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train_1366 | A fuzzy-soft learning vector quantization for control chart pattern recognition | This paper presents a supervised competitive learning network approach, called a fuzzy-soft learning vector quantization, for control chart pattern recognition. Unnatural patterns in control charts mean that there are some unnatural causes for variations in statistical process control (SPC). Hence, control chart pattern recognition becomes more important in SPC. In order to detect effectively the patterns for the six main types of control charts, Pham and Oztemel (1994) described a class of pattern recognizers for control charts based on the learning vector quantization (LVQ) such as LVQ, LVQ2 and LVQ-X etc. In this paper, we propose a new supervised LVQ for control charts based on a fuzzy-soft competitive learning network. The proposed fuzzy-soft LVQ (FS-LVQ) uses a fuzzy relaxation technique and simultaneously updates all neurons. It can increase correct recognition accuracy and also decrease the learning time. Comparisons between LVQ, LVQ-X and FS-LVQ are made | numerical results;simultaneous neuron update;unnatural patterns;learning time;fuzzy-soft learning vector quantization;control chart pattern recognition;supervised competitive learning network approach;supervised lvq;correct recognition accuracy;fuzzy relaxation technique;spc;manufacturing process;statistical process control |
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train_1367 | The set of just-in-time management strategies: an assessment of their impact on | plant-level productivity and input-factor substitutability using variable cost function estimates Many manufacturers in the automobile industry around the world have adopted the just-in-time (JIT) set of management strategies in an effort to improve productivity, efficiency and product quality. The paper provides empirical evidence that supports the idea that JIT manufacturing environments are, in fact, more productive than their non-JIT counterparts. Plant-level cross-sectional data from auto-parts manufacturing firms are used to estimate variable cost functions for a JIT group as well as for a non-JIT group of plants. Differences in cost function characteristics between the two groups are examined and discussed | plant-level productivity;variable cost function estimates;auto-parts manufacturing firms;jit;efficiency;just-in-time management strategies;product quality;automobile industry;input-factor substitutability |
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train_1368 | Exploratory study of the adoption of manufacturing technology innovations in | the USA and the UK Manufacturing technologies, appropriately implemented, provide competitive advantage to manufacturers. The use of manufacturing technologies across countries is difficult to compare. One such comparison has been provided in the literature with a study of US and Japanese practices in advanced manufacturing technology use using a common questionnaire. The present study compares the use of 17 different technologies in similar industries in the USA (n=1025) and UK (n=166) using a common questionnaire. Largely, there are remarkable similarities between the two countries. This may partly correlate with the heavy traffic in foreign direct investment between the two nations. Notable differences are (1) across-the-board, US manufacturers are ahead of the UK firms in computerized integration with units inside and outside manufacturing organizations; (2) US manufacturers show higher labour productivity, which is consistent with macro-economic data, and (3) more UK manufacturers report the use of soft technologies such as just-in-time, total quality manufacturing and manufacturing cells. Hypotheses for future investigation are proposed | manufacturing technology innovations;total quality manufacturing;uk;foreign direct investment;manufacturing cells;competitive advantage;just-in-time;labour productivity;macro-economic data;usa;soft technologies |
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train_1369 | Use of Bayesian Belief Networks when combining disparate sources of information | in the safety assessment of software-based systems The paper discusses how disparate sources of information can be combined in the safety assessment of software-based systems. The emphasis is put on an emerging methodology, relevant for intelligent product-support systems, to combine information about disparate evidences systematically based on Bayesian Belief Networks. The objective is to show the link between basic information and the confidence one can have in a system. How one combines the Bayesian Belief Net (BBN) method with a software safety standard (RTCA/DO-178B,) for safety assessment of software-based systems is also discussed. Finally, the applicability of the BBN methodology and experiences from cooperative research work together with Kongsberg Defence & Aerospace and Det Norske Veritas, and ongoing research with VTT Automation are presented | intelligent product-support systems;safety assessment;software-based systems;software safety standard;bayesian belief networks |
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train_137 | An efficient DIPIE algorithm for CAD of electrostatically actuated MEMS devices | Pull-in parameters are important properties of electrostatic actuators. Efficient and accurate analysis tools that can capture these parameters for different design geometries, are therefore essential. Current simulation tools approach the pull-in state by iteratively adjusting the voltage applied across the actuator electrodes. The convergence rate of this scheme gradually deteriorates as the pull-in state is approached. Moreover, the convergence is inconsistent and requires many mesh and accuracy refinements to assure reliable predictions. As a result, the design procedure of electrostatically actuated MEMS devices can be time-consuming. In this paper a novel Displacement Iteration Pull-In Extraction (DIPIE) scheme is presented. The DIPIE scheme is shown to converge consistently and far more rapidly than the Voltage Iterations (VI) scheme (>100 times faster!). The DIPIE scheme requires separate mechanical and electrostatic field solvers. Therefore, it can be easily implemented in existing MOEMS CAD packages. Moreover, using the DIPIE scheme, the pull-in parameters extraction can be performed in a fully automated mode, and no user input for search bounds is required | mechanical field solver;design geometries;computer-aided design;convergence rate;moems cad packages;dipie algorithm;electrostatic field solver;displacement iteration;electrostatic actuators;electrostatically actuated mems devices;pull-in parameters;displacement iteration pull-in extraction scheme |
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train_1370 | Integrated support based on task models for the design, evaluation, and | documentation of interactive safety-critical systems: a case study in the air-traffic control domain This paper presents an approach to using task models in both the design and the evaluation phases of interactive safety-critical applications. We explain how it is possible to use information contained in task models to support the design and development of effective user interfaces. Moreover, we show how task models can also support a systematic inspection-based usability assessment by examining possible deviations that can occur while users interact with the system, an important issue especially when coping with the peculiar requirements of safety-critical applications. Such evaluation provides useful technical documentation to help users achieve an in-depth understanding of the system and its design rationale. Lastly, a description of the application of our approach to a real case study in the air-traffic control domain will illustrate the main features of the proposed method. In particular, we discuss examples taken from an application for air-traffic controllers in an aerodrome supported by graphical user interfaces for data-link communications with pilots | air-traffic control domain;data-link communications;graphical user interfaces;technical documentation;task models;user interfaces;integrated support;interactive safety-critical systems;inspection-based usability assessment |
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train_1371 | Design methodology for diagnostic strategies for industrial systems | This paper presents a method for the construction of diagnostic systems for complex industrial applications. The approach has been explicitely developed to shorten the design cycle and meet some specific requirements, such as modularity, flexibility, and the possibility of merging many different sources of information. The method allows one to consider multiple simultaneous failures and is specifically designed to make easier the coordination and simplification of local diagnostic algorithms developed by different teams | modularity;design methodology;local diagnostic algorithms;diagnostic strategies;industrial systems |
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train_1372 | Knowledge acquisition and ontology modelling for construction of a control and | monitoring expert system This paper presents the processes of knowledge acquisition and ontology development for structuring the knowledge base of an expert system. Ontological engineering is a process that facilitates construction of the knowledge base of an intelligent system. Ontology is the study of the organization and classification of knowledge. Ontological engineering in artificial intelligence has the practical goal of constructing frameworks for knowledge that allow computational systems to tackle knowledge-intensive problems and it supports knowledge sharing and reuse. To illustrate the process of conceptual modelling using the Inferential Modelling Technique as a basis for ontology construction, the tool and processes are applied to build an expert system in the domain of monitoring of a petroleum-production facility | knowledge reuse;inferential modelling technique;knowledge base;knowledge acquisition;artificial intelligence;petroleum-production facility;ontology modelling;ontological engineering;control and monitoring expert system;intelligent system |
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train_1373 | Agent-based product-support logistics system using XML and RDF | The capability of the timely provision of maintenance services and service parts is critical to the competitiveness of industrial systems. To enhance the timely operations in a product-support logistics chain, business partners (equipment manufacturers, parts distributors, customers) may have to collaborate for the efficient exchange of relevant information. We propose the architecture of an agent-based product-support logistics system. Emphasis is placed on the problems of sharing and exchanging information through agent communication. We adopt the Resource Description Framework (RDF) schema for information modelling in product-support logistics domain. The eXtensible Markup Language (XML) serialization generates messages for agent communication. The use of XML and RDF enables software agents to understand the contents of messages correctly and consistently. We demonstrate the feasibility of our agent architecture using a scenario in logistical support processes. We believe that the approach can provide a promising way to the automation of business processes in product-support logistics through seamless communication among the partners | resource description framework schema;service parts;maintenance services;information modelling;rdf;xml;industrial systems;extensible markup language;agent-based product-support logistics system;software agents |
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train_1374 | Using technology to facilitate the design and delivery of warnings | This paper describes several ways in which new technologies can assist in the design and delivery of warnings. There are four discussion points: (1) current product information can be delivered via the Internet; (2) computer software and hardware are available to assist in the design, construction, and production of visual and auditory warnings; (3) various detection devices can be used to recognize instances in which warnings might be delivered; and (4) a warning presentation can be modified to fit conditions and persons. Implications, example applications and future prospects of these points are described | internet;auditory warnings;computer hardware;computer software;warning presentation;product information |
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train_1375 | Evaluation of the usability of digital maintenance manuals developed without | either user input or a task analysis The primary objective was to investigate the value that can be added to a low-cost digital maintenance manual by the addition of a navigational aid. Two versions of a digital maintenance manual were developed, the difference between them being the number of design heuristics observed when designing navigational aids. Neither version was based on an analysis of the tasks carried out by users, nor were users involved in the design process. Instead, the manuals were developed directly from the digital information used to produce the existing paper manual. Usability trials were carried out to test both versions according to the time taken and errors committed by users during typical information retrieval tasks. Users were questioned to determine their ease of use (EOU) perceptions for each manual. The main outcomes were that the navigation aid used in the second version reduced the time taken to use the manual but increased the number of errors made by users. The navigational aid also seemed to reduce the perceived EOU compared with the first version. In both cases, the perceived EOU was lower than for a previous digital manual that had been developed using a task analysis and user input. The paper concludes by recommending the development of a generic task model of user interaction with digital maintenance manuals | usability trials;task analysis;user interaction;information retrieval;digital maintenance manuals usability;generic task model;navigational aid |
