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http://biblehub.com/topical/u/uz.htm | Bible > Topical > Uz Library Free Downloads eBibles โ Uz โบ Jump to : Hitchcock ' s ATS ISBE Easton ' s Concordance Thesaurus Hebrew Library Subtopics Terms Hitchcock ' s Bible Names Dictionary Uz counsel ; words ATS Bible Dictionary Uz The land in which Job dwelt , Job 1 : 1 Jeremiah 25 : 20 La 4 : 21 . The Seventy call it Ausitis . It appears to have been a region in Arabia Deserta , between Palestine , Idumaea , and the Euphrates , and most probably not far from the borders of Idumaea . It is uncertain whether its inhabitants were descendants of Uz the son of Aram , Huz the son of Nahor , or Uz the Horite , Genesis 10 : 23 22 : 21 36 : 28 . They appear to have had much knowledge of the true God and the principles of virtue and religion . Easton ' s Bible Dictionary Fertile land . ( 1 . ) The son of Aram , and grandson of Shem ( Genesis 10 : 23 1 Chronicles 1 : 17 ) . ( 2 . ) One of the Horite " dukes " in the land of Edom ( Genesis 36 : 28 ) . ( 3 . ) The eldest son of Nahor , Abraham ' s brother ( Genesis 22 : 21 , R.V. ) . Uz , The land of Where Job lived ( 1 : 1 Jeremiah 25 : 20 Lamentations 4 : 21 ) , probably somewhere to the east or south - east of Palestine and north of Edom . It is mentioned in Scripture only in these three passages . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia UZ ( 1 ) uz ( uts ' erets uts ; Os , Ox , Ausitis ) : Biblical Data : ( 1 ) In Uz is the oldest son of Aram and grandson of Shem , while in 1 Chronicles 1 : 17 Uz is the son of Shem . Septuagint inserts a passage which supplies this lacking name . As the tables of the nations in Genesis 10 are chiefly geographical and ethnographical , Uz seems to have been the name of a district or nation colonized by or descended from Semites of the Aramean tribe or family . ( 2 ) The son of Nahor by Milcah , and older brother of Buz ( Genesis 2 : 21 ) . Here the name is doubtless personal and refers to an individual who was head of a clan or tribe kindred to that of Abraham . ( 3 ) A son of Dishan , son of Seir the Horite ( Genesis 36 : 28 ) , and personal name of a Horite or perhaps of mixed Horite and Aramean blood . ( 4 ) The native land and home of Job ( Job 1 : 1 ) , and so situated as to be in more or less proximity to the tribe of the Temanites ( Job 2 : 11 ) , the Shuhites ( Job 2 : 11 ) , the Naamathites ( ) , the Buzites ( Job 32 : 2 ) , and open to the inroads of the Chaldeans ( Job 1 : 17 ) , and the Sabeans ( Job 1 : 15 the Revised Version ( British and American ) ) , as well as exposed to the great Arabian Desert ( 1 : 19 ) . See the next article . ( 5 ) A kingdom of some importance somewhere in Southern Syria and not far from Judea , having a number of kings ( ( 6 ) A kingdom , doubtless the same as that of and inhabited by or in subjection to the Edomites ( Lamentations 4 : 21 ) , and hence not far from Edom . James Josiah Reeve UZ ( 2 ) ( ' uts ; Septuagint Ausitis ; Vulgate ( Jerome ' s Latin Bible , 390 - 405 A.D. ) Ausitis ) : The home of the patriarch Job ( , " all the kings of the land of Uz " ; La 4 : 21 , " daughter of Edom , that dwellest in the land of Uz " ) . The land of Uz was , no doubt , the pasturing - ground inhabited by one of the tribes of that name , if indeed there be more than one tribe intended . The following are the determining data occurring in the Book of Job . The country was subject to raids by Chaldeans and Sabeans ( 1 : 15 , 17 ) ; Job ' s three Genesis 22 : 22 ) inhabited Mesopotamia ; a branch of the Sabeans also appears to have taken up its abode in Northern Arabia ( see SHEBA ) . Teman ( Genesis 36 : 11 ) is often synonymous with Edom . The meaning of the designation amathite is unknown , but Shuah was a son of Keturah the wife of Abraham ( Genesis 25 : 2 ) , and so connected with Nahor . Shuah is identified with Suhu , mentioned by Tiglath - pileser I as lying one day ' s journey from Carchemish ; and a " land of Uzza " is named by Shalmaneser II as being in the same neighborhood . Buz is a brother of Uz ( " Huz , " Genesis 22 : 21 ) and son of Nahor . Esar - haddon , in an expedition toward the West , passed through Bazu and Hazu , no doubt the same tribes . Abraham sent his children , other than Isaac ( so including Shuah ) , " eastward to the land of Qedhem " ( Genesis 25 : 6 ) . These factors point to the land of Uz as lying somewhere to the Northeast of Palestine . Tradition supports such a site . Josephus says " Uz founded Trachonitis and Damascus " ( Ant . , I , vi , 4 ) . Arabian tradition places the scene of Job s sufferings in the Hauran at Deir Eiyub ( Job ' s monastery ) near Nawa . There is a spring there , which . he made to flow by striking the rock with his foot ( Koran 38 41 ) , and his tomb . The passage Compare JERUSALEM . LITERATURE . Talmud of Jerusalem ( French translation by M . Schwab , VII , 289 ) contains a discussion of the date of Job ; Le Strange , Palestine under the Moslems , 220 - 23 , 427 , 515 . Thomas Hunter Weir Strong ' s Hebrew 5756 . uz - - to take or seek refuge . . . 5755 , 5756 . uz . 5757 . to take or seek refuge . Transliteration : Phonetic Spelling : ( ooz ) Short Definition : bring . . . . 5755 , 5756 . . 5757 . Strong ' s Numbers / hebrew / 5756 . htm - 6k 5780 . Uts - - a son of Aram , also a son of Nahor , also an Edomite Pal . Transliteration : Uts Phonetic Spelling : ( oots ) Short Definition : Word Origin Pal . NASB Word Usage ( 8 ) . . Apparently from / hebrew / 5780 . htm - 6k 4581 . maoz - - a place or means of safety , protection Word Origin from Definition a place or means of safety , protection NASB Word Usage defense ( 4 ) , fortress ( 4 ) , fortresses ( 3 ) , helmet ( 2 ) , protection ( 2 / hebrew / 4581 . htm 498 . Eluzay - - " God is my strength , " one of David ' s heroes Eluzai . Word Origin from el and Definition " God is my strength , " one of David ' s heroes NASB Word Usage Eluzai ( 1 ) . Eluzai . From / hebrew / 498 . htm So Die Bluomen Dem Grase Dringent So die bluomen dem grase dringent . " When the flowers out of the grass are springing , And seem to laugh at the glorious sun , . On an early morning in May , . / . . . / winkworth / christian singers of germany / so die bluomen uz dem . htm From the Flood to Abraham Aram , one of the sons of Japheth , settled in Syria near Damascus in northern part of Mesopotamia and through his son , , gave the name of to the territory / . . . / tidwell / the bible period by period / chapter iii from the flood . htm I Know that My Redeemer Liveth deep , so that ages should not wear it out ; that when any asked , " Where does Job sleep ? " as soon as they saw the sepulchre of the patriarch of , they might / . . . / spurgeon / spurgeons sermons volume 9 1863 / i know that my redeemer . htm How Every Nation was Denominated from their First Inhabitants . called Lydians . Of the four sons of Aram , founded Trachonitis and Damascus : this country lies between Palestine and Celesyria . Ul / . . . / josephus / the antiquities of the jews / chapter 6 how every nation . htm Chapter xxxvi These are the children of Dishan : and Aran . The man " " ( v . 28 ) may have given name to the land of from which Job came ( Job 1 : 1 ) . Who knows ? / . . . / christianbookshelf . org / leupold / exposition of genesis volume 1 / chapter xxxvi . htm Christian Singers of Germany of its tender and passionate . Walter von der Vogelweide . So die bluomen dem grase dringent . MAY MIRACLES . But others treat of higher / / christianbookshelf . org / winkworth / christian singers of germany / Massillon - - the Small Number of the Elect with God ; Joshua and Caleb the only two of six hundred thousand Hebrews who saw the Land of Promise ; Job the only upright man in the land of ; Lot , in Sodom . / . . . / kleiser / the worlds great sermons volume 3 / massillon the small number . htm Christian Sympathy I trust that many of you can in your measure use the language of the man of and say , " When the ear heard me , then it blessed me ; and when the eye saw me / . . . / spurgeon / spurgeons sermons volume 8 1863 / christian sympathy . htm The Good Man Useful in Life and Happy in Death . description given of Job . " There was a man in the land of , whose name was Job : And that man was perfect and upright . " . In the text / . . . / lee / sermons on various important subjects / sermon xxv the good man . htm Here Followeth the History of Job Read on the first Sunday of September . There was a man in the land of named Job , and this man was simple , rightful and dreading God , and going from all evil . / . . . / wells / bible stories and religious classics / here followeth the history of . htm Thesaurus ( 8 Occurrences ) ( 3 . ) The eldest son of Nahor , Abraham ' s brother ( Genesis 22 : 21 , RV ) . , The land of . Where Int . Standard Bible Encyclopedia . UZ ( 1 ) . / u / uz . htm - 14k ' ziel ( 16 Occurrences ) ' ziel . Uzziel , ' ziel . Uzzielite . Multi - Version Concordance ' ziel ( 16 Occurrences ) . Exodus 6 : 18 The sons of Kohath / u / uz ' ziel . htm - 10k Je ' ( 1 Occurrence ) Je ' . Jeuz , Je ' . Jevanim . Multi - Version Concordance Je ' ( 1 Occurrence ) . 1 Chronicles 8 : 10 and Jeuz , and Shachia , and Mirmah . / j / je ' uz . htm - 6k ' zen - she ' erah ( 1 Occurrence ) ' zen - she ' erah . Uzzen - sheerah , ' zen - she ' erah . Uzzensherah . Multi - Version Concordance ' zen - she ' erah ( 1 Occurrence ) . / u / uz ' zen - she ' erah . htm - 6k Pe ' rez - ' zah ( 1 Occurrence ) Pe ' rez - ' zah . Perez - uzzah , Pe ' rez - ' zah . Perfect . Multi - Version Concordance Pe ' rez - ' zah ( 1 Occurrence ) . 2 Samuel / p / pe ' rez - uz ' zah . htm - 6k ' za ( 1 Occurrence ) ' za . Perez - uzza , Pe ' rez - ' za . Perezuzzah . Multi - Version Concordance Pe ' rez - ' za ( 1 Occurrence ) . 1 Chronicles / p / pe ' rez - uz ' za . htm - 6k Uzziel ( 17 Occurrences ) u - zi ' - el , ' - i - el , oo ' - zi - el ( uzzi ' el , " El ( God ) is my strength " ) : ( 1 ) A " son " of Kohath ( Exodus 6 : 18 , 22 Leviticus 10 : 4 Numbers 3 : 19 , 30 1 Chronicles 6 : 2 / u / uzziel . htm - 14k Uzza ( 10 Occurrences ) ' - a , ' - a ( ' uzzah ( 2 Samuel 6 : 6 - 8 ) , otherwise uzza ' meaning uncertain ) : ( 1 ) One of those who accompanied the ark on its journey from Kiriath - jearim toward / u / uzza . htm - 13k Uzzah ( 10 Occurrences ) ' - a , ' - a ( ' uzzah ( 2 Samuel 6 : 6 - 8 ) , otherwise uzza ' meaning uncertain ) : ( 1 ) One of those who accompanied the ark on its journey from Kiriath - jearim toward / u / uzzah . htm - 13k Uzzen - sheerah ( 1 Occurrence ) Uzzen - sheerah . Uzzensheerah , Uzzen - sheerah . ' zen - she ' erah . Int . ( See JPS ASV BBE DBY NAS ) . Uzzensheerah , Uzzen - sheerah . ' zen - she ' erah . Reference / u / uzzen - sheerah . htm - 7k Concordance Uz ( 8 Occurrences ) The sons of Aram : , Hul , Gether , and Mash . ( WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV ) his firstborn , Buz his brother , Kemuel the father of Aram , ( WEB KJV JPS ASV BBE DBY WBS YLT NAS RSV NIV ) These are the children of Dishan : and Aran . The sons of Shem : Elam , and Asshur , and Arpachshad , and Lud , and Aram , and , and Hul , and Gether , and Meshech . 1 Chronicles 1 : 42 The sons of Ezer : Bilhan , and Zaavan , Jaakan . The sons of Dishan : , and Aran . There was a man in the land of , whose name was Job . That man was blameless and upright , and one who feared God , and turned away from evil . and all the mixed people , and all the kings of the land of the , and all the kings of the Philistines , and Ashkelon , and Gaza , and Ekron , and the remnant of Ashdod ; Rejoice and be glad , daughter of Edom , that dwell in the land of : The cup shall pass through to you also ; you shall be drunken , and shall make yourself naked . Subtopics Uz : A Country of : Unknown Location : Home of Job Uz : A Country of : Unknown Location : Prophecies Concerning Uz : Son of Aram Uz : Son of Dishan Uz : Son of Nahor Related Terms Uz ' ziel ( 16 Occurrences ) Je ' uz ( 1 Occurrence ) Uz ' zen - she ' erah ( 1 Occurrence ) Pe ' rez - uz ' zah ( 1 Occurrence ) Pe ' rez - uz ' za ( 1 Occurrence ) Uzziel ( 17 Occurrences ) Uzza ( 10 Occurrences ) Uzzah ( 10 Occurrences ) Uzzen - sheerah ( 1 Occurrence ) Jeuz ( 1 Occurrence ) Gether ( 2 Occurrences ) Dishan ( 5 Occurrences ) Meshech ( 11 Occurrences ) Perez - uzza ( 1 Occurrence ) Aran ( 2 Occurrences ) East ( 228 Occurrences ) Utters ( 26 Occurrences ) Genealogy ( 29 Occurrences ) Aram ( 130 Occurrences ) Nations ( 683 Occurrences ) Job ( 60 Occurrences ) Table ( 125 Occurrences ) Hul ( 2 Occurrences ) Za ' avan ( 2 Occurrences ) Zaavan ( 2 Occurrences ) Zavan ( 1 Occurrence ) Kemu ' el ( 2 Occurrences ) Kemuel ( 3 Occurrences ) Uzzielite ( 2 Occurrences ) Uzzensherah ( 1 Occurrence ) Uzai ( 1 Occurrence ) Uzzi ( 11 Occurrences ) Uzzensheerah Ox ( 197 Occurrences ) Oldest ( 58 Occurrences ) Jakan ( 2 Occurrences ) Ja ' akan ( 1 Occurrence ) Jevanim ( 1 Occurrence ) Jaakan ( 4 Occurrences ) Gazah ( 16 Occurrences ) Gazzah ( 1 Occurrence ) Whole - hearted ( 6 Occurrences ) Issues ( 8 Occurrences ) Folk ( 9 Occurrences ) Tammuz ( 1 Occurrence ) Thammuz Eschewed ( 1 Occurrence ) Elihu ( 11 Occurrences ) Ezer ( 10 Occurrences ) Dweller ( 13 Occurrences ) Mash ( 2 Occurrences ) Perez - uzzah ( 1 Occurrence ) Perezuzzah ( 1 Occurrence ) Perezuzza ( 1 Occurrence ) Buz ( 3 Occurrences ) Bilhan ( 3 Occurrences ) Chesed ( 1 Occurrence ) Arpachshad ( 6 Occurrences ) Akan ( 2 Occurrences ) Arphaxad ( 10 Occurrences ) Ashkelon ( 12 Occurrences ) Abstained ( 2 Occurrences ) Azzah ( 4 Occurrences ) Arpach ' shad ( 9 Occurrences ) Ash ' kelon ( 10 Occurrences ) Shunned ( 4 Occurrences ) Dwellest ( 27 Occurrences ) Lud ( 10 Occurrences ) First - born ( 110 Occurrences ) Shem ( 17 Occurrences ) Strip ( 33 Occurrences ) Drunken ( 38 Occurrences ) Blameless ( 81 Occurrences ) Ashdod ( 21 Occurrences ) Ekron ( 20 Occurrences ) Arabia ( 9 Occurrences ) Stripped ( 62 Occurrences ) Links Bible Concordance Bible Dictionary Bible Encyclopedia Topical Bible Bible Thesuarus About Us | Contact Us | Privacy Policy Terms of Use Media Kit ยฉ 2004 - 2018 by Bible Hub | [
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http://biblehub.com/topical/v/vagabond.htm | Bible > Topical > Vagabond Library Free Downloads eBibles โ Vagabond โบ Jump to : ISBE Easton ' s Webster ' s Concordance Thesaurus Greek Hebrew Library Subtopics Terms Easton ' s Bible Dictionary From Lat . vagabundus , " a wanderer , " " a fugitive ; " not used opprobriously ( Genesis 4 : 12 , R.V. , " wanderer ; " Psalm 109 : 10 Acts 19 : 13 , R.V. , " strolling " ) . Webster ' s Revised Unabridged Dictionary 1 . ( n . ) A wanderer with no fixed dwelling , and usually without the means of honest livelihood ; a vagrant ; a tramp . 2 . ( a . ) Moving from place to place without a settled habitation ; wandering . 3 . ( a . ) Floating about without any certain direction ; driven to and fro . 4 . ( ) Being a vagabond ; strolling and idle or vicious . 5 . ( v . i . ) To play the vagabond ; to wander like a vagabond ; to stroll . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia VAGABOND vag ' - a - bond ( nudh , " to wander " ) : The word is used in the curse pronounced on Cain ( Genesis 4 : 12 , 14 ) . the Revised Version ( British and American ) substitutes in each case " wanderer , " but in Psalm 109 : 10 it retains " vagabonds . " " Vagabond Jews " ( perierchomai ; the Revised Version ( British and American ) " strolling Jews " ) were persons who traveled about as professional exorcists ( Acts 19 : 13 ) . Greek 213 . alazon - - vagabond , hence an impostor , boaster . . . vagabond , hence an impostor , boaster . Part of Speech : Noun , Masculine Transliteration : alazon Phonetic Spelling : ( al - ad - zone ' ) Short Definition : a boaster . . . / / strongsnumbers . com / greek2 / 213 . htm - 7k 790 . astateo - - to be unsettled , ie homeless Phonetic Spelling : ( as - tat - eh ' - o ) Short Definition : I am unsettled , have no fixed abode Definition : I am unsettled , have no fixed abode , lead a life . / / strongsnumbers . com / greek2 / 790 . htm - 6k 212 . alazoneia - - boastfulness 212 ( a feminine noun derived from , " wandering , roaming " ) - - properly , a ( " quack " ) , making empty boasts about having " cures " to rid people of all / / strongsnumbers . com / greek2 / 212 . htm - 7k 4022 . perierchomai - - to go about go about . From peri and erchomai ( including its alternate ) ; to come all around , ie Stroll , vacillate , veer - - fetch a compass , , wandering about . / / strongsnumbers . com / greek2 / 4022 . htm - 6k Strong ' s Hebrew 5128 . nua - - to quiver , wave , waver , tremble , totter to ( go ) up and down , be gone away , ( be ) move ( - able , - d ) , be promoted , reel , remove , scatter , set , shake , sift , stagger , to and fro , be , wag , ( make / hebrew / 5128 . htm 1980 . halak - - to go , come , walk surely go ( 2 ) , swept ( 1 ) , take ( 6 ) , taking ( 2 ) , throng ( 1 ) , took ( 1 ) , took for us to come ( 1 ) , travel ( 3 ) , traveled ( 1 ) , travelers * ( 1 ) , ( 1 ) , vanished / hebrew / 1980 . htm - 8k 5110 . nud - - to move to and fro , wander , flutter , show grief or ( from tossing the head in scorn ) taunt - - bemoan , flee , get , mourn , make to move , take pity , remove , shake , skip for joy , be sorry , , way , wandering / hebrew / 5110 . htm Acts xix . 8 , 9 ( d ) " Then certain of the Jews , exorcists , took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits Observe : , or , itinerant , Jewish exorcists . / . . . / chrysostom / homilies on acts and romans / homily xli acts xix 8 . htm George Borrow Israelitish civilisation sets before us again and again in Cain and Abel , Isaac and Ishmael , Esau and Jacob " the contrast of the wild and hunter and / / christianbookshelf . org / beeching / george borrow / george borrow . htm The Growth and Power of Sin her strength . A fugitive and a shalt thou be in the earth . And our heads . Every sinner is a fugitive and a . But / . . . / maclaren / expositions of holy scripture k / the growth and power of . htm The Voice of the Blood of Christ throne , summoned the culprit to his presence , questioned him , condemned him out of his own mouth , and made him henceforth a fugitive and a , to wander / . . . / spurgeon / spurgeons sermons volume 4 1858 / the voice of the blood . htm Conclusion . We have here not the real Christ , the Jew , the outcast and the Against him there was only this poor from Nazareth " and the Invisible . / / christianbookshelf . org / stead / king of the jews / chapter x conclusion . htm The Life of Adam When thou shalt work and labor the earth it shall bring forth no fruit , but thou shalt be fugitive , , and void on the earth . / . . . / wells / bible stories and religious classics / the life of adam . htm Paul in Ephesus . " Then certain of the Jews , exorcists , took upon them to call over The name of Jesus was used by those Jews solely as a magical incantation . / . . . / dick / lectures on the acts of the apostles / lecture xxii paul in ephesus . htm Demonstration v . - - Of Wars . humbled . Cain gloried over Abel his brother and slew him . And he was cursed and became a fugitive and a in the earth . Again / . . . / aphrahat / aphrahat select demonstrations / demonstration v of wars . htm He Does Battle for the Faith ; He Restores Peace among those who panting and weary . A madman , arriving by chance at that place , came upon the man and asked him what he did there . He replied / . . . / chapter vii he does battle . htm The Judgment . 1 . Of all their bad . But mark , not under the consideration of slaves and sinners , but as sons , stewards , and servants of the Lord Jesus . / / christianbookshelf . org / bunyan / the riches of bunyan / xxvi the judgment . htm Thesaurus Vagabond ( 4 Occurrences ) 4 . ( a . ) Being a ; strolling and idle or vicious . 5 . ( vi ) To play the ; to wander like a ; to stroll . Int . VAGABOND / v / vagabond . htm - 9k Vagrant ( 2 Occurrences ) 1 . ( n . ) One who strolls idly from place to place ; one who has no settled habitation ; an idle wanderer ; a sturdy beggar ; an incorrigible rogue ; a / v / vagrant . htm - 7k Rogue ( 2 Occurrences ) Noah Webster ' s Dictionary 1 . ( n . ) A vagrant ; an idle , sturdy beggar ; a a tramp . 6 . ( vi ) To wander ; to play the ; to play knavish tricks . / r / rogue . htm - 7k Shack ( 1 Occurrence ) 3 . ( vt ) To wander as a or a tramp . 5 . ( n . ) Liberty of winter pasturage . 6 . ( n . ) A shiftless fellow ; a low , itinerant beggar ; a ; a tramp . / s / shack . htm - 7k Vacillation ( 1 Occurrence ) / v / vacillation . htm - 6k Vagabonds ( 1 Occurrence ) / v / vagabonds . htm - 6k Outcast ( 6 Occurrences ) 1 . ( n . ) One who is cast out or expelled ; an exile ; one driven from home , society , or country ; hence , often , a degraded person ; a / o / outcast . htm - 9k Ishmaelite ( 3 Occurrences ) 2 . ( n . ) One at enmity with society ; a wanderer ; a ; an outcast . 3 . ( n . ) See Ismaelian . Multi - Version Concordance Ishmaelite ( 3 Occurrences ) . / i / ishmaelite . htm - 7k Findeth ( 66 Occurrences ) 4 : 14 Behold , thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth ; and from thy face shall I be hid ; and I shall be a fugitive and a in the / f / findeth . htm - 26k Tillest ( 1 Occurrence ) Genesis 4 : 12 When thou tillest the ground , it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength ; a fugitive and a shalt thou be in the earth . / t / tillest . htm - 6k Concordance Vagabond ( 4 Occurrences ) Then certain of the Jews , exorcists , took upon them to call over them which had evil spirits the name of the LORD Jesus , saying , We adjure you by Jesus whom Paul preacheth . ( KJV WBS ) Genesis 4 : 12 When thou tillest the ground , it shall not henceforth yield unto thee her strength ; a fugitive and a shalt thou be in the earth . ( KJV WBS ) Genesis 4 : 14 Behold , thou hast driven me out this day from the face of the earth ; and from thy face shall I be hid ; and I shall be a fugitive and a in the earth ; and it shall come to pass , that every one that findeth me shall slay me . Proverbs 6 : 11 Then loss will come on you like an outlaw , and your need like an armed man ( See NAS RSV ) Subtopics Vagabond Related Terms Vagrant ( 2 Occurrences ) Rogue ( 2 Occurrences ) Shack ( 1 Occurrence ) Vacillation ( 1 Occurrence ) Vagabonds ( 1 Occurrence ) Outcast ( 6 Occurrences ) Ishmaelite ( 3 Occurrences ) Findeth ( 66 Occurrences ) Tillest ( 1 Occurrence ) Runagate Exorcist ( 1 Occurrence ) Divination ( 25 Occurrences ) Preacheth ( 7 Occurrences ) Slay ( 189 Occurrences ) Straggler ( 1 Occurrence ) Enchantment ( 4 Occurrences ) Henceforth ( 68 Occurrences ) Links Bible Concordance Bible Dictionary Bible Encyclopedia Topical Bible Bible Thesuarus | [
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http://biblehub.com/topical/w/winebibber.htm | Bible > Topical > Winebibber Library Free Downloads eBibles โ Winebibber โบ Jump to : ISBE Webster ' s Concordance Thesaurus Greek Hebrew Library Subtopics Terms Webster ' s Revised Unabridged Dictionary n . ) One who drinks much wine . International Standard Bible Encyclopedia WINEBIBBER win ' - bib - er : In Proverbs 23 : 20 , cobhe yauin ; in Matthew 11 : 19 = Luke 7 : 34 , oinopotes , of habitual wine - drinkers . The accusation was falsely brought against Jesus of being " a gluttonous man and a winebibber , " because , unlike John , He ate and drank with others . Greek 3630 . oinopotes - - a wine drinker . . . a drunkard . From oinos and a derivative of the alternate of pino ; a tippler - - winebibber . see GREEK oinos . see GREEK pino . ( oinopotes ) - - 2 Occurrences . . . . / / strongsnumbers . com / greek2 / 3630 . htm - 6k Strong ' s Hebrew 5433 . caba ' - - to imbibe , drink largely drunkard , fill self , Sabean , winebibber A primitive root ; to quaff to satiety , ie Become tipsy - - drunkard , fill self , Sabean , ( wine - ) bibber . 5432 , 5433 . / hebrew / 5433 . htm - 5k 3196 . yayin - - wine banqueting , wine , . From an unused root meaning to effervesce ; wine ( as fermented ) ; by implication , intoxication - - banqueting , wine , wine ( - bibber ) . / hebrew / 3196 . htm - 6k A Gluttonous Man and a Winebibber VOLUME I : ST . LUKE Chaps . I to XII A GLUTTONOUS MAN AND A WINEBIBBER . ' The Son of man is come eating and drinking ; and ye say , Behold / . . . / maclaren / expositions of holy scripture e / a gluttonous man and a . htm Matt . x . 7 , 8 , 9 is greater than he . " Less in age , and according to the opinion of the multitude , since they even called Him " a gluttonous man and a ; " [ 1570 ] and / . . . / chrysostom / homilies on the gospel of saint matthew / homily xxxvii matt x 7 . htm Ninth Commandment Slander called Christ a gluttonous man and a . He claimed to be the Truth , but instead of worshipping Him , men took Him and crucified Him . / / christianbookshelf . org / moody / weighed and wanting / ninth commandment . htm Noble Company . The Son of man came eating and drinking , and ye say , Behold a man gluttonous and a , a friend of publicans and sinners . / . . . / kingsley / westminster sermons / sermon xxii noble company . htm Harmony of all Graces and virtues in Christ . prodigal son to his father ' s house ; and even provoked the sneer of his adversaries , that he " came eating and drinking , " and was a " glutton " and a " . " . / . . . / schaff / the person of christ / harmony of all graces and . htm Contents GREATNESS IN THE KINGDOM ( Luke 7 : 28 ) . THWARTING GOD ' S PURPOSE ( Luke 7 : 30 ) . A GLUTTONOUS MAN AND A ( Luke 7 : 34 ) . THE TWO DEBTORS ( Luke 7 : 41 - 43 ) . / / christianbookshelf . org / maclaren / expositions of holy scripture e / contents . htm The Friend of Publicans and Sinners ' The Son of Man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold a man gluttonous , and a , a friend of publicans and sinners . / . . . / maclaren / expositions of holy scripture b / the friend of publicans and . htm Matt . Iv . 12 The Son of Man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold a man gluttonous / . . . / chrysostom / homilies on the gospel of saint matthew / homily xiv matt iv 12 . htm Jesus ' Estimate of John the Baptist . nor drinking , and they say , ' He hath a demon . ' The Son of man came eating and drinking , and they say , ' Behold , a gluttonous man and a , a friend of / / christianbookshelf . org / barton / his life / jesus estimate of john the . htm May 12 Evening of the devils . " We know that this man is a sinner . " He deceiveth the people . " This man blasphemeth . " Behold a man gluttonous and a , a friend of / . . . / anonymous / daily light on the daily path / may 12 evening . htm Thesaurus Winebibber ( 2 Occurrences ) The accusation was falsely brought against Jesus of being " a gluttonous man and a , " because , unlike John , He ate and drank with others . / w / winebibber . htm - 7k Publicans ( 16 Occurrences ) Matthew 11 : 19 The Son of man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold a man gluttonous , and a / p / publicans . htm - 11k Wine - bibber ( 2 Occurrences ) Wine - bibber . , Wine - bibber . Winebibbers . Multi - Version Concordance ( WBS ) . , Wine - bibber . Winebibbers . Reference Bible . / w / wine - bibber . htm - 7k Works ( 379 Occurrences ) Matthew 11 : 19 The Son of man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold , a gluttonous man and a , a friend of publicans and sinners ! / w / works . htm - 40k Joy ( 422 Occurrences ) fasting ( Mark 2 : 18 - 20 ) ; the fact that He came " eating and drinking , " giving occasion to the charge that He was " a gluttonous man and a " ( Matthew 11 / j / joy . htm - 48k Wine ( 282 Occurrences ) Matthew 11 : 19 The Son of man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold a man gluttonous , and a / w / wine . htm - 68k Abstinence ( 2 Occurrences ) His mode of life was , indeed , so non - ascetic as to bring upon Him the reproach of being " a gluttonous man and a " ( Matthew 11 : 19 Luke 7 : 34 ) . / a / abstinence . htm - 25k Concordance Winebibber ( 2 Occurrences ) Matthew 11 : 19 The Son of man came eating and drinking , and they say , Behold a man gluttonous , and a , a friend of publicans and sinners . But wisdom is justified of her children . ( KJV ASV ) Luke 7 : 34 The Son of man is come eating and drinking ; and ye say , Behold a gluttonous man , and a , a friend of publicans and sinners ! ( KJV ASV ) Subtopics Winebibber ( A Wino ) : Jesus Falsely Accused of Being A Related Terms Publicans ( 16 Occurrences ) Wine - bibber ( 2 Occurrences ) Works ( 379 Occurrences ) Joy ( 422 Occurrences ) Wine ( 282 Occurrences ) Abstinence ( 2 Occurrences ) Links Bible Concordance Bible Dictionary Bible Encyclopedia Topical Bible Bible Thesuarus | [
"Winebibber"
] |
http://bibleprobe.com/freemasonry.htm | Freemasonry is incompatible with Christianity ! Freemasonry ' s syncretistic view of God In Freemasonry the god of the secret societies is covertly substituted for the One True God . This false god is identified in the Masonic lodges as " the Great Architect . " John 14 : 11 , 13 tells Christians to call upon God the Father in the name of Jesus Christ . Yet in Masonic lodges prayers are always directed to the generic ' Great Architect of the Universe ' . Masons deliberately omit the holy name of Jesus Christ from their prayers . Freemasonry teaches that due - paying Freemasonry & good works alone is one ' s guarantee for Heaven . Without any intervention needed by Jesus Christ . This is a Satanic Lie to me and to most Christians . Masons do n ' t worship the Christian God Jesus ! They worship a generic Grand Architect of the Universe . Freemasonry ' s teachings on how a Mason makes himself fit for heaven are in profound conflict with the Christian faith . Masons wrongly believe that their own good works - without the need for God ' s grace only gotten through faith in Jesus Christ - will allow them to enter into the ' celestial lodge above ' . The goal of Masonry has always been to change America from a Christian nation into a secular society . Since Freemasonry has attempted so strenuously to claim that they are just a " good ole boy " fraternity that does good works and has a good time , most people will be shocked to learn the bitter truth behind that facade . Freemasonry certainly is n ' t " free " . It could cost you your soul . Although they will deny it to you at first , most Masons find out in later degrees that the great lie of Masonry is exactly the same lie Satan is living . Masons think that through masonry one can chisel away layers of oneself , similar to how one creates a beautiful statue out of rough stone . And they think the end result will be no need for God ; because they think the perfect Mason is like God . Pages 50 - 51 of the Mason handbook makes this quite clear - but not to the initiate . Masons repeatedly are directed to the " Mystery Religion " and the time man found God in nature . Almost none of Masonry ' s teachings come from Christianity . This ' mystery religion ' Masons have joined originated from pagans in ancient Egypt , Chaldea , and in China . The Mystery Religion , Freemasonry and all ' ancient ' secret societies have one thing in common . They string you along , just to finally tell you that there is no God ; and you are a god , because you follow their teachings , which are : R elax . Be greedy . Be selfish - if these help you get ahead . Win at any cost . Enjoy your expensive Freemason diamond ring and other symbols , pay your hefty dues on time , and follow the Masonic - path . And you too will be successful - because there is no Hell , and no higher authority other than Lucifer ; who is misunderstood . Once Masons progress to the higher degrees and they finally believe the ' Masonic lie " ; and they will ' understand ' that the Grand Architect of the Universe is not the God of the Old or New Testaments , but instead is the perfect dues paying Mason in good standing , who like the statue example above , they chipped away at , and finally shed needless ' layers ' from both their old useless religion , and from loyalties outside of Masonry , which all along were what concealed them from their own personal true image , Having finally understood that , it may be too late for you - if you think you are a Christian , and also are a Mason ; unless you repent to Jesus , return to your family , and flee from ' Satan ' s Synagogue ' . Your diamond rings and other pagan Masonry jewelry wo n ' t make the least impression on Jesus . Satan ' sold ' this same lie ( you are a God ) to Eve in Eden , and he sold this same lie to the Masons and earlier ' ancient ' pagans May Jesus have mercy on your soul . Jesus answered , " I am the way , the truth , and the life : no man cometh unto the Father , but by me " . A n insidious byproduct of Freemasonry is to keep husbands and wives out of churches & away from their children and their homes . . . Satan does not need to receive worship to achieve his goals . All he has to do is to keep a man from following Jesus . Satan knows that anyone who does not follow in the teachings of Jesus does not have God . ( 2 John 9 Freemasonry ' s Levels This is what the Freemason Manly P . Hall , who Masons highly regard as a modern day Masonic philosopher revealed about Masonry ' s deception : " Freemasonry is a fraternity within a fraternity - an outer organization concealing an inner brotherhood of the elect . . . .it is necessary to establish the existence of these two separate yet independent orders , the one visible and the other invisible . The visible society is a splendid camaraderie of ' free and accepted ' men enjoined to devote themselves to ethical , educational , fraternal , patriotic , and humanitarian concerns . The invisible society is a secret and most august fraternity whose members are dedicated to the service of a mysterious arcanum arcanorum ( secret or mystery ) . In each generation only a few are accepted into the inner sanctuary of the work . Reference : Excellent Book ' brotherhood of darkness ' by Dr Stanley Monteith - page 74 Freemasonry is a hidden fraternal order , and defined by them as a system of morality . The first three steps are the Blue Lodge . The first degree is called Entered Apprentice . The second degree is called Fellow Craft . The Third degree is called Master Mason . Most men only go to the third degree , but if one chooses , he may advance either through the York Rite or the Scottish Rite . The Scottish Rite has thirty - two degrees . In each degree , the Mason pledges himself to a different Egyptian deity . pagan " god " Allah ; who by the way lies that Jesus did not even die on a cross , and that God has no Son . This pagan ' Allah ' never once shows that it knows the real name of God ( Jesus / Yeshua / Yahweh / I am ) . The Lying and Deception begins with the " G " Ex - 33 degree Mason Jim Shaw says ; " The Blue Lodge Mason is taught that the " G " in the basic Masonic symbol represents God . Later on , he is told that it represents " deity " . Later still , he is told that it represents " geometry " . In reality , this letter represents the " generative principle , " the Sun - god and , thus , the worshipped phallus , the male " generative principle . . . " In its position ( along with the square and compass ) on the east wall over the chair ( throne ) of the Worshipful Master , it is the representation of the Sun , thus of the Sun - god , Osiris . Its earthly meaning , then , is of the sacred phallus ; its cosmic meaning is of the Sun , worshipped since antiquity by Reference , book : The Deadly Deception " , page 144 Freemasonry is one of many apostate religions dedicated to the destruction of traditional Judaism and Christianity . Those who aspire to grow in their closeness to Jesus Christ , and to increase their discernment in these days , would do well to stay very clear of Freemasonry . Are your loyalties with Jesus Christ or are they with the lodge ? Both are diametrically opposed to one another as you will see below . Masons have mixed idolatry , paganism , the occult , Gnosticism , Kabala , fertility cults , Satanism , spiritualism , demonology , and put it into a blender and come up with the Masonic religion . It is not of God ! It is a false religion ; the Harlot of Babylon . Masons say they offer new candidates " the light " . The light they are actually giving is : Lucifer . The Christian Bible says that Satan walks to and fro on this earth masquerading as an " angel of light " , that many might be deceived . As occultist Benjamin Creme states , " in Freemasonry is embedded the core or the secret heart of the occult mysteries , wrapped up on number , metaphor , and symbol " . . . Unknown to most Masons , there is an occult side to Masonry . It is at levels in Masonry that most Masons never get to . about $ 12.00 See at Amazon . com In his book Masonry " Beyond the Light " , William Schnoebelen ( now a saved Christian ) talks about his experiences as first a Satanist and then a Mason who passed through nearly all the Mason Degrees , including some that American Masons are unaware of ; such as degrees in Masonry like the Egyptian rites of Masonry and the Paladin . During his initiation into Palladium Masonry William sadly admits to standing with Masons , some who were also Satanists and chanting ; " Glory and Love for Lucifer ! Hatred ! Hatred ! Hatred ! to God accursed ! accursed ! accursed ! " . He says that hashish provides some of their ' illumination ' , taking after the 1st ' Illuminati ' 18th century Mason Adam Weishaupt . During the Palladium ' program ' William tells how Masons promised to surrender themselves body and soul to Lucifer , usually for 7 years , and Lucifer promised to grant them all their worldly desires . Through drugs and occult William says that they practiced opening the ' Third Eye ' which when opened completely flooded their brains with the ' pure ' consciousness of Lucifer himself - - which is Satan ' s counterfeit of the Christian ' s ' being born again ' . He says one would then look at the world and people as Satan does . William says that as this degree progressed , they had conversations with the dead and then went on to ' marrying ' the dead when the demons ultimately possessed them entirely to a point that " there is no longer anyone home " in the host body . William says he experienced being linked mentally into a " vast spider web " of communication as part of an invisible army of slaves almost totally dependent on Satan . The Secret of Masonry is this As a Mason you will be led and hoodwinked into believing there is useful knowledge to be learned in Masonry . This is the ' hook ' , and in each level you will be disappointed with these so - called Secrets , which are all frivolous , made up , and insignificant . This so - called ' knowledge ' will also be monetarily costly , and very time consuming - - away from your family . It is the lure of curiosity and nothing more that will be satisfied by Masonry . You will be made to ' swear ' things and take ' solemn oaths ' ; and in doing so , to act against your conscience as both a Christian and an American . These oaths and pledges will in time act upon your conscience in such the same way as a Christian who has knowingly taken the mark of the beast . At some point it will dawn on you that you have chosen the lodge , the occult and Satan over the Lord Jesus Christ . When you notice there is a complete " black out " of even the mention of Jesus Christ in your lodge , you will feel trapped because of all the " solemn Masonic oaths " you had made , without knowing in advance of just what you were in for . Your " swearing " to keep Mason secrets is forbidden by the Word of God to " Swear not at all " . Yet As a group they are officially known as the ' Free and Accepted Masons , ' sometimes called the ' Ancient Free and Accepted Masons . ' Most often they ' re referred to simply as ' Freemasons ' or ' Masons . ' One main difference between Freemasonry and Christianity is that Christianity holds that Jesus is everything , while Masonry teaches that He is nothing - equal to pagan gods such as Allah and those taught by Buddha . The Bible kept in Masonic Lodges is there just like a piece of furniture . The Holy Name of Jesus is never to be read from it The I.N.R.I. ploy . . . You may see the inscription I.N.R.I. in a Masonic lodge . To a Christian , it stands for that which was inscribed by Pilate above the Lord Jesus on His cross . It means " Jesus of Nazareth , King of the Jews " . But according to the book ' A Study in American Freemasonry ' , pages 38 - 39 , by Preuss , to a Mason it means : ' Igne Natura Renovatur Integra ' or Entire Nature is Renovated by Fire . The ultimate object of secret societies , even back to the days of Hermes , who many know as the ' father of the occult ' - has been to take a new recruit with a belief in a personal God - and to ultimately , over time , change that recruit ' s belief to believe that there is no God , and that the recruit is his own God . It ' s just like Satan thinking before his fall , that he ( Lucifer ) is like God . Usually it is preferable and easier if that new recruit has a belief in The ' secret society process ' is that the recruit indoctrinates himself with the secret society ' s spiritual and mystical teachings , until at last this society ' s teachings actually become the all - consuming focus of his life . Masonry keeps this deprogramming process quiet from the public , and also quiet to the first several levels of Masonry . Hermes was one of the earliest intellectuals to believe that he was his own authority , and that it was that old belief in a personal God and all that went with it ( sorrow for sin Freemasonry Exposed by one of its top leaders . Recommended reading : The Deadly Deception : Freemasonry Exposed by One of Its Top Leaders by ex Freemasons : Jim Shaw and Tom McKenney see at Amazon here ISBN 0 - 910311 - 54 - 4 Huntington House , Lafayette , LA 70505 How can Christians remain tethered to this blasphemous religion of Masonry ? On page 84 Jim Shaw writes ; " Albert Mackey wrote ( in the Masonic Ritualist ) , " Thus the trestle board ( blueprint for life ) of the Jew is the Old Testament , of the Mohammedan the Koran ; the Veda Scriptures of Hinduism and the writings of Baha - ullah are just as good as the Word of the Christians ' God , for the fact is that all religions are never as good as the pure teachings of Freemasonry . " Masonry teaches that Jesus is no greater than the other so - called ' exemplars ' of history ( such as Mohammed , Buddha , Aristotle , or Joseph Smith ) . Page 94 33 - degree Jim Shaw walked away from Freemasonry one day , after participating in a a Masonic Maundy Thursday ' black communion ' ceremony in his Scottish Rites Temple in Florida . Participants of this ceremony are required to refer to Jesus as an " apostle of mankind who was neither inspired or divine " . They then proceed to mock Jesus further by enacting a strange " black communion " ceremony . Pages 105 - 107 The " Black Communion " of Maundy Thursday : During this ceremony , Masons blaspheme the Lord . They make an evil , black mockery of His pure and selfless death , and the Lord ' s will that we take communion " in remembrance of Him . " To elaborate on this , take a good look at Masonry ' s ' Maundy Thursday ' ceremony . We call it a ' Black Communion ' where Masons chant words calling Jesus merely an " apostle of mankind " who was neither inspired nor divine In the Scottish Rite the Thursday before Easter , ' Maundy Thursday , ' is an important day . On this day Masons always perform a special ceremony of ' Communion ' in their local Scottish Rite Temple . Dressed in long black , hooded robes during this Thursday ceremony , Masons chant : " We meet this day to commemorate the death of our ' Most Wise and Perfect Master , not as inspired or divine , for this is not for us to decide , but as at least the greatest of the apostles of mankind . " 33 degree Initiation Ceremony Strange Black Mass / Black Communion as told by ex 33 degree Mason Jim Shaw During this ceremony , Masons continue by mocking Jesus ' teachings at His Last Supper and the bread and wine ( Body and Blood ) - by saying : " Take , eat , and give to the hungry . " " Take , drink , and give to the thirsty . " One of the Conductors then handed the ' candidate ' a human skull , upside down , with wine in it . " May this wine I now drink become a deadly poison to me , as the Hemlock juice drunk by Socrates , should I ever knowingly or willfully violate the same " ( the oath ) . As I had done so many times before , I said , " We meet this day to commemorate the death of our ' Most Wise and Perfect Master , ' not as inspired or divine , for this is not for us to decide , but as at least the greatest of the apostles of mankind . " As I spoke these words that I had spoken so many times before , I had a strange and powerful experience . It was as if I were standing apart , listening to myself as I spoke , and the words echoed deep within me , shouting their significance . They were the same words I had spoken so many times before , but had meaning for me now . They made me sick , literally ill , and I stopped . The realization of what I had just said grew within me like the rising of a crescendo . I had just called Jesus an " apostle of mankind " who was neither inspired nor divine ! There was a silent pause that seemed to last a very long time as I struggled with a sick smothering within . Later , when he came down the wide steps of a large Scottish Rite Temple , 33 degree Mason Jim Shaw turned and looked at the words carved in stone above the entrance : " Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry " , Jim remembered thinking : " It is n ' t ancient ( goes back to 17th century ) , it is n ' t Scottish ( Scottish rite was begun in France ) , it is n ' t free ( no females , blacks or poor ) , and it is n ' t right Jim found that the bowing to some ' Great Architect of the Universe ' and calling all Religions equal is pure blasphemy . He thought of the great Masonic lie that all religions are equal , including Islam and Satanism . If all these religions within Masonry are ' correct ' or of equal ' validity ' , and each claims to be the valid and correct one . It therefore becomes obvious that they can not all be ' right ' or of equal validity . Satanists mock and blaspheme God on a daily basis ; and Muslims deny Jesus ever even died on a cross . Islam , for instance rejects that Jesus , the Son of God died a korben ( sacrificial atonement ) death for us ; a pure lamb of God who willingly agreed to be slaughtered , so we who believe in Him can one day be with Him . Islam gives its greatest regard to a man who did no miracles to prove divinity and in no way measured up to the sinless and loving Jesus . Muhammad of Islam also made no real prophecies , had everyone killed who disagreed with him , and was fond of splitting up booty venerate . See more in : " Muhammad , Terrorist or Prophet ? These are the Scriptures that Jim , could not reconcile with Masonry : Jesus said : " I am the bread of life ; he that cometh to me shall never hunger ; and he that believeth on me shall never thirst . . .him that cometh to me I will in no wise cast out . . .and this is the will of him that sent me , that every one which seeth the Son , and believeth on him , may have everlasting life : and I will raise him up at the last day . " John 6 : 47 - 54 Reference above from Jim Shaw ' s book : Read here : A Freemason ' s 33rd Degree Initiation FOOTNOTES FROM JIM SHAW ' S BOOK , Page 76 In a well - ordered lodge , Jesus is never mentioned except in vague , philosophical terms . Prayers are never in His name , and when scriptures are quoted in the ritual , all references to Him are simply omitted . For example , II Thessalonians 3 : 6 is used in the ritual , but not the way it is in your Bible ; the words " in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ " are entirely omitted . Likewise , the ritual includes 1 Peter 2 : 5 , but with the words " by Jesus 33 DEGREES . What ' s the significance ? The numbers 33 and 3 are both prominently featured in occult doctrine . Ancient mythology teach that the " Sons of man " ( Fallen Angels cast out of Heaven with Lucifer ? ) landed on earth on Mount Hermon . It was then in Phoenicia ; now in Israel . Its altitude makes it Israel ' s primary strategic early warning system . This was the first location of extraterrestrial influence on man . Using the old Paris Meridian , this lies exactly at 33.33 degrees north and 33.33 degrees east . It is also 2012 miles from the Many believe that December 21 , 2012 is the date that the ' sons of God ' will return to earth and establish a new world order . They will be led by a powerful ' unearthly ' ruler . Will this be the return of the Nephilim through dimensional gates or ' stargates ' ? Will this be the awaited antichrist ? Do Nephilim need space craft to enter this dimension ? Was Roswell one such craft ? Masons believe that this ' new age ' or ' new world order ' will come out of chaos . Is ' Chaos ' beginning now ? Will it get more and more chaotic than it is in 2008 ? Do Masons believe that this powerful unearthly ruler will give them a leadership role in this coming ' New World Order ' because they have been such good followers ? Reference : Nephilim Stargates - the year 2012 and the return of the Watchers , by Thomas R . Horn โ Masonry makes no profession of Christianity โฆ but looks forward to the time when the labor of our ancient brethren shall be symbolized by the erection of a spiritual temple โฆ in which there shall be one altar and one worship ; one common altar of Masonry on which the Veda , Shastra , Sade , Zend - Avesta , Koran and Holy Bible shall lie โฆ and at whose shrine the Hindu , the Persian , the Assyrian , the Chaldean , the Egyptian , the Chinese , the Mohammedan , the Jew , and the Christian may Masons pass unnoticed by the general public . But this was n ' t always so . In 1827 , the United States witnessed the birth of a third political party . This had never happened before . The new party offered America its first alternative to the two dominant political groups . Like so many third parties to come , this one had a rather narrowly - focused platform . It was dedicated to countering the malevolent and subversive influence of the international cabal known to the world as Freemasonry . It was named the Anti - Masonic Party In 1830 , John Quincy Adams was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives on the Anti - Mason Party ticket . In 1832 , the Anti - Masonic Party managed to elect Millard Fillmore to Congress , but their candidate for President received only seven votes in the Electoral College . Letters on Freemasonry , by our 6th President , John Quincy Adams , first published in 1833 , is finally back in print . Until now , it was nearly impossible for the general public to obtain a copy of this fascinating book . John Quincy Adams , a devout Christian , was probably America ' s most intelligent President . He spoke and wrote 7 languages . He mastered the Latin , Greek , French , Dutch , and Spanish languages . He also studied law , and graduated from Harvard University in 1787 second in his class , with high honors . Adams was a determined opponent of the secret society and fraternity of Freemasonry , the Masonic Lodge . President Adams was convinced Freemasonry was Luciferian , noxious , detrimental and highly evil . So convinced was Adams of the devilish and negative effects of Freemasonry in the affairs of men that the former President of the United States helped to found the Anti - Mason Political Party . In 1830 , he was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives on the Anti - Mason Party ticket . I t was the tragic murder of Captain William Morgan by a group of Masons in the state of New York in the year 1826 that further heightened Adams โ sense of urgency to warn of the dangers of the Masonic Lodge . Morgan , an ex - Mason , had revealed some of the secrets of the Masons โ oaths , handshakes and ritual trappings , etc . In retaliation , he was ritually murdered in a particularly gruesome manner , and his lifeless , mutilated body abandoned in a lake . This is a statue honoring Captain William Morgan , erected in Batavia , New York by a Christian group opposed to secret societies . Engraved on the monument are these words : " Sacred to the memory of Wm . Morgan , a native of Virginia , a Capt . in the War of 1812 , a respectable citizen of Batavia , and a martyr to the freedom of writing , printing and speaking the truth . He was abducted from near this spot in the year 1826 , by Freemasons and murdered for revealing the secrets of their order The facts of Morgan โ s murder were subsequently covered up by lawful authorities , reputed themselves to be Masons . When evidence ensued that the Masonic Society had assisted the culprits responsible for Morgan โ s death to elude capture and escape punishment , the event caused a national scandal . LYING & COVERING UP IS EXPECTED OF A FREEMASON : The Handbook of Freemasonry ( page 183 ) says to Master Masons : " You must conceal all crimes of your brother Masons . . .and should you be summoned as a witness against a brother Mason be always sure to shield him . . . It may be perjury to do this , it is true , but you ' re keeping your obligations " A man named Henry L . Valance allegedly confessed to his part in the murder in 1848 and his deathbed confession is recounted in chapter two of Reverend C . G . Finney ' s book The Character , Claims , and Practical Workings of Freemasonry Read Reverend Finney ' s exposure / book about Masonry at the above link . Pay Particular attention Rev Finney ' s Chapter 10 , entitled : " Perverse and Profane Use of The Holy Bible Freemasonry is deceptive and fraudulent . . .Its promise is light โ its performance is darkness . - President John Quincy Adams Masonry ought forever to be abolished . It is wrong โ essentially wrong โ a seed of evil , which can never produce any good . - President John Quincy Adams Masonry ' s Use of the Bible in their little Satanic clubhouses Adams warned that the Lodge โ s use of the Bible should , to a trained Christian , raise red flags . โ If the candidate has been educated to a sincere and heart - felt reverence for religion and the Bible , and if he exercises his reason , he knows that all the tales of Jachin and Boaz , of Solomon โ s Temple , of Hiram Abiff and Jubela , Jubelo and Jubeluem , are impostures โ poisons poured into the perennial fountain of truth โ traditions exactly resembling those reprobated by Jesus Christ , as making the word of God on none effect . โ The Masonic Blaspheme continues : In the Royal Arch degree of the York Rite , the Companion Captain of the Host is asked if he is a Royal Arch Mason and he replies " I am , that I am . " If you remember , Moses , in Exodus 3 : 13 , asked God what name he should give to the people of Israel when they asked what the name of this god is that he brings to them . God replied : " I am that I am . " " Also , in the Scottish Rite , one of the officer ' s title is Rabboni which is a name given to Jesus by Mary Magdalene found in John 20 : 16 . The using of his name and combining it with other gods or pagan deities would seem to make any Christian understand that this is certainly blasphemous . Masons numbers have been dwindling : The Masons , by their own statistics , have gone in the 1980 ' s from 4 million members in the world to under 2 million members in 1996 ( according to the Dallas Morning News ) . Lately , the Freemasons have been advertising on the radio and television for more members ( lots of dues are important to them ) . These ads always play up their links to other famous Masons in U.S. history like Benjamin Franklin and George Washington . Just as the rank and file Mason is clueless about Masonry today , these early Americans to correct an error you have run into , of my Presiding over the English lodges in this Country . The fact is , I preside over none , nor have I been in one more than once or twice , within the last thirty years . " Benjamin Franklin who the Masons admire so well was not even a Christian . Franklin was a Deist . A Deist generally believes in a God who created the universe and then abandoned it . Dr . Priestley , an intimate friend of Franklin , wrote of him : It is much to be lamented that a man of Franklin ' s general good character and great influence should have been an unbeliever in Christianity , and also have done as much as he did to make others unbelievers " ( Priestley ' s Autobiography ) According to Noah Webster ' s 1828 dictionary , a deist is " one who believes in the existence of God , but denies revealed religion ; one who professes no form of religion , but follows the light of nature and reason , as his only guides in doctrine and practice ; a freethinker . " Deists do not believe in the virgin birth , divinity , or resurrection of Jesus , the miracles of the Bible , or even the divine inspiration of the Bible . Thomas Paine , a Mason , who wrote the extraordinarily successful pamphlet called " Common Sense " during the American Revolution tells us what Masons really teach and believe when he wrote about it : Paine , like Franklin , was a Deist . He believed in one God , but rejected all religions , saying : " My own mind is my own church . " He also maintained an interested in Freemasonry . His pamphlet , Origin Of Free - Masonry , proposed that Masonry ' s embodiment of the sun worship of ancient Druidism was a legitimate alternative to Christianity . He notes that Freemasonry ' s god , " . . .Osiris and Isis , theologically represented the Supreme Being and universal Nature . . . " Paine wrote in his famous " The Age of Reason " : " I do not believe in the creed professed by the Jewish church , by the Roman church , by the Greek church , by the Protestant church , nor by any church that I know of . My own mind is my church . " Karl Marx , Lenin and Trotsky , were all Freemasons . Essentially these three were all dysfunctional losers who were employed by the Illuminist bankers to hoodwink the masses . Lenin for example had been an unsuccessful lawyer who had only six cases in which he defended shoplifters . He lost them all . A short time later he gave up the law to become a highly paid revolutionary . Lenin declared : " Peace means quite simply the domination of Communism over the entire world . " His reign of terror caused nine million deaths but you never see him compared to Hitler . 1.7 million people were murdered in Russia during the 1918 - 1919 period , including 300,000 priests . " A river of blood flowed through Russia " . " According to official Soviet Reports , 1,695,904 people were executed from January 1921 to April 1922 . Among these victims were bishops , professors , doctors , officers , policemen , lawyers , civil servants , writers . . .Their crime was ' anti social thinking ' " Christians step out of the light into a new false ( Mason ) Religion : F or those Christian Masons who doubt they have stepped out of Christianity , you need to read what the great mason occultist Albert Pike writes : " Every Masonic Lodge is a Temple of Religion ; and its teachings are instruction in religion . " ( Morals and Dogma , pg . 213 ) . Regardless to claims to the contrary , Masons are clearly embedded in a false mystical religious system of salvation through works . Any " God " will do in this Masonic religion , because the Lodge teaches the heresy that it is n ' t God who saves one ' s soul anyhow : it ' s one ' s own good works Freemasons insist Freemasonry is not a religion . However , it is strange that the room they meet in is referred to as a โ temple โ , the seat the Worshipful Master ( the chairman for that year ) sits on is referred to as an โ altar โ and the ceremonies end with the phrase โ so mote it be โ - the same words used in major satanic rituals . A blue lodge always has an altar . Altars are always associated with religious worship and sacrifice . This calls an important question to mind . What The lie . . . โ โฆ salvation by faith and the vicarious atonement were not taught as now interpreted , by Jesus , nor are these doctrines taught in the esoteric scriptures . They are later and ignorant perversions of the original doctrines . โ ( J . D . Buck , โ Mystic Masonry , โ p . 57 ) " Acacian : a term signifying a Mason who by living in strict obedience to obligations and precepts of the fraternity is free from sin . " ( A . Mackey , " Lexicon of Freemasonry , page 16 ) . Strict obedience includes not witnessing about Jesus or even mentioning His name in the Lodge . The truth . . . For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . ( John 3 : 16 ) " Verily , verily , I say unto you , He that believeth on me hath everlasting life . " ( John 6 : 47 ) For by grace are ye saved through faith ; and that not of yourselves : it is the gift of God : Not of works , lest any man should boast . โ ( Ephesians 2 : 8 - 9 ) Freemasonry : The Trojan Horse In the Church by Baptist Pastor Pierce Dodson " Freemasonry is Satan ' s Trojan horse , and it is in the Church of our day ; and all too often people wo n ' t listen to the warnings which are being sounded . " Its true nature is not readily apparent as many fine people do belong to this organization , and of course it is involved in various charitable activities which also give it an appearance of being an upstanding organization . But there is a saying that you ca n ' t judge a book by its " cover " ( how appropriate a word in this case ) , and Freemasonry must be understood not by its cover but by the philosophy , teachings , and spiritual forces which lie behind it . What I have to say is not meant Read Pastor Dodson ' s Testimony : here At the Heart of Masonry is Lucifer : High level Masons believe that Lucifer never fell to earth and that Lucifer is really God , and refer to Yahweh by the name of โ Adonay . โ Masons say that it is Yahweh that is the god of evil , because he forces men to be subservient to his repressive dictates . Masonic books given to handpicked members of the 32nd and 33rd Degrees , say that Jesus was an impostor , and that Lucifer is the true God . The Masons have their own Luciferian based calendar . Where ours is based on the years before ( B.C. ) and after ( A.D. ) the birth of Christ , theirs counts its years with the suffix A.L. means Anno Lucis or โ Year of Light ( Lucifer ) . Masons usually refer to God with the vague and general term โ Deity . โ The god of Masonry can be one of their own choosing , spoken generically as the โ The Great Architect of the Universe . โ Human nature is also worshipped by some Masons as โ Deity , โ as are Knowledge and Reason . โ In his private petitions a man may petition God or Jehovah , Allah or Buddha , Mohammed or Jesus ; he may call upon the God of Israel or the First Great Cause . In the Masonic Lodge he hears petition to the Great Architect of the Universe , finding his own deity under that name . A hundred paths may wind upward around a mountain ; at the top they meet โ . ( Carl H . Claudy , โ Introduction to Freemasonry โ , p . 38 ) . F reemasonry has a plan of salvation which is based on imitation of their savior , Hiram Abiff . . . New candidates are told that Masonry is based on Hiram Abiff who lost the " secret name of God " while he was building the great pyramid . As punishment he was entombed alive in the pyramid . Masons think that salvation refers to being brought from the material to the spiritual ; i.e. , when man returns to " his forgotten inherent spirituality . " Masons believe that the degree of Master Mason is symbolical of old age , a well - spent life and to " die in the hope of a glorious immortality . " Because they deny the reality of sin , Masons see no need of salvation in the Biblical sense . They see salvation as a step - by - step enlightenment , which comes through initiation into the Masonic degrees and their mysteries . The fundamental of Freemasonry is the idea that there are no knowable ideas , only mysteries which some people have been given the key to and others have n ' t . Masons think God likes some and does n ' t like others - and that ' s all there is to it . And we know who we are , and we know who you are . Early on in Freemasonry it was always white protestants ( their ) god likes . Later , to increase dues , it became , god ( their god ) likes everyone , with the exception of : women , children , blind , deaf , lame , poor , retarded , slaves or Negroes . Of course the poor can not become Masons , because they ca n ' t pay the dues . Is it a coincidence that those whom Masonry rejects are among the same ones that Jesus was happy to minister to ? During the initiation for the Master Mason , the Master instructs the kneeling candidate with his hand on God ' s Holy Word to affirm , and the candidate does affirm that the lodge in which he is kneeling is erected to God and dedicated to the holy order of St . John . Remember this is said in and of every Master Masons ' lodge . But is this true ? No , indeed , it is mere mockery . The words are a mere profane form . Does not every Freemason know this ? This , and all the following oaths of Masonry , are administered and taken as additions to all the previous oaths which the candidate has taken . ( See the oath All that is wicked and profane in the former oaths is indorsed and reaffirmed in this and in every succeeding oath . Thus Freemasons proceed to pile oath upon oath in a manner most shocking and revolting . And is this a Christian institution ? Is this obedience to Him who has said " swear not at all ? " You will observe that in this oath the candidate also swears , that " a Master Mason ' s secrets , given to me in charge as such , " * * " shall remain as secure and inviolate in my breast as in his own , murder and treason excepted , and they left to my own election . " Now , this section of the oath is very broad , and may be understood to cover secrets of every description . But to put it beyond all doubt whether crimes are to be kept secret , murder and The Blue Lodge - the neighborhood pagan temple The heart of Freemasonry is the Blue Lodge with its three degrees . The climactic degree ( and the final one for most Masons ) in the Blue Lodge is the Third , or Master Mason Degree . The heart of the Master Mason Degree , the thing that gives it both meaning and substance , is without any doubt the reenactment of the Legend of Hiram Abiff ( which in realty is about Osiris the Egyptian Sun God ) . It is this central figure in the legend , this Hiram the ' Widow ' s Son , ' Once completing the three degrees of the Blue Lodge , a mason is then allowed to go into either the Scottish rite of Freemasonry which has 32 degrees or the York rite which has 13 degrees . These are advanced degrees , where you pay more dues , and expect to learn ( and do n ' t ) the secrets of Freemasonry . As one progresses through the degree work of these rites , they tell you that you are on a quest to find the lost name of God . Where Mason dues go : The Temple of the Supreme Council of the 33rd and Last Degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite stands on the east side of Northwest 16th Street , between โ R โ and โ S โ Streets in Washington , D.C. High above the entrance is an elaborate image of the Egyptian sun god , backed by radiating sun and flanked by six large golden serpents . The interior walls are also decorated with serpents . Buried inside one of its walls is the acclaimed Mason , Albert Pike , a Massachusetts Tory , went south to incite whites during the Civil War . Pike is also believed to have been high up in the Klu Klux Klan . The Mason Initiation ritual Everyone who joins the local lodge joins what is called the Blue Lodge , the meeting center , and has to go through an initiation ceremony . Every Mason , including those in our churches today , have gone through this initiation ; it is the only way you can get into the lodge . The first thing that happens is that a blindfold is put on them , a noose ( called a cable toll ) is hung on their neck , their shirt is opened to bare their chest , and they are brought to the outer door The new candidate is then brought ( pulled by the noose ) into the Masonic lodge where they must bow at an altar . They are facing East and making the sign of the Tau cross , which has pagan significance . Behind the altar stands a man they call the Worshipful Master of the Lodge ( the leader of the lodge ) . Again the candidate makes his plea for Freemasonry . After answering a series of questions , the new candidate then takes a series of blood oaths and promises not to reveal the secrets of Freemasonry that These are some of the actual oaths a Mason must take : In the first degree of the Blue Lodge , " Binding myself under no less a penalty , than having my throat cut across , my tongue torn out from its roots and buried in the rough sands of the sea . . . " In the second degree , " Binding myself under no less a penalty , than that of having my left breast torn open , my heart plucked out and given as prey to the wild beasts of the field and the foul of For a Christian to go through this and to make such oaths , you need to ask : How can a follower of Jesus Christ , go to a Masonic Lodge , ask for membership , take such oaths , and say " I am lost in darkness " and I need the light of Freemasonry ? If you read First John chapter One , it says , If you claim that you are lost in darkness , the Light ( of Jesus Christ ) is not in you ; and you are living a lie . Christians are forbidden by Scripture to take some oaths . Just taking these oaths , particularly blood oaths of mayhem and murder , is stepping into the " dark side " . Get used to bowing to pagan gods . As a Mason goes through the 32 degrees of the Scottish rite , he ends up giving worship to every Egyptian pagan god , the gods of Persia , gods of India , Greek gods , Babylonian gods , and others . As you come to the 17th degree , the Masons claim that they will give you the password that will give him entrance at the judgment day to the Masonic deity , the great architect of the universe . It is very interesting that this secret password is " Abaddon " . in Revelation chapter 9 ; it says , " The fifth angel sounded his trumpet , and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth . The star was given the key to the shaft of the Abyss [ the bottomless pit ] . . .and smoke came out of the Abyss like that of a great furnace . . . " ( It goes on to describe those in the abyss , then continues ) They had a king over them , the angel of the Abyss , whose name in Hebrew is Abaddon . . . The ' angel ' of the Abyss ( Hell ) is really the chief demon whose name is Abaddon . Masons claim then , that the diety they worship is Abaddon ! Not God . Not Jesus . But the number one servant of Lucifer ( Satan ) . According to the Masonic legend , Hiram Abiff was the chief architect of the Temple built by King Solomon . Hiram was the only one on Earth who knew the secrets of a Master Mason , including the Grand Masonic Word , the name of God ( the ' ineffable name ' ) . Knowing the secrets of a Master Mason would enable the masons working on the Temple to become Master Masons and to earn higher wages . Hiram had promised to reveal the secrets of a Master Mason upon completion of the Temple . One day Hiram went into the unfinished Holy of Holies to worship and to draw up plans for the workmen to follow the next day . As Hiram was leaving the Temple he was accosted by three fellow Masons ( ruffians ) in succession , who demanded that they be given the secrets before the Temple was completed . These three " ruffians " threatened and finally murdered Hiram Abiff . King Solomon sent a search team which found the body of Hiram , but was unable to raise him from the dead . Solomon himself raised and restored Hiram to life with the grip of a Master Mason . " It is generally believed , in spite of the fact that the Masonic authorities and writers of doctrine agree that it is not only a myth , unsupported by facts , but acknowledge that it is but a retelling of Isis and Osiris โฆ " " Regard not them that have familiar spirits , neither seek after wizards , to be defiled by them : I am the Lord your God . " Leviticus 19 : 31 . Again , " A man also or woman that hath a familiar spirit , or that is a wizard , shall surely be put to death . " Leviticus 20 : 27 Revelation 16 : 14 the prophet describes " spirits of devils , working miracles , which go forth unto the kings of the earth , and of the whole world . " Do n ' t forget that the devil can work miracles ( Revelation 16 : 14 ) . He can do things that we never will understand . Now we can begin to understand why people have been so shaken up by the apparent appearance of dead friends via channeling , and spiritualism , etc . After 6,000 years of observing human behavior , Satan is able to counterfeit their forms and voices cleverly . At psychological moments he takes advantage of heartbroken , bereaved relatives to perpetuate his fraud . Another Masonic Legend : The oldest known Masonic text , the " Old Charges , " which dates at least as far back as1400 , sets out a legendary heritage that begins with the antediluvian patriarch Jabal , who discovered geometry ( " the which Science is called Massonrie " ) and wrote down his findings on pillars of stone . After Noah ' s Flood destroyed all human civilization , the Egyptian sage Hermes Trismegistus rediscovered this knowledge and passed it on in a lineage that includes Nimrod , Abraham , Euclid , and the 80,000 masons who were said to have worked Masons " pander " to all religions depending on their location / makeup Masonry is called by themselves " The Craft " . The " Craft " is precisely what it says it is . A Craft for building a moral structure centered upon those who seek to participate in its activities - or is it ? Some will say that Masonry can not and does not diminish the Lordship of Christ , or replace His Redeeming and Saving Power . But wait - Witches also call their religion " The Craft " . Christopher Haffner wrote Workman Unashamed , The Testimony of a Christian Freemason . Haffner correctly espoused Masonic teaching when he wrote : " Now imagine me standing in lodge with my head bowed in prayer between Brother Mohammed Bokhary and Brother Arjun Melwani . To neither of them is the Great Architect of the Universe perceived as the Holy Trinity . To Brother Bokhary He has been revealed as Allah ; to Brother Melwani He is probably perceived as Vishnu . Since I believe that there is only one God , I am confronted with three possibilities : They are praying to the devil whilst I am praying to God ; They are praying to nothing , as their gods do not exist ; They are praying to the same God as I , yet their understanding of His nature is partly incomplete ( as indeed is mine - - 1 Cor 13 : 12 ) It is without hesitation that I accept the third possibility . " Workman Unashamed , p39 ) It is truly a shame that Haffner did not read and understand chapter 10 of 1st Corinthians . If he had , he would have understood that pagans worship demons , not God . Islam denies that Jesus Christ is the Unique Son of God , it denies that Jesus died on a cross , and Islam says that all who believe in the Blessed Trinity are " dung " . Since the God of the Bible has a Son and Allah , the God of Islam , does not have a Son . Allah can not be the God ( Yahweh ) of the Bible . Also , if Haffner had read and understood the book of 2nd John he would have understood that those who reject Jesus Christ and do not follow in His teachings do not have God The Apostle John wrote : Whosoever transgresseth , and abideth not in the doctrine of Christ , hath not God . He that abideth in the doctrine of Christ , he hath both the Father and the Son . If there come any unto you , and bring not this doctrine , receive him not into your house , neither bid him God speed : For he that biddeth him God speed is partaker of his evil deeds ( 2 John 9 - 11 ) The Masonic Religion - its roots : Bible Probe feels that Freemasonry is a " religious organization " ; and it does have its own Masonic Creed . In fact , Freemasonry even sees itself as superseding and unifying all religions . Freemasonry is said to have officially established itself in 1717 . But traces of Speculative Masonry go back to the sixteenth century , possibly to the Knights Templars in the 1100 - 1200 ' s , and in a lesser form to Ancient Egypt . There is something wrong with the London - based " The United Grand Lodge of England " claim that English Freemasonry began in a London gentlemen ' s club in 1717 . Evidence in the Chapel at Rosslyn suggests that Masonry was active in England in the 1440 ' s . Sir Robert Moray was In America , Abram Moses was made a Mason at a lodge in Rhode Island in 1656 . Additionally , there are minutes of a Scottish Lodge meeting , back to 1598 , and James the VI of Scotland ( James I of England ) was initiated a Mason at the lodge of Pert and Scoon . It is a mystery as to just why Masons hide these prior to 1717 years from their history . But , it is most likely because their history goes directly back to the Knights Templars in the 1100 ' s - who are Possible Evidence that the Knights Templars morphed into Masonry Did Scotland ' s crown jewels finance early Masonry ? In Scotland , just a few miles south of Edinburgh and just outside Roslin Village is a small and quirky chapel known as Rosslyn . It is on the estate of the St . Clair or Sinclair family , and was built between 1441 and 1486 . First appearances would suggest that this chapel in Rosslyn was the St Clair ' s Chapel , yet the St Clair ' s had their chapel in their house . But , the period that this Chapel was constructed fits neatly into the time period in between the dissolution of the Templar order ( 1312 ) and the official beginnings of Freemasonry ( 1717 ) . The Grand Lodge of England did not officially start until 1717 ; the Grand Lodge of Scotland followed in 1736 , when who other than Sir William St . Clair the head of the Rosslyn St . Clair family became the first Scottish Grand Master . Also adding fuel to something great actually hiding at Rosslyn was this . In 1546 , Mary of Guise ( aka de Guise ) , the Queen Regent of Scotland and mother of Mary , Queen of Scots , wrote an enigmatic letter to Lord William St . Clair of Rosslyn , the grandson One of the best - known sources about Rosslyn Chapel and the St . Clair family was written in 1700 by Father Richard Augustine Hay , Canon of St . Genevieve in Paris and Prior of St . Piermont . In it , Father Hay describes how the founder , Sir William St . Clair , personally inspected each and every carving in draft form before giving it to the masons to carve in stone . He mentions builders and stone masons coming from " other regions " and " foreign kingdoms " , yet no one to this day Many wild speculations about the Chapel at Rosslyn have been made . The Chapel at Rosslyn is believed by many to house everything from the Ark of the Covenant , the mummified head of Christ , the Holy Grail , a Black Madonna , lost scrolls from the Temple of Jerusalem , missing crown jewels of Scotland , the Holy Rood , the treasures of the Knights Templar , and much more , deep within its vaults . Rosslyn does seem to possess many non - Christian motifs , but we at Bible Probe note that along with many pagan " . . .We encountered repeated references to the Sinclair family - Scottish branch of the Norman Saint - Clair / Gisors family . Their domain at Rosslyn was only a few miles from the former Scottish headquarters of the Knights Templar , and the chapel at Rosslyn - built between 1446 and 1486 - has long been associated with both Freemasonry and the Rose - Croix . In a charter believed to date from 1601 , moreover , the Sinclairs are recognized as ' hereditary Grand Masters of Scottish Masonry ' . This is the earliest specific Masonic document on record . " - Baigent and Leigh , The Holy Blood and The Holy Grail " The figure that occurs most frequently , " write Baigent and Leigh ( Baigent & Leigh , p . 