner and Viacom not only own their music, they also own the rights to them. That includes how and where their music can be publicly presented.", "Digity to sell radio station portfolio to Alpha Media RBC Capital Markets LLC advised Digity Media. PRESS RELEASE. WEST PALM BEACH, Fla.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Digity, LLC, headquartered in West Palm Beach, Florida announced today that it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its radio station portfolio to Alpha Media of Portland, Oregon. Digity owns or operates 116 stations in 26 markets. Digity is majority owned by Garrison Investment Group LP in New York and Digity CEO Dean Goodman. Dean Goodman, Chief Executive Officer of Digity Companies, LLC said, “Larry Wilson and I have a shared vision ...", "KUOW-FM KUOW-FM 94.9 is a National Public Radio member station in Seattle, Washington. It is one of 2 stations in the Seattle/Tacoma media market, and one of the highest-rated NPR stations in the country. It is a service of the University of Washington, but is operated by KUOW Puget Sound Public Radio, a nonprofit community organization.", "- Even by the flexible moral, ethical, and professional standards of American talk radio, the May 28th segment of KRXQ 98.5 FM Sacramento's Rob, Arnie,... breaking news Tap here to turn on desktop notifications to get the news sent straight to you.", "- HughE Dillon. From left: Stephen K. Klasko, MD, president and CEO of Thomas Jefferson University and the TJUH System, Drew Milstein, Susquehanna Financial Group, Hope Cohen, cookbook author, Sara Cerato, director, SAC Associates, Inc., and Richard Binswanger, CEO/president at A Way To Donate.", "- Sulayman Jeng – Editor-In-Chief Sulayman Jeng is the Editor- In - Chief of the Kibaaro Newspaper. He is responsible for editing and publishing news articles, opinions and rejoinders. Sulayman has BA in English and International Relations. He has been the assistant editor of Kibaaro Newspaper from Feb. 2014 to 14 Jan. 2015, when he took over as Editor-In-Chief.", "Armstrong Williams âLeading African-American Ownerâ of TV Stations in the Country FCC approved the acquisition of 2 television stations by Howard Stirk Holdings (II), a company that is entirely owned by Armstrong Williams. FCC approved the acquisition of 2 television stations by Howard Stirk Holdings (II), a company that is entirely owned by Armstrong Williams.", "- WJRS - AM 1060 - Jamestown, KY. WJKY (1060 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. Licensed to Jamestown, Kentucky, USA. The station is currently owned by Lake Cumberland ... See more Broadcasters and features programing from Jones Radio Network.", "- From left: Stephen K. Klasko, MD, president and CEO of Thomas Jefferson University and the TJUH System, Drew Milstein, Susquehanna Financial Group, Hope Cohen, cookbook author, Sara Cerato, director, SAC Associates, Inc., and Richard Binswanger, CEO/president at A Way To Donate.", "- Kiss FM morning host: ‘They pulled the plug on us’. Austin radio station 96.7 Kiss FM has apparently dumped nationally syndicated morning host Elvis Duran. “They pulled the plug on us,” New York-based Duran told one listener today on Twitter. Kiss FM is owned by San Antonio-based iHeartMedia.", "- learfield names industry executives sarah davis, pat flynn, steve leach to its university partnership group February 20, 2018 nku, iheart media reach multi-year agreement for norse men’s basketball radio broadcasts", "Layer3 TV to Launch in Chicago Soon, Backed by Altice and John Paulson (EXCLUSIVE) Some of the money used to finance the launch comes from two previously unannounced investors: French telco Altice, through newly acquired U.S. subsidiary Suddenlink, and Paulson Co., the investment company of famed hedge fund investor John Paulson.", "- KSNV is a television station in Las Vegas, NV that serves the Las Vegas television market. The station runs programming from the NBC network and identifies itself as NBC 3 News. KSNV is a digital full-power television station that operates with 630 kilowatts of power and is owned by Sinclair Broadcast Group. Find more stations owned by Sinclair.", "KQ R ratings are in trouble moves Yella said: ↑. Looks like Justin Severson is out at KQ and the Chucker, aka John Larson is moving from Kxxr PM to a morning show regular and most likely producer. Guessing all time low ratings for the morning show are behind the blame Justin escape goat.", "- NEBRASKA EDUCATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION: Basic Data KXNE Ownership: KXNE FM/HD2 : 89.3: NPR Eclectic NPR News / Jazz: NEBRASKA EDUCATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION: Basic Data KXNE Ownership: KPNO FM : 90.9: Contemporary Christian Music Praise (KGRD Simulcast) THE PRAISE NETWORK, INC. Basic Data KPNO Ownership: KVLD FM : 91.7: Contemporary Christian Music", "KDAY KDAY (93.5 FM, 93.5 KDAY) is a radio station based in Los Angeles that airs a classic hip-hop format. KDAY is owned by Meruelo Radio Holdings, LLC, and is licensed to Redondo Beach. From 2004 to 2008, KDAY and KDAI in Ontario, California were a pair of synchrocasting radio stations serving LA/Orange County and Riverside/San Bernardino.", "- kgou (106.3 fm; norman, ok; owner: university of oklahoma) khbz-fm (94.7 fm; oklahoma city, ok; owner: clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc.) ktst (101.9 fm; oklahoma city, ok; owner: clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc.)", "- Graham Media Group, a subsidiary of Graham Holdings Company (NYSE: GHC), owns seven local television stations - each in a top-70 market and all recognized as news leaders: KPRC–Houston, WDIV–Detroit and WSLS–Roanoke (NBC); KSAT–San Antonio (ABC); WKMG–Orlando (CBS); WJXT–Jacksonville (fully local), and WCWJ–Jacksonville (CW), as well as Social News ...", "Kaplan, WGN-AM agree to new multiyear deal WGN Radio's David Kaplan interviews Patrick Sharp in 2011. (Brent Lewis / Chicago Tribune). Longtime WGN-AM 720 sports talk host David Kaplan has agreed to a multiyear deal to stay with the radio station. Terms of the agreement were not disclosed.", "- kghl-fm (98.5 fm; billings, mt; owner: new northwest broadcasters, llc) kndz (105.1 fm; billings, mt; owner: new northwest broadcasters, llc) kemc (91.7 fm; billings, mt; owner: montana state university-billings) k205cl (88.9 fm; shepherd, mt; owner: family stations, inc.) k236ab (95.1 fm; billings, mt; owner: capstar tx limited partnership) k296em (107.1 fm; billings, mt; owner: western inspirational broadcasters, inc)", "- Sunflower State Radio is a digital production of Dierking Communications, Inc. serving listeners in the states of Kansas & Nebraska. Dierking Communications, Inc. owns and operates radio stations in Northeast, North Central and Northwest Kansas. Founded in 1988 in Marysville, today we own six radio stations serving three markets.", "Eggheads (TV series) In 2008, Jeremy Vine was hired to present on the nights when Murnaghan was hosting the spinoff series. After the spin-off show finished, Murnaghan and Vine continued to host the series on a rotational basis, with Murnaghan typically hosting the first half of each series and Vine taking over for the second half.rom 13 December 2010, 10 Celebrity Eggheads episodes were aired for a third series. Then, from 12 to 23 December 2011, including a Sunday show on 18 December, the format returned for a fourth series.", "KSDK parent Gannett to buy KMOV's parent company KSDK parent Gannett to buy KMOV's parent company. The parent companies of the NBC and CBS television affiliates in St. Louis are combining, but area viewers shouldn’t expect to see any immediate changes in their local newscasts.", "WGUO WGUO (94.9 MHz, 50,000 watts; Reserve, Louisiana), a.k.a. Gumbo 94.9, is a classic country outlet serving the New Orleans area. The station is owned by Dowdy Broadcasting. The station signed on May 17, 1991 as WADU-FM, which carried an easy-listening/nostalgia format.", "Internal Revenue Bulletin: 2014-42 The rates are effective for per diem allowance for lodging, meal, and incidental expenses, or for meal and incidental expenses only, that are paid to any employee on or after Oct. 1, 2015, for travel away from home on or after that date.he special per diem rates for 2015-16 that taxpayers can use for substantiating the amount of ordinary and necessary business expenses incurred while traveling away from home were set by the IRS on Sept. 16. Advertisement.", "iHeartMedia In Boston, Limbaugh had to once again be bailed out by his corporate bosses. Formerly known as Clear Channel, iHeartMedia owns the syndication company that produces and sells Limbaugh’s radio show. iHeartMedia also owns hundreds of radio stations.", "KCRA 3 Station History Originally, KCRA 3 was co-owned by Ewing C. Kelly, who also established and owned KCRA AM-FM radio stations. The Hansen Family, brothers C. Vernon, Gerald and Kenneth, who owned Crystal Cream and Butter Company, were joint partners with Ewing.", "WISE-TV The station was owned by William Kunkle, owner of The Journal Gazette newspaper (with both entities forming the call letters), WKJG radio (AM 1380 and FM 97.3), and other television stations. On September 30, 1971, the radio stations were sold.", "- WJMK (104.3 FM) is a classic hits radio station in Chicago, Illinois. The station is known as K-Hits 104.3.. The station adopted this format on March 14, 2011, after spending 6 years as Jack FM. Prior to that, WJMK spent 21 years as an oldies station.", "Metalogix Gets Bought Metalogix CEO Steve Murphy started looking for growth capital for his DC-based firm this summer and quickly realized a better way to expand the venture-backed company: sell to a PE firm. The company, which helps enterprises manage their collaboration platforms, was acquired this week by Permira, a European PE firm with offices in NYC and Menlo Park.", "KSDK parent Gannett to buy KMOV's parent company KMOV has been owned by Belo Corp. since 1997, when the Dallas-based company swapped a Seattle station to acquire it from Viacom. Gannett entered the St. Louis TV market in 1995 when it bought Multimedia Inc., which operated KSDK.", "NBC talks with Ch. 7 could bring shake-up to Boston TV “We have a number of other strong options in the Boston market, including using our existing broadcast license to launch an NBC-owned and operated station,” Eck said. After a two-week standoff, Ansin ultimately agreed to broadcast Leno’s show, and WHDH kept its affiliation with NBC.", "- kzrv (107.5 fm; billings, mt; owner: new northwest broadcasters, llc) kyya-fm (93.3 fm; billings, mt; owner: fisher radio regional group, inc.) krzn (96.3 fm; billings, mt; owner: fisher radio regional group, inc.) klmt (89.3 fm; billings, mt; owner: western inspirational broadcasters inc) kbbb (103.7 fm; billings, mt; owner: capstar tx limited partnership) kctr-fm (102.9 fm; billings, mt; owner: capstar tx limited partnership) krsq (101.9 fm; laurel, mt; owner: new northwest broadcasters, llc) kkbr (97.1 fm; billings, mt; owner: capstar tx limited partnership)", "KKGO Saul Levine launched the station at 105.1 in February 1959 as KBCA, and it was one of the first FM stations to broadcast from Mount Wilson. In 1979, the station changed its callsign to KKGO. This was prompted by a court challenge from KABC, according to one local podcaster.", "Union City, California Strongest AM radio stations in Union City: 1 KGO (810 AM; 50 kW; SAN FRANCISCO, CA; Owner: KGO-AM RADIO, INC.) 2 KFAX (1100 AM; 50 kW; SAN FRANCISCO, CA; Owner: GOLDEN GATE BROADCASTING CO, INC.) 3 KTCT (1050 AM; 50 kW; SAN MATEO, CA; Owner: SUSQUEHANNA RADIO CORP.) 4 KNBR (680 AM; 50 kW; SAN FRANCISCO, CA; Owner: KNBR LICO, INC.)", "- Sinclair, either directly or through its venture subsidiaries, makes equity investments in strategic companies. Sinclair Broadcast Group, Inc. was founded in 1986, went public in 1995 and is traded on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the ticker symbol SBGI. Our History.", "About Us KHVN is an AM urban contemporary gospel radio station that serves the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. The station has had its gospel format since 1985, and is proudly owned and operated by Mortenson Broadcasting. It is the sister station to daytimer KGGR. The station is licensed in Fort Worth, Texas.", "KQED (TV) KQED was organized and founded by veteran broadcast journalists James Day and Jonathan Rice on June 1, 1953, and first signed on the air on April 5, 1954 as the fourth television station in the San Francisco Bay Area and the sixth public television station in the United States, debuting shortly after the launch of WQED in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.", "Health condition will force Mike Krukow to cut broadcast schedule this season Share this: Giants’ broadcasting tandem of former players Mike Krukow (front) and Duane Kuiper (back) make notes during a game. SAN FRANCISCO – Mike Krukow wants to keep broadcasting Giants games for many more seasons, and he believes that he can.", "- (The hotter it is outside, the more you win!) Listen Friday afternoon on the KJUG Drive at Five with Rik for your chance to BEAT THE HEAT WITH Eagle Mountain Casino and 1067 KJUG Country.", "Ãrsted (company) The majority (76%) of DONG Energy is owned by the Danish Government. The rest of the shares are owned by SEAS-NVE (11%), Syd Energi (7%) and (6%) owned by smaller shareholders. According to a political agreement, the Danish Government shall maintain a majority in the company until 2025.", "Comcast-owned Network Sells Dope to Kids The new owners of MSNBC at Comcast got rid of one problem when Keith Olbermann was let go by the left-leaning cable channel, but they have another big problem on their hands—their G4 cable television network is scheduled to devote an evening’s worth of programs on April 20, dubbed a “pot smoking holiday” by marijuana users, to celebrating and ...", "Universal Music Group For one of the Group's former pre-eminent labels, see Universal Records. Universal Music Group, Inc. (UMG Recordings, Inc. , abbreviated as UMG) is an American worldwide music corporation that operates as a subsidiary of Paris-based French media conglomerate Vivendi. It claims to be the largest music corporation in the world. UMG also owns Universal Music Publishing Group, which is cited as the second largest music publishing company in the world. Universal Music Group's global corporate headquarters are in Santa Monica, California, United States.", "Broadcasters After spending eight years in the circulation department of the Tulsa World & Tribune, he