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train_1376 | Enhanced product support through intelligent product manuals | The scope of this paper is the provision of intelligent product support within the distributed Intranet/Internet environment. From the point of view of user requirements, the limitations of conventional product manuals and methods of authoring them are first outlined. It is argued that enhanced product support requires new technology solutions both for product manuals and for their authoring and presentation. The concept and the architecture of intelligent product manuals are then discussed. A prototype system called ProARTWeb is presented to demonstrate advanced features of intelligent product manuals. Next, the problem of producing such manuals in a cost-effective way is addressed and a concurrent engineering approach to their authoring is proposed. An integrated environment for collaborative authoring called ProAuthor is described to illustrate the approach suggested and to show how consistent, up-to-date and user-oriented-product manuals can be designed. The solutions presented here enable product knowledge to be captured and delivered to users and developers of product manuals when, where and in the form they need it | product knowledge;product manuals;concurrent engineering;intelligent product support;intelligent product manuals;proartweb;technical information |
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train_1377 | Open hypermedia for product support | As industrial systems become increasingly more complex, the maintenance and operating information increases both in volume and complexity. With the current pressures on manufacturing, the management of information resources has become a critical issue. In particular, ensuring that personnel can access current information quickly and effectively when undertaking a specific task. This paper discusses some of the issues involved in, and the benefits of using, open hypermedia to manage and deliver a diverse range of information. While the paper concentrates on the problems specifically associated with manufacturing organizations, the problems are generic across other business sectors such as healthcare, defence and finance. The open hypermedia approach to information management and delivery allows a multimedia resource base to be used for a range of applications and it permits a user to have controlled access to the required information in an easily accessible and structured manner. Recent advancement in hypermedia also permits just-in-time support in the most appropriate format for all users. Our approach is illustrated by the discussion of a case study in which an open hypermedia system delivers maintenance and process information to factory-floor users to support the maintenance and operation of a very large manufacturing cell | just-in-time support;maintenance;information resources;operating information;open hypermedia;product support |
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train_1378 | Development of an Internet-based intelligent design support system for rolling | element bearings This paper presents a novel approach to developing an intelligent agile design system for rolling bearings based on artificial intelligence (AI), Internet and Web technologies and expertise. The underlying philosophy of the approach is to use AI technology and Web-based design support systems as smart tools from which design customers can rapidly and responsively access the systems' built-in design expertise. The approach is described in detail with a novel AI model and system implementation issues. The major issues in implementing the approach are discussed with particular reference to using AI technologies, network programming, client-server technology and open computing of bearing design and manufacturing requirements | internet-based intelligent design support system;web technologies;manufacturing requirements;intelligent agile design system;artificial intelligence;smart tools;rolling element bearings;internet technologies;bearing design;client-server technology;network programming |
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train_1379 | Web-based intelligent helpdesk-support environment | With the advent of Internet technology, it is now feasible to provide effective and efficient helpdesk service over the global Internet to meet customers' requirements and satisfaction. In this research, we have designed and developed a Web-based intelligent helpdesk-support environment, WebHotLine, to support the customer service centre of a large multinational corporation in the electronics industry. The paper describes the basic architecture of the environment that supports the major functions of Web-based fault information retrieval, online multilingual translation capability, different operating modes of video-conferencing for enhanced support and direct intelligent fault diagnosis by customers or customer support engineers. As a result, WebHotLine helps to save cost in eliminating the expensive overseas telephone charges, reduction in machine down time and number of on-site visits by service engineers as in traditional helpdesk environment | webhotline;online multilingual translation capability;web-based fault information retrieval;web-based intelligent helpdesk-support environment;customer service centre;videoconferencing;internet technology |
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train_138 | Optical actuation of a bistable MEMS | This paper presents an optical actuation scheme for MEMS devices based on the well-established fact that light possesses momentum, and hence, imparts a force equal to 2 W/c when reflected by a surface. Here, W is the total power of the reflected light, and c is the speed of light. Radiation pressure, as it is known, is nearly insignificant for most macroscale applications, but it can be quite significant for MEMS devices. In addition, light actuation offers a new paradigm. First, intersecting light beams do not interfere, in contrast to electrical conductors, which short when they come into contact. Second, light can operate in high temperature and high radiation environments far outside the capability of solid state electronic components. This actuation method is demonstrated, both in air and in vacuum, by switching the state of a bistable MEMS device. The associated heat transfer model is also presented | optical actuation scheme;high temperature environments;mems devices;intersecting light beams;radiation pressure;heat transfer model;high radiation environments;bistable mems |
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train_1380 | A feature-preserving volumetric technique to merge surface triangulations | Several extensions and improvements to surface merging procedures based on the extraction of isosurfaces from a distance map defined on an adaptive background grid are presented. The main objective is to extend the application of these algorithms to surfaces with sharp edges and comers. In order to deal with objects of different length scales, the initial background grids are created using a Delaunay triangulation method and local voxelizations. A point enrichment technique that introduces points into the background grid along detected surface features such as ridges is used to ensure that these features are preserved in the final merged surface. The surface merging methodology is extended to include other Boolean operations between surface triangulations. The iso-surface extraction algorithms are modified to obtain the correct iso-surface for multi-component objects. The procedures are demonstrated with various examples, ranging from simple geometrical entities to complex engineering applications. The present algorithms allow realistic modelling of a large number of complex engineering geometries using overlapping components defined discretely, i.e. via surface triangulations. This capability is very useful for grid generation starting from data originated in measurements or images | overlapping components;surface intersection;surface triangulations;haemoglobin molecule;arterial surfaces;ridges;surface merging procedures;sharp edges;boolean operations;adaptive background grid;unstructured grids;discrete data;sharp comers;point enrichment technique background grid;iso-surfaces extraction;local voxelizations;simple geometrical entities;complex engineering applications;mesh generation;merge surface triangulations;geometric modelling;images;feature-preserving volumetric technique;delaunay triangulation method;multi-component objects |
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train_1381 | An augmented spatial digital tree algorithm for contact detection in | computational mechanics Based on the understanding of existing spatial digital tree-based contact detection approaches, and the alternating digital tree (ADT) algorithm in particular, a more efficient algorithm, termed the augmented spatial digital tree (ASDT) algorithm, is proposed in the present work. The ASDT algorithm adopts a different point representation scheme that uses only the lower comer vertex to represent a (hyper-)rectangle, with the upper comer vertex serving as the augmented information. Consequently, the ASDT algorithm can keep the working space the same as the original n-dimensional space and, in general, a much better balanced tree can be expected. This, together with the introduction of an additional bounding subregion for the rectangles associated with each tree node, makes it possible to significantly reduce the number of node visits in the region search, although each node visit may be slightly more expensive. Three examples arising in computational mechanics are presented to provide an assessment of the performance of the ASDT. The numerical results indicate that the ASDT is, at least, over 3.9 times faster than the ADT | spatial binary tree-based contact detection approaches;contact detection;alternating digital tree algorithm;computational mechanics;augmented data structure;upper comer vertex;augmented spatial digital tree algorithm |
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train_1382 | Loop restructuring for data I/O minimization on limited on-chip memory embedded | processors In this paper, we propose a framework for analyzing the flow of values and their reuse in loop nests to minimize data traffic under the constraints of limited on-chip memory capacity and dependences. Our analysis first undertakes fusion of possible loop nests intra-procedurally and then performs loop distribution. The analysis discovers the closeness factor of two statements which is a quantitative measure of data traffic saved per unit memory occupied if the statements were under the same loop nest over the case where they are under different loop nests. We then develop a greedy algorithm which traverses the program dependence graph to group statements together under the same loop nest legally to promote maximal reuse per unit of memory occupied. We implemented our framework in Petit, a tool for dependence analysis and loop transformations. We compared our method with one based on tiling of fused loop nest and one based on a greedy strategy to purely maximize reuse. We show that our methods work better than both of these strategies in most cases for processors such as TMS320Cxx, which have a very limited amount of on-chip memory. The improvements in data I/O range from 10 to 30 percent over tiling and from 10 to 40 percent over maximal reuse for JPEG loops | embedded processors;loop restructuring;petit;dsp;closeness factor;fused loop nest;data locality;on-chip memory;loop fusion;data i/o minimization;program dependence graph;data traffic |
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train_1383 | Semantic data broadcast for a mobile environment based on dynamic and adaptive | chunking Database broadcast is an effective and scalable approach to disseminate information of high affinity to a large collection of mobile clients. A common problem of existing broadcast approaches is the lack of knowledge for a client to determine if all data items satisfying its query could be obtained from the broadcast. We therefore propose a semantic-based broadcast approach. A semantic descriptor is attached to each broadcast unit, called a data chunk. This semantic descriptor allows a client to determine if a query can be answered entirely based on broadcast items and, if needed, identify the precise definition of the remaining items in the form of a "supplementary" query. Data chunks can be of static or dynamic sizes and organized hierarchically. Their boundary can be determined on-the-fly, adaptive to the nature of client queries. We investigate different ways of organizing the data chunks over a broadcast channel to improve access performance. We introduce the data affinity index metric, which more accurately reflects client-perceived performance. A simulation model is built to evaluate our semantic-based broadcast schemes | answerability;semantic data broadcast;mobile computing;mobile databases;query processing;adaptive chunking;semantic descriptor;data affinity index;mobile clients;data chunking |
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train_1384 | Data allocation on wireless broadcast channels for efficient query processing | Data broadcast is an excellent method for efficient data dissemination in the mobile computing environment. The application domain of data broadcast will be widely expanded in the near future, where the client is expected to perform complex queries or transactions on the broadcast data. To reduce the access latency for processing the complex query, it is beneficial to place the data accessed in a query close to each other on the broadcast channel. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm to determine the allocation of the data on the broadcast channel such that frequently co-accessed data are not only allocated close to each other, but also in a particular order which optimizes the performance of query processing. Our mechanism is based on the well-known problem named optimal linear ordering. Experiments are performed to justify the benefit of our approach | access time;mobile computing;database broadcasting;broadcast program;access latency;tuning time;wireless broadcast channels;query processing |