120 ) " is the ' Green Man ' - - a human head with vines issuing from its mouth and sometimes its ears , then spreading wildly , in tangled proliferation , over the walls . " The many faces of the Rosslyn Green Men appear in many guises , from the joyful to the downright impish . Is this " Green Man " connected with " Baphomet , " the bearded head that the Templars ' enemies accused them of worshiping ? Descriptions of the ' Baphomet ' severed head vary greatly and come from Inquisitional records of the trial of the Templars , much of which was obtained under great torture , so they are obviously not the most reliable of sources . green man Latin Masonic Inscription ( Zerubbabel ' s answer to Darius ' riddle ) carved into an archway at Rosslyn Chapel , dating from the 1440 ' s : Wine is Strong , a King is Stronger , Woman are even Stronger , but Truth will Conquer All Some suspect that ancient documents may have been deposited by the Knights Templar ' s under the Chapel at Rosslyn . another Green Man - click to enlarge Christopher Knight and his co - author Robert Lomas suggest in their book The Hiram Key that Rosslyn was built as a replica of Herod ' s Temple , on which the Templars had conducted excavations during their time in the Holy Land . Rosslyn even has two pillars , " the apprentice ' s pillar " and " the Mason ' s pillar , " which some suggest correspond to the two pillars , Jachin and Boaz , of the Jerusalem Temple - - and of the Masonic lodge . Knight and Lomas also believe that the small crypt of the Rosslyn shrine was the lower middle chamber where the masons received their wages . Before the vaults were sealed off when the chapel was completed , twenty Templar knights were buried there in full armor . " Seemed all on fire that chapel proud , Where Roslin ' s chiefs uncoffined lie : Each baron , for a sable shroud , Sheathed in his iron panoply . " - Sir Walter Scott , " The Lay of the Last Minstrel " But one of the most intriguing pieces of evidence from Rosslyn is a carving shown below . Knight claims that it portrays the astonishing scene of a first - degree Masonic initiation - - conducted by a figure in Templar garb . > Possible Mason Candidate The Westford Knight " It is known that the Templars fled to Scotland , too , after the dissolution of 1312 , and it is known that some found refuge among the Saint - Clairs of Rosslyn in Midlothian . There is a Templar cemetery there . " - Michael Bradley , Holy Grail Across the Atlantic " No family in Europe beneath the rank of royalty boasts a higher antiquity , a nobler illustration , or a more romantic interest than that of St . Clair . " - Sir John Bernard Burke , Vicissitudes of Families and Other Essays Prince Henry Sinclair ( aka : St . Clair ) was the subject of historian Frederick J . Pohl ' s Atlantic Crossings Before Columbus , which was published in 1961 . Not all historians agreed with Pohl , but he made a highly convincing case that this blond , sea - going Scot , born at Rosslyn Castle near Edinburgh in 1345 , not only wandered about mainland Nova Scotia in 1398 , but also lived among the Algonquin - speaking Micmac Indians ( lived south and east of the Gulf of Saint Laurence ) long enough to be is an old carved marker on the face of a stone ledge depicting a Scottish knight , with a 39 inch long sword and shield bearing the Gunn Clan insignia . See more here Masonic heresy of Universality The Masonic heresy of Universality raises a more serious question : What " god " is this that allows acceptance of the followers of Baal and these other pagan deities as brethren ? This is certainly not the God of the Bible . Another 180 - degree reversal of what is taught in Scripture . . . . Do n ' t think for a moment that when Masons refer to the Supreme Architect of the Universe or God , they are referring to Yahweh or His Son Jesus . Masons have more in common with Muslims , Jews , Mormons , Jehovah Witnesses than with Christians : Masons , Mormons and Jehovah Witnesses all deny Christ as being part of the Trinity . Yet they all think of Jesus Christ as a holy man . Jews , of course deny Jesus completely - according to Paul due to a divine blindness . At the core of Masonry is the belief that it is Masons , and ( not the Pope ) who is the successor to the High Priest of Yahweh . They also believe that in 1118 A.D. , nine Knights under the direction of Hugues de Payen lowered themselves through an excavated hole in the Temple Mount in Jerusalem and recovered buried treasure and a wealth of knowledge which only they ( Knights Templars and now the Masons ) possess . Masons believe that this knowledge they found on a buried pillar under Mount Moriah predates any knowledge the ancient Masons , like Knights Templars believe they received this apostolic succession through James ( the Just ) , the brother of Jesus . This succession is said to be through a group of people known as the " Rex Deus " families who are prominent throughout Europe ; and that it rests with the Grand Master of the Knights Templar ( now highest Mason ) . Rex Deus is a group of people who are said to have been established by King Solomon - to be the Kings of God . This could very well be another good reason , The 4th Masonic Degree is concerned with the morning of the death of a unspecified person , symbolized by the letter " Z " . This " Z " probably refers to Zadok - whom the Masons are believed to have associated with James the Just who in 62 A.D. was cast off the Temple wall in Jerusalem and then clubbed to death . The 27th Degree in Masonry is called the Grand Commander of the Temple . This ritual tells of the false condemnation of the Templars , and the importance of the " denial of the cross " Unknown to the lower levels in Masonry membership , Jacques de Molay , who denied Christ , is probably thought of by Masons as the last of the royal line of King David . I n the 31st degree ritual , known as the Grand Inspector Inquisitor Commander " the letters " JM " ( in memory of Jacques de Molay ) are hung above the pedestal of the principal presiding officer , who is known as the Thrice Illustrious Commander . The new candidate for this degree is then told the " Royal Secret of Jacques de Molay " . This is speculation , but Molay was nailed to a door by the Kings torturers ( but not killed ) , and perhaps to these Masons , in this " Secret " they equate here After calling de Molay to a meeting in Paris , the French King Phillip IV ( ironically called : " The Fair " ) had many Knights Templars seized in a surprise raid on a winter night in 1307 A.D. However , the night before the raid , many Knights escaped by sea ( from the French harbor of La Rochelle ) with eighteen galleys loaded with the legendary Templar Treasure . de Molay initially eluded capture for 4 years , but he was finally captured by Phillip IV ' s men . de Molay and many of these Knights Following the departure of their " fleet " from La Rochelle some think that many of these Knights Templars who did not land in Ireland and Scotland , may have begun sought vengeance by harassing papal and French ships as pirates . They probably launched their attacks from Sicily and Portugal . Some of the Knights Templars who got away in France , hid under the protection of the guild of stoneworkers known as " maรงons " . Remember , previously it was the Templars who had the money to build huge cathedrals and castles . They would have had many contacts and business connections with these stone masons . Some of these Knights who escaped in ships went to Scotland where they established the first Mason Lodges . The Scottish king was then Robert the Bruce , who was at that time under excommunication by Rome and was also fighting to keep his country free from English rule . It ' s believed that it is only because of the assistance of the Knights Templars cavalry , that Robert Bruce was able to defeat the English at Bannockburn on June 24 , 1314 A.D. They fought there under the command of Henry Sinclair . Bruce later made Sinclair the Freemasons do not only worship God the Father of the Hebrew Scriptures . Rather , they worship all the gods of the Ancient Mysteries , and believe that God has simply taken many names , including : Marduk , Amon - Re , Osiris , Krishna , Demeter , Yahweh and Allah . Freemasons do not venerate the Jesus Christ of the Bible ; rather , they believe Jesus was created by an inferior god , Ialdaboth , and that He was a human in appearance only . According to Freemasonry , the " Christ consciousness " fell on the human Jesus at the Jordan River Baptism , and left Jesus at the Cross , where He suffered and died โฆ Since every man โ s conception of God must be proportioned to his mental cultivation , and intellectual powers , and moral excellence . God is , as man conceives him , the reflected image of man himself . โ ( Albert Pike , โ Morals and Dogma , โ 14th Degree , p . 223 ) โ The only personal God freemasonry accepts is humanity in toto โฆ Humanity therefore is the only personal God there is . โ ( J.D. Buck , โ Mystic Masonry , โ p . 216 ) As far as Bible Probe can see , the only redeeming qualities of Masonry is that it is a place where Christians can come in contact with Muslims , Jews , Wiccans , Satanists and Hindus - yet they can never speak to these people about Jesus - - so they must standby politely , not evangelize and watch their friends dwell in the darkness without Jesus . And Masons do practice and teach the virtues of brotherly love , forgiveness , and charity . Yet , Masonry , like Islam , does not offer a ' system ' of Masonry does not put Jesus Christ at the center ! Masonry claims to not be a religion , yet in the Masonic " Bible " there appears a Masonic Creed . Freemasonry has primacy , superseding other religions if there is a conflict regarding doctrine or practice . In many lodges the holy name of Jesus is not allowed to be spoken . Praying to Jesus , or ending a prayer in the name of Jesus is an " offense " big enough to get a lodge closed . The removal of the name of Jesus and references to Him in Bible verses used in the ritual are โ slight but necessary modifications . โ ( Albert Mackey , โ Masonic Ritualist , โ p . 272 ) โ The literal meaning ( of the Bible ) is for the vulgar only . โ ( Albert Pike , โ Digest of Morals and Dogma , โ p . 166 ) If they speak not according to this Word , it is because there is no light in them . โ ( Isaiah 8 : 20 ) All Scripture is given by inspiration of God . โ ( II Timothy 3 : 16 ) Paul warns that believers in Jesus Christ " . . . .be not unequally yoked together with unbelievers : for what fellowship hath righteousness with unrighteousness ? and what communion has light with darkness ? " II Corinthians 6 : 14 The Bible in the Lodge another Masonic lie The Bible , only one of the " Three Great Lights " of Masonry ( along with the Square and Compass ) , is represented to the Blue Lodge as symbolizing truth . In reality , the Bible may be replaced with the Koran ( Qur ' an ) , the Book of the Law , the Hindu scriptures or any other " holy book , " depending on the preferences of the men in the Lodge . In most American Lodges , the members are told that all the Masonic system and its rituals are " based on the Albert Pike , in writing on the subject of Masonry ' s source - book said , " Masonry is a search after light . That search leads us directly back , as you see , to the Kabbalah . " ( , page 741 ) . The Kabbalah , then seems to be the actual sourcebook of Masonry and the Bible ( as it is spoken of in the ritual ) a piece of the furniture " of the Lodge . Above by ex 33 degree Mason Jim Shaw in " The Deadly Deception " , page 145 The great Mason Lie ! Christians better understand this The Mason Doctrine Jesus was just a man . He was one of the โ exemplars , โ one of the great men of the past , but not divine and certainly not the only means of redemption of lost mankind . He was on a level with other great men of the past like Aristotle , Plato , Pythagoras and Mohammed . His life and legend were no different from that of Krishna , the Hindu sun god . He is the โ son of Joseph โ not the Son of God . โ In his private petitions a man may petition God or Jehovah , Allah or Buddha , Mohammed or Jesus ; he may call upon the God of Israel or the First Great Cause . In the Masonic Lodge he hears petition to the Great Architect of the Universe , finding his own deity under that name . A hundred paths may wind upward around a mountain ; at the top they meet . โ ( Carl H . Claudy , โ Introduction to Freemasonry โ , p . 38 ) . โ Masonry makes no profession of Christianity โฆ but looks forward to the time when the labor of our ancient brethren shall be symbolized by the erection of a spiritual temple โฆ in which there shall be one altar and one worship ; one common altar of Masonry on which the Veda , Shastra , Sade , Zend - Avesta , Koran and Holy Bible shall lie โฆ and at whose shrine the Hindoo , the Persian , the Assyrian , the Chaldean , the Egyptian , the Chinese , the Mohammedan , the Jew , and the Christian may The literal meaning ( of the Bible ) is for the vulgar only . โ ( Albert Pike , โ Digest of Morals and Dogma , โ p . 166 ) โ โฆ there is no rebellious demon of Evil , or Principle of Darkness coexistent and in eternal controversy with God , or the Principal of Light โฆ โ ( Albert Pike , โ , โ 32nd Degree , p . 859 ) Versus Christian Doctrine Jesus Christ is divine , eternal and the second person of the Godhead . When he was living on earth as a man , the only begotten Son of the Father , he was God incarnate , truly God and truly man . He was and is the only means of redemption of fallen mankind . Anyone who denies or rejects him or his preeminent position separates himself from God the Father . See an example of this via this true Near Death Experience โ All Scripture is given by inspiration of God . โ ( II Timothy 3 : 16 ) โ The Words of the Lord are pure words , as silver tried in a furnace of earth , purified seven times . Thou shalt keep them , O Lord , thou shalt preserve them from this generation forever . โ ( Psalm 12 : 6 - 7 ) โ And Jesus being full of the Holy Ghost returned from Jordan , and was led by the Spirit into the wilderness , being forty days tempted of the devil โฆ โ ( Luke 4 : 1 - 2 ) โ And if Satan cast out Satan โฆ how then shall his kingdom stand ? โ ( Matthew 12 : 26 ) โ โฆ your adversary the devil , as a roaring lion , walketh about , seeking whom he may devour : โ ( I Peter 5 : 8 ) Also see satan cast out of heaven in : Isaiah 14 : 12 - 15 , Ezekiel 28 : 13 - 19 , etc . , etc . Is Freemasonry Honest ? Can you trust a Mason ? Freemasonry is not as " moral " as it first appears . They are taught to lie , which certainly is not in keeping with the Christian Bible . As Masons take the oath for the 3rd degree , they promise to conceal all crimes ( except treason & murder ) committed by a fellow Mason . By the 13th degree Masons are made to understand that all crimes by fellow Masons are to be concealed , even treason & murder . Ex 33 degree Mason Jim Shaw says in his book , " The Deadly Deception " page 149 : " The Mason swears to keep the secrets of another Mason , protecting him even if it requires withholding evidence of a crime . In some degrees treason and murder are excepted ; in other , higher degrees , there are no exceptions to this promise to cover up the truth . The obligations , if the Masonic teachings are believed , may require a Mason to give false testimony , perjure himself or ( in the case of a judge ) render a false verdict in order to protect another Mason . Again , the Bible is quite clear This equates to telling a lie and calling it moral . The Bible records in Revelation 21 , " โฆ all liars shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone forever . " How can one ascribe to the Holy Scriptures and rationalize behavior opposite to its teaching ? Royal Arch degree is the 13th . The Royal Arch Degrees , is where the candidate suffers a severe shock , for the candidate must swear to the following : The candidate must swear to keep the secrets of a fellow Mason , murder and treason not exempted . With his hand on the Bible , the candidate for the Royal Arch Degrees must swear the following : " I will aid and assist a companion Royal Arch Mason when engaged in any difficulty , and espouse his cause so far as to extricate him from the same , if within my power , whether he be right or wrong . " He then goes on and swears : " To keep in my heart all the secrets that shall be revealed to me . And in my failure if this my oath , I consent to have my body opened perpendicularly , and to be exposed for eight hours in the open air that the venomous flies may eat out my intestines . . .and I will always be ready to inflict the same punishment on those who shall disclose this degree or break this oath . So may God help and maintain me . Amen . " Did you know that a great Masonic lie is that there is no restriction to entrance , except " a good character who believes in a Supreme Being ( certainly this means Satan also ) " . This means you can be a Satanist and a Mason at the same time , as many are . However , no women , children , blind , deaf , lame , retarded , slaves or Negroes are allowed to join . While they allow membership to those who have belief systems that recognize the existence of a god or god ' s Black ( Negroes ) and women are entirely excluded from the Masonic brotherhood . There is a Black Masonic system , called the Prince Hall Lodge , but it is not associated in any way with " white " Freemasonry . It is referred to as " clandestine " Masonry , and is considered by the rest of Masonry to be a spurious , illegitimate imitation . Jim Shaw , an ex - 33 degree Mason says : In a well ordered lodge , Jesus is never mentioned except in vague , philosophical terms . Prayers are never prayed in His name , and when scriptures are quoted in the ritual , all references to Him are simply omitted . For example , II Thessalonians 3 : 6 is used in the ritual , but not the way it is in your Bible ; the words " in the name or our Lord Jesus Christ " are entirely omitted . Likewise , the ritual includes 1 Peter Reference , The Deadly Deception , Page 76 Masons require one to believe in God to be a member , but the candidate is never required to say what god he believes in - - " Masonry . . . requires merely that you believe in some deity , give him what name you will . . . any god will do , so he is your god " ( Little Masonic Library , Macoy Publishing , 1977 , 4 : 32 ) . Masons commonly refer to their deity as the " Great Architect of the Universe " ( G.A.O.T.U. ) or the Supreme Being . God Freemasonry is not a Christian religion . Rather , the Masons espouse beliefs that are incompatible with the teachings of Christ and his apostles . The Masons ask their members to keep to themselves all beliefs concerning Jesus Christ , the Bible and the authority of the Church . Masonry is all about occult and " Wizardry " , which is expressively forbidden in the Judao - Christian Bible . Masonry can really not be called a Secret Cult , because it is open to almost the entire public to join . It can best be called a Cult with Secrets . The rank and file never learn the " highest secrets " . If they did - - they may flee in a hurry when they realize " Lucifer , the Light - bearer ! " is " directing the show " . This reference is on page 321 , of one of Freemasonry ' s greatest books entitled " " by Albert Pike . " Lucifer , the Light - bearer ! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darkness ! Lucifer , the Son of the Morning ! Is it he who bears the Light , and with its splendors intolerable , blinds feeble , sensual , or selfish souls ? Doubt it not ! " [ Albert Pike , of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , p . 321 , 19th Degree of Grand Pontiff The oldest sources of Freemasonry refer to the fact that basic Freemasonry was openly established on the Christian heritage during the times of its birth in England . But from the beginning of the 18th century onwards the basic Freemasonry was stripped of the direct Christian elements so that men practicing other religions , mainly Jews at that time , could also participate in Masonic work . For instance , in Finland the degree system called the Ancient and Accepted Rite shows a Christian nature openly and the candidate is expected to believe in the Trinity . The first question The great Victorian Age novelist , Rudyard Kipling ( Jungle Book , The Man Who Would Be King ) , in passing through the 3 ' degrees ' to become a Master Mason in his home Lodge of Lahore , was ' Initiated ' by a Hindu , ' Passed ' by a Muslim and ' Raised ' by a Christian . . . .all of whom used the Bible each time , as the Volume of Sacred Law , because Kipling was a Christian . That Lodge would have needed the Bhagad Vita ( for the Hindu ) , Famous American Masons George Washington , Henry Knox , Benjamin Franklin , John Hancock and Paul Revere were all Masons . We do know from his his own writings , in the later years of his life , George Washington showed indifference to Masonry . He even sought to distance himself from Masonry . Among the correspondence of George Washington , are letters from a gentleman by the name of George Washington Snyder , who sent to the President a copy of John Robison ' s Proofs of a Conspiracy Against All the Religions and Governments of Europe ( New York : George Forman , 1798 ; reprint edition , Boston : Western Islands , 1967 ) . This classic volume revealed the Illuminist plan , through the agency of Freemasonry , for the overthrow of established governments and religions . Mr . Snyder apparently questioned the propriety of the President ' s membership and position as Grand Master of the Alexandria Lodge No . 22 of Virginia . George Washington wrote : Mount Vernon , September 25 , 1798 . " to correct an error you have run into , of my Presiding over the English lodges in this Country . The fact is , I preside over none , nor have I been in one more than once or twice , within the last thirty years . " Albert Pike Some think the greatest Freemason who ever lived was Boston - born Albert Pike , an obscure ex - Confederate Civil War Brigadier General . Klu Klux Klan was led by mostly Masons . . . Pike claimed he was a Harvard graduate , but no record of his attendance exists . . " in 1905 the Neale Publishing Company , New York and Washington , published Ku Klux Klan : Its Origin , Growth and Disbandment , written and edited by Walter L . Fleming . Dr . Fleming stated in it that " General Albert Pike , who stood high in the Masonic order , was the chief judicial officer of the Klan . " On a page of illustrations of important founders of the KKK , Dr . Fleming places General Pike ' s portrait in the center , makes it larger than the six others on the page , and repeats this information as a caption : " General Albert Pike , chief judicial officer " . Susan Lawrence Davis ' s 1924 Authentic History , Ku Klux Klan , 1865 - 1877 , repeats the pattern Fleming created in 1905 , revealing Pike ' s KKK role but treating him and the Klan sympathetically . Also , of note - in the KKK birth - state of Tennessee , Pike was the president of the Bar Association and publisher of the main racist newspaper at the time . He expounded and wrote extensively about the Mythical and Mystical Lost Tribe of the Aryans as being the source of Freemasonry . Many believe the Klu Klux Klan was founded In Pulaski , Tennessee , in 1866 , by Confederate Generals and Scottish Rite Freemasons , Albert Pike and Nathan Bedford Forrest , along with other " Templars of Tennessee . " Strong evidence , including its shared hatred of Jews , Blacks , and Catholics suggests that the KKK was a Masonic front group . Just about all of the Klan ' s early leaders were Freemasons . Colonel William J . Simmons who re - established the Klan in Atlanta , Georgia in 1915 was an ardent admirer of the No doubt his appointment to general in the Civil War was due to his Masonic position prior to that war . Pike enjoyed a meteoric rise . He was initiated in Western Star Lodge , Little Rock , in 1850 ; received the degree of Worshipful Master in the following July ; was created a Knight Templar in 1853 ; served as Grand High Priest of the Grand Chapter of Arkansas in 1852 - 1854 ; received the degrees of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite from the 4th to the 32nd degree in 1858 , and in January , 1859 , was elected M.P. Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council of the Southern Jurisdiction of the United States . During the Civil War , Pike a Massachusetts Tory , went south to incite whites against the Union . Albert Pike saw action serving in the Civil War as a politically appointed Confederate general serving in the โ Western Theater โ of the war in Arkansas . Along with General Ben McCullough , Pike trained 3 regiments consisting mainly of Native American Indians . He became infamous for his role in a small western - theater battle at Pea Ridge , Arkansas . He commanded a small force of Indians from various tribes who committed such heinous atrocities under his command during the battle that afterwards , Confederate President Jefferson Davis felt morally compelled to remove Pike from duty as a Brigadier General . A move that was very unusual and was due primarily to the outrage of desecrating the bodies of dead Union soldiers on the battlefield by Pike โ s nd rank of Freemasonry and receive numerous Masonic honors . As a Mason , Pike was also founder of the Supreme Council 33rd Degree , Mother Council of the World the Illustrious Albert Pike 33rd degree , Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council 33rd Degree Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite , Mother Council of the World . Albert Pike re - wrote the degrees of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry and instituted the diabolical Rite of the Palladium to dominate Freemasonry . Pike served Freemasonry as the Grand Commander of North American Freemasonry from 1859 until his death in 1891 . Pike occupied simultaneously the positions of Grand Master of the Central Directory at Washington , D.C. , Grand Commander of the Supreme Council at Charleston , S.C. , and Sovereign Pontiff of Universal . Pike also was one of the most physically and morally repulsive individuals in American history . Weighing well over three hundred pounds , his sexual proclivity was to sit naked astride a phallic throne in the woods , accompanied by a gang of prostitutes . To these orgies he would bring one or more wagonloads of food and liquor , most of which he would consume over a period of two days until he passed into a stupor . In his adopted state of Arkansas , Pike was well known as a practitioner of Satanism . Portraits in his later he explains that this symbol was misunderstood by those who were not adepts " ; that it was " invented ages before , to conceal what it was [ too ] dangerous to avow . " Occult 101 According to this occult worldview / heresy , Jesus never really was the Son of God . Instead Jesus was a " master " who came to teach you how to save yourself . He was not the Son of God either they say , only a son in the sense that we are all sons of God . Eliphas Levi was a defrocked Roman Catholic Priest who was originally named Alphonse Louis Constant . He took the pen name of Eliphas Levi because he hoped it would help him spread his Satanism . Eliphas Levi was an accomplished Demon possessed Satanist , who is responsible for the occult revival of the 1800 and 1900s , along with Pike , Mazzini and Blavatsky . The Palladian Rite provides an intensified hands - on course in " fleshly glove " demon possession leading to walking / talking possession of human initiates by Lucifer - associated spirits , demons . Pike was said to be a Satanist , who indulged in the occult , and he apparently possessed a bracelet which he used to summon Lucifer , with whom he had constant communication . He was the Grand Master of a Masonic Luciferian group known as the Order of the Palladium ( or Sovereign Council of Wisdom ) , which had been founded in Paris in Albert Pike I n his book Masonry " Beyond the Light " , William Schnoebelen ( now a saved Christian ) talks about his experiences as first a Satanist and then a Mason who passed through nearly all the Mason Degrees , including some that American Masons are unaware of ; such as degrees in Masonry like the Egyptian rites of Masonry and the Paladin . During his initiation into Palladium Masonry William sadly admits to standing with Masons , some who were also Satanists and chanting ; " Glory and Love for Lucifer ! Hatred ! Hatred ! Hatred ! to God accursed ! accursed ! accursed ! " . He says that hashish provides some of their " illumination " , taking after the 1st " Illuminati " 18th century Mason Adam Weishaupt ( White Brotherhood ) . During the Palladium " program " William tells how Masons promised to surrender themselves body and soul to Lucifer , usually for 7 years , and Lucifer promised to grant them all their worldly desires . An example is the following text from the Masonic Text Book for use in the Lodges of West Virginia shows how Masons still look up to Albert Pike . Mason Lodges also give out Albert Pike awards . Also , in the Atrium of the Supreme Council 33 ยฐ , Washington DC , there is a bust of Pike on the landing of the Grand Staircase which leads up to the main temple room which all 33 ยฐ Masons must file past . Pike is buried in a secret crypt under the stairway , beneath the bust ; the only " Brother Albert Pike , one of the most illustrious Masons in all the ages , and who was an acknowledged authority upon all Masonic questions , was a believer in ancient Landmarks . . . " ( page 25 ) In his most famous book , " " . Albert Pike said that " . . . Masonry is identical with the Ancient Mysteries . . . " ( On Page 624 , 28th Degree ) . As you read this Masonic book and others , you will be amazed at how many stories of the gods and goddesses from the many Ancient Religions are written in full detail , as instructions to Freemasons ! Masons who have reached a certain " degree " will tell you that they do not worship an object in Nature , such as the Sun . Rather , they say they worship God through the Sun . In short , the Mason worships God through the created object ; not the object itself . New Agers have a lot in common with this Mason form of " 2nd hand " worship . On Page 624 , 28th Degree Pike says ; " . . . Masonry is identical with the Ancient Mysteries . . . " . On Page 329 Pike wrote " . . . we reproduce the speculations of the Philosophers , the Kabalists , the Mystagogues , and the Gnostics . " In other words , whatever the Ancients believed , Freemasonry embraces too . Also we read from Pike about " Sun and Moon . . . Divine sexes " ! ! This is old fashioned witchcraft , dating back 5,000 years to the Egyptian Mysteries . This is the concept of Luciferianism , that the Divine Father mated with Mother Earth . It is Witchcraft . Witches make no bones about calling their religion " The Craft " ; it is no wonder the Masons also call their organization the " Craft " , as well as their Second Degree , the Fellow - Craft . The head of a Masonic Lodge is Pike is the only Confederate leader to have a statue erected in his honor in the city of Washington , D.C. The statue shows his enormous size . No statue of Robert E . Lee or Stonewall Jackson or any other Confederate leader has ever been erected in the nation โ s capital . So is it odd that a seedy Confederate general who committed war crimes should have the only statue in Washington ever erected to someone who served as a Confederate leader . It is even harder to believe that the Civil Rights movement of the 1960 โ Giusseppe Mazzini Pike is credited with converting the Masonic hierarchy in London , Berlin and Rome to his Luciferian doctrines . Pike worked closely with Giusseppe Mazzini of Italy ( 1805 - 1872 ) also a satanist and a 33 ยฐ Mason . Mazzini became head of the Illuminati in 1834 , and who founded the Mafia in 1860 . Mazzini was a high - level planner for the Italian revolution in 1848 . Together with Mazzini , Lord Henry Palmerston of England ( 1784 - 1865 ) ( author of the Opium Wars against China ) , and Otto von Bismarck of Germany ( 1815 - 1898 ) โ all 33 ยฐ Masons โ Albert Pike used the Palladian Rite to bind all Masonic groups under one umbrella . One reason speculated for this is a conspiracy to destroy the United States , a continuing British - sponsored treasonous Tory / British commitment since our War of Independence . Pike & Mazzin ' s Masonic ' head ' is Lucifer . And Pike an Mazzini were his human self - appointed assistants . Palladism is a Luciferian rite . Its religion is Manichรฆism . It teaches that the divinity is dual and that Lucifer is the equal of Adonay , And that Lucifer is the โ god of light and goodness โ who is struggling for humanity against Adonay the โ god of darkness and evil . โ The Manichรฆism religion had an answer for everything and despised Christianity , which was too full of mysteries Their Luciferian doctrine is only implied in the lower Masonic degrees , and only becomes a clear teaching in the highest degrees . The highest of the high levels was the Palladium . Mazzini recruited Pike into the Illuminati in order to create an American branch of Illuminists that would operate inside American Freemasonry as a most secret society within a secret society . Mazzini wrote a letter to Pike dated January 22 , 1870 , instructing him on how use Freemasonry as an instrument of Luciferian Illuminism : โ We must allow all the federations to continue just as they are , with their systems , their central authorities and their diverse modes of correspondence between high grades of the same rite , organized as they are at the present , but we must create a super rite , which will remain unknown , to which we will call those Masons of high degree whom we shall select . With regard to our brothers in Masonry , these men must be pledged to the strictest secrecy . Through this supreme rite , we will govern all Freemasonry which This explains Pike โ s meteoric rise in Masonry . DO N ' T MISS THE INFORMATION AT THE VERY BOTTOM - - To have hairs stand up on the back of your neck . . . See the very bottom for a letter explaining Masonry ' s and Satan ' s " Game Plan " . . . Written by Albert Pike to Giusseppe Mazzini on August 15 , 1871 . New candidates are n ' t aware what happens later Note : what " Religion " you are now in On July 14 , 1889 , two years before his death , Pike issued the following statement to the 24 Supreme Masonic Councils of the world who were meeting in Paris To you , Sovereign Grand Instructors General , we say this , that you may repeat it to the Brethren of the 32nd , 31st and 30th degrees : ' the Masonic Religion should be , by all of us initiates of the high degrees , maintained in the purity of the LUCIFERIAN Doctrine . If Lucifer were not god , would Adonay ( Jesus ) . . . calumniate ( spread false and harmful statements about ) him ? . . . Yes , Lucifer is God , and unfortunately Adonay is also God . For the eternal law is that there is no light without shade , no beauty without ugliness , no white without black , for the absolute can only exist as two Gods : darkness being necessary to light to serve as its foil as the pedestal is necessary to the statue , and the brake to the locomotive . ( Albert Pike , A.C. De La Rive , La Femme et l ' Enfant dans la Franc - Maqonnene Universelle , page 588 . ) Albert Pike also said ; " Thus , the doctrine of Satanism is heresy ; and the true and pure philosophic religion is the belief in Lucifer , the equal of Adonay ; But Lucifer , god of light and god of good , is struggling for humanity against Adonay , the God of darkness and evil . " The hideous occult idol known as Baphomet ( above ) is the most widely used of all Satanic symbols . The Satanic Bible instructs satan worshipers to place the Baphomet on the wall above the altar during Satanic rituals . Every time we see the symbol of the Baphomet we should be reminded of the connection between Freemasonry and Satanism . Baphomet represents Masonic wisdom and is , in effect , their god , whether recognized as such or not . The Baphomet picture we have used is the work of French Freemason Eliphas Levi . Eliphas Levi is considered one of the Master occultists of all time and was just as educated when writing about Freemasonry as he was Black Magic . Levi had a profound influence on what is probably the most widely read Masonic book of all time by Masonic author , Albert Pike . Pike ' s master work is often called the ' Masonic Bible ' . This honored American Freemason was the Sovereign Grand Commander of the Scottish Rite when he took the Cabbalistic and Luciferian doctrine of Eliphas Levi and put it in his book . In 1801 , Issac Long , a Kabalist Jew , brought a statue of Baphomet ( Satan ) to Charleston , South Carolina , where he helped to establish the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite . Long apparently chose Charleston because it was geographically located on the 33rd parallel of latitude ( incidentally , so is Baghdad ) , and this council is considered to be the Mother Supreme Council of all Masonic Lodges of the World . Albert Pike succeeded Long as the supreme leader . Edith Miller in her Occult Theocracy claims that Isaac Long brought the Baphomet to Charleston with the skull of Jacques de Molay in 1801 . [ p . 194 . ] The Mason Calendar Masons have their own Lucerferian based calendar . Our western calendar counts its years based on the number of years before and after Christ ' B.C. , for before Christ and A.D. ' Anno Domini , meaning , " in the year of our Lord , " for the years after the birth of Christ . The Masonic calendar counts it years with the suffix A.L ; meaning Anno Lucis ( or Lucifer ) ; " year of light " , the Masonic year of creation . This can also be interpreted to mean " Year of Lucifer . " Masons do not count their years from the year of Christ ' s death because for a rather curious reason ; they consider it a tragedy . In their initiation ceremony for the eighteenth degree , the Knight of the rose Crucis , also known as the Rose ( The Red Cross ) or " the Rosicrucians , Masons symbolically drape the Lodge room in black and sit on the floor in silence , resting their heads in their arms in mock grief around the alter above which are three crosses . They grieve not for the death of the below by Brother Eliphas Levi The Mysteries of Magic " What is more absurd and more impious than to attribute the name of Lucifer to the devil , that is , to personified evil . The intellectual Lucifer is the spirit of intelligence and love ; it is the paraclete , it is the Holy Spirit , while the physical Lucifer is the great agent of universal magnetism . " page 428 Masonic Diversion / Lie : ' But Levi was n ' t a Mason ! ' Fact : Eliphas Levi was a Freemason . He was initiated at the Lodge Rose du Parfait Silence of the Grand Orient of France on 14 March , 1861 in Paris . M . Caudet who was the Venerable ( Worshipful Master ) at Levi ' s Masonic initiation . Illustrious Arthur Edward Waite 33 ยฐ The Book Of Black Magic " First Conjuration Addressed to Emperor Lucifer . Emperor Lucifer , Master and Prince of Rebellious Spirits , I adjure thee to leave thine abode , in what - ever quarter of the world it may be situated and come hither to communicate with me . I command and I conjure thee in the Name of the Mighty Living God , Father , Son and Holy Ghost , to appear without noise and without . . . . " page 244 Illustrious ' Manley Palmer Hall 33 ยฐ The Secret Teachings of All Ages " I hereby promise the Great Spirit Lucifer , Prince of Demons , that each year I will bring unto him a human soul to do with as as it may please him , and in return Lucifer promises to bestow upon me the treasures of the earth and fulfil my every desire for the length of my natural life . If I fail to bring him each year the offering specified above , then my own soul shall be forfeit to him . Signed . . . . . { Invocant signs pact with his own blood } " The Lost Keys Of Freemasonry ' by Manly Palmer Hall 33 ยฐ " When The Mason learns that the Key to the warrior on the block is the proper application of the dynamo of living power , he has learned the Mystery of his Craft . The seething energies of Lucifer are in his hands and before he may step onward and upward , he must prove his ability to properly apply this energy . " page 48 Helena Petrovna Blavatsky The Secret Doctrine " Lucifer represents . .Life . .Thought . .Progress . .Civilization . .Liberty . .Independance . . Lucifer is the Logos . .the Serpent , the Savior . " on pages 171 , 225 , 255 ( Volume II ) " It is Satan who is the God of our planet and the only God . " pages 215 , 216 , 220 , 245 , 255 , 533 , ( VI ) " The Celestial Virgin which thus becomes the Mother of Gods and Devils at one and the same time ; for she is the ever - loving beneficent Deity . . .but in antiquity and reality Lucifer or Luciferius is the name . Lucifer is divine and terrestial Light , ' the Holy Ghost ' and " Satan ' at one and the same time . " page 539 Albert Pike " Lucifer , the Light - bearer ! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darkness ! Lucifer , the son of the morning ! Is it he who bears the Light , and with it ' s splendors intolerable blinds feeble , sensual or selfish Souls ? Doubt it not ! page 321 These three sentences ( of which two are actually exclamations ) , are taken from Pike ' s book " Morals and Dogma " , a book of 861 pages with a 216 page index . For about 60 years Pike ' s book " Morals and Dogma " was given to all who joined the Southern United States jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite , an appendant body of Freemasonry . In the earliest printings , due to the cost of publishing books , there was an instruction inside that it was to be returned to the Supreme Council . Of course , there was no way to enforce that and as book publishing costs became less onerous , that request was dropped in later editions . This quotation is taken from the XXVI Degree of the Scottish Rite , and is part of the Introduction to : The Title of Prince Of Mercy of Scottish Trinitarianism . " . . . the Prince of Darkness . . . made Adam , whose soul was of the Divine Light , contributed by the Eons , and his body of matter , so that he belonged to both Empires , that of Light and that of Darkness . To prevent the light from escaping at once , the Demons forbade Adam to eat the fruit of " knowledge of good and evil , " by which he would have known the Empire of Light and that of Darkness . He obeyed ; an Angel of Light induced him to As strange as it may seem , the Light that Masons seek is Lucifer , the Light Bearer , although most Masons never discover that truth . Why would anyone want to follow the Prince of Darkness ? Because he gives them freedom to do whatever they wish . Under Lucifer , men do n ' t face the restraints contained in the Ten Commandments . Masonic Secret Doctrine , Much like New Age Beliefs Below from Mason training manuals Details of the Secret Doctrine reveal the Masonic plan of salvation more completely . Mystic Masonry , by J.D. Buck , M.D. , contains a chapter titled The Secret Doctrine . Buck writes : " It is far more important that men should strive to become Christs than that they should believe that Jesus was Christ . If the Christ - state can be attained by but one human being during the whole evolution of the race , then the evolution of man is a farce and human perfection an impossibility . Jesus is no less Divine because all men may reach the same Divine perfection . ( page 62 ) According to the Secret Doctrine , faith in Jesus the Christ is not necessary for salvation . Notice that in the Secret Doctrine , the meaning of Christ has been redefined . Instead of referring to the Messiah when they use the term , they refer to a state or condition which man can attain . The Secret Doctrine teaches that Jesus was Christ , but he was not the only one to attain that state . Being Christ is vital to Masonic salvation . What does the Bible say about this Mason heresy ? " Jesus saith unto him , I am the way , the truth , and the life : no man cometh unto the Father , but by me " ( John 14 : 6 ) " Be it known unto you all , and to all the people of Israel , that by the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth , whom ye crucified , whom God raised from the dead , even by him doth this man stand here before you whole . { 11 } This is the stone which was set at nought of you builders , which is become the head of the corner . { 12 } Neither is there salvation in any other : for there is none other name under heaven given among men , whereby we must " For all have sinned , and come short of the glory of God ; Being justified freely by his grace through redemption that is in Christ Jesus . " ( Romans 3 : 23 ) See these two true Near Death Experiences showing Jesus ' s light the same as the Fathers . And how Jesus is our only mediator . . Valvita and Angie Masonry - the Original " Pyramid Scheme Can " King Makers " make a one - world government / religion ? The ruler of a hierarchy of Masonic lodges is , in a very real sense , king for life , and powerful enough to base a dynasty on the control of such lodges . The whole Masonic pyramid is even profitable , because there is always substantial tribute from the lowest level , often called union dues . Masonic theory is no doubt the origin of pyramid letter schemes . Masonic " kings " have never yet allowed an understanding of the purpose or pyramidal organization of unions and large social clubs to trickle into the public ' s general knowledge , and that fact alone keeps them safe . Believe it or not , the king of a world - spanning Masonic empire has controlled all Masonic lodges for centuries , and steered all figurehead kings and governments with personal advisors trained from birth for the job . Read more about this Truth In I John 4 : 1 - 3 , Christians are enjoined to " believe not every spirit , but try the spirits whether they are of God : because many false prophets are gone out into the world . " The Rosicrucian Connection ( another Satanic ploy away from Jesus and Salvation ) The Rosicrucian ' s is one of the planet ' s leading occult schools . It is a secret cult steep in mysticism , " magick " , tarot card reading , claimed astral journeys , and attempts to talk with the dead - all of which is strictly forbidden in the Bible . It is also linked today with the New Age Movement . New Agers think in the terms of " mother earth " and the " spirit in the sky " - another great satanic " Christless " ploy . Rosicrucian students continue to practice their chosen Rosicrucians by admission is a secret society . It flourished in a day when secret societies were in vogue , and a century after its origin , Rosicrucianism underwent a recrudescence in connection with Freemasonry , which not only deemed Rosicrucianism genuine , but even borrowed usages and customs from the writings of those who had satirized the fraternity . The substance of the Rosicrucian claim , or mythos is that there is a " Hidden Church which is a repository of great secrets learned in the East , and transmitted by various luminaries , sages and adepts down to our own time . The name ' Rosicrucian ' is said to be derived from the Latin words : ' ros ' and ' crucis ' , or rose cross . But their symbolism of the cross has nothing to do with Jesus Christ . This " Invisible Order " was founded in Germany , several centuries earlier , by an individual known as Christian Rosenkrutz . It is said that in order to perpetuate an ancient tradition he had initiated a few brothers into the mysteries of the Rose Cross . The successors to these brothers brought to light the existence of the Order in 1614 , with the publication of the first Rosicrucian manifesto Fama Fraternitatis . However , the actual foundation of the Order is believed to have taken place on the occasion of the opening of the allegorical crypt of Christian Rose - Croix , the Rosicrucians , a society founded by Christian Rosenkreutz , a German , who was born in 1378 . But according to its own claims , โ The Order of the Rose and Cross has existed from time immemorial , and its mystic rites were practiced and its wisdom taught in Egypt . Eleusis , Samothrace , Persia , Chaldea , India , and in far , more distant lands , and thus were handed down to posterity the Secret Wisdom of the Ancient Ages . โ That its origin remains a mystery was emphasized by ( Prime Minister ) Disraeli , who said of the Society , in 1841 , โ Its hidden sources defy research . โ After traveling in Spain , Damascus and Arabia , where he was initiated into Arabian magic , Rosenkreutz returned to Germany and set up his fraternity of the Invisibles . In a building they designated as Domus Sancti Spiritus they followed such varied studies as the secrets of nature , alchemy , astrology , magnetism ( or hypnotism as it is better known as ) communication with the dead , and medicine . Rosenkreutz is said to have died at the over - ripe age of 106 , and when opened , his tomb which had been lost sight of for many years was found to contain signs and symbols of magic and occult manuscripts . The founder of Witches Against Religious Discrimination ( WARD ) , Joyce Siegrist , is also the founder of the Rosarian Tradition . Joyce is a student of the Rosicrucian teachings , and The Rosarian Tradition bears their influence . The New Age witches group known as the Aglaian Triad of Wicca says ; " We believe the Rosicrucian Order has gotten occult training to more " regular " people than any other mystical order . " Satanist leader Anton LaVey declares " Satanic ritual is a blend of Gnostic , Cabalistic , Hermetic , and Masonic elements " and that Masonry contains " numerous manifestations of Satanism , namely the goat , the coffin , the death ' s - head . " Are Masons under the Curse of God ? In Galatians 1 : 6 - 9 Paul says ; I marvel that ye are so soon removed from him that called you into the grace of Christ unto another gospel : Which is not another ; but there be some that trouble you , and would pervert the gospel of Christ . But though we , or an angel from heaven , preach any other gospel unto you than that which we have preached unto you , let him be accursed . As we said before , so say I now again , if any man preach any other gospel unto you than ye have received , let him Would this mean that Masonic Worshipful Masters and other Masonic instructors are under the curse of God . Do n ' t these preach the contrary doctrine that salvation is by works " ? Ephesians 2 : 8 - 9 For by grace are ye saved through faith , and that not of yourselves , it is the gift of God : Not works , lest any man should boast . WHAT MUST I DO TO BE SAVED ? Believe on the Lord Jesus Christ and thou salt be saved . . . " Acts 16 : 31 Also of interest is the aprons Masons wear . Remember the fig leaf apron which Adam & Eve made to cover their nakedness ? God got rid of these aprons because they were man ' s feeble attempt to make restitution for their sins . God then killed an animal and then made them coats of skins . What are Masons & Mormons really symbolizing by wearing these aprons ? Do n ' t Mormons and Masons realize Satanists like to wear aprons in their rights also ? Satan leading even Christians to the " slaughter " Masons actually have aprons of lambskin as if a mockery of the Lamb of God . They are told to trust their apron ; and Jesus is never allowed to be spoken of Masonry is actually a satanic plan to draw people away from churches on Sunday by telling them lies about symbolism and giving them Degrees and uniforms and new buddies to make them feel special . Most Masons are never told that their cherished symbols are actually cult fertility symbols . They are out and out lied to . The Third Degree Mason should be taken aback when he is taught that the first Freemason was Tubal Cain . In the Bible , Tubal Cain is descended from the accursed line of Cain ( Gen 4 : 17 - 22 ) . Tubal Cain ' s father was the first person to boast about murder . How about the Bible being Present ? Masons say we have a Bible at every Meeting : However , nobody actually is allowed to read anything about Jesus Christ from the Bible out loud . Try it and see what happens . It is there to give this occultist gathering a sort of credibility in Christian circles and in the community . It ' s just another satanic ploy to make an otherwise skeptical Christian want to come in . Freemasonry like Islam , is a religion without a Savior : When quoting from the Bible , references to Christ are omitted , and prayer is never allowed to be offered ( in a " well - ordered " lodge ) in the name of Jesus Christ . Masons do not care whether a person privately petitions God or Jehovah , Allah or Buddha , Mohammed or Jesus , the God of Israel or the " Great First Cause , " but in the Lodge , the only petition allowed is to the " Great Architect of the Universe . " Clearly then , Freemasonry does not believe that Jesus Christ is God , nor that salvation is available only through Him ( see 1 John . 4 : 3 ) . Masonry : Doorways to Satanism and the Order of Seth : Also of interest is the irony ( purposeful ? ) of naming the Masonic youth league the DeMolay order for boys as if Jacques DeMolay ( Jacques de Molay ) was some sort of hero . Christians should be aware that DeMolay was burned at the stake for being a pedophile , homosexual , for practicing witchcraft , and for worshipping the false god Baphomet . History tells us that DeMolay even denied Jesus Christ in front of both the Catholic Pope and the King of France . DeMolay was the last Grand Master of the Templers . The Order of DeMolay is designed to draw youngsters into Masonry and the occult , just like its counterparts for girls ( Rainbow Girls & Job ' s Daughters ) . The Order of the Eastern Star is made up of women relatives of Masons . Even though the youth groups such as the Rainbow Girls , Job ' s Daughters , and the DeMolays , seem like innocent organizations , we must remember that these associations are considered to be ' feeder groups ' . The adolescents in these societies are being groomed for potential membership in Masonry and the Eastern Star when they reach adulthood . In fact , according to The New Age , a Masonic journal . . . about 50 % of DeMolays join Masonry when they reach 21 years of age . " [ " Hidden Secrets of the Eastern In 1976 , the International Order of the Rainbow , suspended all Iowa chapters of the group because one local chapter endorsed membership of a 12 year old black girl . According to press reports Michelle Palmer , whose father is white and whose mother is black , had been invited to join the Rainbow chapter in Indianola , Iowa , and was approved by the local assembly in October of that year . However officials at the Rainbow international headquarters in McAlester , Oklahoma ruled that all 136 Rainbow assemblies in Iowa must disband by the end of the " One former DeMolay member goes so far as to call the DeMolays a ' kindergarten for Satanism ' , for he believes it was a major stepping stone for him into occultism and witchcraft . " ( Burns , p . 368 , quoting Bill Schnoebelen , " Masonry " , p . 110 ) In 3rd degree lectures Masons read . . .that All - Seeing Eye , whom the sun , moon and stars obey , and under whose watchful care even comets perform their stupendous revolutions , beholds the inmost recesses of the human heart , and will reward us according to our works . Save your money ( dues ) , here is the ultimate Masonic " secret " . . . . THE ULTIMATE MASONIC " SECRET " IS THE LUCIFERIAN DOCTRINE that LUCIFER IS GOD ! In the Masonic Lodge everything is symbolic of something else . The name " Lucifer " means " Light Bearer " or " Light Bringer " . Masons point out that the MORNING STAR is Lucifer . When Masons speak of the " light of Masonry " , they actually refer to Lucifer bringing forth the light . During the lecture for the 32nd degree , Masons are told that the triliteral name for god is composed of three Hindu gods : Brahma , Vishnu and Siva . Siva is a synonym for Satan ! Lucifer is honored and revered by Masons as the TRUE GOD ! Masonic UN - Holy Trinity and the Serpent Emblem Masonry uses symbols of the Bible to hide the real Masonic meaning behind their Hermetic Rites . They just use the name Solomon for their Temples . The truth is , Solomon , the King of Israel , was not a Mason , nor did he ever have any connection with Freemasonry . The real reason Freemasonry uses the name Solomon is to hide the real names of the Sun gods from 3 different nations . This name Solomon is not the Israelitish king . It is name in form , but different in its meaning . It is a SOL OM ON , the names of the Sun in Latin , Indian and Egyptian . . " Quoted from the Masonic Report , McQuaig , p . 33 To hide the fact that their god is LUCIFER , those entering Masonry must enact strange rituals Only after a Mason has completed the 13th degree - - and paid much money in dues for all the frivolous and nonsensical occult knowledge - do they learn the " secret " word , or the " Lost Word " : The Royal Arch Candidate is led to believe that the lost name for God is JAH - BUL - ON or JAO - BUL - ON JAH represents the name for Yahweh or Jehovah . BUL represents Ba ' al or Bel ( the Devil ) . The name of the god of Jezebel and Ahab . ON represents the name of the Egyptian Sun God Osiris . The god of Pharaoh . . . JAO is a pagan Chaldean name for God . " BUL " is a Syriac word which means " Baal " . Baal was a Canaanite fertility god associated with LICENTIOUS rites and MAGIC . Baal is actually another name for the Devil . This is also known as the Grand - Omnific Royal Arch Word . Contrast these with Yahweh or Jehovah , Jesus or Yeshua , and the Holy Spirit . Of note , the " SERPENT " to a Mason is the emblem of DIVINE WISDOM . You see the SERPENT plastered all over Masonic lodges in decorations . Masonic theology is quite clear , that the serpent , or Satan ( Lucifer ) should be worshipped . In the 3rd degree the Mason is once again lies to , and is given a substitute word . He is told to look " to that bright and Morning Star " . . . Abracadabra . . . Freemasonry Lodge meetings are usually held in the upper chambers of their lodges . The worshippers of Baal ( the Sun - god ) erected their idols and altars on top of hills , among sacred groves , or on the roofs of houses . And just as the Witches hold their meetings at night , so does the Freemason meet at night . Following is the sort of " knowledge " would be Masons pay " big bucks " and make blood curdling oaths to receive . It is sheer nonsense . . . To a Christian or Jew it ' s pure blasphemy also . Manly Palmer Hall , a great authority on Masonry , writes , " When the Mason . . . has learned the mystery of his Craft , the seething energies of Lucifer are in his hands . . . . " ( Manly Palmer Hall , The Lost Keys of Freemasonry , p . 48 ) . Regarding the identity of God , in Scottish Rite Masonry , the 13th degree is that of the Royal Arch . In it , the alleged true , previously hidden name of God is revealed as Jabulum . " The Encyclopedia of Freemasonry , " page 359 , affirms this , under the entry for Jabulum , yet does not give the meaning . But in the same book on page 102 , in the definition of Bel , the meaning is given . It says , " Bel is the contracted form of . . . Baal , and Genesis 1 : 26 ( 4000 B.C. ) : " And God said , Let us make man in our image Proverbs 30 : 4 ( written 700 B.C. ) : " . . . What is His name and what is His son ' s name , if thou canst tell ? " John 3 : 16 For God so loved the world , that he gave his only begotten Son , that whosoever believeth in him should not perish , but have everlasting life . Masonry ' s Grandest Error Masonry can not be the way to Jesus Christ Masonry insists that " we climb up into heaven " . In John 10 : 9 Jesus warned us : " Verily , verily , I say unto you , He that entereth not by the door into the sheepfold , but climbeth up some other way , the same is a thief and a robber . In the 17th Knight of the East and West degree , we see more Masonic blasphemy and disobedience : The candidate is lanced slightly on his arm as if he is taking the part of the Lamb who was slain , even though Scripture tells us in Leviticus 21 : 5 not to make any cuttings in our flesh - as pacts with the devil were usually done that way . Attached to the Bible are seven seals as if mocking the seven seals of Revelation . The seven seals are opened in this ceremony . Yet we know that ONLY Christ , the Lamb was found worthy to open the seals . The candidate mocks Christ shedding His blood for us , and tries to take Christ ' s place , by opening the 7 seals . Another Diabolocal Reversal The Masonic Temple itself God took great amount of time spelling out exactly how His Temple ( Solomon ' s Temple ) should look . In God ' s Temple , one entered from the east and gradually proceeded in holiness to ultimately the Holy of Holies on the West side of the Temple . God presides on the North side . In a diabolical twist , Masonic Temples have their alter in the opposite side of the Temple . The Masons enter in the west vs from the east . This is diabolically significant as say the diabolical 3 AM " witching hour " as an inversion and mockery of the hour when Jesus is believed to have died on the cross ( 3 PM ) . It ' s a dead giveaway to even the most naive among us as to who their alter is really honoring . This reverse image is very prevalent in the occult . The occult " The east " is the location within the Lodge Hall where the Worshipful Master sits upon his throne / chair of authority . In the ancient mystery religions , from which Freemasonry springs , the Sun was worshipped , and the most sacred direction was east , where the sun arose each morning to renew life on earth . The position of the feet is no coincidence when facing the Worshipful Master " in the East . " Satan comes from the East also . He resides in the East . The position of the feet forms the " See example here MARK MASTER DEGREE Freemasonry mocks the Lord Jesus Christ ( who is the Chief Corner Stone in Scripture ) and the infallible teaching of Holy Writ in this deceptive degree , when they maliciously try to corrupt the truth of God ' s Word . In typical Rosicrucian manner , they deliberately spiritualize that which is intended to be literal and literalize that which is meant to be spiritual . Thus , the Chief Corner Stone mentioned in Scripture ( which is a clear symbolic reference to Christ ) is blasphemously reduced to a literal physical brick corner - stone which is profanely paraded round the Chapter room . Learn more about this mockery The " Illuminati " , Masons & Rosicrucian ' s The Illuminati are the top echelon of a vast network of organizations which make up a Secret Brotherhood covering the globe . Within this network are found 6 major divisions : Banking & Money , Secret Societies , Political , Intelligence , Religions , and Education . The Secret Societies encompass the elite Prieurรฉ de Sion , the Rosicrucians , the Orders of Freemasonry , Skull & Bones , the Grand Orient Lodge , the Grand Alpina Lodge , the Knights Templar , the Royal Order of the Garter . According to one Rosicrucian book Holy Blood , Holy Grail , although the Prieurรฉ de Sion is the elite society that created the Knights Templar , the order from which the other societies originated , this august body has maintained a low profile from its inception and remains behind the scenes orchestrating critical events in Western history . " The Prieurรฉ de Sion is thought to exist today , and is believed by many to be still operative . If so , it may be influential and playing a role in high - level international affairs as well as in the domestic affairs of certain European countries and the EU . . . The avowed and declared objective of the Prieurรฉ de Sion is the restoration of the Merovingian dynasty and bloodline - not only to the throne of France , but to the thrones of other European nations as well . " According to Holy Blood , Holy Grail , the infamous Protocols of the Elders of Sion have been slanderously misrepresented and are , instead of an evil conspiracy , a humanitarian proposal authored by the elite Prieurรฉ de Sion . In other words , the proposed new world order of the Prieurรฉ will be a benevolent " Masonic kingdom " led by a new king of " the holy seed of David . " The Illuminati regarded the Catholic Church as their chief enemy and marked it for ruin . In 1818 , their Italian lodge issued a set of Permanent Instructions that included : " We require a Pope for ourselves . . .to march more securely to the storming of the church . . . . " The goal was " the complete annihilation of the Catholicism and even ultimately of Christianity . If Christianity were to revive , even upon the ruins of Rome , it would , a little late revive and live . " ( 13 - 14 ) Pope Leo XIII , pope from 1878 - 1903 On April 20 , 1884 , Pope Leo XIII published his magnificent Encyclical " Humanum Genus " on the evils of Freemasonry . His well - founded dislike for Masons was his belief that they exclude Jesus Christ , and instead bow down to some unknown impersonal god ( or fallen angel ) - - their generic " grand architect of the universe " ( GAOTU ) . This Masonry peril was denounced for the first time by Pope Clement XII in 1738 , and the Constitution promulgated by that Pope was renewed and confirmed by Benedict XIV ; Pius VII followed in the footsteps of those Pontiffs , and Pope Leo XII including in his Quo Graviora ' ( called them Macons ) all the deeds and decrees of the preceding Popes on that subject , ratified and confirmed them for ever . Popes Pius VIII , Gregory XVI and on several occasions Pope Pius IX spoke in the same manner . " Leo XIII said ; " Today evil doers all seem allied in a tremendous effort inspired by and with the help of a society powerfully organized and widely spread over the world , it is the Society of Freemasons . In fact those people no longer even try to dissimulate their intentions , but they actually challenge each other ' s audacity in order to assail God ' s August Majesty . Pope Leo XIII defines the Masonic point of view on morality thus : " The only thing which has found grace before the members of the Masonic sect and in which they request that youth should receive the proper teaching is what they call ' Civic Morality ' , independent morality , free morality , in other words a morality in which religious beliefs find no room . This morality is insufficient and its effects are its own condemnation . " Furthermore there have been found in Freemasonry several sectarians who have maintained that all means are to be systematically used , in order , to saturate the multitudes with licentiousness and vices ; because in their opinion peoples would naturally fall into their hands and become the instruments needed for the accomplishment of their most audacious evil projects . Such counter - morality is that of civil marriage , of divorce , of free love and of irreligious education for youth . " " It aims at the complete destruction of the main foundations of justice and honesty . In this way Freemasons make themselves the auxiliaries of those who wish that , like an animal , man had no other rule of conduct than his own desires - - Such a scheme can only dishonor human kind and ignominiously cast him into perdition . " Ironically , when Leo XIII died in 1903 , a Freemason , Cardinal Mariano Rampolla , was almost elected Pope . Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria vetoed his appointment in the last moment . The Roman Catholic church was officially opposed to the group ever since 1738 , when Pope Clement XII condemned Freemasonry and banned it from his faith . Catholics were forbidden from joining , under pain of excommunication . In 1825 , Leo XII reiterated the ban and declared it to be permanent and everlasting . In 1884 , Leo XIII called on each member of the clergy to get the word out and help defeat this insidious foe : We pray and beseech you , venerable brethren , to join your efforts with Ours , and earnestly to strive for the extirpation of this foul plague , which is creeping through the veins of the body politic . [ . . . ] We wish it to be your rule first of all to tear away the mask from Freemasonry , and to let it be seen as it really is ; and by sermons and pastoral letters to instruct the people as to the artifices used by societies of this kind in seducing men and enticing them into As early as 1738 , Pope Clement XII described Freemasonry as " Satan ' s synagogue " as reported by Rupert Cornwell in his book " God ' s Banker " . A more detailed early exposure of Freemasonry than in God ' s Banker can be found in Abbe Augusten de Barruel ' s book from the late 1700 ' s called " Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism " . In this book , de Barruel , who lived in Revolutionary France charged that many years prior to the French Revolution , men who called themselves " philosophers " had conspired against the God of the Gospel , against Christianity , without distinction of worship . The grand object of the " conspiracy , " the Abbe asserted , was to overthrow every altar where Christ was adored . These philosophers , the Abbe said , formed the sophisters of rebellion , who joined with Freemasons - - a group characterized as having a " long history " This opposition to Freemasonry persisted into the 20th century . Pope Pius XII hated them . Did you know that noted Christian Evangelist Charles Finney was a Freemason and Lawyer before the Holy Spirit gloriously saved him ? With his intimate knowledge of the rituals , degrees and oaths , Finney devastates all claims Freemasonry makes to being a Christian organization . Can Masonry Offer a Christian more than Jesus ? Does Freemasonry go too far by declaring all religions equal ? See Islam ' s root history Satan has an " End Plan " In addition to Satan ' s never ending plan to annihilate Israel , Satan does deceive people - and wishes to lead them away from the truth . In the case of Masons and Muslims , Satan would prefer one believe that good character and good works will get them to heaven . He is also using Muslim hatred against Christians and Jews around the world right now to accomplish his wishes . Satan often uses Christians against Christians ( Protestants against Catholics and Catholics against Protestants ) . Muslims hurling hatred from their mosques are slaves to the prince In the 19th degree of Scottish Rite Freemasonry , the initiate is told that attachment to Masonry ' s " statutes and rules of the order " will make him " deserving of entering the celestial Jerusalem [ heaven ] . " In the 28th degree , he is told that " the true Mason [ is one ] who raises himself by degrees till he reaches heaven " and that one of his duties is " To divest [ him ] self of original sin . . . " Masons clearly teach a salvation by works , or character not a salvation by faith in Christ alone . Even in the 32nd Degree , a Mason never can nor will find the " light " he is looking for . Will the " sons of God " ( fallen Angels ) return to earth on December 21 , 2012 and establish a new world order , led by an unearthly powerful ruler ? Coat of arms for FREEMASONS . . . Note figures have red fur and cloven hooves along with wings . The overall picture would appear at first to represent angels but then what angels have you ever seen with cloven hooves and red fur . Also very important to note . . . most depictions of angels include arms and hands . These creatures do not possess arms or hands so we can only conclude that they are some form of lesser angel or more probably devils . Jesus emphatically declared in John 3 : 18 - 19 that the basis for deciding one ' s eternal destiny is whether they accept Jesus , the Light of the world . Good character and good works can exist in a person who is not saved . Jesus said ; " I am the way , the truth , and the life : no man cometh unto the Father , but by me . " Freemasonry has " missed " or replaced entirely the most important part of the above statements . " A Freemason Temple : Satan ' s Clubhouse " . Or as Pope Clement XII described it as : " Satan ' s synagogue " Catholics are NOT free to become Freemasons Why ? Because of its Religion nature and masons worship false idols Catholics are not free to become Masons . Catholic membership in the Freemasons has been condemned by eight popes . The 1917 Code of Canon Law applied the censure of excommunication to Catholics who became Freemasons . The most recent statement issued by the Vatican ( Joseph Cardinal Ratzinger , now Benedict XVI ) dates back to November 26 , 1983 . The 1983 Code ( Canon 1374 ) did not explicitly mention excommunication . In part it declared : " The Church ' s negative position on Masonic associations remains unaltered since their principles have always been regarded as Masonry is a Religion ! Masonry has a distinctly religious character , a fact which may surprise many American Masons who have joined the Lodge for business , social or political reasons . They will be tempted to deny its religious character . They look upon Masonry as a purely fraternal organization and do not consider it a religion . Either they do not know the true constitution of their Lodge , or Masonic authorities are violating the principles of Masonry , for they definitely emphasize its religious character . Freemasons insist Freemasonry is not a religion . However , it is strange that the room they meet in is referred to as a โ temple โ , the seat the Worshipful Master ( the chairman for that year ) sits on is referred to as an โ altar โ and the ceremonies end with the phrase โ so mote it be โ - the same words used in major satanic rituals . A blue lodge always has an altar . Altars are always associated with religious worship and sacrifice . Masons do n ' t want anyone to think Masonry is a religion because it may turn off " real Christians " , Jews , and Muslims ; and that means less dues . And less money for each degree masons have to pay for - - for which they learn nothing but frivolous things about the occult and ancient pagan gods . The God of Masonry is Lucifer ( the light giver ) . Most Masons who deny that Masonry is a religion confuse religion with the Christian religion . They know Masonry is not Christian since if it It may be fairly assumed that the Grand Lodge of the State of New York knew what it was talking about when arguing its case against a certain Robert Kopp in a trial before the Appellate division of the New York Supreme Court in 1903 . Kopp had been expelled from the fraternity and had appealed the action of his brethren to the civil court . One of the strong points made by the Grand Lodge during the trial was as follows : โ The right to membership in the Masonic fraternity is very much like membership in the church . Each requires a candidate for admission to subscribe to certain articles of religious belief as an essential prerequisite for membership . Each requires a member to conduct himself thereafter in accordance with certain religious principles . Each requires its members to adhere to certain doctrines of belief and action . . . โ Henry Wilson Coil is the author of the encyclopedia that many lodges now accept as their authoritative source ( Coil ' s Masonic Encyclopedia ) . Coil says that if Freemasonry is not a religion , nothing would have to be added to make it such , and that the religious service at the funeral of a Mason is evidence enough that Freemasonry is a religion . But the fact that Freemasonry is religion would not necessarily condemn it , except that the views of the Masonic religion are in open conflict with Biblical Christianity , so much so that , in our opinion , a knowledgeable and committed Mason could not possibly be a true Christian . โ The Masonic fraternity may , therefore , be quite properly regarded as a religious society , shall have sole and exclusive jurisdiction to determine matters of membership , should be deemed applicable to the Masonic fraternity . โ Such a statement speaks for itself . Remember , Masons think so highly about this ( Albert Pike ) extremely fat , occultist , Massachusetts Tory , and ex - Confederate General who was brought up on charges of mutilating Union soldier bodies - - that they have his body buried in a secret crypt under the stairway , beneath his bust - at their main " Temple " in Washington , D.C . Pike is the only Freemason to be given this " honor " . Surprisingly enough - Pike who evidence suggests was also a KKK member , has somehow managed to get Masons to erect a statue to him in of all places - Washington , D.C . A brief description of the โ articles of religious belief which are an essential prerequisite to membership , โ can be found in the writings of the Grand Master , Albert Pike , generally admitted to be the best authority on Masonic matters in America . โ Masonry propagates no creed , โ he wrote in The Inner Sanctuary โ except its own most simple and most sublime one taught by Nature and Reason . There has never been a false religion in the world . The permanent one universal revelation is written in visible Nature and explained by Reason and is completed by the wise analogies of faith . There is one true religion , one dogma , one legitimate belief . So according to Masons , even Religions such as Hinduism , Satanism , Islam and present day Rabbinic Judaism - - which lead souls away from Jesus Christ as their Lord , Savior and only mediator - - are NOT false religions . . . Of interest about Masonry is this 1977 Prophecy by Our Lady of Bayside , New York : Freemasonry is not of God " My children , recognize the faces of evil now loosed in the world . I bring you a sad lesson in knowledge . In the past We have counseled through prophets , your Popes , to forbid all who have joined in My Son ' s Church , forbid them to become part of freemasonry and the Masons . And why ? Because , My children , they are not of God , and if they are not of God , they are the Antichrist . And why are they the Antichrist ? Because they worship false idols ! - Our Lady , November 1 , 1977 This fundamental Catholic reason can be briefly stated . The following summary passage from Leo XIII ' s < Humanum Genus > suffices . . . . that which is their ultimate purpose forces itself into view โ namely , the utter overthrow of that whole religious and political order of the world which the Christian teaching has produced , and the substitution of a new state of things in accordance with their ideas , of which the foundations and laws shall be drawn from mere " Naturalism . " . . . Now , the fundamental doctrine of the Naturalists , which they sufficiently make known by their very name , is that human nature and human reason ought in all things to be mistress and guide . Laying this down , they care little for duties to God , or pervert them by erroneous and vague opinions . For they deny that anything has been taught by God ; they allow no dogma of religion or truth which can not be understood by the human intelligence , nor any teacher who ought to be believed by reason of his authority . Will Freemasonry unite with other " Societies with Secrets " to be the building block which will usher in the New World Order - which the Anti - Christ will gain control if ? Has Masonry substituted Masonry for a real relationship with the living God of the universe through His Son ! Always hovering over Masonry are the : JACOBINS / Illuminati The rank and file of the lower degrees of Masonry to this day have no clue as to the purpose of the society or the intentions of the controlling elite . About 1750 , there arose a new generation of mystical knights . They were the arm of Freemasonry , which called themselves Jacobins . The Jacobin cries of " Liberty , Equality , and Fraternity " led the first major accomplishment of illuminized Freemasonry , The French Revolution . The Jacobins named a rebellious ex - Jesuit , Adam Weishaupht , " Grand Patriot " . Weishaupht embraced the occult mysteries and organized The Order of the Illuminati in 1776 . By 1778 he infiltrated Masonry as a fully - initiated Master Mason . He then inducted the influential European th step in evolution , and America โ s spiritual destiny as accomplishing world union in the spirit of liberty , equality , and fraternity . By 1789 the mystical Masonry of the New World succumbed to the occult one - world vision of the Weishaupht Illuminati , the guardians of the Ancient Mysteries of Nimrod . It is worthy to remember that the Ancient Mystery Religions did not worship the God of the Bible . Nimrod was the servant of Lucifer , and the resulting religious system was Luciferic . The unrest of the 1960s and the rise of the " Drug Culture " molded the beginnings of another public re - emergence of occultism . The New Age Movement of the 70s and 80s successfully mainstreamed many occult beliefs . This new renaissance of the occult has perfectly positioned Freemasonry to play a vital role in the 4400 - year - old dream of Nimrod , a one - world , occult kingdom . Freemasonry currently serves as the conduit between the political organizations of the global elite ( Club of Rome , Trilateral Commission , Bilderbergers , CFR โ Alice Bailey , foundress of the Lucifer Trust , the Theosophical and Satanist organization which lies behind UNESCO , predicted in 1919 , the appearance of โ a Universal Church โ of which โ the definitive outline will appear toward the end of the century โ and which shall keep โ the outward appearance amid the mission to strike out at the many vehicles of colloquial ecclesiastical usage . โ . . . : There will not be any dissociation between the Universal Church , the Sacred Lodge of all true Masons and the inner circles of the esoteric societies . . . In this way , the goals and work of the United Nations shall be solidified and a new Church of God , led by all the religions and by all of the spiritual groups , shall put an end to the great heresy of separateness . โ Alice Bailey once said : " The Masonic Movement is the custodian of the law , the holder of the Mysteries , and the seat of initiation โฆ a far more occult organization than can be realized โฆ intended to be the training school for coming advanced occultists . " L โ Eglise Eclipsรฉe ( The Church in Eclipse ) by Les Amis de Christ - Roi ( by The Friends of Christ the King ) , Editions Delacroix , 1997 Paris , from Chapter 1 , titled : Toward the Marriage of the Cross and the Triangle , quoting Alice Bailey , Esteriorizzazione della gerarchia , Ediziones Nuova Era , Rome , 1985 , p . 