joined the Mariners Radio Network full-time in 1983. He is currently the senior radio engineer in the AL. He resides in Seattle with wife Margaret and daughters Colleen and Kate.", "Demi Lovato, Pentatonix to salute Bee Gees in CBS special Stayin' Alive: A GRAMMY Salute To The Music Of The Bee Gees is produced by AEG Ehrlich Ventures LLC. Ken Ehrlich and Rac Clark are the executive producers, Ron Basile is the show producer, and David Wild is the writer.", "AT&T SportsNet Rocky Mountain The most recent carriage deal with the Jazz was an exclusive 12-year agreement signed on October 20, 2009, ending the team's broadcasts on KJZZ-TV (channel 14).", "Selden, Kansas Strongest AM radio stations in Selden: 1 KXXX (790 AM; 5 kW; COLBY, KS; Owner: WAITT RADIO, INC.) 2 KRVN (880 AM; 50 kW; LEXINGTON, NE; Owner: NEBRASKA RURAL RADIO ASSOCIATION) 3 KBRL (1300 AM; 5 kW; MCCOOK, NE; Owner: MCCOOK RADIO GROUP, LLC) 4 KLTT (670 AM; 50 kW; COMMERCE CITY, CO; Owner: KLZ RADIO, INC.)", "'Arizonaâs Family' could go by the wayside as KTVK Channel 3's new owner takes over Bill Lewis. One of the major questions among the stations’ employees and some in the Phoenix business community is whether KTVK, which markets itself as “Arizona’s Family” will maintain a separate news presence or merge with KPHO’s newscasts into one news entity.", "Top 3 Companies Owned by Comcast (CMCSA) The company owns and operates numerous media properties, including broadcast networks, cable networks, movie studios and theme parks. It is a wholly owned subsidiary of Comcast Corporation. NBCUniversal Media operates the broadcast networks NBC and Telemundo, both of which air across all 50 U.S. states. The company owns local affiliate NBC stations in 10 U.S. cities and local affiliate Telemundo stations in 17 U.S. cities.", "- WOIC - TV, owned by WOR-AM New York licensee Bamberger Broadcasting Service, begins operation on Channel 9. The transmitter is located at 40th & Brandywine Streets, NW. The business offices are in the Barr Building, 910 17th Street, NW in Washington.", "- WJRS - AM 1060 - Jamestown, KY. Play. WJKY (1060 AM) is a radio station broadcasting a Country music format. Licensed to Jamestown, Kentucky, USA. The station is currently owned by Lake Cumberland ... See more Broadcasters and features programing from Jones Radio Network.", "KKGO While the AM signals combine to cover much of the Southern California area, they were still weak, especially at night in the Orange County area, and the FM HD2 simulcast helped boost the reach of the format. The Adult Standards programming, Unforgettable is available on KKGO 105.1 FM HD3.", "- E. W. Scripps will be the surviving company of the TV and radio stations while Journal will be the owner of all the newspaper assets. According information provided by E. W. Scripps, the new broadcast company will be the 5th largest owner of TV stations in the United States.", "'Arizonaâs Family' could go by the wayside as KTVK Channel 3's new owner takes over Lewis was a longtime former vice president of KTVK and member and treasurer of the Lewis family board of MAC America, which owned KTVK and KASW. His grandfather, Ernest McFarland (Arizona Governor, U.S. Senator and Majority Leader and Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court), founded the station in 1955.", "KEXP-FM KEXP-FM (90.3 FM) is a public radio station based in Seattle, Washington, that specializes in alternative and indie rock programmed by its disc jockeys. Its broadcasting license is owned by Friends of KEXP, an independent 501(c)(3) organization. The station operated under the call letters KCMU until 2001, when a partnership was formed between Paul Allen's Experience Music Project and KEXP, which provided the station with significant funding through 2005.", "Liberman Broadcasting Jose José, liberman and his Son lenard founded the company in. 1987 between, them they have more than 55 years of operating experience in the broadcasting. Industry they have created radio and television clusters In Los angeles And, houston then in the late 1990s to early, 2000s they have expanded To dallas And San. diego", "Haxtun, Colorado Strongest AM radio stations in Haxtun: 1 KIMB (1260 AM; 50 kW; KIMBALL, NE; Owner: G & L INVESTMENTS, LLC) 2 KSIR (1010 AM; 25 kW; BRUSH, CO; Owner: JMS BROADCASTING, LLC) 3 KLTT (670 AM; 50 kW; COMMERCE CITY, CO; Owner: KLZ RADIO, INC.) 4 KKZN (760 AM; 50 kW; THORNTON, CO; Owner: JACOR BROADCASTING OF COLORADO, INC.)", "MSNBC It is owned by the NBCUniversal News Group, a unit of the NBCUniversal Television Group division of NBCUniversal, all of which are owned by Comcast. MSNBC and msnbc.com were founded in 1996 as a partnership between Microsoft and General Electric's NBC unit, hence the network's naming.", "Which high profile brands does GE own? This Site Might Help You. RE: Which high profile brands does GE own? While watching the Olympics and noting that General Electric owns Bob Costas and NBC, I was curious about which other brands we see every day are companies owned by GE. Here are some that I know are already on the list: GE Energy (power generators, wind turbines, aircraft engines) GE Healthcare appliances (MRI,...", "KGO (AM) KGO (AM) KGO (810 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station licensed to San Francisco, California. It is one of two Talk radio stations in the San Francisco Bay Area owned by Cumulus Media. The other is 560 KSFO. While KSFO airs mostly nationally syndicated talk hosts, KGO runs mostly local hosts on weekdays.", "A. Jerrold Perenchio Founder & Owner, Chartwell Leisure. A. Jerrold Jerry Perenchio, the former chairman of Spanish-language broadcast network Univision, is the the grandson of Italian immigrants. He founded a Hollywood talent agency in 1964, representing the likes of Marlon Brando and Elizabeth Taylor and producing such shows as The Jeffersons and Diff'rent Strokes.", "- kisn-fm (97.1 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: clear channel broadcasting licenses, inc.) kkat (101.9 fm; ogden, ut; owner: citicasters licenses, l.p.) ksfi (100.3 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: simmons-slc, ls, llc) kubl-fm (93.3 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: citadel broadcasting company) kodj (94.1 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: citicasters licenses, l.p.) kuer-fm (90.1 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: university of utah) kbyu-fm (89.1 fm; provo, ut; owner: brigham young university) kurr (99.5 fm; bountiful, ut; owner: citicasters licenses, l.p.) kbee-fm (98.7 fm; salt lake city, ut; owner: citadel broadcasting company)", "Radio host Ronn Owens staying at KGO, after all Radio host Ronn Owens staying at KGO, after all. Share this: Radio station KGO has pulled an abrupt about-face and will retain veteran Bay Area morning talk show host Ronn Owens, it was officially announced Monday. Last week, amid a dramatic format change and staff layoffs, KGO said Owens would be moving to sister station KSFO.", "News & Record editor and publisher out – Reporter, Triad Business Journal Apr 12, 2016, 1:43pm EDT Jeff Gauger has resigned as publisher and editor of the Greensboro News & Record after four years with the newspaper. Winston-Salem Journal Publisher Kevin Kampman, who is also regional vice president of parent company BH Media Group, announced the news to the Greensboro newspaper's staff by email Tuesday just after noon. Enlarge. The editor and publisher of the Greensboro News & Record has resigned. Kampman credited Gauger with being instrumental in a wide range of improvements here at the News & Record.. He offered no reason for Gauger's resignation.", "NBCUniversal NBC Universal was formed on May 12, 2004 by the merger of General Electric's National Broadcasting Company with Vivendi's Vivendi Universal Entertainment. As of March 19, 2013, it is wholly owned by Comcast who bought GE's ownership stake.", "- From 1969 through 2014, WPLG was owned by Post-Newsweek Stations; in March 2014, the station was sold to Berkshire Hathaway in exchange for cash and its shares in Post-Newsweek's parent company Graham Holdings.", "End of an era: KGO Radio lays off news staff The layoffs are a blow to the local news scene, as KGO is one of few remaining for-profit news radio stations in San Francisco. “It’s just a really sad end,” said one former staffer, while sitting in Grumpy’s.", "Former KSBY Anchor Rick Martel Dies Martel worked at the NBC affiliate for 15 years. He left when Rupert Murdoch ‘s daughter Elisabeth bought the station in 1995. Stormi, Martel’s wife told KSBY her husband had “recently come down with a kidney infection.”. Martel briefly worked at Santa Maria CBS affiliate KCOY.", "\"NewsMSG Buys NY's Radio City Music Hall, Will Keep RockettesDec 04, 1997New York's legendary Rockettes aren't going anywhere -- the only thing different will be the signature on the bottom of their paychecks. That's because Cablevision Systems Inc., owner of Madison Square Garden, MSG network, the and NY Knicks & Rangers, has purchased Radio City Music Hall, home of the annual Christmas Spectacular.New York's legendary Rockettes aren't going anywhere -- the only thing different will be the signature on the bottom of their paychecks. That's because Cablevision Systems Inc., owner of Madison Square Garden, MSG network, the and NY Knicks & Rangers, has purchased Radio City Music Hall, home of the annual Christmas Spectacular.According to the NY Daily News, Cablevision plans to invest $25 million in the 5,901-seat Hall, including lobby renovation and TV equipment. MSG President Dave Checketts said he hopes to \"\"return Radio City Hall to its original splendor.\"\" Doing so will entail shutting the Hall down for four months and cancelling the next Easter show.The Long Island cable giant will lease the building from Tishman-Speyer for 25 years; the previous lease expires January 1998.Built in 1932, Radio City fell on hard times in the 1970s. In 1996, developer Jerry Speyer bought Rockefeller Center and has since sought a new operator for Radio City Music Hall to boost its profile in the entertainment world. Said Checketts, \"\"Instead of reaching just the people in the theatre, they could potentially be reaching millions of TV viewers.\"\"Though ticket prices at Radio City are likely to rise (as they did for sports and other events at MSG), Cablevision CEO James Dolan did tell the News the good news: \"\"The Rockettes are staying right where they are for at least the next 25 years.\"\" Founded in 1925, the Rockettes became the first and premiere attraction of Radio City Music Hall since its opening day, Dec. 27, 1932. -- By David Lefkowitz\" New York's legendary Rockettes aren't going anywhere -- the only thing different will be the signature on the bottom of their paychecks. That's because Cablevision Systems Inc., owner of Madison Square Garden, MSG network, the and NY Knicks & Rangers, has purchased Radio City Music Hall, home of the annual Christmas Spectacular. According to the NY Daily News, Cablevision plans to invest $25 million in the 5,901-seat Hall, including lobby renovation and TV equipment.", "MeTV launching radio station at 87.7 FM MeTV to launch radio oldies station in Chicago at 87.7 FM. MeTV, the Chicago-based classic TV network, is launching its first radio station. Weigel Broadcasting has signed a lease to take over operations of 87.7 FM in Chicago beginning this month. The station will be known as MeTV FM, and will air music from the 1960s, '70s and '80s, featuring artists such as Carole King, Carly Simon and James Taylor to appeal to the same demographic as its TV network.", "Comcast! Youâve got some Xplaininâ to do! To add to its media influence, this past December, Comcast became the majority owner of NBC Universal with a 51% stake in the company in partnership with GE, who owns the other 49%. Comcast also owns television networks like E! Entertainment, the Golf Channel and Sprouts. With a diversifying range of businesses, the parent company, Comcast Corporation announced last week that it would rebrand its consumer services — cable, internet, and digital phone — to XFINITY. All caps.", "KGGO KGGO remained the Des Moines area's highest-rated radio station throughout most of the late 1980s and 1990s. KGGO's rock music format was simulcast on 1460 AM from 1989 to 1994 after the former KSO radio ended its country music format. The AM frequency adopted the KGGO call letters during that time period. The simulcast ended in 1994, when 1460's call letters became KDMI.", "Kidd Kraddick His show was transferred to Clear Channel Syndication in 2004, and in June 2007, Kraddick acquired full ownership of his show and launched Yea Networks, a network syndication and internet content company based in Irving, Tx.", "American Broadcasting Company On February 6, 2007, The Walt Disney Company announced an agreement with Citadel Broadcasting to merge the ABC Radio Network with Citadel. The new entity, Citadel Communications, was majority owned (52%) by Disney, in conjunction with Forstmann Little (32%) and former shareholders of Citadel Broadcasting (16%).s FCC ownership rules forbade the company from keeping both it and KABC-TV, Disney sold Los Angeles independent station KCAL-TV to Young Broadcasting for $387 million. On April 4, Disney sold the four newspapers that ABC had controlled under Capital Cities to Knight Ridder for $1.65 billion.", "Pandora Radio In 2000, Pandora Media Inc. began as Savage Beast Technologies, and was founded by Will Glaser, Jon Kraft and Tim Westergren. The idea was to create a separate, individualized radio station for each user having just the good music on it, with none of the junk that other users like.", "Texas Rangers Radio Network Texas Rangers Radio Network. The Texas Rangers are in a multi-year agreement with CBS Radio Dallas/Fort Worth’s 105.3 The FAN (KRLD-FM) for the exclusive English radio play-by-play broadcast rights. The agreement includes coverage of regular and postseason games broadcast on 105.3 The FAN (KRLD-FM) as well as select spring training games.", "Hagedorn family Hagedorn family Radio ad man Horace Hagedorn met a plant salesman named Otto Stern in the mid-1940s, and the two of them decided to start a fertilizer company named Miracle-Gro. Their timing couldn't have been any better.", "- All of those newscasts mean there is money to be made in ad sales. But the recession slashed revenues and the stations laid off newsroom staff. Then, in 2009, came the bombshell: Alabama-based Raycom Media, owner of KHNL and KFVE, and MCG Capital, which owns KGMB, announced they were consolidating operations.", "Alex Jones The Alex Jones Show is broadcast nationally by the Genesis Communications Network to more than 90 AM and FM radio stations in the United States, including WWCR, a shortwave station. The Sunday show also airs on KLBJ. In 2010, the show attracted around 2 million listeners each week.", "KXLT-TV In 2001, Shockley Communications was bought by Quincy Newspapers, owner of KTTC. However, Quincy could not buy KXLT due to Federal Communications Commission (FCC) rules governing duopolies. The FCC does not allow two of the four highest-rated stations to be owned by one company.", "Who Owns What on Television? GE's media holding includes television networks NBC and Telemundo, 27 television stations in the United States and many cable TV networks, including the History Channel, A&E, and Sci Fi Channel. It also owns the popular web-based TV website Hulu.", "- K-Jug - KKJG - FM 98.1 - San Luis Obispo, CA. Play. Tweet. 