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train_1385 | Cache invalidation and replacement strategies for location-dependent data in | mobile environments Mobile location-dependent information services (LDISs) have become increasingly popular in recent years. However, data caching strategies for LDISs have thus far received little attention. In this paper, we study the issues of cache invalidation and cache replacement for location-dependent data under a geometric location model. We introduce a new performance criterion, called caching efficiency, and propose a generic method for location-dependent cache invalidation strategies. In addition, two cache replacement policies, PA and PAID, are proposed. Unlike the conventional replacement policies, PA and PAID take into consideration the valid scope area of a data value. We conduct a series of simulation experiments to study the performance of the proposed caching schemes. The experimental results show that the proposed location-dependent invalidation scheme is very effective and the PA and PAID policies significantly outperform the conventional replacement policies | location-dependent information;cache invalidation;mobile computing;performance evaluation;data caching;cache replacement;semantic caching;mobile location-dependent information services |
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train_1386 | When the unexpected happens [disaster planning in banks] | A business disruption can be as simple as a power failure or as complex as a terrorist attack. Regardless, you will need to have a plan to minimize interruptions to both your bank and your customers. Marketers have a role in this readiness process | recovery;public relations;planning;disaster planning;banks;emergency management |
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train_1389 | The case for activity based management | In today's stormy economic climate businesses need Activity Based Management (ABM) more than ever before. In an economic downturn it is a vital tool for pinpointing a business' most profitable customers, products, regions or channels, as well as uncovering the costs of individual business processes that may need to be improved in order to drive higher profit levels. Changes may be afoot in the ABM market, but Armstrong Laing Group CEO Mike Sherratt argues that businesses need specialists with an ABM focus to keep up with their requirements in such a climate. He looks at what benefits a `best-of-breed' ABM system can offer businesses and contends that businesses must choose carefully when going down the ABM route - and also ask themselves the question whether 'generalist' organisations will be able to deliver the best possible ABM solution | armstrong laing group;best-of-breed abm;activity based management;activity based costing |
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train_139 | Equilibrium swelling and kinetics of pH-responsive hydrogels: models, | experiments, and simulations The widespread application of ionic hydrogels in a number of applications like control of microfluidic flow, development of muscle-like actuators, filtration/separation and drug delivery makes it important to properly understand these materials. Understanding hydrogel properties is also important from the standpoint of their similarity to many biological tissues. Typically, gel size is sensitive to outer solution pH and salt concentration. In this paper, we develop models to predict the swelling/deswelling of hydrogels in buffered pH solutions. An equilibrium model has been developed to predict the degree of swelling of the hydrogel at a given pH and salt concentration in the solution. A kinetic model has been developed to predict the rate of swelling of the hydrogel when the solution pH is changed. Experiments are performed to characterize the mechanical properties of the hydrogel in different pH solutions. The degree of swelling as well as the rate of swelling of the hydrogel are also studied through experiments. The simulations are compared with experimental results and the models are found to predict the swelling/deswelling processes accurately | mechanical properties;filtration/separation;ph-responsive hydrogels;equilibrium model;microfluidic flow;buffered ph solutions;drug delivery;gel size;muscle-like actuators;ionic hydrogels;swelling/deswelling |
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train_1390 | Data quality - unlocking the ROI in CRM | While many organisations realise their most valuable asset is their customers, many more fail to realise the importance of auditing, maintaining and updating the information contained in their customer databases. Today's growing awareness in the importance of data quality in relation to CRM and ROI will help change this attitude. In response, CRM vendors will follow suit and begin to differentiate themselves by offering data quality as part of an enterprise-wide data management methodology | data management;customer databases;crm;customer relationships;return on investment |
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train_1391 | Government budget and accounting information policy and practice in Taiwan | The principal government budget and accounting information policies in Taiwan are founded on the ability to provide integrated, consistent, and timely information for government managers to make more rational decisions concerning national resource allocation and evaluation. A specific accounting organization system has been designed for this purpose. This paper analyzes information policies and practices according to the relevant laws and regulations, identifies issues regarding the policies, and presents strategies to resolve the issues | taiwan;accounting information policy;rational decisions;national resource evaluation;national resource allocation;government managers;generally accepted accounting principles;government budget |
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train_1392 | Enlisting on-line residents: Expanding the boundaries of e-government in a | Japanese rural township The purpose of this article is to analyze and learn from an unusual way in which local bureaucrats in a Japanese rural township are using the Internet to serve their constituents by enlisting the support of "on-line residents." Successful e-government requires not only rethinking the potential uses of computer technology, but in adopting new patterns of decision-making, power sharing, and office management that many bureaucrats may not be predisposed to make. The main thesis of this article is that necessity and practicality can play a powerful motivational role in facilitating the incorporation of information technology (IT) at the level of local government. This case study of how bureaucrats in Towa-cho, a small, agricultural town in Northeastern Japan, have harnessed the Internet demonstrates clearly the fundamentals of building a successful e-government framework in this rural municipality, similar to many communities in Europe and North America today | internet;power sharing;rural municipality;local bureaucrats;japanese rural township;e-government;decision-making;on-line residents;office management;towa-cho |
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train_1393 | ERP systems implementation: Best practices in Canadian government organizations | ERP (Enterprise resource planning) systems implementation is a complex exercise in organizational innovation and change management. Government organizations are increasing their adoption of these systems for various benefits such as integrated real-time information, better administration, and result-based management. Government organizations, due to their social obligations, higher legislative and public accountability, and unique culture face many specific challenges in the transition to enterprise systems. This motivated the authors to explore the key considerations and typical activities in government organizations adopting ERP systems. The article adopts the innovation process theory framework as well as the (Markus & Tanis, 2000) model as a basis to delineate the ERP adoption process. Although, each adopting organization has a distinct set of objectives for its systems, the study found many similarities in motivations, concerns, and strategies across organizations | innovation process theory framework;administration;social obligations;erp systems implementation;higher legislative accountability;canadian government organizations;result-based management;enterprise resource planning;integrated real-time information;best practices;public accountability |
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train_1394 | Subject access to government documents in an era of globalization: intellectual | bundling of entities affected by the decisions of supranational organizations As a result of the growing influence of supranational organizations, there is a need for a new model for subject access to government information in academic libraries. Rulings made by supranational bodies such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and rulings determined under the auspices of transnational economic agreements such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) often supersede existing law, resulting in obligatory changes to national, provincial, state, and municipal legislation. Just as important is the relationship among private sector companies, third party actors such as nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and governments. The interaction among the various entities affected by supranational rulings could potentially form the basis of a new model for subject access to government information | north american free trade agreement;national legislation;state legislation;government documents;globalization;provincial legislation;supranational organizations;intellectual bundling;world trade organization;municipal legislation;academic libraries;transnational economic agreements |
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train_1395 | Work in progress: Developing policies for access to government information in | the New South Africa Following South Africa's transition to democracy in 1994, the SA government has adopted policies supporting freedom of expression and freedom of access to information. The Bill of Rights in the new Constitution includes a constitutional right of access to information held by the state. Since 1994 various initiatives have been taken by government and other bodies to promote such access. These include moves to reorganize government printing and publishing, restructure the government's public information services, make government information available on the Internet, and extend telephony and Internet access to poor communities. SA's new Legal Deposit Act, (1997) makes provision for the creation of official publications depositories. The Promotion of Access to Information Act, (2000) was enacted to ensure access to information held by the state and public bodies. However, despite much activity, it has proved difficult to translate principles into practical and well-coordinated measures to improve access to government information. A specific concern is the failure of policy-makers to visualize a role for libraries | government information;internet;official publications depositories;freedom of access to information;public bodies;government publishing;libraries;freedom of expression;constitutional right of access;bill of rights;government printing;south africa;public information services |
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train_1396 | Construction of double sampling s-control charts for agile manufacturing | Double sampling (DS) X-control charts are designed to allow quick detection of a small shift of process mean and provides a quick response in an agile manufacturing environment. However, the DS X-control charts assume that the process standard deviation remains unchanged throughout the entire course of the statistical process control. Therefore, a complementary DS chart that can be used to monitor the process variation caused by changes in process standard deviation should be developed. In this paper, the development of the DS s-charts for quickly detecting small shift in process standard deviation for agile manufacturing is presented. The construction of the DS s-charts is based on the same concepts in constructing the DS X-charts and is formulated as an optimization problem and solved with a genetic algorithm. The efficiency of the DS s-control chart is compared with that of the traditional s-control chart. The results show that the DS s-control charts can be a more economically preferable alternative in detecting small shifts than traditional s-control charts | double sampling s-control charts;process mean shift detection;genetic algorithm;process standard deviation;double sampling x-control charts;statistical process control;agile manufacturing |
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train_1397 | Computer program for calculating the p-value in testing process capability | index C/sub pmk/ Many process capability indices, including C/sub p/, C/sub pk/, and C/sub pm/, have been proposed to provide numerical measures on the process potential and performance. Combining the advantages of these indices, Pearn et al. (1992) introduced a new capability index called C/sub pmk/, which has been shown to be a useful capability index for processes with two-sided specification limits. In this paper, the authors implement the theory of a testing hypothesis using the natural estimator of C/sub pmk/, and provide an efficient Maple computer program to calculate the p-values. They also provide tables of the critical values for some commonly used capability requirements. Based on the test, they develop a simple step-by-step procedure for in-plant applications. The practitioners can use the proposed procedure to determine whether their process meets the preset capability requirement, and make reliable decisions | natural estimator;computer program;reliable decisions;in-plant applications;testing hypothesis;process performance;preset capability requirement;p-value calculation;maple;process potential;testing process capability index |