476 . ) [ Externalization of the Hierarchy ] , , 1985 , pp . 476 , 478 and Il destino delle Nazioni , Ediziones Nuova Era , Rome , 1988 , p . 155 ( quoted by Professor Carlo Alberto Agnoli , op . cit . ) . " Among the ancient nations , not only were statues of the gods and goddesses in human form made , other objects with a hidden or mystery meaning such as obelisks , were a part of heathen worship . There appears to be an active interest in obelisks on the part of the Masonic Order . A book published by the Freemasons titled Obelisks provides detailed information on the Babylonian origins of Masonry and many ancient obelisks around the world . Two of these were removed from Egypt a few years prior to the completion of the Washington Monument - - one was placed in London in 1878 and the other in New York in 1880 . The National Park Service conducts the National Historic Landmarks Program which provides on the Internet a history of the Washington Monument . On t he sidebar of the Home Page , the category " Masonic Stones " yields an interesting page detailing the involvement of the Masonic Order in raising funds for the monument , laying the cornerstone and performing official Masonic ceremonies for the laying of the cornerstone and final dedication of the monument . " Interestingly enough , there is also an obelisk at the entrance of St . Peter ' s Basilica in Rome โฆ It is not a mere copy of an Egyptian obelisk , it is the very same obelisk that stood in Egypt in ancient times ! " Diodorus spoke of an obelisk 130 feet high that was erected by queen Semiramis in Babylon . The Bible mentions an obelisk - type image approximately nine feet in breadth and ninety feet high : ' The people โฆ fell down and worshipped the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up ' in Babylon ( Dan . 3 : 1 - 7 ) . But it was in Egypt ( an early stronghold of the mystery religion ) that the use of the obelisk was best known . Books of Freemasonry , Theosophy and other mystery religions state that it is not intended that the " uninitiated " or lower orders understand occult symbols , but it is important that they ignorantly venerate and even worship them . It is further believed by esotericists that the obelisks and other monoliths hold the sacred mysteries which were known to the ancient religions . Throughout the ages , these mysteries or secret doctrines have been entrusted only to the adepts - - the sages or " elect " - - nevertheless , they will be revealed to the world at The Solemn horrible Oaths Each succeeding degree in Masonry has a similar horrible oath and penalty connected with it with that Oath below . But Jesus commanded His followers to " not swear at all " ( Matthew 5 : 34 ; James 5 : 12 ) . In addition , Jesus would never sanction these required oaths , for He said : " I have said nothing in secret " ( John 18 : 20 ) . Question all the omissions of / about Jesus Christ , and all the terrible un - Christian " swearings " . In Masonry , each entering Apprentice says " . . . most solemnly and sincerely promise and swear , that I will always hail , ever conceal , and never reveal , any of the arts , parts or points of the hidden mysteries of ancient Freemasonry . . . . All this I most solemnly , sincerely promise and swear , with a firm and steadfast resolution to perform the same , without any mental reservation or secret evasion of mine whatever binding myself under no less a penalty than that of having my throat cut across , my tongue torn out by its roots , From his initiation as an Entered Apprentice on up into the highest degrees of Freemasonry , the individual Mason is told that his sworn duty is to construct , through public service and adherence to the doctrines of the Lodge , a " spiritual temple " - - his own good works being the building material . This goal is allegedly based upon the following passage from the Bible : " . . . [ Y ] e also , as living stones , are built up a spiritual house , an holy priesthood , to offer up spiritual sacrifices , acceptable to God . . . . " ( 1 Peter 2 : 5 ) . The remainder of the verse " by Jesus Christ . " is invariably omitted In the second , Fellowcraft degree , for example , the candidate binds himself to his oath " under no less penalty than to have my left breast torn open and my heart and vitals taken from thence and thrown over my left shoulder and carried into the valley of Jehosaphat . " The true Christian knows that it is only through the atoning work of the Savior in his behalf that his works of righteousness are acceptable to God the Father , for apart from faith in Jesus Christ and in the redemption of the cross , all religious endeavors are as worthless as " filthy rags " ( Isaiah 64 : 6 ) . It is disturbing , therefore , to find this very necessary clause of 1 Peter 2 : 5 ominously absent when the verse is quoted in Masonic proceedings . This , wrote Albert Mackey Mackey , Albert . History of Freemasonry ) is a " slight but necessary modification . " The Masonic Lodge likewise deletes the Name of Jesus Christ from 2 Thessalonians 3 : 6 and 3 : 12 when these verses are quoted in the Masonic ritual . Because Masons have rejected the chief Cornerstone of the Christian faith ( 1 Peter 2 : 6 - 8 ) . Their so - called " spiritual temples " are therefore corrupt and unstable right down to the very foundations . The Mason โ s endeavors to perfect himself , regardless of how sincere , are therefore in vain , and will ultimately subject him to the judgment of God and maybe the destruction of his soul . In the initiation of an Entered Apprentice , the " Worshipful Master " ( Mat . 23 : 10 ) asks : " In your present condition , what do you most desire ? " The candidate responds : " Light . " The " Master " later informs the candidate that he is " yet in darkness . " Then for the Second Degree ( Fellow Craft ) the candidate is required to ask for " more light . " According to God ' s word , Jesus Christ is the LIGHT ( John 1 : 9 ; 8 Knights Templar Initiation Ritual The following is taken from pages 67 - 68 of the book , Masonry : Beyond The Light , by former Mason , William Schnoebelen : " The high point of the KT initiation is when the candidate is brought before a large , triangular table covered in black velvet illuminated by candles and containing eleven silver goblets and a human skull enthroned on the Bible . ( Skulls figure prominently throughout this initiation . ) " " This is intended to be the Last Supper . It seems but a grim mockery , though . The visual effect is more satanic than Christian , especially to one accustomed to the Table of the Lord in churches . However , the ambiance is the least of the problems . " " The candidate is asked to partake of five libations , ( toasts ) . The first three libations are given , respectively , to the memory of Masonic heroes King Solomon , Hiram , King of Tyre , and Hiram Abif . The fourth libation is to the memory of Simon of Cyrene , and the fifth is the most sinister of all . " " The candidate is never told to whom the fifth libation is drunk ( it is " sealed " ) , and it is offered to him in a human skull ! . . . " After the toast in this ritual , the candidate is required to take an oath which makes him the sin - bearer of his own sins and the sins of the person from whom the skull was taken . Does this sound like something that a Christian man should do ? ! Read more at these links : Freemasonry Exposed By Their Own Writings The Root of the New World Order is the Lodge " I asked if I could talk about Jesus Christ in the lodge . Their answer was a definite no . " Kenneth Copeland a 33rd Degree Mason ? Robert Schuller ? Oral Roberts ? The Rule and Guide of Speculative Masonry Masons call all religions equal The Religiosity of Freemasons It is worthy to remember that although there are a lot of decent people in the Lodge , in a spiritual sense they are not aware of that they are doing , at least some of them , for it is the spirit of darkness that has control over them . Testimony of Duane Washum - Past Worshipful Master At first I did not notice that none of the prayers are in the name of Jesus Christ . " Great Architect of the Universe , " " Almighty Father of the Universe , " " Judge Supreme , " " God , " and " Lord , " yes , but never in the name of " Jesus Christ . " I then became aware that there is no mention of Jesus Christ in any of the prayers or in the ritual book . I resigned . Besides , to stay in Masonry would mean to deny Jesus Christ Testimony of Jack Harris , Past Worshipful Master I had not realized that those who were members of anti - Christian religions could become Masons . He advised me that as Grand Master he had the authority to disband my Lodge and remove its Charter as a Lodge , if I persisted in using the name of Jesus with members present who objected . I now had an irresistible force meeting an immovable object , namely the God of the Universe , Jesus Christ , and the god of Freemasonry , Satan . After reading and studying various Masonic authors , I realized that Freemasonry considers Jesus Christ as no greater than Moses , Elijah , Mohammed , or Buddha . I renounced all of the branches of Freemasonry that I was a member of , including the Blue Lodge , Royal Arch Chapter , Knights Templar , and the Shrine ( A.A.O.N.M.S. ) . They all teach doctrines contrary to God โ s word , and lead men to Hell , instead of to Heaven . Testimony of a Former Rainbow Girl At 18 , I accepted Jesus Christ as my Savior and Lord . However , I lacked spiritual guidance and maturity . Rainbow had Bible - like sayings that sounded " church - y " , so I perceived Christianity and the teachings of Rainbow to be the same . How wrong I was . If a person fully understands Christianity and fully understands Masonry , they will realize that the two are like oil and water โ they just do n โ t mix . They are NOT the same and they are NOT compatible . The god of Masonry is NOT the God of the Bible . DeMolay , Lodge and then Christ A Mason who had second thoughts wrote : My readings in Blackmer helped me realize the origins of Masonic rituals in Egyptian sun worship . Finally , the Grand - Omnific Royal Arch Word as an amalgamation of Jehovah with two other pagan gods ( in JAH - BUL - ON ) was nothing less than blasphemous . I could not dismiss this , because Blue Lodge and Royal Arch Masonry are the only two , true original forms of the Craft . Therefore , it did not matter what other types of Christian window - dressings were placed into the York or Scottish Rites . It also does not matter how much they attempt to change the rituals to be more palatable to Christians , since the origins , to me , betray the focus . Martyn Attard finds out Freemasons are hoodwinked Martyn Attard was a Freemason for around six years and who renounced the fraternity for Catholicism . โ Freemasons are hoodwinked immediately with the very first oath they take as an Entered Apprentice - the first degree of Freemasonry . At that stage a person states he would rather kill himself than reveal the secrets of Freemasonry , โ said Martyn Attard . In the 1980s , a successful businessman in his late 20s , drowning in alcohol and leading a lifestyle based on sex , power and money , Mr Attard became a Freemason . Once I was accepted in Freemasonry and in a Lodge that made โ good men better โ I simply drank more ! The bar at the Marsamxett Lodge was open every Saturday morning and beverage prices were very reasonable so I rarely missed the weekly informal gathering , โ he remarked . When I joined Freemasonry I was told I was living in darkness , and I could only see the light through Freemasonry . Having resigned from the organization now I know with certainty that it is Freemasons who are in darkness . Jesus Christ is the only light , โ Mr Attard said . Freemasons insist Freemasonry is not a religion . However , it is strange that the room they meet in is referred to as a โ temple โ , the seat the Worshipful Master ( the chairman for that year ) sits on is referred to as an โ altar โ and the ceremonies end with the phrase โ so mote it be โ - the same words used in major satanic rituals , โ Mr Attard explained . โ Even the Jehovah ' s Witness founder ( Russel ) was in fact a Freemason as well as a Knight Templar Freemasonry โ controls โ around six million members worldwide , the majority being in the USA . Freemasonry is the UK ' s largest secular , fraternal and charitable organization , and the United Grand Lodge of England has over 300,000 members working in nearly 8,000 Lodges throughout England and Wales and more than 30,000 members overseas . It was a good friend who introduced him to the world of Freemasonry - he calls a secret society . Freemasons say the criteria for becoming a Freemason is a belief in a Superior Being referred to as G.A.O.T.U. ( the Great Architect Of The Universe ) , strict morals and a willingness to help others . โ Freemasons claim they do not belong to a secret society , but a society with secrets . However , the most important secret is that very few members know the secret of what they are involved in , โ Mr Attard said . โ Freemasonry is a society within a larger society , the former gradually eating away the latter . โ The ultimate goal of Freemasonry is to take charge of the world and eventually become A One World Government - the recent terminology being used is globalization . The idea is also to replace all religions with the one true Masonic religion . The Israel Connection Masonic power growing in Israel Above Mason Memorial in Eilat , Israel There is only one road leading from Eilat to the Egyptian border at Taba and the last circle before getting to the border you will find this Masonic Memorial in the middle of the road . As usual symbolism means everything in this organization . The two columns represents the two pillars of Solomon โ s Temple . It ' s obvious Satan ' s Clubhouse ( Masonry ) is having something to do with Israeli society being mostly secular , and not spiritual . One must first understand , that under their canopy of one " Great Architect of the Universe " theology , Masonry has been adept at making " strategic alliances " with Satanists , The Brotherhood , Spiritists , Wicca , Druids , Cabalists , Hindu and Islam . Shriners are Masonry ' s Islamic wing . It is from this alliance that their " Messiah " will appear . Masons treat all these Freemasonry has always planned to gain control of the Temple Mount , so they can rebuild Solomon ' s Temple . As soon as they rebuild this Temple , their Masonic Christ will appear on the earth , claiming to be the Jewish Messiah for whom Israel has long been awaiting . This " Christ " will be the Biblical Antichrist . Christian writer Texe Marrs writes : On the heap of its ruins , the Masons intend to build a Jewish Masonic temple where they and their satanically energized messiah shall worship and pay homage to the Egyptian double - headed eagle deity , Mammon - Ra , the god of money and prosperity ( Daniel 11 : 37 - 39 ) . It is obvious that the Masonic presence is not only very present but getting very bold throughout Israel . The Masonic Grand Lodge meets in Tel - Aviv , but there are Masonic Temples ( about 70 ) in all important cities , from Nahariya in the north to Eilat , Israel ' s southern port on the Red Sea . See the numerous Masonic lodges in Israel : The Quest to Rebuild the Temple - Two weeks after the 1967 Six - Day War which saw Jerusalem and the Temple Mount brought under Israeli control , there occurred the greatest freemasonic meeting in history in London , celebrating 250 years since the founding of UGLE ( United Grand Lodge of England ) , at which the Duke of Kent was installed as the new Grand Master . - Shortly after , the QC Lodge dispatched a member , the Jewish physicist Dr . Asher Kaufman , to begin studies on the exact location of where the Temple originally stood . - The Temple Mount Faithful was also established at this time by Stanley Goldfoot , which is presently led by Gershon Solomon . - In December of 1995 , a month after Rabin was assassinated , the Jerusalem Lodge ( 91 ) was established adjacent to the Temple Mount in the underground Grotto of King Solomon . This lodge was founded by Giuliano Di Bernardo , and at the opening ceremony he declared , The rebuilding of the Temple is at the center of our studies . Baphomet Professor Giuliano Di Bernardo : - First Grand Master of the Regular Grand Lodge of Italian freemasonry . For the previous three years he had been Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy ( GOI ) , from which body he had resigned shortly after the Grand Orient of Italy annual meeting at the end of March 1993 . . Upon quitting the GOI , Di Bernardo accused his old lodge of Satanic rituals saying , " in the lodges of the GOI , obscene rites are practiced , deriving from the Templar tradition , in which the devil Baphomet is invoked , together with the Supreme Being . " - Lord Northampton is an avid supporter of Di Bernardo and has charged him with the task of preparing the way for rebuilding the Temple . In June , 1996 Bernardo published his book in Italian : " Rebuilding the Temple " , which was to be published in English by the Quatuor Coronati Lodge . In an interview he explains his goal , " A new utopia may be based on the cabala . I see a utopia based on Jewish mysticism , but Jewish mysticism as a place . . . a material place , Solomon ' s Temple . . . This is my intention . This is my will ! " Yet another Satanism , Occult & Masonry connection . Look no further to Lord Northampton ' s comments on Aleister Crowley - the most famous occultist and The Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn - one of the most famous occult societies of the 20th Century . Lord Northampton said ; " I know the Golden Dawn extremely well , and I love Aleister Crowley ' s poems and Macgregor Mathers , and all those people and I know all the people in England who are still practicing it , and I have done the rituals . I have done all these things . Great fun . Tremendously exciting ! " Crowley wrote an account of his spiritual progress in magic and Satanism under the title " The Temple of Solomon the King . " Of particular interest regarding the British Quatuor Coronati Masonic Lodge and extreme interest in the Jerusalem Temple Mount is the fact that Sir Charles Warren was the first grand master of the Quatuor Coronati Lodge Lodge . He was also the president of the Palestine Exploration Fund , and two decades earlier had been the chief engineer for British excavations of the Temple Mount . - Lord Northampton , who has been atop the Temple Mount conducting " Temple studies , " candidly has admitted in interviews , that he is an adherent of British Israelism , which holds that the British oligarchy has mystical powers , because England was colonized by one of the lost tribes of Israel . " I think the tradition of the Kabbalah is very strong in England , because I think one of the lost tribes came to England . And I think you can spot them , quite clearly , in old English families . I am sure - Di Bernardo has also spoken of how the director of the ADL of B ' nai B ' rith , Abe Foxman , is a collaborator in the plan to rebuild the Temple , and that he , Foxman and Lord Northampton met in Switzerland just prior to the launching of the Jerusalem Lodge , to discuss the project . Di Bernardo says that there are strong connections between B ' nai B ' rith and freemasonry . July 15 , 1968 : The President of the Moslem Court of Appeals turns down a request by an American Masonic Temple Order who asked permission to build a $ 100 Million " Solomon ' s " temple on the Temple Mount . The Masonry Temple of All Religions . . .on the Temple Mount Through its golden portals shall pass the New Zionist Messiah , King of Planet Earth . Before its evil altar he shall announce to all the world , via television , that their Universal Savior has finally come , a man knowledgeable of " the Holy Kabbalah , the exclusive heritage of the people of Israel " ( Masonry ' s " Morals & Dogma " , page 839 ) . Former Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has publicly stated ( see the Israeli publication Shishi , Spring 1994 ) that he was initiated into the Masonic Lodge while in the United States . The Bnai B ' rith Lodge of New York is affiliated with Israel ' s lodges and so is the hate - mongering ADL and ACLU , not to mention almost every top investment magnate on Wall Street in New York . Truly , the Holy Bible is proven true in its prophecy of great " merchants " who , in the last days , deceive the world through their commercial trade and their sorcery . Reference for the above - Christian writer Texe Marrs : This fits in with Bible Codes found on Benjamin Netanyahu BIBLE CODE about the Third Temple UP reads : ยซ Third Temple ยป ACROSS reads : ยซ Netanyahu ยป Masonic plan to reveal their Messiah on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem When we speak of Masonry , we need to speak of the occult , kabbalah ( cabala ) , black magic , satanism , and spiritism . All forbidden by the Word of God . As we know , the dabbling in the occult , black magic and spiritism are all very good ways of inviting demons into ones life . Masonry takes all the world religions , ignores their teachings , and comes up with its own blend of enlightened man . This is what Masons mean by the " perfected man " . He belongs to a fraternity " Lucifer , the Light - bearer ! " John Dee , Wizard & original Agent 007 His fearsome appearance in a tall pointed hat and his penchant for crystal balls gave the world the archetype of the wizard after which dozens of story book wizards have been based , including Gandalf , Harry Potter , and even the Wizard of Oz . He founded the Rosicrucian order ( the preeminent training School for the occult ) , the first of many magical secret societies , which promoted spiritual growth throughout the centuries . John Dee ( 1527 - 1608 ) was an English mathematician , professor , and astronomer who gave it all up for the ( at that time ) more lucrative occupation of being an " angel channeler " and astrologer . Dee eventually became Elizabeth ' s court astrologer , and soon after , her spy . As an agent of the crown , Dee conducted several mysterious missions for purposes mostly unknown to this day . He relished his espionage duties , creating elaborate , sophisticated ciphers . In his correspondence with the Queen during these episodes , he signed his communiquรฉs " 007 , " a moniker that would be used again , as any fan of the spy genre will recognize . The angelic channeler John Dee believed that specially constructed mirrors could draw magical power from the Dee was born near London on the 13th of July 1527 . He entered St . John ' s College at Cambridge at age 15 . He achieved notoriety early on with a charge of sorcery , which stemmed from a mechanical flying beetle demonstrated in a stage play . After spending many years studying mathematics and cartography , he took an interest in natural magic , a pastime then accepted by the church . From his studies he developed a doctrine that one could obtain knowledge of God from the applied practice of magick - a controversial idea that In 1564 one of his many books dealing with Occult matters , The Monas Heiroglyphica was published , the Monas Heiroglyphica is a symbol created by Dee , which he believed was the ultimate symbol of Occult knowledge . The following year he published Di Trigono . Dee began his experiments in trying to contact discarnate entities in 1581 , mainly fuelled by strange dreams , feelings and mysterious noises within his home . On 25 May 1582 he recorded that he had made his first contact with the spirit world , through the medium of his crystal ball . This had taken Dee years of work to achieve , through studying the occult , alchemy and crystallomancy . Spirit contact would prove to be a major driving force behind Dee for the rest of his life . While Dee was away in Europe things were not boding well at home . In 1583 a large mob attacked Dee ' s home and library at Mortlake in Surrey destroying his collection of books , occult instruments and personal belongings . The attack was probably in response to rumors that Dee was a wizard . DEE ' S THEOLOGY ( Isis & Osiris ) IS EVERYWHERE IN MASONRY John Dee , Rosicrucian ' s and Freemason ' s all believe the same thing . And that ' s that benevolent " higher spiritual beings " are just waiting in one of many other dimensions to aid " Perfected Men " like Dee and Freemasons , men who have perfected themselves through proceeding up through the ranks of the secret societies . Freemason ' s are aware that God is opposed to this . The Bible calls these spiritual beings demons , with God forbidding such practices completely . This practice is called " necromancy " , and is " . . . one of Dee ' s biographers described him as ' Elizabethan England ' s great magus ' . . . Dee was a practitioner of ' Hermetic Gnosticism ' , a school of thought based on the ancient pre - Christian teachings of the Greek god Hermes . Hermes was in fact a mere copy of the much earlier Egyptian god of knowledge and language , Thoth . In this sense , all ' Hermetic Gnosticism ' can be viewed as a worship of the teachings of Thoth . According to the Egyptian mythos , Thoth The 007 was the insignia number that Elizabeth was to use for private communiques between her Court and Dee . Dee signed his letters with two circles ( zeros ) and a seven : โ 007 " . Dee was the man whom Ian Fleming modeled his 007 James Bond character . TUBAL CAIN : Lamech was Cain โ s fifth son . Lamech in turn had three sons : Jabal , Jubal , Tubalcain . Tubal Cain refers to blacksmiths from antiquity and the original Tubal Cain supposedly worked with bronze and iron in the far distant past . If we simply rotate Dee โ s 007 signature 90 degrees . It then looks like two balls and a club or a cane . The interesting thing about this is that there is a resemblance to the Masonic symbol " Two Ball Cane " . โ Two Ball Cane " is allegedly a pun for โ Tubal Cain " which is the secret password of a third degree mason , a " master mason " . Listen to what occultist and Mason , Manly Palmer Hall , has to say " The day has come when Fellow Craftsman must know and apply their knowledge . The lost key to their grade is the mastery of emotion , which places the energy of the universe at their disposal . Man can only expect to be entrusted with great power by proving his ability to use it constructively and selflessly . When the Mason learns that the key to the warrior on the block is the proper application of the dynamo of living power , he has learned the mastery of his craft . The seething energies of Lucifer are in his h ands and before he may step onward and upward , he must prove his ability to properly apply energy . He must follow in the footsteps of his forefather , Tubal - Cain , who with the mighty strength of the war god hammered his sword into a ploughshare . " [ Manly P . Hall , 33rd Degree , K.T. , The Lost Keys of Freemasonry or The Secret of Hiram Abiff , Forward by Reynold E . Blight , 33rd Degree , K.T. , Illustrations by J . Augustus Knapp , 32nd Degree , Macoy Publishing and Masonic There is also a sexual connotation associated with Vulcan and Tubal Cain . Former Mason , Bill Schnoebelen , explains : " For Masons who wish to conceal their membership from non - Masons , but still advertise it to their Lodge brothers , there is a special pin ( or tie tack ) they can wear . It looks like an upside down golf club with two balls near the top . . . .Many people assume the person is a golfing enthusiast , but it is actually a visual Masonic pun . " This is called the ' Two Ball Cane , ' and is a pun on the secret password of a Master Mason , ' Tubalcain ( sic ) . ' . . .It is also an all - too - obvious pun on the ' god ' of Masonry , the male reproductive organ . Nice , eh ? . . .especially when many men wear these wretched things to church on Sunday ! " Dee named his system of ceremonial magic after the apocryphal Book of Enoch . Enoch is also the central figure around which a great deal of Masonic legend is centered , as he is said to have constructed the two pillars of Masonic lore to preserve the antediluvian high knowledge of Atlantis inside them . โฆ Tubal , one of his children by the other wife , exceeded all men in strength , and was very expert and famous in martial performances . He procured what tended to the pleasures of the body by that method ; and first of all invented the art of making brass . This image depicts John Dee , Queen Elizabeth ' s personal astrologer , passing a lantern symbolizing the esoteric tradition to Francis Bacon . When he was 21 , Bacon met the alchemist and original 007 , John Dee . On August 11 , 1582 there was an entry in Dee ' s journal that they met at Mortlake โ the young Bacon came to the famous alchemist to learn about the ancient Hebrew esoteric numerical code known as the Gematria , one of the oldest cipher systems known , dating from 700 BCE . Esoteric themes are threaded through much of Bacon โ s writing and we can only guess at Dee โ s influence . The original English " Top Secret " . . . When Frances Drake sailed up the coast of California he had navigational instruments that were top secret . The French , the Spanish , must be kept away from this stuff and these were navigational instruments created by John Dee that allowed him to locate himself anywhere on the globe . In addition to his studies of the occult , and numerous trips abroad ( which many think as a spy ) , Dee was employed teaching navigation to Naval Captains for 30 years . The Quest to Rebuild the Temple - Two weeks after the 1967 Six - Day War which saw Jerusalem and the Temple Mount brought under Israeli control , there occurred the greatest freemasonic meeting in history in London , celebrating 250 years since the founding of UGLE ( United Grand Lodge of England ) , at which the Duke of Kent was installed as the new Grand Master . - Shortly after , the QC Lodge dispatched a member , the Jewish physicist Dr . Asher Kaufman , to begin studies on the exact location of where the Temple originally stood . - The Temple Mount Faithful was also established at this time by Stanley Goldfoot , which is presently led by Gershon Solomon . - In December of 1995 , a month after Rabin was assassinated , the Jerusalem Lodge ( 91 ) was established adjacent to the Temple Mount in the underground Grotto of King Solomon . This lodge was founded by Giuliano Di Bernardo , and at the opening ceremony he declared , " The rebuilding of the Temple is at the center of our studies . For those that do n ' t know , ex - Confederate General , and some say Klu Klux Klan member , Albert Pike is one of if the most famous freemasons of the Scottish rite known to man and authored this book " of Freemasonry " which is pretty much the Masonic Bible ; even though most Mason ' s do n ' t even look through this text . For if they did they ' d not only find that 95 % of them are being deliberately LIED to . Following teachings about Lucifer the " Light - Bearer " are Mason teachings in this book : " Lucifer , the Light - bearer ! Strange and mysterious name to give to the Spirit of Darkness ! Lucifer , the Son of the Morning ! Is it he who bears the Light , and with its splendors intolerable , blinds feeble , sensual , or selfish souls ? Doubt it not ! " [ Albert Pike , of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , p . 321 , 19th Degree of Grand Pontiff Most new candidates to Masonry also have no idea that what they are told initially are lies . At the heart of Masonry is a secret Luciferian doctrine which a Mason only comes to understand as he reaches the higher levels . . New candidates are falsely taught that the beginnings of Freemasonry are lost in the " mists of time " . Beware : That is just a clever lie candidates easily accept , to be deceived . High level Masons believe that Lucifer never fell to earth and that Lucifer is really God , and refer to Yahweh by the name of โ Adonay . โ Masons say that it is Yahweh that is the god of evil , because he forces men to be subservient to his repressive dictates . Masonic books given to handpicked members of the 32nd and 33rd Degrees , say that Jesus was an impostor , and that Lucifer is the true God . See more testimonies at the site ex - Masons for Jesus Witnessing to Freemasons An unsaved Mason has no reason to follow Jesus ; and he would need to be approached like any lost soul : with much prayer and with the understanding of two factors : 1 ) the man is ignorant of the Bible , even though it is part of the " furniture " of the Lodge and is to be his " rule and guide . " 2 ) that however happy he may appear to be in his Masonry ; he nevertheless is in need because he is lost and lacks Jesus . He has substituted Masonry for a real relationship with the living God of the universe through His Son ! Most Christian Masons , on the other hand , have no idea of what they are involved in , but have joined because of family obligations , or business connections . Unfortunately , these men may also lack an appreciation of the holiness and majesty of the Lord Whom they profess to follow ; and may not know a great deal about either the Lodge they serve or the Bible . ( Hos . 4 : 6 ) Good books Christians should real on Freemasonry : ( Amazon is linked for reference only - - we make no money from these ) about $ 5.00 This book reveals Masonry ' s concealed secrets - - secrets that are disguised , and hidden from most Blue Lodge Masons . See at Amazon . com Rare and Expensive ( $ 50 or so ) Egypt the Cradle of Ancient Masonry - 1902 " See at Amazon Shriners - anti republic : Shriners are officially known as the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine . They glorify the pagan Islamic religion . We must also remember that the Shriners are no more and no less than very high degree Masonry - - no matter how many funny cars they ride around in with their funny hats on ; and no matter how they try to fit into the community with benevolent fund raisers , etc . . Shriners are the Islamic branch of Masonry linking this occultist , Satanist , God hating " institution " and conspiracy to another enslavement movement known as Islam . While generally known as a social organization , the Shriners branch in the U.S.A. act as a fund raising organization for worthy causes . That is a ploy , however . The Shriner goal is no less than political control of all governments with the ultimate idea of the formation of a one world currency and then a one world government endorsed by docile domesticated religious leaders . The memberships of their Constitution . Many powerful corporations are dominated by Freemasons and contribute to political causes that elect such men as William Clinton , an acknowledged supporter of sodomy and abortion , and John Kerry . Bible Probe Comment : Masonry is all about lying to new candidates about what Masonry ( including Freemasonry ) is all about . Masons are even lied to about what their symbols and aprons are all about . Masons are spoon fed via degrees what they should know . All of it is a lie until they reach the higher degrees where Lucifer comes forth as their " shining star in the east " , and where it even becomes clear that the " G " ( is not a G , but is the Hebrew Yod ) on the Masonic apron is a The English letter " G " in Masonic symbolism is inseparable from , and identical with , the Hebrew letter " YOD . " This " YOD " is the symbol on the Scottish Rite ring . " YOD " represents deity in general ( its cosmic meaning ) , and the worshipped phallus in particular ( its earthly meaning ) . The honored Mason Albert Pike wrote that the " G " displayed in English speaking lodges is merely a corruption of the " YOD " ( with which it should be replaced ) , and that " the Reference , book : " The Deadly Deception " , page 144 , by ex 33 Degree Mason Jim Shaw Do n ' t Masons know the Holy of Holies temple rights faced West ? Yet Mason temple rights face east - - in Satan ' s direction - to the Sun god Ba ' al ? Have n ' t Mason ' s heard that the north side of a Masonic Lodge is the side of ignorance and darkness ? Ding ! Ding ! In the Bible , the north side is where God presides . And like some sick satanic joke a Masonic Lodge is facing exactly backwards from the real Temple of Solomon - sort of a In an almost a dead " giveaway " to its satanic nature , a common Masonic ritual even promises ; " when in that last day your poor trembling soul stands naked and alone before the great white throne " . Any Christian should know only the unsaved and " damned " will stand in front of the great white throne of God . When you stand in front of the great white throne in your mocking lambskin aprons with satanic sexual " G " enerative symbol printed on them and plead your " good works " instead of the blood of The Lamb , surely you ' ll generate a " hit " . So much time wasted that could have been better spent with family and Jesus . Read Genesis to see why God did not want Adam and Eve to wear aprons of fig leafs to cover their shame , and why God gave them coats from animal skins . I Pray you plead the Blood of the Lamb and remove this scourge from yourself and your family , before it ' s too late . MASONRY UNMASKED by John Salza This book is an especially important read for any Catholics who may be contemplating making the mistake of becoming a Freemason . They should be looking into joining a fraternal organization such as the Knights of Columbus instead . It was finally the problem of Masonry ' s teaching on the resurrection that convinced John Salza to leave Masonry forever . Page 93 : ( A ) Freemasonry believes in a bodily resurrection to the celestial lodge above ( B ) Freemasonry does not believe in the necessity of faith in Jesus Christ = Freemasonry is incompatible with Christianity Freemasonry teaches that due - paying Freemasonry alone is one ' s guarantee for Heaven . Without any intervention needed by Jesus Christ . This is a satanic lie to me and to most Christians . John Salza reveals all the secrets and highlights the subtle dangers present in the Masonic philosophy that dilute the faith and commitment of any member regardless of what their professed faith . Masonry teaches that the Grand Architect of the Universe GAOTU is to be worshiped , but that Jesus Christ is just a wise teacher , equal to Mohammed or Buddha . People of all faiths can worship at the Masonic Altar , so long as no one ever discusses their religious differences or witnesses to the truths of their faith . The implications for Christians here are obvious to any Biblically literate person . Jesus Christ is the only mediator between God and man , and " no one comes to the father except through " Him . These are See book at Amazon . com : Generational Curse in the Bible that is linked with Freemasonry : There is an awful lot of things most Christians need to learn about demons . They can be present in a home due to things like graven images , which can be Hindu items , Buddhist items , Muslim , voodoo , American Indian , Wiccan , occult , witchcraft , freemasonry , pornography , etc . Masonry items are occult . Freemasonry can also be a generational curse . If the object is linked to Freemasonry , Eastern Star , Job ' s Daughters , Rainbow Girls of DeMolay , or the Shriners , Odd Fellows , Elks , Amaranth , and Daughters of the Nile - get it out of your house , and pray for the release of these members and their descendants . Members of Freemasonry , Eastern Star and the Shriners are often required to take oaths that actually curse themselves and their families . These members also go through rituals which include pledging allegiance to various deities , which God abhors . Demons can What to do with Freemason rings , etc . This may apply : Deuteronomy 7 : 25 25 The graven images of their gods shall ye burn with fire : thou shalt not desire the silver or gold that is on them , nor take it unto thee , lest thou be snared therein : for it is an abomination to the LORD thy God . Deuteronomy 9 : 21 21 And I took your sin , the calf which ye had made , and burnt it with fire , and stamped it , and ground it very small , even until it was as small as dust : and I cast the dust thereof into the brook that descended out of the mount . You might be saying to yourself , I saw the " Elks " in your list above . Belonging to these organizations can be compared to the captivity of the Jews in Babylon . They all take secret oaths . And , any organization which speaks of any sort of divine benefit , including eternal life , due to our own good deeds is in error . It takes nothing more than reading Ephesians 2 : 8 - 9 to see that membership in any organization denying or devaluing the meritorious work of Christ involves confessing a different faith . Items , including ceramic statues that have been used in pagan ceremonies can also carry evil with them . Some clothes can also . These can invite demons into your home . You invite them in along with these items . If you have any - get rid of them . They can also inhabit a property due to some bad things that happened in the past on the land or in the house . There are generational curses that the Bible warns us about . These can be passed down to you from your relatives . These can occur Christians need to know that it is only through the holy name of Jesus that we have the authority to expel demonic forces . Unless we have a personal relationship with Jesus ( saved ) , we can not use His name for this . Living with spiritual darkness here on earth is one thing . But living in utter and complete darkness with no hope of life for all eternity because you rejected the Son of God is a much bigger thing . Only the blood of Jesus ( Yeshua ) can save you from such an awful fate RECOMMENDED READING ON THIS SUBJECT ABOVE : This is a small 106 - page book I highly recommend you get , even from Amazon . com . It is entitled ; " Protecting Your Home from Spiritual Darkness " by Chuck D . Pierce & Rebecca Wagner Sytsema . Learn how to rid your home of destructive objects and spiritual darkness to create a fortress of love and light for your family . Too many Christians are completely unaware of how the enemy has gained access to their homes through what they own . This practical , easy - to - read book shows you how to pray through your home and property in order to lock out evil and experience a richer spiritual life . With Protecting Your Home from Spiritual Darkness , you ' re just 10 steps away from bringing freedom and security in Christ to your home ! Behind the Lodge Door : Church , State and Freemasonry In America by Paul A . Fisher see at Amazon . com Mr . Fisher shares startling , sensational , and well founded examples of many of America ' s leaders who were both freemasons and prominent members of the insidious Ku Klux Klan . When the author delves into the influence of secret societies on American history , the work is absolutely great and powerfully important . Paul Fisher ' s important book is thoroughly researched , meticulously documented , and well written . Certainly , it is the clarion call of a Catholic against the dangers of freemasonry in American society . But that is no reason to condemn the Date : 2005 - 01 - 30 Freemasonry ' s Influence in Europe Incompatible With Christian Religion , Says Historian MADRID , Spain , JAN . 30 , 2005 ( Zenit . org ) . - To understand what is happening in Europe , the phenomenon of Masonry must be taken into account , says Protestant historian Cรฉsar Vidal . The director of the program " La Linterna " of the Spanish bishops ' COPE radio network , Vidal has just written a book , " Los Masones : La Historia de la Sociedad Secreta Mรกs Poderosa " ( The Freemasons : History of the Most Powerful Secret Society ) , published by Planeta . Among other things , the book addresses the Masonic influence in the most important events of recent Spanish history , especially since the election last March of the Spanish Socialist Labor Party ( PSOE ) . Vidal says that " the secularist current promoted by the government headed by Josรฉ Luis Rodrรญguez Zapatero shares more than enough Masonry ' s rank anti - clericalism . " The author explains that the Freemasons have an enormous role in the European Union and , by way of example , says that " the project of the European Constitution has been driven by a Freemason , " Valรฉry Giscard D ' Estaing , " who has excluded mention of the continent ' s Christian roots and , in addition , has insisted on the inclusion of an article that subjects the churches of the different nations but frees ' philosophical organizations ' from that obligation . " Vidal has doctorates in history , philosophy and theology , and a law degree . Q : Which outstanding personalities in Spain were and are Masons , a fact known by very few people ? Vidal : The list would be too long and some , only some , are mentioned in my book " The Freemasons . " Suffice it to say by way of illustration that the Grand Master of the great Spanish east is Dr . Josep Corominas , PSOE deputy ; that the special five - member commission that established Felipe Gonzรกlez as the PSOE ' s secretary - general has three Masons among its members - - one of them the future president of the Senate - - and that Rodrรญguez Zapatero ' s grandfather was a Freemason . Q : Can it be said that Masonry is behind the secularist current that is being witnessed in Spain ? Vidal : What can be said without danger of exaggeration is that the secularist current promoted by the government that Josรฉ Luis Rodrรญguez Zapatero heads shares , more than enough , Masonry ' s rank anti - clericalism . Q : What role does it have and might have in the European Union ? Vidal : Enormous if one takes into account that the project of the European Constitution has been promoted by a Freemason who has excluded mention of the continent ' s Christian roots and , in addition , has insisted on the inclusion of an article that subjects the Churches to the different nations but frees " philosophical organizations " from that obligation . Q : In what way , over the last century , has Masonry been present in the history of Spain ? Vidal : Repeatedly and lamentably . A very important role must be attributed to Masonry in the pro - independence movements of Cuba and the Philippines , in anti - clerical and secularist campaigns , in the erosion of the parliamentary monarchy of the Restoration , going so far as to take recourse to terrorism , in the proclamation of the Second Republic and , very especially , in the redaction of a Republican Constitution which created a social break that led to the Civil War . Q : Can you tell us about concrete events that prove its struggle against Catholicism ? Vidal : That is the history of Masonry since the 18th century , but suffice it to recall , by way of example , that Rodolfo Llopis , Freemason and Socialist , became secretary - general of the PSOE [ and ] promoted the anti - Christian educational legislation of the Second Republic ; or scandals such as that of the Banca Ambrosiana which were linked directly to the Masons ' action . Q : What were Masonry ' s origins ? Vidal : The real origins of Masonry date back to the end of the 17th and early 18th centuries , when groups of individuals attracted by occult gnosis founded meeting places in which , supposedly , it was transmitted . Of course , they talk about origins that refer to pagan religions , to gnosis , to a nonexistent personality of Solomon ' s time and also to the druids . Q : What are its most characteristic features , objectives and present structure ? Is it a religion ? Vidal : Though Freemasons deny it , the truth is that the Masonic cosmo - vision is not one proper to a philanthropic society as they often say , but that of a religion . That circumstance explains , precisely , the repeated condemnations of the Holy See and of the other Christian confessions , which consider membership in Masonry incompatible with Christianity . Masonry might be described as a secret society , with an initiative structure , a Gnostic cosmo - vision , and an existential manifestation which makes it easy for its members to help one another when it comes to occupying important posts in society . Q : What percentage of Freemasons are there at present ? Vidal : Without a doubt , very small . In France it is said that they are not more than 0.6 % of the population . However , that has not prevented their controlling the Socialist International or their spreading in the Right itself , through personalities such as Giscard D ' Estaing . Q : In what vital points of our society - - especially in economic , political and intellectual circles and the media - - are Freemasons present ? Vidal : There are sectors that have always been of interest to Freemasons . Needless to say , politics where they control the Socialist International and have entered powerfully in parties of the Right . No less is their weight in the world of communications and , very especially , their interest in education , justice and the armed forces . In France , for example , the " affaire des fiches " revealed to what extent Masonic officers were promoted and Catholics , on the contrary , blocked from promotion . Masonry ' s and Satan ' s " Game Plan " , written in 1871 : Albert Pike โ s 1871 letter to Mazzini proposed three world wars needed to accomplish their purposes : โ The First World War must be brought about in order to permit the Illuminati to overthrow the power of the Czars in Russia and of making that country a fortress of atheistic Communism . The divergences caused by the " agentur " ( agents ) of the Illuminati between the British and Germanic Empires will be used to foment this war . At the end of the war , Communism will be built and used in order to destroy the other governments and in order to weaken the religions . โ โ The Second World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences between the Fascists and the political Zionists . This war must be brought about so that Nazism is destroyed and that the political Zionism be strong enough to institute a sovereign state of Israel in Palestine . During the Second World War , International Communism must become strong enough in order to balance Christendom , which would be then restrained and held in check until the time when we would need it for the final social cataclysm . โ โ The Third World War must be fomented by taking advantage of the differences caused by the " agentur " of the " Illuminati " between the political Zionists and the leaders of Islamic World . The war must be conducted in such a way that Islam ( the Moslem Arabic World ) and political Zionism ( the State of Israel ) mutually destroy each other . Meanwhile the other nations , once more divided on this issue will be constrained to fight to the point of complete physical , moral , spiritual and economical exhaustion โฆ We shall unleash As do most occultists , Albert Pike had a " spirit guide , " who dispensed " Divine Wisdom " and enlightened him regarding how to achieve the New World Order . A spirit guide is a being who meets someone who has given themselves over to the practice of the occult ; however , people who are practitioners of the New Age Religion do not view this as a bad thing . In fact , they would strongly argue that they are filled with happiness and joy by interacting with their spirit guides . In 1917 , at Fatima , the Blessed Virgin Mary predicted the end of the First World War , and the coming of the Second . After this Second World War , Communism was made strong enough to begin taking over weaker governments . In 1945 , at the Potsdam Conference between Truman , Churchill , and Stalin , a large portion of Europe was simply handed over to Russia , and on the other side of the world , the aftermath of the war with Japan helped to sweep the tide of Communism into China . Truth Revealed in the highest 33rd degree of Masonry : " The highest degree of the Scottish Rite of Freemasonry , the Meritorious Degree , the Degree of the Illuminati , whose motto is " Ordo Ab Chao " or " Out of Chaos Comes Order " . This literally means if Masons break down the existing structure and cause the population to cry out for order , they will emerge as the rulers and will have the world that they seek . Is it possible a global government controlled by illuminati and Masons can happen - - begun by bankrupting the United States and the U . S . Catholic Church , and using homosexuals as dupes ? Prayer to God , to rid yourself & your family , of the Curse of Freemasonry . First . Rid your home of anything to do with the occult , witchcraft and Masonry . Burn thee items . Next , say these prayers to Jesus Christ , your only mediator with the Father . First Degree I renounce the oaths taken and the curses and iniquities involved in the First or Entered Apprentice Degree , especially their effects on the throat and tongue . I renounce the Hoodwink blindfold and its effects on spirit , emotions and eyes , including all confusion , fear of the dark , fear of the light and fear of sudden noises . . . I renounce the secret word , BOAZ , and its Masonic meaning . . . I renounce the mixing and mingling of truth . . . and the blasphemy of this degree of Masonry . . Second Degree I renounce the oaths taken and the curses and iniquities involved in the Second or Fellow Craft Degree of Masonry , especially the curses on the heart and chest . I renounce the secret words SHIBBOLETH and JACHIN and all their Masonic meaning . . . I cut off emotional hardness , apathy , indifference , unbelief and deep anger from me and my family . In the name of Jesus Christ , I pray for the healing of . . . [ the chest / lung / heart area ] and also for the healing of my emotions , Third Degree I renounce the oaths taken and the curses and iniquities involved in the Third or Master Degree , especially the curses on the stomach and womb area . I renounce the secret words TUBAL CAIN and MAHA BONE and all their Masonic meaning . . . I renounce the Spirit of Death from the blows to the head enacted as a ritual murder , the fear of death , false martyrdom , fear of violent gang attack , assault , or rape , and the helplessness of this degree . I renounce the falling into the coffin or stretcher involved Thirty - Second Degree I renounce the oaths taken and the curses and iniquities involved in the Thirty - Second Degree of Masonry , the Sublime Prince of the Royal Secret . . . I renounce Masonry ' s false trinitarian deity AUM , and its parts : Brahma the creator , Vishnu the preserver and Shiva the destroyer . I renounce the deity of AHURA - MAZDA , the claimed spirit or source of all light , and the worship with fire , which is an abomination to God , and also the drinking from a human skull in many rites . Shriners I renounce the oaths taken and the curses , iniquities and penalties involved in the Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine . I renounce the piercing of the eyeballs with a three - edged blade , the flaying of the feet , the madness and the worship of the false god Allah as the god of our fathers . I renounce the hoodwink , the mock hanging , the mock beheading , the mock drinking of the blood of the victim , the mock dog urinating on the initiate , and the offering of urine as Above prayers from the book , " Protecting Your Home from Spiritual Darkness " , by Chuck D . Pierce and Rebecca Wagner Sytsema . This book also contains prayers of cleansing for other Masonic Degrees . RELATED - Similar Secret Society BEWARE : of " The Secret Society " $ 139 book of " powers " . BibleProbe . com has been unable to find a Masonic connection to this . However , we are not ruling out that this may be a Masonic ploy to gain new members . The contents of this 1200 page book is very close to typical useless Masonic writings . And the ultimate goal of this book is to brain - wash Christians and others into making them atheists ( for their own good ) . Once that is done , it is an easy ' step ' into secret societies like Masonry - with the same ultimate goal . THE DEVIL IS IN THE DETAILS of this " The Secret Society " It begins one day , when you receive in the mail a little booklet with about 5 expertly written personal stories that tell you - just like these people in the stories were picked because of their " special qualities " , you have also been hand - selected to belong to " The Secret Society " . The lure continues that they are in possession of the secrets of the ancients and the secrets of every powerful wealthy person . And additionally , by learning these secrets you will become wealthy beyond your dreams ( as the 5 story tellers are of course ) . And your love life will rocket to the moon ; and you will be able to easily break any and all bad habits / addictions . One story is about a gambler in Las Vegas who simply could n ' t lose - because he says of the " secrets " contained in the The hook says : Send the $ 139 by Friday and you will receive this 1200 page book and entry into " The Secret Society " . But if you do n ' t send your check by Friday , the offer to join their " The Secret Society " will pass you by and you will never be given that chance again . About 2 weeks later a 1200 page atheist " book of poison " actually does arrive . It ' s a black cheaply made book entitled " The Nouveau Tech Package of Inside Secrets - Nouveau Tech Secret Society - The Nouveau Tech Discovery " Within its pages you will find the " Secret of the Ancients " which I suspect is at the heart of all Secret Societies that ever existed - including Freemasonry . The so - called Secret of Secrets in this book is that you will never be wealthy , happy , have a good love life until you learn that it is Religion ( Mysticism ) , and your belief in a deity such as a God that is keeping you back . It is this mysticism mind - set ( belief in God ) the book tells you over | [
"Freemasonry",
"Great Architect"
] |
http://bibleresources.americanbible.org/resource/jesus-and-wilderness | Navigation Resources Home Browse Resources Browse by Audience Individuals Small Groups Church Leaders Adults Teens and Youth Children Browse by Format Web PDF Email SMS All Resources ยป Categories : Jesus Geography Gospels Mark Matthew Articles for Laypeople Lent Adult Jesus and Wilderness Audience : Adult Format : Web Author : Jenny Phillips Jesus performed much of his ministry in urban settings , yet many of his most transformative moments occurred in outdoor settings โ bodies of water , mountaintops , and wilderness . The wilderness of the Bible is a liminal space โ an in - between place where ordinary life is suspended , identity shifts , and new possibilities emerge . Through the experiences of the Israelites in exile , we learn that while the Biblical wilderness is a place of danger , temptation and chaos , it is also a place for solitude , nourishment , and revelation from God โ After the Israelites left the Red Sea , Moses led them through the Shur Desert for three days , before finding water . They did find water at Marah , but it was bitter , which is how that place got its name . The people complained and said , โ Moses , what are we going to drink ? โ Moses asked the LORD for help , and the LORD told him to throw a piece of wood into the water . Moses did so , and the water became fit to drink โ ( Exodus 15 : 22 - 25 CEV ) . God liberated the Israelites from slavery , leading them out of Egypt and into a barren wilderness . Wilderness in this context is a desert , rather than the forests we might imagine today , and had particular connotations for the ancient Israelites . Remember the barren land that served as the ground of creation in Genesis 2 : โ When the LORD God made the heavens and the earth , no grass or plants were growing anywhere . God had not yet sent any rain , and there was no one to work the land . โ ( Genesis 2 : 4 - 5 CEV ) . Like the pre - creation waters of Genesis 1 : 2 , desert was a place of chaos and danger in their imaginations . There was real risk of death by thirst , hunger or predatory animals . Yet the desert was also a place to experience God . When Moses took the Israelites into the wilderness , they were thirsty and hungry . Moses , in faith , prayed for God to sustain them , and God responded with water and manna ( Exodus 15 : 27 โ 16 : 35 ) . God came to them in the wilderness , spoke to the people through a cloud ( Exodus 16 : 10 ) , and formed a covenant with the Israelites , testing their faith and consecrating them in service to God ( Exodus 20 : 1 - 17 ) . Through their forty years in the wilderness , they were nourished and transformed as God โ s chosen people . The wilderness served as a space apart , forcing the Israelites to confront hunger , fear and isolation ( Exodus 16 : 1 - 8 17 : 1 - 7 ) , for the experience of God โ s immanent and transcendent presence ( Exodus 15 : 25 - 26 16 : 4 - 7 10 - 12 17 : 5 - 7 19 : 16 โ 20 : 21 ) , and for the defining of the identity of Israel ( Exodus 15 : 25 - 26 17 : 8 - 16 20 : 1 - 2 ) โ The Holy Spirit led Jesus into the desert , so that the devil could test him โ ( Matthew 4 : 1 CEV ) . Jesus โ journey into the wilderness began when he passed through the waters of baptism and was filled by the spirit of God : โ So Jesus was baptized . And as soon as he came out of the water , the sky opened , and he saw the Spirit of God coming down on him like a dove โ ( Matthew 3 : 16 , CEV ) . Then the Spirit led Jesus into the wilderness , and the devil tested him , trying to convince him to use the power of God rather than relying upon the faithfulness of God . Jesus resisted the tempter โ s call , even when brought to the mountaintop and presented with the kingdoms of the world ( Matthew 4 : 1 - 11 ) . It is interesting to note that in Matthew โ s version of the story , the devil โ took Jesus up on a very high mountain and showed him all the kingdoms on earth and their power . The devil said to him , โ I will give all this to you , if you will bow down and worship me . โ โ ( Matthew 4 : 8 - 10 CEV ) . In Luke โ s version , โ the devil led Jesus up to a high place and quickly showed him all the nations on earth . The devil said , โ I will give all this power and glory to you . It has been given to me , and I can give it to anyone I want to . Just worship me , and you can have it all . โ โ ( Luke 4 : 5 - 8 CEV ) . Luke โ s devil makes a stronger claim to power . Yet in both cases , Jesus responds , โ The Scriptures say , โ Worship the Lord and serve only him โ โ ( Matthew 4 : 8 Luke 4 : 8 CEV ) . In the Exodus story , Moses went through the parted Red Sea , into the wilderness , and up to Mount Sinai . In Jesus โ story , Jesus passed through the waters of baptism , into the temptations of the wilderness , and up to a high mountain with the devil . Jesus โ identity is established in the tradition of Moses , foreshadowing that Jesus would ultimately lead God โ s people to a new covenant with God . Jesus is framed as the right interpreter of Law โ people who follow Moses must follow Jesus . In Looking at the Text In both wilderness stories , the wilderness has many functions . It serves as a place of barrenness and hunger , source of nourishment from God , a location for God โ s testing and revelation , and a context for the transformation for God โ s people . Read Exodus 15 : 22 โ 20 : 21 and Matthew 3 : 13 โ 4 : 11 . How do you see the wilderness functioning in these stories ? How might the stories have been different if they had taken place in an urban setting ? Now read Mark โ s abbreviated version of Jesus โ journey into wilderness โ Mark 1 : 12 - 13 . What might be the significance of Jesus โ being โ with the wild animals โ ( Mark 1 : 13 CEV ) ? Wilderness serves as a common metaphor for a space or time of confusion , transition and growth . What does wilderness mean to you ? How have you met God in a wilderness place ? What were the risks of entering your wilderness ? How was God revealed ? Looking at Our World In today โ s world , wilderness usually connotes the idea of forests . Yet many of the world โ s forests are becoming barren wilderness spaces through deforestation โ the conversion of forested land to open land , to desert . People deforest land primarily for logging , development , and conversion for agricultural use . Animal grazing , livestock herding , wildfires , and recreational forest users can also contribute to deforestation . This change in the landscape decreases biodiversity , contributes to soil erosion , harms the water supply , and decreases the earth โ s ability What are the theological implications of deforestation ? How does the idea of deforestation impact your metaphorical understanding of wilderness ? Jenny Phillips writes resources for outdoor ministries and churches . She has a Master of Divinity from Union Theological Seminary in New York , NY . Thanks to the support of our faithful financial partners , American Bible Society has been engaging people with the life - changing message of God โ s Word for nearly 200 years . Help us share God ' s Word where needed most . Give Now | [
"JESUS AND WILDERNESS",
"Jenny Phillips",
"Israelites"
] |
http://bibleview.org/en/Bible/Prophets/KingRehoboam/ | King Rehoboam the first King of Judah , 1 Kings 14 : 21 - 31 At the death of King Solomon , the kingdom was divided into two . The Southern kingdom was called the house Judah and the northern kingdom was called the house of Israel . After King Solomon died his son Rehoboam became king . Judah and Benjamin stayed with this king in Jerusalem . Rehoboam reigned for 18 years 931BC - 913BC . Rehoboam in Hebrew means : Free of the people King Solomon โ s kingdom was divided into two . The southern tribes of Judah and Benjamin stayed loyal to King Rehoboam . The northern Ten tribes rebelled and got themselves another king called King Jeroboam The tribe of Simeon was part of the southern Kingdom and many of the Levites and others from other tribes that were faithful to God moved to the southern Kingdom from the rebelling northern kingdom . List of the Kings of Judah and also : time line โ 900BC - 700BC Background Reading : Rehoboam King of Judah 14 : 21 Meanwhile , Solomon โ s son Rehoboam reigned in Judah . Rehoboam was 41 years old when he became king , and he reigned for seventeen years in Jerusalem , the city where the Lord had chosen from all the tribes of Israel to place his Name . His mother was an Ammonite named Naamah . 22 Judah practiced what the LORD considered to be evil . They did more to provoke him to jealousy than their ancestors had ever done by committing the sins that they committed . 23 They erected high places , sacred pillars , and Asherim for themselves on every high hill and under every green tree . 24 They even maintained male shrine prostitutes throughout the land , and imitated every detestable practice that the nations practiced whom the LORD had expelled in front of the Israelis . 25 As a result , during the fifth year of the reign of King Rehoboam , King Shishak of Egypt invaded and attacked Jerusalem . 26 He stripped the LORD โ s Temple and the royal palace of their treasures . He took everything , even the gold shields that Solomon had made . 27 King Rehoboam made shields out of bronze to take their place , and then committed them to the care and custody of the commanders of those who guarded the entrance to the royal palace . 28 Whenever the king entered the LORD โ s Temple , the guards would carry them to and from the guard โ s quarters . 29 As to the rest of Rehoboam โ s accomplishments , and everything else that he undertook , they are recorded in the Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Judah , are n โ t they ? 30 There was continual warfare between Rehoboam and Jeroboam , 31 but eventually Rehoboam died , as had his ancestors , and he was buried with his ancestors in the City of David . His mother โ s name had been Naamah the Ammonite , and his son Abijah became king to replace him . 1 Kings 14 : 21 - 31 Continued in 1 Kings 11 : 41 - 12 : 24 Also read 2nd Chronicles 9 : 31 - 12 : 16 Other modules in this unit : King Rehoboam the first King of Judah , 1 Kings 14 : 21 - 31 King Jeroboam the first King of Israel , 1 kings 11 : 26 - 30 King Asa the 3rd and a Good King of Judah , 1 Kings 15 : 9 - 24 King Nadab the 2nd King of Israel , 1 Kings 15 : 25 - 28 King Ahab becomes the 7th King of Israel , 1 Kings 16 : 29 - 22 : 40 The Widow of Zarephath received back her dead son back , 1 Kings 17 : 8 - 24 Elijah the prophet on Mount Carmel , 1 Kings 18 : 1 - 46 Queen Jezebel an evil queen , 1 Kings 21 : 1 - 29 Naboth โ s family vineyard and King Ahab , 1 Kings 21 : 1 - 29 Naboth โ s family Vineyard , 1 Kings 21 : 1 - 29 Micaiah a man of God , prophesies against King Ahab , 1 Kings 22 : 1 - 28 Elisha the prophet who took over from Elijah , 2 Kings 2 : 1 - 14 Elisha โ s second of 32 Miracles - Healing of the water , 2 Kings 2 : 19 - 22 The miracle of the Widow โ s oil , 2 Kings 4 : 1 - 7 The Shunammite woman had her Son restored back to life , 2 Kings 4 : 8 - 37 Naaman the man healed of Leprosy by Elisha the man of God , 2nd Kings 5 : 1 - 27 Obadiah the prophet of God , Obadiah 1 : 1 - 9 King Amaziah the 9th and a Good King of Judah , 2 Kings 14 : 1 - 20 & 2 Chronicles 25 : 1 - 28 Jonah a Prophet of God and the Whale , Jonah 1 : 1 - 17 โ 4 : 11 King Hoshea the last King of Israel was taken to Assyria , 2 Kings 17 : 1 - 6 Israel Exiled As Slaves because of sin , 2 Kings 17 : 7 - 23 Isaiah the Prophet ( 739BC - 680BC ) wrote the book Isaiah , 2 Kings 18 : 1 - 20 - 21 Micah the Prophet , Micah 1 : 1 - 7 King Hezekiah was the 13th King of Judah , 2 Kings 18 : 1 - 20 : 21 & 2 Chronicles 29 : 1 - 32 : 33 King Hezekiah โ sun went back , 2 Kings 20 : 1 - 11 Jeremiah the prophet of God , Jeremiah 1 : 1 - 19 Jeremiah visited the potter โ s house , Jeremiah 18 : 1 - 17 & 19 : 15 Uriah the Prophet , Jeremiah 26 : 20 - 23 Jeremiah used a scribe called Baruch , Jeremiah 36 : 1 - 32 The book of Daniel , 1 : 1 - 21 King Nebuchadnezzar โ s Dream , Daniel 2 : 1 - 49 The Scroll โ one of Ezekiel โ s messages , Ezekiel 2 : 1 - 10 & 3 : 1 - 21 The Valley of Dry Bones , Ezekiel 37 : 1 - 14 Jeremiah the Prophet of God is put down a well , Jeremiah 38 : 1 - 40 : 6 Zedekiah the 20th King of Judah , 2 Chronicles 36 : 11 - 21 , 2 Kings 24 : 17 - 25 : 30 and Jeremiah 52 : 1 - 34 Jerusalem goes into captivity , 2 Kings 25 : 1 - 25 Judah goes into Slavery to Babylon , 2 Chronicles 36 : 11 - 21 Golden Image made by King Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon , Daniel 3 : 1 - 12 Fiery test in the Fiery Furnace , Daniel 3 : 13 - 30 Daniel in the Lions Den , Daniel 6 : 1 - 28 The prophet Zechariah 520BC - 488 ? BC , Zechariah 1 : 1 - 13 Temple rebuilt by Zerubbabel , Haggai 1 : 1 - 15 & 2 : 1 - 23 Esther becomes the Queen of Persia , Esther 1 : 1 - 9 Nehemiah rebuilds the walls , Nehemiah 2 : 1 - 10 Ezra , Nehemiah 8 : 2 - 18 or Ezra 1 : 1 - 13 : 30 Malachi a prophet of God , Malachi 1 : 1 - 4 : 6 400 Years , The gap between Malachi and Jesus Hasmonean Dynasty , This family stayed faithful to God A Roman Soldier representing the Roman Empire Herod the Great built a temple for the Jews Angel Gabriel God โ s Messenger , Luke 1 : 26 - 38 The cross a Roman method of killing people , Luke 22 : 1 - 24 : 12 Jesus โ The author and giver of all faith The 20 Kings of Judah who ruled between โ 931BC - 586BC The 19 Kings of Israel who ruled between โ 931BC - 722BC Time Line for Divided Kingdom Background Information โ Prophets and Kings Resources โ Prophets and Kings Next Module โ 400 years | [
"King Rehoboam",
"Judah",
"house of Israel"
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http://biblewalks.com/Sites/Sochoh.html | Sochoh Remains of a Biblical city , dated to the times of David and successor kings of Judah . It was an important fortified gateway city , protecting the western flank of the Kingdom . 2 Chronicles 11 5 - 12 : " And Rehoboam . . . built cities for defense in Judah . He built . . . Shoco . . . " . Home > Sites > Judea > Elah Valley > Sochoh Contents : Overview Location History Structure Photos Aerial views West of Western Hill Top of Western Hill East of Western Hill Eastern Hill Panoramas LMLK Seals Etymology Links Overview : Remains of a Biblical city , dated to the times of David and successor kings of Judah . It was an important fortified gateway city , protecting the western flank of the Kingdom , situated along the valley of Elah . Location : The following aerial view shows the points of interest , with the valley of Elah in the center . The site is located south of road # 375 . You can point on the yellow squares to navigate to the selected place within this page or other web pages . History : Biblical The city of Sochoh ( also : Socoh , Sokho , Shochoh ) was one of the cities of the tribe of Judah ( Joshua 15 : 20 , 35 - 36 ) : " This is the inheritance of the tribe of the children of Judah according to their families . . . . and Adullam , Socoh , and Azekah , And Sharaim , . . . " . Its location according to this verse is between Adullam and azekah , and indeed the ruins of Sochoh are located exactly in the middle between Kh . Adullam ( 4 KM to the south - east ) and Tell Azekah ( 4KM north - west ) . Sochoh was an important fortified city during the times of the Judea Kingdom ( 11thC through 6th C BC ) , defending the kingdom against attacks through the valley of Elah on its western frontier . There are several texts that emphasize its strategic importance to the Kings of Judah : King Saul : The city appeared in the Biblical account of the battle between David and Goliath of Gath . This famous battle is detailed in the web page of the Valley of Elah . According to the Bible , it is located near the place of the battle in the valley of Elah ( 1 Samuel 17 : 1 ) : " Now the Philistines gathered together their armies to battle , and were gathered together at Shochoh , which belongeth to Judah , and pitched between Shochoh and Azekah , in Ephesdammim . " . King Rehobam , son of Solomon , fortified the city ( 2 Chronicles 11 5 - 12 ) : " And Rehoboam dwelt in Jerusalem , and built cities for defense in Judah . He built . . . Shoco , and Adullam , And Gath , and Mareshah , and Ziph , And Adoraim , and Lachish , and Azekah . . . And he fortified the strong holds , and put captains in them , and store of victual , and of oil and wine . And in every several city he put shields and spears , and made them exceeding strong . . . " . King Ahaz : The Philistines continued their intrusions along the valley of Elah into Judea during the times of King Ahaz , son of Jotham , who reigned 20 years at ~ 735 โ 715 BC ( 2 Chronicles 28 16 , 18 ) : " At that time did king Ahaz . . . The Philistines also had invaded the cities of the low country , and of the south of Judah , and had taken Bethshemesh , and Ajalon , and Gederoth , and Shocho with the villages thereof , and Timnah with the villages thereof , Gimzo also and the villages thereof : and they dwelt there " . Assyrians ( 8th - 7th C BC ) : The Assyrian empire , a rising force in the region , conquered the North Kingdom of Israel in 732BC , destroying most of the cities and villages in the land . The South Kingdom of Judah managed to survive this onslaught by teaming up with the Assyrians , but not for long . After the death of the Assyrian King Sargon II ( 722 โ 705BC ) , King Hezekiah - son of Ahaz - mutinied against the Assyrians , joining other cities in the area who attempted to free themselves from the Assyrian conquest . Hezekiah recaptured Sochoh as well as other cities in the area ( 2 Kings 18 8 ) : " He smote the Philistines , even unto Gaza , and the borders thereof , from the tower of the watchmen to the fenced city " . Anticipating the coming Assyrian intrusion , Hezekiah fortified Jerusalem and the major cities . The Assyrian army came in 701 , leaded by Sennacherib , son of Sargon II ( 2 Chronicles 32 1 ) : " After these things , and the establishment thereof , Sennacherib king of Assyria came , and entered into Judah , and encamped against the fenced cities , and thought to win them for himself " . According to an Assyrian clay tablet , Sennacherib conquered 46 cities in Judea . However , Jerusalem was spared from destruction and the Assyrians retreated ( 2 Chronicles 31 21 - 22 ) : " And the LORD sent an angel , which cut off all the mighty men of valor , and the leaders and captains in the camp of the king of Assyria . So he returned with shame of face to his own land . And when he was come into the house of his god , they that came forth of his own bowels slew him there with the sword . Thus the LORD saved Hezekiah and the inhabitants of Jerusalem from the hand of Sennacherib the king of Assyria , and from the hand of all other Sennacherib ' s army destroyed - by Gustav Dore ( French artist , 1832 - 1883 ) After the Assyrian intrusion , the city of Sochoh was in ruins for a 1,000 years . Roman / Byzantine The ruins of the Biblical city are located on the western side of the hill , and were reused during the Roman / Byzantine period . The village extended to the east in this time . Eusebius Pamphili better known as Eusebius of Caesarea ) , a 4th C Greek historian of the Church , wrote in his book " Onomasticon " that at his times there were " twin villages " on the hill - an upper and lower . He wrote : " Sokcho - two villages nine miles from Eleutheropolis on the road to Jerusalem . The upper and the lower are named Sokchoth . tribe of Juda " . Ottoman period - PEF survey The area around the valley of Elah was examined in the Palestine Exploration Foundation ( PEF ) survey ( 1866 - 1877 ) by Wilson , Conder and Kitchener . The valley of Elah appears on this map of 1878 in its Arabic form - " Wadi es Sunt " ( the valley of the Acacia ) . An ancient road traverses the valley - marked as a double dashed line crossing from left to right - and passing the site . The ruins of Biblical Sochoh ( Socoh ) are marked at the ruins called Kh . Shuweike ( the eastern side ) and Khirbet ' Abbad ( the western side ) . They wrote about these two ruins , which are located on either sides of the hill : Socoh ( Joshua XV . 35 ) was known in the fourth century as 8 or 9 Roman miles from Eleutheropolis ( Beit Jibrin ) , on the road to Jerusalem . This agrees with the position of Khรผrbet Shuweikeh . " The name , Shuweikeh , preserves the Biblical name Sochoh . Khรผrbet ' Abbad - Caves , cisterns , heaps of stones , ruined foundations , and pillar shafts and bases " . Part of Map Sheet 17 of Survey of Western Palestine , by Conder and Kitchener , 1872 - 1877 . ( Published 1880 , reprinted by LifeintheHolyLand . com Note that there are other sites in the area of Judea called " Khรผrbet Shuweikeh " ( e.g , 12KM north of Jerusalem ) and Biblical cities with the name " Sochoh " ( e.g. , in the land of Hefer - as per 1 Kings 4 : 10 ) . Modern Period The site has not yet been thoroughly excavated , although there are plans to start digging there in a large scale . In limited excavations , the IAA reports ( July 2011 ) : " An excavation was conducted at the foot of the northern slope where a Byzantine building from the fifth โ sixth centuries CE was exposed . Remains from Iron Age II were uncovered in another excavation at the foot of the northern slope , and walls dating to the Middle Bronze Age were discerned in probe trenches . . . " . During late Winter and Spring the hill is covered with flowers and attracts visitors , so it is commonly known as the " hill of Turmus " ( the blue / purple Lupinus flower ) . Structure : The site is located on two sides of a high hill ( 349m ) above the valley of Elah . The western side ( named Kh . ' Abbad ) is dated to the Iron age , with some later remains from the Byzantine period . The eastern side of the hill ( named Kh . Shuweikeh ) is dated to the Roman - Byzantine period . Photos : ( a ) Aerial views An aerial view of the site was captured in June 2015 over its western side . On top of the hill are traces of its ruins . The site extends towards the eastern side , which is not visible in this view . In the left background is a eastern section of the valley of Elah . Behind are the mountains of Gush - Etzion and Hebron . Click on the photos to view in higher resolution . . . " Fly " over the site with this drone video : Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . ( b ) Foothills of the Western hill A convenient place to start your hike is on the western side of the hill , where you can turn off the main road and leave you car . On your way up you may notice a large tree that planted itself into one of the underground cisterns . Around the hill are several Elah trees ( Terebinth - Pistacia ) , which gave this valley its name . You need to be careful while climbing up the hillside - not only due to the height difference of 70m from the bottom of the valley to the top of the hill , but also due to snakes ( such as this skin ) . ( c ) Top of the Western hill On top of the hill are traces of walls , roughly hewn stones , ruins of houses , and cisterns . This site was not yet excavated ( 2011 ) , although excavation permits are in the pipeline . The antiquities get denser as you get closer to the top . The western hill dates primarily to the Biblical Iron - Age period , with some remains from the later Roman / Byzantine period . A view from the south side of the top of the hill , looking westwards . The major ruins cover the top of the western hill , with an area of about 100m wide ( south - north ) by 200m ( west - east ) . Some parts on the south side are clear of visible structures , since they are buried underground . The top of the hill is at an altitude of 349m . An eastern view of the ruins in the center of the hill is shown in the following picture . A southern view of this location : ( d ) East side of the Western hill Tell Sochoh ruins continue to the east , where they end in the middle of the hill top . The north - east walls of Tell Sochoh are seen below . The next picture shows a view from the top of the ancient site , looking eastwards to the eastern edge of the valley of Elah . The Kibbutz Netiv Halamed - Hei is on the left side , while the satellite dishes are seen in the far center . On the far right side is where the valley of Elah turns to the south where the ancient site of Adullam is located ( it was also mentioned in the list of fortified cities by Rehobam ) . ( e ) Eastern hill - Khirbet Shuweikeh To the east of the ruins of Sochoh are the ruins of Khirbet Shuweikeh . Here are remains of a later dated village - from the Roman / Byzantine period . The Arabic name of the ruins - Shuweikeh - actually preserves the ancient Hebrew Biblical name , although Sochoh is located on the western hill . This side has less scattered rocks like on the western side . There are , however , many agriculture installations and cisterns hewn into the rock . The following pictures show a sample of these installations . An ancient winepress under the shade of a tree : A closer view of the winepress : A fig tree grows in one of the cisterns : A closer view to the fig tree in the next picture . The fig tree is the first tree in the Bible ( Genesis 3 7 ) : " . . .and they sewed fig leaves together , and made themselves aprons " . It appears many times pairing with grape ( Isaiah 34 4 , NASB version ) : " As a leaf withers from the vine , or as one withers from the fig tree " . Yechiel is seen below near one of the water cisterns : A long wall stretches along the southern side of the hill : The next picture shows a view from the top of the eastern hill : ( f ) Panoramas Panoramic views , as seen from Tell Sochoh , are shown in the following pictures . If you press on any one picture , a panoramic viewer will pop up . Using this flash - based panoramic viewer , you can move around and zoom in and out , and view the site in the amazing full screen mode ( like you are really there ) . To open the viewer , simply click on one of the photos below . Note that it may take minutes to upload , but then its worth the waiting time . South / South - West Date of picture : July 2011 South - East Date of picture : July 2011 West North The location of these panoramic views , and their viewing zones , is shown in the following map as a reference : ( g ) LMLK Seals Many seals were found in Israel imprinted on jars with the Hebrew letters LMLK ( " L ' melekh " ) , meaning " belonging to the king " . Some of these royal seals bear the name " Sochoh " on the bottom ( 4 Hebrew letters Shin - Vav - Kaf - Hey ) . This name may refer to the Sochoh in the valley of Elah , or to another one of the cities named Sochoh , or they " may have been used as literal words of devotion " ( as per G.M. Grena of LMLK . com who helped us with this section , and provided the following stick figures and photos ) . There are 4 types of Sochoh seals , 3 are shown below : Type S2DW Type S2U Type S4L Figures courtesy of G.M. Grena of LMLK . com Examples of Sochoh seals : Type S2U : Type S4L : Photos courtesy of LMLK . com G.M. Gerner wrote us : " Seals bearing " Sokoh " inscriptions have been found at these sites : Arad , Arnona , Azekah ( Tell Zakariya ) , Beth - Shemesh Gezer , Gibeon , Jericho , Jerusalem , Lachish , Masud ( Khirbat el - Masud or el - Mas ' ud ) , Moresheth - Gath ( Tell ej - Judeideh or Tel Goded ) , Ramat Rachel , Tel ' Erani ( Tel Gat ) , Tell ash - Shuqf ( ' En Shoqef ) , Tell en - Nasbeh and Timnah " . " As for dates , the majority of scholars believe these seal impressions date to the 8th - 7th centuries BC ; however , this equates to about 7th - 6th centuries BC on the Jewish calendar . These dates center around the reign of King Hezekiah because the handles appear in strata formed by a destruction layer caused by the Assyrian king , Sennacherib . Some scholars believe the handles were stamped as early as the reign of Uzziah , & as late as Manasseh ( hence the 8th / 7th or 7th / 6th span of about a Etymology : Elah - the Hebrew name of the Terebinth ( Pistacia ) tree . Sochoh - the Biblical name of the city . Perhaps is based on the root word of " Socha " - temporary hut or shelter ( Hebrew : Sucah ) . Its Hebrew form Socha appears in Judges 9 , 48 / 49 and was translated to ' bough ' - a branch of a tree : " and Abimelech took an axe in his hand , and cut down a bough from the trees , and took it , and laid it on his shoulder " . Kh . Shuwike , Shuweikah , Shuweikeh - The Arabic name of the ruins . The word ' Shuweikeh ' or ' Shuweikah ' means " thorns " according to the PEF dictionary . Links : * Archaeology : LMLK seals - " L ' melekh " , meaning " belonging to the king " ; jars with royal seals bearing the name " Sochoh " See also the introduction movie ( in flash Onomasticon of Eusebius - 4th C Church history book , mapping the Bible to sites ; with references to Sochoh Onomasticon of Eusebius - list of places Terra Cotta Figurine Astarte figurine found in Horevot Sokho ( 2010 ) * Internal - sites nearby : Valley of Elah - overview Kh , Qeiyafa - Shaaraim Azekah Gath - Philistine city , home of Goliath * Internal web pages - other subjects : Trees of the Bible - info page BibleWalks . com - Touring the Bible Land Shaaraim < < < - - - previous Judea site - - < < < All Sites > > > - - - next Judea site - - - > > > | [
