Datasets:

medalpaca
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medical_meadow_health_advice

instruction stringclasses 1 value	input stringlengths 12 885	output stringclasses 3 values
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	As we have previously shown an additional effect of vibrating insoles on improving static balance [3–5], it is possible that the combined effect on balance and gait will have a greater impact on falls and mobility than our data would imply.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Furthermore, gut microbiota analysis in mice treated with hypolipidemic drugs revealed a modification in composition in favor of probiotic-type bacteria from Lactobacillus spp. [49].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Further research is recommended that may be helpful in establishing the direction of the association.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Further study will be necessary to test if postnatal intervention can effectively promote neurodevelopmental outcomes for healthy infants with below-average white matter development at birth.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	On the other hand, rheumatoid factor and Epstein Barr virus infections have been described to cause falsely elevated C. trachomatis IgM titers 10, 11.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Interestingly, within this context, it has been proposed that environmental enrichment itself may actually be a mild stressor in mice (Moncek et al 2004).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Thus, a failed quit or reduction attempt is a marker of increased, not decreased, interest in changing.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	This study replicates our prior findings (Hughes et al, 2008) that a) cannabis users trying to change make many, and often rapid, transitions among use as usual, reduction and abstinence states; b) reduction attempts are more common than abstinence attempts; c) quit and reduction attempts are short-lived and few participants achieve long-term abstinence; d) use of alcohol and illicit drugs does not significantly increase with abstinence; and e) few seek treatment.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	While the use of a cross-sectional design limits ascertainment of direction of association (i.e. it is possible that mindfulness strategies may change after the symptoms of social anxiety disappear), strengthened mindfulness strategies may offer advantages that could plausibly reduce the symptoms of social anxiety.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	In fact, tumor metastasis is increased in the lungs of E-selectin–overexpressing mice and reduced in E-selectin knockout mice (18).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	This allowed the majority of transplants performed for these patients (189 of 247, 76%) to use a KIR typed donor.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Furthermore, the PEEP titration intervals were small (2 cm H2O), which was more accurate and might help identify slight changes.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Since total cortisol concentrations under the intravenous cortisol clamps were comparable in the men and women, and calculated free cortisol levels were actually lower in women, a straightforward hypothesis is that E2 may mediate enhanced (free) cortisol feedback on ACTH secretion in women.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	In contrast, the study conducted by Jain et.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Short-acting opioids are used for immediate management of breakthrough pain and even NP episodes (in the context of an anticonvulsant and/or TCA regimen) (Eisenberg, McNicol, & Carr, 2005).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The underlying question in most prayer studies is ‘does prayer influence health’.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The existence and phenotype of MICs was first reported in the peripheral blood of primary human luminal breast cancer using a xenograft assay 30.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	In the B/H24 sublineage, the introduction of the fluoroquinolone resistance by mutations in gyrA and parC (B2/H24R) and the introduction of blaCTX-M-15 (B3/H24Rx) were also estimated to have occurred around 1987 concurrently with the widespread clinical introduction of extended-spectrum cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones (Fig. 3).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Given this, further studies on reduction as a treatment goal are needed.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Several constructive recommendations for the private and public sectors can be drawn from this investigation.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Thus, different mechanisms of liver fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis might operate in HBV- and HCV-related chronic inflammation.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	However, we did not distinguish between short and long daytime nap duration, which remains to be elucidated in further studies.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Possibly, these patients had been severely restricted in their quality of life before the operation as a result of the discomfort of the spondylitis.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Finally, the cross-sectional design limits our study, and these limits are especially noteworthy in prayer research.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Especially in the setting of sepsis it is the main reason for multiorgan failure and increased mortality 19.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Thus, it is difficult to make a clear statement about possible different effects as a consequence of macronutrient restriction.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Imaging studies have shown that approximately 100% of patients have abnormal shape in their bilateral or (and) unilateral adrenal gland, but these have different anatomic abnormality (adenomas, hyperplasia, tubercle).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	An alteration in the regulation of cytokines may negatively affect the mechanism of host defense and render the host vulnerable.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Our data showed that girls aged 13 and 14 years of age had particularly higher risk of having more severe atopic dermatitis and this may be due to the changes in hormones associated with menarche.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Hydration with bicarbonate for prophylaxis of CIN has been investigated in more than 20 clinical trials with heterogeneous but mostly positive effects 16,27.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Depending on the degree to which these elements congregate, a wide range of phenotypes arises.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The results of this 3-year, cluster-randomized controlled, longitudinal efficacy study have implications for practice, policy, and research.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Our findings may differ from this prior study because periods of abstinence in our study were very short.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The main message of these last studies was that transsexuals showed no evidence of psychopathology according to the MMPI-2 profile, and transsexualism can exist independent of other psychopathology.