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train_1398 | Swamped by data [storage] | While the cost of storage has plummeted, the demand continued to climb and there are plenty of players out there offering solutions to a company's burgeoning storage needs | disk capacity management;storage area networks;cost of storage;network attached storage;disk optimisation;it personnel;resource management;file system automation;storage virtualisation |
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train_14 | Application of hybrid models for prediction and optimization of enzyme | fermentation process. A comparative study The paper presents a comparison of the biotechnological process prediction and optimization results obtained by using different structure hybrid mathematical models for modeling of the same bioprocess. The hybrid models under investigation consist of the product mass balance equation in which different means - an artificial neural network, fuzzy-neural network and cell age distribution based calculation scheme - are incorporated for modeling the specific biosynthesis rate of a desired product. Experimental data from alpha -amylase laboratory and industrial fermentation processes are used for model parameter identification and the process prediction tests | identification;product mass balance equation;industrial processes;bioprocess;fuzzy-neural network;cell age distribution;biosynthesis rate;optimization;enzyme fermentation;hybrid models;mathematical models |
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train_140 | A high-resolution high-frequency monolithic top-shooting microinjector free of | satellite drops - part II: fabrication, implementation, and characterization For pt. I, see ibid., vol. 11, no. 5, p. 427-36 (2002). Describes the fabrication, implementation and characterization of a thermal driven microinjector, featuring a bubble check valve and monolithic fabrication. Microfabrication of this microinjector is based on bulk/surface-combined micromachining of the silicon wafer, free of the bonding process that is commonly used in the fabrication of commercial printing head, so that even solvents and fuels can be ejected. Droplet ejection sequences of two microinjectors have been studied along with a commercial inkjet printhead for comparison. The droplet ejection of our microinjector with 10 mu m diameter nozzle has been characterized at a frequency over 35 kHz, at least 3 times higher than those of commercial counterparts. The droplet volume from this device is smaller than 1 pl, 10 times smaller than those of commercial inkjets employed in the consumer market at the time of testing. Visualization results have verified that our design, although far from being optimized, operates in the frequency several times higher than those of commercial products and reduces the crosstalk among neighboring chambers | crosstalk;bubble check valve;bonding process;10 micron;thermal driven microinjector;bulk/surface-combined micromachining;consumer market;nozzle;droplet volume;35 khz;satellite drops;monolithic top-shooting microinjector;inkjet printhead |
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train_1402 | Web talk is cheap | Web technology provides a wealth of opportunities for reaching potential customers. So how do you make it work for your business? | web chat;website;customer service representative;collaborative browsing;call centre |
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train_1403 | IT: Utilities | A look at five utilities to make your PCs more, efficient, effective, and efficacious | easynotes;download accelerator plus;utilities;print shop pro;post-it software;mobilemessenger;pcs |
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train_1404 | Creating the right mail model | If you know your post room is not as efficiently organised as it might be, but you are not sure how best to go about making improvements, then consider this advice from John Edgar of consultant MCS | post room;mail;consultant;mcs |
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train_1405 | Winning post [mail systems] | Businesses that take their mail for granted can end up wasting money as well as opportunities. Mike Stecyk, VP of marketing and lines of business at Pitney Bowes, suggests strategies for making more of a great opportunity | direct mail shots;mail;inserters;franking machines;folders;strategies;pitney bowes |
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train_1406 | Bluetooth bites back | It is now more than four years since we started to hear about Bluetooth, and from the user's point of view very little seems to have happened since then. Paul Haddlesey looks at the progress, and the role Bluetooth may eventually play in your firm's communications strategy | bluetooth;wireless connection;mobile;communications strategy |
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train_1407 | Soft options for software upgrades? | Several new products claim to take the work out of installing software and patches, and even migrating operating systems. Software migration products fall into two broad categories. The drive imaging type is designed to make exact copies of a hard disk, either an entire drive or certain directories, so you can use it to back up data. The application management type is designed for more incremental upgrades and often provides additional features such as the ability to monitor or control users' access to applications | microsoft windows;software installation;software upgrades;operating systems migration |
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train_1408 | PKI: coming to an enterprise near you? | For many years public key infrastructure (PKI) deployments were the provenance of governments and large, security-conscious corporations and financial institutions. These organizations have the financial and human resources necessary to successfully manage the complexities of a public key system. Lately however, several forces have converged to encourage a broader base of enterprises to take a closer look at PKI. These forces are discussed. PKI vendors are now demonstrating to customers how they can make essential business applications faster and more efficient by moving them to the Internet-without sacrificing security. Those applications usually include secure remote access, secure messaging, electronic document exchange, transaction validation, and network authentication. After a brief discussion of PKI basics the author reviews various products available on the market | verisign;electronic document exchange;public key infrastructure;pki;rsa security;geotrust;ipsec vpns;network authentication;entrust;security;secure remote access;business-critical applications;transaction validation;baltimore technologies;pki vendors;e-commerce;secure messaging |
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train_1409 | North American carrier survey: simply the best | Network Magazine carried out a North American carrier survey. Thousands of network engineers gave information on providers' strengths and weaknesses across seven services: private lines, frame relay, ATM, VPNs, dedicated Internet access, Ethernet services, and Web hosting. Respondents also ranked providers on their ability to perform in up to eight categories including customer service, reliability, and price. Users rated more than a dozen providers for each survey. Carriers needed to receive at least 30 votes for inclusion in the survey. Readers were asked to rate carriers on up to nine categories using a scale of 1 (unacceptable) to 5 (excellent). Not all categories are equally important. To try and get at these differences, Network Magazine asked readers to assign a weight to each category. The big winners were VPNs | private lines;service providers;atm;price;dedicated internet access;customer service;vpns;web hosting;north american carrier survey;frame relay;ethernet services;reliability |
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train_141 | A high-resolution high-frequency monolithic top-shooting microinjector free of | satellite drops - part I: concept, design, and model Introduces an innovative microinjector design, featuring a bubble valve, which entails superior droplet ejection characteristics and monolithic fabrication, which allows handling of a wide range of liquids. This new microinjector uses asymmetric bubbles to reduce crosstalk, increase frequency response and eliminate satellite droplets. During a firing, i.e., droplet ejection, the "virtual valve" closes, by growing a thermal bubble in the microchannel, to isolate the microchamber from the liquid supply and neighboring chambers. Between firings, however, the virtual valve opens, by collapsing the bubble, to reduce flow restriction for fast refilling of the microchamber. The use of bubble valves brings about fast and reliable device operation without imposing the significant complication fabrication of physical microvalves would call for. In addition, through a special heater configuration and chamber designs, bubbles surrounding the nozzle cut off the tail of the droplets being ejected and completely eliminate satellite droplets. A simple one-dimensional model of the operation of the microinjector is used to estimate the bubble formation and liquid refilling | frequency response;flow restriction;bubble valve;virtual valve;asymmetric bubbles;liquid refilling;crosstalk;droplet ejection characteristics;satellite droplets;chamber designs;monolithic top-shooting microinjector;thermal bubble jet;inkjet printing |
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train_1410 | WAM!Net: private pipes for electronic media | "We are the digital version of FedEx. We offer storage and intelligent workflow." The United States military - especially during war time - is pretty careful about the way it handles its workflow and communications. Before a company is awarded a government contract, the company and its technology are screened and verified. If the technology or its creators aren't trustworthy and secure, chances are they aren't getting by Uncle Sam. Record companies and publishing houses tend to feel the same way. After all, security is just as important to a record executive as it is to a Navy commander. WAM!Net, a Wide-Area Media network (hence, the name) passes muster with both. The company, which employs about 320 employees around the world, has 15000 customers including the US Navy and a host of record labels, publishing companies, healthcare providers, and advertising agencies, all of whom use its network as a way to transport, store, and receive data. "We are the digital version of FedEx. We offer storage and intelligent workflow," says Murad Velani, executive vice president of sales and marketing for WAM!Net. "We started out as purely transport and we've become a digital platform." | atm technology;advertising agencies;digital platform;healthcare providers;publishing companies;wide-area media network;client-server format;content information;content creators;intelligent workflow;record labels;u.s. navy;publishing information;wam!net;high-speed private network;asp format;united states military;electronic media |
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train_1411 | Speedera: Web without the wait | There's no greater testament to the utility of the Internet than the fact that hundreds of millions of people worldwide are willing to wait for Web pages as they build incrementally on screen. But while users may put up with the "World Wide Wait," they definitely don't like it. That's where Content Delivery Networks come in. CDNs can't turn a footpath into a freeway, but they can help data in transit take advantage of shortcuts and steer clear of traffic jams. And while enhancing the responsiveness of Web interaction, CDNs also enhance the prospects of their clients, who need engaged visitors to keep their Web-based business models afloat. "Our mission is to improve the quality of the Internet experience for end-users," says Gordon Smith, vice president of marketing at Speedera Networks in Santa Clara, California, "and to enable Web-site operators to provide better delivery quality, performance, scalability, and security through an outsourced service model that slashes IT costs." | delivery quality;web-site operators;outsourced service model;scalability;internet experience;content delivery networks;security;web interaction;world wide web;web-based business models |
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train_1412 | Arbortext: enabler of multichannel publishing | A company has a document-say, dosage instructions for a prescription drug or a troubleshooting sheet for a DVD drive. That document starts its life in a predictable format, probably Microsoft Word or WordPerfect, but then-to meet the needs of readers who nowadays demand access via multiple devices-the material has to be translated into many more formats: HTML, PageMaker, or Quark, possibly RTF, almost certainly PDF, and nowadays, next-generation devices (cell phones, handheld computers) also impose their own requirements. And what if, suddenly, the dosage levels change or new workarounds emerge to handle DVD problems? That's when a company should put in a call to Arbortext, a 20-year-old Ann Arbor, Michigan-based company that exists to solve a single problem: helping clients automate multichannel publishing | arbortext;document format;multichannel publishing;content assets;next-generation devices |