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http://bicycleadventures.com/destinations/washington-bike-tours | Washington bike tours : everything from serene waters and beautiful islands to volcanoes for the more ambitious . Plus tons of extra activities from kayaking to whale watching to exploring on foot . Classic The American Alps - NEW ! Come and join us for a loop through the fabulous โ American Alps โ in the remote North Cascades of Washington State . Included Activities : Road , Fat and Gravel Biking ( bikes included ) , hiking . LEARN MORE Classic San Juan Islands 6 Day Bike Tour Bike , hike and sea kayak : Our 6 - day tour of Washington ' s dazzling San Juan Islands highlights all the best . Included Activities : Biking ( bikes included ) , hiking , sea kayaking . LEARN MORE San Juan Islands - Victoria Bike Tour Bicycle , paddle and explore three of Washington ' s San Juan Islands plus Canada ' s magical Vancouver Island . 7 days . : Biking ( bikes included ) , kayaking , Butchart Gardens , Victoria Clipper ferry . Classic Plus Cascades to Coast 10 amazing days riding Washington ' s Cascade Mountains , the Columbia Gorge and the Oregon Coast . : Biking ( bikes included ) , hiking . Classic Plus Volcanoes of Washington Tour Two wheels . Four mountains . Eight days . A million memories . Bike Washington ' s Mt . Rainier , Mt . Adams and Mt . St Helens - plus Oregon ' s Mt . Hood . : Biking ( bikes included ) , hiking . Epic Empire Builder Epic Race the train . All the way to Montana . 10 splendid days of cycling , beginning in Washington and ending in Glacier National Park . : Biking ( bikes included ) . Rails to Trails Olympic Discovery Trail - NEW ! Bike the Olympic Discovery Trail into Olympic National Park : ancient forests , wilderness lakes , and coastlines ranging from peaceful to wild . 6 days . Rails to Trails Mountains to Sound Bike Tour Bicycle from woodlands to wineries to waterfront on this glorious 5 day car - free bike path adventure . : Biking ( bikes included ) , hiking , kayaking or stand - up paddleboarding . Mountain Bike Mountain Bike Leavenworth - Advanced Ride Washington ' s Cascade Mountains - on trails that will test all your skills . For the strong to advanced mountain biker . 5 days . : Mountain biking ( bikes included ) , Stevens Pass Bike Park , beer sampling . Mountain Bike Mountain Bike High Cascades Washington ' s High Cascades : 7 days of serious mountain biking through constantly - changing , unapologetic high mountain terrain . It ' s a religious experience . : Mountain biking ( bikes included ) . Mountain Bike Leavenworth - Beginner Learn to mountain bike in the spectacular mountain scenery of Leavenworth , Washington . 5 days of fun , flowy trails , personal coaching and craft beer ! : Mountain biking ( bikes included ) , Stevens Pass Bike Park , beer sampling . Cross - Country Ski Methow Cross - Country Ski Tour Learn both cross - country and skate - skiing ( lessons included ! ) - and even try a day of snowshoeing on this wonderful winterfest . 6 days . : Cross - country skiing ( lessons & equipment included ) , snowshoeing . Hiking Mt . Rainier Nat ' l Park Hiking Experience the wonders of Mt . Rainier National Park - up close and personal - on this very do - able 5 day hiking tour . : Hiking , Mt . St . Helens visitor center , guide naturalist Chad Maurer . Hiking Olympic National Park Hiking Tour Mountains , coast and rainforest : three vacations in one await on this 6 day , all - levels hiking tour of Olympic National Park . : Hiking , Sol Duc Hot Springs . | [
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"hiking"
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http://bicycling.about.com/od/howtoride/bb/bike_tires.htm | Arts , Music , and Recreation Sports Before You Buy Bike Tires ( c ) David Fiedler by David Fiedler Updated July 23 , 2017 Buying a new tire for your bike should n ' t be too complicated . But there are lots of variables from one bicycle tire to another that do n ' t always make the right choice obvious or easy . The bike you have and the type of riding you do have great influence over what type of tire will give you the best performance . Know What Size Tire You Need - Dimension Tires for standard adult bikes , including mountain bikes and hybrids , can come in 26 - inch or 29 inch sizes , which is the measurement of the outside diameter of the tire . Mountain bikes also can have 27 / 5 - inch wheels . On today ' s road / racing bikes , the wheels are usually sized in metric , with 650 mm or 700 mm being most common . BMX bikes usually have 20 - inch wheels . Your tire size will be stamped on the side of your present tires . Know What Size Tire You Need - Width The next component of tire size is width . This is the second number of the tire ' s measurement . For instance , the " balloon " tires used on a beach cruiser type bike are labeled " 26 x 2.125 " This means the tires are 26 inches in diameter and 2.125 inches wide . Tires on mountain bikes and hybrids can range between about 1.5 and 2 inches , but the specific size you ' ll want will vary depending on the type of riding you do . We ' ll talk about that below . Road bike tire measurements also show diameter followed by width : 700 x 23 is common for high - speed racing tires , meaning the tire is 700 mm in diameter and a skinny 23 mm wide . What Width Do You Want ? Here ' s the basic formula related to bike tire width : skinny equals fast , because there is less contact with the road . But there ' s a tradeoff : skinny tires need higher air pressure , which results in a harder ( as in bumpier ) ride . They may also be more vulnerable to sidewall damage and wear out quicker . Wider tires will make you feel more steady and maintain more contact with the road . They also provide better traction on irregular surfaces . Tires that match the diameter of your rim - - 26 or 27 inches , for example - - will generally fit fine in a range of widths . Where a wider tire may cause problems is in clearing your frame or brakes . Tread Type The type of tread you want is tied to your normal riding surface . Completely smooth tires are best for racing or for riding on pavement ; they intentionally have minimal contact with the road . Knobby tires like you see on mountain bikes are at the other end of the spectrum . Those tires are great for wet or muddy trails , but they require more pedal power because there ' s more contact with the ground . Most riders , especially those who ride mainly on pavement , will want tires with a smooth tread pattern . A little tread to hold the road is fine , but any more than that will slow down your ride and make you work harder . There are also tires with a relatively smooth center tread , for minimal rolling resistance , and knobby outer treads , for grip when cornering on gravel or dirt paths . Here are some photos of different types of bike tires with the type of tread they use . Tire Durability Another factor to consider is the durability of the tire . If you are going to be a daily commuter or put on lots of miles on rough roads with glass , nails and other junk in your path , you definitely want to spend a few bucks more and get a tire that will last longer and be puncture - resistant . There are a number of good tires out on the market today with features like kevlar reinforcement for extra puncture - resistance . The Ultra Gatorskins by Continental are just one example of these types of tire . I ' ve used them on my road bike and they ' ve worked well for me for about 2,000 miles so far . Tire Weight Unless you ' re competing at a very high level , and trying to shave off a couple of grams here and there wherever possible , the weight of your tires is not important . Basically , all tires that fit your bike will be within the same general weight range , and it ' s not really worth worrying about . Far more important , in my opinion , are durability and performance . Determining Your Tire Size If you do n ' t know what size wheels you have , you can : refer to the owner ' s manual for your bike , if you have it . visit the manufacturer ' s website , which usually has specs for all of its bikes . measure the rims yourself : go rim - to - rim for the complete size , or else axle to rim , then double it . show it to the pros at your local bike shop ; they ' ll know just by looking at it , and they can recommend the best width for your type of riding and for your specific bike . | [
"Bike Tires",
"Sports",
"Tire Durability"
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http://bidkato.hibid.com/auctions/current | Auction 205 Bidding Open Online - Only Auction Bid Kato Online Auctions Bid Kato Online Auctions 777 S . Victory Dr . Mankato , MN 56001 Date ( s ) 3 / 27 / 2019 - 4 / 17 / 2019 Bid Kato Auction 205 Closing begins Wed April 17th 7 : 00PM Inspection Dates : Anytime Bid Kato is open , Tues , Wed , Fri 10am - 5 : 30pm . Thurs . 10am - 7pm Pickup : Thurs . April 18th 10am to 7pm and Fri . April 19th 10am to 5 : 30pm . Bid Kato Warehouse 777 S . Victory Dr . Mankato MN . All items must be picked up by April 19th at 5 : 30 to avoid late fees or possibly forfeit of items . Items not picked up by the deadline will Bidding Notice : Please inspect all items before bidding . All items are sold " as is " with no guarantee of working condition and No Returns . Auction Details Register to Bid View Catalog ( 294 Lots ) April Farm Estate Bidding opens in 3h 36m Online - Only Auction Bid Kato Online Auctions 18722 Juneberry Rd , Mankato MN Mankato , MN 56001 Date ( s ) 4 / 17 / 2019 - 4 / 24 / 2019 Bid Kato April Estate Auction * * Off Site Auction * * 18722 Juneberry Rd . Mankato Closing begins Wed April 24th 7 : 00PM Inspection Day : Wed April 24th 11am - 6pm at 18722 Juneberry Rd Pickup : Thurs . April 25th 11am to 6pm and Fri . April 26th 10am to 5pm . at 18722 June Berry Rd , Mankato . No Sales tax since this is an estate located at their residence . All items must be picked up by April 26th at 5pm . No exceptions . Please do not bid if you can not Bidding Notice : Please inspect all items before bidding . All items are sold " as is " with no guarantee of working condition and No Returns . Auction Notice : No sales tax . 10 % BP on all lots . Cash only at pickup . Go to Bid Kato first if you need to pay with CC Auction Details Register to Bid View Catalog ( 348 Lots ) Internet Bidding | [
"Bid Kato",
"Online Auctions"
] |
http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/Aarti_Mann | in : Cast Articles With Photos Actress and 11 more Aarti Mann Edit Comments ( 8 ) Share Aarti Mann Gender Female Aarti Majumdar ( born March 3 , 1978 ) , better known by her stage name , is an American actress . She has starred in several television programs , including a part in the sci - fi drama Heroes and the soap opera The Young and the Restless Biography Born as Aarti Majmudar in Connecticut , she moved to Pittsburgh as a young child . They settled in Fox Chapel where her mother , Vasanti Majmudar , an obstetrician gynecologist out of UPMC Passavant , still lives . On TBBT , her character ' s father ' s profession was also a gynecologist . She graduated from Shady Side Academy , Fox Chapel and studied film at New York University . Aarti began acting in mid - 2000 ' s , initially playing minor roles . She uses both Aarti Majmudar and Aarti Mann as her professional name . She currently lives in Los Angeles with her husband Purvesh and daughter Nikita . At the 200th episode party . Appearances Suits ( TV series ) - Maria Monroe . . . 2013 The Monogamy Experiment - Rebecca Behari . . . 2012 Leverage ( TV series ) - Amy Palavi . . . 2012 The Big Bang Theory ( TV series ) - Priya Koothrappali . . . 2010 - 2011 Futurestates ( TV series ) - Neela . . . 2011 Pox - Mirabai . . . 2011 The Young and the Restless ( TV series ) - Doctor . . . 2010 Today ' s Special - Henna . . . 2009 Heroes ( TV series ) - Shaila . . . 2009 Ner Tamid ( short ) - Mann , Laura . . . 2009 Quarterlife ( TV series ) - Sarita . . . 2008 The Punching Dummy ( short ) - Judy . . . 2007 Monsoon ( short ) - Radio Announcer . . . 2006 The Memsahib - Mirabai . . . 2006 External links on IMDb on Wikipedia v e d The Big Bang Theory Characters , Cast & Crew Characters Main Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Hofstadter Howard Wolowitz Rajesh Koothrappali Amy Farrah Fowler Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Stuart Bloom Emily Sweeney Leslie Winkle The Social Group Recurring Minor Debbie Wolowitz Barry Kripke Priya Koothrappali Dr . V . M . Koothrappali Mrs . Koothrappali Stephanie Barnett Lucy Mary Cooper Zack Johnson Beverly Hofstadter Mike Rostenkowski Alex Jensen Professor Proton Missy Cooper Ramona Nowitzki Dan Josh Wolowitz Dennis Kim Althea Davis Jeanie Cinnamon Mrs . Rostenkowski Wyatt Claire Kurt Eric Gablehauser Dave Gibbs Dimitri Alfred Hofstadter Meemaw Jimmy Speckerman Susan Randall Bert Kibbler President Siebert Janine Davis Colonel Richard Williams Halley Wolowitz Neil Michael Wolowitz Denise George Cooper Jr . Larry Fowler Anu George Cooper Sr . Marissa Cast Regulars Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Sara Gilbert Recurring / Minor Christine Baranski John Ross Bowie Casey Sander Stephen Merchant Sara Rue Kara Luiz Brian Thomas Smith Margo Harshman Alessandra Torresani Matt Bennett Keith Carradine Laurie Metcalf Judd Hirsch Carol Ann Susi Meagen Fay Brian George Alice Amter Courtney Henggeler June Squibb Katey Sagal Jack McBrayer Dean Norris Brian Posehn Mark Harelik Joshua Malina Brian Patrick Wade Kate Micucci Regina King Jerry O ' Connell As Selves Wil Wheaton Mike Massimino Stephen Hawking Kip Thorne Katee Sackhoff Steve Wozniak Buzz Aldrin Summer Glau James Earl Jones Carrie Fisher Brent Spiner Howie Mandel Bill Nye George Smoot George Takei LeVar Burton Neil deGrasse Tyson Brian Greene Charlie Sheen Stan Lee Adam West Mark Hamill Kevin Smith William Shatner Joe Manganiello Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Crew Writers Chuck Lorre * ( Creator ) โง Bill Prady * ( Creator ) โง Steven Molaro * โง Steve Holland * โง Maria Ferrari Jim Reynolds Eric Kaplan Anthony Del Broccolo Lee Aronsohn Dave Goetsch Tara Hernandez Richard Rosenstock Directors Mark Cendrowski Peter Chakos mainly as Editor Anthony Rich James Burrows Others Science consultant David Saltzberg Director of photography Steven V . Silver Costume designer Mary T . Quigley Unit production manager Kelly - Anne Lee Theme composer / performer Barenaked Ladies Chuck Lorre Productions also as Producer The Big Bang Theory Full cast & crew on IMDb Categories Articles With Photos Actress Priya Girlfriend Sister Season 4 Season 5 Series 4 Series 5 Married Mothers Actresses who portray Leonard ' s Women | [
"Aarti Majumdar",
"American actress",
"Connecticut"
] |
http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/Debbie_Melvina_Wolowitz | in : Characters Recurring Characters Unseen Characters and 64 more Debbie Melvina Wolowitz English Edit Comments ( 68 ) Share Debbie Wolowitz General Information Name Debbie Melvina Wolowitz Born Unknown Died February 2015 Gender Female Nicknames Debbie Deb - Deb ( Stuart ) Religion Judaism Nationality American Origin New Jersey Occupation Housewife Portrayed By Carol Ann Susi Relationships Relationships Sam Wolowitz ( deserted husband ) Family Betty ( possible sister ) Gladys ( possible sister ) Sam Wolowitz ( deserted husband ) Howard Wolowitz ( son ) Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz ( daughter - in - law ) Halley Wolowitz ( granddaughter ) Neil Michael Wolowitz ( grandson ) Episode Guide First episode in The Dumpling Paradox Last episode in The Prom Equivalency ( actual ) The Bitcoin Entanglement ( voice archives only ) Seasons Guide Seasons S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S12 Deborah " Debbie " Melvina Wolowitz ( most often known and credited as Mrs . Wolowitz ) was the mother of Howard Wolowitz and the mother - in - law of Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz . Howard always simply calls her " Ma " ( usually while screaming ) . The name " Debbie " was revealed in the Season 7 finale " The Status Quo Combustion " by Stuart ( and may or may not be a pet name ) ; up until that point , she had only been referred to as " Mrs . Wolowitz . " Despite her over - controlling , loud , over - protective , sometime desperate ways , she is not only nice and caring , but is also a loving motherly figure to both her son and his friends . The on - going joke or running gag in the series is that we never saw her face ; she made her presence known by her loud and obnoxious New Jersey - accented voice ( provided by the late Carol Ann Susi ) . There have been quick glimpses of her ; however , in Season 5 ' s " The Countdown Reflection " , the overhead view of the rooftop Wolowitz wedding ceremony shows her sitting off to the side in a pink dress . In Season 6 ' s " The Spoiler Alert Segmentation " , she can be seen ( from the neck down ) walking past the open kitchen door while Rajesh Koothrappali sits at the dining room table , and the tag scene in that same episode shows her arms pulling Raj back into the house through an open window as he was trying to escape the house . Contents show Personality Mrs . Wolowitz said she used to be quite a looker in her younger days . She got big with age and apparently growing a bit of a mustache . After her husband Sam has abandoned her , she seems to be more insecure about her self - confidence . She seems to be quite lonely with her son , who she affectionately calls Howie being the center of most of her life . While she appears to be loud , overbearing , and lonely , she is not only a nice and well - meaning person but a loving motherly figure to not only her son but also his friends . This was seen when she allowed Stuart into her home after he was nearly rendered homeless and they bonded . All of the others were saddened by her death paid tribute to her . Prior to her death , she approved of Howard ' s fiancรฉ ( later wife ) Bernadette and they bonded enough that she picked up her mannerisms . Description Verbal descriptions depict her as an immensely overweight ( obese ) woman with a mustache , as she takes water aerobics classes for overweight women ( " The Spaghetti Catalyst " ) . She once mentioned that she had been a beautiful woman to whom the boys used to flock and give candy ( " The Hawking Excitation " ) . Voice actress of Howard ' s Mom Clues to her appearance have been provided in several episodes , including the episode " The Hot Troll Deviation " , in which she states that she was spilling out of her shrunken girdle like " the Pillsbury Doughboy . " In the episode " The Engagement Reaction " , in which Penny doubts Howard ' s ability when he stated that he lifted his mother up to take her to the hospital . Penny ' s doubt was founded in the belief that Mrs . Wolowitz ' s own legs were barely able to lift her up , never mind her petite son . Another mention of her size was in the episode " The Hawking Excitation , " Sheldon states that he strained his wrist while helping Mrs . Wolowitz lift her bosom when he takes her dress shopping , further confirming her excessive weight . According to Howard in " The 43 Peculiarity " , Mrs . Wolowitz ' s neck size is 43 inches . While this photo does not show any detail of Mrs . Wolowitz , it ' s a start ( " The Countdown Reflection " ) . In the flashback episode " The Staircase Implementation " , Mrs . Wolowitz had a younger , louder and more masculine voice , that makes Leonard mistake her for Howard ' s father . Howard promptly points out that with any more facial hair , she could pass off as his dad . Deborah walking across the kitchen in " The Spoiler Alert Segmentation " In " " , in which Howard and Bernadette get married on the roof of Leonard and Sheldon ' s apartment building , Bernadette ' s father Mike says that Debbie has " a bigger mustache than [ him ] " . As the couple have exchanged rings and start kissing , an overhead view zooming out shows Debbie from the top of her head . It is the first time her figure is shown in the series , but not many details can be seen . Debbie ' s arms grabbing Raj . In " The Spoiler Alert Segmentation " , Debbie Wolowitz is finally seen in comprehensive detail : the camera scene is that of Rajesh Koothrappali sitting in the dining room whilst the door to the kitchen is visible in the background . Howard ' s mother is seen walking across the kitchen ( visible by the kitchen door ) three times in this scene , but the appearances deliberately fail to show her face . The third time she walks by the door , it shows she has long curly black hair just like her actress Carol Ann Susi ' s . Although Debbie ' s face is still left to mystery , this episode confirms that she is immensely overweight . Comically , the In " The Thanksgiving Decoupling " , she invites the gang over for Thanksgiving dinner , but can not cook it due to her gout . After shouting at Howard about her big toe hurting , she is heard whenever anyone mentions food . ( Did someone say pie ? ) She also has a lot of creepy looking clowns decorating her bathroom . Tribute to Carol . History ( 2007 - 2014 ) Debbie was abandoned by when her son was 11 , before then , they just stayed together in silence without saying a word or being drunk all the time , as mentioned in " The Grasshopper Experiment " . Howard lived with her until his marriage and often referred to her as " living with him , " even though it ' s obvious that she ' s the responsible one when it comes to living standards . Debbie often talks to her son like he is still a child and is n ' t aware of his adult accomplishments , filling the cliche of a Jewish mother : referring to his colleagues and friends as " playmates " or " little friends " and referring to his work at the university as " going to school . " Howard often makes references to his mother as being a " crazy old lady " , but deep down , he is still attached to his mother , being such a mama ' s boy . The attachment is primordial , as he relies on her to wash his clothes , as well as alimentary needs . Howard has no problems with this , as he gets to keep eating his old - time favorite childhood foods . Her cooking skills are mixed . She is able to cook a brisket to the point where it just melts in the mouth , but she takes things beyond edible on Thanksgiving with her " tur - briske - fil " ( which is tur key stuffed with briske t stuffed with ge fil te fish , like a turducken ) . Also , her meatloaf lacks breadcrumbs and has been used over the generations to test diverse plumbing systems , including Howard ' s famous " space toilet . " Howard ' s mother is rigorously Jewish . She evaluates Howard ' s partner choices vociferously ( like insisting that the latter be Jewish too ) , but she does not take kindly to strangers taking control inside her house ( as in her argument with Howard ' s partner , Christy in " The Dumpling Paradox " ) . Despite these actions , she stated in " The Engagement Reaction " that she likes Bernadette , even though Bernadette is not Jewish , considering she went to Catholic School . Bernadette has developed some of the same personality quirks as Howard ' s mother including shouting like her when upset and mothering her husband . AU : Howard eventually went " Psycho " and possibly did his mother in . As of " The Habitation Configuration " , Howard no longer lives in his mother ' s house , having moved out to live with Bernadette as husband and wife ; however , he and Bernadette continue to sleep over there from time to time to give her company and remind her that she is not alone . In " The Thanksgiving Decoupling " , the gang is fixing Thanksgiving dinner at the Wolowitz house . Mrs . W is not feeling well and in the basement . She can be heard every time food is mentioned . Raj does fix her annual tur - briske - fil " ( which is turkey stuffed with brisket stuffed with gefilte fish ) . The Cooper Extraction " , the gang is considering what their lives would have been like if Sheldon were n ' t in them . If Howard had not found Bernadette , he thinks his mother would have ended up as a skeleton in the house and he would have assumed her personality like Norman Bates in Psycho Amy , confused , asks if either Debbie died of starvation or Howard killed her . Howard shrugs it off and responds that it does n ' t matter ; " the important thing is she ' s dead . " Mrs . W ' s corpse is wearing the same dress she did in " The Spoiler Alert Segmentation , " when she is seen briefly walking by the kitchen door . The Comic Book Store Regeneration " , Debbie is visiting Howard ' s Aunt Gladys in Florida and passes away in her sleep . After her funeral , Howard and Bernadette fly back home in " The Intimacy Acceleration " . However the airline loses Debbie Wolowitz ' s urn that was packed in their luggage but by the end of the episode it is returned to the airport . The Leftover Thermalization " , the gang gathers for a final meal of Debbie ' s cooking when the freezer fails to honor Howard ' s mother . The meal consists of three briskets , four meat loafs , ravioli , noodle kugel , a tub of matzo ball soup , two pound cakes , and no vegetables . After this episode , Howard obtains full ownership of their home and he and Bernadette move in , with Stuart still staying there until " The Sales Call Sublimation " , but then moving back in with them in " The Property Division Collision " . Final Salute In " The Comic Book Store Regeneration " , the gang ( minus Howard and Bernadette ) is back at Leonard and Sheldon ' s apartment . The gang reflects on Debbie ' s passing . Stuart ca n ' t believe she ' s gone , and will always be grateful to her for taking him in in his time of need , as he would have been homeless otherwise . Raj is going to miss her , and reflects on how she made him feel welcome when he first came to America ( even though she thought that ) . Communication Method Debbie usually shouted at whoever she was talking to , but on occasions , has been heard to speak in a softer tone . This communication was particularly true in the episode " " , when Sheldon Cooper took her shopping for a dress and she asked him to " hold " her after Sheldon made a comment about her inability to fit into a dress . Whenever she spoke , she was usually heard either shouting from another room , off - screen , or over the phone . Family Howard is Debbie ' s son . As one would expect , she had a typical Jewish " Momma ' s boy " relationship with him . It ' s apparent that they loved each other very much , despite the fact that they frequently got on each others ' nerves . Mostly Howard wanted to move out and a lot of times he really hates his mother . Obviously , Debbie had a falling out with her then - husband , Sam . Their relationship deteriorated to the point where Sam abandoned both her and their son without even looking back , never to return . Bernadette Rostenkowski At first , it seemed like Debbie did n ' t approve of a Catholic like Bernadette with her son and it appeared she got a heart attack from learning of engagement ( when it was really food poisoning ) . When Mrs . Wolowitz woke up her first thought was to see if Bernadette was alright and it revealed she approves her , and even gave her blessing to their marriage . It is shown that by spending so much time with her Bernadette has picked up some of her mannerisms especially her yelling . These show that she Others The rest of the gang Debbie was like a mother - figure to everyone and was kind of enough to let them visit her home . The gang were amused or put off by Howard ' s attachment to his mother , though they never said anything about it . Sometimes they were happy to have her as company . Raj stated Debbie initially mistook him for the gardener . She let into her home after he was nearly left homeless , to which Stuart called her a kind - hearted person who helped in his time of need . The rest of the gang were all devastated at her passing , with Sheldon even stating he would miss her yelling and comforting Howard on his loss . At the end , the gang mourned her death by toasting to her . Appearances These appearances are mostly voice , but also 2 cameos . Appearances The Big Bang Theory Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tot Season 1 V V M M 2 Season 2 6 Season 3 F 4 Season 4 7 Season 5 C 8 Season 6 C 4 Season 7 6 Season 8 2 Season 9 0 Season 10 0 Season 11 1 Season 12 Appearances Young Sheldon Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tot Season 1 Season 2 Appeared M = Mentioned Did not appear Not aired / Not available V = Voiced C = Cameo F = Flashback I = Indirectly mentioned P = Pictured Trivia Mrs . W passing behind Raj . Mrs Wolowitz In , she had a low pitched voice . She had black hair , as seen in " " . She regularly went to the gym and ate Oreos while in the bath . She was extremely good at figuring out the answers with only sparse clues on the game show Wheel of Fortune said that Chuck Lorre decided to never show Mrs . Wolowitz onscreen ; however , viewers can see her from the side and see her arms and hair in " The Spoiler Alert Segmentation " : her face has still never been shown . A photo of her face can be seen in some episodes , having a strong resemblance to her voice actress Carol Ann Susi except with thick glasses and curly hair . An episode where this fact can be seen is " " . However , there is no proof that it is her . In " The Weekend Vortex " , she takes half an hour to walk up Sheldon and Leonard ' s building stairs , to their apartment . In " The Status Quo Combustion " , Stuart Bloom becomes her new caregiver and they seem to get along really well . The next season he just moves into her house to live . Debbie Wolowitz ' s voice actor , , died on November 11 , 2014 ( five days after her voice ' s final appearance in " The Prom Equivalency " ) . Her character passes away in the episode , " The Comic Book Store Regeneration Before it was decided to have Debbie pass on as well , another idea that was briefly considered was to have Melissa Rauch take over the part , due to her spot - on impression of Carol Ann Susi in the role . This would have been a meta joke as well , given the running gag where Howard accidentally refers to Bernadette as his mother . The Biblical Deborah was a Judge over Israel and a leader and nourisher of her people - Jewish mother to an entire country . She fought battles , leading from the front in her mighty war - chariot ( Ref . Book of Judges , Old Testament ) . Her middle name of Melvina was revealed on the day her first grand - daughter Halley was born in " The Birthday Synchronicity Her grandchild sounds like Debbie when she cries . Mostly Howard and his mother , Debbie , relationship is like Norman and Norma Bates . Howard hates her for bullying and belittling him . Mrs . Wolowitz returned in a flashback in the Season 11 episode " The Bitcoin Entanglement " , though pre - recorded audio from previous episodes were used to voice her . External links Mrs . Wolowitz on Wikipedia Mrs . Wolowitz on IMDb v e d The Big Bang Theory Characters , Cast & Crew Characters Main Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Hofstadter Amy Farrah Fowler Stuart Bloom Emily Sweeney Leslie Winkle The Social Group Recurring Minor Debbie Wolowitz Barry Kripke Priya Koothrappali Dr . V . M . Koothrappali Mrs . Koothrappali Stephanie Barnett Lucy Mary Cooper Zack Johnson Beverly Hofstadter Mike Rostenkowski Alex Jensen Professor Proton Missy Cooper Ramona Nowitzki Dan Josh Wolowitz Dennis Kim Althea Davis Jeanie Cinnamon Mrs . Rostenkowski Wyatt Claire Kurt Eric Gablehauser Dave Gibbs Dimitri Alfred Hofstadter Meemaw Jimmy Speckerman Susan Randall Bert Kibbler President Siebert Janine Davis Colonel Richard Williams Halley Wolowitz Neil Michael Wolowitz Denise George Cooper Jr . Larry Fowler Anu George Cooper Sr . Marissa Cast Regulars Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Sara Gilbert Recurring / Minor Christine Baranski Aarti Mann John Ross Bowie Casey Sander Stephen Merchant Sara Rue Kara Luiz Brian Thomas Smith Margo Harshman Alessandra Torresani Matt Bennett Keith Carradine Laurie Metcalf Judd Hirsch Meagen Fay Brian George Alice Amter Courtney Henggeler June Squibb Katey Sagal Jack McBrayer Dean Norris Brian Posehn Mark Harelik Joshua Malina Brian Patrick Wade Kate Micucci Regina King Jerry O ' Connell As Selves Wil Wheaton Mike Massimino Stephen Hawking Kip Thorne Katee Sackhoff Steve Wozniak Buzz Aldrin Summer Glau James Earl Jones Carrie Fisher Brent Spiner Howie Mandel Bill Nye George Smoot George Takei LeVar Burton Neil deGrasse Tyson Brian Greene Charlie Sheen Stan Lee Adam West Mark Hamill Kevin Smith William Shatner Joe Manganiello Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Crew Writers Chuck Lorre * ( Creator ) โง Bill Prady * ( Creator ) โง Steven Molaro * โง Steve Holland * โง Maria Ferrari Jim Reynolds Eric Kaplan Anthony Del Broccolo Lee Aronsohn Dave Goetsch Tara Hernandez Richard Rosenstock Directors Mark Cendrowski Peter Chakos mainly as Editor Anthony Rich James Burrows Others Science consultant David Saltzberg Director of photography Steven V . Silver Costume designer Mary T . Quigley Unit production manager Kelly - Anne Lee Theme composer / performer Barenaked Ladies Chuck Lorre Productions also as Producer Full cast & crew on IMDb Categories Recurring Characters Unseen Characters Female Characters Mothers The Wolowitzs Articles With Photos Mrs . Wolowitz Jewish Deceased Characters Howard Raj Religion New Jersey Aunts Series 1 Series 2 Season 3 Series 3 Season 4 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Season 8 Series 8 Leonard Wolowitz Family Wolowitz House Howard ' s parents Unknown Marital Status Passed Away Overbearing Mothers Season 1 Characters Series 1 characters Season 2 Characters Series 2 characters Season 3 Characters Series 3 characters Season 4 Characters Series 4 characters Season 5 Characters Series 5 characters Season 6 Characters Series 6 characters Season 7 Characters Series 7 characters Season 8 Characters Series 8 characters No appearances in seasons 9 & 10 No Season 9 Appearances No Season 10 appearances No Series 9 appearances No Series 10 appearances Howardette Shippers Sounds Like Granddaughter Deceased Grandmothers Season 11 Characters Languages : Espaรฑol | [
"Debbie Melvina Wolowitz",
"Housewife",
"The Dumpling Paradox"
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http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/Mary_Cooper | in : Characters Recurring Characters Female Characters and 62 more Mary Cooper Edit Comments ( 39 ) Share Mary Cooper Adult Mature Adult General Information Name Born January 1950 ( age 69 , 40 in Young Sheldon Gender Female Religion Christianity Nationality American Origin Galveston , Texas Occupation Church employee Portrayed By Laurie Metcalf Zoe Perry Young Sheldon Relationships Relationships George Cooper Sr . ( husband ; deceased ) Eric Gablehauser ( admirer ) Ron ( ex - boyfriend ) Alfred Hofstadter ( romantic interest ) Family Pop - Pop ( father ; deceased ) Meemaw ( mother ) Carl ( brother ; deceased ) Edward ( brother ) George Cooper Sr . ( husband ; deceased ) Mr . Cooper ( father - in - law ; deceased ) Mrs . Cooper ( mother - in - law ; deceased ) unnamed sister - in - law ( via George ) unnamed brother - in - law ( via George ' s sister ) George Cooper Jr . ( son ) Sheldon Cooper ( son ) Missy Cooper ( daughter ) Unnamed son - in - law Unnamed grandson ( by Missy ) Amy Farrah Fowler ( daughter - in - law ) Episode Guide First episode in The Luminous Fish Effect Seasons Guide Seasons The Big Bang Theory S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10 S11 S1 nรฉe Tucker ) is the mother of Sheldon Cooper George Cooper Jr . , and Missy Cooper and wife widow of . She is a devout born - again Christian from East Texas . Her husband passed away many years ago . She is also the grandmother Missy Cooper ' s son and the sister Carl and Edward . She is the mother - in - law of Amy Farrah Fowler Contents show Overview Season 1 When Sheldon is fired for disrespecting his new boss Dr . Eric Gablehauser , Mary comes to help after being called by Leonard when he resorts to odd activities to pass the time . At first , she tries to coax him to apologize to his ex - boss , but finally tells him off about his superior attitude and forces him to go apologize . She goes with him , and Sheldon ' s boss , Doctor Gablehauser admittedly develops an attraction to her ( she quickly points out her husband is dead ) . Sheldon ends up getting his job back without really apologizing . Season 2 Mary is absent in all episodes of Season 2 , but was mentioned a few times . She was mentioned in " The Panty Piรฑata Polarization , " when Sheldon banishes Penny from the apartment . Leonard , who witnessed the whole incident , decides to put an end to this war by giving Penny what he describes as Sheldon ' s Kryptonite : his mom ' s phone number . Sheldon ' s mother suddenly calls him and reprimands him about his behavior to Penny . He must also apologize to Penny . In " The Maternal Capacitance , " when Leonard ' s mother Beverly visits and goes to the toilet , Leonard and Sheldon discuss their mothers . After Sheldon expresses admiration for Leonard ' s mother , he reveals that Mary once hit him with a Bible because he would n ' t eat his Brussels sprouts . Leonard says that Sheldon does n ' t give his mother enough credit and that she ' s warm , loving , and does n ' t glue electrodes to people ' s heads to measure their brain waves while potty training Season 3 Sheldon goes to his hometown of Texas when he and his friends damage his career . She welcomes him back , though she starts to irritate him with her religious quirks . The guys show up to take him back , and he agrees only when his mother starts up again with her religious beliefs on evolution . She admits to being happy he is leaving , commenting , " Do n ' t tell me prayer never works ! " Season 4 Sheldon meets a new friend named Amy , who is the female version of him . They have a falling out when they disagree on whose career is better , and Sheldon lapses into an odd depression where he buys multiple cats . Mary comes and tricks the two into making up by using reverse psychology : she makes it seem she is happy the two split up and they rebel by mending their friendship . Season 5 Mary comes to visit her son , but ends up spending more time with his friends . She chooses to accompany his friends on a sightseeing trip of Hollywood rather than go with Sheldon to a lecture where he wants to embarrass Saul Perlmutter and to have her cook the meals that Sheldon wants her to prepare . Annoyed , he goes with Amy , but catches a cold when it rains . Becoming sick , Mary finally gives him attention and nurses him back to health . Season 6 Mary was absent in all episodes in Season 6 , but was mentioned a few times . In " The Santa Simulation , " it is revealed that her father died when Sheldon was 5 years old . At the Babybrook Mall in Galveston , Texas that same year , Mary dragged Sheldon to the mall and plopped Sheldon on Santa ' s lap , and Sheldon said he wanted his grandfather back when asked what he wanted for Christmas , but this was denied , and this became the reason that Sheldon hates Christmas She is mentioned again in " The Bakersfield Expedition " where a policeman asks Leonard , Sheldon , Howard , and Raj if they need him to call someone and he guesses their moms , referring to Mary , Beverly Mrs . Wolowitz , Mrs . Koothrappali , and Leonard responds " Thanks . But we got it covered . " Season 7 She was mentioned in " The Raiders Minimization . said that she used to put hamster poop in his father ' s tobacco when he used to drink . Sheldon visits Texas when his sister is having a baby in " The Cooper Extraction . " Sheldon talks with Mary on his webcam broadcast . Mary is not seen on screen , only her voice is heard . The Mommy Observation , " Sheldon surprises his mother with a visit and catches her having sexual relations with her boyfriend . First , Sheldon condemns her for having coitus despite her Christian beliefs , and she sends him to his room . Howard , who was in Houston lecturing , tells him how he drove away his mother ' s boyfriend and how she has been lonely ever since . Sheldon decides to not stand in his mother ' s way of happiness , though he still chooses to condemn her internally . Also , he tries to have a talk with her about the birds and the bees Season 8 The Maternal Combustion , " Mary Cooper finally meets Dr . Beverly Hofstadter , Leonard ' s mother . The two very different women start out as civil , but later quickly come to clash as Beverly insults and belittles Mary ' s strict religious beliefs , and Mary in turn derides Beverly ' s cold attitude . Mary is especially insulted when Beverly is left dumbstruck how a genius intellect like Sheldon could be born to a woman like her . After taking a break from each other , the two come to terms with the argument : Mary decides to forgive Beverly for her offhandish ways , and Beverly realizes that there is more than one way to raise a child . The two mothers make up , and Beverly tries unconditional love by trying an awkward hug with Leonard . Season 9 The Matrimonial Momentum , " Sheldon is in his apartment calling Mary after his breakup with Amy . He regretfully informs her that Amy broke up with him and that he would like to send the engagement ring ( which is an old family heirloom - it belonged to his great - grandmother ) back to Texas . She tells him not to be too hasty - his sister Missy is already married , and Mary would rather Sheldon gave the ring to Amy than let his older brother George Jr . give it to his " whore of a girlfriend . " Sheldon decides to hold on to it . She reappears in " The Convergence - Convergence , " when Sheldon invites her to Leonard and Penny ' s re - wedding and without telling the bride and groom . She is picked up by Amy whom she is fond of and tells her to call her " Mary . " Mary is not pleased to meet Beverly again , as they barely speak in the apartment . She also fights again with Beverly over the Bible . Mary becomes quite taken with Leonard ' s father Dr . Alfred Hofstadter , and they bond over their dislike of Beverly , his charm , and his tolerance of others ' beliefs and their admiration of each others ' beliefs . Both of them excuse themselves early from dinner and appear to be hooking up at their hotel to the discomfort of Leonard and Sheldon , and to Penny ' s delight . Season 10 In Mary ' s appearance in " The Conjugal Conjecture , " it ' s revealed that she and Alfred merely had a simple conversation while at their hotel . Despite this , they still intend to see each other , much to Beverly , Leonard , and Sheldon ' s reluctance . Mary consoles Amy when she mistakenly thought that Sheldon would propose when he was giving a speech to Penny and Leonard . Afterwards , on the way to the airport , she teaches Amy how to make Sheldon treat her right . The Holiday Summation , " Shamy visits Mary Cooper in Texas , where Sheldon is reluctant to tell her that they are living together , due to her religious beliefs . Sheldon is surprised that she could n ' t be happier for them and also learns that his mother thought he would never find anyone . He is even more peeved when Amy had told her of the living arrangements ahead of time . Sheldon goes off and rebels , dressing like an idiot and getting an earring . Mary makes him take it out . Amy also learns that even though Season 11 Mary reappeared in the season premiere , " The Proposal Proposal , " when Sheldon phoned her to tell her that he and Amy were engaged . Mary was happy for the both of them , but she was not surprised , as she had been praying for them . Sheldon informed his mother that they would not be getting married in a church , which was okay with Mary , as she said anywhere Jesus is is a church , and he ' ll be there in her heart . She was also quite surprised to hear that there was more than one woman interested in Sheldon , otherwise she might ' She reappeared in the " The Solo Oscillation , " where she called Sheldon , who was annoyed by it , since he was trying to find something to work on . The Bow Tie Asymmetry " , Mary and her daughter Missy are picked up from the airport by Raj . She mentions that they had also been driven to the airport by an Indian fellow . Missy object to her comment . Mary also is in denial that her daughter is also separated from her husband . Later at the wedding , when Mrs . Fowler wants to take her daughter way because she thinks that Sheldon has left her at the altar , Penny tells her to stop and that Sheldon would never hurt the woman he loves . Mary stands up and applauds Penny who tells her to sit down too . Mary also tells Sheldon how proud she is of him and that her comment that sometimes its the imperfections in things that make things perfect gives Sheldon an epiphany about his string theory work . Physical appearance Mary is an attractive , older woman with brown hair and blue eyes . She often wears dresses and necklaces in her appearances . Personality Mary is very wise , intelligent , caring , kind , friendly , loving , and sweet - natured : she is very religious , and at times , can be unwittingly bigoted - something Leonard occasionally has to point out to her . She appears to be an extremely good mother and is the only one who has ever been able to control Sheldon . Leonard describes her as Sheldon ' s " kryptonite . " Sheldon describes Mary as being a " kind , loving , religiously fanatical , right - wing Texan , with a slightly out of scale head and a mild Dr . Pepper addiction . " Sheldon also uses his mother to exact the point that he is n ' t crazy , as she had him tested . Mary later confirmed the story , although with the caveat that she wished she ' d " followed up with that specialist in Houston . " It is shown in " The Rhinitis Revelation " that all of the gang like her very much , as she provides the attention and wisdom they did not receive from their own mothers ( especially Leonard ' s mother ) . She is called upon by both Leonard and Penny when Sheldon gets particularly difficult to handle . She is also the complete opposite of Leonard ' s mother Beverly Hofstadter , who is narcissistic , unfriendly , unloving , unaffectionate , uncaring , and unpopular , and does completely crazy things , like gluing electrodes to people ' s heads to measure their brain waves while potty training , and their parenting strategies are very different from each other ' s ( Mary having unconditional love for Sheldon , and Beverly raising Leonard as a science experiment and having him try to achieve and having to make him earn her love and affection until after Beverly talks She is also extremely wise , and has handled situations with Sheldon . During her first meeting with Beverly , she was able to successfully pawn her and make her realize that her parenting skills are crap , which later got Beverly to realize that there is more than one way to raise a child and to make her shower Leonard with unconditional love . Despite her extremely sweet and compassionate nature , Mary can be vicious when pushed - this is seen on several occasions between her and her son . It is seen most prominently when she sends Sheldon to his room , forces him to apologize for his extreme treatment of Penny ( in which Leonard refers to Mary as his kryptonite ) , and memorably butts heads with Beverly Hofstadter . She does n ' t suffer strong insults to her religion easily , and when Beverly contemptuously asks her if she could read another book than the Bible , Mary When God writes one , I will ! ' Despite this , it must be noted that , in the latter occasion , Mary was trying to sate a petty argument between Beverly and her ex - husband Alfred . Appearances Appearances The Big Bang Theory Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tot Season 1 M M 1 0 Season 3 1 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 0 Season 7 V 2 Season 8 Season 9 2 Season 10 Season 11 3 Season 12 Appearances Episodes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Tot 22 17 Appeared M = Mentioned Did not appear Not aired / Not available V = Voiced C = Cameo F = Flashback I = Indirectly mentioned P = Pictured Quotes He gets his temper from his daddy . He โ s got my eyes . All that science stuff , oh that comes from Jesus . โ Referring to Sheldon , The Luminous Fish Effect I love the boy to death , but he has been difficult since he fell out of me at the Kmart โ Referring to Sheldon , I made chicken . I hope that is n ' t one of the animals that you people think is magic . โ Talking to Raj , Oh , we will , you have to take your time with Sheldon . His father , God rest his soul , used to say to me , Mary , you have to take your time with Sheldon . Oh , [ he was ] not so wise . He once tried to fight a bobcat for some licorice โ Talking about Sheldon ' s deceased father , You know how your daddy used to say that you could only fish for so long before you gotta throw a stick of dynamite in the water ? Well I ' m done fishin ' ! โ Talking to Sheldon , Leonard , the Lord never gives us more than we can handle . Thankfully , He blessed me with two other children who are dumb as soup . โ Talking about Sheldon , He ' s not crazy , I had him tested as a child . Although I still feel I should have taken him to that expert in Houston . โ Talking about Sheldon , The Rhinitis Revelation If I had n ' t told my brother Stumpy not to clean the wood chipper by hand we ' d still be calling him Edward ! โ Talking to Leonard , The Zazzy Substitution What about you , Raj , is it ? Oh , you still having trouble talking to the ladies ? Because you know at our church , we have a woman who ' s an amazing healer . Mostly she does crutch and wheelchair people , but I bet she ' d be willing to take a shot at whatever third world demon is running around inside of you . โ To Raj , The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation " The Lord giveth and the Lord bloweth away . . . " - - - Sheldon , referring to his mother ' s twin passions for God and Guns . Family Husband : Sons : Daughter : Mother : Meemaw Father : Pop - Pop Brothers : and Grandson : Unnamed ( via Missy ) Son - in - law : Unnamed Father - in - law : Mr . Cooper Mother - in - law : Mrs . Cooper Sister - in - law : Unnamed Brother - in - law : Mary loves her son very much , and Sheldon loves his mother back , although Mary can become agitated by her ' s son ' s rude behavior ; she reprimanded Sheldon for hanging Penny ' s laundry on the telephone wire , scolded him for sexually condemning her . In " " , Mary said she loves Sheldon to death , but he had been difficult ever since he had fallen out of her at the K - mart . Her constant doting on him is likely the reason behind his antics , arrogance , selfishness and feeling to get whatever he wants . Mary and her husband George , Sheldon ' s father , appeared to have had an imploding relationship and marriage . Sheldon claims that they fought all the time . It ' s revealed in the Season 10 episode " The Hot Tub Contamination " that George Sr . was cheating on her with another woman . Mary was well aware of this but did not seem to mind . In , Mary and George are instead happily married and fights are only brief and minor ones , which contradicts the cases in TBBT Sheldon ' s Siblings Mary ' s relationship with her other two children is somehow not very much explained . In " , " Mary describes the two of them to be " dumb as soup . " It ' s possible that she may be on somewhat good terms with Missy as well as her husband and son . She and Missy seem to have a more tense relationship during " The Bow Tie Asymmetry " . However , she appears to be on no - good terms with her other son George Jr . as in " The Matrimonial Momentum " as she calls him an idiot and calls his girlfriend a whore . Nevertheless , in " The Sibling Realignment " , she told Sheldon that she would only be at his wedding if he invited his brother . George mentioned that even though he sacrificed for the family after his father died and he took care of the house , Mary is more proud of Sheldon than of him , even when he is also a successful businessman . But she still loves her son George Jr and why she wants Sheldon to invite him to the wedding . Leonard Hofstadter Based on her maturity , reasonable behaviour , and sweet , kind , caring , and loving nature , she appears to be Leonard ' s female equivalent . Leonard always likes Mary and looks up to her , as he always finds his own mother to be stupid . Mary is essentially the mother Leonard wishes he had . In " The Convergence - Convergence , " Mary says that she has always had a special place in her heart for Leonard , taking care of Sheldon for years . It seems that the two could become stepmother and stepson , as it appears that Mary is hooking up with Leonard ' s father . Penny really likes Mary Cooper , as the latter is very caring and sweet . Penny also called her to tell her that Sheldon got her clothes up on the telephone wire . Mary was first seen with Amy in " The Zazzy Substitution " where she helps Sheldon and Amy get back together after the two had an argument . They were n ' t seen together again until " The Convergence - Convergence , " where Amy and Sheldon picked her up from the airport , where it is revealed that Mary is accepting of Amy and is fond of her , although it had already been revealed in " The Matrimonial Momentum " ( S9E1 ) that Amy was in Mary ' s nightly prayers and in " The Meemaw Materialization " ( S9E15 ) where Meemaw said that Mary is okay with Amy . The rest of the group Howard Raj both particularly like Mary because she is such a nice woman . In " , " Mary comforted Raj when he was upset and Howard was always getting along great with her . Mary also liked Howard and was amazed by his impending trip to the International Space Station , commenting on it as " a trip to the heavens . " Mary had n ' t been seen with Bernadette Stuart until the episode " The Conjugal Conjecture , " but did n ' t talk to either of them , although she was shocked by Bernadette ' s shouting after she did it at Sheldon , and Mary had n ' t heard Bernadette ' s squeaky voice , which was why Bernadette was absent from meeting her in " " and " , " which were two episodes Bernadette did n ' t appear in as a main cast member . It ' s likely that the two women would have a very good relationship , and Mary would be very sympathetic towards Bernadette and perhaps give her advice about raising children , since Bernadette had to take care of her younger siblings while her mother worked full - time . As for Stuart , it ' s likely she would have a good relationship with him too . Mary still has n ' t met Emily Leslie . It ' s likely that Emily would find her wonderful as everybody else does , and they ' d have a good relationship . Her relationship with Leslie would probably not have been too friendly before the 200th episode " The Celebration Experimentation , " since Leslie constantly fought with Sheldon , but is friends with Leonard , but it ' s likely that after that episode where Leslie has matured , does not feel a need to insult Sheldon , and in a friendly way wished him a Happy Birthday by saying " Happy Birthday , Sheldon " ( But affectionately said " Happy Birthday , dumb ass " at Sheldon ' s insistence since he dislikes change ) . Beverly Hofstadter Mary meets Leonard ' s mother Beverly Hofstadter and the two very different women started out as being civil , but later quickly came to clash after Beverly insulted Mary ' s religious beliefs while Mary in return berated Beverly for her cold and distant attitude towards Leonard . Later , however , they made up . However , this peace does not occur . In " The Convergence - Convergence , " it turns out that the two women have kept a true dislike of each other and when they meet up again , Mary is not happy to see Beverly again and Mary endล up bonding with Beverly ' s ex - husband Alfred over their mutual dislike of her and their admiration of each other ' s beliefs and at the restaurant during the wedding dinner , the mothers start a small argument about the Bible and reading other books . Alfred Hofstadter Mary meets Leonard ' s father in " " and the two come quickly to get along great by bonding over their mutual dislike of Beverly and over expressing admiration of each other ' s beliefs . When they leave the restaurant after fighting with Beverly , they find out they are staying at the same hotel , and they decide to share a cab . Later , their respective sons are n ' t able to contact them , since they have obviously turned their phones off and are probably hooking up at their hotel . In the next episode , they admit to having not slept Trivia Laurie Metcalf was a regular in the sitcom Roseanne , along with Johnny Galecki Sara Gilbert . She played Sara ' s character ' s aunt . She played Andy ' s mom in the Toy Story trilogy which Raj is a huge fan of . This creates a celebrity paradox ; one of many to occur in this show . When Leonard and his friends go to Texas to convince Sheldon to come back home with them , Raj wonders why Howard is wearing a ridiculous - looking cowboy hat he bought at the airport souvenir shop . When Howard says he must blend in , Raj ' s response is " Blend into what , Toy Story ? " Laurie Metcalf voiced Mrs . Davis , the mother of the protagonist toys ' owner in that film . She also played a love interest for unworldly eccentric physics professor Dick Solomon in Third Rock From The Sun . Sheldon would not have approved : she was an English Literature professor and belonged firmly to the Inhumanities . Even worse than the religion . . . Both Sheldon ' s and Leonard ' s mothers are fit for the other : Mary for Leonard and for Sheldon . Due to Sheldon ' s and Leonard ' s mothers being fit for the other ' s child , Sheldon is jealous of Leonard ' s childhood and Leonard is jealous of Sheldon ' s childhood . In " The Precious Fragmentation " Sheldon says she has a mild Dr . Pepper addiction . Her addiction to caffeine can be observed in " The Electric Can Opener Fluctuation " when she is seen drinking Pepsi While not directly involving the character , In " The Cooper / Kripke Inversion " , Sheldon is attempting to avoid going to work by faking illness . Leonard eventually convinces Sheldon to get dressed and get in the car by choosing similar words and a tone of voice Mary would have in the same situation . However , Leonard is unaware of why what he did was so effective . It was planned that she would meet which would have caused mother envy between the two in , but the idea was dropped when they could n ' t get the actresses together at the same time . However , this was then put into action in the penultimate Season 8 episode " The Maternal Combustion " . Sheldon wants Penny to take care of him like his mother did in " The Pancake Batter Anomaly " , by singing to him and rubbing Vapor Rub on his chest . He does the same thing for Amy in " The Fish Guts Displacement " . Mary has met all of her son ' s friends , but had n ' t been seen with Bernadette Stuart until " The Conjugal Conjecture " , but did n ' t talk . She also still has n ' t met Emily Leslie or recurring character Claire Mary was the first parent of any main character to appear in the series . Sheldon once stated " Mom smokes in the car , but we ca n ' t tell Dad . " , implying that Mary does or used to smoke secretly in the car and not tell her husband George about it , and presumably Sheldon must have somehow accidentally found out about it and Mary made him keep it a secret . A prequel series of a young Sheldon Cooper was ordered by CBS . Zoe Perry , real life daughter of Laurie Metcalf , will play a Young Mary Cooper . Mary and her husband George Cooper Sr . were unhappily married for a long time . They never got divorced , but they usually stay for the kids . Mostly George had a lot of affairs behind Mary ' s back , even though Mary was aware of it . Gallery External links on IMDb v e d Characters , Cast & Crew Characters Main Leonard Hofstadter Penny Hofstadter Howard Wolowitz Rajesh Koothrappali Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Stuart Bloom Emily Sweeney Leslie Winkle The Social Group Recurring Minor Debbie Wolowitz Barry Kripke Priya Koothrappali Dr . V . M . Koothrappali Mrs . Koothrappali Stephanie Barnett Lucy Zack Johnson Mike Rostenkowski Alex Jensen Professor Proton Ramona Nowitzki Dan Josh Wolowitz Dennis Kim Althea Davis Jeanie Cinnamon Mrs . Rostenkowski Wyatt Claire Kurt Dave Gibbs Dimitri Jimmy Speckerman Susan Randall Bert Kibbler President Siebert Janine Davis Colonel Richard Williams Halley Wolowitz Neil Michael Wolowitz Denise Larry Fowler Anu Marissa Cast Regulars Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Sara Gilbert Recurring / Minor Christine Baranski Aarti Mann John Ross Bowie Casey Sander Stephen Merchant Sara Rue Kara Luiz Brian Thomas Smith Margo Harshman Alessandra Torresani Matt Bennett Keith Carradine Judd Hirsch Carol Ann Susi Meagen Fay Brian George Alice Amter Courtney Henggeler June Squibb Katey Sagal Jack McBrayer Dean Norris Brian Posehn Mark Harelik Joshua Malina Brian Patrick Wade Kate Micucci Regina King Jerry O ' Connell As Selves Wil Wheaton Mike Massimino Stephen Hawking Kip Thorne Katee Sackhoff Steve Wozniak Buzz Aldrin Summer Glau James Earl Jones Carrie Fisher Brent Spiner Howie Mandel Bill Nye George Smoot George Takei LeVar Burton Neil deGrasse Tyson Brian Greene Charlie Sheen Stan Lee Adam West Mark Hamill Kevin Smith William Shatner Joe Manganiello Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Crew Writers Chuck Lorre * ( Creator ) โง Bill Prady * ( Creator ) โง Steven Molaro * โง Steve Holland * โง Maria Ferrari Jim Reynolds Eric Kaplan Anthony Del Broccolo Lee Aronsohn Dave Goetsch Tara Hernandez Richard Rosenstock Directors Mark Cendrowski Peter Chakos mainly as Editor Anthony Rich James Burrows Others Science consultant David Saltzberg Director of photography Steven V . Silver Costume designer Mary T . Quigley Unit production manager Kelly - Anne Lee Theme composer / performer Barenaked Ladies Chuck Lorre Productions also as Producer Full cast & crew on IMDb v e d Characters , Cast & Crew Main Characters Main Recurring and Minor Characters Tam Nguyen Billy Sparks Jeff Hodgkins Victoria McElroy Evelyn Ingram Assistant Coach Wilkins Hubert Givens Ms . Hutchins Principal Peterson John Sturgis Paige Cast Regulars Iain Armitage Zoe Perry Lance Barber Montana Jordan Raegan Revord Annie Potts Jim Parsons Recurring Ryan Phuong Wyatt McClure Matt Hobby Valerie Mahaffey Danielle Pinnock Doc Farrow Brian Stepanek Sarah Baker Rex Linn Wallace Shawn As Selves Elon Musk Crew Writers Chuck Lorre Steven Molaro Directors Jon Favreau Others Science consultant David Saltzberg Director of photography Steven V . Silver Executive Producers Todd Spiewak Unit production manager Kelly - Anne Lee Theme composer / performer Steve Burns ( performer ) / Rob Cavallo ( producer ) Chuck Lorre Productions also as Producer Full cast & crew on IMDb Categories Recurring Characters Female Characters Sheldon ' s Mother Mothers Articles With Photos Grandmothers Cooper Family Pictures of Laurie Metcalf Religion Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 7 Series 8 Single Widower / Widow Series 9 Lenny Shippers Shamy Shippers Mary - Beverly War Sheldon ' s parents Series 10 Season 1 Characters No Season 2 Appearances Season 3 Characters Season 4 Characters Season 5 Characters No Season 6 Appearances Season 7 Characters Season 8 Characters Season 9 Characters Season 10 Characters Series 1 characters No Series 2 appearances Series 3 characters Series 4 characters Series 5 characters No Series 6 appearances Series 7 characters Series 8 characters Series 9 characters Series 10 characters Mentioned in every season Season 11 Characters Used Lard Two Actors Porteayed Leonard ' s friends Reference Materials The Coopers Mother | [
"Mary Cooper"
] |
http://bigbangtheory.wikia.com/wiki/Sara_Gilbert | in : Actress Articles With Photos Cast and 15 more Sara Gilbert Edit Comments ( 7 ) Share Name Sara Gilbert Gender Female DOB January 29 , 1975 DOD Unknown First episode The Fuzzy Boots Corollary Occupation Actress Character ( Actors Only ) Leslie Winkle ( born January 29 , 1975 , Santa Monica , California ) is an American actress best known for her role as Darlene Conner - Healy from 1988 โ 1997 and again in 2018 in the U.S. sitcom Roseanne . She also guest stars as Leslie Winkle in CBS sitcom The Big Bang Theory Contents show Early life Gilbert was born Sara Rebecca Abeles in Santa Monica , California . Her parents are Barbara Crane ( nรฉe Cowan ) and Harold Abeles . Her two older adopted half - siblings , Melissa Gilbert and Jonathan Gilbert , were stars of Little House on the Prairie . Melissa and Jonathan were adopted by Barbara and her first husband Paul Gilbert ( born Paul MacMahon ) ; Paul died in 1975 . Abeles changed her surname to Gilbert to become an actress in 1984 . Television career On " Roseanne " with Johnny . Gilbert decided at age six that she wanted to be an actress after her older sister , Melissa Gilbert , got a plaque on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . Following appearances in television movies and a commercial for Kool Aid , at the age of thirteen she landed the role of Darlene Conner , the sarcastic middle child , in Roseanne . Sara was a cast member during the show ' s nine - year run from 1988 to 1997 , for which she also wrote a fourth - season episode called " Do n ' t Make Me Over " . Her contribution was considered so important to that the show ' s producers juggled story lines and taping schedules to allow her to study at Yale University while remaining part of the cast , shooting remote segments of Darlene at a sound stage New York . At Yale , she majored in art with an emphasis on photography ; she graduated with honors in 1997 . On April 28 , 2017 it was announced that a revival of was in the works and that Goodman along with most of the original cast and some of the producers would return for the limited series that was being shopped around with ABC and Netflix the frontrunners to land the show . On May 16 , 2017 it was confirmed that 8 episodes would air mid - season in 2018 on ABC . On May 29 , 2018 , in the wake of racist remarks made by Barr on Twitter regarding Valerie Jarrett ( an advisor of former president Barack Obama ) , ABC canceled the revival after a single season spin - off titled The Conners , which will star the same cast as Darlene and opposite with Jackie ( Laurie Metcalf ) , also without Barr . Call me - Leslie looking cute . Gilbert has made guest appearances on shows such as The Simpsons 24 Will & Grace , and Law and Order : Special Victims Unit . Starting in 2004 , she had a recurring role as medical student Jane Figler on the long - running hospital drama ER She returned to prime time television in the fall of 2005 in the sitcom Twins on The WB network . The sitcom was canceled after one season , when the WB and UPN networks merged to become The CW and had to drop a number of shows . She also had a recurring role on the short - lived CBS sitcom The Class as Fern Velch . Since 2007 she has appeared in many episodes of The Big Bang Theory on CBS as , a scientist friend ( with benefits ) to the character played by Johnny Galecki , who also portrayed her longtime boyfriend and husband David Healy on . Starting with the second episode of the second season of , Gilbert was elevated to the show ' s main cast , portraying once again a potential love interest of Galecki ' s character . At the end of January , it was announced that the writers did n ' t know how to write for her character full time and her status was , once again , reduced from regular to recurring . She did make a guest shot for Sheldon ' s birthday party on the 200th TBBT episode . Currently she is a co - host and executive producer of " The Talk " which premiered October 18 , 2010 . Gilbert appears alongside Julie Chen , Sharon Osbourne , Sheryl Underwood and Aisha Tyler . On March 11 , 2014 , Mayim Bailik ( Amy ) visited " The Talk " and was interviewed by Sara Gilbert ( Leslie Winkle ) . They both appeared on " The Lunar Excitation " ; Amy ' s first appearance and Leslie ' s last . Leslie and Amy on " The Talk " . At the 200th episode party . After appearing in a sketch on " The Talk " with John Goodman revisiting their characters on " Rosanne " , Sara helped revive the show and was telecast beginning in 2018 with fabulous ratings making it the number one show for ABC Television . Ratings stayed high , but the show was cancelled on 29 May 2018 after Rosanne continued to post derogatory tweets . Sara & Johnny on the short - lived Roseanne revival . Film career Gilbert has appeared in two films alongside Drew Barrymore , in Poison Ivy in 1992 and Riding In Cars With Boys in 2001 . She has had several other minor roles following , including short film $ 30 ( aka 30 Bucks ) as part of the Boys Life 3 feature , and High Fidelity . She directed her own short film Persona Non Grata in 1998 . As of 2015 , she has appeared on over 700 episodes of The Talk Sara and Johnny while on the " Roseanne " TV series together . Personal life In her teens , Gilbert became a vegetarian . Today , she supports numerous organizations such as PETA Meals on Wheels Freedom of Speech , Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation , and AIDS Project Los Angeles . She stated on The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson in November 2008 that she has now adopted a vegan lifestyle . Sara dated Roseanne Boyfriend eventual husband and brief Big Bang Theory boyfriend Johnny Galecki for a short time before coming out to him in the late 90 ' s to early 2010 ' s . They remain close friends . She has been in a relationship with Allison Adler since 2002 , and she came out as a lesbian in 2010 . They have a son , Levi Hank , born in October 2004 and a daughter , Sawyer , born on August 2 , 2007 . Adler is the birth mother of Levi and Gilbert is the birth mother of Sawyer . Filmography Film Year Film Role Notes 1992 Poison Ivy Sylvie Cooper Nominated โ Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress 1994 Dead Beat Martha 1997 Walkin ' on Sunshine : The Movie NeuralNurse 256 1998 Desert Blue Sandy 1999 Light It Up Lynn Sabatini 2000 The Big Tease Gretle Dickens High Fidelity Annaugh Moss " Boys Life 3 " Emily / Michelle Short film Segment : $ 30 2001 Riding in Cars with Boys Tina Barr 2004 Laws of Attraction Gary Gadget ' s Assistant cameo Television Year Title Role Notes 1984 Calamity Jane Jean TV - Movie 1988 ABC Weekend Special Stephie Episode : " Runaway Ralph " 1988 โ 1997 2018 Darlene Conner - Healy 224 episodes Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television SeriesYoung Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television SeriesYoung Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television SeriesTV Land Award for Innovator AwardNominated โ Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy SeriesNominated โ Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy SeriesNominated โ TV Land Award for Character Most Desperately in Need of a TimeoutNominated โ Young Artist Award for Outstanding Young Comedienne in a Television Series Executive producer 1990 Sudie and Simpson Sudie Harrigan TV Movie Young Artist Award for Best Young Actress in a Cable Special 1992 The Simpsons Laura Powers Voice only Episode : " New Kid on the Block " 1994 Saturday Night Live Herself โ Host Episode : " Sara Gilbert / Counting Crows " 1996 ABC Afterschool Special Jessie Episode : " Me and My Hormones " 1997 Broken Record TV Movie 2000 โ 2001 Welcome to New York Amy Manning 13 episodes 2002 24 Paula Schaeffer 5 episodes 2003 Will & Grace Cheryl Episode : " Fanilow " 2004 Strong Medicine Charlayne Episode : " Cinderella in Scrubs " 2004 โ 2007 ER Dr . Jane Figler 15 episodes 2005 In the Game Unsold TV - Pilot The Clinic Mrs . Jennings Episode : 3.1 2005 โ 2006 Twins Mitchee Arnold 18 episodes 2006 Girls on the Bus Helen Episode : " Pilot " 2006 โ 2007 The Class Fern Velch 6 episodes 2007 Private Practice Kelly Episode : " In Which Sam Gets Taken For a Ride " 2007 โ 2010 Leslie Winkle recurring season 1 , season 2 regular and then back to recurring on season 3 2008 Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Caitlyn Ryan Episode : " Trials " 2010 HawthoRNe Malia Price Episode : " No Excuses " Episode : " The Match " Episode : " A Mother Knows " Grey ' s Anatomy Kim Episode : " Suicide is Painless " 2011 โ present Herself 2018 The Conners Darlene Conner - Healy 10 Episodes External links on IMDb [ 1 ] - Wikapedia Site v e d Characters , Cast & Crew Characters Main Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Hofstadter Howard Wolowitz Rajesh Koothrappali Amy Farrah Fowler Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Stuart Bloom Emily Sweeney The Social Group Recurring Minor Debbie Wolowitz Barry Kripke Priya Koothrappali Dr . V . M . Koothrappali Mrs . Koothrappali Stephanie Barnett Lucy Mary Cooper Zack Johnson Beverly Hofstadter Mike Rostenkowski Alex Jensen Professor Proton Missy Cooper Ramona Nowitzki Dan Josh Wolowitz Dennis Kim Althea Davis Jeanie Cinnamon Mrs . Rostenkowski Wyatt Claire Kurt Eric Gablehauser Dave Gibbs Dimitri Alfred Hofstadter Meemaw Jimmy Speckerman Susan Randall Bert Kibbler President Siebert Janine Davis Colonel Richard Williams Halley Wolowitz Neil Michael Wolowitz Denise George Cooper Jr . Larry Fowler Anu George Cooper Sr . Marissa Cast Regulars Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Laura Spencer Recurring / Minor Christine Baranski Aarti Mann John Ross Bowie Casey Sander Stephen Merchant Sara Rue Kara Luiz Brian Thomas Smith Margo Harshman Alessandra Torresani Matt Bennett Keith Carradine Laurie Metcalf Judd Hirsch Carol Ann Susi Meagen Fay Brian George Alice Amter Courtney Henggeler June Squibb Katey Sagal Jack McBrayer Dean Norris Brian Posehn Mark Harelik Joshua Malina Brian Patrick Wade Kate Micucci Regina King Jerry O ' Connell As Selves Wil Wheaton Mike Massimino Stephen Hawking Kip Thorne Katee Sackhoff Steve Wozniak Buzz Aldrin Summer Glau James Earl Jones Carrie Fisher Brent Spiner Howie Mandel Bill Nye George Smoot George Takei LeVar Burton Neil deGrasse Tyson Brian Greene Charlie Sheen Stan Lee Adam West Mark Hamill Kevin Smith William Shatner Joe Manganiello Kareem Abdul - Jabbar Crew Writers Chuck Lorre * ( Creator ) โง Bill Prady * ( Creator ) โง Steven Molaro * โง Steve Holland * โง Maria Ferrari Jim Reynolds Eric Kaplan Anthony Del Broccolo Lee Aronsohn Dave Goetsch Tara Hernandez Richard Rosenstock Directors Mark Cendrowski Peter Chakos mainly as Editor Anthony Rich James Burrows Others Science consultant David Saltzberg Director of photography Steven V . Silver Costume designer Mary T . Quigley Unit production manager Kelly - Anne Lee Theme composer / performer Barenaked Ladies Chuck Lorre Productions also as Producer Full cast & crew on IMDb Categories Articles With Photos Leslie Main Cast Recurring Characters LGBT Rosanne Show Alumni Mothers Vegan Married Actresses who portray Howard ' s Women Rosanne Actresses who portray Leonard ' s Women Roseanne Show Alumni | [