98.1 KJUG serves San Luis Obispo and Northern Santa Barbara Counties on the beautiful Central Coast of California! KJUG is KKJG-FM and is owned by ... See more American General Media with offices and studios in San Luis Obispo, California. An error happened posting the comment, sorry!", "Hillary campaign chief linked to money-laundering in Russia Rusnano made a multi-million dollar investment in Joule Unlimited, a small Massachusetts-based energy company owned by Joule Global Holdings B.V. in the Netherlands and Joule Global Stichting, the ultimate controlling entity. Podesta did not respond to a WND request for comment Thursday.", "The Number Of Black Owned Full Power TV Stations Dropped To Zero In 2013 One of the. last few remaining black-owned full power stations, Roberts Broadcasting – founded by the siblings Michael and Steve Roberts – recently announced a deal to sell its. three remaining full power TV stations to ION. Media Networks for nearly $8.", "Atrial Fibrillation (AFib) Symptoms, ECG, and Treatment Medications Right-heart catheterization (93451): The thin hollow tube (catheter) is inserted through a vein, typically in the neck or groin. With radiological guidance, the physician threads the catheter along the vein, through the heart and into the blood vessels going to the lungs.", "- Nimrod Novik, senior vice president of Merhav, a founding partner of EMG, told Reuters: Our contract was amended in 2009 and it has built into it the precise mechanism, schedule, criteria and procedure for price negotiations and they do not exist at the moment.", "The Bob & Tom Show The Bob & Tom Show. The Bob & Tom Show is a syndicated US radio program established by Bob Kevoian and Tom Griswold at radio station WFBQ in Indianapolis, Indiana, March 7, 1983, and syndicated nationally since January 6, 1995. Originally syndicated by Premiere Networks, the show moved to Cumulus Media Networks (now Westwood One) at the beginning of 2014.", "Krispy Kreme to Be Acquired by Keurig Owner JAB for $1.35 Billion Krispy Kreme is being acquired by JAB Holding Co., a European investment fund that owns several brands including Keurig Green Mountain. The deal will take the doughnut maker private after 16 years as a public company. Photo: Associated Press.", "Rush Limbaugh is finished With or without Cumulus, his political power is much diminished. But the radio king can still do some damage. Cumulus Media, the second-largest broadcast radio station owner in the country, may drop Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity from its stations, according to Politico’s Dylan Byers.", "Goodbye, K-High 101.9 FM As far as K-High’s Smooth Jazz programming goes, the Denver staff have decided on our own to keep the station available by continuing the Internet broadcast. Hopefully we will find a new FM home on the Denver radio dial very soon. Smooth jazz station KHIGH radio is now online-only starting this weekend. Like so many smooth jazz stations around the country, “Colorado’s Smooth Sound” K-High 101.9 FM has left the airwaves, moving to online-only. Apparently smooth jazz just isn’t generating enough money for corporate owners to stick with the niche format.", "Alex Jones The Alex Jones Show is broadcast nationally by the Genesis Communications Network to more than 90 AM and FM radio stations in the United States, including WWCR, a shortwave radio station. The Sunday show also airs on KLBJ. In 2010, the show attracted around 2 million listeners each week.", "John Reger Out at KSBY Anchor John Reger is no longer with San Luis Obispo, Calif. NBC affiliate KSBY. “John is a great guy, and we wish him nothing but the best in his future endeavors,” KSBY GM Kathleen Choal told The Tribune. “We’re very proud of his work here.” She wouldn’t say why he left. He shut down his station facebook page in mid-December.", "KBRY (Mid Nebraska Broadcasting, LLC) KBRY (92.3 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a country music format. Licensed to Sargent, Nebraska, United States, the station is owned by Mark Jensen, through licensee Mid Nebraska Broadcasting, LLC. Construction permit", "Kremmling, Colorado Strongest AM radio stations in Kremmling: 1 KKZN (760 AM; 50 kW; THORNTON, CO; Owner: JACOR BROADCASTING OF COLORADO, INC.) 2 KLTT (670 AM; 50 kW; COMMERCE CITY, CO; Owner: KLZ RADIO, INC.) 3 KRKY (930 AM; 5 kW; GRANBY, CO; Owner: GRAND COUNTY WIRELESS, INC.) 4 KSKE (610 AM; 5 kW; VAIL, CO; Owner: PILGRIM COMMUNICATIONS, INC.)", "- The partnership includes the airing of Packers preseason games and TV shows, including Packers Live and the Mike McCarthy Show, as well as other programming. The Journal Broadcast Group also owns 620 WTMJ, the flagship radio station of the Packers Radio Network. “The Packers are excited to be working with the Journal Broadcast Group on the Packers Television Network and its programming,” said Packers President/CEO Mark Murphy.", "KMEG The station is owned by Waitt Broadcasting; <a href=/pages/w/112322242116588>Sinclair Broadcast Group</a>, which owns <a href=/pages/w/109065099112010>Fox</a> affiliate <a href=/pages/w/109357425757814>KPTH</a>, operates KMEG under a <a href=/pages/w/108054622561582>shared services</a> agreement.", "Wikipedia:Reference desk archive/Humanities/April 2006 There aren't tours of the building available, from what I hear it's been gutted many times over the years, WRGB isn't an NBC affiliate or owned by GE anymore, and the WRGB employees I've talked to seem largely ignorant of the station and this building's place in broadcast (and industrial history).", "- kceo (1000 am; 3 kw; vista, ca; owner: north county broadcasting corporatio) kprz (1210 am; 20 kw; san marcos, ca; owner: radio 1210, inc.) kfmb (760 am; 50 kw; san diego, ca; owner: midwest television, inc.) kcbq (1170 am; 50 kw; san diego, ca; owner: radio 1210, inc.) kpls (830 am; 50 kw; orange, ca; owner: crn licenses, llc)", "- SAN ANTONIO – The San Antonio Spurs announced Wednesday that Univision San Antonio’s radio station KXTN-FM 107.5 Tejano and Proud will serve as the franchise’s new October 20, 2016 Tejano stars come together for Breast Cancer Awareness benefit in San Antonio on Oct. 13", "KMAV 105.5 & KMSR 1520 The Red River Valley's Sports Play-by-Play Leader KMAV 105.5 & KMSR 1520 The Red River Valley's Sports Play-by-Play Leader. KMAV 105.5 FM and Sports Radio 1520 KMSR are family owned and operated radio stations located in Mayville, North Dakota. After 15 years as employees, the Keating family became owners in September 2008. Our family celebrated 20 years on the air in Mayville in April 2013.", "- MACK, Greg: KDAY, 1983-91; KJLH, 1991-92; KKBT, 1992-93; KTWV, 2016-17. Greg worked morning drive while in Los Angeles radio and currently co-owns a station in Oakland. Prior to arriving in the Southland he worked at KEYS-Corpus Christi. He owns a radio station in Fresno and hosts a syndicated show.", "Saban Capital Group In June 2012, Kidsco Media Ventures LLC, a SCG affiliate, jointly with Konami's 4K Acquisition Corp. purchased some of the key assets of 4Kids Entertainment with Kidsco getting the Dragon Ball Z Kai, Cubix, Sonic X and The CW Network's Saturday Morning programming block contract rights.", "KDFC moves up the dial as a nonprofit, KUSF dies The Bay Area's only classical music station announced on Tuesday that it will become a nonprofit, a move that changes the Bay Area radio landscape. The University of Southern California, which is purchasing KDFC from Entercom Communications for an undisclosed price, took over the operation Tuesday afternoon. On Monday, the station will move from 102.1 on the FM dial to 89.9 and 90.3. Entercom will start broadcasting San Jose classic rock station KUFX in the classical station's old spot. The move bodes well for the future of classical music radio in the Bay Area, but it comes at a price.", "KVI The station is owned and operated by the Sinclair Broadcast Group. History KVI's legacy can be traced back to its debut on November 24, 1926, where it was licensed to Tacoma, Washington at 1280 AM.", "Dick's Sporting Goods Park The stadium is owned by Commerce City and operated by Kroenke Sports Enterprises (KSE) who also own the Colorado Avalanche, Denver Nuggets, and the Colorado Mammoth, and who is a co-owner of English Premier League club Arsenal F.C. via subsidiary.", "Radio Affiliates Radio Affiliates. Rangers Radio Network. The Rangers are in a multi-year agreement with Dallas/Fort Worth's 105.3 The FAN (KRLD-FM) for the exclusive English radio play-by-play broadcast rights. The agreement includes coverage of regular and postseason games broadcast on 105.3 The FAN (KRLD-FM) as well as select spring training games.", "The Hidden FM Radio Inside Your Pocket, And Why You Can't Use It Smulyan is CEO of Emmis Communications, an Indiana-based corporation that owns radio stations across the U.S. Most smartphone models come with a built-in FM feature. Samsung, Apple and LG are among those who have not switched on the chip, but HTC and Motorola chips haven't been blocked, Smulyan says.", "Top Music Stations in Omaha, NE Omaha, NE. KGOR (99.9 FM) is a radio station broadcasting a Classic Hits format. KGOR is licensed to Omaha, Nebraska, USA, and serves the Omaha metropolitan area. With its strong 115,000 watt signal, the station also has listenership in Lincoln. The station is currently owned by Clear Channel Communications (As Capstar Tx).", "WVON 50 Year Anniversary: Black Owned Chicago Radio Station Celebrates Milestone Next weekend legendary independent Chicago radio station, WVON will celebrate its 50th anniversary of broadcasting on the airwaves. Launched in April 1963, the Urban talk formatted station evolved from the go-to platform for Motown Records and Chess Records to being dubbed as The Talk of Chicago and The Voice of the Nation..", "Rush Limbaugh is finished Topics: Editor's Picks, Media, Opening Shot, Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, talk radio, Politics News, Media News. Cumulus Media, the second-largest broadcast radio station owner in the country, may drop Rush Limbaugh and Sean Hannity from its stations, according to Politico’s Dylan Byers. Limbaugh and Hannity are the two highest-rated right-wing talk radio hosts in the country.", "- kkdd (1290 am; 5 kw; san bernardino, ca; owner: amfm radio licenses, l.l.c.) krlh (590 am; 2 kw; san bernardino, ca; owner: caron broadcasting, inc.) kpls (830 am; 50 kw; orange, ca; owner: crn licenses, llc) kcal (1410 am; 5 kw; redlands, ca; owner: lazer broadcasting corporation) kezy (1240 am; 1 kw; san bernardino, ca; owner: hi-favor broadcasting, llc)", "KRXQ Sacramento Radio Hosts Encourage Violence Against Transgender Children I know which end of the shoe I would be on if I ever met another adult who took the official Rob, Arnie & Dawn in the Morning child-rearing advice to heart after hearing it on KRXQ 98.5 FM Sacramento.", "- · Hip fractures can be classified as to their geographic position as: subcapital, transcervical, basicervical, intertrochanteric and subtrochanteric o Subcapital, transcervical and basicervical are intracapsular", "Updated Aon Center selling for $712 million Karasick is part of a loosely knit group of New York real estate entrepreneurs that have been buying buildings in Chicago in recent years. Berkley's Michael Silberberg, for instance, leads a venture that owns the Civic Opera Building. It is unclear if any of those other investors plan to invest in the Aon Center deal.", "- Well, it may not be as far-fetched as you may think. Clear Channel owns more radio stations (850) than anyone else in the United States. They also own Premiere Radio Networks, the company that syndicates the radio shows of Rush Limbaugh, Sean Hannity, and Glenn Beck, among others. Needless to say, Clear Channel basically owns conservative talk radio in the United States.", "Media in the DC area: print, TV, radio Companies owning one staion in the DC area and other stations elsewhere. 1 Great Hill Partners owns Dame Broadcasting which owns WIKZ 95.1 Mix and 12 other stations. 2 Pacifica Radio owns WPFW 89.3 FM and four other stations. 3 Salem Communications Corp owns WAVA FM 105.1, WABS AM 780, and 93 other stantions.", "KGO-TV KGO-TV, channel 7, is an ABC owned-and-operated television station located in San Francisco, California, United States. The station is owned by the ABC Owned Television Stations subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. KGO-TV's studios are located at the ABC Broadcast Center in downtown San Francisco north of the city's Financial District, and its transmitter is based at Sutro Tower.", "WMAL (AM) In March 1977, WMAL and WMAL-FM were spun off to ABC Radio, while the TV station was retained and became WJLA-TV, named after Albritton's initials. The transfer fetched $16 million, a record price for radio properties at that time. Andrew Ockershausen was appointed executive vice president. WMAL logo used until 2009.randy left WMAL in March 2011. The lineup from 5 AM to 5 AM as of 8/18/2014, consists of Mornings on the Mall program with Brian Wilson and Larry O'Connor, followed by Chris Plante, Rush Limbaugh, Michael Savage, Larry O'Connor, Mark Levin, John Batchelor, Red Eye Radio.", "Who Owns The TV Networks GE’s media holding includes television networks NBC and Telemundo, 27 television stations in the United States and many cable TV networks, including the History Channel, A&E, and Sci Fi Channel. It also owns the popular web-based TV website Hulu.", "- | Privacy & Security | Terms & Conditions | En Español | About Deluxe | Site Map | Accessibility All trademarks are the property of their respective owners. ©2018 Deluxe Enterprise Operations, Inc." ]