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train_1413 | Web content extraction. A WhizBang! approach | The extraction technology that Whizbang uses consists of a unique approach to scouring the Web for current, very specific forms of information. FlipDog, for example, checks company Web sites for hyperlinks to pages that list job opportunities. It then crawls to the deeper page and, using the WhizBang! Extraction Framework, extracts the key elements of the postings, such as job title, name of employer, job category, and job function. Click on a job and you are transferred to the company Web site to view the job description as it appears there | flipdog;company web sites;job description;job-hunting site;whizbang! extraction framework;web content extraction |
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train_1414 | Survey says! [online world of polls and surveys] | Many content managers miss the fundamental interactivity of the Web by not using polls and surveys. Using interactive features-like a poll or quiz-offers your readers an opportunity to become more engaged in your content. Using a survey to gather feedback about your content provides cost-effective data to help make modifications or plot the appropriate course of action. The Web has allowed us to take traditional market research and turn it on its ear. Surveys and polls can be conducted faster and cheaper than with telephone and mail. But if you are running a Web site, should you care about polls and surveys? Do you know the difference between the two in Web-speak? | content managers;surveys;polls;world wide web;site feedback;site owners |
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train_1415 | The disconnect continues [digital content providers] | The relationships between the people who buy digital content and those who sell it are probably more acrimonious than ever before, says Dick Curtis, a director and lead analyst for the research firm Outsell Inc., where he covers econtent contract and negotiation strategies. Several buyers agree with his observation. They cite aggressive sales tactics, an unwillingness to deliver content in formats buyers need, a reluctance to provide licensing terms that take into account the structure of today's corporations, and inadequate service and support as a few of the factors underlying the acrimony. Still, many buyers remain optimistic that compromises can be reached on some of these issues. But first, they say, sellers must truly understand the econtent needs of today's enterprises | econtent negotiation;news databases;econtent buyers;econtent contract;web site;sales tactics;digital content |
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train_1416 | Look into the future of content management | Predictions of consolidation in the Content Management (CM) vendor arena have appeared in nearly every major industry prognosis over the past two years. Gartner Group, for example, recently reiterated its prediction that half the CM vendors in existence in mid-2001 would leave the marketplace by the end of 2002. Analysts consistently advise prospective CM buyers to tread carefully because their vendor may not stick around. But fortunately, the story goes, fewer vendor choices will finally bring greater clarity and sharper differentiators to this otherwise very messy product landscape. In fact, the number of CM vendors continues to rise. Industry growth has come through greater demand among CM buyers, but also expanding product functionality as well as successful partnerships. The marketplace certainly cannot sustain its current breadth of vendors in the long run, yet it remains unclear when and how any serious industry consolidation will occur. In the meantime, evolving business models and feature sets have created just the kind of clearer segmentation and transparent product differences that were supposed to emerge following an industry contraction | content management;enterprise systems;industry consolidation;product functionality;partnerships |
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train_1417 | Craigslist: virtual community maintains human touch | If it works why change it? This might have been the thought on the minds of dot com executives back when Internet businesses were booming, and most of the Web content was free. Web sites were overflowing with advertisements of every kind and size. Now that dot com principals know better, Web ads are no longer the only path to revenue generation. Community portals, however, never seemed to have many ads to begin with, and their content stayed truer to who they served. Many of them started off as simple places for users to list announcements, local events, want ads, real estate, and mingle with other local users. The author saw the need for San Franciscans to have a place to do all of that for free, without any annoying advertising, and ended up offering much more to his community with the creation of craigslist. "[Polling users] was a good way for us to connect with our members, this is the way to operate successfully in situations like these - your members come first." | craigslist;web content;announcements;virtual community;real estate;revenue generation;local events;san francisco bay community;community portals;internet businesses;want ads |
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train_1418 | Documentum completes CM Trifecta | Daily, people participating in clinical trials for drug companies fill out forms describing how they feel physically and emotionally. For some trials, there are hundreds, possibly thousands, of participants. The drug companies must compile all the forms and submit them electronically to the FDA. That's where Documentum comes in. "We've streamlined the whole process of managing clinical trial content for companies, such as Johnson & Johnson, Bristol Myers Squibb, and Pfizer," notes Documentum's president and CEO Dave De Walt. "And by the way, the FDA also is one of our customers, as well as the EPA and the FAA." And there are about 1,300 other organizations in various industries worldwide that rely on Documentum's technologies, consulting, and training services. The company's products are designed to manage digital content and facilitate online transactions, partner and supplier relationships, and ebusiness interactions | clinical trial content;fda;drug companies;clinical trials;documentum;consulting services;training services |
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train_1419 | PacketVideo. One step ahead of the streaming wireless market | Go beyond the hype, however, and it's clear that PacketVideo is making strides in delivering streaming multimedia content to wireless devices. For one thing, its technology, based on the industry-standard Motion Pictures Expert Group 4 (MPEG-4) video encoder/decoder, actually works as promised. Secondly, the company has forged a broad-based band of alliances that not only will eventually help it reach potential customers down the road, but provides it financial support until the company can ramp up sales. The list of PacketVideo's technology partners who are also investors-and who have pumped more than $121 million into the company-includes not just wireless device manufacturers, but content providers and semiconductor vendors, all of whom stand to benefit by increased sales of handheld wireless terminals | content providers;multimedia content streaming;mpeg-4;semiconductor vendors;wireless device manufacturers;handheld wireless terminals;packetvideo;wireless devices |
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train_142 | Surface micromachined paraffin-actuated microvalve | Normally-open microvalves have been fabricated and tested which use a paraffin microactuator as the active element. The entire structure with nominal dimension of phi 600 mu m * 30 mu m is batch-fabricated by surface micromachining the actuator and channel materials on top of a single substrate. Gas flow rates in the 0.01-0.1 sccm range have been measured for several devices with actuation powers ranging from 50 to 150 mW on glass substrates. Leak rates as low as 500 mu sccm have been measured. The normally-open blocking microvalve structure has been used to fabricate a precision flow control system of microvalves consisting of four blocking valve structures. The control valve is designed to operate over a 0.01-5.0 sccm flow range at a differential pressure of 800 torr. Flow rates ranging from 0.02 to 4.996 sccm have been measured. Leak rates as low as 3.2 msccm for the four valve system have been measured | gas flow rates;normally-open microvalves;30 micron;blocking valve structures;800 torr;differential pressure;surface micromachined microvalve;channel materials;active element;600 micron;paraffin microactuator;50 to 150 mw;leak rates;actuation powers;flow rates |
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train_1420 | PDF subscriptions bolster revenue | In 1999 SD Times offered prospective subscribers the option of receiving their issues as Adobe Acrobat PDF files. What set the proposal apart from what other publishers were doing electronically on the Web was that readers would get the entire version of the paper-including both advertising and editorial just as it looked when it was laid out and went to press. SD Times is only one of a small, but growing, number of publications that are taking on the electronic world and finding success. In the past six months alone, the New York Times, Popular Mechanics, trade magazine Electronic Buyers' News, and the Harvard Business Review have launched digital versions of their newspapers and magazines to augment their online and print versions. The reasons are as varied as the publishers themselves. Some companies are finding that readers don't like their Web-based versions either due to poor navigation or missing graphics and images. Others want to expand their publications nationally and internationally, but don't want the added cost of postage and printing. Still others are looking for ways to give advertisers additional visibility and boost advertising and subscription revenues. No matter what the reason, it's a trend worth watching | newspaper;electronic issue;sd times;digital versions;adobe acrobat pdf files;pdf subscriptions;magazines |
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train_1421 | Extracting linguistic DNA: NStein goes to work for UPI | It's a tantalizing problem for categorization. United Press International (UPI) has more than 700 correspondents creating thousands of stories every week, running the gamut from business news to sports to entertainment to global coverage of America's war on terrorism. And while UPI and others news services have mechanisms for adding keywords and categorizing their content, UPI recognized a need to add more automation to the process. With the recent growth and improvement in tools for Computer-Aided Indexing (CAI), UPI undertook a process of looking at its needs and evaluating the many CAI tools out there. In the end, they chose technology from Montreal-based NStein Technologies. "Our main objective was to acquire the best CAI tool to help improve our customers' access and interaction with our content," says Steve Sweet, CIO at UPI. "We examined a number of solutions, and NStein's NServer suite clearly came out on top. The combination of speed, scalability, accuracy, and flexibility was what really sold us." | wire service stories;computer-aided indexing;electronic archive;united press international;nstein technologies;upi |
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train_1422 | Taxonomy's role in content management | A taxonomy is simply a way of classifying things. Still, there is a rapidly growing list of vendors offering taxonomy software and related applications. They promise many benefits, especially to enterprise customers: Content management will be more efficient. Corporate portals will be enhanced by easily created Yahoo!-like directories of internal information. And the end-user experience will be dramatically improved by more successful content retrieval and more effective knowledge discovery. But today's taxonomy products represent emerging technologies. They are not out-of-the-box solutions. And even the most automated systems require some manual assistance from people who know how to classify content | content management;corporate portals;effective knowledge discovery;internal information;enterprise customers;taxonomy applications;taxonomy software |
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train_1423 | P2P is dead, long live P2P | Picture the problem: a sprawling multinational has hundreds of offices, thousands of workers, and countless amounts of intellectual property scattered here, there, everywhere. In Kuala Lumpur an executive needs to see an internally-generated report on oil futures in central Asia-but where is it? London? New York? Moscow? With a few clicks of the mouse-and the right P2P technology deployed in-house-that executive will find and retrieve the report. Without P2P that might be impossible-certainly it would be time-consuming-and, right there, the argument for P2P implementations inside enterprises becomes clear. Who are the players? No companies have managed to stake out clear leads and the fact is that the P2P marketplace now is up for grabs-but the exciting news is that a range of small and startup businesses are trying to grab turf and quite probably, if the analysts are right, a few of these now little-known companies will emerge as digital content stars within the next few years. Cases in point: Groove Networks, Avaki, WorldStreet, Yaga, NextPage, and Kontiki. Very different companies-their approach to the markets radically differ-but, say the analysts, each is worth a close look because among them they are defining the future of P2P | content owners;worldstreet;businesses;p2p technology;avaki;kontiki;yaga;nextpage;digital content;groove networks |
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train_1424 | FinancialContent. Credibility is king | If you went to a site named Financialcontent.com, you'd probably expect to find, well, financial content. Maybe stock prices or company earnings or market charts or economic statistics or corporate news reports. Well, you'd be partially correct. Financialcontent.com does deal in financial information, but its main objective is not to distribute its financial content to individual investors, but to distribute it through other Web sites. In other words, FinancialContent is a wholesaler, not a retailer. As an aggregator, FinancialContent provides partner sites with financial information that is tailored to that individual Web site | partner sites;aggregator;web sites;financial information;financialcontent.com |