"Sara Gilbert",
"American actress",
"Santa Monica"
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http://bigbrother.wikia.com/wiki/Paul_Abrahamian | in : All pages needing cleanup Contestants Males and 6 more Paul Abrahamian View source Share This article may require cleanup to meet the Big Brother Wiki ' s quality standards Please discuss this issue on the talk page or replace this tag with a more specific message Paul Abrahamian BB19 BB18 Houseguest Profile Born June 13 , 1993 ( age 25 ) Hometown Tarzana , CA Occupation Clothing designer Season History Big Brother 18 ( US ) Status Runner - Up Place 2nd Votes Against 2 Votes To Win 4 Alliances The Sitting Ducks Rookies The Revolution Team PP The Board The Executives Final Four No Names Loyalties James Huling Jozea Flores Victor Arroyo Team Big Sister HoH Wins 3 ( Week 6 , Day 90 , & Week 13 ) Times Nominated 6 ( Weeks 1 , 2 , 3 , 9 , 10 & 12 ) Vetos Wins 3 ( Weeks 1 , 9 & Day 91 ) Roadkill Wins 0 Days 99 Other Prizes $ 500 Big Brother 19 ( US ) Status Runner - Up Place 2nd Votes Against 0 Votes To Win 4 Alliances The Team The Misfits Loyalties Christmas Abbott HoH Wins 3 ( Weeks 2 , 5 & Day 85 ) Times Nominated 2 ( Weeks 1 & 12 ) Vetos Wins 5 ( Weeks 2 , 5 , 10 , 11 & Day 85 ) Battle Back Wins 0 ( House Challenger ) Days 92 Social Media Twitter deadskulltweets was the runner - up of both Big Brother 18 ( US ) and Big Brother 19 ( US ) In Big Brother 18 Paul was initially very vocal about getting the returning players out , forming an alliance to go against them . However , after his ally , Jozea , was blindsided , he started building trust with the other HouseGuests and began working with the returning players . Victor Arroyo ; another ally of Paul was evicted in week 2 . He then formed an alliance with Paulie . Paul and Paulie worked together until Paul realized that it was best to evict him . Once Victor returned to the game , he and Paul created the Sitting Ducks alliance . The two friends fought together until they were both nominated Week 12 . Paul managed to survive eviction while Victor was evicted . Paul was considered a very aggressive player , being unafraid to make big moves , willing to confront others , and having a hand in numerous evictions . Paul was known for being able to talk his way out of many situations and for playing a great social and strategic game . However , he received criticism for insulting other HouseGuests , making many jury members lose their respect for his gameplay . He was a competition threat , winning 3 HoHs and 3 PoVs , thus making him the seventh male HouseGuest to win six competitions in a season . After Victor ' s eviction , Paul managed to win the last 2 HoHs and final PoV . After winning the final HOH , he chose to infamously evict James and take Nicole to the Final Two . However , this move was fatal as Nicole won the game by a vote of 5 to 4 , thus leaving Paul as the runner - up . His decision to evict James has been deemed a huge mistake by the viewers and some of the jurors because he could have easily won against James . Paul later returned for Big Brother 19 and changed his gameplay completely . Instead of focusing on competitions , Paul had turned his attention to being more skilled at being manipulative . When he entered the house Week 1 after Kevin Schlehuber took the $ 25,000 temptation , he was given immunity and was tasked with giving others friendship bracelets , protecting them from being evicted . Paul used this chance to gain some allies and had originally wanted to work with Cody Nickson ' s alliance of showmances . After being nominated by Cody in an attempt to backdoor him , his Pendant of Protection saved him for three weeks , which he also used to his advantage . Paul played a very strategic and aggresive game , controlling and manipulating his allies , and being responsible for almost all the nominations and evictions . He dominated in competitons ; winning 3 HoH ' s and 5 PoV ' s , tying Janelle Pierzina and Danielle Donato for winning the most PoV ' s in a single season . He managed not to touch the block until the final 3 where he was put on the block by default after failing to win the final HoH , which was won by his ally Josh Martinez . When Josh won the final HoH , he brought Paul to the final 2 , being seen as easier to beat over Christmas Abbott , making him the second houseguest in Big Brother history after Dan Gheesling to make it to the final 2 twice . However , Paul was criticized for unnecessarily backstabbing his allies , overplaying the game , needlessly bullying the other houseguests , and not owning his game during the jury Q&A . All this cost him the win once again , as he lost to Josh by a 5 - 4 vote , becoming the runner - up for the second time in a row . Along with Danielle Reyes Dan , Paul is considered to be another victim of a bitter jury ; despite what majority of viewers perceived as a stronger game than the actual winner . Paul has won the most competitions in Big Brother history with 14 wins over his two seasons . Due to this and making final 2 twice , Paul has been seen as one of the greatest players in recent years , comparing him to Big Brother legends Derrick Levasseur Vanessa Rousso Contents show Biography Retrieved from CBS . com Age : 23 Hometown : Tarzana , CA Current city : Tarzana , CA Occupation : Clothing designer Three adjectives that describe you : Honest , spontaneous , and energetic . Favorite activities : I love to play music , so a jam session is always good . I love going to shows and concerts for the crowd surfing , mosh pits , stage diving , [ and ] all the fun stuff . Traveling , hiking and sightseeing are definitely solid activities . I enjoy the outdoors , like the woods and mountains . I ' m a thrill seeker , so [ I like ] essentially anything that can fuel that . I do enjoy a good night out with friends at a fun speakeasy bar in L.A. , like Davey Wayne ' s and No Vacancy . My life โ s motto is . . . To live my life in such a fulfilling way that when I ' m on my deathbed , there ' s nothing left for me to experience . Player History - Big Brother 18 Competition History Week 1 Immunity Loss HTR Part 1 Loss HTR Part 2 Win HTR Part 3 / HOH Ineligible Roadkill POV Win Week 2 HOH Roadkill POV Week 3 HOH Week 4 Week 5 Not Picked Week 6 Week 7 Previous HOH Not Picked Week 8 Week 9 Luxury Luxury Have / Have - Not Have HOH Advantage Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Week 13 HOH Part 1 HOH Part 2 Unable to Play HOH Part 3 Have / Have - Not History Week 1 Have - Not Week 2 Have - Not Week 3 Have Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Week 8 Week 9 Week 10 Week 11 Week 12 Have / Have - Not Phase Over Week 13 Carepackage History Twist Not Active Care Package Phase Over Voting History Week Position Voted for With Majority ? 1 HTR Winner Ineligible Used POV on Self Paulie Calafiore No 2 Vetoed Bronte D ' Acquisto No 3 Nominated 4 Tiffany Rousso Yes 5 Frank Eudy Yes 6 7 Bridgette Dunning 8 Paulie Calafiore 9 Used POV on Self Corey Brooks No 10 Nominated 11 Natalie Negrotti 12 HOH / POV 13 James Huling Sole Vote Finale HOH History Original Nominees Post - Veto Nominees Intended Target Bridgette Paulie Bridgette Evicted Da ' Vonne OR Da ' Vonne Day 90 Corey Nicole Evicted Corey James N / A Player History - Big Brother 19 Competition History Temptation Not In House Hit The Road HOH Part 1 HOH Part 2 Previous HOH House Challenge Temptation Sat Out as HOH Survived Survived Unable to Play HOH Part 3 Have / Have - Not History Have - Not Escape Have / Have - Not Phase Over Den of Temptation History Den of Temptation Phase Over Voting History Week Position Voted for With Majority ? 1 Immune Saved by Pendant of Protection Jillian Parker 2 HOH / POV 3 Pendant of Protection Dominique Cooper 4 House Challenger Alex Ow Ramses Soto 5 6 Jessica Graf 7 Cody Nickson Elena Davies 8 Immune Mark Jansen 9 Matthew Clines 10 POV Holder Kevin Schlehuber Raven Walton 11 POV Holder 12 Finale HOH History Original Nominees Post - Veto Nominees Intended Target Alex Josh Cursed Ramses Alex Cody Cursed Ramses Cody Jessica Jason Jessica Day 84 Josh Kevin Kevin Week 5 ended with a twist called " Halting Hex , " thus undoing Paul ' s nominations . Post Big Brother Paul & Da ' Vonne ' s Promo Photo for Candy Crush Paul returned to Big Brother : Over The Top to host the Head of Household competition Perfect ShOTT Paul competed on the Big Brother team on the CBS gameshow Candy Crush that aired on July 7 , 2017 . with his teammate and fellow BB18 housegeust Da ' Vonne Rogers Big Brother 16 houseguests Frankie Grande Caleb Reynolds . They were competing against Jeremy Collins Woo Hwang Joe Anglim , and Kelley Wentworth The episode was filmed on May 24 , 2017 , before season 19 began , in which why Paul competed on both on the same airdate angering online casual fans . Paul returned to cameo in a musical number in the premiere HOH competition of Celebrity Big Brother 1 alongside former houseguests Jodi Rollins Rachel Reilly Jessica Graf , and Jessie Godderz He returned for Big Brother 20 ( US ) along with Derrick Levasseur Josh Martinez Britney Haynes Daniele Donato Dominic Briones ( offscreen ) to celebrate Nicole Franzel ' s , engagement . Trivia Paul is the first person in to be vetoed twice in a row ( Weeks 1 and 2 ) . He won the Power of Veto and used it on himself in Week 1 . In Week 2 , used the Veto on him . He is one of five HouseGuests , with the others being Nicole Nilson Schaffrich Porsche Briggs Steve Moses Jason Roy , to be nominated in the first week and reach the Final 2 . He did this twice . Paul is the second HouseGuest to be nominated every week in the first three weeks . The other HouseGuest is John McGuire from Big Brother 17 Paul is the third HouseGuest to win the POV twice in , following Paulie Calafiore and Corey Brooks ( and later Nicole Franzel ) respectively . Paul is the seventh HouseGuest in the history of to have the Power of Veto used on him three times . The other HouseGuests were Alison Irwin Season 4 ) , James Rhine Season 6 ) , Janelle Pierzina Season 7 Jen Johnson Season 8 McCrae Olson Season 15 ) , and John McGuire Season 17 ) , respectively . He was followed by fellow ( Season 19 ) HouseGuest Jason Dent Coincidentally , he is the second HouseGuest ( and the first male ) , after Alison , to have the Veto used on him three times and make the Final Two . Ironically , they both became the runners - up of their seasons . Paul is tied with Erika Landin from Big Brother All - Stars for the record for the most nominations in a season by a member of the Final Two with six . Paul won the most competitions for a houseguest in , having won six competitions . Paul was the most nominated houseguest in with a total of six nominations . Paul was the second HouseGuest to win HOH three times in , following Victor Paul was the sixth HouseGuest in to win Head of Household and the Power of Veto within the same week . accomplished this as well . Paul is tied with Paulie and Corey for the most PoV competitions won in , with 3 wins each . Paul is the sixth person in the history of the show to win at least 3 HoHs and 3 PoVs in a single season , and he has done it twice . The other houseguests are Frank Eudy Frankie Grande Cody Calafiore Vanessa Rousso respectively . Paul is also tied with Shane Meaney Ian Terry Cody Calafiore Steve Moses for the second most competitions won by a male in a single season ( 6 ) . He then beat that record his second time around , as he won 8 competitions on Every time a female won HoH in , Paul was nominated . Likewise , every time Paul was HoH , he always nominated at least one female when possible . ( During his HoH reigns on Days 90 & 99 , only one female was left in the house , meaning he was forced to nominate one male each time . ) He is one of nine final HOHs who did n ' t end up winning the game . The other eight are Nicole Schaffrich Alison Irwin Ivette Corredero Ryan Quicksall Gary Levy Godfrey Mangwiza Kelsey Faith Paul is the first male to lose to a female in the Final Two in the American version . He was followed by Jason Roy Paul holds the record for the most votes to win for a runner - up with four ( twice ) . If Paul had voted to evict Nicole instead of James , he would ' ve received votes from every jury member except Natalie Michelle If the Jury would have been the original seven person Jury in either of his seasons ( thus removing Da ' Vonne , Zakiyah , Cody , and Elena from their respective Juries ) and the same votes took place , Paul would have won both over Nicole and Josh in a 4 โ 3 vote each . Paul is the first HouseGuest to participate in a Battle Back Competition without having been evicted before playing , as he was chosen to be the House Challenger , and if he had won , that would have prevented the Battle Back Champion from re - entering . Ironically , his biggest ally won the Battle Back on his first season , while his biggest threat won it on his second . Paul is the first HouseGuest in to win HoH and PoV in the same week . He is also the first HouseGuest to win HoH & the PoV twice in that season . Paul is the fourth houseguest to win HoH and PoV in the same week more than once , following Danielle Murphree Andy Herren , & He is the second person , following Frankie , to win the second PoV before the final competition . Paul is the first person to win HOH & POV in the same week three times . Paul is one of ten HouseGuests that have played in back - to - back seasons ( the others being Howie Gordon James Rhine Kaysar Ridha Jessie Godderz Brendon Villegas Rachel Reilly Da ' Vonne Rogers ) . Paul was the last HouseGuest to have been nominated during BB19 getting nominated by default for losing the Final HoH in Week 12 , however he was nominated during Week 1 , but technically was never on the block because of the Pendant of Protection . Paul is the first HouseGuest in the history of the show to win five competitions across two seasons . Due to making it to Week 10 on , Paul has been in the Big Brother US house longer than anyone else , at 178 days . Then , by making it to finale night , he had finalized his time at 191 days . The previous record holders were , who had 177 days each . Following , Paul is the second person to win HOH on three times . Paul is the third HouseGuest to play Big Brother twice and not be evicted , following Dick Donato Dan Gheesling . However , because Dick walked during Week 1 of Season 13 for personal reasons , Dan and Paul are currently the only Returning HouseGuests who have lasted throughout the entire game without being evicted . Paul is the second houseguest after Dan to exit the house on finale night twice . Paul is one of four people ( Janelle Pierzina , Kaysar Ridha , and James Rhine ) to receive the same placement two seasons in a row ( 2nd place ) . Paul is the first HouseGuest to make it to Final 2 twice and not win once . He is also the first HouseGuest to lose with the same amount of votes , as it was a 5 - 4 vote each time . Ironically , he was wearing the exact same outfit at both of his finales . Paul is tied with Daniele Donato Kaycee Clark for most Power of Vetoes won in a single season , winning 5 PoVs during BB19 . References โ http : / / www . hollywoodreporter . com / live - feed / candy - crush - big - brother - survivor - alums - compete - premiere - 1013620 โ Celebrity Big Brother - The First - Ever Head Of Household Is Crowned On Celebrity Big Brother . CBS Big Brother ( 7 February 2018 ) . Retrieved on 22 February 2018 . Big Brother 18 House Guests Paul Natalie Michelle Zakiyah Frank Tiffany Bronte Jozea Glenn Winner Jury Big Brother 19 House Guests Paul Christmas Raven Jason Matthew Mark Elena Dominique Jillian Megan Cameron Winner Jury Walked Categories All pages needing cleanup Contestants Males Asian - American Contestants Contestants Appearing in Multiple Seasons Big Brother US Contestants Season 18 ( US ) Contestants Runner - Ups Season 19 ( US ) Contestants | [
"Paul Abrahamian",
"Big Brother 19",
"Victor Arroyo"
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http://bigbrothernetwork.com/celebrity-big-brother-who-was-voted-out-2018-02-09/ | Home Celebrity Big Brother โ Celebrity Big Brother โ Spoilers : Who Was Voted Out Tonight & Who Won Next HoH ? โ Celebrity Big Brother โ Spoilers : Who Was Voted Out Tonight & Who Won Next HoH ? February 9 , 2018 Matt Boyer Celebrity Big Brother 123 Comments It โ s time for our first Live Eviction show ( 8 / 7c on CBS ) for as we prepare to see which celeb will be the first Houseguest evicted from the series , falling far short of the $ 250,000 grand prize . Shannon โ s throne has been taken from her and Keshia setting the nominations of James Maslow and Chuck Liddell . Who will go home and who will take control ? It โ s time to find out ! Before we get to all the excitement of the live vote we still need to wrap up the Veto events since we left off at the nomination ceremony . With tonight โ s show running two hours there โ s lot of time to get Power of Veto done first before rolling into the Diary Room votes . Do n โ t miss this week โ s eviction episode ! You can stream it live on CBS โ s All Access in most markets across the US so you do n โ t have to miss any of the fun even if you โ re out tonight . From what we heard this was the always - fun spelling Veto comp so look out for lots of mess in the backyard and in those words . Power of Veto Competition : Keshia ( HoH ) , James ( Nom ) , & Chuck ( Nom ) Players picked : Shannon ( Keshia โ s HG Choice ) , Mark , and Ari Host : Omarosa Veto winner : Shannon โ she spelled โ responsibilities โ Since James and Ari came in last place in the comp they have to wear baby costumes for 48 hours and take a bottle when Big Brother plays a crying baby sound . Power of Veto Ceremony : Veto power is not used Final nominations are James & Chuck Now that we โ ve got the final noms of the week it โ s time to get to the vote . Earlier we heard there was a blindside in the works so this could be awesome fun . Hang on ! Celebrity Big Brother Results โ Round 1 Votes : Brandi Glanville votes to evict : Chuck Ariadna Guiterrez votes to evict : Chuck Omarosa votes to evict : James Ross Mathews Metta World Peace Marissa Jaret Winokur That โ s enough votes . Chuck is evicted . Shannon Elizabeth Mark McGrath By a vote of 7 - 1 , Chuck Liddell has been evicted from Celebrity Big Brother . Time for a new Head of Household and do n โ t forget that Recast twist is done after Keshia used it this week . Phew ! Tonight โ s HoH hopefully stays HoH without any new silly twists on it . The next Head of Household spoilers have been revealed after a long , overnight competition put another Houseguest in control . Find out who won HoH and will soon be setting the noms . After the show , we โ ll be racing back to the Live Feeds for the eviction fallout and the next rounds of planning for this round โ s target . Grab the Free Trial and join us there ! Want more ? Download our free Big Brother App , join us on Facebook Twitter , and get our Email Updates ! We โ ll keep you updated with the latest news and our in - depth reviews of the season . Big Brother eviction results JOIN THE DISCUSSION Commenting Rules : Keep the conversation civil and on topic . If your comment does not add to the conversation , it will be removed . Debate intelligently . Insulting the author , Big Brother Network , or other commentators will result in comment removal and possible ban . Any comments with links or flagged words will go into moderation before approval . Anything we deem as spam will not be approved . Comments left in ALL - CAPS will be deleted regardless of content . | [
"Celebrity Big Brother",
"Live Eviction show",
"James Maslow"
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http://bigbudsmag.com/category/outdoor-marijuana-growing-guide/ | Home News Politics Legal Business World Grow Growers How to Gear Lifestyle Arts & Entertainment Dispensaries Food & Edibles Travel Health & Wellness Strains Outdoor Marijuana Growing Complete Success Guide Outdoor marijuana growing gives you free sun , wind , air , space , soil , and water . It can also give you cannabis plants the size of trees , buds as thick and long as a baseball bat , many kilos of bud per season , adventures in hiking , and other outdoor fun . But because your cannabis plants are outdoors where you ca n โ t totally control their environment , it takes very special skills , techniques , and materials to successfully grow buds outdoors . Our BigBudsMag . com writers have grown huge marijuana crops outdoors , and in this special outdoor marijuana section we โ re giving you insider data on the best ways to grow gigantic amounts of pot outdoors , so read now , and get bigger outdoor harvests โฆ Plant Autoflowering Marijuana & Harvest Sticky Buds in Just a Few Weeks ! By Nigel Salazar | Published : June 9 , 2017 Autoflowering marijuana is very useful in specific situations , such as outdoor growing when you ca n โ t easily get to your crop to weed out male plants or when you โ ve missed the preferred outdoor marijuana start times ( April and May ) and still want to grow an outdoor crop . You do n โ t have to worry about daylength or 12 - 12 triggering [ โฆ ] Continue Reading Outdoor Marijuana Grower Shares Bigger Yields Tips By John Foster | Published : April 27 , 2017 We get letters from BigBudsmag . com readers telling us about their marijuana growing situation . If those growers provide useful cannabis cultivation advice , we share it with you . Here โ s a very interesting letter we received from an outdoor marijuana grower : Dear BigBudsMag . com : I have a Bachelors of Science in Botany with an emphasis on sterile tissue culture [ โฆ ] Continue Reading Grow These Sweet , Rare Sativa Marijuana Strains Nigel Salazar April 12 , 2017 In our previous two articles on pure Sativa marijuana , we talked about special characteristics Sativa strains have , and how to grow Sativa strains to get your maximum bud size and cannabinoid potency . We polled our worldwide cadre of professional cannabis growers to give you the dankest Sativa marijuana strains you can grow right now . Here [ โฆ ] Cash Cropping Outdoor Marijuana With A Glock Steve Davis March 30 , 2017 There was a point in the long drive upwards when I saw the Sacramento Valley below , shrouded in smog . Then Jake the big money outdoor marijuana grower turned onto a dirt track barely wide enough for his vintage International Scout jeep , and we plunged into a tunnel of trees . Using his knees and elbows to [ โฆ ] Stopping Spider Mites in Your Hydroponics Marijuana Garden Steve Davis September 22 , 2016 Spider mites and broad mites have risen up to suck the life out of marijuana plants . The little bastards punch suckholes in your leaves , spread viruses and other pathogens , build webs on your buds , and can ruin your marijuana garden in only a couple of days . If mites take over your garden , expect your plants [ โฆ ] Subcool Seeds TGA Outdoor Marijuana Strains John Foster June 8 , 2016 Outdoor marijuana growers in California are reporting wickedly huge harvests from Subcool Seeds . Here โ s a guide to Subcool Seeds strains especially suited for outdoor marijuana growing : Cherrygasm : Just the name itself makes you want to grow this beautiful bud made by crossing Cherry Pie OG with Space Dude . This strain is super - potent , very hardy , packed with [ โฆ ] Finding a Marijuana Garden in the Woods โฆ And Other Stories from Your Marijuana Plants โ Enemies J . Howard May 31 , 2016 Your outdoor marijuana plants need protection from enemies โ both human and non - human . You โ ll see an embedded video in this article about some guy finding a marijuana garden in the woods . Not fun for the grower . Marijuana enemies are especially problematic when you โ re growing marijuana outdoors , but marijuana โ s enemies can also harm indoor hydroponics marijuana . This article [ โฆ ] High - Yielding Outdoor Marijuana Strain Guide Gary Anderson May 12 , 2016 The BigBudsMag . com grower team is giving you this outdoor marijuana strain guide so you know the easy to grow , high - yielding outdoor - hardy strains โฆ AK 47 , from Serious Seeds : In North America , the emphasis is on Kush strains , along with strains created by cannabis seed breeders who โ ve only been in business a couple of years . Some of [ โฆ ] 1 2 4 Next โ | [
"Outdoor Marijuana",
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http://bigcatrescue.org/iberian-lynx-facts/ | Iberian Lynx Facts Lynx Species โ Spanish Lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) 00 : 00 00 : 00 The most rare species of Lynx is the Spanish Lynx . Its natural habitat is open forest and sand dunes in isolated areas of Spain and Portugal . It is an endangered species , with only 1,000 remaining in the wild . Its prized fur and label of agricultural pest has greatly reduced its range . It is now found mainly in a small enclave in Spain and few scattered populations in remote areas of Portugal . There are noted differences from its relatives , the Eurasian Lynx : it is much smaller and its coat is more heavily marked with darker spots . Its diet primarily consists of rabbits and hare , but will hunt deer , ducks , and fish . It can reach up to 54 pounds , head and body up to three feet , seven inches , tail up to five inches . The female will give birth to two to three young after a nine week gestation period . Iberian Lynx Common Name : Iberian Lynx , Spanish Lynx Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata ( Vertebrata ) Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Genus : Felinae ( Lynx ) Species : pardina Misc . : The debate continues whether or not the Iberian Lynx is in fact a separate species from the Canadian and Siberian Lynxes , or merely a subspecies . Experts are evenly divided on this subject , but for now , it remains a separate species based on its marked adaptive differences for prey capture . The name Lynx comes from the Greek word โ to shine , โ and may be in reference to the reflective ability of the cat โ s eyes . Size and Appearance : The Iberian Lynx is similar in its appearance to the Eurasian Lynx , but about half its size . Adult males weigh on the average 27.5 pounds and the females average 20 . The fur is typically grayish , with tints varying from yellowish to rusty and is distinctly spotted . They have a flared facial ruff , long prominent black ear tufts , and long hind legs with a short black tipped tail . Their large , wide - spreading feet are covered in fur , which act like snowshoes , and are effective in supporting the cat โ Habitat : These Lynx are found to inhabit scrub vegetation , Mediterranean woodland and maquis thicket . Distribution : The Iberian Peninsula . Reproduction and Offspring : After a gestation of approximately 60 days , females produce a litter of 2 - 3 kittens . They reach independence by the age of 7 - 10 months , but will remain in their natal territory until around 20 months old . Sexual maturity for this cat is directly related to demographic and environmental factors , and most females will not reproduce until a territory has been secured . This may occur as early as her first winter , or as late as 5 years , or possibly never at all . In the wild , Iberian Lynx have lived up to 13 years . Social System and Communication : Unknown . Believed to be the same as the Eurasian Lynx , which would indicate a solitary animal except for mothers and kittens . Hunting and Diet : Like the Canadian Lynx , the mainstay of this Lynx โ s diet is the rabbit . During the winter months when rabbit populations are low , it will switch its prey base to red deer , fallow deer , mouflon and ducks . The energy requirements for this Lynx have been found to be 1 rabbit per day . These animals are primarily nocturnal , except during the winter months when they have diurnal activity peaks . Principal Threats : The largest threat facing this Lynx is habitat destruction and the destruction of its prey base . The prey also suffered a major blow when an introduced disease โ poxvirus myxomatosis โ to which the European Hare had no natural immunity and was nearly decimated . By the time they started building a resistance to this disease and the numbers started to recover , a new disease โ viral hemorrhagic pneumonia โ took its place and killed a large number of adult rabbits . This cat also suffers at the hands of man , frequently being killed by traps and Status : CITES : Appendix I . IUCN : Endangered . * * * * * Animals are also ranked by their level of vulnerability on a global level , which in essence ranks their extinction risk . They are ranked from Category 1 ( critical ) to Category 5 ( common - low conservation priority ) . The Iberian Lynx is listed as Category 1 , with less than 100 animals remaining in the wild . Felid TAG recommendation : Spanish lynx ( Lynx pardinus ) . Considered one of the rarest species on earth , the Spanish lynx suffers from having disjunct populations , continued habitat loss and accidental death from trappers and automobiles . Although the Spanish are making plans to initiate a captive - breeding program , it is not likely that this species will ever become available for export to North America . Information reprinted With Permission from the IUCN Wild Cats Book . How much did you like this ? Tags : Iberian lynxes NEXT STORY Sand Cat Facts PREV STORY Siberian Lynx Facts Show Comments ( 6 ) Stewart Chiodo I < 3 iberian lynx . 0 0 Rate this May 21 , 2012 Reply Tyler Tiesman Iberian lynx reck Rate this September 26 , 2012 Reply Jaime Felix Ochoa I love lynx . May 1 , 2013 Jaime Felix Ochoa I know every thing about them . May 1 , 2013 Izzy Elkington not what i needed November 3 , 2013 100 % Cork Protect the Iberian Lynx , the most endangered big cat in the world . http : / / www . foodshedplanet . com / 2013 / 06 / lynx - across - generations - and - across . html # realcork # iberianlynx # endangeredspecies July 30 , 2014 | [
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http://bigenhairdye.blogspot.com/2010/07/bigen-hair-color-dye-that-actually-can.html | Bigen Hair Dye Tuesday , July 13 , 2010 Bigen Hair Color ( Dye That Actually Can Kill You ) This is my first - ever blog , I feel compelled to share this information in case it may help someone else . Until four months ago I had used this product regularly for about 10 years . I had been told by a stylist that Bigen was a completely natural โ black henna โ and I really liked the idea of using something all natural . As an avid swimmer and surfer , the staying power of this product was amazing on my ash - blondey hair , so I was pretty devoted to it . Coincidentally , I also had to be put on oral corticosteroids , allergy shots , daily antihistamines and every allergy medication on the market for about 10 years because of extremely severe โ UNKNOWN โ allergies that included facial swelling , migraine headaches , full - body giant hives , severe asthma , anaphylactic shock , some form of migrating dermatitis and bouts of unexplained โ heat โ and itching I feel SOOO incredibly stupid for NEVER associating any of these symptoms with my black hair dye , but the reactions were often delayed , escalating over the course of a week or even two . My 24 hr skin tests were not enough time to develop a reaction and I would usually color the next day . By the time my reaction was subsiding it was time to color my hair again . . . an endless cycle of allergic reactions . I honestly ca n โ t even count how many specialists I have been to over the last ten years ( including the head of asthma and allergy at UCLA , multiple department heads at Scripps Clinic and a very reputable Stanford physician , to mention a few ) and not ONE had ever asked me about hair dyes , and my hair is obviously dyed black . Four months ago my friend had to be hospitalized with giant lesions and breathing problems a few days after her stylist used Bigen on her hair . After researching the ingredients and many insurance companies tens of thousands of dollars , enormous stress and ten years of suffering . I have so many secondary problems from the corticosteroids that I may have permanent damage for life . BUT . . . I am incredibly thankful that I feel better and that this was brought to my attention so I can avoid the thing that was poisoning me . I wanted to share this information in case it might help someone else . Bigen is not natural ( as in plant based ) or black henna ( there is no such thing ) . It is a highly concentrated chemical dye made of 3 ( according to the label ) forms of PPD ; a chemical used in printing ink and toner as well as being associated with coal or tar . This chemical is a known skin sensitizer and can cause life - threatening reactions and has been banned in some countries . I have not seen category statistics , but it is suggested that Bigen contains many times the โ safe โ amount of PPD that is allowed by the FDA The listed ingredients in order are ; Sodium Perborate ; an oxidizing ( bleaching ) detergent Cellulose Gum ; A food - grade thickener Sodium Sulfate ; Sulfuric acid salt ( used to make detergent ) Sodium Carbonate ; Carbonic acid salt ( dye fixative , also used to melt flesh off bones for taxidermy ) Paraphenylenediamine Sulfate ( PPD ) P - Aminophenol ; Rodinol ( B&W photo developer ) Disodium Lauryl Sufosuccinate ; A salt that is not known to be toxic Magnesium stearate ; Soap scum ( filler that increases volume of powder ) Fragrance ; ? 2 - Nitro - P - Phenylenediamine Sulfate ( PPD ) 4 - Nitro - O - Phenylenediamine Sulfate My guess is that there is also some form of Henna in this product as the base is very red , which I believe makes it a compound dye as well . Henna is not a listed ingredient , so I wonder what else may not be listed ? I โ m sorry I did n โ t include a bibliographies with each ingredient . I did n โ t think of it , at the time I was just compiling information for myself . The below definitions of each chemical and information herein can be found by typing the ingredient name individually into a search engine . If a Wikipedia description was unavailable , I used articles with the most relevant information . Excessive pharmacological terminology was omitted for easier comprehension . Bigen ( Hoyu Japan ) ingredients Sodium Perborate , Sodium perborate ( SPB ) is used in the detergent industry as a bleaching agent . It serves as a source of active oxygen in many detergents laundry detergents cleaning products , and laundry bleaches [ 1 ] It is also present in some tooth bleaching formulas . Sodium perborate is a less aggressive bleach than sodium hypochlorite , causing less degradation to dyes and textiles Cellulose Gum , Carboxymethyl cellulose ( CMC ) is used in food science as a viscosity modifier or thickener , and to stabilize emulsions in various products including ice cream . As a food additive , it has E number E466 . It is also a constituent of many non - food products , such as K - Y Jelly toothpaste laxatives diet pills , water - based paints detergents , textile sizing and various paper products . It is used primarily because it has high viscosity , is non - toxic , and is non - allergenic . In laundry detergents it is used as a soil suspension polymer designed to deposit onto cotton and other cellulosic fabrics creating a negatively charged barrier to soils in the wash solution . Cellulose gum is used in cosmetic products such as hair gel , shaving cream , shampoos and beauty masks as a thickener . Sodium Sulfate , Sodium sulfate is the sodium salt of sulfuric acid . Sodium sulfate is mainly used for the manufacture of and in the Kraft process of paper pulping Sodium Carbonate , Sodium carbonate ( also known as washing soda , soda crystals or soda ash or " Soda Carbonate " ) , Na 2 CO 3 , is a sodium salt of carbonic acid . Sodium carbonate is also used as a relatively strong base in various settings . For example , sodium carbonate is used as a pH regulator to maintain stable alkaline conditions necessary for the action of the majority of developing agents It is a common additive in municipal pools used to neutralize the acidic effects of chlorine and raise pH [ 2 ] In taxidermy , sodium carbonate added to boiling water will remove flesh from the skull or bones of trophies to create the " European skull mount " or for educational display in biological and historical studies . In domestic use , it is used as a water softener during laundry . In dyeing with fiber - reactive dyes , sodium carbonate ( often under a name such as soda ash fixative or soda ash activator ) is used to ensure proper chemical bonding of the dye with the fibers , typically before dyeing ( for tie dyes ) , mixed with the P - Phenylenediamine Sulfate , ( PPD ) No Wikipedia definition available . Paraphenylenediamine ( PPD ) is a chemical substance that is widely used as a permanent hair dye . It may also been found in textile or fur dyes , dark coloured cosmetics , temporary tattoos , photographic developer and lithography plates , photocopying and printing inks , black rubber , oils , greases and gasoline . The use of PPD as a hair dye is popular because it is a permanent dye that gives a natural look . Hair can also be shampooed without becoming decoloured and perming to achieve waves or curls can be done without difficulty . PPD is a colourless substance that requires oxygen for it to become coloured . It is this intermediate , partially oxidised state that may cause allergy in sensitive individuals . Fully oxidized PPD is not a sensitiser thus individuals with PPD allergy can wear wigs or fur coats dyed with PPD safely . Reaction caused by the allergic contact dermatitis reaction may become widespread . Severe allergy to PPD can result in contact urticaria and anaphylaxis . In acute severe cases of PPD hair dye dermatitis , wash the hair and scalp thoroughly with a mild soap or soapless shampoo to remove the excess dye . Apply a 2 % hydrogen peroxide solution or compresses of potassium permanganate in a 1 : 5000 dilution to completely oxidise the PPD . To soothe , soften the crust and alleviate the tight feeling of the scalp , a wet dressing of cold olive oil and lime may be used . Further treatment with a topical application of an emulsion of water and water - miscible corticosteroid cream , or oral corticosteroids may be indicated . โ Sensitization by para - phenylenediamine ( PPD ) has been considered by some countries to be so great a hazard that its use in hair dyes was banned in Germany in the early 1900 โ s . It was subsequently prohibited in France , and in 1964 in Sweden ; however in Japan PPD is still used as a common component in hair dyes . โ p - Phenylenediamine hair dye dermatitis is common in Singapore . PPD hair dyes are preferred for colouring , as they impart a long - lasting jet - black colour . PPD is a potent skin sensitizer ; it can cause angio - neurotic edema , collapse , and renal failure in severe cases . Severe cases of immediate type hypersensitivity to PPD described in which the patients developed severe edema , irritation of the eyes and face and also difficulty in breathing . p - Phenylenediamine has been reported to increase the formation of liver tumors in mice . Alternative names for PPD - paraphenylenediamine PPD or PPDA , Phenylenediamine base , p - Phenylenediamine , 4Phenylenediamine , 4 - Paraphenylenediamine 1 , 4 - Phenylenediamine , 4 - Benzenediamine , 1 , 4 - Benzenediamine , para - Diaminobenzene ( p - Diaminobenzene ) , para - Aminoaniline ( p - Aminoaniline ) , Orsin โข , Rodol โข , Ursol โข , 2 - Nitro - 1 , 4 - diaminobenzene , Dye GS , Durafur Brown 2R , Fouramine 2R , 1 , 4 - Diaminonitrobenzol ( German ) , 1 , 4 - Diamino - 2 - nitrobenzene , C.I. Oxidation Cross reactions Azo and aniline dyes Benzocaine / Procaine Para - aminobenzoic acid ( PABA ) Para - aminosalicylic acid Sulfonamides Carbutamide Hydrochlorothiazide P - Aminophenol , ami ยท no ยท phe ยท nol / ( - fe nol ) a dye intermediate and photographic developer , it is a potent allergen that causes dermatitis , asthma , and methemoglobinemia . Commonly used as a developer in black and white film , marketed under the name Rodinal Disodium Lauryl Sufosuccinate , Disodium Lauryl Sulfosuccinate is the disodium salt of a lauryl alcohol half ester ofsulfosuccinic acid . Not assessed for safety in cosmetics by industry panel . Not suspected to be an environmental toxin Magnesium Stearate , Magnesium stearate , also called octadecanoic acid , magnesium salt , is a white substance which is solid at room temperature . Magnesium stearate is often used as a diluent [ 3 ] or filler in the manufacture of medical tablets , capsules and powders . By increasing the bulk volume , the fillers make it possible for the final product to have the proper volume for consumer handling Magnesium stearate is a major component of " bathtub rings " . When produced by soap and hard water , magnesium stearate and calcium stearate both form a white solid insoluble in water , and are collectively known as " soap scum " . Fragrance , 2 - Nitro - P - Phenylenediamine Sulfate , ( PPD ) See P - Phenylenediamine Sulfate , ( PPD ) above 4 - Nitro - O - Phenylenediamine Sulfate . ( PPD ) See P - Phenylenediamine Sulfate , ( PPD ) above Posted by californiadreaming at 10 : 24 PM Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : allergies asthma Bigen Bigen hair dye black hair dye Paraphenylenediamine Sulfate PPD 134 comments : Crystal November 1 , 2010 at 4 : 31 PM Thank you for all this information , my son is in the hospital with his head so swollen that his left eye is completely shut . I printed this out for his Dr because they had no idea what was causing the reaction . Reply Replies Kimsa2211 July 26 , 2015 at 12 : 14 AM Hi Crystal , yup , nowadays it is possible to enjoy everlasting hair color for your grey curly hair without having to worry about exposure to many harmful chemicals ! Lelan Crucial PhytoNatural Hair Colorant is usually enriched using eco - certified normal plant natural skin oils to feed and revitalize hair the way it colors . See below for detail : http : / / kidbuxblog . com / lelan - vital - phytonatural - hair - colorant / Efren Libres November 14 , 2015 at 2 : 18 PM Hello Crystal , my mother has the same thing as well , how did your son go ? what ended up happening ? Thank you cwhizzzzzzz January 1 , 2018 at 8 : 26 AM I ' ve used this for many years and only noticed now that all of the itching was due to being allergic to the product . I have sores in my head and on my left ear that itches horribly . I was my hair thinking that maybe I did n ' t rinse it good and it is n ' t as bad now but nonetheless irritating . I ' ve been using Madison Reed but did n ' t have a shipment in a few months and used bigen in a pinch . Never again Reply babygirl April 25 , 2011 at 5 : 38 PM my finance used this product and now his head face and neck is swollen his eye is shut and he is in a lot of pain Marks Law Group , LLC September 7 , 2011 at 12 : 13 PM To Whom It May Concern : I am currently representing persons injured from using Bigen Hair Products . Please contact me to discuss your injuries and possible lawsuit . Regards , Aaron Marks 404 - 939 - 1485 - - Aaron Marks , Esq . The Marks Law Group , LLC 103 W . Dearborn Circle Decatur , GA 30030 www . markslawgroup . com aaron @ markslawgroup . com 404 - 939 - 1485 ( ph ) 404 - 581 - 5902 ( fx ) - - ATTORNEY - CLIENT PRIVILEGED ; DO NOT FORWARD OR DISCLOSE WITHOUT EXPRESS PERMISSION . Communications from attorneys and their employees are confidential and may not be forwarded or disclosed without the sender ' s express permission . There is no intent on the part of the sender to waive any privilege , including the attorney - client privilege , that may attach to this communication . Further , anything you believe to be tax advice in this communication , including attachments , can not be used to avoid penalties under the Internal Revenue Code , nor does it promote , Replies Yeah_Right September 5 , 2013 at 10 : 27 PM ambulance chaser Roger December 8 , 2011 at 11 : 54 PM I have had the same problems using bigen , i never did realize my once smooth face was being affected by the use of this dye , rashes , swellings , hives i could really understand . I just discovered the other day it was the bigen dye , never again will i use it again ! roger - kenya scorpio55 December 24 , 2011 at 6 : 16 PM I have had the same problems using bigen also . I did not realize that the problems that I was having my face swelling , rashes all over my scalp , and face . The constant scalp burning and itching . Never again will I use this product . Marks Law Group , LLC December 31 , 2011 at 8 : 31 AM http : / / markslawgroup . com / blog / bigen - side - effects kamriraj January 30 , 2016 at 11 : 00 AM Hello , I live in NY and have tried this product for the first time 1 / 29 / 2015 . I normally take zyrtec for allergies and am nervous about all of the reactions I have just read . Can I contact you if I should have a reaction . Unknown March 19 , 2016 at 11 : 10 AM My fiance had to go to the emergency room hiservice head swollen with puss and his eyes closed on him will be contacting you debdeb December 31 , 2011 at 6 : 16 PM I have been using this product for 5 - 6 yrs . My salon said it was safe and contain no ammonia . Recently my scalp started itching in one place . I could not understand why . I have been using Number 58 powder mix . I will no longer use this product . I placed it for the last time a week ago . plese keep us informed . Any changes for me and I will be back . thanks again for information Star January 26 , 2012 at 7 : 30 PM I am actually reading this and crying . . . thank you so much for all this information ! Three days ago I colored my hair with Dark Brown Bigen hair color . . . . I am COVERED in hives and welts all over my body . My eye swelled closed and my bottom lip tripled in size . I am in a lot of discomfort : ( I too assumed that this was a " natural " product . . . I had not idea ! I emailed the compnay and received a form to fill out asking Shikha Kaushik March 1 , 2012 at 9 : 17 PM Hi Everybody I am from India . I read this detailed blog and all the comments on this . This is really serious . But anyhow I am also allergic to chemical hair colors , recently I came to know about an hair color that is purely herbal and 100 % chemical free ! ! ! ! Named " Herbins 100 % herbal hair color " . I order its one box and believe me its a miracle , its really chemical free ! ! ! The ingredients they used are Lawonia Inermis , Embalica Offcinalis , Accacia Conncinna , Centella Asiatica , Rubia Cardifolia , Indigofera Tinctoria , Mallotus Philippinensis , Terminlia Chebularez , Jatorpha Curcuslinn ( As printed on Box ) . Three shades available only Brown , Burgundy & Copper Brown . Very economical also , only 2.59 USD per 100 gram box . So everyone who are allergic to chemical hair dyes please use this Miracullous Product , you can purchase this online only through www . herbins . in Regards DivaStyled March 5 , 2012 at 10 : 50 AM Hello , I ca n ' t believe that I never saw this blog before . I too have had a traumatic experience with this Hair dye not once but twice . Last fall I used this product after having use it for a few years . I mistakenly got some in my eye while washing out the dye . This was followed by swelling of the eye and what I thought was just a common case pink due to an infection from the chemicals . It did not stop there however . My hair became increasingly itchy and sore and I pescatore_pancreas March 13 , 2012 at 7 : 05 PM It ' s called a skin test . Every dye tells you to conduct one before using it . Duh . Rodrika Williams March 18 , 2012 at 11 : 24 AM I performed the skin test for 48 hours as told and no reaction . So I went on and put the dye in my hair and 5 days later I have been to the hospital twice and I I ' m 21 weeks pregnant , mYt head looks like a balloon , my eyes are swollen and all the way closed , skin has rash and hives all over my body , my scalp is oozing puss and the list goes on . . . . .THIS Product will kill you it nerds to be banned . . . . kamriraj January 30 , 2016 at 10 : 58 AM Hello , I havejust used this product yesterday . I am petrified if I will get an reaction . I would like to knw how you are doing now and if anything has been resolved ? January 31 , 2016 at 12 : 04 PM Today I my head and body is starting to itch . I did do a test before trying it and my skin did n ' t react and I thought it was safe . But two days after use I have itchy / tingling feeling through out my body , scalp , and face . Asha Harris March 24 , 2017 at 7 : 20 PM My fiance just used it and he started itching face started oozing and blistering , it looks like it ' s burning his face off .bad product and should be banned Jacklin Tan April 8 , 2012 at 8 : 14 AM Hi all , What type of Bigen product do you all use ? Could you please specify the name of the Bigen product that caused the health issue ? The one my family and I are using is " Bigen Speedy Hair Color Conditioner No . 865 reddish brown " but we are not experiencing any health issues like you all mentioned . I ' m so sorry that it happened to the rest here but I ' m still concern and I want to know if the company Bigen giving any feedback on this issue suffered by the consumers ? pension planning April 28 , 2012 at 9 : 41 AM Hi , I agree with all , I used this for last 10 years or more , but since one year I started getting reactions , allergic symptoms . My hair is natural black , only moustaque I use to apply . my doubt is am I using genuine product ? Joseph Crasto June 28 , 2012 at 4 : 37 AM I have been using Bigen for the past 4 years and had no reactions . Until recently I have begun to feel some itching sensation . I have noticed that the product is now being manufactured from Thailand . LM Chang May 27 , 2014 at 1 : 16 PM This comment has been removed by the author . Antoinette Wilson July 8 , 2012 at 1 : 13 PM I just used it . .i didnt have a problem . .but that it didnt take . .i do not use the powder I use the liquid in the bottle . .but not anymore because it never take . .maybe its my hair Anonymous July 31 , 2012 at 8 : 27 AM google : p - phenylenediamine sulfate in hair dye This ingredient is not only in Bigen but a lot of hair dyes such as Naturtint Permanent Hair Dye , Just for Men , Revlon Colorsilk etc . . . Have read the semi - permanent hair dyes do not contain ppd ' s thambuswamy ignatius October 12 , 2012 at 2 : 17 AM i too used this product , Bigen hair dye . i am suffering horibly . my whole body is blistered and scatchy . i do n ' t know what to do . i beg those who are using this produc to stop using immeditely . we should find the producers of this product and sue them . The ppoduct should be taken off the shelves immeditely igntius - 17 Nalbarra dr . Bunbury , W A 6230 rashmi October 12 , 2012 at 11 : 54 PM use Vegetal hair colour . i am using it from last 2 years . it is 100 % natural hair colour . it does not have ammonia and ppd . gulshan dewani November 2 , 2012 at 8 : 01 AM DEAR RASHMI , CAN U SHARE THE NAME OF THE VEGETAL HAIR COLOUR . . . . . . .please ANKIT GUPTA November 17 , 2012 at 11 : 29 PM Hi Rashmi Ji & Mr Gulshan , I M ANKIT GUPTA AND I M WORKING IN VEGETAL BIO COLOR IN DELHI NCR . THANKS FOR UR ADVISE OF VEGETAL BIO COLOR . REGARDS ANKIT GUPTA 9818768900 Lina Durango February 1 , 2013 at 4 : 07 PM thank you ! ! ! This information is very important to me . I was thinking of using this dye but I see that is a dangerous poison . BEserious May 16 , 2013 at 4 : 56 PM OMG . . .I have been using Bigen Natural Black over 10 years had no problems . . .BUT now Im feeling the danger of using this product . . .my both eyes are badly affected . . .severe headaches . . . .cannot work . . .cannot watch TV or work on the PC . . .PLEASE NEVER TRY OR USE ANY HAIR DYE WITHOUT DOCTORS PRESCRIPTION / CONSENT . . . .HEALTHY LIFE CAN NOT BE REPLACED WITH ANYTHING ELSE . . . .I AM SUFFERING EVERY SECOND OF MY LIFE . . . Shree Overseas Exports May 26 , 2013 at 11 : 39 PM Use Herbins Herbal hair colour . I am using it from last 2 years . It is 100 % natural hair colour . It does not have ammonia and ppd or even any other Chemicals . Visit www . herbins . in Jaelle ่ฑๅญ June 28 , 2013 at 7 : 40 AM 99 % of hair dye has PPD , this is why ALL hair dye products recommend doing a patch test before applying to your scalp . The darker the color , the more PPD it has , as it ' s the chemical that creates the dark pigment . PPD allergies are n ' t common , but you ' re likely to be allergic to it if you ' re allergic to PABA ( in most sunscreen ) and Sulfa - based prescriptiong drugs . I also find it interesting that the only information I can find on the ingredients is in this blog and Charles Boyk Law ' s website , which is word for word the same . This seems like fear mongering to me . Christine July 6 , 2013 at 10 : 33 PM Jaelle , Found this on Bigen ' s website : Home Privacy Policy Contact Us Disclaimer Bigen Hair Color Ingredients : Are They Harmful ? The Bigen hair color ingredients are one of the reasons why I prefer this over other dye brands . This is also what we used at the salon and customers obviously love the results especially that the color stays long . PPD : One Of The Main Bigen Hair Color Ingredients The permanent Bigen hair color is not made from plants unlike other hair dyes . It is made from chemicals . It โ s been my habit to look at product labels . I noticed that the Bigen dye has three forms of PPD namely Paraphenylenediamine sulfate , 2 - Nitro - P - Phenylenediamine sulfate , and 4 - Nitro - O - Phenylenediamine sulfate . The PPDs are the same chemicals that are used in printer inks and toners . It is not dangerous . However , some people may have allergic reaction . This is why I PPD is known to have life threatening properties . However , the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) allows a small amount on some products including cosmetic products like hair dye . Permanent Bigen Hair Color Ingredients The permanent hair dye is in powder form . It has to be mixed with water . You can prepare all of the bottle โ s content or use only half or a quarter depending on the length and volume of your hair . The ingredients including the three PPDs , sodium perborate , cellulose gum , sodium sulfate , sodium carbonate , P - Aminophenol , and disodium lauryl sufosuccinate and magnesium stearate . The sodium perborate is used mainly in cleaning products and detergents . The cellulose gum is used in detergents and water - based paints . The sodium sulfate is most commonly used in fire extinguishers . The sodium carbonate ( soda ash ) is used mainly for manufacturing glass . For dyes , soda ash is the one responsible for dye bonding . Ingredients Of Semi - Permanent Bigen Hair Color The semi - permanent Bigen hair dye has the same ingredients as the permanent or powder - form hair dye . It also has natural moisturizers including sunflower and honey . There is beeswax , too . Are Hair Dye Ingredients Dangerous ? In general , hair dyes have been reported to have bad health effects . However , the FDA still allow some dyes with ingredients that have moderate amount . Only dyes that have bothering amount of dangerous ingredients like resorcinol and triethanolamine are the only ones banned . Most hair dyes with dark color have coal tar . This ingredient has been linked to health problems like cancer . However , the health problems are not to be developed if we use dyes infrequently . In addition , there are studies that showed not only the users can be harmed by dyes . Even hair colorists who have been exposed to hair dye for about a decade are likely to suffer from cancer . The Bigen hair dye is a good choice whether you want permanent or semi - permanent hair color . It has PPDs in small amount . Other major ingredients include sodium perborate , cellulose gum , sodium sulfate , and sodium carbonate . It is not like henna dyes that are made from plant extracts but Bigen hair color ingredients are generally not dangerous since they are in moderate amount . Pages Bigen Hair Color Chart : What Color Suits You Best Bigen Hair Color Ingredients : Are They Harmful ? Bigen Hair Color Reviews โ 5 Reviews That Tell Something Bigen Hair Dye : How To Choose And Use Hair Dye Bigen Semi Permanent Hair Color โ Choosing Color And Using Dye Contact Us Disclaimer Privacy Policy a . smith January 14 , 2014 at 6 : 52 PM Absolutely . Thank you for some non - hysterical objectivity . ameerah July 26 , 2013 at 11 : 49 AM oh my God ! ! ! my dad just used this product . so far there ' s no reaction yet . but im so worried now . is there any ways or anythg i can do to prevent the reactions ? please help : ( BIGEN IS A DANGEROUS PRODUCT September 3 , 2013 at 7 : 16 PM THIS PRODUCT IS VERY DANGEROUS . JUST HAD A BAD BOUGHT THIS PAST WEEKEND , WHERE I PASSED OUT . USED IT ON SATURDAY , RINSED WELL SO I THOUGHT , WASH MY HAIR IN WHILE IN SHOWER , BAD REACTION , I ENDED UP WITH ITCHY IRRITATED SKIN ALL OVER , DECIDED TO SHOWER AGAIN TO RINSE OFF RESIDUE THAT AND WHEN USING MY BODY WASH SET OFF A BAD INTERACTION , I HAD TROUBLE BREATHING AND FELT JUST SICK ALL OVER , MADE IT TO BEDROOM AND PASSED OUT , FAMILY HAD TO CALL 911 . DO NOT a . smith January 14 , 2014 at 6 : 49 PM Bizarre . First , the chemical dye in Bigen is the same as the ( dark ) chemical dyes in all non - ammonia hair colors ( to include revlon and clairol ) . . . although the peripheral ingredients ( for conditioning etc . ) do differ . Even more bizarre : 10 + years of doctors at University hospitals where the medical information is about as cutting - edge as it gets and . . . no doctor ever inquired about use of hair dye . Every doctor / allergist I ' ve ever been to first requires that an exhaustive written check - list be checked off ( do I have reactions to any of the following 99 foods . . . wheat , nuts , artifical sugars . . . etc . ad nauseum ; do I have reactions to cleaning products . . . do I have reactions to indoor and / or office pollutants such as paint , insect sprays , toner . . . it goes on and on , and is then followed by a verbal follow - up and Huh . 10 years of UCLA and . . . zilch , you say . If true , sounds like you should move to Bangladesh or Pakistan , maybe the doctors / allergists there are better trained . . . January 14 , 2014 at 6 : 54 PM In any event , this is why every hair - color product says , " do a patch test each and every time ! " And this is why almost all allergists routinely ask about hair - color use without prompting . Helen Evans March 3 , 2014 at 12 : 19 AM Many parents are concern about their children โ s head lice infestation as this treating their normal life . It is not easy task for them for free of lice by their different activities . A trusted service like lice treatment los angeles remains for your quick recovery . John Dudley March 19 , 2014 at 1 : 27 AM if you want to know more details for the hair fall treatment gurgaon then visit here http : / / skindelhi . com / hair_loss . html Eva Belvoir April 14 , 2014 at 6 : 09 PM Thank goodness I found this information just moments before applying the dye . . . .don ' t think I ' ll bother now ! Rashers May 3 , 2014 at 1 : 09 PM This comment has been removed by the author . Rashers May 3 , 2014 at 1 : 33 PM The culprit in the Bigen colour ( which is made by Japanese cosmetics firm Hoyu Company ) is almost certainly the P - Phenylenediamine , or PPD . PPD is an aromatic amine common to most permanent hair colorants ; it โ s well - known to cause allergic reactions , which can range from mild to severe and , occasionally , fatal . Hoyu is not the only maker of hair cosmetics to use PPD in hair colour : you โ re just as likely to suffer an adverse reaction from using a Wella ( P&G ) , L I โ ve used Hoyu colour for six years and , to date , have suffered only very minor irritation . I use , however , a lighter shade ( 105 or 885 ) . I once used a single shade darker ( 104 or 884 โ natural brown โ ) and my scalp was on fire for a fortnight . If you use any permanent hair colorant , past performance is no guide to the future โ sensitivities can develop spontaneously and without warning even after many years โ reaction - free usage . The problem with products like oxidative hair colorants is that they โ re huge business and the P&Gs and Hoyus of this world have a vested interest in their not being outlawed : a ) because they โ d lose $ billions of revenue ; and b ) because a ban would indicate that something really was wrong with the existing product , thus opening the floodgates to product liability claims . A further problem is that the FDA and other regulators around the world determine what constitute โ safe โ and โ unsafe โ levels of certain compounds in There is an alternative , which works better ( i . e . , more predictable result ) than oxidative hair colours , contains no harmful compounds and does n โ t damage the hair like traditional colorants . It has been successfully trialling in one of London โ s most exclusive salons for two years but it โ s unlikely to be on a supermarket shelf or at a hairdresser โ s near you quite yet because , to date , the industry โ s Goliaths wo n โ t touch it - to do so would implicitly concede John Dudley May 13 , 2014 at 2 : 56 AM nice post . This is an interesting and very informative topic . Hair Loss Treatment Delhi Thanks for sharing your ideas Margaret Vaughan - Goode July 7 , 2014 at 7 : 57 AM After reading the above posts , I will be tossing this product out ! I would rather live comfortably with my ' salt and pepper ' than take a chance with the possible side affects or disfigurements mentioned . Angela Navejas August 13 , 2014 at 3 : 25 AM This is very nice blog . There are many people who have black hair always to look younger but in order to maintain themselves they started to use chemicals which is harmful for hair . Herbal Beauty Salon in NY | Herbal Beauty Salon Valley Stream September 19 , 2014 at 2 : 53 AM Skin Plus Clinic Provides new technology for Laser Permanent Hair Removal In Delhi ncr . Raj November 22 , 2014 at 7 : 18 AM My mother had a severe reaction to Bigen dye this afternoon . Her face , eyes and lips were swollen and she was struggling to breath . Rushed her to the hospital and they managed to stabilize her . She is in the ICU now but stable and getting better . This product should be banned . I am thinking of suing the company . January 30 , 2016 at 11 : 03 AM HI Raj , I used this product for the first time yesterday . I am very nervous now . How long did it take before the reaction happened ? Hair Saln December 1 , 2014 at 12 : 56 AM This is great information . Your post is really useful and informative for us . Thanks a lot ! best hair salon in singapore | Hair Salon in Singapore Indus Valley December 15 , 2014 at 4 : 26 AM very useful information some hair dye is very dangerous harm our skin and Hairs . Imani January 6 , 2015 at 4 : 21 PM I think this product may be responsible for hair balding around the edges ( just started balding this year ) , but have been using this product over 10 years , and only side effect experienced was kinda red eyes after applying . Will not use again . Sorin Popovici May 5 , 2015 at 2 : 07 AM How sick you are ! akanksha sharma July 11 , 2015 at 2 : 33 AM Welcome to Beauty Express VIP Salon , offering you the Eyelash Extensions Treatment in Harley Street , London . Rodel Ambrocio July 11 , 2015 at 11 : 09 AM Hello , I just wanted to say that I really enjoyed your site and this post . You make some very informative points . Keep up the great work ! www . myfilipinohair . com . ph Gayatri Dyes And Chemicals August 22 , 2015 at 1 : 05 AM Nice post . . .I look forward to reading more , and getting a more active part in the talks here , whilst picking up some knowledge as well . . Dyes And Pigments Importers In Delhi Gayatri Dyes And Chemicals September 13 , 2015 at 10 : 44 PM you gain expertise , It is extremely helpful for me . would you mind updating your blog with more information ? shampoo manufacturers in delhi Kors Jackson November 19 , 2015 at 2 : 15 AM I read your Bigen hair color detail but now a days lots of hair color available in market in my point of view you must be choice popular brand thanks keep it up . FUE hair transplant in London NATURAL SOLUTION FOR YOUR HAIR LOSS Cheap hair transplant clinic in London Kevin Hakney April 18 , 2016 at 12 : 00 AM Contents of this website are good and appreciative . Mens Beard Dye Best Anti Aging Kevin Cooper July 21 , 2016 at 11 : 47 PM Excellent tips . Really useful stuff .Never had an idea about this , will look for more of such informative posts from your side . . . Good job . . .Keep it up . naturtint canada Dr . Soods Author July 25 , 2016 at 3 : 10 AM Drssods Get the best treatment for hair fall in South Delhi at Dr Soods Clinic www . drsoods . com Oakland Raiders August 17 , 2016 at 4 : 45 PM Hi I ' m Christopher Lyons and I ' m having the same reaction . Inching burning head and for head is swollen and pussing . Today ' s date is 8 : 17 2016 I will be giving you a call in the morning thank you sir and have a blessed day gajismarts September 19 , 2016 at 12 : 50 AM You want to stay free form danger and safe your hair pleas visit this blog : dangers of sulfates for hair Mia Gomez November 23 , 2016 at 11 : 15 PM Get the knowledge about your personality by giving simple answer about naturally dye white - hair for yourself . Find latest funny videos , entertainment videos and more about latest information from the world . Indus Valley November 28 , 2016 at 2 : 24 AM I have using beign hair colour & not any reaction or allergy . If you want pure organic hair colour without PPD , Ammonia , Peroxide and Barium . Pleae visit here : www . indus - valley . com Unknown December 3 , 2016 at 2 : 11 AM November 2016 , I used Bigen Hair Dye and had allergic reaction went to Urgent Care . My stylist tested it first in the back of my head near neck line for 15 mintues . I didnt have no reaction at the time . Since I had no reaction she continue the process . Approximately 4 hours later . Slowly . . . . .started 1 . Itching 2 . Head Swollen 3 . Puffing around Eyes 3 . Scalping in Head 4 . Pussing 5 . Head on Fire 6 . Bleeding from the Scalp . I will Fan My Head to Cool Down 7 . Used Cold Compresser around neck To Cool Down I was down for ten days . Missed three days from work . I will never used this Bigen Hair Dye again . Thanks a Million . . . . Please contact me 305 484 3014 ask for SBH . SBH December 3 , 2016 at 2 : 16 AM November 2016 , I used Bigen Hair Dye and had allergic reaction went to Urgent Care . My stylist tested it first in the back of my head near neck line for 15 mintues . I didnt have no reaction at the time . Since I had no reaction she continue the process . Approximately 4 hours later . Slowly . . . . .started 1 . Itching 2 . Head Swollen 3 . Puffing around Eyes 3 . Scalping in Head 4 . Pussing 5 . Head on Fire 6 . Bleeding from the Scalp . I will Fan My Head to Cool Down 7 . Used Cold Compresser around neck To Cool Down I was down for ten days . Missed three days from work . I will never used this Bigen Hair Dye again . Thanks a Million . . . . Please contact me 305 484 3014 ask for SBH . Xiaolei Duan December 4 , 2016 at 11 : 02 PM Very good ! I like this article , Please pay attention to our carboxymethyl cellulose factory December 5 , 2016 at 3 : 53 PM I am having a HUGE reaction to this hair product ! I ca n ' t stop itching ! 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Website Link : http : / / www . cosmeticsurgeryindia . org / cosmetic - plastic - surgery / breast - reduction - surgery . html Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) Followers Blog Archive โผ 2010 ( 1 ) โผ July ( 1 ) Bigen Hair Color ( Dye That Actually Can Kill You ) . . . About Me californiadreaming View my complete profile | [
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http://bighow.org/1201616-How_to_Remove_the_Safety_Switch_From_a_Cub_Cadet_Seat.html | How to Remove the Safety Switch From a Cub Cadet Seat HOME Home & Garden The Cub Cadet is among the most popular riding mowers on the market today . In addition to its reputation for durability , the Cub Cadet also has many safety features . One such safety feature is its seat safety switch . The switch automatically disengages the engine when weight is taken off the seat , such as when you dismount to change the bagger . Removing the seat safety switch takes about 10 minutes . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Wrench set Screwdriver Remove the negative battery cable from your Cub Cadet with a wrench . Pull the spark plug wire off . Lift the seat . The safety switch is attached to the bottom of the seat . Unscrew How to Disconnect the Reverse Caution Switch on My Cub Cadet While Cub Cadet makes a full line of lawn equipment , the manufacturing company is best known for its riding mowers . Cub Cadet riding mowers have Kohler V - twin engines , a movable cutting deck and numerous safety features . One of these safety features is the reverse caution switch . This switch kills power to the mower ' s blades when the mower is placed into reverse . The switch can be disconnected if the owner wants to disable it or install a new switch . Difficulty : ModerateInstructions Things You ' ll Need Wrench set Remove the Cub Cadet ' s battery cables with the wrench . Locate the reverse caution switch on the left - hand side of the tractor ' s gear shifter . Its black Home & Garden How to Repair a Cub Cadet Seat Cub Cadet manufactures riding mowers , lawn tractors , snow blowers and utility vehicles for residential and commercial use . Some common reasons for seat problems on a Cub Cadet include a bent or damaged wiring harness , worn or stripped lock nuts and shoulder bolts , or the seat not being locked after an adjustment has been made . If you investigate these areas first , you can minimize the time spent in troubleshooting and repair . Difficulty : EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Pliers 2 shoulder bolts , if needed 2 lock nuts , if needed Verify that the seat was installed correctly . If the wiring harness was cut when you removed the packing material , the seat switch How to Remove Cub Cadet Blades The Cub Cadet mower blades are attached to the spindle of the cutting deck with a nut . Removing the blades involves taking the cutting deck off and sliding it out from underneath the mower . You can take the blades off the mower yourself in about a half hour and save the time and expense of having a lawn mower repair shop pick up the tractor and do the work for you . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Spark plug tool Screwdriver Wood block Socket wrench set Unfasten the spark plug wire from the Cub Cadet mower spark plug and touch it against the mower to ground the wire . Remove the spark plug from the mower with a spark plug tool and Cub Cadet Safety Features Some lawns demand something more substantial than a regular push or self - propelled lawn mower for their regular maintenance . Small lawn tractors like Cub Cadet ' s models can handle this task . All riding mowers require a higher attention to safety . Cub Cadet ' s mowers include safety features . Spark ArresterFire is a danger . Cub Cadets use an internal combustion engine . Users are advised in the operator ' s manual that the machines should n ' t be used on or near any unimproved land covered with forest , brush or grass unless the engine ' s exhaust system is equipped with a spark arrester that meets applicable local or state laws . If a spark arrester is used , it should be maintained in effective work How to Deactivate a Cub Cadet Safety Feature Cub Cadet riding mowers are known for their durability and toughness . The Cub Cadet also has a built - in safety feature known as a safety seat switch . The safety seat switch prevents the Cub Cadet ' s engine from running if the rider gets off the seat . Once weight is released from the seat , the safety - seat switch automatically shuts off power to the Cub Cadet ' s motor . Some Cub Cadet owners , however , prefer that to keep the motor running when they get off the mower to empty the baggers . The safety - seat switch can be disabled in a matter of minutes . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Socket set Lift the engine cover on the Cub Cadet and use a so How to Disable the Reverse Safety Switch on a 3185 Cub Cadet Cub Cadet is an American company that specializes in manufacturing lawn mowers and riding tractors , including the 3185 Cub Cadet . The 3185 has adjustable tilt steering and a fairly tight turning radius . When mowing around obstacles in crowded areas , this may not be enough . Operators of 3185s may want to move backward without having to disengage the blades . The backup safety switch automatically disengaging the blades when the mower is put in reverse , but this safety feature can be disabled . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Wrench Plastic tie class = " error " > Park the 3185 on a flat surface , and make sure the brake is engaged . Open the How to Test the PTO Switch on a Cub Cadet Cub Cadet builds lawn tractors that have anywhere from a 40 - inch to a 50 - inch deck . This large deck is designed to cut large fields of grass . The PTO switch controls the blade cutting mechanism . To test it , all you have to do is turn the lawn tractor on and push the PTO switch . This will engage the blades . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Sit on the tractor . Place the Cub Cadet tractor key into the ignition . Push the PTO switch into the " Off " position . Lawn tractors will not turn on if the PTO switch is in the " On " position . Move the parking brake into the " Engaged " position . Push the throttle into the " Fast " position and pull the choke button towards yourself . Turn th | [
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http://bighow.org/2290117-How_Big_Does_a_Weigela_Shrub_Get_.html | How Big Does a Weigela Shrub Get ? HOME Home & Garden The weigela plant was formerly known as the Cardinal shrub , according to the Washington State University website . Native to Asia , this deciduous shrub produces flowers in the spring and early summer . Many different varieties of weigela shrubs are available . VarietiesWeigela shrubs vary in size depending on the species selected , according to the Morton Arboretum website . The Midnight Wine weigela ranges from 18 to 24 inches in height , with a spread of 24 to 36 inches . The Tango weigela ranges in height from 2 to 3 feet with a spread of the same size . The Wine and Roses weigela is larger and ranges from 4 to 6 feet in height with a spread of the same size . FunctionWeigela shrubs in varyi Weigela Problems Weigela are flowering shrubs that are native to Korea and Japan . In the spring , weigela bloom , producing many tiny flowers . Like all plants , weigela can encounter problems with insects or fungal infections . InsectsCertain insects , like Japanese beetles and the four - lined plant bug , enjoy eating the weigela . While the four - lined plant bug may turn leaves brown , it is n ' t a serious threat , according to Michigan State University . However , a heavy Japanese beetle infestation can defoliate your shrub . Crown GallsWeigelas are susceptible to crown galls , tumor - like growths caused by a bacterial infection . Cut off and remove any infected sections of your shrub to prevent the bacteria from sprea Home & Garden What Is Weigela ? The Weigela genus ( Weigela spp . ) consists of approximately 12 species of deciduous shrubs , all of which hail from eastern Asia . Old fashioned weigela ( Weigela florida ) is a commonly cultivated variety characterized by coarse leaves and clusters of small , showy flowers . Numerous cultivars of different sizes and colors are widely available in nurseries . AppearanceWeigela grows to be up to 9 feet tall , with a spread of between 10 to 12 feet . The shrub has a rounding , coarse habit . The shrub grows about 12 to 18 inches a year , producing serrated , ovate - oblong leaves and small clusters of late spring or early summer blooming flowers . Flowers may be pink , red or white depending on cultivar . Flo How Big Does Midnight Weigela Get ? Midnight Wine weigela ( Weigela florida " Elvera " ) is a dwarf cultivar of Wine and Roses , an old - fashioned weigela cultivar . The low - growing plant is characterized by a rounded habit , dark foliage and rose - pink blooms . Midnight Wine ' former name was Elvera , and it is still sometimes referred to by its old name . SizeMidnight Wine is a low - growing , deciduous shrub with a mature height between 1 - 1 / 2 and 2 feet tall and a 2 - foot spread . The shrub has a dense , rounded habit of deciduous , burgundy - purple leaves . The leaves darken in the autumn to a dark shade of purple before dropping . The flowers are dark pink and funnel shaped , slightly more than an inch long . LocationMidnight Wine is best s How to Prune a Red Weigela Shrub Weigela florida " Red Prince " is a flowering shrub that produces small , bell - shaped red flowers during early and late summer . In addition to its own aesthetic value , the red weigela also is known for attracting various species of hummingbirds . To keep the " Red Prince " healthy and promote continued growth , lightly prune the shrub immediately prior to the growing season . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Pruning shears Examine the shrub and look for any dead or diseased branches . Cut off the dead branches with your pruning shears where they join with the main plant stem . Do this in the early spring , prior to blooming . Prune back disease How to Care for a Weigela Shrub The weigela shrub is a type of perennial flowering bush that can be grown throughout USDA Zones 5 through 9 . Every summer , the weigela produces clumps of red , white or pink flowers . Learn how to care for a weigela plant to maximize its eye - catching blossoms and ensure many years of enjoyment out of the shrub . Difficulty : Moderately EasyInstructions Things You ' ll Need Pruning shears Root hormone powder Fertilizer Use pruning shears to trim back the weigela shrub every year in late spring . Pruning can help it grow newer , healthier branches and may also boost the weigela ' s flowering potential . Cut back a third of the shrub ' s oldest branches , focusing on c " - - - - - - " Deserving Host " - - - - - - " BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG BIG DDoS Protection Welcome All , Get affordable real DDoS Protected Hosting , it ' s time to say good bye to DDoS Attacks . 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http://bigislandnow.com/category/weather/ | HAWAII ISLAND WEATHER with Meteorologist Malika Dudley Today Tonight Thursday Thursday Night 82 ยฐ Occasional Rain Showers Hilo , HI CHANGE TOWN WINDS 3 to 10 mph NNW SUNRISE 6 : 01 am SUNSET 6 : 39 pm 65 ยฐ Occasional Rain Showers Hilo , HI CHANGE TOWN WINDS 6 mph W MOON RISE 17 : 20 MOON SET 04 : 58 MOON PHASE Waxing Gibbous 97 % Tonight in Hilo , HI Occasional rain showers . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 65 . West wind around 6 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New rainfall amounts less than a tenth of an inch possible . 82 ยฐ 3 to 8 mph E SUNRISE 06 : 01 SUNSET 18 : 39 Thursday in Hilo , HI Occasional rain showers . Mostly cloudy . High near 82 , with temperatures falling to around 77 in the afternoon . East wind 3 to 8 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New rainfall amounts less than a tenth of an inch possible . 66 ยฐ Rain Showers Likely 3 mph S MOON RISE 17 : 20 MOON SET 04 : 58 MOON PHASE Waxing Gibbous 97 % Thursday Night in Hilo , HI Rain showers likely . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 66 . South wind around 3 mph . Chance of precipitation is 60 % . New rainfall amounts less than a tenth of an inch possible . Today NNW 3 to 10 mph Tonight W 6 mph 65 ยฐ Thursday E 3 to 8 mph Thursday Night S 3 mph Rain Showers Likely 66 ยฐ Friday E 2 to 7 mph Friday Night NNW 2 mph Saturday E 2 to 8 mph Saturday Night NNW 3 mph 67 ยฐ Sunday E 2 to 8 mph Sunday Night SSE 0 to 5 mph 67 ยฐ Monday E 0 to 9 mph Monday Night NW 3 mph Tuesday E 3 to 12 mph Tuesday Night SE 3 to 7 mph SATELLITE RADAR WIND MAP SATELLITE HILO LIVE MAUNA KEA LIVE Hawaii Weather Forecast April 17 , 2019 Weather Forecast Photo Credit : James Grenz There are no active watches , warnings or advisories Our weather team will bring you any urgent weather alerts or updates as they occur . Check our breaking news section for the latest . * * Click directly on the images below to make them larger . Charts include : Hawaii Island high / low forecasted temperatures , projected winds , projected localized weather conditions and expected wave heights . * * Image : NOAA Image : NOAA + Hilo Overnight : Occasional showers . Low around 63 . West wind around 6 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Wednesday : Occasional showers , mainly before 11am . High near 82 . Light and variable wind becoming east northeast 5 to 10 mph in the afternoon . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Wednesday Night : Occasional showers , mainly after 1am . Low around 63 . East northeast wind 5 to 10 mph becoming light and variable after midnight . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Kona Today : Isolated showers after 10am . Mostly sunny , with a high near 84 . West southwest wind 5 to 9 mph becoming calm in the afternoon . Chance of precipitation is 20 % . Tonight : Isolated showers before midnight . Partly cloudy , with a low around 63 . Calm wind becoming east northeast around 5 mph after midnight . Chance of precipitation is 20 % . Thursday : Isolated showers after 10am . Mostly sunny , with a high near 84 . West wind 5 to 8 mph becoming calm in the afternoon . Chance of precipitation is 20 % . Waimea Overnight : Scattered showers . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 52 . Northeast wind around 14 mph , with gusts as high as 18 mph . Chance of precipitation is 40 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Wednesday : Scattered showers . Partly sunny , with a high near 75 . Breezy , with a northeast wind 14 to 22 mph , with gusts as high as 31 mph . Chance of precipitation is 40 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Wednesday Night : Scattered showers . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 52 . Breezy , with a northeast wind 14 to 16 mph , with gusts as high as 22 mph . Chance of precipitation is 40 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Kohala Showers likely . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 44 . Breezy , with an east wind around 22 mph , with gusts as high as 31 mph . Chance of precipitation is 60 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Showers likely , mainly before 10am . Partly sunny , with a high near 68 . Windy , with an east northeast wind 21 to 23 mph , with gusts as high as 32 mph . Chance of precipitation is 60 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Showers likely , mainly after midnight . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 44 . East wind 10 to 14 mph , with gusts as high as 18 mph . Chance of precipitation is 60 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . South Point Scattered showers . Mostly cloudy , with a low around 69 . Breezy , with an east northeast wind around 20 mph , with gusts as high as 24 mph . Chance of precipitation is 30 % . Scattered showers , mainly before 10am . Mostly sunny , with a high near 84 . Breezy , with an east wind 20 to 22 mph , with gusts as high as 28 mph . Chance of precipitation is 30 % . Scattered showers , mainly after midnight . Partly cloudy , with a low around 69 . Windy , with an east wind 23 to 25 mph , with gusts as high as 32 mph . Chance of precipitation is 30 % . Puna Occasional showers . Low around 61 . Northwest wind around 6 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Occasional showers , mainly before 10am . High near 80 . Northwest wind 6 to 14 mph becoming northeast in the afternoon . Winds could gust as high as 18 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Occasional showers , mainly after midnight . Low around 61 . West northwest wind around 7 mph . Chance of precipitation is 80 % . New precipitation amounts of less than a tenth of an inch possible . Waikoloa Today : Sunny , with a high near 81 . Breezy , with a northeast wind 9 to 14 mph increasing to 15 to 20 mph in the afternoon . Winds could gust as high as 28 mph . Tonight : Mostly clear , with a low around 62 . Breezy , with an east wind 9 to 15 mph , with gusts as high as 21 mph . Thursday : Sunny , with a high near 81 . Northeast wind 9 to 14 mph becoming light in the afternoon . Winds could gust as high as 18 mph . Looking Ahead Data Courtesy of NOAA . gov | [