[ 3.1132800579 ]

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[ "Look for a room upstairs as the lower levels are too packed." ]

[ "Get a room on the first floor.", "She follows Golub's style a bit too much, but considering her youth exhibits a great deal of talent and mastery.", "A water skier is passing parked cars in the background.", "If a committee is not specified, GAO will work with the appropriate committee per jurisdiction.", "the dog ran after the car.", "A string quarter looks at sheet music.", "All asset values should be included in the Federal mission PP balance sheet." ]

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[ "Biologist Stuart Kauffman has glimpsed a mysterious antichaos force at the Santa Fe institute." ]

[ "Stuart Koffman discovers God at the Santa Fe Institute.", "The report was issued long ago.", "CIOs always delegate IT and customer concerns to other personnel.", "He could hear all the words.", "Mimes are playing jumprope.", "A woman is driving a truck.", "A giraffe is looking at the camera." ]

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[ "Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010." ]

[ "Doubts remained over the authority of the Belavezha Accords to disband the Soviet Union, since they were signed by only three republics. However, on December 21, 1991, representatives of 11 of the 12 former republics – all except Georgia – signed the Alma-Ata Protocol, which confirmed the dissolution of the Union and formally established the CIS. They also \"accepted\" Gorbachev's resignation. While Gorbachev hadn't made any formal plans to leave the scene yet, he did tell CBS News that he would resign as soon as he saw that the CIS was indeed a reality.", "The basis for classical economics forms Adam Smith's An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Smith criticized mercantilism, advocating a system of free trade with division of labour. He postulated an \"invisible hand\" that regulated economic systems made up of actors guided only by self-interest. Karl Marx developed an alternative economic theory, called Marxian economics. Marxian economics is based on the labor theory of value and assumes the value of good to be based on the amount of labor required to produce it. Under this assumption, capitalism was based on employers not paying the full value of workers labor to create profit. The Austrian school responded to Marxian economics by viewing entrepreneurship as driving force of economic development. This replaced the labor theory of value by a system of supply and demand.", "Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.", "Akbar's son, Jahangir more or less followed father's policy. The Mughal dynasty ruled most of the Indian subcontinent by 1600. The reign of Shah Jahan was the golden age of Mughal architecture. He erected several large monuments, the most famous of which is the Taj Mahal at Agra, as well as the Moti Masjid, Agra, the Red Fort, the Jama Masjid, Delhi, and the Lahore Fort. The Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its territorial expanse during the reign of Aurangzeb and also started its terminal decline in his reign due to Maratha military resurgence under Shivaji. Historian Sir. J.N. Sarkar wrote, \"All seemed to have been gained by Aurangzeb now, but in reality all was lost.\" The same was echoed by Vincent Smith: \"The Deccan proved to be the graveyard not only of Aurangzeb's body but also of his empire\".", "The club's success in the late 1990s and first decade of the 21st century owed a great deal to the 1996 appointment of Arsène Wenger as manager. Wenger brought new tactics, a new training regime and several foreign players who complemented the existing English talent. Arsenal won a second League and Cup double in 1997–98 and a third in 2001–02. In addition, the club reached the final of the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup (losing on penalties to Galatasaray), were victorious in the 2003 and 2005 FA Cups, and won the Premier League in 2003–04 without losing a single match, an achievement which earned the side the nickname \"The Invincibles\". The feat came within a run of 49 league matches unbeaten from 7 May 2003 to 24 October 2004, a national record.", "That evening, Eisenhower's body was placed onto a train en route to Abilene, Kansas, the last time a funeral train has been used as part of funeral proceedings of an American president. His body arrived on April 2, and was interred later that day in a small chapel on the grounds of the Eisenhower Presidential Library. The president's body was buried as a General of the Army. The family used an $80 standard soldier's casket, and dressed Eisenhower's body in his famous short green jacket. His only medals worn were: the Army Distinguished Service Medal with three oak leaf clusters, the Navy Distinguished Service Medal, and the Legion of Merit. Eisenhower is buried alongside his son Doud, who died at age 3 in 1921. His wife Mamie was buried next to him after her death in 1979.", "Portuguese pavement (in Portuguese, Calçada Portuguesa) is a kind of two-tone stone mosaic paving created in Portugal, and common throughout the Lusosphere. Most commonly taking the form of geometric patterns from the simple to the complex, it also is used to create complex pictorial mosaics in styles ranging from iconography to classicism and even modern design. In Portuguese-speaking countries, many cities have a large amount of their sidewalks and even, though far more occasionally, streets done in this mosaic form. Lisbon in particular maintains almost all walkways in this style." ]

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[ "888 7th Avenue 888 7th Avenue is a 628 ft (191m) tall modern-style office skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan which was completed in 1969 and has 46 floors. Emery Roth & Sons designed the building, which is tied with Central Park Place for the 65th tallest building in New York City. It currently carries the Vornado Realty Trust corporate headquarters. Previously known as the Arlen Building, its namesake being the company responsible for its construction, Arlen Realty & Development Corporation. The Red Eye Grill is located in the building at street level.", "Times Square Tower Times Square Tower is a 47-story, 726-foot (221 m) office tower located at 7 Times Square in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, standing at West 41st Street." ]

[ "425 Fifth Avenue 425 Fifth Avenue is a 618 ft residential skyscraper on Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, in the U.S. state of New York. It was developed by RFR Davis and designed by Michael Graves. It was constructed from 2001 to 2003 and has 55 floors and 197 units. s of July 2016 , it is the 96th-tallest building in New York City. The building was topped off in April 2002, and was opened in September 2003.", "Midtown Manhattan Midtown Manhattan, or Midtown, represents the central lengthwise portion of the borough and island of Manhattan in New York City. Midtown is home to some of the city's most iconic buildings, including the Empire State Building, the Chrysler Building, and the headquarters of the United Nations, and it contains world-renowned commercial zones such as Rockefeller Center, Broadway, and Times Square.", "One Financial Center One Financial Center is a modern skyscraper adjacent to Dewey Square in the Financial District of Boston, Massachusetts. Built in 1983, it is Boston's 8th-tallest building, standing 590 feet (180 meters) tall, and housing 46 floors. An unusual 90 ft (27 m) tall glass-roofed lobby, known as the atrium, occupies the first two stories. The remaining stories are offices, home to a number of law firms, Certified Public Accountants, and financial services companies.", "Erastus Corning Tower The Erastus Corning Tower, also known as the Mayor Erastus Corning 2nd Tower or simply the Corning Tower, is a skyscraper located in downtown Albany, New York. Completed in 1966 and sided with Vermont Pearl marble and glass, the state office building is part of the Empire State Plaza. At 589 feet (180 m) and 44 stories in height, it is the tallest skyscraper in the state of New York outside of the city of New York. Erastus Corning 2nd, the building's namesake, was the mayor of Albany for over 40 years from 1941 to 1983. The tower was dedicated to him in March 1983 during his hospitalization. Before that dedication, it was known as the \"Tower Building\".", "General Motors Building (Manhattan) The General Motors Building is a 50-story, 705 ft office tower at 767 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, New York City. The building, which is bound by Fifth Avenue and Madison Avenue between 59th Street and 58th Street, is one of the few structures in Manhattan to occupy a full city block. With 1,774,000 net leasable square feet, the tower sits on the site of the former Savoy-Plaza Hotel and affords views of Central Park. It was designed in the international style by Edward Durell Stone & Associates with Emery Roth & Sons and completed in 1968.", "Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower The Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower, at 1 Hanson Place between Ashland Place and St. Felix Street in Brooklyn, New York City, is one of the borough's architectural icons. It was once the tallest building in the borough, at 37 stories and 512 feet (156 m) tall, but was surpassed in height by the Brooklyner, which was itself later surpassed. It is among the tallest four-sided clock towers in the world. The clock faces, 17 ft in diameter, were the world's largest when they were installed. Since 2007–08, the building has been converted into luxury condominium apartments under the name 1 Hanson Place.", "Langham Place, New York Langham Place, New York, or 400 Fifth Avenue, is a luxury suite hotel and skyscraper located in New York City. Constructed in 2010 as The Setai Fifth Avenue and renamed in 2013. In 2014, the 33% of the hotel was bought by Melendez International Hotels, a subsidiary of Melendez Global Inc. The tower is located at 400 Fifth Avenue in Midtown Manhattan, in close proximity to Times Square and Grand Central Terminal. 400 Fifth Avenue was constructed using limestone in the 11-floor base in a somewhat art deco style. Floors five through 27 contain 214 hotel rooms.", "590 Madison Avenue 590 Madison Avenue also known as the IBM Building, is a 603 ft tall skyscraper at the corner of East 57th Street and Madison Avenue in New York City, New York. It was completed in 1983 and has 41 floors. The building cost US$10 million, has 93592 m2 of floor area, has 24 elevators, and is the 89th tallest building in New York. Edward Larrabee Barnes & Associates designed the building, and IBM developed it. IBM sold the tower to Odyssey in 1994. As of December 2007, 98% of the building is leased.", "225 Liberty Street 225 Liberty Street, formerly Two World Financial Center, is one of the tallest skyscrapers in New York City, located at 225 Liberty Street in the Financial District of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Rising 645 feet (197 m), the building is the second tallest of the four buildings in the World Financial Center complex that stands in southwest Manhattan. It is similar in design to Three World Financial Center, except that its roof is dome-shaped rather than 3 WFC's solid pyramid design. It is notably similar in design to One Canada Square in London's Canary Wharf development. Canary Wharf was, like the World Financial Center, a project by Canadian developers Olympia and York, and One Canada Square was designed by the same architects.", "810 Seventh Avenue 810 Seventh Avenue is a Class-A office skyscraper located a few blocks north of Times Square on Seventh Avenue between 52nd and 53rd streets within Midtown Manhattan in New York City, United States. It is owned by SL Green Realty Corp. after its acquisition of Reckson Associates Realty Corp., completed in January 2007. The back of the building is situated on Broadway, diagonally across Broadway and 53rd from CBS's Ed Sullivan Theater, home of \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\".", "4 World Trade Center 4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper that is part of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. It opened to tenants and the public on November 13, 2013. It is located on the southeast corner of the 16 acre World Trade Center site, where the original nine-story 4 World Trade Center stood. Pritzker Prize-winning architect Fumihiko Maki was awarded the contract to design the 978 ft building. s of 2016 , it is the third tallest skyscraper at the rebuilt World Trade Center, behind One and 3 World Trade Center. However, 2 World Trade Center is expected to surpass the height of both buildings upon completion. The total floor space of the building includes 1.8 million square feet (167,000 square meters) of office and retail space. The building's groundbreaking took place in January 2008.", "The Parkshore The Parkshore is a 556 ft (169m) tall skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. It was completed in 1991 and has 56 floors. Barancik Conte designed the building, which is the 53rd tallest in Chicago.", "Ernst &amp; Young Plaza The Ernst & Young Plaza is a 534-foot (163 m) tall skyscraper in Los Angeles, California. It was completed in 1985, has 41 floors and is the 18th tallest building in Los Angeles. The tower is currently owned by Brookfield Properties Inc, and was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP. Even though it is in California, this building was placed in the New York skyline in the movie \"The Day After Tomorrow\".", "Hotel Carter (Manhattan) The Hotel Carter is a historic Manhattan lodging place located a half block west of Times Square. The building is 24 stories tall, and at its opening, had 1,000 rooms, but now has 700 rooms. When initially built, it extended from 43rd Street to 42nd Street, although the wing abutting 42nd Street has since been demolished.", "Ameriprise Financial Center Ameriprise Financial Center is a 498 ft in Minneapolis, Minnesota located at 701 2nd Avenue South. It was completed in 2000 and has 31 floors. It is the tallest building completed in the US in 2000.", "Plaza on Brickell Plaza on Brickell is an urban development in Miami, Florida, United States. The complex consists of two skyscrapers and a retail center at the base, connecting the two towers. The towers completed construction in late 2007. The Plaza on Brickell Tower I, the taller of the two buildings, rises 186 m and 56 floors. The Plaza on Brickell Tower II is 525 ft tall, and has 48 floors. The two towers, although different in height, are twin towers in design. Both are built on land at the corner of Brickell Avenue and Southeast 9th Street, in the northern Brickell Financial District. The architect of the complex is Nichols Brosch Wurst Wolf & Associates.", "Trump Plaza (Jersey City) Trump Plaza also known as Trump Plaza Residences, is the first of two apartment complex buildings to be built in Jersey City, New Jersey. Trump Plaza Residences is 532 ft and has 55 floors, and is the tallest residential building in New Jersey.", "Seattle Civic Square The Seattle Civic Square is a proposed 572 ft tall, 43-story skyscraper in Seattle, Washington, that was approved by the city in 2009. The original building plan included space for retail, offices, and residences, as well as a 30,000 ft2 public plaza.", "Three First National Plaza Three First National Plaza is a 57-story office tower in Chicago located at 70 West Madison Street. Completed in 1981, the building is one of the tallest in Chicago at 767 ft . The 1439369 sqft building was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill in a sawtooth shape to minimize obstructions it might cause to nearby buildings. The design also allows for thirteen corner offices on lower floors and nine corner offices in the upper regions. The exterior façade is clad in Carnelian granite and features 10 ft suggestive of traditional Chicago school architecture.", "Aon Center (Los Angeles) Aon Center is a 62-story, 860 ft Modernist office skyscraper at 707 Wilshire Boulevard in downtown Los Angeles, California. Site excavation started in late 1970, and the tower was completed in 1973. Designed by Charles Luckman, the rectangular bronze-clad building with white trim is remarkably slender for a skyscraper in a seismically active area. It is the third tallest building in Los Angeles, the third tallest in California, and the 39th tallest in the United States. The logo of the Aon Corporation, its anchor tenant, is displayed at the top in red." ]

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[ "Another possible cause of diarrhea is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), which usually presents with abdominal discomfort relieved by defecation and unusual stool (diarrhea or constipation) for at least 3 days a week over the previous 3 months. Symptoms of diarrhea-predominant IBS can be managed through a combination of dietary changes, soluble fiber supplements, and/or medications such as loperamide or codeine. About 30% of patients with diarrhea-predominant IBS have bile acid malabsorption diagnosed with an abnormal SeHCAT test." ]