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train_1425 | Kontiki. Shortcuts for content's trip to the edge | When electronic files get zapped from one location to another, you probably aren't thinking about the physical distance they must travel-or how that distance might affect the time it takes to get there. But if you work for CDN company Kontiki, this is just about all you think about. Championing a P2P-like "bandwidth harvesting" technology, Kontiki has figured out how to not only quickly distribute content to the "edge" but to utilize a combination of centralized servers and a network of enduser machines to collect, or "harvest," underutilized bandwidth and make redundant file requests more efficient | redundant file requests;p2p-like bandwidth harvesting technology;underutilized bandwidth;kontiki;electronic files;centralized servers;enduser machines |
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train_1426 | Groove Networks. Matching technology with human needs | If what has been occurring in information technology during the past decade or so can be classified as the "Information Age," then going forward, I believe it's going to be viewed more as the "connection age"," says Ray Ozzie, CEO and chairman of Groove Networks, the Beverly, Massachusetts company that produces collaboration software. "We're all going to be thinking more about the connections between people and the connections between companies," Ozzie says. "Our mission has two parts: to help businesses achieve a greater "return on connection" from their relationships with customers, vendors, and partners; and to help individuals strengthen online connections with the people with whom they interact." | server products;online collaboration;businesses;organizational perspective;collaborative technologies;online connections;personal perspective;knowledge work;groove networks;inking technology |
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train_1427 | Training for trouble | In a security context, one example of digitized video's integration into a networked knowledge base is found in the Accident Response Group (ARG) at Sandia National Labs. A "national security laboratory" headquartered in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Sandia is operated by Lockheed Martin and primarily funded by the U.S. Department of Energy. The organization handles research, design and development of all non-nuclear components used in U.S. nuclear weapons programs, and is involved as well in programs related to energy, critical infrastructure, non-proliferation, materials control, and emerging threats. ARG's searchable video database has been implemented using the Screening Room package of applications from Convera in Vienna, Virginia. Formed in December 2000 from Excalibur Technologies and Intel's Interactive Media Services Division, Convera targets corporate and institutional markets with products for securely accessing, indexing, and searching rich media content-text, images, audio, and video-across interconnected computer networks. Among its public-sector clients are the FBI, NASA, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. military services, the Departments of Justice and State, and various domestic and foreign intelligence agencies | rich media content;digitized video integration;accident response group;national security laboratory;screening room package;sandia national labs;public-sector clients;u.s. nuclear weapons programs;searchable video database;networked knowledge base |
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train_1428 | Syndicators turn to the enterprise | Syndicators have started reshaping offerings, products, and services towards the marketplace that was looking for enterprise-wide content syndication technology and service. Syndication companies are turning themselves into infrastructure companies. Many syndication companies are now focusing their efforts on enterprise clients instead of the risky dot coms | business web sites;aggregator;infrastructure companies;customer base;enterprise-wide content syndication technology;business model;enterprise clients |
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train_1429 | Online coverage of the Olympic Games | In 1956 a new medium was evolving which helped shape not only the presentation of the Games to a worldwide audience, but created entirely new avenues for marketing and sponsorship which changed the entire economic relevance of the Games. The medium in 1956 was television, and the medium now, of course, is the Internet. Not since 1956 has Olympic coverage been so impacted by the onset of new technology as the current Olympiad has been. But now the IOC finds itself in another set of circumstances not altogether different from 1956 | online coverage;sponsorship;olympiad;online rights;marketing;e-broadcast;economic relevance;ioc;olympic games |
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train_143 | An automated irradiation device for use in cyclotrons | Two cyclotrons are being operated at IPEN-CNEN/SP: one model CV-28, capable of accelerating protons with energies up to 24 MeV and beam currents up to 30 mu A, and three other particles; the other one, model Cyclone 30, accelerates protons with energy of 30 MeV and currents up to 350 mu A. Both have the objective of irradiating targets both for radioisotope production for use in nuclear medicine and general research. The development of irradiating systems completely automatized was the objective of this work, always aiming to reduce the radiation exposition dose to the workers and to increase the reliability of use of these systems | protons;cv-28;cyclone 30;automated irradiation device;radiation exposition dose;radioisotope production;nuclear medicine;general research;cyclotrons |
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train_1430 | The free lunch is over: online content subscriptions on the rise | High need, rather than high use, may be what really determines a user's willingness to pay. Retooling and targeting content may be a sharper strategy than trying to re-educate users that it is time to pay up for material that has been free. Waiting for a paradigm shift in general user attitudes about paying for online content Could be a fool's errand | content targeting;pay-to-play business models;online content subscriptions;content retooling |
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train_1431 | Cataloguing to help law library users | The author takes a broader view of the catalogue than is usual; we can include within it items that have locations other than the office/library itself. This may well start with Internet resources, but can perfectly appropriately continue with standard works not held in the immediate collection but available in some other accessible collection, such as the local reference library. The essential feature is to include entries for the kind of material sought by users, with the addition of a location mark indicating where they can find it | law library users;internet resources;location mark;reference library;cataloguing |
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train_1432 | To classify or not to classify, that is the question? | In addressing classification issues, the librarian needs to decide what best suits the purpose and requirements of the user group and the organisation they work in. The author has used the well-established Moys Classification Scheme. This gives the level of detail required for current stock and allows for the incorporation of new material as the firm's specialisations develop. The scheme is widely used in other firms as well as in the local law society library, so it will be familiar to many users | law society library;moys classification scheme |
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train_1433 | The role and future of subject classification: the exploitation of resources | It is imperative that the library information systems (LIS) profession and LIS educators appreciate fully the contribution that classification makes to the discipline and that it is no longer seen as the domain of the academic, isolated theorist, but becomes an integral part of our understanding of the contribution that the LIS community can make to society as a whole - as well as to particular areas such as legal information | lis;legal information;information resources;library information systems;subject classification |
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train_1434 | A simple etalon-stabilized visible laser diode | Visible laser diodes (LDs) are inexpensively available with single-transverse-mode, single-longitudinal-mode operation with a coherence length in the metre range. With constant current bias and constant operating temperature, the optical output power and operating wavelength are stable. A simple and inexpensive way is developed to maintain a constant LD temperature as the temperature of the local environment varies, by monitoring the initially changing wavelength with an external etalon and using this information to apply a heating correction to the monitor photodiode commonly integral to the LD package. The fractional wavelength stability achieved is limited by the solid etalon to 7*10/sup -6/ degrees C/sup -1/ | heating correction;constant operating temperature;visible laser diode;index-guided multi-quantum-well;fractional wavelength stability;closed-loop operation;constant current bias;etalon-stabilized laser diode;feedback loop;single-transverse-mode;monitor photodiode;single-longitudinal-mode |
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train_1435 | Experimental investigations on monitoring and control of induction heating | process for semi-solid alloys using the heating coil as sensor A method of monitoring the state of metal alloys during induction heating and control of the heating process utilizing the heating coil itself as a sensor is proposed, and its usefulness and effectiveness were experimentally investigated using aluminium A357 billets for the semi-solid metal (SSM) casting processes. The impedance of the coil containing the billet was continuously measured by the proposed method in the temperature range between room temperature and 700 degrees C. It was found that the reactance component of the impedance varied distinctively according to the billet state and could clearly monitor the deformation of the billet, while the resistance component increased with temperature, reflecting the variation of the resistivity of the billet which has strong correlation to the solid/liquid fraction of the billets. The measured impedance is very sensitive to the billet states such as temperature, deformation and solid/liquid fraction and could be used as a parameter to monitor and control the heating process for SSMs | process control;coil impedance;solenoid coil;20 to 700 c;induction heating process;resistance component;billet deformation;solid/liquid fraction;heating coil sensor;semisolid alloys;billet state;semisolid metal casting;resistivity variation;reactance component;process monitoring |
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train_1436 | Modelling tomographic cone-beam projection data from a polyhedral phantom | Analytical phantoms are used to generate projection data for testing reconstruction accuracy in computed axial tomography. A circular source locus (equivalent to rotating specimen with a fixed source) provides insufficient data for 'exact' reconstruction in cone-beam transmission tomography, thus phantom data are useful for studying the consequent errors and also for investigating alternative scanning loci and reconstruction techniques. We present an algorithm that can compute phantom cone-beam projection data from a phantom comprising geometrically defined polyhedra. Each polyhedron is defined as a set of polygons enclosing a volume of fixed linear attenuation coefficient. The algorithm works by projecting each polygon in turn onto the modelled detector array, which accumulates the product of source to polygon intersection distance (for the rays intersecting each detector element), linear attenuation coefficient and sign of projected polygon area (indicating whether rays enter or exit the polyhedron at this face). The phantom data are rotated according to the projection angle, whilst the source location and detector plane remain fixed. Polyhedra can be of simple geometric form, or complex surfaces derived from 3D images of real specimens. This algorithm is illustrated using a phantom comprising 989 238 polygons, representing an iso-surface generated from a microtomographic reconstruction of a piece of walrus tusk | x-ray attenuation;alternative scanning loci;cumulative pixel array;tomographic cone-beam projection data;walrus tusk;reconstruction accuracy;polyhedral phantom;computed axial tomography;linear attenuation coefficient;reconstruction software accuracy;cone-beam transmission tomography;geometry file;microtomographic reconstruction;interpolation;geometrically defined polyhedra |
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train_1437 | Improving the frequency stability of microwave oscillators by utilizing the | dual-mode sapphire-loaded cavity resonator The design and experimental testing of a novel control circuit to stabilize the temperature of a sapphire-loaded cavity whispering gallery resonator-oscillator and improve its medium-term frequency stability is presented. Finite-element software was used to predict frequencies and quality factors of WGE/sub 7,0,0/ and the WGH/sub 9,0,0/ modes near 9 GHz, and separated in frequency by approximately 80 MHz. Calculations show that the novel temperature control circuits from the difference frequency can result in a frequency stability of better than one part in 10/sup 13/ at 270 K. Also, we present details on the best way to couple orthogonally to two modes of similar frequency but different polarization | whispering gallery modes;frequency standard;9 ghz;high-quality factor;finite-element analysis;dual-mode sapphire-loaded cavity resonator;270 k;temperature control circuit;microwave oscillators;difference frequency;temperature stabilisation;frequency stability;whispering gallery resonator-oscillator |