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http://bigmammasrva.com/ | How Can We Assist You Services Welcome Thank you for your interest in Big Mammas Event Services We are excited to have the opportunity to work with you We offer many services to make your planning a breeze Inquire today about our all inclusive packages starting at just 3999 for 100 guests Copyright 2017 Big Mammas Event Services All Rights Reserved Catering Desserts Photography Photo Booth Yard Games Reviews All Inclusive Packages Uncle Reggies Decor Services Recommended Vendors Powered by GoDaddy GoCentral | [
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http://bigredmarkets.com/meatdeli/ | We have Gift Cards Join us on Facebook Big Red Markets Thorold We are proud to be serving the Thorold St Catharines Niagara Falls Fonthill Pelham and Welland areas We carry quality product and pride ourselves on our own private label deli meats pasta sauces and spices AddressHours 206 Richmond Street Thorold ON L2V 4L8 Phone 9052271575 9052271586 MonSat 9am6pm Sun 10am5pm Cash and Interac accepted Free Parking Our Location | [
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http://bigsmiles4kids.com/ | Ahoy There Our Captain Dr Avni Chhabra Rampersaud Tour Our Office Map To Office Your Childs First Visit Caring For Your Childs Teeth Healthy Snack Ideas Office Policies Patient Forms Dental Emergencies PostOp Instructions Testimonials Dental Links Contact Us Our goal is to provide dental care in a warm safe and inviting environment for our families We specialize in treating children from age 1 through college We are currently welcoming new patients Let us help build a foundation of healthy oral habits to last a lifetime Come smile with us We look forward to meeting you and your child soon | [
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http://bigthink.com/videos/arianna-huffington-on-mindfulness-part-1 | Home Surprising Science Personal Growth Mind & Brain Sex & Relationships Technology & Innovation Culture & Religion Politics & Current Affairs Videos Think Again Podcasts Big Think Edge Sponsored by Pfizer Sponsored by Charles Koch Foundation Sponsored by Lumina Foundation Sponsored by Northwell Health Discover Video Big Think Edge JOIN PREMIUM SIGN IN For Arianna Huffington , Mindfulness is a Matter of Life or Death Centuries - old mindfulness breathing and meditation practices have become an increasingly popular fad , but do they really have the power to transform lives ? A growing body of scientific evidence says they do . Arianna Huffington Arianna Huffington is the co - founder and editor - in - chief of The Huffington Post , a nationally syndicated columnist , and author of fourteen books . Her newest book , Thrive : The Third Metric to Redefining Success and Creating a Life of Well - Being , Wisdom , and Wonder was published by Crown in March 2014 and debuted at # 1 on the New York Times Bestseller list . Since launching in 2005 , The Huffington Post has become one of the most widely - read , linked to , and frequently - cited media brands on the Internet . In 2012 , the site won a Pulitzer Prize for national reporting . Huffington has been named to Time Magazine ' s list of the world ' s 100 most influential people and the Forbes Most Powerful Women list . Originally from Greece , she moved to England when she was 16 and graduated from Cambridge University with an M.A. in economics . At 21 , she became president of the famed debating society , the Cambridge Union . She serves on several boards , including HuffPost ' s partners in Spain , the newspaper EL PAรS and its parent company PRISA ; Onex ; The Center for Public Integrity ; and The 27 February , 2015 Centuries - old mindfulness breathing and meditation practices have become an increasingly popular fad , but do they really have the power to transform lives ? In this interview with psychologist / author Maria Konnikova as part of Big Think ' s partnership with 92Y ' s Seven Days of Genius series , Arianna Huffington explains that mindfulness practices helped her overcome a mid - career crisis and refocus her priorities entirely . Together , Huffington and Konnikova review some of the recent scientific findings that support ancient beliefs about the power of mindfulness and meditation . This is the first video in an exclusive video series of today โ s brightest minds exploring the theory of genius . Exclusive videos will be posted daily on youtube . com / bigthink throughout 92nd Street Y โ s second annual 7 Days of Genius Festival : Venture into the Extraordinary , running March 1 to March 8 , 2015 . 7DaysOfGenius videos What evidence is there that animals are conscious beings ? Frans de Waal 17 April , 2019 content . jwplatform . com Consciousness has long been difficult to define , whether you ' re a biologist , neuroscientist , or philosopher . So Frans de Waal looks at what actions humans take that require conscious thought . Comparing them to actions in certain animals suggests consciousness is not a human trait alone . Mama ' s Last Hug : Animal Emotions and What They Tell Us about Ourselves List Price : $ 27.95 New From : $ 12.95 in Stock Used From : $ 16.49 in Stock The return of the ' stoned ape ' theory A long - ridiculed theory about humankind ' s early leap of consciousness is revived . Robby Berman 11 April , 2019 Photo credit : Elena Schweitzer procy / Shutterstock / Big Think Terence McKenna first proposed psychedelic mushrooms as the trigger for our rapid cognitive evolution . McKenna ' s theory was called the " Stoned Ape Hypothesis . " The hypothesis is being revisited as a possible answer to a vexxing evolutionary riddle . Keep reading consciousness intelligence apes language archeology evolutionary psychology mushrooms psilocybin evolution GPS data shows how wolf packs carve out territory The map shows the movements of seven different wolves over the course of a season . Stephen Johnson 16 April , 2019 The Voyageurs Wolf Project has been tracking wolf packs in Northern Minnesota since 2015 . The team uses GPS collars to track the movements of different packs , which hardly ever cross into one another ' s territories . Recently , the Voyageurs Wolf Project also captured what ' s likely to be the first - ever video of a wolf freshwater fishing . Keep reading map science animals | [
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http://bijog.com/biography/seema-mody | Enlarge Image Seema Mody is a very well - known television anchor and global markets reporter for CNBC . She works at the Global Headquarters for the television news network , which are located in the city of Englewood Cliffs . Mody is the first South Asian to be able to reach such heights on the ladder of success of television news anchoring . Mody was previously working at CNBC - TV 18 as an anchor and television reporter and , most recently , Mody was co - anchor for " Worldwide Exchange " based in London . Related Biography : James Badge Dale Mody is gorgeous , gracious looking , and maintains a professional presence that behooves an accomplished anchor woman but it has not always been that way . When she first started working at CNBC it was thought that her appearance did not meet the standard of her co - workers and that even her outfits were โ gloomy and tedious . โ But Mody was able to transform herself and is now considered to be quite glamorous . Mody was previously an anchor and reporter at CNBC - TV18 in Mumbai , India where she covered India ' s economic Mody is an Oregon native and was born to parents of Indian descent . She has frequently stated that her Indian culture has helped her forge the path of success rather than impeding her . Mody went to Valley Catholic high school in her home town of Beaverton . She says the women that influenced her most at that time were Sisters Juliana Monti and Denise Klaas , both teachers at her elementary school and both longtime music teachers ; Sister Juliana is director of the music school . Mody said they taught her how to use her stomach to aid her singing . " It ' s a skill I still use today when I speak in front of millions of people on TV , " she says . Seema also credits English teacher She later completed her higher studies and received a Bachelor โ s Degree in Biology from the University of Washington . She also worked at a health care center but after completing the premed studies at the University of Washington she realized that โ this may not be for me โฆ I had to let go of my dream of practicing medicine . โ Apparently , her true passion was for a different line of work . " After a couple of stops , I found my true calling in journalism , " she says . Today , through persistence Mody has previously worked in different CNBC shows including Street Signs , as well as Kudlow Report and Closing Bell . Her work on The Kudlow Report was completely focused on the fields of pharmaceutical and biotechnology . She was the on air personality that brought a sense of sophistication and a touch of glamour to the otherwise staid network . Mody was also an anchor woman for the London - based CNBC branch from the year 2014 till 2015 . She returned to New York a year later , where she took on such weighty topics as Bitcoin and Continue reading about Seema Mody . . . Also Read : Ryan Ochoa | [
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http://bijog.com/biography/tucker-carlson | Enlarge Image Tucker Swanson McNear Carlson was born on May 16th , 1969 in San Francisco , California . He is famous for being an American conservative political commentator for the Fox News network . He is currently the host of his own TV program called Tucker Carlson Tonight , which airs during Fox News โ primetime slot previously held by The O ' Reilly Factor Related Biography : Tammy Bruce Upbringing Tucker was raised in a suburb located in San Diego called Carlsbad . His biological parents were Lisa McNear and Richard Warner Carlson . He had a younger brother that he looked after . Tucker was raised by his adoptive mother Patricia Caroline Swanson who was formerly Howard Feldman ' s wife . Her extreme wealth went back to being the only heiress of the Swanson Food Conglomerate fortune . Tucker โ s conservative views were likely influenced by his wealthy childhood . His father , Richard Warner was a former news anchor in Los Angeles . Tucker went to a boarding school in Middletown , Rhode Island called St . George ' s School . After graduation , he studied history at Trinity College in Hartford , Connecticut . Journalism and Reporting Carlson โ s career started as a member of the editorial staff of a national journal called the Policy Review . He later worked as a reporter for The Arkansas Democrat - Gazette newspaper in Little Rock , Arkansas . Carlson has reported around the world as a newspaper and magazine journalist . He also wrote for The New Yorker and Reader โ s Digest as a columnist . The full list of papers and journals he has been writing for include Esquire , The New Republic , The Daily Beast , The New York Times Magazine and The Weekly Standard With Neil Patel , Carlson launched a news website called The Daily Caller . He was made himself the editor - in - chief and often writes his political opinions at the site . The Daily Caller has been enriched with many big time blog writers and its reports have been cited on many major news channels . Carlson was working with a conservative tabloid in his starting days and it influenced his thinking and values . He grew up as a traditional thinker and his attitude is reflected in the jobs he accepts . He has ideas about politics , war and presidential candidates that he loves to defend against other people . News Broadcasting Career Tucker Carlson has been a political commentator and news commentator at Fox News for a very long time but he got his break when he joined CNN . When Carlson started at CNN , he was the youngest anchor at the station . He got his start on TV as co - host of the CNN program called Crossfire . He also hosted a public access program called : Unfiltered . He also produced a program at MSNBC called Tucker but it was shut down after few seasons because of low ratings . After joining Fox News as a contributor at Fox News in 2009 , he regularly presented a number of programs and shows as a host or anchor . Continue reading about Tucker Carlson . . . Also Read : Tamara Nora Holder | [
"TUCKER CARLSON"
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http://bike-advisor.com/bicycle-guides/aluminum-frames-6061-vs-7005-which-is-the-best.html | Guides Aluminum Frames : 6061 vs 7005 . Which Is the Best ? September 18 , 2012 10 96709 Aluminum frame bikes are among the best selling models and according to statistics they represent the segment with the biggest sales volume on the market . It is quite natural to be so , since poor quality steel is an obsolete material ( however the story is radically different with hi - quality steel ) , carbon can be expensive sometimes and titanium is not so easy to find . Below you can read an extensive presentation of the two aluminum types widely used in cycling industry , 6061 and 7005 , and of the various technologies enhancing their performance . There are two main reasons why 6061 and 7005 are the most used aluminum alloys in cycling industry : their availability and their properties . Two other alloys , 6066 and 6069 are also used , but on a smaller scale , at least nowadays . Even scandium frames were actually aluminum frames alloyed with a small amount of scandium , and still remained too expensive . There are also other types of aluminum , such as 7075 and 2014 which are very strong , but almost impossible to weld . 6061 is an alloy that consists of aluminum , magnesium and silicone and is considered to be superior to 7005 , made of aluminum and zinc , although the latter appears to be more resistant . 7005 aluminum has a resistance to failure of 51,000 psi , compared to the 45,000 psi recorded for 6061 aluminum while also being more resistant to squeeze . However , these are just laboratory obtained data , after tests performed on different aluminum tubes . When it comes to bicycles frames , the differences between the levels of resistance are also influenced by factors Experience has proved that there are indeed differences between 6061 and 7005 alloys but they are hardly to be taken into account . It โ s very unlikely that a usual cyclist will ever put his frame to such pressure that the limits of the two alloys will come into play . But then , why is 6061 considered superior to 7005 ? Because the 6061 alloy is easier to handle , reducing frames production costs . Basically , 6061 aluminum allows manufacturers to obtain lighter frames which are also better designed . And last but not least technologies and machinery needed to process 6061 alloys have become cheaper in recent years , which has some obvious implications . Furthermore , it is necessary to clarify another two terms we often meet for aluminum frames : butted and tapered . What do single butted , double butted and triple butted really mean ? The term butted refers to the thickness of tube wall . If tubes have only one dimension along them , we refer to the frame as being butted , if it they have two dimensions ( being thicker at the tube ends and thinner along the middle ) then we are talking about double butted frames . Finally , if tubes have three different wall thicknesses along their length , then then frame is described as being triple butted . This technology is successfully applied to reduce the amount of material used for a frame , decreasing its weight by Tapered refers to the conical shape of head tube ( the part of the frame housing the fork โ s steering tube ) . To put it as simply as possible , the top of the head tube has a smaller diameter than its bottom . Thus , manufacturers obtain a higher resistance in this area of the frame , a higher rigidity and a better stability of the bicycle . TAGS double butted single butted triple butted 10 COMMENTS Koga bets on aluminium for high - end road bikes | Bicycle reviews and components reviews - Bike - advisor . com February 4 , 2013 at 10 : 46 am [ โฆ ] new bike from Koga is named A Limited and is made out of the 6069 alloy , instead of the popular 7005 or 6061 . The Dutch company states that it is a superior alloy , which saves a handful of grams and is [ โฆ ] Reply Aluminum Frames : 6061 vs 7005 Which is Best | pedalpusher July 5 , 2013 at 6 : 32 pm [ โฆ ] https : / / www . bike - advisor . com / bicycle - guides / aluminum - frames - 6061 - vs - 7005 - which - is - the - best . html [ โฆ ] Reply Canyon Roadlite AL brings performance to budget riders | Bicycle reviews and components reviews - Bike - advisor . com August 14 , 2013 at 1 : 47 pm [ โฆ ] frame is manufactured out of 6061 aluminum , and has a sporty geometry , though not ideal for racing . Comfort has been carefully regarded , but [ โฆ ] Bob Dobson May 18 , 2015 at 7 : 24 pm Pretty sure there is no Silicone in the alloys . Silicon yes . Silicone no . BTW what is the โ resistance to failure โ measurement you mention ? Is it tensile strength ? Petr Lanc February 8 , 2017 at 9 : 13 pm Better should be stated โ resistance to fracture โ or โ fatigue failure โ or even more popular โ fatigue strength โ than we surely know that is all talking about fatigue and not about Ftu which could be shortly defined as โ resistance to break โ . Live in Peace ! random November 16 , 2015 at 3 : 10 pm Triple - butted is what you are before you start riding a bike and lose some weight . frame advisor June 21 , 2017 at 1 : 21 pm The diagram for triple butted is wrong . Triple butted tubes are like double butted ones but with different diameters at each end . Chris B July 25 , 2017 at 5 : 43 pm Thanks for the overview of Alloy Material , much appreciated . I love high end Steel Mountain Bikes like Chris Chance and Tom Ritchey make . Nonetheless , by mistake โฆ after riding my brothers 7005 Series Aluminum 1997 Diamond Back Response Mountain Bike , I feel in love with the Ride Quality of the Frame / Bike ! It was just as forgiving as a High Quality Steel Bike but a third lighter ! I โ m also familiar with 6160 Aluminum and although it โ s as light as 7005 , the MTBiking ride quality does n โ bobdobson July 28 , 2017 at 10 : 18 pm Consider that tubing design , shape coupled with frame design is more responsible for the ride quality than the material . Usually there is a greater difference in the tube dimensions than the engineering properties of the materials themselves . However , a good frame designer should take that into account thus minimizing the limitations of various materials while simultaneously maximizing the advantages . BadRonald March 26 , 2018 at 1 : 26 am I also have an old Fat Chance that I bought from Chris โฆ .Tange OX Prestige โฆ .22 .5 LB hard tail and hard to beat even now โฆ . | [
"Aluminum Frames",
"obsolete material",
"cycling industry"
] |
http://bikesilvercomet.com/mileage-chart.aspx | Symbol Legend Restaurant Grocery Lodging Camping Bike Shop Bike Rental Point of Interest Trailhead Parking Water Restroom Phone Table / Bench ATM Internet Tour Organizer Hospital Silver Comet Trail & Chief Ladiga Trail Mileage Chart For Hiram , GA For towns along the Chief Ladiga you see two numbers in the Mile Marker column . The top number is the Chief Ladiga mile marker ( starting with zero at the state line ) , while the bottom number ( in italics ) would be the mile marker if you started counting at zero on the Silver Comet Trail ( starting at Smyrna ) . Include trails : Silver Comet ( Georgia ) Chief Ladiga ( Alabama ) East to West West to East Click any town name to re - orient the mileage numbers to that town . Town Distance Mile Marker Services Smyrna , GA 11.5 3 Smyrna info Powder Springs , GA 3 11.5 Powder Springs info Hiram , GA 0 14.5 Hiram info Dallas , GA 4.8 19.3 Dallas info Rambo , GA 7.75 22.25 Rambo info Coot ' s Lake , GA 18.8 33.3 Coot ' s Lake info Van Wert , GA 21.75 36.25 Van Wert info Rockmart , GA 24.5 39 Rockmart info Fish Creek , GA 30.25 44.75 Fish Creek info Cedartown , GA 37.25 51.75 Cedartown info Piedmont , AL 60.1 13.6 74.6 Piedmont info Jacksonville , AL 72.1 25.6 86.6 Jacksonville info Weaver , AL 78.2 31.7 92.7 Weaver info Anniston , AL 79 32.5 93.5 Anniston info | [
"Silver Comet Trail",
"Chief Ladiga Trail Mileage Chart",
"Hiram , GA"
] |
http://bikesmarts.com/reviewed-8-great-entry-level-road-bikes-1000-under/ | Bikes Cyclocross Road Reviewed : 7 Best Entry - Level Road Bikes Under $ 1000 Updated : December 31 , 2018 0 Comments Seven best overall road bikes below the $ 1000 price point It was n โ t that long ago that spending less than $ 1000 on a road bike was the domain of commuters looking to find a cheap ride into work . The market has changed dramatically since then , and the $ 1000 range is now becoming a very competitive price point . There โ s a lot of value to be found , and fewer compromises than ever before . This piece is written to help you find a good road bike at or below $ 1000 . We โ ll be reviewing each one , mentioning the style of riding it โ s suited for , and any other concerns worth noting . This article is part of a series on entry level road bikes . Stay tuned for the next piece , which will explore the $ 1500 price range ! What to look for in a $ 1000 road bike Fancy Frame or Components ? At this price point there are a number of approaches manufacturers seem to be selling us . There โ s the โ great frame โ approach , ( meant to wow customers with a bike that looks far more expensive than it actually is but warrant upgrades on componentry over time . ) Some manufacturers concentrate on an overall package which represents great value to the consumer . Others simply find a cheap frameset and build to a high specification around that . If you want something visually impressive to wow your friends and work colleagues , consider the great frame option . However , if you โ re after a bike for the long term , a more rounded package will offer the best longevity . Carbon Fibre ? While carbon is often seen at the high end of the market it has n โ t quite filtered its way down to this price point . ( Carbon forks are the only exception ; you can find them almost as a standard on road bikes around the $ 1000 price point . ) What About Disc Brakes ? A recent development for road bikes has been the inclusion of disc brakes . These offer enhanced braking over traditional calipers , while adding a tiny amount of additional weight . Their performance is much better in wet conditions , although they can be an expensive addition to a road bike . Their prominence is increasing , but they โ re still mostly seen on cyclocross bikes ( which offer a rider more riding options for dirt roads and the occasional excursion across grass or mud . ) Cyclocross tires offer some speed on the roads although it โ s At present many national federations do not allow disc brake equipped bikes for road racing . If you โ re looking at buying with the hope of maybe entering a few race events , it โ s best to steer clear of them for now . Above all , the most important thing in any bike , whether it โ s $ 99 or $ 999 , is to get the proper fit for your riding needs . We โ re going to take a look at 8 good quality road bicycles that cost around $ 1000 or less . I hope one or two of them appeals to you ! We โ ve organized the article into two sections , road and gravel , depending on your riding style . Gravel road bikes ( or cyclocross ) have wider tires with beefier tread . Road 1 ) Giant Contend 3 : A very inexpensive road bike below $ 1k , well - rounded Price : $ 850 If your budget is minuscule but you โ re hoping to land good value for your buck , the Giant Contend is worth checking out . The Contend 3 features a well - rounded build focused around a lightweight , ALUXX - grade aluminium frame ( Giant โ s proprietary 6061 alloy of choice ) and an alloy fork . A balanced riding position and reasonable overall weight offer great value . It will happily allow you to start road racing or get you over the high passes of a sportive , all without destroying your bank balance . Giant โ s Contend range features a selection of budget friendly road bikes . The base model 3 features Shimano โ s entry - level Claris group for smooth shifting at recession busting prices . The 2 is very similarly outfitted but features a carbon composite fork , while the 1 has a stronger Shimano Sora groupset . Tires are also proprietary to Giant , with the company selecting to equip a pair of SR - 4 shoes ; excellent , treadless tires . You may want to upgrade to something more durable with the money you โ ve saved . With comfortable yet fast road handling and a great overall package the Giant Contend 3 offers a rider great value . At under $ 700 , it โ s a fantastic all - round road bike for under $ 1000 . While there may be bikes out there at the price point which will score highly on individual aspects , the Contend is a well thought - out bike that โ s a pleasure to ride . Pros : Low price , great tires , stiff frame , very well - rounded . Well suited to entry level cyclists . Cons : Claris groupset is lower - end , only features 8 ร 2 speeds 2 ) Nashbar 105 Carbon : A fantastic โ no middle - man โ road bicycle for less than $ 1000 Price : $ 999 Online retailer Nashbar has a real knack of putting together some great bike packages . By taking out the middle - man they can pass the savings on to us . Their carbon - framed , Shimano 105 groupset - equipped road bike is no exception . All your friends will ask if you โ ve been handling stolen property when you disclose how much you paid . 11 speeds have now filtered down to Shimano โ s 105 groupset ( the Nashbar features almost a full 105 groupset . ) A FSA Gossamer chainset and reliable - yet - cost - efficient Tektro brakes detract only minimally from their 105 counterparts . The groupset allows for a highly affordable entry level road bike without leaving it lagging behind . A strong , light and responsive carbon fibre frame with a tapered steerer and carbon fork are a shock at this price point . Carbon and 105 paired together usually sets you back many thousands . Nashbar balanced the budget with a pair of decent but inexpensive Vuelta Zerolites . This wheelset offers performance and reliability but they do more accurately reflect price point . The Nashbar 105 is a bike that would be happy in the middle of a peloton for an improving cyclist . Likewise , it would be equally comfortable conveying you a few miles to work and back . It โ s certainly a bike to put a smile on your face regardless of your riding needs . If you time it right Nashbar often have 20 % off flash sales so you could get a fantastic further saving on an already excellent specification bike that would make an ideal first racing bike . Either way , it โ s a serious and affordable road bike for much less than $ 1000 , and a great choice for beginner riders on a budget . Pros : Shimano 105 components , full carbon frame and fork is outstanding , great price tag . Cons : Not a full 105 groupset . Very stealthy and non - badged frame . 3 ) Diamondback Century : A good road bike for long distance rides Price : $ 949 If you โ re looking for a comfortable road bike to get your through sportive events and century rides , but one which wo n โ t break the bank , the Diamondback Century 2 could be the one . It โ s an affordable , sub - $ 1000 road bicycle that โ s designed for all day riding . The Century features a lightweight and responsive endurance orientated frame and matching 7005 aluminum alloy forks . Its geometry is designed for longer rides so it would also make a fantastic winter training bike . It โ s perfect for club cyclists wanting to protect their more expensive bikes , or for someone looking for a fast and comfortable commuter . It โ s when you โ ve got a long day in the saddle planned that the Century really excels with a comfortable , slightly more upright position which will suit newcomers to the sport or potentially those who suffer lower back issues . It โ s a fantastic entry - level choice for a beginner to road cycling , but is by no means a basic bicycle . It is equipped well enough to keep even an experienced cyclist content . The Century 2 offers riders a fantastic Equation wheelset designed for performance and comfort with a wide profile rim to incorporate slightly wider tires . This allows for a more comfortable ride while not compromising on weight or speed . The Shimano Sora drivetrain is nothing special , but it works well and makes for an exceptional value package . If you โ re hoping for a women โ s frame , the Diamondback Airen is essentially identical . Comfortable frame geometry , well suited to beginner road cyclists , great wheelset . Cons : Less race oriented , more upright , Sora groupset is nothing particularly special . 4 ) Specialized Allez Sport : Big name brand and a great frameset Specialized Allez Sport If you โ re seduced by the appeal of a big brand name , the Specialized Allez Sport could be the right bike for you . At an MSRP of $ 970 it comes well within the $ 1000 range . While you are paying for the big brand name , you also get a fantastic Specialized premium E5 aluminium frame and FACT carbon fork designed to reduce road vibration . That reduces component wear and tear over time . The remaining specification on the Allez Sport is poor in comparison to several of the other bikes featured here . You โ re left with a 9 speed Shimano Sora groupset which is weaker than the Tiagra and 105 offerings on other bikes in the price range . Additionally , it features a slightly heavier wheelset . In my estimation , the positive characteristics of the frameset are negated by slower feeling components . As an overall package this makes the Allez Sport weak against the competition . Still , it โ s worth considering since it is a fantastic frameset that you could easily upgrade , and it will retain its value due to the respected brand . Big brand , fantastic aluminum frame and carbon fork . Cons : Components and drivetrain do n โ t compare as nicely to others on this list . 5 ) The Tommaso Monza : Among the best road bikes under $ 1000 Tommaso Monza Endurance Aluminum Road Bike , Carbon Fork , Shimano Tiagra , 20 Speeds , Aero Wheels โ Blue โ Small $ 899.99 USD The Tommaso Monza is a great package for entry road riders at an exceptionally good price . Currently priced at about $ 950 , the bike compares well to big brand bikes at up to twice its cost . Tommaso may not be a brand you know but with its Italian styling and value orientated approach it is fast gaining popularity amongst savvy cyclists . Featuring a lightweight 6061 hydroformed aluminium compact frame and carbon fibre fork specifically designed for female riders , the Monza offers reassuring road handling while offering a light weight . A groupset largely consisting of Tiagra components provides long - term reliability and 11 gears . A Tiagra 50 / 34T compact chainset also allows for a wide range of gearing which will suit newcomers and those in a panic when you get to climbs when combined with an 11x32t cassette . Finishing kit comes mainly from Tommaso โ s own label , which certainly holds its own but does n โ t offer a real advantage over others on this list . Racy looking 40mm deep section wheels offer aerodynamics and good looks , while satisfying those of us that want to look like a pro racer at a fraction of the cost . Pros : Tiagra / 105 components , affordable price tag , great looks . Not a well - known brand . Many โ house โ components . Gravel Life is n โ t always about riding on smooth asphalt roads . Sometimes you get to a point where you โ d like to turn off the road and onto some forest tracks . If you do n โ t really fancy a heavy mountain bike , you โ re not out of luck . There are some very reasonably priced beginner level gravel road bikes and cyclocross offerings to choose from . For the explorer in us a cyclocross bike or gravel road bike could be a great option for gravel roads , forest tracks and also if you might want to consider trying your hands at cyclocross racing over the winter to add to the variety . Fitting a set of road tires is easy and the narrower , easier gearing of a cyclocross bike would suit junior riders and those who live in hillier areas for the roads whilst cyclocross tires offer a huge amount of adaptability from road to trails . 6 ) Mongoose Selous : Gravel - happy road bike with disc brakes Mongoose Selous Sport Gravel Road Bike with 700cm Wheel , Silver $ 853.09 USD The Mongoose Selous offers riders a little more sturdiness on rough roads and back country trails without the drawback of a mountain bike while riding around the city . Its main feature is a custom , double - butted aluminum frame and alloy fork to offer lightness and response while mechanical disc brakes provide adequate stopping power in any situation . The riding position is also a little more upright on a cyclocross bike so you wo n โ t feel as stretched out over longer rides . The naked - looking silver painted frame really draws the eye to the bike and Shimano Sora gearing and shifting wo n โ t let you down on a muddy December ride . With wider tires than a typical road bike and a far less aggressive riding stance , this ride wo n โ t compete with strictly road - oriented models , but the ability to ride on multiple surfaces while retaining the agility and nimble ride quality of a road bike mean that cyclocross bikes like this are growing in popularity . Well - rounded bike , great for trails or tarmac , Sora gearing . Upright riding position is n โ t suited for high speed riding . 7 ) Tommaso Illimitate : An affordable entry level road / gravel bike Tommaso Illimitate Shimano Tiagra Gravel Adventure Bike with Disc Brakes , Extra Wide Tires , and Carbon Fork , Perfect for Road Or Dirt Trail Touring , Matte Black โ Medium $ 999.99 USD If you โ re looking to ride gravel roads as well as smooth tarmac , the Tommaso Illimitate is a great bike currently hovering around the $ 1000 price point . It โ s a cyclocross bike and will therefore work well almost anywhere you want to take it ( including some mountain bike trails if you โ re brave ) . It will serve you well as a do - anything bike from commutes along the river and through local parks to the rough roads of a city centre . Braking comes courtesy of Tektro โ s capable Lyra disc brakes . Discs are slowly integrating the road bike marketplace as they offer better , more reliable braking in all conditions ( particularly in mud and rain ) when compared to caliper brakes . The bike also features the capable Shimano Tiagra groupset featured on many of the other bikes featured in this price range . It โ s a perfect fit at this price tag and works well . The beauty of a bicycle like the Illimitate is that you could easily ride it to work during the week and then race a cyclocross event at the weekend . Or , fit a set of road bike tires and head up into the mountains on a sportive or century ride . Its adaptability makes it a great purchase and currently they โ re available for less than $ 900 from several retailers . It โ s a budget - priced , sub - $ 1000 , gravel road bike for beginner to expert riders . Tiagra components , mechanical disc brakes stop extremely well , adaptable ride . Cons : โ Do anything โ bikes tend to not excel in any one area . Tags : Blue Diamondback Felt Mekk Nashbar Specialized Tommaso | [
"Road Bikes",
"Fancy Frame"
] |
http://bikewashington.org/canal/ | CO Canal Bicycling Guide Please visit the CO Towpath Group for the most up to date towpath information Next Topic Trip Planning Map of the Towpath ANNOUNCING CO Companion for iPhone The 1845 mile long Chesapeake Ohio Canal is located along the north bank of the Potomac River starting in Washington DC and ending in Cumberland MD The canal was built between 1828 and 1850 and it operated sporadically between floods until 1924 In 1954 US Supreme Court Justice William O Douglas organized an eight day hike up the canals towpath in an effort to save it from being converted to a parkway His efforts succeeded and in 1971 the canal became a National Historic Park Today much of the canal has been drained of water and reclaimed by the forest However the canals towpath remains a favorite of hikers joggers and bicyclists Like myself many local cyclists have considered trying to bike the entire 184 miles between Georgetown and Cumberland MD I started biking large sections of the lower 60 miles with high school buddies back around 1981 This was before ATBs so I used my Sears Best Ross 10speed Since then Ive completed five through trips Thanks to the new Great Allegheny Passage Trail it is now possible to ride 330 traffic free miles from Washington DC all the way to Pittsburgh PA as we did in 2007 You can also read about my earlier trips in 1995 2003 and 2004 Milepost 73 Potomac bridges from the past at Shepherstown WV Before you start out on your epic journey I strongly recommend trying some shorter trips to prepare yourself The towpath is not paved the surface is typically clay and crushed stone so it is a bit rough Therefore you will need to build up some calluses on your butt before starting out no joke The first 20 miles is the most heavily used and is a good place to practice Looking for other Washington DC trails Check out John Urmans excellent On The Canal video Now for sale on DVD | [
"Potomac River"
] |
http://bikexprt.com/map/bwmap.htm | A Map of the Seneca Villages and the Jesuit and French Contacts 1615 - 1708 ( version with white background ) Table of Contents Instructions for viewing A Guide to the Map Description of map Chronology : 1608 1615 | 1642 | 1646 1649 - 50 | 1656 1666 1668 1677 1678 - 79 | 1683 - 84 1700 1759 Conclusion Reference works Footnotes Large map Detailed instructions How this map came to be Reading the Guide to the Map and viewing the map Click in the small keymap below or on links in the text of the Guide to the Map to view the corresponding part of the full - scale map . Your browser may take you only to the target row ; then scroll to the right using the keyboard or mouse . Click here for more complete instructions , especially if display of the map when scrolling is very slow . The maps for this page have a white background . You may also view an alternate version of this page that has maps with colored background panels as a navigation aid . A B C D 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 A B C D * * * A Guide to the Map of the Seneca Villages and the Jesuit and French Contacts 1615 - 1708 Revised by Alexander M . Stewart Map drawn by Helen M . Erickson Published by the Author 30 Audubon Street , Rochester , New York Third Edition , May 1955 Transcribed and edited by John S . Allen , March 1997 Note : links in red like 1A : 2B are to map panels . Detailed instructions . Begin by placing the map in plain view , then observe the name of the map , in the lower center 6B : 7C , and the dates 1615 , soon after the first white contact in 1611 , and 1708 , the time of the retreat of Father De Heu . Above the lower center , 5A : 6D , notice five Indian villages and remember that the powerful and warlike Seneca tribe resided in these villages . The watercourses and modern villages are from the United States Geological Survey maps . The area of the map is about twenty by thirty miles . The villages have Indian names , the name of the Christian chapel and the name of the nearby modern American village . Locations : Three villages are south from Rochester , N . Y . , near Clover Street . Totiakton No . 1 , or Sonnontuan 5B , is on the hill south of the station at Rochester Junction , Lehigh Valley Railroad . Totiakton No . 2 , 6B , is on the Dann farm , one mile west of Honeoye Falls , to the right of the turn to Lima . ( See monument . ) Various museums received a large collection of Seneca and Jesuit relics which had been unearthed on this site . Two villages are south of Victor . From Victor to Ganagaro 6C , and the monument is one mile on the Victor - Holcomb Road . Three miles father on , in the village of Holcomb , just before crossing the railroad , turn left between a cider mill and lumber yard . Then go two miles and cross one new concrete bridge , stop immediately and look up on the left for the boulder monument illustrated on the lower right of the map . Gandougarae , or St . Michael ' s , 6D , was one - half mile downstream from the monument . The place is known as the Marsh or Buell farm . Nothing remains on these beautiful hill - top sites , but letters written from these places and translated into English [ 1 ] are in libraries . Museums in Rochester , Buffalo and Albany contain fine reproductions of Seneca cabins and remains of Seneca village life . The sites are on private property ; the owners appreciate being asked . Much of the work of rediscovering these sites was done by William Beauchamp of Baldwinsville , N.Y. , and General John S . Clark of Auburn , New York . These villages were reached , during the French colonial period , almost entirely via Quรฉbec . Travel was via the St . Lawrence River around the eight big rapids , wading in shallow water , then into Lake Ontario , to the Oswego River , to Jesuit headquarters on Onondaga Lake ( upper right inset , 3D ) . The way then was by the Seneca River as far as a canoe could go , then by the Great Middle Trail to the Seneca country . All incoming Jesuits reported to the Superior at Onondaga . Father Frรฉmin walked from Lake Champlain . See date 1608 ( upper right inset , 1D : 2D ) . Champlain founded Quรฉbec and soon after , in 1615 , began the alliance with the Hurons and Algonquins , enemies of the conquering Iroquois , which began the policy of alliance with other enemies of the Iroquois . 1615 ( lower right , 7D ) , Stephen Brulรฉ and other young men were employed by Champlain to help explore the country . It was a time of hard travel , at an average rate of 30 miles a day , by canoe and carry . Thousand mile journeys were frequent . Brulรฉ and Champlain reached the Hurons by the Ottawa River , passing 240 miles north of Toronto , through Lake Nipissing and the French River to Georgian Bay , the great eastern bulb of Lake Huron ( not on this map ; see map of Ontario ) , and came to the Huron [ 2 ] ( 1626 ) and Jean de Brรฉbeuf and Joseph Chaumonot ( 1640 ) came southward into New York State , near Lockport . 1642 ( upper right inset , 3D ) , Father Isaac Jogues and Renรฉ Goupil , with many canoes loaded with supplies , returning to the Huron country from Quรฉbec , were captured by the Mohawks . [ 3 ] Goupil was tomahawked . Fr . Jogues was held a slave , and he used his slavery as an opportunity for missionary work . 1646 ( upper right inset , ) , Father Jogues on a third trip to the Mohawks and John Laland with him , were killed . ( Visit shrine at Auriesville , N.Y. ) 1649 - 50 , the Senecas and their allies ( see upper right center inset , 2C : 3C ) destroyed the Huron nation , killed five French missionaries who were canonized in 1930 , and adopted a village of Christian Captives . ( See Holcomb ) . 1656 ( see on map first chapel at Onondaga , second chapel at Cayuga , , Chaumonot in list of missionaries 4A : 4B and Holcomb monument ) . Huron Christian captives among the Iroquois tribes demanded missionaries . The Iroquois made peace with the French . Only the Mohawks remained hostile . A French colony was started beside Onondaga Lake , at the present site of the French fort on the Onondaga Parkway . From here missionaries went to all the Iroquois tribes . A plot to massacre all the French members of the new colony was discovered . The missionaries were recalled to Onondaga , called then Ganentaa . A great feast was given in which the Indians were compelled , by a solemn custom , to eat everything placed before them . When the Indians crawled , half paralyzed , to their cabins , more than fifty Frenchmen , terrified at every sound , stole down the Oswego to Lake Ontario and , without guides , ran the rapids of the St . Lawrence , losing only two men . War ensued in which Father Peter Raffeix ( middle left inset , 4A : 4B ) was chaplain of the Tracy and Courcelles expedition [ 4 ] in which 1200 men marched from Montreal to Schenectady on snowshoes , in January , in temperature more than 30 below zero , using only such camping equipment as they could carry . They reached an Indian village [ 5 ] near Schenectady and the Mohawks made peace . 1666 ( upper right inset , ) , Albany and New York had been English for two years without these Frenchmen knowing it . George Downing [ 6 ] , Harvard class of 1642 , was the agent for the English Crown who in 1664 influenced the Dutch to adopt Dutch Guiana for their holdings in New York . ( Remember George Downing , godfather of Downing Street in London , England . ) An unbroken strip of English territory from Maine to Georgia was formed by this deal . All this strip was near to ocean - going commerce with cargoes of a hundred tons possible and with all the year - round traffic , which contrasts with the far - flung French territory with the canoe cargo 1668 ( inset middle left , 4A : 4B and Father Frรฉmin ' s village , 5B ) . Missions were resumed in all the Iroquois cantons . The Iroquois thereby took advantage of 16 years ' peace by trying to capture the fur trade [ 7 ] of the Illinois and Upper Lakes Indians . In the left middle inset , 4A : 4B , are the names of the missionaries and the dates of their residence in this territory . Chaumonot made only a visit . Father Frรฉmin and his assistant were the first white residents of Monroe County . By 1673 , with the coming of Father Pierron , each of four villages had its bark chapel . Father Garnier was resident in this region for 16 years , with no record of his going away until 1683 ( see sailing vessel , upper right , 1D ) . The high quality of these men deserves recognition . Their intellectual training and spiritual endowments would be equal to those of the teachers in theological seminaries . Any one of them could take a Ph . D . degree . They knew French , Greek , Latin , Hebrew , and several Indian dialects . Individual talents were given training ( see Fr . Pierron , lower right ) . Father Garnier , in his later years , made a report of the habits and customs of the Seneca Indians through Father Lafitau , who wrote a large two - One of the earliest maps of this region was made by Renรฉ Galinรฉe , followed by a map by Father Raffeix . All the Great Lakes were carefully mapped by missionaries of this period . In addition to cartography they also knew campcraft and forest lore . On journeys they used their long robes for tents . A member of the Company of Jesus might one year be confessor to a European princess and next year be Shepherd of Souls among cannibals . He was equal to both duties . High as was their learning , they gave themselves up 1C ) may have been caused by kneeling two hours daily on cold ground or possibly by kneeling in a canoe or wading up rapids . Their valiant faith stands out with interesting contrast in a time that is conceited about its uncertainty . By their lives they furnished their own scientific proof of what they believed . Their days were long , beginning before sunrise with personal religious exercises , followed by such a day of visiting Indians as would tire out a modern salesman . They made unremitting effort to go the rounds of the more than 4000 members of their parish as frequently as possible . They were sad only when some soul which they might have sent to glory escaped their ministrations . Their baptisms and their prayers were considered sorceries by the Indians , so that they were constantly in danger of death - - a danger which they met with sublime patience 1677 ( middle right inset 5D and quaint English quotations 4D ) . Wentworth Greenhalg [ 8 ] is the only prominent English - speaking contact during this period . He reported the military strength of the Indian tribes . This was the earliest English interest in Seneca territory . Fort Frontenac , on site of Kingston , Ontario ( upper right inset , 3C ) , was the French base of control for Lake Ontario . Here in the summer of 1678 the first sailing vessels on Lake Ontario were built . From here La Salle made several visits to the Iroquois tribes . His first visit was in 1669 ( see canoes on lake , 1B ) , when he spent four weeks at father Frรฉmin ' s village , Sonnontuan , waiting for a captive Wisconsin Indian to show him the portages to the Mississippi from the Upper Lakes . When the Senecas returned from trading with plenty of Dutch liquor , they got drunk and burned the captive Indian . 1678 - 9 ( upper left inset , U.S. 20 , 2B - - Mass by Fr . Hennepin [ 9 ] - - lower left , 6A : 7A , belts of wampum and conference at ) . The Griffon , 2A , first vessel to sail on Lake Erie and up the St . Clair River past the present site of Detroit into Lake Michigan , was loaded with furs near Green Bay Wisconsin , and sent back on its return voyage . It never was heard of again . In order to cover this loss , LaSalle , walking much of the way , went back East and organized another expedition with which he explored the Mississippi river and mouth , completing the exploration which had been begun by Joliet and Fr . Marquette . Henri de Tonty of the [ 10 ] near the present Joliet , Illinois . A valuable fur trade was stimulated between the Illinois Indians and Quรฉbec : the French undertook to protect the Illinois from the Iroquois , their enemies . The Iroquois , made arrogant by many conquests , attacked the Illinois with deadly fury but ultimately were defeated . 1683 - 84 . These dates mark the time of withdrawal of all French missionaries and all Frenchmen from the country of the Senecas and the cantons of the Iroquois . This withdrawal was made necessary in prospect of Governor de la Barre ' s expedition to Hungry Bay ( upper right inset , ) . This expedition consisted of several hundred sick and starving Frenchmen , with a big - mouthed Iroquois chief telling them that he had begun to suspect their friendly intentions and that had he not interfered , the boys and old women from his village would have come out had put an end to them with their bows and arrows . This expedition had no effect . Denonville ' s expedition ( 1687 ) [ 11 ] ( See fort at mouth of Irondequoit Bay , 1B : 2B ) and follow arrows and dashes , noticing dates ) , with 2400 men on a scorching July day , crossed Monroe County . Many members of this expedition wrote accounts [ 12 ] . After burning the Seneca villages and destroying the corn , Denonville encamped at Mendon Ponds , and near Sea Breeze , then went to Niagara and built a fort where he left 100 men ( upper left , 1A ) , all but 12 of whom starved or died of scurvy , or were eaten by wolves while outside cutting wood in the snow . The Senecas retaliated by a punitive expedition to Lachine on the outskirts of Montrรฉal , where they captured 120 persons , who did n ' t live very long . The Senecas from the Victor area moved toward the sites of Canandaigua and Geneva . The West Senecas after some years moved to Zonneschio on the Genesee River . Father Garnier and two other missionaries returned after 1700 . A treaty was made between France and England in 1724 but was not enforced . Father Vaillant de Geulsis became the first Christian minister of any denomination in Cadillac ' s post at Detroit . The break in the time of Peter Raffeix in 1672 [ 13 ] was occupied by a year at Great Gully Brook , beside Cayuga Lake ( see second Catholic chapel ) , supplying for Father Stephen de Carheil [ 14 ] , who had to leave this post for a year on account of his health . Father Pierron , who confessed to his Superior the sin of homesickness , was later sent by a kindly Superior on an errand to France . Father James Bruyas , a great linguist , assisted in making the peace between the Iroquois and the French , which lasted for 50 years . This was not until after Governor Frontenac had made a raid on Onondaga in 1696 . None of these missionaries were martyrs . They were honest , heroic and faithful men . French influence continued to be active in Western New York until 1759 , when an English Colonial army took Fort Niagara from the French . Standing on one of these village sites , from where the little streams flow all the way to Quรฉbec , hunting their father , the sea , one can feel again the tug of the tump line on the head and the scald of the paddle handle on the sunburned shoulder as an Empire attempts to go over the portages . One can feel the zest of the racing wind and of deep paddle thrusts as canoes struggle against the waves of ten thousand lakes . One can feel the agony of the burning captives and sense the triumph of an * * * Reprints of all the official Jesuit letters and a complete encyclopedia of Jesuit history of northeastern America , together with letters written in Monroe County before 1700 , and life sketches of Seneca missionaries as well as of several hundred other Jesuits , may be found in The Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents . There are 73 volumes with index . There are six sets in Rochester , N.Y. ( See Colgate - Rochester Divinity School , St . Bernard ' s Seminary , Reynolds Library and Historical Section at Public Library , Rochester . ) Large libraries and Catholic colleges usually have them . There is one at Nazareth College , Rochester . Jesuit Missions in Sonnontuan , by Reverend Charles Hawley of Auburn , date 1883 , a report of the Cayuga Historical Society , gives in eighty pages the principal story of the map with letters written from Seneca village sites before 1687 . Books on allied subjects : Ignatius Loyola by Francis Thompson ; Ignatius Loyola by Paul van Dyke ; Father Marquette by R . G . Thwaites ; Father Marquette and M ๏ฟฝ re Marie of the Ursulines by Agnes Repplier ; The French in the Heart of America by J . H . Finley ; Government and Institutions of the Iroquois by Lewis H . Morgan ; The Archeology of the Genesee Country by Frederick Houghton . Concerning Father Stephen de Carheil , missionary to the Cayugas at second Catholic chapel : Un admirable Inconnu or Life and Letters by Father Orband , Paris , 1890 . Untranslated unique copy in possession of Wisconsin Historical Society , Madison , Wisc . Personal correspondence between 1670 and 1700 in possession of Viscount Alain de Carheil , Carentoir , Morbihan , France ( August , 1930 ) . * * * Footnotes 1 . Thwaites , Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents ; Hawley , Jesuit Missionaries in Sonnontuan , or Early Chapters of Seneca History 2 . Dean Harris , Early Missions in Western Canada ; Hawley , Jesuit Missions at Sonnontuan 3 . Edna Kenton , Jesuit Relations and Allied Documents ( abridged ) contains letters of martyrs . Omits all Seneca history , for which see Jesuit Relations 4 . Louis XIV ' s Diary A King ' s Lessons in Statecraft , p . 124 , A & C . Boni , 1925 . 5 . Colonial Documents of New York , Albany 6 . Harvard Graduate Magazine , Dec . 1928 , p . 183 , " A Harvard Graduate Who Beat the Dutch , " by Alex McAdie . 7 . Arthur C . Parker An Analytical History of the Senecas , Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archeological Association , 1926 . 8 . Greenhalg Documents Relative to Colonial History of New York , Vol . III , p . 251 . 9 . Hennepin New Discovery , edited by Thwaites . Note , Hennepin and other members of the clergy associated with LaSalle were not Jesuits . Hennepin ' s claim that he went to the mouth of the Mississippi before LaSalle is untrue . 10 . Parkman , LaSalle and the Discovery of the Great West 11 . Denonville Colonial Documents of New York 12 . Fr . Beschefer Jesuit Relations . Fr . Beschefer was one of eight or ten Jesuits who came with Denonville ; La Hontan , Voyages to America : see picture diagram of battle at Victor ; de Baugy , Journal , in Rochester Historical Society Publication Fund Series , vol . IX , 1930 , translated by Nathaniel S . Olds ; de Baugy , Journal , translated by Mrs . Atkinson Allen and Mrs . George B . Selden , October , 1931 . 13 . Hawley , Early Chapters of Cayuga History 14 . See de Carheil reference in text of this document . [ Top ] John S . Allen ' s home page [ Up ] Alexander M . Stewart [ Previous ] Map home page [ Next ] Detailed instructions Map copyright 1931 , 1955 , Alexander M . Stewart , Helen Erickson Additional content copyright 1997 John S . Allen Last modified December 8 , 2002 A B C D 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 A B C D | [
"Seneca Village",
"French",
"Map"
] |
http://bilingualonline.net/contents/Turabo/MANA705/week_8/8_6.html | Universidad del Turabo MANA 705 DL Workshop Eight 86 Design Capacity Effective Capacity Utilization and Efficiency Capacity Planning CP and Capacity Requirement Planning CRP Capacity is the throughput or number of units a facility can hold receive store or produce in a period of time Design capacity is the theoretical maximum output of a system in a given period under ideal conditions For many companies designing capacity can be straightforward effective capacity is the capacity a firm expects to achieve given its current operating constraints It is often lower than design capacity because the facility may have been designed for an earlier version of the product or a different product mix than is currently being produced Capacity available is the capacity of a system or resource to produce a quantity of output in a given time period It is affected by 1 product specifications change the work content work required to make the product will change thus affecting the number of units that can be produced2 product mix where the product has its own work content measured in the time it takes to make the product If the mix of products being produced changes the total work content time the mix will change 3 plant and equipment which relates to the methods used to make the To measure capacity we need units of output If the variety of products produced at a work center or in a plant is not large it is often possible to use a unit common to all products We also need standard time which is expressed as the time required for making the product using a given method of manufacturing Utilization is the available time that is the maximum hours we can expect from the work center the percentage of time that the work center is active Efficiency is how the work center is used in comparison with standard Available time is the number of hours a work center can be used Available time the number of machines x the number of workers x the hours of operations The other measures Utilization Actual output Design capacity this is a percent of design capacity Also measured as Utilization Hours actually worked available hours x 100 Efficiency Actual output Effective capacity this is an actual output as a percent of effective capacity Also measured as Efficiency Actual rate of production Standard rate of production x 100 These measures are important for an operations manager but they often need to know the expected output of a facility or process Also referred to as rated capacity Rated Capacity Available time x Utilization x Efficiency Capacity considerations for a good capacity are Forecasts demand accurately Understand the technology and capacity increments Find the optimum operating level volume Build for change Even with good forecasting and facilities built in to the forecast there may be a poor match between the actual demand that occurs and available capacity There are some options for managing demand Demand exceeds capacity by raising prices or scheduling long lead times Capacity exceeds demand by price reductions or aggressive marketing Adjusting to seasonal demands or cyclical pattern of demands Tactics for matching capacity to demand by Making staffing changes increasing or decreasing the number of employees or shifts Adjusting equipment purchasing additional machinery or selling or leasing out existing equipment Improving processes to increase throughput Redesigning products to facilitate more throughput Adding process flexibility to better meet changing pr5oduct preferences Closing facilities | [
"Universidad del Turabo"
] |
http://billingsgazette.com/news/state-and-regional/montana/billionaire-brothers-buying-montana-ranches/article_e5d4b7cc-f23b-509f-b6d7-80c94c75b041.html | Breaking A new definition for death ? Scientists restore functionality in brains of pigs killed hours before Billionaire brothers buying Montana ranches By BRETT FRENCH french @ billingsgazette . com Dec 13 , 2012 $ 3 for first 13 weeks The N Bar Ranch in central Montana is one of several properties purchased recently by Dan and Farris Wilks of Texas . The Wilks brothers ' land purchases put them on the list of the top 100 landowners in the nation . BRETT FRENCH / Gazette Staff Antelope , elk , mule deer and whitetail deer are some of the wildlife species that roam the N Bar Ranch in central Montana . BRETT FRENCH / Gazette Staff The Wilks brothers are said to be interested in managing their lands for wildlife , cattle and farming . The N Bar Ranch includes the fertile Flatwillow Creek valley . Just above the creek , the Wilkses are building a 6,000 - foot runway for their jet . A portion of the N Bar Ranch in Central Montana could be opened to public hunting under a new land exchange proposal being offered by the ranch โ s owners , Dan and Farris Wilks . BRETT FRENCH / Gazette Staff The N Bar Ranch in Fergus County is owned by brothers Farris and Dan Wilks , who are the second largest landowners in Montana according to the " 2018 Land Report " publication . BRETT FRENCH , Gazette Staff Note This 2012 story regained readership in Jan . 2016 following the B ureau of Land Management decision to not to pursue a land exchange with Dan and Farris Wilks . Near where the borders of Fergus , Musselshell and Golden Valley counties meet south of the Little Snowy Mountains , two billionaire Texas brothers have quietly collected more than 177,000 acres of ranch land in the last two years . But that โ s only a portion of the property that Farris , 60 , and Dan Wilks , 56 , have accumulated in Montana . In all , they own more than 276,000 acres in seven counties in the eastern half of the state . That ' s 431 square miles , more than half the size of Silver Bow County . Owning such large amounts of land puts them in the big league of Montana landowners . Turner Enterprises , owned by former media mogul Ted Turner , has 149,000 acres in Montana holdings . It was announced last week that Stanley Kroenke , a billionaire who is married to a Wal - Mart heir , bought the 124,000 - acre Broken O Ranch near Augusta that had been listed for $ 132 million . According to Forbes magazine , Kroenke also owns the Cedar Creek Ranch near Ennis and the PV Ranch near Hysham . On the radar The Wilkses โ presence has n โ t gone unnoticed , especially in Fergus County where they โ ve purchased 79,000 acres from 10 landowners in the last two years . The brothers โ biggest acquisition was the fabled 62,000 - acre N Bar Ranch , for $ 45 million . That deal made national news in 2011 , partly because the property was then owned by software billionaire Tom Siebel . Another landowner the Wilks brothers have bought out is Theodore Roosevelt IV , who had a log lodge , timber and grazing land between the south and north forks of Flatwillow Creek . They also bought property from the Sunlight Ranch Co . , owned by Earl Holding of Sinclair Oil . Forbes magazine quoted Staci Wilks , of Wilks Brothers LLC , as saying the brothers like to spend their spare time hunting and fly fishing with friends , family and corporate guests , and that their ranch properties are used for farming , ranching and wildlife management . This summer , the brothers hosted a barbecue at the N Bar Ranch headquarters , inviting the locals to eat , drink and chat . โ They seem to be really nice folks to me , down - home and friendly , โ said Tom Lowry , who owns ranch land at the east and west edges of the N Bar on Flatwillow Creek . He went to the barbecue and talked to the brothers . โ Both of them were very cordial , โ he said . Dan and Farris Wilks did not respond to a request for an interview with The Gazette . Nouveau riche Dan and Farris Wilks were raised in a working - class family . They started out in a masonry business that their father founded and where they still sit on the board of directors . In 2002 they branched out into the oil business , starting a company called Frac Tech . Their fortune came from selling their interest in Frac Tech in 2011 , a deal that was reportedly worth $ 3.2 billion . That sale landed them on the Forbes magazine list of little - known billionaires , ranking 312 out of 400 on the list . Their background in fracking โ a way to recover oil by injecting fluids underground under high pressure โ has made some Montanans suspicious that the brothers are looking for their next oil play in central Montana . Another possibility is that they โ like other wealthy individuals โ are parking their money in a safe investment during a volatile time in the stock market . If their acquisitions were simply for ranching and outdoor recreation , the Wilks brothers have a wide choice of where to go . They also are reported to have purchased land in Wyoming , Kansas , Texas and Idaho . In Colorado , Farris Wilks is said to have paid $ 16 million in June for the most expensive ski - accessible home in Snowmass Village โ a seven - bedroom home on five acres in the ski town . Getting to their properties scattered across the United States is no problem . When the brothers visit Montana , their 18 - passenger Bombardier Global Express corporate jet lands at the Lewistown airport , where they hop into a helicopter to fly to the N Bar . Pretty soon , though , the stop in Lewistown wo n โ t be necessary . The brothers this summer began building a 6,000 - foot asphalt airstrip on a bluff across Flatwillow Creek from the N Bar Ranch headquarters . Rumor mill Besides a possible energy play , another rumor floating around Fergus County is that the Wilks brothers are looking to get rid of isolated Bureau of Land Management inholdings through land exchanges . Stan Benes , field manager for the BLM โ s Lewistown Field Office , said the agency is open to any proposals , but is quick to add that any propositions would have to go through public scrutiny . โ We have to make absolutely certain it โ s in the public โ s best interest , โ Benes said . The BLM owns about 2,500 acres in the Durfee Hills that are landlocked within the N Bar with no road access . โ If we could trade that for another place we could gain some access , โ Benes said . โ That would be worth consideration . โ Benes said some pilots fly to the inholding to hunt . When one pilot wrecked his plane , he had to hire a helicopter to remove the damaged aircraft because there was no road access . Subscribe to Breaking News * I understand and agree that registration on or use of this site constitutes agreement to its user agreement and privacy policy . Adding up the land Here โ s how the Wilks brothers land purchases stack up , according to the state Natural Resource Information System . The majority of their land buys have been in Fergus County , some of them adjacent to the N Bar . In Fergus County they have bought 79,000 acres . To the south in Musselshell County , they bought the Pronghorn Ranch from Holding โ s Sunlight Ranch Co . , which added another 64,000 acres . In Golden Valley County , to the west of Musselshell County , 34,800 acres of property has been purchased by the Wilks . Most of the land deals in those three counties were located fairly close together , but the Wilkses have also purchased land farther away . In Meagher County , they bought 15,200 acres between the Big Belt and Little Belt mountain ranges near the popular Smith River and adjoining the Helena and Lewis and Clark national forests on two sides . Up north , they bought 22,800 acres near the Bears Paw Mountains in Blaine County . Southeast of Jordan , they bought 48,300 acres in Garfield County , and in Bighorn County east of Hardin they purchased 12,000 acres Big ranch for sale Dan Tiegen , whose 44,500 - acre family ranch north of Grass Range is for sale for $ 21.6 million , said his family has talked to the Wilks brothers about their property . But the family had initially sought a conservation easement from the state that would have preserved public hunting access and prevented development of the ranch . That deal fell through recently as the state moved to purchase land along the Milk River . The ranch was founded by Dan Tiegen โ s great - grandparents in 1884 . โ The family is officially wanting to start a new chapter , โ Tiegen said . โ Beyond that , how that chapter comes about remains to be seen . โ Tiegen said he has some fears about the acquisition of smaller family farms by a large conglomerate , โ especially when your lifestyle is based on so much history and tradition . โ But Lowry , the Wilkses โ neighbor at the N Bar , has no problem with the many land acquisitions by his new neighbors and sees the brothers as more friendly and open than the previous owner . โ I figured that was their business , โ he said of the land buys and rumors of fracking plans . โ If they โ re buying up land , they can do what they want with it . โ 1 3 2 Tags Dan Wilks Farris Wilks Wilks Ranch Montana Limited N Bar Ranch Pronghorn Ranch Bureau Of Land Management Stan Benes Tom Lowry Locations Fergus - county Brett French Montana Untamed Editor Montana Untamed editor for the Billings Gazette . Follow Brett French Recommended promotion Enter our April $ howers Lawn & Garden Sweepstakes promotion Download the Billings Gazette app Get the latest news , photo galleries , and video on local topics including politics , sports , entertainment , obituaries and more . Receive breaking news notifications . Save stories to a favorites list to view later . Share stories with your friends via text , email or Twitter . Print Ads Health Apr 14 , 2019 178 S . 32nd St . 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West , Billings , MT 59102 406 - 656 - 1244 1010 Grand Ave Ste B , Billings , MT 59102 406 - 248 - 2020 1655 Shiloh Rd , Suite A , BILLINGS , MT 59102 406 - 651 - 4644 Apr 10 , 2019 1411 Emma Ave , Billings , MT 59105 406 - 697 - 3282 | [
"Montana ranches",
"Billionaire brothers"
] |
http://billmoyers.com/2014/06/12/the-rise-of-the-nra-2/ | History The Rise of the NRA June 12 , 2014 by Michael Waldman Jerry Miller of Georgetown , Texas , looks over a rifle at the National Rifle Association ' s annual convention on Friday , April 25 , 2014 in Indianapolis . ( AP Photo / AJ Mast ) AP57470722676 In 1871 , militia and army veterans created a new organization to train American men to shoot safely and accurately : the National Rifle Association . This excerpt from The Second Amendment : A Biography recounts how the organization evolved over the years . The NRA bills itself โ the nation โ s longest standing civil rights organization . โ That โ s not exactly how it started . During the Civil War , Union officers had grown perturbed at the poor marksmanship of their troops . Previously , guns were inaccurate , and target practice a waste of time . Now new technology โ breech - loading guns and metal cartridge ammunition โ made shooting a prized skill . In 1871 , militia and army veterans created a new organization to train American men to shoot safely and accurately : the National Rifle Association . General Ambrose Burnside โ yes , the same gent whose name lives to describe his distinctive whiskers โ served as ceremonial president for a year . Government helped : New York state bought the NRA a rifle range to hold contests . The organization nearly collapsed when the state withdrew its support . โ There will be no war in my time or in the time of my children , โ New York โ s governor assured the group โ s leader . โ The only need for a National Guard is to show itself in parades and ceremonies . Between the world wars , the federal government provided 200,000 rifles to NRA members at cost . After the defeat of Japan , with its membership swelled , the NRA began to shift its focus . Its publications dwelled on hunting and sports shooting , not paramilitary activity . The group lobbied , and was based in Washington , DC , but its principal focus was bagging deer , not blocking laws . In the late 1950s , it opened a new headquarters building to house its hundreds of employees . Metal letters spelled out its purpose in 1958 : The NRA expressed unease with gun laws . But even as its ranks grew , it did not object to the first federal gun control measure , Franklin Roosevelt โ s 1934 National Firearms Act , which banned machine guns and sawed - off shotguns . Its chief lobbyist testified before Congress . โ I have never believed in the general practice of carrying weapons , โ he told a House committee . โ โฆ I do not believe in the general promiscuous toting of guns . I think it should be sharply restricted and only under licenses . โ After the defeat of Japan , with its membership swelled , the NRA began to shift its focus . Its publications dwelled on hunting and sports shooting , not paramilitary activity . Crime remained low , and political violence minimal , in the years of consensus during World War II and the early Cold War . The tumult of the 196os fractured that calm . Gun violence began to assume the status of a public controversy . In March 1963 , an advertisement appeared in the NRA โ s American Rifleman magazine : LATE ISSUE ! 6.5 ITALIAN CARBINE . Only 36 โณ overall , weighs only 5 1 / 2 lbs . Shows only slight use , lightly oiled , test fired and head spaced , ready for shooting . Turned down bolt , thumb safety , 6 - shot , clip fed . Rear open sight . Fast loading and fast firing . A man calling himself โ A . Hidell โ clipped the coupon and sent $ 21 ยท 45 to a Chicago - based mail order house to buy the military rifle . Hidell was Lee Harvey Oswald . After the assassination in Dallas , investigations an grily focused on the fact that it was possible to buy a rifle and ammuni tion sight unseen through the mail . Congress considered new gun laws . An NRA official testified , โ We do not think that any sane American , who calls himself an American , can object to placing into As the decade unfolded , political divisions took on deep cultural dimensions , pitting rural and suburban culturally conservative white voters against younger , more diverse city dwellers . Race invariably intruded . American Rifleman started a new column , โ The Armed Citizen , โ which profiled vigilantes . Guns & Ammo magazine said supporters of tighter gun rules were โ criminal - coddling do - gooders , borderline psychotics , as well as Communists and leftists who want to lead us into the one - world welfare state . โ As Newark , Watts and Washington , DC , burned in urban rioting , and leading American public figures were assassinated , Americans began to worry we were distinctly violent . Historian Richard Hofstadter ruminated on America โ s gun culture in a widely read article in the otherwise apolitical American Heritage . Gun politics deepened cultural divides , he noted . โ The most gun - addicted sections of the United States are the South and the Southwest . In 1968 , when the House voted for a mild bill to restrict the mail - order sale of rifles , shotguns and ammunition , all but a few of the 118 votes against it came from these regions . This no doubt has something to do with the rural character of these regions , but it also stems from another consideration : in the historic system of the South , having Historian Richard Hofstadter ruminated on America โ s gun culture in a widely read article in the otherwise apolitical American Heritage . Gun politics deepened cultural divides , he noted . In a time of backlash , the NRA grew increasingly vocal . When lawmakers trifled with it , the gun lobby showed it could retaliate at the ballot box . For years after , politicians would whisper about the intense passion of gun owners , and how they โ took out โ a pro - gun control senator from Maryland , Joseph Tydings , whose pelt might as well have been mounted in the NRA โ s waiting room . Still , the NRA principally spoke for hunters . It did not pose in opposition to law enforcement , or government generally , and it did not routinely invoke the Second Amendment . Though it did not support the 1968 gun bill , its opposition was muted . โ The measure as a whole appears to be one that the sportsmen of America can live with , โ the organization โ s president assured members . In March of that year , sup porting restrictions on cheap โ Saturday Night Special โ handguns , Ameri can Rifleman told its readers the NRA โ does not necessarily approve of everything that goes โ Bang ! ' โ The magazine โ s cover displayed a cheery defining image . A trim and chiseled man , resembling Paul Newman with a jaunty peaked cap , pine trees towering behind , held up a recently demised mountain lion . The stance in favor of the Saturday Night Special ban set in motion forces that would supplant that grinning hunter in the NRA โ s pantheon of acceptable images . Gun group veterans still call the NRA โ s 1977 annual meeting the โ Re volt at Cincinnati . โ One weekend in 1976 , the NRA board fired 80 staff members . The next year , the organization โ s leadership decided to move its headquarters to Colorado Springs , Colorado , signaling a retreat from politics . More than a thousand angry dissidents showed up at the annual convention . Many wore orange caps , and communicated by walkie - talkie . As they sweltered they insinuated that the old guard had turned off the air - conditioning Activists from other groups โ the Second Amendment Foundation , the Citizens Committee for the Right to Keep and Bear Arms โ pushed their way into power . Neal Knox , editor of Gun Week magazine , became the NRA โ s new head lobbyist . He opposed gun laws of any kind . Knox mused on whether the assassinations of the 196os were part of a gun control conspiracy . โ Is it possible that some of those incidents could have been created for the purpose of disarming the people of the free world ? With drugs and evil intent , it โ s possible , โ he wrote in Shotgun News in 1994 ยท โ Rampant paranoia on my part ? Maybe . But there have been far too many coincidences to ignore . โ Gun group veterans still call the NRA โ s 1977 annual meeting the โ Re volt at Cincinnati . โ One weekend in 1976 , the NRA board fired 80 staff members . The next year , the organization โ s leadership decided to move its headquarters to Colorado Springs , Colorado , signaling a retreat from politics . The NRA โ s new leadership was dramatic , dogmatic and overtly ideo logical . For the first time , it embraced the idea that the sacred Second Amendment โ not just the interests of hunters or even of homeown ers โ was at the heart of its concerns . The first American Rifleman after the revolt had a new paragraph under โ What the NRA Is โ : The NRA , the foremost guardian of the traditional American right to โ keep and bear arms , โ believes that every law - abiding citizen is entitled to the ownership and legal use of firearms , and that every reputable gun owner should be an NRA member . The NRA โ s lurch to the right was part of an abrupt shift across the Republican coalition . Forget baby boomer reveries and public television music documentaries . The rebellions of the 1960s seemed earthshaking at the time . In retrospect , the response from the right ( and unnerved middle - class citizens ) proved more politically potent and durable . Racial fears played an elemental part , especially as millions of white Southern Democrats left the party of their ancestors to vote Republican , first for president and then more reluctantly for Congress . Once sleepy groups galvanized as conservative activists wrested control . The NRA was one . Evangelical Christian churches underwent a similar change Even more politically , in 1979 television minister Jerry Falwell and other conservative activists formed the Moral Majority , a coalition of religious conservatives . By 1980 nearly three quarters of them voted for Reagan . Soon conservatives tossed around the language of insurrection with the ardor of a 1960s Weatherman . The โ Revolt at Cincinnati โ was followed by the โ tax revolt , โ which began in California in 1979 . Conservative activists organized to pass Proposition 13 , which slashed property taxes and shrank budgets with an impact that lasted for three decades . In Arizona , Colorado and other Western states , landowners opposed the Interior Department environmental policies in a โ sagebrush rebellion . โ Organized business shifted , too , albeit with a less mutinous stance . Corporate lobbying had been a hushed affair , with big companies such as Procter & Gamble or General The NRA โ s new leadership was dramatic , dogmatic and overtly ideo logical . For the first time , it embraced the idea that the sacred Second Amendment โ not just the interests of hunters or even of homeown ers โ was at the heart of its concerns . The New Right stitched together causes , some intrinsically at odds with others . Social conservatives sought to restore traditional gender roles and values . Economic conservatives wanted lower taxes and a re duced regulatory role for government . Foreign policy moved Northern Catholic โ Reagan Democrats โ and formerly liberal Jewish โ neoconser vatives , โ especially when Democrats seemed weak in the long twilight struggle against communism . As the rights language of the social move ments of the 196os began to permeate society , conservatives began to adopt them . Young conservatives spoke less frequently of โ In its new militance , the NRA fused with other conservative organi zations in an overtly political coalition . Journalist Thomas Byrne Edsall , the most acute chronicler of the shift , wrote , โ Over the past 40 years the Republican Party and the conservative movement have together cre ated a juggernaut โ a loosely connected but highly coordinated network of individuals and organizations โ with a shared stake in a strong , cen tralized political machine . โ The NRA became critical to that new ma chine , providing fierce energy and dedicated voters . From the time As the NRA emphasized the Second Amendment , Reagan gave the new constitutional thrust rhetorical support . The 1972 Republican platform had supported gun control . โ We pledge a tireless campaign against crime โ to restore safety to our streets and security to law - abiding citi zens who have a right to enjoy their homes and communities free from fear . We pledge to . . . intensify efforts to prevent criminal access to all weapons , including special emphasis on cheap , readily - obtainable hand - guns . . . with such federal law as necessary In 1975 , preparing to challenge Gerald R . Ford for the Republican nomination , Reagan wrote , โ The Second Amendment is clear , or ought to be . It appears to leave little if any leeway for the gun control advocate . โ The 1980 GOP platform now proclaimed , โ We believe the right of citizens to keep and bear arms must be preserved . Accordingly , we oppose federal registration of firearms . โ It called for repeal of some existing gun laws . That year the NRA gave Reagan its first - ever presidential endorsement . From The Second Amendment by Michael Waldman . Copyright ยฉ 2014 by Michael Waldman . Reprinted by permission of Simon & Schuster , Inc . All rights reserved . Michael Waldman has been president of the Brennan Center for Justice at NYU Law School since 2005 . He is the author of several books , including My Fellow Americans : The Most Important Speeches of America โ s Presidents from George Washington to Barack Obama ( 2003 ) , A Return to Common Sense ( 2007 ) and POTUS Speaks ( 2000 ) . | [