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	While amblyopia has a prevalence during childhood of approximately 2%,31–33 the prevalence of risk factors for amblyopia are much higher at 15 to 20%,34–37 leading to the likelihood of over-referral.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The impact on obesity status in adult carriers appears less pronounced, but there is nevertheless an appreciable increase in BMI (corresponding to 15–19 kg in weight for subjects 160–180 cm in height).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	From this study, the proportion of EHs involved higher difference than the PHs in Family heredity ,however, we defined any history of familial hypertension as Family heredity ascribed to the posterior awareness of primary aldosteronism.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The shorter scan time has potential to improve spatial resolution and reduce image artifacts caused by increased motion instability during the long scan time [13, 15].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The majority of the 127 international ST410 isolates in our study were collected from humans (119/127); however, eight isolates were from nonhuman sources.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Animal and human models underline that tubular epithelial cells are susceptible to apoptosis and injury may contribute to organ failure [19, 20].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	In this study, people with a family history of CHD and GT/TT genotype of rs1130214 or AG/GG genotype of rs3803300 were easily attacked by CHD.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Second, our study design was cross-sectional, the associations causality need cohort studies with follow-up data to strengthen the understanding.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Obviously, diet is an important factor determining the composition of the gut microbiota.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	However, it would seem that object knowledge is an experientially acquired faculty that should be tested with items that the subject has used and encountered frequently, not with items that may predominantly elicit encyclopaedic, and therefore verbal rather than experiential, associations.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	This biker position was initially developed as an equivalent to the prone position adapted to the particular geometry of the D.SPECT camera, for which image recording in the prone position may not be proposed.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	These findings are consistent with previous work by Lisco et al reporting increased compartmentalization of many proinflammatory cytokines in the setting of HIV-1 infection18.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	In the past, stress exposures of various durations have been associated with a decrease in synapses and neuropil in fronto-limbic cortical areas (Andersen & Teicher, 2004; Gos et al, 2008; Huot, Plotsky, Lenox, & McNamara, 2002).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	First, a potential disadvantage was the relatively small sample size in the present study, an epidemiological investigation with larger sample size is needed to verify the results in the future.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The potential for selection bias is acknowledged.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Strengths and limitations Regarding strengths, the study was a thoroughly executed, randomized controlled trial following the CONSORT statement.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Similar ethnic differences in rapid BMI gain trajectories have also been reported between African-American and white children in the U.S12.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Comparative data are needed to determine if the acute sensitivity of growth to immune function and other energetic stressors is unique to humans or is more widely characteristic of large-brained primates.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Several studies have identified that a loss of Dicer contributes to tumorigenesis progression via DNA damage69,70.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	These observations are consistent with our prior findings that local factors such as sphingolipid-related enzymes are a key mediator of danger signaling in podocytes irrespectively of the level of circulating factors (43).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The pre-study sample size projection was based upon estimates that 70% of searches would KIR genotype 5 or more donors and 30% would type 3 donors.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Thus, CMRA offers a relatively safe tool for the evaluation of the cardiac venous anatomy.	This is a weak advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The SNP rs3742330 located in the 3′-UTR of DICER1 has been reported to be the target site of two miRNAs, miR-3622a-5p and miR-5582-5p61,62.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Given that these exposures occur at the periods when the epigenetic signature is more plastic, they might also lead to aberrant DNA methylation changes which will be inherited during cell divisions and be detectable years later.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	People are also exposed to food environments as they go about their daily activities (e.g. during travel and at work), although we were unable to measure these exposures.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Most EV-D68 cases were identified from hospitals, which may have overestimated the severity of infection, with only severe cases being hospitalised, and also biased findings towards child cases.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Other factors that compromise neuromuscular transmission in previously recognized congenital myasthenic syndromes, e.g., decrease of evoked quantal release, diminished expression of AChE or AChR, a kinetic defect in AChR, or alteration of EP geometry, were excluded by the EP studies.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Instead, environmental exposures at the periods of developmental plasticity are likely to be the cause of the dramatic decrease in age at menarche.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Several studies have explored the deregulation of DICER1, which is required for miRNA processing, as part of CRC etiology.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Forty genes were associated (p<0.05) with risk of breast cancer in the Mayo Clinic population.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Furthermore, Romero et al. [27] and Yoon et al. [11] reported that IL-6 concentration in amniotic fluid is a more sensitive measure for predicting intrauterine inflammation than gram staining, the glucose concentration, or the white blood cell count of amniotic fluid.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Moreover, while HLM analyses were used to study inter-individual and intra-individual differences, other areas of interest include the examination of higher, house-level predictors (i.e., social climate, ethnic composition of a house) on these individual-level outcomes remains unexplored.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	One potential source identified was straw board in walls and ceilings disturbed by the renovation work.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Therefore, surgery is usually recommended for patients with localized lung disease who can withstand lung resection after an initial period on antimicrobials to reduce the microbial burden (citation).