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train_1438 | Three-dimensional particle image tracking for dilute particle-liquid flows in a | pipe A three-dimensional (3D) particle image tracking technique was used to study the coarse spherical particle-liquid flows in a pipe. The flow images from both the front view and the normal side view, which was reflected into the front view by a mirror, were recorded with a CCD camera and digitized by a PC with an image grabber card. An image processing program was developed to enhance and segment the flow image, and then to identify the particles. Over 90% of all the particles can be identified and located from the partially overlapped particle images using the circular Hough transform. Then the 3D position of each detected particle was determined by matching its front view image to its side view image. The particle velocity was then obtained by pairing its images in successive video fields. The measurements for the spherical expanded polystyrene particle-oil flows show that the particles, like the spherical bubbles in laminar bubbly flows, tend to conglomerate near the pipe wall and to line up to form the particle clusters. As liquid velocity decreases, the particle clusters disperse and more particles are distributed in the pipe centre region | ccd camera;image segmentation;spherical expanded polystyrene particle;spherical bubble;particle clusters;image recognition;3d position;hough transform;image matching;three-dimensional particle image tracking;two-phase flow;region growing technique;stereo-imaging technique;pipe flow;wiener filter;phase distribution;dilute particle-liquid flows |
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train_1439 | On-line robust processing techniques for elimination of measurement drop-out | When processing measurement data, it is usually assumed that some amount of normally distributed measurement noise is present. In some situations, outliers are present in the measurements and consequently the noise is far from normally distributed. In this case classical least-squares procedures for estimating Fourier spectra (or derived quantities like the frequency response function) can give results which are inaccurate or even useless. In this paper, a novel technique for the on-line processing of measurement outliers will be proposed. Both the computation speed and the accuracy of the technique presented will be compared with different classical approaches for handling outliers in measurement data (i.e. filtering techniques, outlier rejection techniques and robust regression techniques). In particular, all processing techniques will be validated by applying them to the problem of speckle drop-out in optical vibration measurements (performed with a laser Doppler vibrometer), which typically causes outliers in the measurements | on-line robust processing techniques;iterative technique;speckle dropout;classical least-squares procedures;modal analysis;robust regression;laser doppler vibrometer;laser interferometer;measurement outliers;broadband excitation;sinusoidal excitation;median filtering;order statistics;vibration velocity;low-pass filtering;frequency response function;frequency spectra;computation speed;fourier spectra;measurement dropout elimination;signal sampling;optical vibration measurements;normally distributed measurement noise |
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train_144 | Development of a 3.5 inch magneto-optical disk with a capacity of 2.3 GB | The recording capacity of GIGAMO media was enlarged from 1.3 GB to 2.3 GB for 3.5 inch magneto-optical (MO) disks while maintaining downward compatibility. For the new GIGAMO technology, a land and groove recording method was applied in addition to magnetically induced super resolution (MSR) media. Furthermore, a novel address format suitable for the land and groove recording method was adopted. The specifications of the new GIGAMO media were examined to satisfy requirements for practical use with respect to margins. Durability of more than 10/sup 6/ rewritings and an enough lifetime were confirmed | 2.3 gb;lifetime;land-groove recording method;recording capacity;crosstalk;mo disks;address format;magneto-optical disk;gigamo media;magnetically induced super resolution;rewriting durability;3.5 inch;msr;sin-gdfeco-gdfe-tbfeco-sin-al |
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train_1440 | Application of ultrasonic sensors in the process industry | Continuous process monitoring in gaseous, liquid or molten media is a fundamental requirement for process control. Besides temperature and pressure other process parameters such as level, flow, concentration and conversion are of special interest. More qualified information obtained from new or better sensors can significantly enhance the process quality and thereby product properties. Ultrasonic sensors or sensor systems can contribute to this development. The state of the art of ultrasonic sensors and their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed. Commercial examples will be presented. Among others, applications in the food, chemical and pharmaceutical industries are described. Possibilities and limitations of ultrasonic process sensors are discussed | process control;acoustic microsensors;pharmaceutical industries;ultrasonic attenuation;acoustic impedance;temperature measurement;level measurement;pressure measurement;continuous process monitoring;distance measurement;chemical industries;process industry;ultrasonic measurements;process quality;flow measurement;ultrasonic sensors application;food industries |
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train_1441 | Handles and exception safety, Part 1. A simple handle class | Every C++ program that uses inheritance must manage memory somehow. The most obvious way to do so is directly, but programmers who create complicated data structures often have trouble figuring out what parts of those data structures are safe to delete when. The classical method of dealing with such complexity is to hide it in a class. Such classes are typically called handles; the idea is to attach a handle object to another object that contains the actual data. The simplest form of a handle, which we have discussed in this article, is one in which each handle object corresponds to a single object from the inheritance hierarchy. Such handles are straightforward to use and to implement and tend to be intrinsically exception safe in almost all respects. The one exception hazard in such a class is typically the assignment operator. Assignment operators often test for self-assignment to avoid aliasing problems. As Herb Sutter has observed (2000), programs that need such tests are almost always exception unsafe. By rewriting the assignment operator, we ensure that we do not do anything irrevocable until the possibility of throwing an exception has passed. This strategy ensures that if an exception occurs while our assignment operator is executing, we do not corrupt the rest of our system | c++ program;inheritance hierarchy;self-assignment;exception;handles;aliasing problems;assignment operator |
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train_1442 | Using constructed types in C++ unions | The C++ Standard states that a union type cannot have a member with a nontrivial constructor or destructor. While at first this seems unreasonable, further thought makes it clear why this is the case: The crux of the problem is that unions don't have built-in semantics for denoting when a member is the "current" member of the union. Therefore, the compiler can't know when it's appropriate to call constructors or destructors on the union members. Still, there are good reasons for wanting to use constructed object types in a union. For example, you might want to implement a scripting language with a single variable type that can either be an integer, a string, or a list. A union is the perfect candidate for implementing such a composite type, but the restriction on constructed union members may prevent you from using an existing string or list class (for example, from the STL) to provide the underlying functionality. Luckily, a feature of C++ called placement new can provide a workaround | union type;union members;constructors;placement new;destructors;scripting language;c++ standard |
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train_1443 | C and C++: a case for compatibility | Modern C and C++ are sibling languages descended from Classic C. In many people's minds, they are (wrongly, but understandably) fused into the mythical C/C++ programming language. There is no C/C++ language, but there is a C/C++ community. Previously the author described some of the incompatibilities that complicate the work of developers within that C/C++ community. In this article, he discusses some of the underlying myths that help perpetuate these incompatibilities. He also shows why more compatibility (ideally, full compatibility) is in the best interest of the C/C++ community. In the next paper, he presents some examples of how the incompatibilities in C and C++ might be resolved | low-level programming;c language;c++ libraries;incompatibilities;object-oriented programming;c++ language;class hierarchies |
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train_1444 | Adaptable dialog boxes for cross-platform programming | The author presents a framework for building dialog boxes that adapt to the look and feel of their platform. This method also helps with a few related problems: specifying cross-platform resources and handling dialog size changes due to localization. He uses a combination of XML, automatic layout, and run-time dialog creation to give you most of the benefits of platform-specific resources, without the associated pain. Source code with an implementation of the layout engine for Mac OS 9.1 ("Carbon"), Mac OS X, and Microsoft Windows can be downloaded from the CUJ website at <www.cuj.com/code>. You can use this code as is, or as a starting point for your own more complete implementation | microsoft windows;dialog size changes;localization;adaptable dialog boxes;cross-platform programming;xml;dialog boxes;automatic layout;mac os x;platform-specific resources;run-time dialog creation;mac os 9.1;cross-platform resources |
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train_1445 | Applying BGL to computational geometry | The author applies Boost Graph Library to the domain of computational geometry. First, he formulates a concrete problem in graph terms. Second, he develops a way to transform the output of an existing algorithm into an appropriate Boost Graph Library data structure. Finally, he implements two new algorithms for my Boost Graph Library graph. The first algorithm gets the job done, but could have been written in any programming language. The second algorithm, however, shows the power of Boost Graph Library's generic programming approach.Graphs, graphics, and generic programming combine in this novel use of the Boost Graph Library | boost libraries;file dependencies;directed graph;computational geometry;c++;bgl graph;graph-theoretic concepts;boost graph library;threads;generic programming approach;smart pointers |
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train_1446 | The Tattletale technique | Practical experience has taught many Java developers one thing: critical resources (mutexes, database connections, transactions, file handles, etc.) require timely and systematic release. Unfortunately, Java's garbage collector is not up to that job. According to the Java Language Specification, there are no guarantees when a garbage collector will run, when it will collect an object, or when it will finalize an object - if ever. Even more unfortunately, Java's counterpart to the C++ destructor (the finally block) is both tedious and error-prone, requiring developers to constantly remember and duplicate resource-releasing code. Consequently, even good Java developers can forget to release critical resources. There is a light at the end of the tunnel. Java may make it easier to leak critical resources, but it also provides the necessary mechanisms to easily track them down. The Tattletale technique is a simple method for designing new classes and retrofitting existing classes to quickly and easily detect the offending code responsible for leaking resources | file handles;transactions;tattletale technique;critical resources;resource-releasing code;resources leaking;mutexes;java;garbage collector;database connections |
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train_1447 | International swinging: making Swing components locale-sensitive | Although Java and its GUI library Swing provide software developers with a highly customizable framework for creating truly "international" applications, the Swing library is not sensitive to locale switches: it cannot automatically change an application's appearance to conform to the conventions of a specific locale at run time. Several types of applications benefit from the ability to easily switch the language at run time. Training applications and other programs that run on computers in public spaces (such as libraries, airports, or government offices) may need to support multiple languages. Other applications (like travel dictionaries or translation programs) are inherently multilingual and are specifically designed to support users of dissimilar tongues. Such applications would greatly benefit if the user-interface language could be customized at run time. The article shows you how to customize Swing to support locale switching at run time. The author has created a new look-and-feel called the MLMetalLookandFeel (where ML stands for multilingual). This new look-and-feel extends the standard Metal look-and-feel but is locale-sensitive at run time | gui library;travel dictionaries;translation programs;swing library;java;locale switching;mlmetallookandfeel;user-interface language |