"NRA",
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http://billmoyers.com/content/epa-ghg-emissions/ | How Does Your State Rank on Greenhouse Gas Emissions ? October 8 , 2014 by John Light In this Thursday , April 29 , 2010 photo , a pair of coal trains idle on the tracks near Dry Fork Station , a coal - fired power plant . ( AP Photo / Matthew Brown ) The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) recently released a breakdown of who in the US contributes the most to global warming โ by state , by sector and even by individual business . Two massive coal - fired power plants in the southeast came in first and second place for generating the most greenhouse gases in America , clearing the competition by more than five million metric tons of emissions per year . The Scherer Steam Generating Plant , 20 miles northeast of Macon , Georgia , was responsible for 22.3 million tons of emissions in 2013 , and the James H . Miller , Jr . power plant , 20 miles northeast of Birmingham , Alabama , generated 21.9 million tons . Coming in as a distant third was the Navajo Generating Station , in northern Arizona , with roughly 16 million tons of emissions . Overall , power plants are responsible for about one third of all of the country โ s emissions . At the state level , the top greenhouse gas producer was Texas , with more than double the output of Indiana , the second - largest producer . Texas also produces and consumes more energy than any state in the union . The energy Texas creates comes largely , but not entirely , from its oil and natural gas reserves . And the state โ s biggest consumers of energy are the refining and chemical industries , which , in many cases , support the state โ s fossil fuel extraction efforts and have some of the most energy - intensive operations in the US . But if you look at greenhouse gas emissions per capita , Wyoming and a handful of other relatively unpopulated states far surpass Texas . Wyoming , like runners - up North Dakota and West Virginia , generates a huge amount of energy , mostly from fossil fuels . But these states send much of the energy they produce to other states . Wyoming sends 326 trillion BTUs elsewhere , North Dakota exports 231 trillion BTUs , and West Virginia sends 412 trillion BTUs to other states . Producing all that dirty energy takes a toll on residents . โ When coal is burning at Wyoming power plants , nearby states get electricity and we get the pollution , โ Shannon Anderson , a representative of the Powder River Basin Resource Council , a Wyoming citizens โ organization suing to improve air quality in the state , said in March A hand covered with wet coal ash from the Dan River , seen swirling in the background , Feb . 5 , 2014 . ( AP Photo / Gerry Broome ) Though carbon dioxide , one of the chief drivers of global warming , does not significantly affect people โ s health , other gases and the particulate matter emitted by coal plants โ which includes lead and mercury โ have considerable negative health effects . When the Obama administration released its state - by - state plan to curtail emissions in June , many public health advocates expressed support . โ Power plant pollution makes people sick and cuts short lives , โ the American Lung Association said in a statement at the time , noting that the EPA โ s proposed limits on carbon pollution from power plants โ would reduce the burden of air pollution in America , prevent up to 4,000 premature deaths and 100,000 asthma attacks in the first year they are in place , and prevent up to 6,600 premature deaths and 150,000 asthma attacks in 2030 . โ But the risks to the residents of high emission states are n โ t limited to air quality concerns . The Freedom Industries spill in West Virginia last January and the coal ash spill in North Carolina last February are just the latest incidents which show that the health risks of living near coal - fired power plants are n โ t always tied to what comes out of smokestacks . The Freedom Industries spill of a chemical used to process coal โ the health effects of which are still unclear โ contaminated 300,000 West Virginian โ s drinking water . And the North Carolina spill , which Duke Energy has only cleaned up 10 percent of so far , poured 39,000 tons of coal ash containing toxins such as arsenic , chromium , mercury and lead into the Dan River , coating the river bottom for 70 miles . John Light is a reporter and producer for the Moyers team . His work has appeared at The Atlantic Grist Mother Jones Salon Slate Vox and Al Jazeera , and has been broadcast on Public Radio International . He ' s a graduate of Columbia Graduate School of Journalism . You can follow him on Twitter at @ LightTweeting From the show How Does Your State Rank on Greenhouse Gas Emissions ? TOPICS Environment Health & Science TAGS : air pollution carbon dioxide emissions coal emissions freedom industries greenhouse gases north carolina north dakota texas west virginia widget wyoming Are you aware of our Comment Policy ? | [
"Greenhouse Gas Emissions",
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http://billmoyers.com/content/third-party-candidates-from-lincoln-to-nader/ | Moyers & Company Challenging Power , Changing Politics Jill Stein and Cheri Honkala on Third - Party Politics Third - Party Candidates from Lincoln to Nader September 7 , 2012 by John Light Abraham Lincoln โ who ran as a Republican during the era of Whigs and Democrats โ was America โ s last third - party candidate to successfully win the presidency . Although the two - party system leaves third - party candidates little hope of being elected into office , such candidates have continued to run โ and by doing so , have sometimes influenced the outcome of elections and shifted the national conversation . Use the small arrows below to view some of the most famous third - party candidates , their words and their impact while trying to change American politics and the country from the outside in . From the show Challenging Power , Changing Politics TOPICS Democracy & Government History Money & Politics TAGS : abraham lincoln american politics civil rights eugene debs george wallace green party henry wallace john anderson libertarian party national unity party pat buchanan progressive party ralph nader reform party robert la follette ron paul ross perot segregation socialism strom thurmond third parties widget | [
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http://bim4scottc.blogspot.com/2011/11/sloped-walls-in-revit.html | The BIM Jedi ( formally the Revit Jedi ) Friday , 11 November 2011 Sloped Walls in Revit When wanting to create a sloped wall in Revit you can just change the angle of the wall by trying to rotate it . . . . unfortunately this does n ' t work . What you have to do is either create a mass element at the slope you want and use the convert face to wall tool . Or use the in place family tool and select the Model In Place tool and pick wall . Now placing a door or window in this sloped wall can be challenging . . . unfortunately when you place a " normal " door and window it will be vertical and cut a vertical opening in your sloped wall . What you ' ll have to do here is create a new window family that is based by Face I ' ll post more about this with screen shots at a latter date to explain better . Posted by Scott Chatterton at 7 : 30 am Email This BlogThis ! Share to Twitter Share to Facebook Share to Pinterest Labels : Revit sloped walls Sloped Wall No comments : Post a Comment Newer Post Older Post Home Subscribe to : Post Comments ( Atom ) The BIM Jedi Interesting Links CEI | HDR Canda BIM Council Autodesk Expert Elite Subscribe to the Revit Jedi Posts Comments Expert Elite Revit Certification BPA Certification Popular Posts How to Create a Material Take Off Here are the steps for creating a basic Material take off schedule in your Revit Project . For this example I ' ll be using the componen . . . Phasing , Phase Filter and Phase Here is my attempt to explain Phasing and Phase Filters . . a very complicated thing to try and explain and this is a primer to help you unde . . . How to use the Copy Monitor Tool How to use the Copy Monitor Tool On the Collaborate tab you โ ll find the C . . . Evolution of the Revit Jedi When I first started this Blog on the 1st of June 2011 came up with the name " Revit Jedi " , at the time I was an Authorised Autode . . . Revit LT I was recently reminded about Revit LT . Really , for the cost of Revit LT suite ( why would n ' t you buy the suite ? ) it ' s a fantastic . . . Adding Fonts in Revit Currently , Revit supports all installed True Type ยฎ , ANSI fonts . If these fonts are loaded you computer , you can use them in Revit . T . . . Revisions and Revision Clouds So I have finally got around to writing about Revision Clouds . . . . . do n ' t know why it has taken me so long . Here is a basic run do . . . Revit 2014 Release Autodesk has released it ' s 2014 product line . . . . and it ' s suite based , no surprise there . So far all I can see is the AutoCAD 2014 . . . Quick Tip - Multiple lines of Text in View Title Here is a Quick tip on how to add multiple lines of text to your View Titles . You need to go to the properties of the view and there you . . . LOD = Level of Development This is kind of a repost of an earlier Blog on understanding the Levels of Development . BIM Level of Development as outlined by the AIA . . . . Blog Archive โบ 2019 ( 1 ) โบ 2018 ( 17 ) 2017 ( 26 ) 2016 ( 38 ) 2015 ( 64 ) 2014 ( 85 ) 2013 ( 119 ) 2012 ( 147 ) โผ 2011 ( 87 ) December ( 2 ) โผ November ( 12 ) Arrowheads Preparing to Share Your Model Reusing Details - CAD and Revit AU Virtual 2011 - The Power of the Possible Re - Arranging Views on a Sheet Dimensioning Secrets Part 3 Dimensioning Secrets Part 2 Dimensioning Secrets Part 1 Sloped Walls in Revit When to create an In - Place Family Customizing Project View Organization in the Proje . . . Revit Jedi ! ! October ( 14 ) September ( 15 ) August ( 14 ) July ( 15 ) June About Me Scott Chatterton Scott Chatterton is the BIM and Quality Control Manager for HDR . Scott has over 25 years of industry experience and has a long history of using Autodesk products as an architectural technician , Autodesk - certified AEC instructor , CAD manager , and now as a BIM and Quality Control manager . Scott has experience as an authorized , certified Instructor of the Revit and AutoCAD product line , specializing in architectural design , and is currently a certified professional in both Revit and AutoCAD and building performance analysis . Scott โ s extensive knowledge enables him to create View my complete profile | [
"Sloped Walls",
"Revit Jedi",
"BIM Manager"
] |
http://bio.sunyorange.edu/updated2/comparative_anatomy/anat.html3/INTEGUMENT.htm | COMPARATIVE ANATOMY HOME COMPARATIVE ANATOMY TABLE OF CONTENTS OBL HOME OBL REFERENCES THE INTEGUMENT THE EPIDERMIS The integument is the largest organ of the human body . It can be divided into accessory structures ( such as hair , nails , and glands ) and the cutaneous membrane . The cutaneous membrane is composed of a superficial epidermis ( composed of stratified squamous epithelia ) and a dermis ( composed of connective tissue ) . The epidermal cells are filled with the intermediate filament keratin ( which also composes hair , feathers , scales , nails , and horns ) and are joined by a number of junctions . Melanocytes of the cutaneous membrane and hair synthesize pigment molecules . Under the integument , the hypodermis stores adipose . Comparative anatomy suggests that the human integument evolved through a long series of transitional stages . The outer covering of the body of cnidarians is composed of a tissue called epithelia , as is the case in all bilateran animals . The epithelia which covers the body , known as the epidermis , can be ciliated in primitive animals and used for locomotion . This trait of a ciliated epidermis is known in diverse invertebrates , including basal deuterostomes and chordates . Acorn worms possess a ciliated epidermis which secretes a mucus film . ( Benito , form Harrison 1997 , p . 16 ) . During the development of enteropneusts , all epidermal cells begin as ciliated cells although later in life variations in the typically dense cilia can occur . ( Benito , form Harrison 1997 , p . 23 ) The epidermis is ciliated in the embryos of Amphioxus , some actinopterygians ( including the primitive gar ) , lungfish , and amphibians ( Kemp , 1996 ) . Turbellarian flatworms possess a basement membrane which joins their epithelia to the deeper layer of connective tissue ( Rieger , from Harrison , 1991 ) . In tunicates tight junctions , gap junctions , and desmosomes exist in the epidermis ( Burighel , from Harrison , 1997 , p . 232 ) . Planaria In Amphioxus , simple cuboidal or columnar epithelial cells form the superficial epithelium over a deeper dermal connective tissue layer which is rich in collagen . Epidermal cells are joined by desmosomes , hemidesmosomes , and perhaps gap junctions . A basement membrane separates the epidermis from the dermis and the dermis contains fibroblasts ( Ruppert , from Harrison , 1997 , p . 364 - 9 ) . The lamprey epidermis contains keratin proteins as does that of higher vertebrates ( Alarcon , 1994 ) . The pattern of keratinization in lungfish and amphibians is similar to that of amniotes ( Alibardi , 2001b ) . While in lungfish and actinopterygians , keratin exists throughout the epidermis , there is evidence of increased production in the outermost layers of the epidermis . However , keratin associated proteins filaggrin and loricrin , are not present in fish as they are in tetrapods ( Alibardi , 2003 ) . The structure and keratinization embryonic skin in alligators is similar to birds ( Alibardi , 2001 ) . The epidermis and nervous system are derived from the same embryonic tissue , neuroectoderm . In mammals , both these tissue types express intermediate filaments : keratins in skin and a variety of other proteins in the nervous system . Although lampreys possess glial cells which are morphologically similar to astrocytes , they lack the intermediate filaments normally expressed in astrocytes ( vimentin and GFAP ) and express keratins instead ( Merrick , 1995 ) . Gibbons possess one chromosomal site at which keratinocyte growth factor genes are located . Orangutans have two chromosomal sites , gorillas have four , and chimpanzees and humans both have 5 . The locations of these genes are homologous in the African apes and humans ( Zimonjic , 1997 ) . Birds and most mammals ( including Old World monkeys , orangutans , and gibbons ) lack multiple copies of KGF - like genes . The amplification of the KGF genes occurred at the base of the African ape clade ( Kelley , 1992 ) . Although fingerprints ( dermatoglyphics ) can identify each human as unique , these epidermal ridges are not unique to humans . All primates possess dermatoglyphics on areas they rely on for grip / friction such as hands , feet , the tails of New World monkeys , and the knuckles of apes ( Montagna , 1972 ) . Monkey hand and foot MELANOCYTES Although melanocytes function in the skin of vertebrates to determine pigmentation , these cells exist in a number of sites in the body , such as the choroid layer of the retina and the substancia nigra of the brain . The characteristics of epidermal and dermal melanocytes in many primates are unique to that species ( Montagna , 1972 ) . Melanocytes can be found in viscera in different groups of vertebrates , although their significance is not understood ( Montagna , 1971 ) . The melanocytes of the epidermis are typically inactive in the potto , a prosimian ( Yun , 1966 ) . Old World monkeys vary in their pigmentation from the Celebes ape with its large melanocytes and heavy pigmentation to the rhesus monkey whose small melanocytes contain little if any melanocytes . In both rhesus monkeys and the prosimian the greater bushbaby , melanocytes are active during development but are inactivated before birth ( rhesus ) or shortly after ( bushbaby ) . Chimps can have light or dark skin ( Yun , 1966 ) . Pigmentation in mammals is controlled by the MC1R , agouti , encoding and agouti - signaling protein ( ASIP ) genes ( Schioth , 2005 ) . HAIR There are a number of groups of organisms which have evolved an epidermal covering of hairlike structures . Some frogs possess hairlike filaments on their legs . In some snakes , the ends of scales are tapered and appear hairlike . There are two families in the fish order Miripinniformes , one of which ( Miripinnidae ) possesses a โ hair cover โ over the surface of its body ( Lindbergh , 20 ) . Some pterosaur fossils reveal a coating of fine hair , such as Pteranodon . In the mammalian lineage , hair is thought to have evolved in the late cynodonts , given that fossils suggest that the amount of adipose and vasculature of the snout was similar to mammals which possess whiskers ( Kemp , 1982 , p . 248 ) . In mammals , there are many examples in which different members of a certain group differ in the degree to which they are covered by hair . While most rhinos and elephants have very little hair , the wooly rhinoceros and wooly mammoths were covered with it . There are pigs which are covered in hair such as the peccaries of today ( a fossil peccary is depicted below ) ; other pigs have less hair . Some animals are virtually hairless although their relatives possess a normal complement of hair . Among the rodents , naked mole rats have very little hair . Porcupines have obviously specialized some of their hairs to function as defensive quills . Some porcupines have more quills than others . A number of breeds of dogs have little to practically no hair such as the Xoloitzcuintli ( Mexican hairless ) , American hairless terrier , and Peruvian Inca Orchid hairless dogs . The hairless Chinese crested breed possesses hair on its head , its tail , and feet but is hairless otherwise . The little lion dog breed has a ruff on its head and neck which is similar to a lion โ s mane . The Shar - pei breed has a pronounced wrinkling of the skin ( Cohen , 1989 ) . Some breeds of cat are also hairless . Mutations in the zinc finger gene hairless can cause the absence of hair ( alopecia universalis ) in both humans and mice ( Ahmad , 1998 ) . Humans are the only primates which lack vibrissae ( specialized sensory hairs near the nose , often referred to as whiskers ) . Monotremes lack vibrissae and thus it is possible that these structures evolved in therian mammals . Some have argued that there is a gradual reduction of vibrissae through the higher primates . For example , the lack of skeletal muscle attachments and smaller follicle size in rhesus might be a sign of reduction which began long before the hominid lineage ( Van Horn , 1970 ) . Some squirrels possess vibrissae on the abdomen while some lemurs and marmosets posses them on the wrist ( Montagna , 1971 ) . In general , the less hair cover in a mammal , the thicker the epidermis ( Montagna , 1971 ) . Higher apes have reduced the density of the hair cover and chimps and humans have reduced hair cover further ( Gibbs , 2002 ) . Humans are unique in the number of hair follicles innervated and thus the sensation ; equivalent to sex skin of nonhuman primates ( Montagna , 1972 ) . There are a diversity of genetic syndromes which involve abnormally high levels of hair growth known as hypertrichosis . In some , the hair can cover the face , ears , shoulders , and other portions of the body and reach the length of about a foot unless shaved . The hair may be short and curly or long and fine . Portraits dating back to the 1500s were painted of individuals with this syndrome ( also known as Ambras syndrome ) . Hypertrichosis universalis , Ambras type has been linked to pericentric inversions of chromosome 8 . Different genetic syndromes are known which cause hypertrichosis of the elbows ( typically associated with short stature ) , around nipples and other body regions ( amaurosis congenital ) , and on the hands , feet , and face in Bazex - Dupre - Christol syndrome ( OMIM , 2007 ) . FEATHERS The presence of feathers is perhaps the easiest way to identify a bird : all birds have them and no other organism on earth possesses them . Feathers serve a number of functions : they allow for flight in most birds , they serve as insulation which helps birds maintain their high body temperatures , and their coloration / arrangement may function in courtship or camouflage . Ruby throated hummingbirds may have as few as 940 feathers while whistling swan had 25,216 ( Van Tyne , 1976 ) . Feather color and arrangements can vary greatly even among closely related birds . Most birds arrange the bases of feathers in tracts with spaces in between . When hatched , some birds possess no feathers ( such as kingfishers and woodpeckers ) , others a small number , and others are coated in down . Young birds develop a juvenile plumage that they will molt to attain their adult plumage . Birds do possess scales on their legs and it seems that feathers evolved from modified scales . The early development of feathers is similar to that of scales The time of this molt is often about 3 months after hatching but it can be longer ( four years in herring gulls ) . In adult birds , feathers molt at least once a year . Feathers are usually molted gradually but some birds ( typically aquatic birds which can escape without flight ) can molt their feathers all at once . Some feathers form very fine filoplumes which are hairlike ( Van Tyne , 1976 ) . How did feathers evolve ? Anatomical , embryological and genetic evidence indicate that birds are more closely related to reptiles ( especially crocodilians ) than they are to other groups such as mammals . Birds do possess scales on their legs and it seems that feathers evolved from modified scales . The early development of feathers is similar to that of scales Van Tyne , 1976 ) . The development of feather branching patterns is controlled by the interaction between Sonic Hedgehog and Bmp2 ( Harris , 2005 ) . A number of theropod fossils indicate that they possessed feathers . Feathers also appear on the odd reptile Longisquama whose relationship to birds , if any , has not been established . GLANDS Most epidermal glands of fish ar e unicellular and secrete mucus . This mucus protects from bacterial infection and allows water to pass over the fish body more smoothly . A few fish , such as sharks and catfish have multicellular glands associated with their spines ( Webster , p . 156 ) . Most glands in amphibians are also simple , mucus secreting glands ( Webster , p . 156 ) . Reptiles possess a variety of glands , although their function is poorly understood . Higher apes possess an apical lingual gland and higher apes have lost ancestral sternal glands ( Gibbs , 2002 ) . Sudoriferous and apocrine glands only exist in mammals . ( Webster , p . 158 ) Eccrine / Sudoriferous Glands In humans , eccrine / sudoriferous glands secrete a watery sweat allowing for the cooling of the body . Most mammals have few if any eccrine glands . Tree shrews and primitive primates have eccrine glands in their hairy skin , monkeys have numerous eccrine glands , and apes have even more with the greatest numbers ( other than humans ) present in chimps and gorillas . Their original function was to increase grip and keep epidermis pliable ( Montagna , 1971 ; Montagna , 1972 ) . Only humans and horses sweat for cooling ( Montagna , 1971 ) . Sebaceous Glands Sebaceous glands secrete an oily sebum which functions as a conditioner for both skin and hair . Sebaceous glands are similar in all mammals . Smegma and cerumen are stale compacted sebum ( Montagna , 1971 ) . Groups of sebaceous glands can form specialized structures in certain groups such as harderian glands behind the eye , preputial , and inguinal glands in rodents , abdominal glands in gerbils , costovertebral glands of hamsters , inguinal glands of tamarins and marmosets , labial glands of tarsiers , brachial glands of some lemurs , and the meibomian glands on eyelid in all mammals . Mammalian sebaceous and apocrine glands can secrete pheromones ( Montagna , 1971 ) . Variations in the number of sebaceous glands ; only lemurs have as many as humans . Ringtail lemurs have large sebaceous glands over their clavicles . ( Montagna , 1972 ) . Apocrine Glands Humans and pigs possess apocrine sweat glands which open onto the skin as adults but as embryos they possess the typical arrangement of apocrine glands opening into hair follicles . Apocrine sweat glands are clustered over the sternum in orangutans and some New World monkeys , the antecubital region in lorises , and many prosimians around genitalia . Only gorillas , chimps , and humans possess an axillary organ with apocrine glands in the armpit ( Montagna , 1971 ) . The breasts and navel have apocrine glands , in addition to those found in the armpit and groin . Although apocrine glands develop in embryos , they are n โ t functional until after puberty . Apocrine secretions are odorless until microbes metabolize them ( Hohl , 2001 ) . In humans , a large number of apocrine sweat glands develop all over the body early in life which later degenerate ( Montagna , 1972 ) . In mammary glands of pregnant mice , adipocytes are able to transdifferentiate into secretory epithelial cells . The reverse change occurs after pregnancy ( Moroni , 2004 ) . In mice , males produce pheromones from their extraorbital lacrimal gland which stimulate vomeronasal neurons in females ( Kimoto , 2005 ) . Milk is a form of modified apocrine sweat which is rich in proteins and fats . In the platypus , milk simply oozes onto the surface of the abdomen and the young lick it off of tufts of hair . Enamel matrix proteins ( EMPs ) , caseins , and proteins in saliva belong to a family of genes known as secretory Ca - binding phosphoproteins , most of which are located in the same cluster . EMPs include amenogenin , ameloblastin , and enamelin . Milk may originally have served in the protection of eggs from microbes . Casein is only known from mammals . As milk began to be used as a food source in mammals , other genes such as ฮฑ - lactalbumin ( which resulted from a duplication of lysozyme ) were also expressed in milk ( Kawasaki , 2003 ) . SCALES Scales are folds of the integument . Epidermal scales are primarily composed of epidermal keratinwhile dermal scales are primarily comosed of dermal tissues ( such as bone ) . Ancestral jawless fish evolved a series of scales along their bodies which were comosed of a dermal bone base , covered with a layer of dentine ( originally called " cosmine " ) and enamel ( originally called " ganoine " ) . Shark scales are classified as placoid scales : they lack ancestral dermal bone and are composed of enamel and dentin around a pulp cavity . Jawless fish known as thelodonts possessed scales similar to shark scales and are thought to be close to gnathostomes . The earliest thelodont scales are known from the Late Ordovician . Scales seemed to have lined the oral cavity of at least some thelodonts and it is possible that the cartilaginous arches of these fish , lined with tooth - like scales , were the precursors for jaws . Early sharks and acanthodians also seem In bony fish , the scales do not penetrate the epidermis , leaving an intact epidermis which typically secretes mucus . Sarcopterygians developed cosmoid scales which are composed of two layers of bone ( vascular and lamellar ) , a thick layer of dentin ( cosmine ) , and a thin layer of enamel . Primitive actinopterygians developed ganoid scales which possessed a thick layer of enamel which made them more shiny . Teleosts lack enamel , dentine , and vascular bone in their scales . These scales only possess lamellar bone which are acellular and not calcified . These teleost scales can be classified if they are concentric or ctenoid if they possess projections at their posterior margins . They grow annually , allowing estimates of their age ( Kardong , 2002 ) . Some lineages of fish , such as eels and catfish , have lost their scales and can even breathe through their skin . A number of catfish lineages have developed armor , apparently independent of one another ( Geerinickx , 2006 ) . In the family Loricariidae of suckermouth armored catfish , the armor of the skin is composed of odontodes made of dermal bone , covered by dentin and enamel and , attached by either bone or connective tissue . In some species , the odontodes around the opercle are spikelike and muscular contraction can elevate them ( Geerinickx , 2006 ) . Some possess dermal armor composed of two longitudinal rows of plates ( Shimabukuro - Dias , 2004 ) . Early amphibians retained dermal scales on their undersides . There were still small dermal scales on the undersides of the first reptiles ( Clack , 2002 ) . Amphibians lost their ancestral scales , allowing them to supplement the respiration occurring at their lungs with cutaneous respiration through their skin . All salamanders of the family Plethodontidae breathe solely through their skin and lack lungs . Most reptilian scales lack any bony base and are epidermal folds of keratin . While reptiles can not breathe through their skins as amphibians do , their skin is resistant to water loss and allows them to live in drier environments . When reptiles shed their skin , the outer layer of scales is separated from a deeper layer which forms the next set of scales . Before shedding , lipids accumulate between these two layers , making it easier for one to be shed . Snake skins are usually shed entire , with a snake beginning by rubbing its head . A new inner layer then forms . The dermal bones of turtle shells are covered by horny scutes whose margins tend to lie over the sutures between shell bones . Leatherbacks and softshell turtles have lost the horny covering over their shells and have reduced their shell bones . Turtles lack teeth and use a horny beak to bite their food ( Ernst , 1994 ) . Only the most primitive snakes ( blind snakes ) possess uniform scales which cover their entire bodies , higher snakes developed ventral scales which are larger than other scales . Scaly skin can vary greatly in its permeability to water depending on a snake โ s habitat ; scales are less permeable in snakes which live in dryer habitats . The permeability of the skin can vary over course of year as snakes vary lipids produced in their integument . The heads of snakes may also possess a number of modified scales forming โ horns โ , โ eyelashes โ , and โ tentacles โ . In the snake family Acrochoridae , the scales are covered in short hairlike filaments and raised scales give a few snakes a hairy appearance . Hognose snakes have a modified rostral scale . Snakes lack eyelids and in some primitive snakes , scales cover the eyes . In most snakes , a specialized scale called the brille covers the eye . The number of scales on the underside of the body varies from under 100 in slug eaters to more than 500 in seasnakes ( Greene , 1997 ; Mattison , 1995 ) . Some rodents have evolved scales on their tails , such as some porcupines and squirrels . Armadillos possess epidermal scales over their bony armor . DERMAL BONES Bony plates ( scutes ) serving as protection are not unique to turtles : they existed in pareisaurs , aetosaurs , crocodiles , and several Mesozoic groups of reptiles The rib cage and vertebral column help form the shell . There are about 50 bones which compose the carapace and 23 in the plastron ( Ernst , 1994 ) . Many ornithischian dinosaurs had dermal armor as did many of the earlier thecodonts and some sauropods It is possible that some dermal armor was an ancestral condition for dinosaurs which was lost in many lineages . Armadillos possess bones in their skin which typically form five shields ( cephalic , scapular , dorsal , pelvic , and caudal ) . These bony scutes are covered by a horny epidermal scales Giant ground sloths also possessed dermal armor . CLAWS Only 2 amphibians are known which possess keratin at the tips of their digits : the toad Xenopus and spade - foot toads . ( Webster , p . 167 ) . All amniotes have keratinized tips of their digits . Mammal claws are equivalent to reptilian claws but are composed of a softer keratin . ( Webster , p . 167 ) . Primates evolve flattened claws , called nails although claws still exist in some prosimians ( the aye - aye ) and in some monkeys ( family Callithricidae ) . Old World monkeys lack the toilet claw known in some prosimians and monkeys . The number of layers which compose the nail is reduced to one single layer in apes ( Soligo , 1999 ) . Opossum Rhesus Monkey ADIPOSE Turbellarian flatworms store energy as lipid ( Rieger , from Harrison , 1991 ) . Frog adipose is depicted below . THE DERMIS In many mammals , ranging from insectivores to humans , the collagen of reticular layer of dermis exists in horizontal layers at angles to each other , although masked in humans ( Montagna , 1971 ) . In most mammals , the dermis has fewer blood vessels than found in humans ( Montagna , 1971 ) . Anthropoid primates have a thicker papillary layer of the dermis . There is an enormous amount of dermal pigment in New World spider monkeys ( Montagna , 1972 ) . Chimpanzees possess a dermis most similar to humans ( Montagna , 1972 ) . HORNS Only mammals possess true horns and antlers . Horns are usually present in both genders of cattle , antelope , sheep , goats , bison , and wildebeest and are composed of a bony core surrounded by a keratin sheath made by the epidermis . Antlers exist in deer where they are usually found only in males ( although they can be produced by females , as in caribou ) . The bony core is covered by a thin layer of skin , known as velvet , which can later be shed . In pronghorns , the bony core of the horn is unbranched but the keratinized coverings may branch . In giraffes , small knobs of cartilage ossify but remain covered by living skin . Rhino horns are not true horns because they lack a bony core , being composed instead by compacted keratin . | [
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http://bio3d.colorado.edu/SerialEM/hlp/html/about_camera.htm | Image Acquisition from CCD Cameras and Direct Electron Detectors Sections of interest below : The first part of this page explains some features of CCD cameras . Direct electron detectors have significantly different behavior and some of their features are explained in Direct Electron Detectors , Especially the Gatan K2 / K3 . Newer CMOS - based cameras also have different behavior , so this first section mostly applies to traditional , high - quality CCD cameras . The principal differences for CMOS cameras are that readout happens continuously during the exposure instead of at the end ( thus readout time is not an issue ) , and that binning makes little difference in acquisition time except for the time savings of moving smaller amounts of data around in software . An image is captured from the CCD camera with a sequence of 3 steps : clearing the CCD chip , exposing the camera to the beam and integrating charges for some period of time , then reading the image off of the chip . The readout is done line by line , so it is often very time - consuming . The clearing time is also substantial because the chip is cleared by shifting accumulated charges to one edge . Clearing times are about 0.7 to 0.9 second for 2K Megascan or 4K single - port readout Ultrascan cameras , Many plastic - embedded specimens show a transient shift of the image when the beam is turned on to take an exposure ; this drift produces a smeared image . To take good images , you need to use drift settling , which provides an initial exposure of the specimen to the beam just before the image is acquired . This initial shift is worse on slot grids than on mesh grids and tends to be worse at high tilts . It seems to depend on the total beam hitting the sample rather than the brightness of the beam in Exposing the specimen to the beam before the exposure without exposing the camera during its clearing time requires the use of at least two shutters , one below the specimen and one above . The traces below show how DigitalMicrograph manages the two shutters in standard shuttering mode with the alternate ( beam ) shutter normally closed . A trace goes high to indicate when a shutter is open or beam is on the camera . Although this shuttering provides some pre - exposure , there are two problems here . First , the amount of pre - exposure is DigitalMicrograph does provide a way to increase the drift settling , but this has problems of its own . As shown in the following traces , the extra settling is implemented by keeping the beam on the CCD during the clear time . This introduces an intensity ramp in the image , which is eliminated by having the beam on for the equivalent time during the ' dark ' reference . These ramps use up some of the dynamic range of the camera , but worse than that , the dark reference contains image features and will become invalid when To deal with these problems , SerialEM has implemented a shuttering method using the scripting beam - blanker , which operates separately from the camera shuttering . As indicated in the two sets of traces below , this extra shuttering can provide a flexible range of drift settling times and also eliminates the many seconds of exposure during camera readout . Low - noise CCD cameras are inherently slow , so you should be aware of what governs image capture time and how to speed it up . The total capture time is the sum of : any drift settling time above the clearing time , the clearing time , the actual exposure time , time to read out the image , and time to process and display it . Drift settling of less than the clearing time is subsumed in the clearing time . Processing time is minimal , so you should always use gain normalization to remove intensity variations Camera Setup dialog . Their readouts are only somewhat longer than the readout for square images that are half as big , not twice as long . Direct Electron Detectors , Especially the Gatan K2 / K3 The first part of this section describes features common to direct detector cameras , but most of it is specific to the Gatan K2 or K3 camera . If you are familiar with the K2 , see the section Principal Differences between K2 and K3 Binning and summing of signals . Binning and integration over time behave quite differently for direct detectors and other CMOS - based cameras than for CCD cameras . With a high - end cooled CCD , an image is accumulated on the chip for the whole exposure time , and pixels are binned before readout , so each binned pixel of the final image is read out once . This means that a very weak beam can be integrated for a long time and binned to make the readout noise small compared to the signal . With the CMOS - based cameras , the amount of Binning and anti - aliased image reduction with the K2 and K3 Cameras . The K2 camera is intrinsically a 3.8K x 3.7K camera but can produce 7.6K x 7.4K images in Super - Resolution mode . Similarly , the K3 camera has 5.8K x 4.1K sensor but its electron counting mode always produces super - resolution 11.5K x 8.2K images . SerialEM resolves this by treating the cameras internally as 7.6K and 11.5K in all modes of operation , but maintaining binning values that are twice those actually applied to acquire images . However , the user interface presents each as a camera with the size of the sensor and with the With a K2 , Super - resolution mode has an advantage over counting mode only with no binning in DM , which yields a 7.6K image . For example , a super - resolution image taken with binning by 2 in DM will produce a 3.8K image that is identical to the 3.8K image that could have been obtained with counting mode and no binning . To provide a useful alternative , SerialEM uses image reduction by antialias filtering , to remove the high - frequency noise that would be introduced by aliasing when images are binned . This method Antialiased reduction has a measurable advantage over binning with electron counting images . If pairs of super - resolution images are taken at a variety of doses and analyzed by Fourier ring correlation , the FRC past half - Nyquist is about 35 % higher with antialiased reduction by 2 than with binning by 2 , and about 50 % higher with reduction by 4 rather than with binning by 4 . Antialiased reduction is used by default instead of true binning for all " binned " images in K2 counting and super - resolution modes and for K3 counting images , and the reduction is done by the SerialEMCCD plugin on the K2 or K3 computer , where it can run quickly . At the bottom of the Camera Setup dialog , there is a checkbox to turn off this behavior , followed by an indicator in bold about whether a reduction will use Anti - aliasing or Binning Scaling of electron counts . In counting or super - resolution mode with a K2 , DM produces images with the number of electrons , which is very different from the number of digitized counts produced in linear mode . Since many parts of SerialEM rely on there being a fixed relationship between beam intensity and image counts , the plugin scales electron counts up by a factor close to the number of counts per electron in linear mode , so that all modes produce approximately the same number of counts per unbinned pixel for a given exposure time and beam intensity . In contrast , the K3 in electron counting mode produces 32 counts per detected electron , while the linear mode in DM produces huge numbers of counts . In this case , SerialEM scales linear mode to match the counting mode output , using that a factor that has to be set in the SerialEM properties file . Dose rate for effective electron counting . Electron counting is effective only over a limited range of dose rates . For the K2 , it is best to keep the dose rate between 2 and 10 electrons per unbinned pixel per second ; at some point ( roughly around 20 e / ubpixel / sec ) counting becomes less efficient than integrating in linear mode . The K3 has 3.75 times faster readout rate , which means all these dose rates would be that much higher , so the best operating range would be ~ 7 to 40 e / ubpixel / sec . There is a , which predicts the dose rate under the current conditions based on the change in beam intensity since the last acquired image . For the K2 , the number of electron counts produced per true electron drops by a factor of ~ 0.97 at 5 e / ubpixel / sec , ~ 0.94 at 7.5 e / ubpixel / sec , ~ 0.87 at 10 e / ubpixel / sec , and ~ 0.6 at 20 e / ubpixel / sec . Unfortunately , even at low dose rates , the conversion efficiency is apparently only 0.87 counts per true electron ( Li et al . , 2013 ) . Similar values apply for the K3 at the correspondingly higher dose rates . Dose calibration . Because of the adjustments just described , dose calibration with a counting mode image should be accurate for a fairly wide dose rate range . Dose calibration with linear mode images from a K2 would also be accurate , as long as the property for counts per electron is set correctly . There should be no need to use linear mode images for this purpose with a K3 camera . Measuring Camera Gain describes a procedure for setting the counts per electron and for setting a separate property to equalize the counts between linear and counting mode images at a particular dose rate for K2 camera . Camera timing . Camera timing is also unlike that of a CCD and is mostly independent of binning . For the K2 , linear and counting mode shots take ~ 3 sec plus the exposure time . A super - resolution shot takes ~ 6 sec plus the exposure time , plus the time required to return the 7.6K image to SerialEM , which is generally at least 1.3 sec over a fast gigabit network . For a K3 , the basic time is shorter ( ~ 2 sec ) and is no penalty for getting the super - resolution images . Dark and gain correction . Because of the complexity of the dark and gain corrections in DM , all gain normalization is done in DM instead of SerialEM , and it is not possible to take a gain reference in SerialEM . For the K2 , DM will keep one dark reference for each binning and camera mode combination , so when a new exposure time is used , DM has to prepare or obtain a new dark reference for that mode and binning . For linear mode , this takes ~ 2 sec plus the exposure time , whereas for counting and super - Limitations in Dose Fractionation mode . Before GMS 2.3.1 , Dose Fractionation mode could produce only unbinned , full frame images , 3.8K in linear or counting mode and 7.6K in super - resolution mode . Although these limitations were removed , SerialEM was never modified to take advantage of the change . For the summed image returned to SerialEM , antialiased image reduction is applied to achieve whatever reduction is selected ( i.e. , with binning higher than 1 for linear or counting mode , or binning higher than 0.5 for super - resolution mode ) . For the K3 , SerialEM enforces the same Saving frames from the plugin . The ability to save frames in Dose Fractionation mode is implemented by having SerialEM ' s plugin to DM save frames directly rather than passing them back to SerialEM . Only the final summed image produced by DM is passed back . The frames for one image acquisition are saved either in a single MRC or TIFF stack or as a numbered set of single - image files inside of a newly created directory . The stack or directory is given a unique name based on the date and time or on choices in the K2 Frame File Options dialog ; this name will be printed to the log window along with the number of frames saved . This information is also saved in a ' .mdoc ' metadata file if the summed image is saved , or in a ' .mdoc ' file opened with Open .mdoc for Frames in the File menu . The frames can be saved only on the computer hosting the K2 or K3 camera , or in file systems accessible to that computer . The scaling and mode of the saved frames depends on whether gain normalization is selected in SerialEM , which invokes software gain correction in DM for the individual frames , and also differs between K2 and K3 cameras . For a K2 camera , with the gain correction ( which does some useful scaling to remove artifacts ) , DM passes the plugin floating point frames with fractional values in both modes . The plugin scales a super - resolution mode frame by 16 and stores it as bytes , or a counting mode frame by the regular scaling applied Pack unnormalized data option in the Frame File Options dialog determines whether these raw counts are saved in a packed form . If this option is selected , the plugin truncates the integers in counting mode as bytes and packs the bytes in super - resolution mode so that two 4 - bit numbers are stored in each byte . Otherwise , the plugin saves the integers or bytes that it received , respectively . For K3 cameras , normalized data are passed to the plugin as bytes with the fixed scaling of 32 , so they are ready to save as bytes . This is still the case if the frames are taken with binning by 2 ( to mimic K2 counting mode ) . Unnormalized frames are always bytes as well , so they can be saved as is or packed two per byte . By default , the packed 4 - bit data files will look like ordinary byte files , but with half the true size in X ; thus other programs will be able to open them just like any other byte file but they will appear squeezed by a factor of 2 in X . For MRC files , the Frame File Options dialog allows you to save 4 - bit data as mode 101 , which IMOD and MotionCor2 support but other programs might not . That dialog also allows you to save the data as TIFF files with LZW or ZIP compression ; LZW is best for unnormalized data and is also much faster . If you save data as compressed TIFF files , the program ' tif2mrc ' in IMOD can be used to convert each file to MRC format before processing it ; or , in fact , any IMOD program can be run directly on the TIFF files . To take advantage of this option , you can select either unprocessed or dark - subtracted instead of gain normalized images in the ( prior to SerialEM 3.6.0 , Dec . 15 , 2016 , it was necessary to select dark - subtracted ) . A more convenient approach is to leave the selection as normalized in that dialog , but turn on Save unnormalized frames even if Gain Normalized is selected in the Frame File Options dialog . There is actually no dark - subtraction involved , and these two selections now produce the same result . When frames are saved unnormalized , the plugin will return a gain - normalized sum of the frames even though the normalization is not selected , so that this image will not have artifacts that could impair cross - correlation alignment . Signal loss from saving normalized frames as integers . . There is some concern that rounding the floating point frame values to integers will lose signal and reduce the efficiency of the camera . To explore this point , the image formation was modeled by 1 ) generating a Poisson deviate to represent a true electron count as the input signal ; 2 ) adding a Gaussian deviate with a sigma of 0.05 times the electron count , which reproduces the histogram of spreads around integer counts in a normalized frame ; 3 ) setting the output to zero for 0.13 of trials , to reproduce the typical signal loss Electrons per pixel Loss in DQE 0.1 0.0005 0.5 0.0004 1.0 0.0003 2.0 0.0002 The reasons the loss is so small are that 1 ) the vast majority of normalized pixel values are close to integer values anyway ; 2 ) the SNR is so low in the images . To put this loss in perspective , with a loss of 0.0005 , you would need 10005 particles instead of 10000 particles to reach a certain resolution . Gain - normalizing frames during post - processing . If you choose to save frames without software gain normalizing , the plugin will make sure that there is a valid copy of the appropriate gain reference in the folder where the frames are saved , provided that the plugin can find the gain reference . ( This used to be done by specifying the full paths to the gain references in the SerialEM property file , but now a correct entry for the camera property DMGainReferenceName is sufficient . ) In addition , since there is no defect correction in these images with GMS 2.3.1 or higher , the The header of the frame stacks will have a title line with the text ' r / f ' followed by a value corresponding to a RotationAndFlip entry in the SerialEM properties file . This value is the rotation counterclockwise divided by 90 ( i.e. , 1 , 2 , or 3 for angles of 90 , 180 or 270 ) plus 4 for a flip around the Y axis before the rotation . There are several ways to handle the rotation of the gain reference : With ' alignframes ' in IMOD , there is no need to normalize the data separately ; the gain reference and defect file can be given to the program and the option ' - rotation - 1 ' can be used to read the r / f value from the frame stack header . With IMOD 4.9.2 or higher , or 4.10.1 or higher , the ' clip ' program can do the rotation with the universal ' norm ' command given below in the section starting ' In IMOD version 4.8.41 or higher . ' It must be given the ' - R ' option with either the SerialEM rotation / flip value applied to the frames , or - 1 to read the r / f value from the frame stack header . In the general case , use the IMOD commands clip flipy reference . dm4 flipped . mrc first for a r / f value of 4 - 7 , followed by newstack - near - rot angle flipped . mrc rotFlipped . mrc Once you have the reference in the right orientation , you can use the program ' clip ' in IMOD to apply gain normalization ( and defect correction with version 4.8.6 or higher ) . In the following , ' scalingFactor ' is the regular scaling factor applied to summed images , ' fileWithFrames ' is the data file to normalize , ' gainReference . mrc ' is the reoriented gain reference , and ' normalizedFrames . mrc ' is the desired output file . The alternatives for GMS 2.3.0 or lower are : Counting mode , not packed : The data need to be scaled to preserve precision after normalization . The command is clip mult - n scalingFactor fileWithFrames . mrc gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc Super - resolution mode , not packed : The data need to be scaled to preserve precision after normalization . To have the same scaling by 16 that the plugin would apply , the command is clip mult - n 16 fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc but if you want to apply the regular scaling factor , the output will need to be integers and the command is clip mult - n scalingFactor - m 1 fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc Counting mode , packed as bytes : The data need to be scaled to preserve precision and output as integers to preserve the range . The command is clip mult - n scalingFactor - m 1 fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc Super - resolution mode , packed as 4 - bit numbers : By default , the data will be scaled by 16 when unpacking with normalization , so the command to get this scaling is just clip unpack fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc but if you want to apply the regular scaling factor , the output will need to be integers and the command is clip unpack - n scalingFactor - m 1 fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc It is also possible to remove extreme values from the data at the same time with the ' - h ' and ' - l ' options . For example , adding ' - h 6 - l 1 ' after the ' unpack ' will replace all values above 6 with 1 . To apply defect correction to files from GMS 2.3.1 or higher , add ' - D defects . . .txt ' before ' fileWithFrames ' in the appropriate command , where ' defects . . .txt ' is the file saved by the plugin . In IMOD version 4.8.41 or higher , all programs can read 4 - bit files directly . The ' clip unpack ' command has thus been changed so that it can be used for normalizing any kind of data , and it can also be invoked as either ' clip unpack ' or ' clip norm ' . A command that works for all of the above cases is clip norm - n scalingFactor - m 1 fileWithFrames gainReference . mrc normalizedFrames . mrc where the default scaling factor is 16 , extreme values can be removed with ' - l ' and ' - h ' options , and ' - D defects . . .txt ' would be added for files from GMS 2.3.1 or higher . With IMOD 4.9.2 / 4.10.1 or higher , you can add add ' - R - 1 ' and use the DM reference directly instead of a rotated reference . For K3 frames , you should specify a scaling factor of 32 . In all of these situations , conversion to floating point can be used instead of , or in addition to , the scaling to guarantee absolutely no information loss from rounding to integers . To convert to float , use " - m 2 " instead of " - m 1 " or add " - m 2 " to a command when the data are already integers . The extra storage required will not be an issue if the normalized data are only being used temporarily for alignment and averaging of frames . Finally , if you want to run MotionCor2 directly on the unnormalized data , you should give it a defect map file as well as the gain reference file . You can make a defect map from the text file with ' clip defect ' in IMOD 4.10.7 or higher : : clip defect - D defects . . .txt fileWithFrames defects . . .mrc where the fileWithFrames is used only to set the size of the output and can be any file of the right X and Y size . To make a compressed TIFF file , which will be much smaller , use : clip defect - D defects . . .txt - f tif fileWithFrames defects . . .tif Drift settling Drift settling is implemented not by having two shutters but by having a longer exposure in which readout frames at the beginning are discarded . This is known to work correctly when there is only one shutter connected . If there are two shutters , it may work correctly only if the second shuttering option is selected , as was found to be the case for the OneView . Constraints on timing . There are several constraints on timing that are enforced both for the entries in the All times ( exposure , drift settling , frame time in Dose Fractionation mode ) must be multiples of the readout interval , 2.5 ms for K2 and 0.666 ms for K3 . When not doing Dose Fractionation , exposure time for K2 must be a multiple of 0.1 sec in linear or counting mode and a multiple of 0.5 sec in super - resolution mode ( yes , 0.5 sec ! ) . For K3 , exposure time must be a multiple of 0.013 sec in linear mode or 0.011 sec in electron counting mode . In Dose Fractionation mode , exposure time must be a multiple of the frame time , and it must be at least 0.025 sec for K2 or 0.013 sec for K3 . It is possible to overcome the constraints on exposure time in K2 counting and super - resolution modes by turning on Dose Fractionation mode and setting the frame time equal to the exposure time , with no aligning or saving selected . Doing so will cost an extra 4 sec in counting mode or 5.5 sec in super - resolution mode . For K3 , the extra time will be much less but there is much less need to do so . This equality between frame and exposure time will be retained when you use either of the two methods Beam Intensity Control and Tilt Series Scheduled Changes Dialog for more details . Principal Differences between K2 and K3 The K3 has been optimized to produce super - resolution images , does so intinsically when electron counting , and does not have a distinction between counting and super - resolution modes . The user interface in DM simply offers linear and counting modes and adopts the SerialEM convention of using binning 0.5 to refer to super - resolution images . To maintain consistency with DM , SerialEM also provides just two modes and refers to them and linear and counting . The K3 has only two gain references , linear and super - resolution . The K3 does allow fast binning by 2 for electron counting images , thus replicating the counting mode of the K2 camera , but this capability was added late in the development of SerialEM support for K3 . I decided not to recreate a distinction between counting and super - resolution modes , which would have been largely artificial . Instead , SerialEM provides an option to acquire frames with ' hardware ' binning by 2 for either saving or aligning . SerialEM includes another option for getting frames the same size as the sensor : saving super - resolution frames with antialiased reduction by 2 , which takes about 0.1 sec per frame . This option is available for K2 as well , but there it costs even more time because super - resolution mode itself takes longer than counting . K3 electron counting images are scaled to 32 counts per detected electron and gain normalization results in byte values . Each super - resolution pixel can thus hold up to 7 electrons . The readout rate of the K3 is 3.75 times higher than the K2 and it can thus count electrons arriving at dose rates per pixel that are higher by this amount . The optimal dose rate is around 30 electrons per unbinned pixel per second instead of 8 . ( Sensor pixels are still referred to as unbinned pixels . ) Linear mode is even less useful for the K3 than for the K2 because of this higher dose rate range for electron counting . It may still be useful for continuous mode . It consists of very high counts in DM ; these get scaled to match the 32 counts per electron of counting mode . The processors in the K3 computer are much less occupied during the time when it is feeding frames to SerialEM ' s plugin to DM , so parallelization of various frame processing steps in the plugin is more effective . The plugin has thus gotten faster just as the camera has . Remaining Problems with the K3 This list will be continually updated and eventually removed as Gatan either solves the problem or clarifies the situation . ( Last update March 19 , 2019 ) When the camera configuration is set for rotation by 90 or 270 and flip around Y , the operation is done incorrectly in DM and the image is rotated 180 degrees from what it should be . As a result , the summed images returned to SerialEM from dose - fractionation , frames saved with reoriention , and continuous mode images will all be turned by 180 degrees . There is a workaround in the Dec . 9 version . The procedure is : First check if the problem is still present in your version by taking an image without dose - fractionation , then one with dose - fractionation selected ( no saving is needed ) . If they do not have the same orientation , proceed to change RotationAndFlip as indicated next . If necessary , upgrade to the 3 - 7 - 0beta14 package or higher Set RotationAndFlip to - 7 if it 5 , or - 5 if it is 7 . Leave DMRotationAndFlip at 5 or 7 , respectively When a fixed version of DM is installed , you will need to remove the minus sign from the RotationAndFlip entry , change DMRotationAndFlip to match it , and change the configuration in DM , if necessary , from 90 to 270 degrees for a 7 or from 270 to 90 for a 5 . Linear mode images during continuous acquisition have an incorrect offset which would give a misleading dose rate estimate . This is currently adjusted for in SerialEM . If the problem is ever resolved , there will probably be a property setting to prevent the adjustment . It is currently uncertain whether the hardware binning in counting mode will be permanently constrained to producing normalized data in bytes . This could potentially saturate frames taken with the option for hardware binning by 2 with long frame times . Also , continuous mode for counting images with a binning selection of 1 or higher uses hardware binning by 2 and can saturate with high dose rates or with longer exposures , and hardware binning by 4 is simply not used for these images because it saturates so easily . The dose rate table used for 300 KV is inaccurate . With GMS 3.31 , SerialEM obtains the dose rate directly from DM in GMS 3.31 , eliminating the need for the dose rate tables . SerialEM has no control over the alignment of frames by MotionCor2 available in DM as an option , and apparently can not trigger this alignment or access the result . | [
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http://bio662.dyndns.info/s3b/b3n/b3n02BloodCirculation/b3n02eBldC121StructureOfHeart.htm | Home Up S . 3 Biology - Tutorial Blood Circulation Go Bottom The Structure and Function of Heart Part Functions Septum โ completely separates the into the left and right sides to prevent the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood . Right atrium ( auricle ) to receive deoxygenated blood from the vena cava and force it into the right ventricle . Tricuspid valve โ between the right atrium and right ventricle to prevent the back flow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium . Right ventricle to pump the deoxygenated blood to the lungs for gaseous exchange . Left atrium ( auricle ) to receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and force it into the left ventricle . Bicuspid valve โ between the left atrium and left ventricle to prevent the back flow of blood from the left ventricle into the left atrium . Left ventricle โ has the thickest muscular wall required to create a great pressure to pump the oxygenated blood to the whole body . Valve tendon to maintain the position of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves . Semi - lunar valves to prevent backflow of blood from the aorta and pulmonary artery into the left ventricle and right ventricle respectively . Blood vessels entering and leaving the heart 1 ] Aorta - is the main artery carrying oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the lungs . 2 ] Superior vena cava - is the main vein draining the deoxygenated blood from the head and the upper limbs into the right atrium . 3 ] Inferior vena cava - is the main vein draining the deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body into the right atrium . 4 ] Pulmonary artery - is the artery which carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle into the lungs for gaseous exchange . This is the only artery which contains deoxygenated blood . 5 ] Pulmonary vein - is the vein which carries oxygenated blood from lungs back into the left atrium of the heart . This is the only vein which contains oxygenated blood . 6 ] Coronary artery and vein - since the blood inside the heart can not provide nutrient to the heart muscles , coronary artery and vein carries oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle and removes wastes . Go Top | [
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http://biobagusa.com/products/retail-products/ | BioBag Products Retail Products Retail Products BioBag is the leading retail brand of compostable bags in the country SPINSIRI More consumers use BioBags than all of our competitors combined We offer the widest variety of compostable products on the market including an extensive assortment of retail products for both inhome and outofhome use Food Scrap Collection Products Resealable Food Storage Products Lawn Leaf and Garden Waste Bags Pet Waste Bags Shopping Produce Bags BioBag Americas BioBag is a world leader in providing bags and films for the collection of organic waste for the purpose of composting Unlike regular plastic BioBags can be consumed by microorganisms that live in our soils Because we use starches from renewable crops our bags can be readily composted along with organic waste in municipal composting facilities BioBag isnt a large petroleumbased plastic bag company that now conveniently dabbles in the new business of compostable bags We are a small privately owned company dedicated to only producing certified compostable bags and films The resin we use is sourced from Italy as there is no compostable resin supplier in North America that can guarantee a resin that is based on GMO Free crops The resin is then blown into compostable bags and film at our production facility in California Little steps really do make a BIG difference especially when creating products for the GREEN industry is all we do Our Products BioBags product range is considered to be the most comprehensive in the compostables marketplace We focus on highquality products superior customer service and our unique customization capabilities The BioBag brand is recognized as the best in our line of business Interested in our products We would love to hear from you Please fill out this form or start a chat with us We will get in touch with you shortly help desk software Name Company Email Phone Address City Zip Country Products of interest choose one Retail Commercial Agriculture Organics Diversion Industrial Applications Custom Products Consultation Services Community Dog Parks Other Message Privacy Policy Captcha | [
"BioBag"
] |
http://biochem4.okstate.edu/~firefly/Bioch5853/Minireviews/MR3.98%20folder/gardner.mr3.98folder/bgardner.htm | Brett A . Gardner Introduction At the beginning of the 20th Century , it would have been hard to imagine that as we approach the end of the millenium , obesity , rather than hunger , would be a major public health problem for much of the developed world . The condition of being overweight affects 58 million Americans who spend $ 30 billion a year fighting excess pounds , often futilely . However , obesity is not just a problem in the U.S. , it is an international health problem . Now recognized as a chronic disease , obesity is second only to smoking Acetyl - CoA Carboxylase Fatty acid biosynthesis occurs through the condensation of C 2 units and is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP ( 2 ) . The process of fatty acid synthesis involves two regulatory steps . The first step is the carboxylation of acetyl - CoA in the cytosol to form malonyl CoA ( Figure 1 ) . Catalyzed by the biotin - dependent acetyl - CoA carboxylase , an enzyme that transfers CO 2 to substrates , this step is the rate - limiting step and therefore a very important site in the regulation of fat accumulation . If sufficient biotin is not available for carboxylation of acetyl - CoA , fatty acid synthesis will not occur . The second major point of regulation in fatty acid synthesis is the decarboxylation of the malonyl group , catalyzed by fatty acid synthase . The multienzymatic activity of fatty acid synthase regulates fatty acid synthesis ( Figure 2 ) . Figure 1 . Carboxylation reaction of acetyl - CoA in the cytosol to form malonyl CoA via acetyl - CoA carboxylase ( ACC ) . The rate of fatty acid synthesis is controlled by the equilibrium between the monomeric and polymeric acetyl - CoA carboxylase . Control of the acetyl - CoA carboxylase enzyme involves phosphorylation - dephosphorylation reactions ( 3 ) . Metabolically , this conformational change is enhanced by citrate and is inhibited by long - chain fatty acids ( i.e. palmitoyl - CoA ) . The accumulation of citrate in the cytosol of adipose cells shifts equilibrium to the polymeric acetyl - CoA carboxylase , thus activating fatty acid biosynthesis . Palmitoyl - CoA promotes polymer disaggregation and is a primary feedback Hormones play an important role in lipid metabolism ( Figure 3 ) . Fatty acid synthesis is regulated by phosphorylation - dephosphorylation reactions . Insulin stimulates the dephosphorylation of acetyl - CoA carboxylase , activating fatty acid synthesis . Phosphorylation of acetyl - CoA carboxylase by the hormones epinephrine , norepinephrine , and glucagon result in the inactivation of this enzyme , inhibiting synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl - CoA . Figure 2 . The reaction sequence for the biosynthesis of fatty acids . Dietary Regulation The level of food intake has profound effects on the rate of incorporation of lipogenic precursors into fatty acids in ruminant adipose tissue ( 4 , 5 ) . Smith et al . ( 4 ) demonstrated that graded increases in the level of food intake markedly increased de novo lipogenesis . Smith and Prior ( 6 ) suggested that ATP - citrate lyase is rate limiting to the incorporation of lactate into fatty acids because of the high correlation between the intracellular concentration of citrate and the rate of lipogenesis from lactate . Studies conducted using chickens demonstrated that Nutritional manipulation exerts a more long - term effect on hepatic lipogenesis and thus potentially on whole body lipid metabolism . For instance , in vivo lipogenesis is observed to be increased following the feeding of a diet with a high calorie : protein ratio but decreased following the feeding of a diet that includes fat ( 9 ) . Restricted feed intake elevated fatty acid synthesis , while low - protein ( 12 % ) diets have been shown to elevate lipogenesis compared to high - protein ( 30 % ) diets ( 10 , 11 ) . Hudgins et al . ( 12 ) demonstrated that fatty acid synthesis was markedly stimulated in weight - stable normal human volunteers by a very - low - fat formula diet with 10 % of energy as fat and 75 % as short glucose polymers . Recently , researchers ( 13 ) concluded that fatty acid synthesis was reduced by the substitution of dietary starch for sugar and resulted in potential beneficial effects on cardiovascular health . Even though the mechanism ( s ) by which nutrition influences lipogenesis have not been established this influence may be via metabolic hormones Figure 3 . Schematic of lipid metabolism in poultry and the points of hormone interaction . Genetic Regulation In the 1950s , researchers at the Jackson Laboratory in Bar Harbor , Maine found a series of genes that appeared to be responsible for obesity in mice ; two of the genes , the ob ( for obese ) and the db ( for diabetes ) appeared to play a crucial role in fat regulation ( 14 ) . In 1986 , Dr . Jeffrey Friedman of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Rockefeller University and a team of Rockefeller researchers successfully cloned the obesity gene which has been shown to affect fat synthesis ( 15 , 16 , 17 ) . Mice that exhibited the db / db gene were found to produce an anti - obesity factor within the circulatory system but were non - responsive to the factor , while mice with ob / ob did not produce the anti - obesity factor ( were phenotypically obese ) but were responsive ( 18 ) to the anti - obesity factor . This factor , named leptin , is a protein that is encoded by the obesity gene . It signals to the brain when sufficient energy has been consumed to maintain body weight . Mutation of the ob gene , which prevents the manufacture of functional leptin , results in morbidly obese mice ( 19 ) . Hormones may control the regulation of leptin synthesis . When glucocorticoids or cAMP were administered , mRNA and leptin secretion was decreased ( 20 ) , while insulin and corticosterone increased leptin production in both rodent and human adipose cells ( 21 ) . Leptin also appears to be under the control of metabolic factors . Fasting markedly reduced mRNA levels , but upon re - feeding , mRNA levels were restored ( 21 ) . Heiman et al . ( 22 ) demonstrated that among rats , leptin could inhibit hypothalamic CRH release , either directly or indirectly through another hypothalamic neuropeptide such as neuropeptide - Y . Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite centers in the brain and appears to be a partner of leptin in the regulation of body fat through participation in maintenance of energy balance and neuroendocrine signaling . As more fat is produced , leptin levels go up , causing a sharp drop in neuropeptide Y and a decrease in appetite . Neuropeptide - Y may be involved in the regulation of Conclusions Biosynthesis of fatty acids is strictly regulated . The primary determination of lipogenesis or lipolysis is the equilibrium between monomeric and polymeric acetyl - CoA carboxylase . Several hormones , including insulin , glucagon , glucocorticoids , epinephrine , the secondary messenger cAMP , as well as diet composition and nutrient manipulation all exert important regulatory action on lipid metabolism . However , the recent discovery that genetics play an integral part in determining the extent of fatty acid synthesis may prove to be the most beneficial breakthrough in the " War on Fat " . Future investigations and studies References http : / / www . nando . net / newsroom / ntn / health / 051497 / health24_8551 . html Voet , D.V. and Voet , J.G. ( 1995 ) John Wiley and Sons , Inc . New York , NY . Lehninger , A.L. , Nelson , D.L. , Cox , M.M. ( 1993 ) Worth Publishers , New York , NY . Smith , S.B. , Prior , R.L. , Koong , L.J. , and Mersmann , H.J. ( 1992 ) J . Anim . Sci 70 , 152 - 158 . Rule , D.C. , Thornton , J.H. , McGilliard , A.D. , and Beitz , D.C. ( 1992 ) Int . J . Biochem . 24 , 789 - 193 . Smith , S.B. and Prior , R.L. ( 1981 ) Arch Biochem . Biophys . 211 , 192 - 201 . Goodridge , A.G. , Crisch , J.F. Fantozzi , D.A. , Glynias , M.J. , Hillgartner , F.B. , Klautky , S.A. , Ma , X.J. , Mitchell , D.A. , and Salati , L.M. ( 1989 ) J . Anim . Sci . 66 ( Suppl . 3 ) : 49 . Obeid , O.A. , Khayatt , J.A. , and Emery , P.W. ( 1998 ) Nutrition 14 , 191 - 196 . Donaldson , W.E. ( 1985 ) Poult . Sci . 64 , 1199 - 1204 . Rosebrough , R.W. , Steele , N.C. , McMurtry , J.P. , Richards , M.P. , Mitchell , A.D. , and Calvert , C.C. ( 1986 ) Growth 50 , 461 - 471 . Rosebrough , R.W. , McMurtry , J.P. , and Steele , N.C. ( 1987 ) Growth 51 , 309 - 320 . Hudgins LC , Hellerstein M , Seidman C , Neese R , Diakun J , Hirsch J . ( 1996 ) J Clin Invest . 97 , 2081 - 2091 . Hudgins , L.C. , Seidman , C.E. , Diakun , J . , and Hirsch , J . ( 1998 ) Am . J . Clin . Nutr . 67 , 631 - 639 . http : / / keck . whittier . edu / ~ jed / leptin . html Zhang , Y . , Proenca , R . , Maffei , M . , Barone , M . , Leopold , L . , and Friedman , J.M. ( 1994 ) Nature 372 , 425 - 431 . Maffei , M . , Stoffel , M . , Barone , M . , Moon , B . , Dammerman , M . , Ravussin , E . , Bogardus , C . , Ludwig , D.S. , Flier , J.S. , Talley , M . , Auerach , S . , and Friedman , J.M. ( 1996 ) Diabetes 45 , 679 - 682 . Maffei , M . , Halaas , J . , Ravussin , E . , Pratley , R.E. , Lee , G.H. , Zhang Y . , Fei , H . , Kim , S . , Lallone , R . , Ranganathan , S . , Kern , P.A. , Friedman , J.M. ( 1995 ) Nature Med . 1 , 1155 - 1161 . Lents , C.A. ( 1998 ) Biochem . 5853 Minireview 2 . Okla . State Univ . , Stillwater , OK . http : / / www . loop . com / % 7Ebkrentzman / obesity / genetics . html Halleux , C.M. , Servais , I . , eul , B.A. , Detry , R . , Brichard , S.M. ( 1998 ) J . Clin . Endocrinol . Metab . 83 , 902 - 910 . Guerre - Millo , M . ( 1997 ) Biomed Pharmacother . 51 , 318 - 323 . Heiman , M.L. , Ahima , R.S. , Craft , L.S. , Schoner , B . , Stephens , T.W. , and Flier , J.S. ( 1997 ) Endocrinology . 138 , 3859 - 3863 . | [