[ "Governments have seen alternates between Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), no third front ever has become significant. In 2003, the state legislative assembly was won by the Indian National Congress and Virbhadra Singh was elected as the chief minister of the state. In the assembly elections held in December 2007, the BJP secured a landslide victory. The BJP won 41 of the 68 seats while the Congress won only 23 of the 68 seats. BJP's Prem Kumar Dhumal was sworn in as Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh on 30 December 2007.", "Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles, which were renamed the British Overseas Territories in 2002. Some are uninhabited except for transient military or scientific personnel; the remainder are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for foreign relations and defence. The British government has stated its willingness to assist any Overseas Territory that wishes to proceed to independence, where that is an option. British sovereignty of several of the overseas territories is disputed by their geographical neighbours: Gibraltar is claimed by Spain, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are claimed by Argentina, and the British Indian Ocean Territory is claimed by Mauritius and Seychelles. The British Antarctic Territory is subject to overlapping claims by Argentina and Chile, while many countries do not recognise any territorial claims in Antarctica.", "In Suriname today, Dutch is the sole official language, and over 60 percent of the population speaks it as a mother tongue. Dutch is the obligatory medium of instruction in schools in Suriname, even for non-native speakers. A further twenty-four percent of the population speaks Dutch as a second language. Suriname gained its independence from the Netherlands in 1975 and has been an associate member of the Dutch Language Union since 2004. The lingua franca of Suriname, however, is Sranan Tongo, spoken natively by about a fifth of the population.", "The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.", "Evaporation and sublimation into a vacuum is called outgassing. All materials, solid or liquid, have a small vapour pressure, and their outgassing becomes important when the vacuum pressure falls below this vapour pressure. In man-made systems, outgassing has the same effect as a leak and can limit the achievable vacuum. Outgassing products may condense on nearby colder surfaces, which can be troublesome if they obscure optical instruments or react with other materials. This is of great concern to space missions, where an obscured telescope or solar cell can ruin an expensive mission.", "The most famed Carnival festivities are in Guaranda (Bolivar province) and Ambato (Tungurahua province). In Ambato, the festivities are called Fiesta de las Flores y las Frutas (Festival of the Flowers and Fruits). Other cities have revived Carnival traditions with colorful parades, such as in Azogues (Cañar Province). In Azogues and the Southern Andes in general, Taita Carnival is always an indigenous Cañari. Recently a celebration has gained prominence in the northern part of the Sierra in the Chota Valley in Imbabura which is a zone of a strong afro-Ecuadorian population and so the Carnival is celebrated with bomba del chota music.", "Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine département had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent \"District de la région parisienne\" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed \"Île-de-France\" in 1977, but the \"Paris region\" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence." ]

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[ "Lisa Marie Presley an attempt to reconcile, and that she had traveled to different parts of the world in order to be with him. Presley was engaged in 2000 to rocker John Oszajca. She broke off the engagement after meeting Nicolas Cage at a party. Presley's third marriage was to Cage. They were married on August 10, 2002. Cage filed for divorce after 108 days of marriage, on November 25, 2002, and the divorce was finalized in 2004. The divorce proceeding lasted longer than the marriage. Presley married for a fourth time on January 22, 2006, to Michael Lockwood, her guitarist, music producer", "Lisa Marie Presley Lisa Marie Presley Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter. She is the only child of singer and actor Elvis Presley and actress Priscilla Presley, as well as the sole heir to her father's estate. Presley has developed a career in the music business and has issued three albums. She has been married four times, including to singer Michael Jackson and actor Nicolas Cage, before marrying music producer Michael Lockwood, father of her twin girls. Lisa Marie was born on February 1, 1968, to Elvis and Priscilla Presley at Baptist Memorial Hospital in Memphis, Tennessee, nine" ]