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train_1448 | Implementing equals for mixed-type comparison | The idea of comparing objects of different types is not entirely off base, in particular for classes from the same class hierarchy. After all, objects from the same class hierarchy (and by class hierarchy we mean all classes derived from a common superclass other than Object) have something in common, namely at least the superclass part. As we demonstrated in a previous paper (2002), providing a correct implementation of a mixed-type comparison is a non-trivial task. In this article, we will show one way of implementing a mixed-type comparison of objects from the same class hierarchy that meets the requirements of the equals contract | transitivity requirement;mixed-type comparison;java;equals contract;superclass |
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train_1449 | Raising the standard of management education for electronic commerce | professionals The teaching of electronic commerce in universities has become a growth industry in itself. The rapid expansion of electronic commerce programmes raises the question of what actually is being taught. The association of electronic commerce as primarily a technical or information technology (IT) phenomenon has not been sufficient to constrain it to IT and information systems departments. Business schools have been keen entrants into the electronic commerce coursework race and they are developing electronic commerce programmes in an environment where there is no agreed definition of the term. This paper draws on the work of Kenneth Boulding who argued that the dynamics of change in society are largely a product of changing skills and the way these skills are arranged into roles at the organizational level. It is argued that an overly technical interpretation of electronic commerce narrows the skills being acquired as part of formal education. Universities, under pressure from the market and technological change, are changing their roles resulting in a further narrowing of the breadth of issues that is seen as legitimate to be included as electronic commerce. The outcome is that aspiring electronic commerce professionals are not being exposed to a wide enough agenda of ideas and concepts that will assist them to make better business decisions | information technology;management education standards improvement;formal education;it;universities;kenneth boulding;electronic commerce professionals;business schools;information systems;organizational level |
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train_145 | If the RedBoot fits [open-source ROM monitor] | Many embedded developers today use a ROM- or flash-resident software program that provides functionality such as loading and running application software, scripting, read/write access to processor registers, and memory dumps. A ROM monitor, as it is often called, can be a useful and far less expensive debugging tool than an in-circuit emulator. This article describes the RedBoot ROM monitor. It takes a look at the features offered by the RedBoot ROM monitor and sees how it can be configured. It also walks through the steps of rebuilding and installing a new RedBoot image on a target platform. Finally, it looks at future enhancements that are coming in new releases and how to get support and additional information when using RedBoot. Although RedBoot uses software modules from the eCos real-time operating system (RTOS) and is often used in systems running embedded Linux, it is completely independent of both operating systems. RedBoot can be used with any operating system or RTOS, or even without one | embedded linux;open-source rom monitor;processor register access;debugging tool;flash-resident software program;scripting;redboot;real-time operating system;embedded systems;ecos;bootstrapping;memory dumps |
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train_1450 | Networking in the palm of your hand [PDA buyer's guide] | As PDAs move beyond the personal space and into the enterprise, you need to get a firm grip on the options available for your users. What operating system do you choose? What features do you and your company need? How will these devices fit into the existing corporate infrastructure? What about developer support? | pdas;buyer's guide;operating system;corporate infrastructure;developer support |
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train_1451 | From information gateway to digital library management system: a case analysis | This paper discusses the design, implementation and evolution of the Cornell University Library Gateway using the case analysis method. It diagnoses the Gateway within the conceptual framework of definitions and best practices associated with information gateways, portals, and emerging digital library management systems, in particular the product ENCompass | portals;metadata;digital library management system;encompass;cornell university library gateway;information gateways |
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train_1452 | Creating Web-based listings of electronic journals without creating extra work | Creating up-to-date listings of electronic journals is challenging due to frequent changes in titles available and in URLs for electronic journal titles. However, many library users may want to browse Web pages which contain listings of electronic journals arranged by title and/or academic disciplines. This case study examines the development of a system which automatically exports data from the online catalog and incorporates it into dynamically-generated Web sites. These sites provide multiple access points for journals, include Web-based interfaces enabling subject specialists to manage the list of titles which appears in their subject area. Because data are automatically extracted from the catalog, overlap in updating titles and URLs is avoided. Following the creation of this system, usage of electronic journals dramatically increased and feedback has been positive. Future challenges include developing more frequent updates and motivating subject specialists to more regularly monitor new titles | web pages;feedback;case study;web-based listings;url;library;web sites;public services partnerships;technical services;online catalog;electronic journals |
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train_1453 | Mobile banking's tough sell | Banks are having to put their mobile-commerce projects on hold because the essential technology to make the services usable, in particular GPRS (general packet radio service) hasn't become widely available. It is estimated that by the end of 2002, only 5 per cent of adults will have GPRS phones. This will have a knock-on effect for other technologies such as clickable icons and multimedia messaging. In fact banking via WAP (wireless application protocol) has proved to be a frustrating and time-consuming process for the customer. Financial firms' hopes for higher mobile usage are stymied by the fact that improvements to the systems won't happen as fast as they want and the inadequacies of the system go beyond immature technology. Financial services institutions should not wait for customers to become au fait with their WAP. Instead they should be the ones "driving the traffic" | mobile-commerce;gprs;banking;wireless application protocol |
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train_1455 | A wizard idea [Internet in finance] | New technology is set to become an ever-more important area of work for brokers. Lawrie Holmes looks at how the Internet is driving change and opportunity | internet;brokers;finance |
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train_1456 | Look who's talking [voice recognition] | Voice recognition could be the answer to the problem of financial fraud, but in the world of biometric technology, money talks | voice recognition;biometric;financial fraud;cost |
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train_1457 | A discontinuous Galerkin method for transient analysis of wave propagation in | unbounded domains A technique based on the discontinuous Galerkin finite element method is developed and applied to the derivation of an absorbing boundary condition for the analysis of transient wave propagation. The condition is exact in that only discretization error is involved. Furthermore, the computational cost associated with use of the condition is an order of magnitude lower than for conditions based on Green functions. The time-stepping scheme resulting from an implicit method in conjunction with this boundary condition appears to be unconditionally stable | time-stepping scheme;implicit method;unbounded domains;discontinuous galerkin finite element method;computational cost;discretization error;unconditional stability;absorbing boundary condition;transient wave propagation;transient analysis |
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train_1458 | Direct gear tooth contact analysis for hypoid bevel gears | A new methodology for tooth contact analysis based on a very general mathematical model of the generating process is proposed. Considering the line of action as a first order singularity of a certain operator equation we develop first and second order conditions for a pair of generated gear tooth flanks to be in contact. The constructive approach allows the direct computation of the paths of contact as the solution of a nonlinear equation system including the exact determination of the bounds of the paths of contact. The transmission error as well as curvature properties in the contact points are obtained in a convenient way. The resulting contact ellipses approximate the bearing area. Through the use of automatic differentiation all the geometric quantities are calculable within the machine accuracy of the computer | computer;first order singularity;mathematical model;geometric quantities;direct gear tooth contact analysis;contact paths;nonlinear equation system;first order conditions;operator equation;automatic differentiation;transmission error;generating process;exact bound determination;second order conditions;machine accuracy;contact ellipses;bearing area;hypoid bevel gears;curvature properties;generated gear tooth flanks |
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train_1459 | Wave propagation related to high-speed train. A scaled boundary FE-approach for | unbounded domains Analysis of wave propagation in solid materials under moving loads is a topic of great interest in railway engineering. The objective of the paper is three-dimensional modelling of high-speed train related ground vibrations; in particular the question of how to account for the unbounded media is addressed. For efficient and accurate modelling of railway structural components taking the unbounded media into account, a hybrid method based on a combination of the conventional finite element method and scaled boundary finite element method is established. In the paper, element matrices and solution procedures for the scaled boundary finite element method (SBFEM) are derived. A non-linear finite element iteration scheme using Lagrange multipliers and coupling between the unbounded domain and the finite element domain are also discussed. Two numerical examples including one example demonstrating the dynamical response of a railroad section are presented to demonstrate the performance of the proposed method | lagrange multipliers;wave propagation;solution procedures;nonlinear finite element iteration scheme;dynamical response;element matrices;3d modelling;unbounded media;modelling;railway structural components;solid materials;high-speed train related ground vibrations;scaled boundary finite element method;railway engineering;railroad section |
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train_146 | Design patterns for high availability | It is possible to achieve five-nines reliability with everyday commercial-quality hardware and software. The key is the way in which these components are combined. The design of high availability systems is based on a combination of redundant hardware components and software to manage fault detection and correction without human intervention. The author quickly reviews some definitions tied to high availability and fault management, and then goes on to discuss some hardware and software design patterns for fault tolerant systems | software reliability;fault detection;checkpointing;high availability systems;hardware reliability;software design patterns;software redundancy;redundant hardware components;fault tolerant systems;fault correction |
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train_1460 | Detection of flaws in composites from scattered elastic-wave field using an | improved mu GA and a local optimizer An effective technique for flaw detection of composites is proposed. In this technique, the detection problem is formulated as an optimization problem minimizing the difference between the measured and calculated surface displacement response derived from scattered elastic-wave fields. A combined optimization technique using an improved mu GA and a local optimizer is developed to solve the optimization problem so as to obtain the flaw parameters defining flaw configurations. Guidelines for implementing the detection technique, including formulation of the objective function of the optimization problem using different error norms, improvement of mu GA convergence performance, switching from mu GA to local optimizer in the optimization process, and suppression of the effect of noise on detection results, are addressed in detail. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed detection technique | error norms;flaw detection;composites;flaw configurations;objective function;scattered elastic-wave field;convergence;improved mu ga;local optimizer;surface displacement response;optimization problem;noise effect suppression |
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