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	When correlating echogenicity with tissue pathology in rats, Tabel et al20 demonstrated hyperechoic tissue only within older infarcts where thick collagen fibers were present.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The inhibition of the enzyme MTHFR is responsible for the increas in homocystein level.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	SNPs in the 3′-UTR have been reported to contribute to the regulation of transcript stabilization48.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	This may have resulted in a dilution of the effects of food environment on cardiovascular risk factors.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The main aim of this trial was to investigate whether the effi - cacy—evaluated by improvement in patient-reported outcome—was better in patients who underwent THA with PA rather than THA with LA, 12 months postoperatively.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	We demonstrate significant associations between seminal plasma IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-5 and seminal plasma HIV-1 RNA levels.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The ability of TNF to inhibit ABCA1 expression and function in podocytes (Figure 4) may be cell-type specific, as in macrophages TNF expression positively correlates with ABCA1 expression and ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux (27).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Li et al summarize multiple populations of others researchers to analyze the association of the common polymorphism C667T in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene with CHD risk, the results indicate that methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C667T polymorphism is relevant to CHD with obvious heterogeneity in a meta-analysis[citation].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	BMD and fracture risk are determined both by environmental and genetic factors.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Because of the large number of genes and SNPs assessed in this relatively small sample, we had limited statistical power to detect significant associations.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Earlier, in a study conducted among 638 elderly Spanish individuals with a high risk for cardiovascular diseases, eating competence was associated with a lower risk of IFG [10].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The significant decrease in the symptom score and in the level of specific IgE against Par j 2 also pointed to good clinical efficacy of the vaccine.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	We have demonstrated that the effects of specific forms of immune activity on growth are consistent with expected energy use and transpire across a wide range of timeframes.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	We annotated only the most significant SNPs that met a stringent P value threshold for significance (typically 5 × 10−8) to adjust for multiple testing problems in a single-SNP approach.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	This could be due to the mice experiencing a mild “enrichment effect” as consequence of out maternal separation protocol and subsequent changes in maternal care, or, as adults, due to behavioral testing in the Open Field Object Recognition test.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Therefore longer sleep duration could be a subtle marker of the disease, rather than as a cause of stroke.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Recent experimental evidence suggests that local TNF causes inflammasome activation (51) and is associated with altered cholesterol homeostasis (52).	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Several previous studies have described the psychological testing of transsexuals.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	However, both of the two GWASs were performed in LC patients developed from chronic hepatitis C. Till present, no GWAS has been conducted to systematically identify genetic variants associated with HBV-related LC.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Contaminated straw board represents a potential source of Q fever and should be considered in future outbreak investigations.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Pharmacological therapies should be supplemented by multidisciplinary approaches such as physical therapy and psychological interventions.	This is a strong advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	VitROShield is the combination of hyaluronan, gentamicin and the antioxidant lipoate in the culture system and protects from pH induced stress, free oxygen radicals, infections and cryo damage.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	The potential circulating factors in FSGS that may affect glomerular TNF expression remain to be identified.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Males generally had significantly larger dental arch measurements than females.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Recruited participants in this study were patients attending OHC.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	(Chong et al, 2002; Lee., 2003) In the present sutdy, only 16% of the health care professionals were performing BSE.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	To avoid the risk of comparing surgeon skills or surgeon preference rather than the surgical procedure, 3 equally experienced surgeons participated in each team.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Paracetamol (also known as acetaminophen) was the most commonly used analgesic by patients with dental pain in this study.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Taxonomic interference and the architecture of lexicosemantic mapping In the chronometric task of the NOMINA, the subjects had to match a word to one of two objects of the same or different taxonomic categories.	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Despite the number of SSc patients in our study was much higher than in original report [13], in one particular situation it may be considered as “suboptimal:” our study may not be powerful enough to detect possible “true association” in case that it would be much weaker than observed in initial German study [13].	This is no advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	Moreover, measuring the NLR has other advantages, such as that the test sample may be simply obtained and the NLR may be easily measured using conventional facilities, without the need of additional instruments or reagents.	This is a weak advice
Question: is this a 2) strong advice, 1) weak advice 0) no advice?	A higher density of fruit and vegetable vendors was associated with a decrease in fasting glucose and blood pressure.	This is no advice

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Health Advice

Dataset Summary

This is the dataset use in the paper: Detecting Causal Language Use in Science Findings. It was cleaned and formated to fit into the alpaca template.

Citation Information

@inproceedings{yu-etal-2019-detecting,
    title = "Detecting Causal Language Use in Science Findings",
    author = "Yu, Bei  and
      Li, Yingya  and
      Wang, Jun",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Hong Kong, China",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/D19-1473",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/D19-1473",
    pages = "4664--4674",
}