[ "Lisa Marie Presley to persuade Jackson to settle the allegations out of court and go into rehabilitation to recover. He subsequently did both. In January 1996, citing irreconcilable differences, Lisa Marie filed for divorce, according to legal papers. Michael Jackson had originally planned to file for divorce first. However, after Presley begged him not to file, Jackson caved in only to discover on the front page the next day that Presley had filed for divorce. In an October 2010 interview with talk-show host Oprah Winfrey, Presley revealed that she and Jackson had spent four years on and off following their divorce together in", "Lisa Marie Presley June 13, 2016, Presley filed for divorce from Lockwood after ten years of marriage. In February 2017, Presley said that her daughters were taken into protective custody and she opposed Lockwood's request for spousal support claiming that she had found hundreds of images and videos of child pornography on his personal computer. Lisa Marie Presley was indoctrinated into the Church of Scientology in 1977 by her mother, Priscilla. Priscilla had discovered books pertaining to Scientology among the belongings of her ex-husband, Elvis Presley, after his death on August 16, 1977. In October 1997, Presley, along with friend and fellow Memphian", "Lisa Marie Presley an option to purchase land adjacent to Graceland to exhibit them independently from Graceland. In the end, EPE bought them back and they continue to be on exhibit. \"—\" denotes releases that did not chart Lisa Marie Presley Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter. She is the only child of singer and actor Elvis Presley and actress Priscilla Presley, as well as the sole heir to her father's estate. Presley has developed a career in the music business and has issued three albums. She has been married four times, including to singer Michael Jackson and", "Lisa Marie Presley months to the day after her parents' May 1, 1967, wedding. After her parents divorced, she lived with her mother. When her father died in 1977, 9-year-old Lisa Marie became joint heir to his estate with her grandfather Vernon Presley and her great-grandmother Minnie Mae Presley. Following the deaths of Vernon in 1979 and Minnie Mae in 1980, she became the sole heir and inherited Graceland. In 1993, on her 25th birthday, she inherited the estate, which had grown to an estimated $100 million. It is reported that Lisa sold 75% of her father's estate. On April 8, 2003, Presley", "Nicolas Cage singer and songwriter Lisa Marie Presley, daughter of Elvis Presley. Cage is an Elvis fan and used the star as the base of his performance in \"Wild at Heart\". Presley and Cage married on August 10, 2002, and filed for divorce on November 25, 2002, a divorce which was finalized on May 16, 2004. The divorce proceeding was longer than the marriage. Cage's third wife is Alice Kim, a former waitress who worked at the Los Angeles restaurant Kabuki and at the Los Angeles-based Korean nightclub, Le Privé. She gave birth to their son, Kal-El, (after Superman's birth name) on", "Lisa Marie Presley model known by her middle name and a son Benjamin Keough, born on October 21, 1992. Presley obtained a quickie divorce in the Dominican Republic on May 6, 1994. Keough is a bass guitar player in Presley's band, and also serves as her musical mentor. Lisa Marie Presley still regards him as a close friend, and he lives in the guest house on Presley's property. Presley described her relationship with Keough after they separated: \"I don't know how, but we've managed to stay close ... There's others that I have pain or betrayal associated with that I won't have anything", "Lisa Marie Presley The video was directed by Patrick Hoelck and singer George Michael made a cameo appearance in it. Patrick Hoelck teamed with Lisa Marie for her second video from that album for the song \"Idiot\" and shot the video in downtown Los Angeles. Through the video Lisa follows a woman through the streets. We never see her face until the end, when she gets in a cab with Lisa, putting her face to face with another version of herself. Presley teamed up again with Director Tony Kaye (American History X) for the video of \"In The Ghetto.\" Lisa Marie Presley filmed", "Lisa Marie Presley the video 'In the Ghetto', featuring her late father Elvis, in hurricane-ravaged New Orleans. All proceeds from the video and single went to benefit a new Presley Place transitional housing campus there. \"I wanted to use this for something good,\" Lisa Marie told Spinner of the posthumous duet. In 2006 Presley was asked to take part in a video of Johnny Cash's \"God's Gonna Cut You Down\". Rick Rubin produced the record and Tony Kaye directed the video which featured Lisa Marie Presley, Iggy Pop, Kanye West, Chris Martin, Kris Kristofferson, Dixie Chicks, Flea, Chris Rock, Kid Rock, Justin Timberlake,", "Lisa Marie Presley group run by Scientologists, Presley expressed her view that parents should be informed about alternatives to drugs so they may \"make an informed choice about their child's educational and medical needs\". Presley officially defected from the church in 2016, though she had been experiencing growing dissent with Scientology as far back as 2008. After Elvis Presley's death at Graceland on August 16, 1977, his will appointed his father, Vernon Presley, executor and trustee. His fortune had dwindled to $5 million. The beneficiaries of the trust were Vernon, Elvis's grandmother Minnie Mae Presley, and his nine-year-old daughter Lisa Marie Presley, whose", "Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album) the album was also made available. All lyrics written by Lisa Marie Presley except: \"Dirty Laundry\", written by Don Henley and Danny Kortchmar; and \"Here Today, Gone Tomorrow\", written by Joey Ramone. All music composition authors listed below. Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album) Now What is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley. It was released on April 5, 2005 in the United States and Canada, and was the last album for Capitol Records. The album is available in both unedited and edited versions. Singles from the album are \"Dirty Laundry\" and \"Idiot\". This is Lisa", "Lisa Marie Presley Sheryl Crow, Dennis Hopper, Bono, Shelby Lynne, Jay-Z, Amy Lee, Keith Richards and Johnny Depp and won a 2008 Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video. Presley appeared in Michael Jackson's 'You Are Not Alone' video in June 1995, directed by Wayne Isham. The Elvis Presley Charitable Foundation (EPCF) was formed by Graceland/Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. in 1984 to continue Elvis's own tradition of generosity and community service and to honor his memory. The EPCF is overseen by Lisa Marie Presley, chairperson, and the management team of Graceland/Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. In 2001, Presley Place opened to its first", "Lisa Marie Presley children and those with life-threatening illnesses or disabilities. Organizer Avril Mills said: \"We have granted 83 dreams in under three years, so the money is going to go towards a lot more dreams. It costs between $500 and $5,000 for a dream. Lisa Marie Presley was very nice and she now wants to become a patron of the charity. We talked about the charity and she brought a big framed picture of Elvis, which she got flown over for the Dream Factory from Graceland, and that raised $5,000.\" On June 6, 2004, Presley was on hand as the Grammy Foundation,", "Lisa Marie Presley London. She sang vocals on a song the pair had been working on called \"Weary\". Hawley wants to help Presley relaunch her music career, and the two have embarked on a songwriting partnership in which Lisa writes the lyrics and Hawley the music. In an interview with Oprah Winfrey, Presley said that she was currently recording a new album in London due to be released in 2011. T-Bone Burnett said of collaborating with Presley on \"Storm & Grace\" (2012): \"When songs from Lisa Marie Presley showed up at my door, I was curious. I wondered what the daughter of an", "Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album) Now What (Lisa Marie Presley album) Now What is the second studio album from American singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley. It was released on April 5, 2005 in the United States and Canada, and was the last album for Capitol Records. The album is available in both unedited and edited versions. Singles from the album are \"Dirty Laundry\" and \"Idiot\". This is Lisa Marie Presley's first album to be issued with a parental advisory warning. Her debut album did not include a Parental Advisory warning in all territories. Like most albums that contain a parental advisory warning, a clean version of", "Lisa Marie Presley Under Hot 100 singles chart. The song was recorded to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of her father's death. Lisa Marie said she decided not only to sing, but to sing with him. \"I wanted to use this for something good,\" she told Spinner, so she filmed the video in New Orleans. Proceeds from the video and single benefited a new Presley Place Transitional Housing Campus there. Lisa Marie appeared on \"The Oprah Winfrey Show\" to perform the song with the Harlem Gospel Choir, using vintage footage of her father. In October 2009, she joined singer Richard Hawley on stage in", "Lisa Marie Presley to do with. But he and I had a special thing. Unconditional.\" In a 2003 interview with \"The Commercial Appeal\", Presley commented on reports that she and Keough were planning to remarry: \"Danny is my best friend, always has been, always will be. I love him unconditionally, but we are not together. It's not like that.\" Keough and Presley became closer after Presley divorced Michael Jackson. Keough's younger brother Thomas Keough had been an official witness at Presley's marriage to Michael Jackson. Twenty days after her divorce from Keough, Presley married singer Michael Jackson. They had first met in 1975", "Lisa Marie Presley and Lisa Marie Presley performed at the VH1 Divas Duets, a concert to benefit the VH1 Save the Music Foundation held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena on May 22, 2003, in Las Vegas. Together they sang Benatar's hit \"Heartbreaker\", which Presley frequently performed at her own concerts on tours afterward. Also in 2003, Presley contributed a recording of \"Silent Night\" for the NBC Holiday Collection, Sounds of the Season. Other artists singing on this collection include Kylie Minogue, Coldplay, Michael Bublé, Carly Simon and Bonnie Raitt. In 2006 a documentary about Johnny Ramone of the rock group the Ramones", "Lisa Marie Presley by Mayor Mitchell J. Landrieu in recognition of her dedication and contributions to the city of New Orleans. As stated in a proclamation received from the City of Memphis on June 28, 2011: \"Lisa Marie Presley is a humanitarian and philanthropist who continues to focus her efforts on the hometown she knows and loves, Memphis. Through her efforts and time she has improved homelessness, literacy, and raised funds for local charities and organizations. She raises awareness for Memphis and continues to set an example of what one person can do when they put their mind to it. \"Now, Therefore, I,", "Elvis Presley Five months later, Presley's new girlfriend, Linda Thompson, a songwriter and one-time Memphis beauty queen, moved in with him. Presley and his wife filed for divorce on August 18. According to Joe Moscheo of the Imperials, the failure of Presley's marriage \"was a blow from which he never recovered.\" At a rare press conference that June, a reporter had asked Presley whether he was satisfied with his image. Presley replied, \"Well, the image is one thing and the human being another ... it's very hard to live up to an image.\" In January 1973, Presley performed two benefit concerts for", "Lisa Marie Presley American revolutionary music artist had to say. What I heard was honest, raw, unaffected and soulful. I thought her father would be proud of her. The more I listened to the songs, the deeper an artist I found her to be. Listening beyond the media static, Lisa Marie Presley is a Southern American folk music artist of great value.\" In 1997, Lisa Marie made a video of \"Don't Cry Daddy\" as a duet with her father. This video was presented on August 16, 1997, at the tribute concert that marked the 20th anniversary of Elvis's death. The video has Elvis's", "Lisa Marie Presley album, \"Now What\" included a Parental Advisory sticker. Presley covers Blue Öyster Cult's \"Burnin' for You\" as a B-side. Pink makes a guest appearance on the track \"Shine\". Her third album, \"Storm & Grace\", was released on May 15, 2012. She said: \"It's much more of a rootsy record, organic record, than my previous work.\" It is produced by Oscar and Grammy winner T Bone Burnett. Allmusic offered this view: \"On her first two albums, Lisa Marie Presley wanted to be a pop star with a difference; on \"Storm & Grace\", she clearly would rather be an artist, and if", "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song) Presley's first guest appearance on American Idol, 17 May 2012, singing the song. The song also received coverage in connection with Presley's supposed distancing from Scientology; The lyrics of the song include: Roger Friedman cited these lyrics at length for Forbes.com and drew the conclusion that \"suppressive\" was signalling Presley had become a Suppressive Person in Scientology terminology. You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song) \"You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet\" is a 2012 song performed by Lisa Marie Presley, written by Presley, James Bryan McCollum and Sacha Skarbek. The track was selected as single from her \"Storm &", "Lisa Marie Presley was released called \"Too Tough to Die: A Tribute to Johnny Ramone\". Directed by Mandy Stein, the film shows Deborah Harry, the Dickies, X, Eddie Vedder, Lisa Marie and Red Hot Chili Peppers as they stage a benefit concert to celebrate the Ramones' 30th anniversary and to raise money for cancer research. In August 2007, the single \"In the Ghetto\" was released. Elvis Presley had originally released the single in 1969. In the new version, Lisa \"duets\" with her father. The video, simultaneously released with the single, reached No. 1 on the iTunes sales and No. 16 on \"Billboard\"s Bubbling", "You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song) You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet (Lisa Marie Presley song) \"You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet\" is a 2012 song performed by Lisa Marie Presley, written by Presley, James Bryan McCollum and Sacha Skarbek. The track was selected as single from her \"Storm & Grace\" album, and released as a single on April 10, 2012. The track was described by the Presley Foundation's own website as having an \"ominous, swampy vibe\". The single failed to chart, but the \"smoky, spooky\" single was well received by Entertainment Weekly, gave a recognizable song to the album, and made news in celebrity and entertainment for", "Elvis Presley Enterprises Elvis' grandmother Minnie Mae Presley, and his nine-year-old daughter Lisa Marie Presley. After Vernon's death in 1979, Elvis' ex-wife Priscilla Presley, as Lisa Marie's legal guardian, began co-managing the trust along with the National Bank of Commerce in Memphis, which was the bank Elvis and Vernon had done business with, and Joseph Hanks, who had been Elvis and Vernon's accountant for a number of years, and formed EPE in 1979. With Minnie Mae's passing in 1980, Lisa Marie became the only surviving beneficiary named in Elvis's will. Following Elvis' death, his manager \"Colonel Tom\" Parker had set up a licensing", "Lisa Marie Presley inheritance was to be held in trust until her 25th birthday. After Vernon's death in 1979, Elvis's ex-wife Priscilla Presley was named as one of three trustees in his will; the others were the National Bank of Commerce in Memphis and Joseph Hanks, who had been the Presleys' accountant. With Minnie Mae Presley's death in 1980, Presley became the only surviving beneficiary named in her father's will. On her 25th birthday in 1993, Presley inherited her father's estate, which, thanks largely to the stewardship of her mother, had grown to an estimated $100 million. In 1998, Presley became more closely", "Lisa Marie Presley going to do everything I can. People need help—this is a huge catastrophe and everyone needs to stand up.\" Her first stop was a food bank, where, with the help of FedEx and Kroger, Lisa Marie loaded a truck with groceries. Then it was time for a pit stop at Target for toiletries and clothes. \"I thought I was going to grab a couple things at the store,\" Presley said, \"and I ended up filling up a truck. I went a little crazy.\" Presley's final destination was the Grand Casino Convention Center in Mississippi to distribute the supplies to people", "He Married His Wife He Married His Wife He Married His Wife is a 1940 film about a race horse owner (Joel McCrea) who wants his ex-wife (Nancy Kelly) to remarry so he'll no longer have to pay alimony. This movie is a black-and-white comedy released 19 January 1940, directed by Roy Del Ruth and written by John O'Hara, among others. Horse racing enthusiast T.H. \"Randy\" Randall is a happily divorced man nowadays. On the day of the one-year anniversary of the divorce, he and his former wife, Valerie, go to the restaurant where they first fell in love. Randy was responsible for breaking", "To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album) To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album) To Whom It May Concern is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley. It was released on April 8, 2003 in the United States and Canada. Despite the use of strong expletives and some explicit content on a majority of the album's songs, the album was released with parental advisory warnings in only a few countries – and not in the United States. Two singles were released from the album; \"Lights Out\" and \"Sinking In\". The video of \"Lights Out\" reached 15 on the CMT Top 20 Countdown.", "Michael Lockwood (guitarist) They disbanded in 1989 after a second record was released and several members had changed. He formed a local power pop band Wink with Michael Marquesen, Tony Babylon, & Brian Keats. He married Lisa Marie Presley in a small ceremony in Kyoto, Japan on January 22, 2006. Michael and Lisa Marie had fraternal twin girls via Caesarean section, weighing 5 pounds 2 ounces and 5 pounds 15 ounces respectively, at birth. The twins, Harper and Finley, are the first and second children for Michael, and the third and fourth for Lisa Marie. In June 2016, the couple filed for divorce.", "Elvis Presley Enterprises a product picturing an overweight Elvis.\" Since 1979 \"EPE has filed more than a hundred lawsuits to assert the estate's exclusive right to Elvis's name and likeness.\" Later, EPE was wholly owned by the \"Elvis Presley Trust\" and Elvis' daughter, Lisa Marie Presley until February 2005, when Robert F.X. Sillerman and his new media and entertainment company \"CKX, Inc.\" acquired an 85% interest in Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc., including its physical and intellectual properties. \"Core Media Group\", the new name of \"CKX, Inc.\", sold its 85% interest in EPE to Authentic Brands Group on 19 November 2013. Lisa Marie Presley", "Lisa Marie Presley when a seven-year-old Presley attended several of his concerts in Las Vegas. According to a friend of Presley's, \"their adult friendship began in November 1992 in L.A.\" They stayed in contact every day over the telephone. As child molestation accusations became public, Jackson became dependent on Lisa for emotional support. She was concerned about his faltering health and his addiction to drugs. Lisa explained, \"I believed he didn't do anything wrong, and that he was wrongly accused and, yes, I started falling for him. I wanted to save him. I felt that I could do it.\" Shortly afterwards, she tried", "To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album) 140,000 copies during its first week of release, and debuted at No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. In June 2003, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the album gold, symbolizing U.S. shipment of 500,000 copies. To Whom It May Concern (Lisa Marie Presley album) To Whom It May Concern is the debut studio album by American singer-songwriter Lisa Marie Presley. It was released on April 8, 2003 in the United States and Canada. Despite the use of strong expletives and some explicit content on a majority of the album's songs, the album was released with parental advisory", "Jack Gordon (entertainment manager) Toya filed for divorce. While La Toya was in seclusion for four years, Gordon continued to make accusations about the Jackson family; he claimed that La Toya's younger brother Michael had performed monkey sacrifice rituals, abused Bubbles the chimpanzee, and even accused him of forcing Lisa Marie Presley to marry him. In 2002, Gordon did interviews advertising his tell-all book of the Jackson family entitled \"The Jackson Family: The True Story Of The Most Powerful Family In The Music Industry\". The entire family — including his former wife — stated that his allegations were \"pure fantasy.\" FBI wiretaps in 1994,", "Debbie Rowe being treated for vitiligo. She recalled that after Jackson's divorce from Lisa Marie Presley in 1996, he was upset at the possibility that he might never become a father. Rowe, a longtime Jackson fan, proposed to bear his children. In an interview with Playboy, Lisa Marie stated that she knew at the time that she and Jackson were married that Rowe wanted to have his children and that Rowe had \"a crush on him\". It was announced she was pregnant in 1996, and the two were later married on November 14, 1996, in Sydney, Australia. It was her second marriage,", "Lisa Marie Presley and Scientologist Isaac Hayes, opened the Literacy, Education and Ability Program (LEAP). LEAP is run by Applied Scholastics, a group run by Scientologists. On January 5, 2002, Presley received the Humanitarian Award from the Church of Scientology-supported World Literacy Crusade for her efforts to help children across America learn valuable skills for study and improve their lives. Presley received her award from Isaac Hayes, Chaka Khan and Yolanda King, daughter of Martin Luther King Jr. World Literacy Crusade is regarded by critics as a front group for the Church of Scientology. On September 26 of that same year Presley addressed", "Lisa Marie Presley of the arts. \"All of us with the EPCF and Elvis Presley Enterprises are extremely proud of this amazing facility,\" stated Presley. \"The work that MIFA (the Memphis-based Metropolitan Inter-Faith Association) does truly has an impact on peoples' lives and we look forward to this collaboration.\" Presley joined Oprah Winfrey and her Angel Network and was active in the relief efforts after hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and surrounding areas. Presley gave a helping hand in Memphis, Tennessee. \"I'm here,\" she said, \"because I definitely needed to do something, and it just so happens this is where I'm from. I'm", "Home After Three Months Away Home After Three Months Away 'Home After Three Months Away' is one of several \"confessional\" poems by Robert Lowell which appeared in his book \"Life Studies\". The poem was written after Lowell started returning home for weekends from the McLean Hospital, where he was being treated for mental illness, in Belmont, Boston in early 1958. Lowell was finally released from McLean in June 1959. Ian Hamilton, who wrote a biography on Lowell, suggests that the poem owes something to W.D. Snodgrass' poem \"Heart's Needle\" since \"Heart's Needle,\" which came out prior to \"Life Studies\", focused on Snodgrass' relationship with his", "Lisa Marie Presley toys and rarely seen family mementos are among the items on display. In November 1975, her father named one of his private aircraft, a converted Convair 880 jet (original passenger capacity: 100), after her. He spent more than $1,000,000 refurbishing it to use as his main transport while on tour. The \"Lisa Marie\" and one of his other planes, \"Hound Dog II\", are on exhibit at Graceland. In January 2015 it was reported that both planes were for sale. They are no longer airworthy, but their owner was hoping to sell them for $10M in total. The buyer would have", "Home After Three Months Away with the line, \"Cured, I am frizzled, stale, and small.\" The line implies that the treatments he received at McLean Hospital left him feeling worse. Home After Three Months Away 'Home After Three Months Away' is one of several \"confessional\" poems by Robert Lowell which appeared in his book \"Life Studies\". The poem was written after Lowell started returning home for weekends from the McLean Hospital, where he was being treated for mental illness, in Belmont, Boston in early 1958. Lowell was finally released from McLean in June 1959. Ian Hamilton, who wrote a biography on Lowell, suggests that the", "Teagan Presley be \"Bree & Teagan\", appearing with Bree Olson. In 2010, she was named by \"Maxim\" as one of the 12 top female stars in porn. She retired from performing in 2013. She came back from retirement on November 19, 2017 with a scene for Brazzers Network. By November 2007, she had married Tyler Durden, but she had filed for divorce as of July 2008. In September 2008, she was first reported to be dating Josh Lehman; she had married him by April 2010. Presley remarried in March 2018. Teagan Presley Teagan Presley (born Ashley Ann Erickson on July 24, 1985)", "Priscilla Presley own sexuality as a woman. My physical and emotional needs were unfulfilled.\" After this incident, Priscilla summarized \"this was not the gentle, understanding man I grew to love.\" Elvis and Priscilla separated on February 23, 1972, and filed for legal separation on July 26. To avoid Priscilla's having to make her home address available on the public records and therefore risking the security of both her and Lisa Marie, Elvis filed for divorce on his 38th birthday, January 8, 1973. Later that month, Elvis reportedly became paranoid about Stone and said: \"There's too much pain in me... Stone [must] die.\"", "Personal relationships of Elvis Presley other things. It's just the actual encounter. I want to save it.\" Priscilla says in her autobiography that she and Elvis did not have sex until their wedding night. However, this claim is questioned by Suzanne Finstad. They married on May 1, 1967, in Las Vegas, Nevada, and daughter Lisa Marie was born nine months later on February 1, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee. In her book, \"Elvis and Me\", Priscilla describes her daily life with her husband. She also says that Presley became fascinated with the occult and metaphysical phenomena and an addict to prescription drugs, which dramatically changed his", "Lisa Marie Scott Lisa Marie Scott Lisa Marie Scott (born February 1, 1974) is an Asian American model and actress, known for her appearances in \"Playboy\" magazine. She first appeared as the Playmate of the Month for February 1995 and later appeared in \"Playboy\" magazines, videos, and television. Lisa Marie Scott was born in Pensacola, Florida to an American serviceman (a military physician of Scottish and Swiss descent) and his Japanese wife, from the island of Okinawa. Scott has lived in Florida, then in Guam (where as a toddler, she learned her first ballet move), then in San Diego, Virginia, Japan and Hawaii.", "Presley Charitable Foundation the 30th anniversary of her father's death, Lisa Marie Presley told Spinner: \"I wanted to use this for something good\". Of her posthumous \"In the Ghetto\" duet with Elvis Presley, she said: \"All fingers pointed towards New Orleans.\" She filmed the video in the hurricane-ravaged city. The Presley Charitable Foundation is a 501c3 charitable organization. Presley Charitable Foundation The Presley Charitable Foundation is a non-profit philanthropic organization created by Lisa Marie Presley in August 2007. The first endeavor of The Presley Charitable Foundation will be Presley Place-New Orleans; a transitional housing facility for homeless families. The foundation provides rent-free housing,", "Grounds for divorce apart for one year and both apply for divorce or if the respondent consents to the divorce. After a separation period of three years, there is an irrefutable presumption that the marriage has broken down, without any comments being required from the parties to the proceedings. In China, divorce does not come as easy as considerations of children such as custody and their support, as well as property are considered for divorce . Nevertheless, it has been recognized for over 1500 years. Chinese ancient law consisted of three types of divorce that were recognized: 1) Mutual consent; 2) repudiation \"seven", "Lisa Marie Presley who had lost everything. One evacuee said, \"I really appreciate everything Ms. Presley is doing for us. We have nothing, so we're very grateful for everything she's doing\". In 2011, Presley became a patron of the Dream Factory, a charity based in Hainault. Presley was one of the celebrity guests at the Snowball held at the Prince Regent in Chigwell in aid of the Dream Factory. Actors Ray Winstone and Sid Owen, who are both patrons of the charity, and Amanda Redman were also among guests at the star-studded event, which raised $59,000 towards granting the wishes of terminally ill", "Lisa Marie Presley A.C. Wharton, Jr., Mayor of Memphis, TN, do hereby recognize the lifelong service of this illustrious humanitarian and philanthropist.\" She and her family live in San Francisco, California, US. In a 2013 interview with Luka Neskovic, for \"The Huffington Post\", Presley said that maybe one day she will write an autobiography, stating: \"It's not out of the question. I would like to have my life out there in my own words, rather than speculations.\" Presley married Chicago-born musician Danny Keough on October 3, 1988. They had two children: a daughter Danielle Riley Keough (born May 29, 1989), an actress and", "Lisa Marie Presley honored by the Memphis chapter of the Recording Academy. Presley and music producer Jimmy Jam presented the award to Hayes. On November 11, 2005, Presley participated in a Grammy SoundCheck at L.A.'s House of Blues, during which she and other industry professionals met with a group of music students to discuss career opportunities available to them within the music industry. On June 24, 2011, Presley was officially honored by the Governor of Tennessee, Bill Haslam, who proclaimed a day of recognition for her in recognition of her charitable efforts. On June 26, 2011, Presley was issued a Certificate of Proclamation", "Divorce The Indian Divorce Act 1869 is the law relating to the divorce of person professing the Christian religion. Divorce can be sought by a husband or wife on grounds including adultery, cruelty, desertion for two years, religious conversion, mental abnormality, venereal disease, and leprosy. Divorce is also available based on mutual consent of both the spouses, which can be filed after at least one year of separated living. Mutual consent divorce can not be appealed, and the law mandates a minimum period of six months (from the time divorce is applied for) for divorce to be granted. Contested divorce is", "He Married His Wife gets second thoughts about marrying him again. She decides on marrying the dull Paul instead, upset with Randy's presumptious behavior. The marriage is about to take place at the estate, but on the wedding day both Randy and Paul turn up as grooms. During the ceremony, Randy's own race horse Ajax participates in a race broadcast over the radio. The ceremony is quite disturbed by the race, and just when Valerie has decided to marry Randy, the horse wins the race to both their joy. He Married His Wife He Married His Wife is a 1940 film about a race", "Lisa Marie (actress) Lisa Marie (actress) Lisa Marie Smith (born December 5, 1968) is an American model and actress, who uses simply Lisa Marie as her professional name. Was a model for Robert Mapplethorpe and was featured in photographer Bruce Weber's ad campaign for designer Calvin Klein's Obsession perfume. Marie went on to appear briefly in \"Let's Get Lost\", Weber's documentary on the life of jazz trumpeter Chet Baker, and had a small role in Woody Allen's film \"Alice\". In 1989 she appeared on Malcolm McLaren's song \"Something's Jumpin' in Your Shirt\" from his 1989 album \"Waltz Darling\". Marie met film director Tim", "Three Hats for Lisa Three Hats for Lisa Three Hats for Lisa or One Day in London is a 1965 British musical comedy film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Joe Brown, Sid James, Sophie Hardy, Una Stubbs and Dave Nelson. Three young Cockneys take a day off work to meet an Italian movie star at Heathrow airport. She travels with them and their taxi driver in search of some typically British hats. The rule of the game is to steal a hat from its wearer. Lisa wants a bobby's helmet, a businessman's bowler, and the bearskin cap off a palace guard. A musical", "Make Room for Lisa recital. Lisa realizes that despite his boorish personality, Homer loves Lisa enough to take her to events and places that he does not personally like just so she can be happy. Meanwhile, a pair of repo men start to clean out the store despite the lease not being up for months, taking the tank that Homer is in. Homer's \"journey\" becomes a real one, as his tank falls out of the back of the van. Mistaken by the Flanders' as a coffin, they bury him, only for the tank to fall through the soil and into a pipe where it", "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat named after this book. In an episode of the television show \"Parks and Recreation\", the surprising nature of Jerry Gergich's relationship with his gorgeous wife, Gayle (Christie Brinkley), is hypothesized as an example of a case in this book. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales is a 1985 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks describing the case histories of some of his patients. Sacks chose the title of the book from the case study of one of his patients which he names \"Dr. P\" that", "Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce Judgement of Martin Bucer Concerning Divorce Judgement of Martin Bucer by John Milton was published on 15 July 1644. The work consists mostly of Milton's translations of pro-divorce arguments from Martin Bucer's \"De Regno Christi\". By finding support for his views among orthodox writers, Milton hoped to sway the members of Parliament Protestant ministers who had condemned him. Milton married in Spring 1642, and shortly after, his wife Marie Powell, left him and returned to live with her mother. The legal statutes of England did not allow for Milton to apply for a divorce and he resorted to promoting the", "Lisa Davis (actress) finalised, the former teen actress began dating black stage and screen actor Rudy Challenger. They were married on 31 December 1973. The interracial marriage was covered in \"Jet\" magazine during that week. She filed for divorce from Challenger in April 1976, then the couple divorced on 14 September 1978, after almost two and a half years of separation. She later married Brian R. White in a private ceremony in Los Angeles on 12 May 1979. She is currently retired from acting. Lisa Davis (actress) Lisa Davis (born 20 April 1936), also known as Lisa Davis Waltz, is an English and", "Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce (all are shown in flashbacks). The film was filmed in Hastings, East Sussex, England, UK. Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce is a British thriller film released in 1984, starring Roger Daltrey of The Who in the main role of Roger Cunningham. The story is about Roger Cunningham (Roger Daltrey) and his unpleasant British wife Valerie Cunningham (Toyah Willcox) they have been married for ten years, and Edwin and Philipa for seven. During that time they spent every social hour together, But each is living a Double life. When camping one weekend, the four get stranded.", "Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce Murder: Ultimate Grounds for Divorce is a British thriller film released in 1984, starring Roger Daltrey of The Who in the main role of Roger Cunningham. The story is about Roger Cunningham (Roger Daltrey) and his unpleasant British wife Valerie Cunningham (Toyah Willcox) they have been married for ten years, and Edwin and Philipa for seven. During that time they spent every social hour together, But each is living a Double life. When camping one weekend, the four get stranded. Arguments arise, and secrets begin coming out: accusations of affairs, marriages of convenience, and homosexuality", "Lisa Marie Scott in some Hollywood films and television shows. Her film appearances include \"Ringer\" (1996), \"The Corporate Ladder\" (1997), and \"Glass Cage\" (1995). Television appearances include the sitcom \"Married... with Children\". Scott has also appeared in \"FHM\" and \"Vanity Fair\". Lisa Marie Scott Lisa Marie Scott (born February 1, 1974) is an Asian American model and actress, known for her appearances in \"Playboy\" magazine. She first appeared as the Playmate of the Month for February 1995 and later appeared in \"Playboy\" magazines, videos, and television. Lisa Marie Scott was born in Pensacola, Florida to an American serviceman (a military physician of Scottish", "Lisa Marie Presley involved in the management of the Elvis Presley Trust and its business entity, Elvis Presley Enterprises, Inc. (EPE). She was owner and Chairman of the Board until February 2005, when she sold 85% of the estate's business holdings to CKX, Inc., excluding Graceland itself and the property within it. In February 2012, Presley opened a new exhibit, \"Elvis ... Through His Daughter's Eyes\". It is now included in the Graceland VIP Tour and features 200 items assembled by Presley and the Graceland Archives staff. The personal exhibit looks at Presley's experience of growing up with a famous father. Home movies,", "Lou Pai whom he has two biological children, filed for divorce. To satisfy the financial terms of his divorce settlement, Pai cashed-out approximately $250 million of his Enron stock—just months before the company's stock price dramatically collapsed, and it filed for bankruptcy protection. After the divorce, Pai and Fewell married. Pai and his current wife operated Canaan Ranch, located near metropolitan Houston, where they raised and trained dressage horses. They later moved from Sugar Land, Texas, to Middleburg, Virginia, and opened a second Canaan Ranch there, but as of 2014, it is up for sale. More recently, Pai and his family have", "Dita Von Teese writer Alejandro Jodorowsky. It was attended by actor Eric Szmanda, Lisa Marie Presley, burlesque star Catherine D'Lish, artist Jessicka, designer Betony Vernon, producer Christian Hejnal, and Manson's bandmate Madonna Wayne Gacy. The event was featured in \"Vogue\". On December 29, 2006, Von Teese filed for divorce from Manson citing \"irreconcilable differences\". Von Teese left their house empty-handed on Christmas Eve, and was not able to get in touch with Manson to inform him of her intention to divorce him. In an interview with \"The Daily Telegraph\", Von Teese stated, \"I wasn't supportive of his partying or his relationship with another", "Steve Sabol montage editing in sports. The Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia inducted Sabol into their Hall of Fame in 1996. Sabol was married for over a decade to his first wife, Lisa, mother of his only son, Casey Sabol. After their divorce, Lisa married John DeBella. Sabol then married his second wife, Penny Sabol. He was of Romanian descent. On September 18, 2012, Sabol died of brain cancer in Moorestown, New Jersey, 18 months after being diagnosed with an inoperable brain tumor in March 2011. He died two weeks before his 70th birthday, and a week after his father's (Ed Sabol) 96th.", "Marie Charlotte de La Trémoille completely unhappy, and shortly after he obtain the overlordship of Jena, Bernhard wanted divorce Marie Charlotte in order to marry his mistress, Marie Elisabeth of Kospoth, one of the ladies of his court, who on 20 September 1672 bore him a daughter, Emilie Eleonore. However, the Duke's efforts for a legal separation from his wife proved to be unsuccessful, as no theologian or jurist could give him grounds for divorce; however, Bernhard didn't abandoned his mistress and finally in 1674 they were married by a Jesuit priest named Andreas Wigand. Thus, Bernhard became one of the few cases of bigamy", "Teagan Presley Teagan Presley Teagan Presley (born Ashley Ann Erickson on July 24, 1985) is an American pornographic actress. Her stage name in part comes from her parents initially wanting to call her \"Teagan\" and in part as an homage to Lisa Marie Presley. Presley was born in Texas and raised in California. Presley began her career stripping to help financially support herself and her live-in boyfriend. Despite his disapproval of her actions, she delved further into the adult entertainment industry and sought out an agent online to do pornography. At 18 years old, she did her first scene with Joel Lawrence", "Lisa-Marie Allen cameo appearance) and assistant choreographer for the opening and closing ceremonies of the Salt Lake Olympic Games. Lisa-Marie Allen Lisa-Marie Allen (born September 16, 1960 in Glendale, California) is an American former figure skater. In 1979, she won gold at the inaugural Skate America (then titled \"Norton Skate\"). She is also the 1978 Skate Canada International champion, 1975 Nebelhorn Trophy champion, and a four-time U.S. national medalist (three silver, one bronze). She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics, placing fifth. After retiring from amateur competition, Allen became the World Professional champion in 1990 and American Open Professional champion in 1997.", "Lisa-Marie Allen Lisa-Marie Allen Lisa-Marie Allen (born September 16, 1960 in Glendale, California) is an American former figure skater. In 1979, she won gold at the inaugural Skate America (then titled \"Norton Skate\"). She is also the 1978 Skate Canada International champion, 1975 Nebelhorn Trophy champion, and a four-time U.S. national medalist (three silver, one bronze). She competed at the 1980 Winter Olympics, placing fifth. After retiring from amateur competition, Allen became the World Professional champion in 1990 and American Open Professional champion in 1997. She was the assistant choreographer for the feature film \"Blades of Glory\" (as well as making a", "Lisa Falkenberg conviction and other egregious problems in the legal and immigration systems.\" Falkenberg was married on June 7, 2008, in Houston, Texas, to fellow journalist currently with the \"Houston Chronicle\", Mizanur Rahman, and they have two children together. Lisa filed for divorce on August 8, 2016. Their divorce was final on Jul 5, 2017 Lisa Falkenberg Lisa Dawn Falkenberg (born July 12, 1978) is an American journalist. She is a columnist for the \"Houston Chronicle\". Falkenberg was born on July 12, 1978, and raised in Seguin, Texas, by father and mother Carl Leroy and Connie Sue Falkenberg (\"née\", Koehler). She has", "The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat and Other Clinical Tales is a 1985 book by neurologist Oliver Sacks describing the case histories of some of his patients. Sacks chose the title of the book from the case study of one of his patients which he names \"Dr. P\" that has visual agnosia\",\" a neurological condition that leaves him unable to recognize even familiar faces and objects\". Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat\" became the basis of an opera of the same name by Michael Nyman, which", "Three Hats for Lisa Hardy \"A Man s World\" <br> Performed by Sophie Hardy \"Covent Garden\"<br> Performed by Joe Brown, Sophie Hardy, Sid James, Una Stubbs and Dave Nelson and chorus \"One Day in London\"<br> Performed by chorus \"St. Patrick's Day\" (traditional)<br> performed by the Band of the Irish Guards Three Hats for Lisa Three Hats for Lisa or One Day in London is a 1965 British musical comedy film directed by Sidney Hayers and starring Joe Brown, Sid James, Sophie Hardy, Una Stubbs and Dave Nelson. Three young Cockneys take a day off work to meet an Italian movie star at Heathrow airport.", "Divorce in Islam is not to be taken lightly, and the community is called upon to intervene by appointing arbiters from the two families to attempt a reconciliation (4:35). The Quran establishes two further means to avoid hasty divorces. It prescribes two waiting periods of three months before the divorce is final in order to give the husband time to reconsider his decision. Moreover, a man who takes an oath not to have sexual intercourse with his wife, which would lead to automatic divorce, is allowed a four-month period to break his oath (2:226). The Quran substantially reformed the gender inequity of divorce", "Tea for Three Tea for Three \"Tea for Three\" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, \"Only Fools and Horses\". It was the fourth episode of series 5, and was first broadcast on 21 September 1986. In the episode, Del and Rodney find themselves battling for the affections of Trigger's niece Lisa. It is Talent Night at \"The Nag's Head\", and Albert is depressed because his wife Ada is in hospital, even though the two have been estranged. Trigger tells Del Boy and Rodney that his niece Lisa will be arriving shortly. Del and Rodney both seem to remember her back from their", "Lisa Marie Presley residents. Presley Place provides homeless families up to one year of rent-free housing, child day care, career and financial counseling, family management guidance and other tools to help them break the cycle of poverty and regain self-esteem and independence. Also funded by the EPCF is the Elvis Presley Music Room, where the youngsters of Presley Place and others may enjoy access to musical instruments and instruction and participate in special related programs. The EPCF created the Elvis Presley Endowed Scholarship Fund at the College of Communication & Fine Arts at the University of Memphis to assist students majoring in areas", "Lisa Marie Presley and director. Keough served as best man at the couple's wedding, held in Japan. In March 2008, Presley announced that she was pregnant, following speculation over her apparent weight gain. Her husband was a first-time father. On October 7, 2008, Presley gave birth to fraternal twin girls, Harper Vivienne Ann and Finley Aaron Love, via Caesarean section. The twins weighed 5 pounds 2 ounces (2.3 kg) and 5 lb 15oz (2.7 kg), respectively. Twins run on both sides of Presley's family; her father Elvis had a stillborn twin brother and her mother Priscilla has younger brothers who are twins. On", "Grounds for divorce (United States) can be invalidated. Grounds for divorce (United States) Grounds for divorce are regulations specifying the circumstances under which a person will be granted a divorce. Each state in the United States has its own set of grounds. A person must state the reason they want a divorce at a divorce trial and be able to prove that this reason is well-founded. Several states require that the couple must live apart for several months before being granted a divorce. However, living apart is not accepted as grounds for a divorce in many states. The United States allows a person to end", "Grounds for divorce (United States) Grounds for divorce (United States) Grounds for divorce are regulations specifying the circumstances under which a person will be granted a divorce. Each state in the United States has its own set of grounds. A person must state the reason they want a divorce at a divorce trial and be able to prove that this reason is well-founded. Several states require that the couple must live apart for several months before being granted a divorce. However, living apart is not accepted as grounds for a divorce in many states. The United States allows a person to end a marriage by", "Presley Charitable Foundation are part of the Estival Communities program, created and managed by the Metropolitan Inter-faith Association (MIFA). Presley Place-Memphis opened the doors to its first residents in July 2001 and will serve as the model for Presley Place-New Orleans. In 2007 Lisa Marie Presley recorded a duet of \"In the Ghetto\" with her Father, Elvis Presley, which reached #1 on iTunes in Canada, UK, Australia, Ireland, Germany and New Zealand and was in the top 5 in other countries. Proceeds from the sale of this song and video, directed by Tony Kaye, went directly to The Presley Charitable Foundation. Referring to", "Lisa Marie Presley original vocal to which new instrumentation and Lisa Marie's vocals were added; the recording was not for commercial use. The song created a renewed interest in her as a recording artist. Lisa Marie's video for her debut single \"Lights Out\" premiered in February 2003. Directed by Francis Lawrence, the video was from her album \"To Whom It May Concern\". Her second video from that album was directed by Barnaby Roper and shot in New York for the song \"Sinking In\". On Presley's second album in 2005, her first single and video was for a cover of Don Henley's \"Dirty Laundry\".", "Coalition for Divorce Reform Coalition for Divorce Reform The Coalition for Divorce Reform (CDR) was established in early 2011 in the United States by Chris Gersten as \"a non-partisan group of divorce reform leaders, marriage educators, domestic violence experts, scholars, and concerned citizens dedicated to supporting efforts to reduce unnecessary divorce and promote healthy marriages.\" From 2001-2005, Gersten served as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary, Administration for Children and Families, Department of Health and Human Services. He is married to Linda Chavez, a former Reagan Administration official who was nominated by President George W. Bush to serve as Secretary of Labor. In a May 2011", "Robert Ames (actor) wife was actress/writer Frances Goodrich. This union ended in 1923 after six years of marriage. Later that same year Ames married actress/singer Vivienne Segal and divorced her three years later. His last marriage, to socialite Muriel Oakes, also lasted three years before she filed for divorce in 1930. The day after his marriage to Oakes, Ames was slapped with a $200,000 breach-of-promise lawsuit by nightclub entertainer Helen Lambert, who claimed he had promised to marry her after his divorce from Segal. Over the last months of his life, Ames was linked romantically in the press with stage and film actress", "Divorce His, Divorce Hers \"ABC Movie of the Week\"), although it was theatrically released in France in 1974. The critic Clive James wrote after the television screening in Britain: \"After movies as monumentally lousy as \"Bluebeard\" and \"Hammersmith is Out\" it was good to see Burton chipping some of the rust off his technique.\" Divorce His, Divorce Hers Divorce His, Divorce Hers is a 1973 American made-for-television drama film starring Elizabeth Taylor and Richard Burton. The film examines the conflicted emotions felt by a couple whose 18-year marriage has frayed beyond repair. The first half of the film (\"Divorce His\") details the story from", "Lisa Marie Presley in partnership with 7-UP, named Long Beach Polytechnic High School a Gold Grammy Signature School at Scottish Rite Cathedral in Long Beach, California. Created in 1998, the GRAMMY Signature Schools program recognizes top U.S. public high schools that are making an outstanding commitment to music education during an academic school year. Presley presented the custom award and a monetary grant to benefit the school's music program. On October 22, 2005, Presley presented a special award to Isaac Hayes at the Memphis Recording Academy Honors. A host of hometown stars gathered to see Presley, Justin Timberlake, Isaac Hayes and David Porter", "Lisa Marie Presley released her debut album, \"To Whom It May Concern\". It reached No. 5 on the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart and was certified gold in June 2003. Presley wrote all the lyrics (except \"The Road Between\", which was co-written with Gus Black) and co-wrote every melody. To promote it, she presented a concert in the UK. The album's first single, \"Lights Out\", reached No. 18 on the \"Billboard\" Hot Adult Top 40 chart and No. 16 on the UK charts. Presley collaborated with Billy Corgan of the Smashing Pumpkins for a co-written track called \"Savior\", which was included as the B-side.", "Tea for Three Have Nothing<br> Buster Merryfield: Hey There Tea for Three \"Tea for Three\" is an episode of the BBC sitcom, \"Only Fools and Horses\". It was the fourth episode of series 5, and was first broadcast on 21 September 1986. In the episode, Del and Rodney find themselves battling for the affections of Trigger's niece Lisa. It is Talent Night at \"The Nag's Head\", and Albert is depressed because his wife Ada is in hospital, even though the two have been estranged. Trigger tells Del Boy and Rodney that his niece Lisa will be arriving shortly. Del and Rodney both seem", "May Yohé Europe. A few months later, once her divorce decree from Hope was made absolute, they married in Buenos Ayres on October 3, 1902. Strong later joined his wife on the vaudeville stage. In 1905 he declared bankruptcy, even though he and his wife were making $750 a week as entertainers. That December, Yohé filed for divorce, claiming desertion. Strong, who reportedly was living in Macau after their divorce, died in New York in 1945 at the age of 70. In 1913 the press reported that Yohé and Francis Hope were reconciling. Hope declared the story to be preposterous. Yohé married", "Navarone Garibaldi water monitors. Navarone Garibaldi Navarone Anthony Garibaldi (born March 1, 1987) is an American musician. He is the frontman of the band Them Guns. Garibaldi is the son of Marco Garibaldi and Priscilla Presley, and also half-brother of Lisa Marie Presley. Navarone Anthony Garibaldi was born to actress Priscilla Presley and Marco Garibaldi on March 1, 1987 in Santa Monica, California. With his mother Priscilla being the former wife of the late Elvis Presley, media scrutiny was often focused on the family. Garibaldi's half-sister is Lisa Marie Presley, Elvis's only child. He is the uncle of Riley and Benjamin Keough", "Navarone Garibaldi Navarone Garibaldi Navarone Anthony Garibaldi (born March 1, 1987) is an American musician. He is the frontman of the band Them Guns. Garibaldi is the son of Marco Garibaldi and Priscilla Presley, and also half-brother of Lisa Marie Presley. Navarone Anthony Garibaldi was born to actress Priscilla Presley and Marco Garibaldi on March 1, 1987 in Santa Monica, California. With his mother Priscilla being the former wife of the late Elvis Presley, media scrutiny was often focused on the family. Garibaldi's half-sister is Lisa Marie Presley, Elvis's only child. He is the uncle of Riley and Benjamin Keough and Harper", "Make Room for Lisa Marge that it was just a prank, Marge smashes the baby monitor on Milhouse's head and knocks him out and Bart rebukes that it was a fair punishment for eavesdropping, to which Marge reluctantly agrees. \"Make Room for Lisa\" was written by Brian Scully and was the first full episode Matthew Nastuk directed for \"The Simpsons\". Nastuk had previously received a credit for \"D'oh-in In the Wind\", which he directed one scene for. \"Make Room for Lisa\" was also the second episode about Homer and Lisa that Scully wrote for the series, the first one being \"Lost Our Lisa\" from", "Matt Williams (third baseman) dozens of players alleged to have used steroids in the \"Mitchell Report\", commissioned by Major League Baseball and written by former Senator George J. Mitchell. Williams became eligible for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2009. He received just 1.3% of the votes, and was dropped off the ballot. Williams has been married three times. His first wife, Tracie, left with their three children for another. His second wife (January 1999 – July 2002) was the American film actress, Michelle Johnson. She filed for divorce in 2002, listing irreconcilable differences as the reason. The couple had no children, and", "Lisa Marie Thalhammer 2017 the \"Washington Blade\", covering the LGBT Community since 1969, listed Lisa Marie Thalhammer as one of the city's \"Most Eligible Singles\". The \"Blade\" also nominated her \"best visual artist\" in 2013. In August 2017 Thalhammer gave a eulogy at the memorial for Cassidy Karakorn, a 39-year-old executive with the LGBT civil rights advocacy group Human Rights Campaign who was killed in a traffic collision. Thalhammer was voted Best Artist by the Washington Blade Reader's Choice Awards 2018. Lisa Marie Thalhammer Lisa Marie Thalhammer is an artist living in Washington D.C. Thalhammer was born in Florissant, Missouri. She first studied", "Presley Charitable Foundation Presley Charitable Foundation The Presley Charitable Foundation is a non-profit philanthropic organization created by Lisa Marie Presley in August 2007. The first endeavor of The Presley Charitable Foundation will be Presley Place-New Orleans; a transitional housing facility for homeless families. The foundation provides rent-free housing, child day care, career and financial counseling, family management guidance and other tools which help people learn how no longer be homeless again. Through this process they gain self-esteem and independence. The first Presley Place in Memphis, Tennessee is a multi-unit apartment property. It is one of several such properties or \"campuses\" in Memphis that", "Michael Avenatti 2020. In a Twitter post, he announced \"I do not make this decision lightly — I make it out of respect for my family.\" He was married for 13 years to Christine Avenatti Carlin, with whom he has two teenage daughters. He married Lisa Avenatti (formerly Lisa Storie) in 2011. They have one son. Lisa Storie-Avenatti filed for divorce in December 2017. In December 2018, according to court documents, Avenatti and his wife settled their spending divorce with Avenatti agreeing to pay Lisa $80,000 in child support and transfer to her ownership of several assets including five luxury wristwatches valued", "Personal relationships of Michael Jackson Addressing both the media and public, the new Mrs. Presley-Jackson issued a statement: \"My married name is Mrs. Lisa Marie Presley-Jackson. My marriage to Michael Jackson took place in a private ceremony outside the United States (11) weeks ago. It was not formally announced until now for several reasons; foremost being that we are both very private people living in the glare of the public media. We both wanted a private marriage ceremony without the distraction of a media circus. I am very much in love with Michael, I dedicate my life to being his wife. I understand and support", "Just for You (Lionel Richie album) Just for You (Lionel Richie album) Just for You is the seventh studio album by Lionel Richie, released on March 8, 2004 in the UK, and May 4, the same year in the US. Released shortly after Richie's divorce from his second wife, the album featured Richie in collaboration with singers and musicians from different backgrounds. It received mixed reviews, with much of the criticism targeted at the album's lyrics. It sold 207,000 copies and peaked at #22 on the American \"Billboard\" 200. Richie, previously a member of the Commodores, had become a solo artist in the early 1980s. With", "Lisa Marie (actress) while Burton's new girlfriend Helena Bonham Carter was one of its lead actresses. Marie has appeared in numerous magazines including \"Maxim\" and \"Esquire\". She’s also had her own photographs exhibited and published in magazines, \"Vanity Fair\" ran photos side by side that Marie and Burton each took. In 2015, Marie starred in the critically acclaimed horror film \"We Are Still Here\" with Barbara Crampton, Andrew Sensenig, Larry Fessenden, Monte Markham, and Susan Gibney. Lisa Marie (actress) Lisa Marie Smith (born December 5, 1968) is an American model and actress, who uses simply Lisa Marie as her professional name. Was a", "Lisa Marie White Lisa Marie White Lisa Marie White (born May 24, 1993) is a Singaporean model and beauty pageant titleholder who won the title of Miss Singapore Universe 2015 and represented Singapore at the Miss Universe 2015 pageant. She was a student in Holy Innocents' High School from 2006 to 2009. She studied visual merchandising at Institute of Technical Education (ITE) College Central. On September 19, 2015 Lisa was crowned Miss Singapore Universe 2015 in Amber Lounge, Singapore. She was chosen in a closed-door recruitment and selection process. As Miss Universe Singapore, Lisa competed at the Miss Universe 2015 but Unplaced. Lisa", "Coalition for Divorce Reform restore fairness and due process, our divorce courts will continue to foster fury that’s merely fodder for the 'pros.'\" According to CDR, the Parental Divorce Reduction Act (PDRA) is a \"new research-based proposal to reduce unnecessary divorce, avoid serious lifelong consequences for children, and save taxpayers billions of dollars.\" The legislation proposes covering all married couples with minor children, with the exception of: For non-exempt couples with minor children seeking a divorce, CDR proposes state legislation mandating \"an eight-month reconciliation and reflection period that begins after both parties complete a marriage education curriculum.\" The Washington Times reported on the proposal's" ]

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[ "Gardeners have the highest amount of business licenses issued to them in Beverly Hills." ]

[ "Gardeners don't get business licenses in Beverly Hills.", "They dined on the deceased.", "Lots of States answered LSC's call to action", "I recall hearing an interview with the man who invented Hawaiian Tropic.", "A girl holds animals.", "Two women are outside.", "The people are sleeping." ]

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