"Fatty Acid Synthesis",
"Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase",
"Dietary Regulation"
] |
http://biochemistry.stanford.edu/ | The Department of Biochemistry explores diverse research questions using a wide variety of approaches experimental systems and techniques Through extensive crossfertilization faculty students and postdoctoral fellows alike are aware of everyones research and are bonded by a central interest in understanding fundamental biological questions at the level of how molecules act and interact to accomplish highly complex intra and intercellular processes Research in molecular medicine and connections to clinical research groups are commonplace Faculty faculty PhD Program current students Postdoctoral Research current fellows Explore the labs Brandman Lab The Brandman Lab studies how cells sense and respond to stress We employ an integrated set of techniques including single cell analysis mathematical modeling genomics structural studies and in vitro assays Chu Lab We invented a device that measures ammonia from a small drop of blood and are now testing it with patients Rapid diagnosis will prevent brain damage in patients with dysfunctional urea cycles due to genetic mutation liver dysfunction or cancer chemotherapy We are studying the megadalton protein complex that catalyzes DNA doublestrand break repair pathway of nonhomologous end joining Das Lab Rhiju Dass research group strives to predict how sequence codes for structure in proteins nucleic acids and heteropolymers whose folds have yet to be explored The Das lab uses new computational and experimental tools to tackle the de novo modeling of protein and RNA folds the highthroughput structure mapping of riboswitches and random RNAs and the design of selfknotting and selfcrystallizing nucleic acids Davis Lab Ron Davis research group is using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Human to conduct whole genome analysis projects The yeast genome sequence has approximately 6000 genes The Davis group has made a set of haploid and diploid strains 21000 containing a complete deletion of each gene In order to facilitate whole genome analysis each deletion is molecularly tagged with a unique 20mer DNA sequence This sequence acts as a molecular bar code and makes it easy to identify the presence of each deletion Ferrell Lab The Ferrell Lab is studying several biological processes including cell cycle regulation apoptosis and cellular organization We draw upon a combination of quantitative experimental approaches computational modeling and the theory of nonlinear dynamics Our goal is to understand the circuits that allow cells to make reliable decisions and how these decisions propagate in both space and time Harbury Lab The Harbury lab aims to measure and understand dynamic structural changes in proteins and their role in the functional biology of macromolecular machines We are developing tools to determine 3D protein structures and to detect structural fluctuations in situ directly inside cells and in complex reconstituted systems A second objective is to genetically map chemical space and exploit it for the discovery of tailored small molecules We have created a technology that reenacts billions of years of natural product evolution in a test tube More generally we explore innovative experimental approaches to problems in molecular biochemistry focusing on technologies with the potential for broad impact Herschlag Lab The Herschlag groups research is aimed at understanding the chemical and physical behavior underlying biological macromolecules and systems behaviors that define the capabilities and limitations of biology Toward this end we use multidisciplinary approaches to understand how RNA and protein enzymes assemble active sites and achieve their enormous catalytic power and exquisite specificity we are developing a quantitative and predictive understanding of RNA folding and we are uncovering the rules that determine RNAprotein interactions in vitro and in vivo Our research has broad implications for evolution and function of RNA and proteins and for how RNAprotein interactions regulate gene expression Khosla Lab Research interests in the Khosla Laboratory lie at the interface of chemistry and medicine For the past several years the lab has investigated the catalytic mechanisms of modular megasynthases such as polyketides synthases with the concomitant of harnessing their programmable chemistry for preparing new antibiotics More recently the group has investigated the pathogenesis of celiac sprue an HLADQ2 associated autoimmune disease of the small intestine Kim Lab We are studying the mechanism of viral membrane fusion and its inhibition by drugs and antibodies We use the HIV envelope protein gp120gp41 as a model system Some of our studies are aimed at creating an HIV vaccine that elicits antibodies against a transient but vulnerable intermediate in the membranefusion process called the prehairpin intermediate We are also interested in protein surfaces that are referred to as nondruggable These surfaces are defined empirically based on failure to identify small druglike molecules that bind to them with high affinity and specificity Some of our efforts are aimed at characterizing select nondruggable Krasnow Lab The Krasnow Lab uses genetic and genomic approaches to elucidate at singlecell resolution the genetic programs that control development renewal and regeneration of the lung We are especially interested in stem cells and how their behaviors are controlled in three dimensions to generate functional tissue and in using this information to understand and treat lung disease and to regenerate a lung We use similar approaches to map the breathing pacemaker and neural circuit of breathing and to identify breathing arrhythmias Li Lab We use chemical biology to uncover biochemical mechanisms in innate immunity and in parallel develop therapeutic hypotheses and lead compounds Innate immune pathways as the first line of defense against pathogens present many exciting opportunities for chemical biologists These pathways are a rich source of novel chemistry they involve diverse molecular patterns in pathogens littleexplored second messengers and drugs with poorly understood mechanism Activation of innate immunity is a proven therapeutic strategy for vaccination viral infection and cancer while inhibition is a strategy for treating autoimmune diseases and sterile inflammation To date however most modulators of innate immunity are broad Long Lab The Long Laboratory studies the early stages of symbiosis between Rhizobium also Sinorhizobium meliloti and and its host plants in the genus Medicago The symbiosis is uniquely approachable by experiment because each partner can be genetically manipulated and transgenic organs can be constructed allowing highly specific genetic tests of various components of signal and response The lab uses genetics biochemistry and cell biological approaches to study how cell division growth and gene expression arise in each partner due to stimulation from the other Pfeffer Lab The goal of research in the Pfeffer Lab is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which receptors are transported between specific membrane compartments in cells and how LDL derived cholesterol is exported from lysosomes We are pioneers in the study of Rab GTPases that are master regulators of receptor trafficking Rab GTPase phosphorylation by the LRRK2 kinase was recently linked to familial Parkinsons Disease We have discovered a Hedgehog signaling pathway that is blocked in specific neurons in the brain upon Rab phosphorylation and we are testing a model that may explain in molecular detail how this event leads to Rohatgi Lab The Rohatgi Lab is working to elucidate the biochemical and cell biological principles that govern signaling pathways that sit at the intersection between developmental biology and cancer Their toolkit combines bulk biochemical techniques such as cellfree reconstitution with microscopy using novel optical probes to study the dynamics of signal propagation in cells The group strives to develop novel strategies for the manipulation of these pathways for cancer therapies and applications in regenerative medicine Salzman Lab Our goal is to develop statistical and experimental tools to construct a high dimensional picture of gene regulation including cis and trans control of the full repertoire of RNAs expressed by cells Currently we are studying the function and biogenesis of circular RNA which we recently discovered to be a ubiquitous and uncharacterized component of eukaryotic gene expression A second major goal is to study gene expression variation in human cancer Using massive public datasets and primary tumors we develop new bioinformatic and statistical tools and test models We use the cancer genome as window into functional roles played by Spudich Lab Over the last several decades the Spudich laboratory studied the structure and function of the myosin family of molecular motors in vitro and in vivo and we developed multiple new tools including in vitro motility assays taken to the single molecule level using laser traps That work led us to our current focus on the human cardiac sarcomere and the molecular basis of hypertrophic and dilated cardiomyopathy We postulated in 2015 that a majority of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy mutations are likely to be shifting bcardiac myosin heads from a sequestered offstate to an active onstate for interaction with actin resulting in the hypercontractility seen clinically in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients This hypothesis is different from earlier prevailing views and this viewing an old disease in a new light is the basis of our current research Straight Lab The Straight Group studies the process of cell division in eukaryotes focusing on the mechanisms of chromosome segregation Their research utilizes biophysical biochemical microscopic and cell biological approaches in systems ranging from yeasts and flies to frogs and humans Their goal is to understand at a molecular level the principles of chromosome organization and segregation that ensure genome stability during cell division and differentiation Yeh Lab My research focuses on the apicoplast a prokaryoticallyderived plastid organelle unique to Plasmodium and other pathogenic Apicomplexa parasites and a key antimalarial drug target My laboratorys goal is to elucidate apicoplast biology function and role in pathogenesis with the ultimate goal of realizing the potential of the apicoplast as a therapeutic target | [
"Department of Biochemistry",
"explores",
"diverse research questions"
] |
http://biodieselmagazine.com/articles/9400/cold-flow-treatment-fame-hvo-diesel-blends | Cold Flow Treatment : FAME , HVO & Diesel Blends Effective additization of various biodiesel , hydrogenated vegetable oil and mineral diesel blends is critical to optimal fuel performance By Werner A . Reimann and Bettina A . Siggelkow | October 28 , 2013 ADVERTISEMENT The recent two decades have been a period of constant change for diesel fuel specifications . The main driving forces have been initiatives to reduce vehicle emissions and , later , efforts to find access to renewable and sustainable resources with the aim of minimizing diesel fuel โ s CO2 footprint while at the same time becoming independent of fossil feedstocks . Europe has been at the forefront of this revolutionary trend and is still at the leading edge of these developments . Quota politics began in Europe in 2003 when the biofuel directive was issued by the European Parliament and Council . The biofuel directive required a minimum biofuel quota of 2 percent beginning in 2005 and envisaged a stepwise increase to 5.75 percent by 2010 . However , revised regulations became more ambitious and in line with the current EU directives , leading to today โ s biodiesel quota , which is now at 7 percent with the declared target of reaching 10 percent by 2020 . The quotas did stipulate blends of mineral diesel and biodiesel , so at first the majority of biodiesel was sold as B100 . Only later , when tax relaxations were alleviated , did selling standard B100 became unprofitable and refiners started using biodiesel as a blending component . The major part of the biodiesel quota in Europe is still covered by first - generation fatty acid methyl ester ( FAME ) biodiesel , but recent fiscal legislation has made it possible for more second - generation biodiesel ( HVO ) to be brought into the market . Recent reconsiderations by the European council suggest capping the quota of edible vegetable oils processes to 6 percent with the gap in 2020 targets to be made up by alternative feedstock with no land use change / indirect land use change issues . Europe embraces a wide range of climatic zones where single or combined use of FAME and HVO as a blending component is practiced . Cold flow treatment of the various kinds of biodiesel and blends with mineral diesel is of key importance for this industry . Cold Flow Treatment of B100 First - generation biodiesel is referred to as FAME . It โ s obtained from fats , oils or greases by transesterification with methanol leading to glycerol as a side product . In Europe , the most common feedstocks are rapeseed , soybean and palm oils , with used cooking oils becoming more popular and profitable in recent years . Vegetable oils contain certain amounts of saturated fatty acids that are mainly found in the chain length of C14 , C16 and C18 . Depending on the species of plant origin , the content of saturated fatty acids in the The saturated fatty methyl esters are responsible for the cold flow and engine operability problems in the cold . Saturated fatty methyl esters , which are very similar to the linear paraffin in mineral diesel , will start to crystallize and drop out of solution upon cooling . This crystallization creates field problems similar to vehicle operability experienced in the past . During the crystallizing process , the saturated FAME molecules in the biodiesel are forming macrocrystalline structures that can block filter screens . Often this is found in internal combustion engines and can sometimes permeate through the whole of This can create a serious problem in the distribution chain , because when B100 is transported to refineries or terminals to be used as a blending component , it often forms sediments or solidifies . Saturated FAME crystal growth can be effectively controlled by the use of biodiesel flow improvers that hinder the crystals to form large interlocking species and produce very small crystal entities that can be readily dispersed . Basic cold - flow properties of biodiesel are measured in the same way for mineral diesel . The cloud point ( CP ) is the temperature where the biodiesel gets turbid ; the cold filter plugging point ( CFPP ) indicates the engine operability limit and the pour point ( PP ) reflects the solidification temperature . Today very efficient cold flow additive technology is available . This technology allows a lower CFPP and PP for a broad range of first - generation B100 . The CFPP response of a flow improver designed for B100 in a 70 / 30 percent RME / SME mixture , which is now frequently produced in biodiesel blends , is shown in Figure 1 . Due to the higher amounts of saturated fatty acid methyl ester deriving from soy methyl ester , the response for cold flow additives is significantly lowered . Because of this , many flow improvers at high dosage rates will fail to show sufficient reduction in CFPP . With Dodiflow 5603 and Dodiflow 5822 , it is still possible to reach the German CFPP winter specification of minus 20 degrees Celsius . In contrast , PP response of FAME blends typically gives better results and allows handling at much lower temperatures . This is important for refiners who are using this blend component in refinery tank farms and terminals . However , FAME response to cold flow additives is very dependent on the content of saturated fatty acid methyl esters . For CFPP ( shown in Figure 2 ) , the results indicate that Dodiflow 5603 does allow a CFPP reduction of 6 C in FAME mixtures with up to around 15 percent saturated FAME . When the content of total saturates is increased , the CFPP delta goes down and reaches a value of greater than 20 percent . With the additive technology currently used , the FAME virtually gets untreatable at economically reasonable dosage rates . In Figure 3 , biodiesel flow improver PP response is shown for RME / SME blends . Large PP deltas achieved start off at low saturates concentrations and decrease as the SME content is increased . The biodiesel CFPP and PP performance is optimized with Dodiflow 5603 because this technology allows the handling of FAME blends with up to 60 percent SME content down to temperatures of minus 18 C . This is especially important regarding handling issues faced by refineries and terminals . Biodiesel - Mineral Blends With the introduction of biodiesel quotas , the use of FAME as a diesel blending component is mandatory in Europe . As acknowledged above , FAME has a significant impact on diesel fuel properties such as oxidation stability , lubricity and cetane number . Through the carbon - carbon double bonds unsaturated compounds , the fuel stability is often negatively influenced and has to be compensated by appropriate antioxidants and stabilizers . On the other hand , cetane number and lubricity are positively influenced , which makes additives to bring sulfur - free B0 on - spec obsolete . Regarding the cold flow additive response , FAME impact can be negative or positive depending on the type and amount of biodiesel used for making the blend . FAME with a low content in saturates , such as RME , typically show higher percentages than what is needed to fulfill the quotas and is indifferent to cold flow additive response . PME , an example of a highly saturated FAME , gives a totally different picture . At low concentrations , nucleating effects dominate the results in a CFPP boost effect , whereas higher blending rates lead to a significant increase in CFPP values ( Figure 4 ) . Often times , the FAME used in the diesel blends is already flow - additized to facilitate handling and pumping at the blending facility . Dodiflow 5603 is successfully used to reduce the PP of this FAME . Compared to conventional diesel , cold flow treatment dosage rates present as rather high . Dodiflow 5603 alleviates these issues , because it is compatible with all conventional cold flow improvers and does not exhibit negative effects when treating the FAME / diesel blend to CFPP specification . Often this Dodiflow - treated FAME helps to lower overall cold flow improver treatment Second - Generation Biodiesel The original concept of โ second - generation biodiesel โ and its major advantage in terms of sustainability implied the use of a nonalimental feedstock such as biomass from wood and organic waste . The main process postulated involved pyrolysis , creation of synthesis gas and finally liquefaction by Fischer - Tropsch synthesis . The resulting fuels therefore were called biomass to liquid . Technically , the advantages for use as a fuel compared to first - generation FAME lie in the absence of functional groups and double bonds . These fuels , which are derived from biomass , resemble GTL - fuels derived from natural gas and are regarded as premium in terms of engine compatibility , fuel stability and cetane number . Alternative fuels of bio - origin ( which are hydrocarbon - based ) start with vegetable oils and are used as feedstock for first - generation biodiesel . Instead of a transesterification , the triglycerides are directly processed in hydrodesulfurization units ( HDS ) as neat oil or via cohydrogenation . The resulting fuels are called hydrogenated vegetable oils ( HVO ) . HVO - Mineral Blends HVO consists of linear paraffins in a low C - number range with an extremely narrow distribution . The material is wax - like with a solidification point of approximately 30 C . When used as a blending component , this kind of HVO has a devastating effect on the cold flow properties of winterized mineral diesel even at low concentrations . A German case study showed that the addition of 3 percent HVO to a FAME B7 to reach the 10 percent quota target was enough to seriously damage the CFPP performance of the cold flow additives ( Figure 5 ) . Hydro - dewaxed HVO ( HDX - HVO ) is a much more suitable biofuel . In addition to hydrogenation , the vegetable oil is subject to iso - dewaxing where part of the linear paraffins is transformed or transmuted into iso - paraffins . The materials obtained of these processes are liquids . By controlling the degree of isomerization , CP and PP can be adjusted in a wide range according to the requirements of the application . Nearly all properties of the HVO , including density , oxidation stability and cetane , are maintained . In terms of CFPP , DWX - HVO fuels such as NExBTL are not critical and can be blended in a wide concentration range into mineral oils . Low CP DWX - HVO can positively influence CFPP response of customized cold flow additives . Summary First - and second - generation biodiesels are playing an increasingly important role as blending components in refinery blending operations that must fulfill strict biodiesel quotas . In colder climate areas , appropriate cold flow properties of the resulting blends and the influence of the biodiesel components also have to be considered . With biodiesel flow improvers out of the Dodiflow range , very effective cold flow additives are available . This allows refineries to treat biodiesel blends with a high content of saturated FAME for the desired low CFPP values . It also efficiently reduces pour points , which Authors : Werner A . Reimann , Bettina A . Siggelkow Senior Expert - Fuels Additives Global Marketing Manager Clariant OMS 281 - 465 - 9100 + 49693055203 Refinery . services @ clariant . com ADVERTISEMENT | [
"Cold Flow Treatment",
"CFPP"
] |
http://biofuel.org.uk/biofuel-facts.html | Biofuel Facts A biofuel in any type of fuel in which the energy derived from the process of biological carbon fixation . Biological carbon fixation occurs in living organisms . The biggest difference between a biofuel and a fossil fuel is the time period over which the fixation occurs . In a biofuel , fixation occurs in months or years . In a fossil fuel , fixation occurs over thousands or millions of years . Additionally , fossil fuels are made entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms while biofuels contain carbon , hydrogen , and oxygen . These are just a few History of Biofuels Biofuels are nothing new . In fact , they ' ve been around as long as cars have . Henry Ford originally designed the Model T to run on ethanol . And people have been running diesel engines on vegetable oil much longer than they have been running diesel engines on petroleum - based diesel fuel . Rudolf Diesel , inventor of the diesel engine , originally designed it to run on vegetable oil . In fact , one of his early demonstrations , at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1897 , had a diesel engine running on peanut oil . Petroleum based fuel originally won out over biofuel because of cost . The table is slowly turning though as fossil fuels become more expensive . During World War II , the demand for biofuel increased once again as fossil fuels became less abundant . Biofuel surged in popularity during the energy crisis of the 1970s . The most recent surge in biofuel popularity occurred in the 1990s in response to tougher emissions standards and increasing demands for enhanced fuel economy . Classification of Biofuels Biofuels are often broken into three generations . 1st generation biofuels are also called conventional biofuels . They are made from things like sugar , starch , or vegetable oil . Note that these are all food products . Any biofuel made from a feedstock that can also be consumed as a human food is considered a first generation biofuel . 2nd generation biofuels are produced from sustainable feedstock . The sustainability of a feedstock is defined by its availability , its impact on greenhouse gas emissions , its impact on land use , and by its potential to threaten the food supply . No second generation biofuel is also a food crop , though certain food products can become second generation fuels when they are no longer useful for consumption . Second generation biofuels are often called โ advanced biofuels . โ Though not a traditional category of biofuel , some people refer to 3rd generation biofuels . In general , this term is applied to any biofuel derived from algae . These biofuels are given their own separate class because of their unique production mechanism and their potential to mitigate most of the drawbacks of 1st and 2nd generation biofuels . Energy Content of Biofuels The energy content of biodiesel is about 90 % that of petroleum diesel . The energy content of ethanol is about 50 % that of gasoline . The energy content of butanol is about 80 % that of gasoline . Most biofuels are at least as energy dense as coal , but produce less carbon dioxide when burned . The lower energy content of biofuels means vehicles travel shorter distances on the same amount of fuel . This has to be taken into account when considering emissions . Air and Water Concerns with Biofuels Biofuels burn cleaner than fossil fuels , resulting in fewer tailpipe emissions of greenhouse gases , particulate emissions , and substances that cause acid rain such as sulfur . Biofuel production uses anywhere from 2 to 84 times as much water as fossil fuel production . Water use can be mitigated by planting crops that do not require irrigation . When the entire life cycle of a biofuel is considered , it may actually generate more greenhouse gases than fossil fuel . The following comparison of various fuel sources by gram of carbon dioxide produced per megajoule of energy produced . Note that the ranges provided for biofuels result from the location in which the feedstock is grown . For instance , sugarcane grown in Brazil as far less impact than sugarcane grown in South Africa . Coal - 112 Gasoline - 85 Diesel fuel - 86 Natural gas - 62 Biofuel made from sugar cane 18 - 107 Biofuel made from wheat 58 - 98 Biofuel made from corn 49 - 103 Biodiesel is sulfur free , but contains nitrates that contribute to acid rain . Biodiesel has fewer polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons , which have been linked to cancer . Land Use and Biofuels The amount of land required to meet the world โ s energy needs using biofuels is a major concern . Depending on the feedstock , the requirements can be massive . The following numbers reflect the amount of land that would be needed to meet the requirements of just the global aviation industry . Jatropha would need to be planted over 2.7 million square kilometers . That is an area roughly 1 / 3 the size of Australia . Camelina would require an area of 2 million square kilometers . Algae would need 68,000 square kilometers to meet the needs of the aviation industry . That is an area roughly the size of all of Ireland . The aviation industry accounts for only 13 % of all fuel consumption , so the values above would need to be increased 10 - fold to encompass global fuel demand . Jatraopha would need to be planted over 27 million square kilometers just to meet all fuel demands . An area that vast would cover all of Russia and the United States and still need a little more room . Algae would require an area of 680,000 square kilometers , or all of France plus some . There is not enough land currently in use to meet fuel needs . That means forested areas would need to be cleared . This would release vast amounts of carbon and create a carbon debt that could take centuries to repay . The impacts of biofuels on greenhouse gas emissions were originally measured by considering only direct land use changes . When indirect land - use changes were considered , the green house gas savings from biofuels increased as follows ( note that negative and positive values are in comparison to current fossil fuels ) : Corn ethanol โ From - 20 % to + 93 % Cellulosic ethanol โ From - 70 % to + 50 % Feedstock Everything from vegetable oil to coffee grounds to exotic plants like Jatropha can be used to produce biodiesel . As long as the plant produces triglycerides ( fats and oils ) , it can be used to produce biodiesel . Bioethanol is produced from things like corn , sugarcane , and the non - edible parts of plants . The latter feedstock leads to the production of cellulosic ethanol . Algae can also be used to produce biofuels , including biodiesel . Algae offer a number of unique advantages and some disadvantages . It is easily genetically modified to produce oil or even to produce biofuels directly . There are algae that can directly convert carbon dioxide into things like gasoline , butanol , and diesel fuel . Algae can be grown on marginal land , which means they are less of a threat to the food supply than 1st and 2nd generation biofuels . Some companies have demonstrated that they can produce up to 9,000 gallons of biofuel per acre using specially modified algae . Algae require a great deal of water and fertilizer in order to grow . At this point , the net energy invested into producing biofuel using algae is greater than the amount of energy that can be extracted from the fuel . Current Trends Most gasoline and diesel fuels in North America and Europe are blended with biofuel . Biodiesl accounts for about 3 % of the German market and 0.15 % of the U.S. market . About 1 billion gallons of biodiesel are produced annually . Bioethanol is more popular in the Americas while biodiesel is more popular in Europe . The U.S. and Brazil produce 87 % of the world ' s fuel ethanol . More than 22 billion gallons of fuel ethanol are produced each year . Ethanol is added to gasoline to improve octane and reduce emissions . Biodiesel is added to petroleum - based diesel to reduce emissions and improve engine life . Concerns about the global price of food have resulted in many nations revising ( downward ) plans for biofuel production and use . | [
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http://biofuel.org.uk/biofuels-for-kids.html | Biofuels For Kids The following facts offer fun and interesting insights into the world of biofuels . What are Biofuels ? Biofuels are designed to replace gasoline , diesel fuel and coal , which are called โ fossil fuels โ because they are made from animals and plants that died millions of years ago . Biofuels are made mostly from plants that have just been harvested . There are three main types of biofuel . Ethanol , biodiesel , and biojet fuel . Ethanol is used in engines that burn gasoline , like most cars . Biodiesel is used in engines that burn diesel fuel , like large trucks and tractors . Biojet fuel is used in planes . Are Biofuels Renewable Energy ? To be renewable , an energy force must be able to be replenished easily and quickly and not have a finite limit . In other words , if it ' s possible to run out of the energy source , then it is not renewable . Things like fossil fuels are not a renewable because they take so long to form that we could use all of them much faster than they could be replenished . Biofuels are considered renewable because they can be replenished as quickly as they are used . In other words , under normal circumstances we Are Biofuels Better for the Environment ? The jury is still out on this one . Some people say the biofuels are better because the carbon dioxide they produce is taken up when new biofuels crops are grown . So , there is no net increase in carbon dioxide , which is a greenhouse gas . Other people point out that energy has to be invested into growing biofuels . For instance , land has to be plowed and fertilizer must be applied . When you take all of these factors into account , biofuels actually produce more carbon dioxide than fossil fuels . These people are worried that too much land will be cleared to produce biofuels , which will threaten habitat and cause some plants and animals to become extinct . Right now , people are trying to figure out how to make biofuel production more efficient so that we get more energy out than we put into growing the crops . This should be possible because most of the energy comes from the sun , so if we cut down on how much preparation is involved , we might be able to ensure that biofuels environmentally friendly . Are Biofuels Better for Air Quality ? For the most part , yes . Biofuels produce less particulate like smoke and soot . They also produce lower dangerous chemicals like sulfur , which is the leading cause of acid rain . Biofuels also produce less ozone , which is one of the primary components of smog . Do Biofuels Use a Lot of Water ? Depending on the crop used to produce the biofuel , they use anywhere from 2 to 84 times as much water as fossil fuels . Scientists are currently working very hard to reduce the water needs of biofuels . Do Biofuels Threaten the Food Supply ? This is another tough one . The short answer is yes . Anytime that food crops are not grown because biofuel crops are being grown , there is a net reduction in the amount of food available . This has already caused a problem in some poor countries because the increased use of farmland for biofuel crops means that there is less land available for food crops and this drives up the price of food . In some countries , this has increased the price enough that some people can not afford as much food . If we can find a way to grow biofuel crops that is not used for food crops , then we will have solved the threat that biofuels pose to food . However , this may inadvertently increase the environmental impact of biofuels . What is Ethanol ? Ethanol is another word for alcohol made from grains . It is the same alcohol that people drink and it can be produced from corn , barley , wheat , grass , sugar cane , and a number of other things . Ethanol is often used as a biofuel . In most countries , it is mixed with gasoline to create a blend that is sometimes referred to as gasahol . In the United States , the mixture is usually 10 percent ethanol and 90 percent gasoline . This is referred to as E10 and it can be used in any car that burns gasoline . Some cars are known as flexible fuel vehicles or flex fuel for short . These cars can use gasoline that contains as much as 80 percent ethanol . In Brazil , some cars can run on What is Biodiesel ? Biodiesel is a term applied to any diesel fuel that is made by refining oil , fat , or grease collected from plants and animals . The most common oil used to produce a biodiesel is vegetable oil . Like gasoline , standard diesel fuel is often blended with a biodiesel . The most common blend is 20 percent biodiesel and 80 percent regular diesel . This blend is known as B20 . Though B20 is most common , blends can range from 2 percent biodiesel all the way to 100 percent biodiesel . How are Biofuels Made ? The method used for producing ethanol is different than the method used for producing a biodiesel . What they share in common is the first step for both is to grow the plant that will eventually be used to make the fuel . For ethanol , once the plant ( corn or sugar cane for instance ) have been harvested , bacteria are allowed to digest it . When they do this under special conditions where oxygen levels are kept low , it is called fermentation . Fermentation produces ethanol . For biodiesel , the process requires chemical reactions . There are several different chemical reactions that can be used to produce a biodiesel , the most common of which is called transesterification . This is just a fancy word to describe the process of breaking down fats in the presence of methanol ( another type of alcohol ) . What Kinds of Things can Biofuel be Made From ? The source used to make a biofuel is called a feedstock . Ethanol can be made from any of the following feedstock : Corn Sugar cane Sugar beet Wheat Grass The inedible parts of most plants ( the parts you ca n โ t eat ) Biodiesel can be made from any of the following feedstock : Jatropha โ A cactus - like plant Camelina โ A flowering plant Soybeans Rapeseed โ A kind of seed Canola Oil Palm Oil Peanut Oil Vegetable Oil Animal Fat Algae oil โ Oil made by algae that live in water How much Biofuel is Made Each Year ? About 25 billion gallons of ethanol are made each year for use as fuel . About 1 billion gallons of biodiesel are produced each year . | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/martin-luther-king-progress-civil-rights-movement.html | Home Biographies What Did Martin Luther King Do to Progress the Civil Rights Movement ? What Did Martin Luther King Do to Progress the Civil Rights Movement ? 5th grade 6th grade 7th grade 8th grade 9th grade 10th grade 11th grade 12th grade Middle School High School College Martin Luther King , Jr . worked hard to bring greater equality to America and ensure civil rights for all people , regardless of race . Notably , he brought publicity to major civil rights activities , emphasizing the importance of nonviolent protest . In doing so , he modeled sound leadership to the African - American civil rights movement . What did Martin Luther King do to progress the civil rights movement ? He stood as a pillar of hope and model of grace . King ' s Contributions and Accomplishments Martin Luther King , Jr . was a well - known civil rights activist who had a great deal of influence on American society in the 1950s and 1960s . His strong belief in nonviolent protest helped set the tone of the movement . Boycotts , protests , and marches were eventually effective , and much legislation was passed against racial discrimination . Assassinated in 1968 , King led a brief life filled with many great accomplishments , working to promote equal treatment of all races . His nonviolent approach to protesting , his legions of followers , and his true belief in the ability of mankind to live in peace went a long way toward the advancement of civil rights during this tumultuous time in history . King ' s accomplishments are numerous . They include : Providing leadership in the Montgomery Bus Boycott of 1955 Delivering his famous " I Have a Dream " speech in 1963 Being an advocate for nonviolent protest in the Memphis Sanitation Worker Strike in 1968 Being instrumental in establishing the Southern Christian Leadership Conference ( SCLC ) in 1957 , a civil rights organization that supports the philosophy of nonviolence This is just a brief overview of the career of a great man and of his impact on the civil rights movement and the world . Montgomery Bus Boycott In Montgomery , Alabama in 1955 , King led a boycott against city buses that refused to let blacks sit in the front seats . The protest gained followers rapidly , and it led to a citywide boycott of the bus system until the rules were changed . Even though King and his followers were sent to jail , the boycott did succeed and the unfair , racist law allowing segregation aboard the buses was changed . History reports this as the boycott that put King on the map . He emerged as a leader in the civil rights movement while cementing his dedication to change via nonviolent methods . " I Have a Dream " In 1963 , King and other leaders of the civil rights movement organized a huge march for equal rights in Washington , D.C. With a massive crowd of over 200,000 followers , the march protested racial discrimination in schools and the workforce . They demanded minimum wage for all workers . It was the largest gathering in Washington , D.C. ' s history . This was the site of King ' s famous " I Have a Dream " speech . His speech marked him as a master orator , capable of punching his points with anaphoras - words or phrases repeated for emphasis - while citing powerful sources , including the Bible and the U.S. Constitution . As a result of the march and the speech , the citizens of the nation began to put growing pressure on the presidential administration of Lyndon B . Johnson , encouraging the president to push for civil rights laws to pass through Congress and become recognized on a national level . Memphis Sanitation Worker Strike In 1968 , 1,300 black sanitation workers in Memphis were protesting their terrible working conditions , discrimination , and low pay . It was obvious they were discriminated against when they were sent home without pay while white workers stayed on the job . They started a strike on February 12 , 1968 . Shortly thereafter , Martin Luther King Jr . came to Memphis to speak and support the second march of the sanitation workers . The strike lasted for 64 days and grew into one of the major civil rights events . The American Federation of State , County , and Municipal Employees ( AFSCME ) and the sanitation workers demanded higher wages , union recognition , and an end to discrimination . This attracted the national news media as well as others who joined the cause , like community leaders and members of the clergy . The strike finally ended on April 12 , 1968 , and the city of Memphis agreed to the workers ' demands , even though more strikes had to be threatened to make them honor the agreement . King ' s Use of Nonviolent Social Change Because of his commitment to peace , nonviolence , and equality , King ' s civil rights protests made genuine headway in American society . Without question . Martin Luther King Jr . advanced the movement with his well - spoken elegance and grace . Even as his oppressors exercised force and brutality , King remained insistent on nonviolence . On January 30 , 1956 , King ' s home was even bombed . Instead of responding in kind , he and his members took to church pews and prayed in protest of their violent discrimination . King ' s stark insistence on nonviolence was a major factor in the acknowledgment given to the civil rights movement during such a time of unrest . His genuine desire for the country to come together was recognized as a great contribution to America . African - American Civil Rights Movement King ' s civil rights movement lasted from around 1955 to 1968 . Its goals were to abolish racial discrimination in many areas including public transportation , employment , voting , and education . Nonviolent protests and civil disobedience during this time caused many crises , forcing the government to intervene . The protests consisted of sit - ins , marches , and boycotts . Notable legislation during this time included the : Civil Rights Act of 1964 - This banned discrimination in employment and public accommodations based on " race , color , religion , or national origin . " Voting Rights Act of 1965 - This act restored and protected the right to vote . Immigration and Nationality Services Act of 1965 - This allows immigration from groups other than those from the traditional European countries . Fair Housing Act of 1968 - This banned housing discrimination in both sales or rentals . An Undying Legacy On the evening of April 4 , 1968 , Martin Luther King Jr . was standing out on his second - story balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis , Tennessee . He was there to support the Memphis Sanitation Workers ' strike described above . While he stood in the evening light , a sniper bullet struck him in the jaw , severing his spinal cord , and killing him . He was only 39 years old . In the end , a two - bit criminal named James Earl Ray was convicted of his murder and sentenced to 99 years in prison . Ray initially pleaded guilty to avoid the electric chair and then later attested he was set up as part of a larger government conspiracy . King ' s widow and children actually believe his murder was part of a conspiracy involving the U.S. government , too . Still , King single - handedly moved the needle on the civil rights movement , advocating for dignity , respect , freedom , and equality . His high moral probity allowed him to stand calmly in the face of intense violence , proving love ( or at least respect ) does conquer all . Read some more facts on this great man , or check out our Martin Luther King Jr . timeline YourDictionary definition and usage example . Copyright ยฉ 2018 by LoveToKnow Corp Link / Cite Link to this page Cite this page MLA Style " What Did Martin Luther King Do to Progress the Civil Rights Movement ? . " YourDictionary , n.d. Web . 15 April 2019 . < https : / / biography . yourdictionary . com / articles / martin - luther - king - progress - civil - rights - movement . html > . APA Style What Did Martin Luther King Do to Progress the Civil Rights Movement ? . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 15th , 2019 , from https : / / biography . yourdictionary . com / articles / martin - luther - king - progress - civil - rights - movement . html Add a comment . | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/articles/what-did-hernando-cortes-discover.html | Home Biographies What Did Hernando Cortes Discover ? What Did Hernando Cortes Discover ? Hernando Cortes was one of the most influential and important discoverers of history . However , even if you recognize his name from history class , how much do you really know about him ? Cortes was born in Medellin , in Spain in the year of 1485 . His parents were Martin Cortes de Monroy and his mother was Catalina Pizarro Altamirano . His father was an infantry captain . Interestingly , Cortes was related to Francisco Pizarro , the individual who conquered the Inca Empire in Peru . When he was fourteen , he began studies at the University of Salamanca in Spain . He stayed at the school for two years , and then returned home to Medellin . He came home eager for adventure and to make his mark on the world . Cortes Begins Exploring Soon , he was given the opportunity to sail with a family acquaintance , Nicolas de Ovando y Caceres . The ship was going to sail to the Americas . However , Cortes was prevented from going on this trip because of an injury he sustained . In 1504 , Cortes again was given the opportunity to sail to the Americas . This time , nothing prevented him . He arrived in the New World on a ship that was commanded by Alonso Quintero . However , Cortes learned an important lesson on this journey . Quintero was an individual of dubious character , and from him , Cortes may have picked up some of his more questionable behavior . For example , Quintero was trying to deceive his superiors on this journey and reach the Americas before they did . In 1504 , the ship arrived Cortes and Cuba In 1511 , Cortes went with Diego Velazquez de Cuellar on a journey to conquer Cuba . This journey was largely successful . Velazquez de Cuellar was appointed governor of present day Cuba , and Cortes was appointed as a clerk to the treasurer at age twenty six . During his time in Cuba , Cortes became more powerful among the people . He led a revolt that demanded that more Indians should be assigned to the settlers in Cuba . In 1518 , Cortes was appointed as Captain General of an expedition in which Cortes acquired more money and power . Discoveries In 1518 , Cortes was put in charge of exploring the interior of Mexico for colonization by the Spanish . At the last moment , Cortes was told that he no longer had the charter to sail to Mexico . However , Cortes ignored these orders and sailed anyway . He sailed with eleven ships , five hundred men , thirteen horses , and a multitude of cannons . He landed in Mayan territory , specifically in the Yucatan Peninsula . In March of 1519 , Cortes claimed the land for the Spanish empire . As he made his way through the land , Cortes hired more soldiers and acquired more horses for his group . He then won a battle against the Native Americans of the area in Tabasco . By July of 1519 , Cortes officially took over Veracruz . In October of 1519 , he marched to the second largest city in central Mexico , Cholula . Here , he massacred thousands of individuals and set fire to the city . Another expedition was sent to Mexico to oppose Cortes , under the rule of Panfilo de Narvaaz . Despite this second expedition ' s greater numbers , Cortes was able to conquer them and convince the members to join his group . After a number of misfortunes , Cortes destroyed the city of Tenochtitlan and captured the ruler of the city on August , 13 , 1521 . This marked the end of the Aztec Empire , and the land was claimed for Spain . Hernando Cortes did n ' t discover Mexico because it was already inhabited when he arrived . However , Cortes lead to the destruction of the Aztec Empire , and claimed significant portions of Mexico for the Spanish Empire . YourDictionary definition and usage example . Copyright ยฉ 2018 by LoveToKnow Corp Link / Cite Link to this page Cite this page MLA Style " What Did Hernando Cortes Discover ? . " YourDictionary , n.d. Web . 17 April 2019 . < https : / / biography . yourdictionary . com / articles / what - did - hernando - cortes - discover . html > . APA Style What Did Hernando Cortes Discover ? . ( n.d. ) . Retrieved April 17th , 2019 , from https : / / biography . yourdictionary . com / articles / what - did - hernando - cortes - discover . html Add a comment . Get our Amazon Alexa Skills ! About YourDictionary Advertisers Contact Us Privacy Policy Terms of Use Help Suggestion Box Tools ยฉ 1996 - 2019 LoveToKnow , Corp . , except where otherwise noted . All Rights Reserved . | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/ely-samuel-parker | Home Reference Biography Ely Samuel Parker Ely Samuel Parker Facts Ely S . Parker ( 1828 - 1895 ) was the first Native American commissioner of Indian affairs . During the Civil War , Parker , a close friend and colleague of General Ulysses S . Grant , served the Union cause and penned the final copy of the Confederate army ' s surrender terms at the Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 . Ely Samuel Parker ( Ha - sa - no - an - da ) was born in 1828 at Indian Falls on the Tonawanda Indian Reservation , near Akron , New York , the second of six children of a distinguished Seneca family . His mother was Elizabeth Johnson ( Ga - ont - gwut - ywus , c . 1786 - 1862 ) , a Seneca Indian and member of the wolf clan . His maternal grandfather , Jimmy Johnson ( So - So - Ha ' - Wa ) , was a grandson of the Seneca prophet Handsome Parker was also a collateral relative of many major figures in the history of the Iroquois including the tribal leader Cornplanter , Governor Blacksnake , and the great orator Red Jacket . This familial background was a factor which influenced his later role in service to his people . Chief William Parker owned a large farm on the reservation and became a converted member of the newly formed missionary Baptist church . Ely reputedly received his first name from Ely Stone , one of the local founders of the mission . Supposedly the Parker surname derived from a Congregational missionary Ely Parker received his preliminary formal education at the Baptist boarding school which was associated with the mission church on the Tonawanda Reservation . Leaving the mission school at ten years of age , Parker had only a rudimentary knowledge of English , being able to understand but not speak the language . He was taken to Canada for several years where he was taught to hunt and fish , returning to the Tonawanda Reservation at the age of twelve resolved to learn English and to further his formal education . He eventually was assigned the job of interpreter for Becomes Intermediary with Government Delegations Recognizing Parker ' s abilities in his early teens , the Seneca chiefs designated him to assist the numerous Seneca tribal delegations to Albany and Washington , D.C. He served in the vital role of translator and intermediary , accompanying his father and other Seneca chiefs on official trips . It was during one of these trips to Washington that Ely was to attend a dinner in the White House at the invitation of President James K . Polk . The experience of direct involvement in Seneca and Iroquois political and diplomatic affairs was to provide Parker with a valuable Later , he attended Yates Academy from 1843 to 1845 and Cayuga Academy from the fall of 1845 to 1846 , where he received the typical classical education of the time , leaving school at the age of eighteen . Lewis Henry Morgan ( 1818 - 1881 ) , who had previously attended Cayuga Academy in Aurora , New York , assisted Parker in being admitted to the institution . Parker ultimately left Cayuga Academy to , once again , accompany another Seneca delegation to Washington . Parker ' s early role during this period was critical in the fight Parker met Morgan during one of his visits to Albany in 1844 , in the company of his maternal grandfather Sachem Jimmy Johnson and Chief John Blacksmith . This meeting with the Seneca delegation provided the initial opportunity for Morgan to begin the collection of data on the Seneca , with Parker serving as interpreter . Their friendship was to last for the rest of their lives . Parker became the major informant for the continuing anthropological data that provided the ethnographic basis of Morgan ' s famous League of the Ho - de - no - sau - nee , or Iroquois ( 1851 ) , considered to be the first and one of the finest ethnographies of an American Indian group . Morgan acknowledged his great debt to the young Parker and his collaboration by dedicating this major scientific publication to him when Parker was still a teenager . Parker ' s value to the Seneca was formally recognized by his tribespeople and further enhanced in 1852 when he was designated to fill the vacant Seneca chief ' s wolf clan title of Do - ne - ho - ga - wa ( Keeper of the Western Door ) , one of the major titles in the Iroquois Confederacy . This title had previously been held by the venerable Chief John Blacksmith who had died in 1851 . At that time Parker received the Red Jacket medal that had been given to Red Jacket by President George Washington in Becomes an Engineer Beginning in 1847 , Ely Parker continued his education with the thought that he would become a lawyer by " reading of the law " in the offices of Angel and Rice in Ellicottville , New York , north of the Allegany Reservation . This firm had represented the Seneca Indians in several cases , and Parker had been previously acquainted with W.P. Angel when he had served as sub - agent from 1846 to 1848 for the New York Indian Agency . The house that Parker occupied during his stay in Ellicottville remains . Parker , however , was Parker turned his attention to the field of civil engineering , attending Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute . In this field he quickly became a recognized success , obtaining a number of important positions , beginning with work on the Genesee Valley Canal in 1849 , and later with the Erie Canal . After a political difference of opinion , Parker left the Canal Office in Rochester in June , 1855 . He moved on to engineering positions in Norfolk , Detroit , and finally , in 1857 , he accepted the position of superintendent of construction for a number of government Begins Military Career during Civil War With the outbreak of the Civil War , Parker tried to obtain a release from his engineering responsibilities at Galena but did not receive one . The decision resulted in his resignation in 1862 . Parker then returned to the Tonawanda Reservation to request and gain his father ' s approval to go to war . Once again , his race proved to be an obstacle to obtaining a army commission from either the governor of New York or from the Secretary of War . In fact , Secretary William H . Seward informed Parker that the rebellion would be At the conclusion of the Civil War , Parker continued as Grant ' s military secretary . He was also commissioned a brigadier - general of volunteers as of the date of surrender at Appomattox . In addition , two years later , on March 2 , 1867 , Parker ' s gallant and meritorious service was recognized through his appointment as first and second lieutenant in the cavalry of the Regular Army , and brevet appointments as captain , major , lieutenant - colonel , colonel , and brigadier - general , also in the Regular Army . On Christmas Day , 1867 , with Ulysses S . Grant as best man , Parker married Miss Minnie Orton Sackett ( 1850 - 1932 ) of Washington , D.C. , the stepdaughter of a soldier who had died in the war . In 1878 , Ely and Minnie had a daughter , Maud Theresa Parker ( d . 1956 ) , from whom Ely Parker ' s descendants are derived . Enters into Troubled Political Career Following the election to the presidency , Grant appointed Parker as Commissioner of Indian Affairs , on April 13 , 1869 , the first American Indian to hold the office . Parker resigned from the army on April 26th . Although a strong advocate for assimilation of the American Indian and supporter of Grant ' s Peace Policy , directed to the improvement of the American Indian , Parker also sought major reform and restructuring of the Bureau of Indian Affairs , an unpopular policy in some political quarters . In addition , his humanitarian and just treatment of the Finally , accused of defrauding the government , a committee of the House of Representatives tried Parker in February , 1871 . The charges against Parker involved the assignment of contracts at the Spotted Tail Agency ( formerly the Whetstone Agency ) on the White River . He was completely exonerated of any misconduct , but nevertheless resigned from government service in July feeling that the office of commissioner had been greatly reduced in authority and effectiveness . Parker entered the stock market on Wall Street and made a fortune which he eventually lost in settling a defaulted bond of his business partner . Other attempts as business opportunities also proved unsuccessful . Later , Parker served with the New York City Police Department . Ely Samuel Parker died on August 31 , 1895 , at his home in Fairfield , Connecticut , where he was initially buried . In 1897 , his remains were reinterred with those of Red Jacket and his ancestors in Forest Lawn Cemetery , Buffalo , New York . Further Reading on Ely Samuel Parker Armstrong , William H . , Warrior in Two Camps : Ely S . Parker , Union General and Seneca Chief , Syracuse University Press , 1978 . Morgan , Lewis Henry , League of the Ho - de - no - sau - nee , or Iroquois , Sage and Company , 1851 ; reprinted , Corinth Books , 1962 , 1990 . Olson , James C . , Red Cloud and the Sioux Problem , University of Nebraska Press , 1965 . Parker , Arthur C . , The Life of General Ely S . Parker : Last Grand Sachem of the Iroquois and General Grant ' s Military Secretary , Buffalo Historical Society Publication , 1919 . Tooker , Elisabeth , " Ely S . Parker , Seneca , ca . 1828 - 1895 , " in American Indian Intellectuals : 1976 Proceedings of the American Ethnological Society , West Publishing Co . , 1978 , pp . 14 - 29 . Waltmann , Henry G . , " Ely Samuel Parker , 1869 - 71 , " in The Commissioners of Indian Affairs : 1824 - 1977 , edited by Robert M . Kvasnicka and Herman J . Viola , Lincoln , University of Nebraska Press , 1979 , pp . 123 - 131 . Yeuell , Donovan , " Ely Samuel Parker , " Dictionary of American Biography , edited by Dumas Malone , Charles Scribner ' s Sons , 1934 , pp . 219 - 220 . Add a comment . Also Mentioned In parkeri parker - house - roll nosy - parker Morse Samuel Finley Breese Clemens Samuel Langhorne Piozzi Hester Lynch Horatio William Parker parkers nosey - parkers Charles Christopher Parker Jr WORDS NEAR Ely Samuel Parker IN THE DICTIONARY elwands Elwood Haynes Ely Ely Isle of Ely Samuel Parker elyite elymus elymus - repens Elyria elysia | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/james-baldwin | Home Reference Biography James Baldwin James Baldwin Facts James Baldwin Quotes The author James Arthur Baldwin 19241987 achieved international recognition for his bold expressions of African American life in the United States James Baldwin was born in Harlem New York City on August 2 1924 the oldest of nine children His father was a lay preacher in the HolinessPentecostal sect and at the age of 14 Baldwin was also ordained a preacher At 18 he graduated from DeWitt Clinton High School and in 1944 he met Richard Wright who helped secure a fellowship that allowed Baldwin the financial freedom to devote himself solely to literature By 1948 Baldwin had concluded that the social tenor of the United States was stifling his creativity and he went to Europe with the financial assistance of Go Tell It on the Mountain 1953 Notes of a Native Son 1955 and Giovannis Room 1956 Spokesperson for Civil Rights Movement Returning to the United States after nine years abroad Baldwin became known as the most eloquent literary spokesperson for the civil rights of African Americans A popular speaker on the lecture circuit Baldwin quickly discovered that social conditions for African Americans had become even more bleak while he was abroad As the 1960s beganand violence in the South escalatedhe became increasingly outraged Baldwin responded with three powerful books of essays Nobody Knows My Name 1961 The Fire Next Time 1963 in which he all but predicts the outbursts of black anger to come and Notes of a Native Son These highly inflammatory works were accompanied by Another Country 1962 his third novel Going to Meet the Man 1965 is a group of cogent short stories of the same period During this time Baldwins commentary to Richard Avedons photography was published under the title Nothing Personal 1964 and four years later came another novel Tell Me How Long the Trains Been Gone In addition the mid1960s saw Baldwins two published plays produced on Broadway The Amen Corner first staged in Washington DC in 1955 was mounted at New York Citys Ethel Barrymore Theatre in April 1965 Similar in tone to Go Tell It on the Mountain it communicates the religious emotion of the HolinessPentecostal sect Blues for Mr Charlie which premiered at Broadways ANTA Theatre in April 1964 is based on the Emmett Till murder case The assassinations of three of Baldwins friendscivil rights marcher Medgar Evers the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr and the black Muslim leader Malcolm X shattered any hopes Baldwin maintained for racial reconciliation in the United States and he returned to France in the early 1970s His subsequent works of fiction include If Beale Street Could Talk 1974 and Just Above My Head 1979 Nonfiction writings of this period include No Name in the Street 1972 The Devil Finds Work 1976 an examination of African Americans in the motion picture industry and The Evidence of Things Not Seen 1985 a consideration of racial issues surrounding the Atlanta child murders of 1979 and 1980 A volume of poetry Jimmys Blues was issued in 1985 Literary Achievement Baldwins greatest achievement as a writer was his ability to address American race relations from a psychological perspective In his essays and fiction he explored the implications of racism for both the oppressed and the oppressor suggesting repeatedly that all people suffer in a racist climate Baldwins fiction and plays also explore the burdens a callous society can impose on a sensitive individual Two of his bestknown works the novel Go Tell It on the Mountain and the play The Amen Corner were inspired by his years with the Pentecostal church in Harlem In Go Tell It on the Mountain for instance a teenaged boy struggles with a repressive stepfather and experiences a charismatic spiritual awakening Later Baldwin novels deal frankly with homosexuality and interracial love affairs love in both its sexual and spiritual forms became an essential component of the quest for selfrealization for both Baldwin and his characters Themes and Techniques Baldwins prose is characterized by a style of beauty and telling power His language seems deliberately chosen to shock and disturb arouse repel and finally shake the reader out of complacency into a concerned state of action His major themes are repeated the terrible pull of love and hate between black and white Americans the constant war in one possessed by inverted sexuality between guilt or shame and ecstatic abandon and such moral spiritual and ethical values as purity of motive and inner wholeness the gift of sharing and extending love the charm of goodness versus evil He tunes an Final Works Baldwin remained abroad much of the last 15 years of his life but he never gave up his American citizenship The citizens of France nevertheless embraced Baldwin as one of their own and in 1986 he was accorded one of the countrys highest accolades when he was named Commander of the Legion of Honor He died of stomach cancer November 30 1987 in SaintPauldeVance France and was buried in Harlem One of his last works to see publication during his lifetime was a wellregarded anthology of essays The Price of the Ticket Collected Nonfiction 19481985 Further Reading on James Arthur Baldwin Biographical studies include David Adams Leeming James Baldwin A Biography 1994 and William J Weather by James Baldwin Artist on Fire 1989 Aspects of Baldwins writings are examined in such studies as Bryan R Washington The Politics of Exile Ideology in Henry James F Scott Fitzgerald and James Baldwin 1995 R Jothiprakash Commitment as a Theme in African American Literature A Study of James Baldwin and Ralph Ellison 1994 JeanFrancois Gounard The Racial Problem in the Works of Richard Wright and James Baldwin 1992 and Horace A Porter Stealing the Fire The Art and Protest of James Baldwin 1989 Encyclopedia of World Biography Copyright 2010 The Gale Group Inc All rights reserved LinkCite Link to this page Cite this page MLA Style James Baldwin YourDictionary nd Web 24 December 2018 httpbiographyyourdictionarycomjamesbaldwin APA Style James Baldwin nd Retrieved December 24th 2018 from httpbiographyyourdictionarycomjamesbaldwin WORDS NEAR James Baldwin IN THE DICTIONARY James Addison Baker III James Agee James Anthony Froude James Baird Weaver James Baldwin James Barrett Reston James Barry Munnik Hertzog James Bay James Benson Irwin James Blair | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/jan-matzeliger | Home Reference Biography Jan Matzeliger Jan Matzeliger Facts Jan Matzeliger ( 1852 - 1889 ) revolutionized the shoemaking industry with his invention of the lasting machine . This invention reduced the cost of manufacturing shoes by one - half . He is remembered for his persistence and optimism in the face of prejudice and ill health . Jan Ernst Matzeliger was born on the northern coast of South America in Paramaribo , Dutch Guiana ( now the Republic of Suriname ) on September 15 , 1852 . He was the son of a Dutch engineer in charge of government machine shops and a Surinamese black woman , who was a slave . In 1855 , Matzeliger went to live with his paternal aunt . At the age of ten , he was apprenticed in the machine shops run by his father , where Matzeliger developed an interest in machinery and mechanics . At 19 , he went Matzeliger found work in the Harney Brothers ' shoe factory where he operated a McKay sole - sewing machine . He also ran a heel - burnisher and a buttonhole machine , and cleaned the floors . Matzeliger took night classes and studied English on his own to improve his fluency . He held great respect for learning and collected a personal library of scientific and practical books with which he educated himself , studying physics and other subjects . In addition to his mechanical ability , Matzeliger was a talented artist . He painted pictures , which he gave Persistance Paid Off The methods of shoe production changed with the advent of the Industrial Revolution . Shoemakers used machines to attach inner and outer soles with pegs , and used devices to sew uppers to lowers . Cobblers cut , sewed , and tacked shoes with machines . One part of shoe manufacturing , the lasting , remained a manual operation . Many believed that it was impossible to design a machine to perform this final and important step . In 1880 , Matzeliger became determined to devise a machine to perform this manual operation . The lasting process involved the mechanical Matzeliger watched the hand lasters in the shoe factory during the day . At night , with scraps he salvaged from the factory , he tried to duplicate movements of the lasters . Secretly , Matzeliger made drawings . He experimented with a simple machine made of wire , wood , and cigar boxes , which took him six months to construct . Matzeliger ' s employer offered $ 50 for the machine , even before it was perfected . Matzeliger rejected the offer . He then tried making a lasting machine out of scrap iron , a project that When the time was right , Matzeliger sought out investors to help finance a patent , and defray the cost of demonstrating and perfecting the machine . Charles H . Delnow and Melville S . Nichols agreed to provide capital for Matzeliger ' s invention in return for two - thirds ownership of the device . With sufficient financial backing , Matzeliger applied for a patent . The first diagrams of the machine that Matzeliger sent to the Patent Office in Washington , D.C. were so complex that officials could not decipher them . A representative from the patent office Matzeliger continued to improve his machine until it was ready for an initial factory test . The first public operation of the machine took place on May 29 , 1885 , when the machine broke a record by lasting 75 pairs of shoes . Matzeliger , Delnow , and Nichols secured additional capital from George A . Brown and Sidney W . Winslow in order to finance the production of the lasting machine . Delnow , Nichols , Brown , and Winslow formed the Consolidated Lasting Machine Company . Matzeliger sold his patent rights to the investors in exchange for stock . The company grew rapidly . In the late 1890s , it merged with several small companies to form the United Shoe Machinery Corporation , which soon dominated the U.S. shoemaking industry . Sixty - five years later , the company was worth Besides his lasting machine , Matzeliger patented several other inventions , including a mechanism for distributing tacks , nails , etc . in 1888 . Additional patents were awarded after his death in 1889 . In 1890 , his nailing machine and a tack separating and distributing mechanism received a patent ; in 1891 a patent was approved on another lasting machine . An Early Death Matzeliger attempted to join the Episcopal , Unitarian , and Catholic churches in Lynn , but every congregation rejected him for reason of his skin color . Eventually , he joined the Christian Endeavor Society at the North Congregational Church , where he regularly attended services and took part in many church activities . At the church he made many friends with whom he spent time in outdoor excursions - exploring ponds , climbing rocks , and visiting a nearby island . There are no existing records to show that Matzeliger ever courted or married . In the summer of 1886 , Matzeliger fell ill with what he believed was a cold . He learned later that he suffered from tuberculosis . He remained active ; even when confined to bed , he continued to paint and experiment . Matzeliger died on August 24 , 1889 in Lynn , Massachusetts , one month shy of his 37th birthday . He was buried in the Pine Grove Cemetery in Lynn . Matzeliger left a large portion of his estate to the North Congregational Church . Years later , when the North Church suffered financial hardship , it Honored After Death Matzeliger did not live long enough to see the true impact of his lasting machine on the shoe industry . The revolutionary invention enabled production of 150 to 700 pairs of shoes per day . In contrast , hand lasters could complete no more than 50 pairs in a day . The lasting machine cut the cost of shoe manufacturing by one half and thus reduced the price of shoes as well . Conditions in the shoe industry improved for workers and wages doubled . Lynn , Massachusetts , came to be known as " The Shoe Capital of the Matzeliger was recognized for his efforts only after he died , when he was awarded the Gold Medal and Diploma at the Pan - American Exposition of 1901 . In 1967 , a series of radio dramas called " The Great Ones " was produced in recognition of the contributions of African Americans in science , art , and industry . The show broadcast a drama featuring the life of Jan Matzeliger . The U.S. Postal Service issued a stamp in his honor in 1991 , as part of the Black Heritage Collection . A statue was erected in his Further Reading on Jan Matzeliger Adams , Russell L . , Great Negroes Past and Present , Afro - Am Publishing Company , 1969 . Altman , Susan , Extraordinary Black Americans from Colonial to Contemporary Times , Childrens Press , 1989 . Haber , Lois , Black Pioneers , Harcourt Brace , 1970 . The Great Ones , edited by William J . Kaland , Washington Square Press , 1970 . Kranz , Rachel , The Biographical Dictionary of Black Americans , Facts on File , 1992 . Logan , Rayford W . and Michael R . Winston , Dictionary of American Negro Biography , W.W. Norton , 1982 . Mitchell , Barbara , Shoes for Everyone , Carolrhoda Books , 1986 . Sullivan , Otha Richard , African American Inventors , John Wiley& Sons , Inc . , 1998 . Jet , August 19 , 1991 ; March 20 , 1995 ; March 25 , 1996 . Stamps , July 20 , 1991 . " Jan E . Matzeliger , " Stamp on Black History , http : / / library . advanced . org / 10320 / Stamps . htmaanchor305420 ( March 10 , 1999 ) . " Jan Earnst Matzeliger , Inventor , " The Knitting Circle , http : / / www . sbu . ac . uk / stafflag / matzeliger . html ( March 10 , 1999 ) . " Jan Matzeliger 1852 - 1889 , " Profiles of Significant African - Americans in Science , Medicine , and Technology , http : / / sun3 . lib . uci . edu / ~ afrexh / Matzeliger . html ( March 10 , 1999 ) . Add a comment . WORDS NEAR Jan Matzeliger IN THE DICTIONARY Jan Matzeliger Jan Hendrik Oort Jan Hus Jan Ingenhousz Jan Masaryk Jan Mayen jan - mayen Jan Mayen Island Jan Pieterszoon Coen Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/john-dalton | Home Reference Biography John Dalton John Dalton Facts The English chemist John Dalton 17661844 provided the beginnings of the development of a scientific atomic theory thus facilitating the development of chemistry as a separate science His contributions to physics particularly to meteorology were also significant John Dalton was the youngest of three surviving children of a Quaker handloom weaver He was born about Sept 6 1766 no exact record exists in Eaglesfield Until he was 11 he attended school then at the age of 12 became a teacher For about a year he next worked as a farm helper but at 15 he returned to teaching privately for the most part pursuing it as a career for the remainder of his life In his work Dalton used relatively simple equipment and has been accused of being a very coarse experimenter However he had a gift for reasoning and for drawing correct conclusions from imperfect experiments He himself attributed his success primarily to simple persistence Studies in Meteorology Daltons lifelong interest in meteorology did much to make that study a science He began keeping records of the local weather conditionsatmospheric pressure temperature wind and humidityin 1787 and maintained them for 57 years until his death During this time he recorded more than 200000 values using equipment which for the most part was made by him Daltons interest in the weather gave him a special interest in mixtures of gases and his earliest studies were concerned with atmospheric physics The formulation of his law of partial pressures Daltons law was announced in 1803 It defined the pressure of a mixture of gases as the sum of the pressures exerted by each component solely occupying the same space In 1800 he studied the heating and cooling of gases resulting from compression and expansion and in 1801 he formulated a law of the thermal expansion of gases His work on water vapor concentration in the atmosphere using a Developing the Atomic Theory The formulation of the atomic theory Daltons greatest achievement was developed gradually almost inadvertently through a series of observations resulting from his preoccupation with gases It began with an attempt to explain why the constituents of a gaseous mixture remain homogeneously mixed instead of forming layers according to their density The theory was first alluded to in a paper presented before the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1803 on the absorption of gases by water and other liquids In the last section of the paper was the first table of atomic weights The acceptance of his theory prompted Dalton New System of Chemical Philosophy 1808 Although William Higgins claimed priority over Dalton the consensus is that Dalton conceived the idea that the atoms of different elements are distinguished by differences in their weight As contrasted to others who may have vaguely glimpsed the principle Dalton presented it as a universal and consistent fact and applied it to the explanation of chemical phenomena Other less significant contributions were his pioneering investigation of thermal conductivity in liquids and his 1794 paper in which he discussed color blindness Later Life Dalton lived a simple life kept to the doctrines of his Quaker faith and never married During most of his life he had little money and was almost excessively economical however by tutoring and doing routine chemical work at low pay his few wants were met He had no flair for lecturing his voice was rather harsh and he was inclined to be rather stiff and awkward in manner He is said to have had no grace in conversation or in writing Despite his lack of these social assets he apparently lived a quite happy life and had many friends In 1810 Dalton refused an invitation to join the Royal Society but was finally elected in 1822 without his knowledge As his fame grew he received many honors including a doctors degree from Oxford in 1832 at which time he was presented to King William IV For this occasion he had to wear the famous scarlet regalia of Oxford which fortunately looked gray to his colorblind eyes and therefore was acceptable to him as an orthodox Quaker In 1837 he suffered a damaging stroke the following year another left him with impaired speech A final stroke came on the night of July 26 1844 Further Reading on John Dalton The most recent biography of Dalton is Frank Greenaway John Dalton and the Atom 1966 See also L J NevillePolley John Dalton 1920 and Bernard Jaffe Crucibles 1930 The background for Daltons work its influence and biographical and historical material are contained in David Stephen L Cardwell ed John Dalton and the Progress of Science 1968 which comprises essays presented by Dalton scholars at a conference marking the bicentenary of Daltons birth Daltons scientific achievements are summarized in James R Partington History of Chemistry vol 3 1962 A L Smyth John Dalton 17661844 A Bibliography of Works by and about Him was published in 1966 Encyclopedia of World Biography Copyright 2010 The Gale Group Inc All rights reserved LinkCite Link to this page Cite this page MLA Style John Dalton YourDictionary nd Web 25 December 2018 httpbiographyyourdictionarycomjohndalton APA Style John Dalton nd Retrieved December 25th 2018 from httpbiographyyourdictionarycomjohndalton WORDS NEAR John Dalton IN THE DICTIONARY John Cotton John Couch Adams John Crowe Ransom John D Rockefeller Jr John Dalton John Davenport John David Ashcroft John Davis John Davison Rockefeller John Day River | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/louis-chevrolet | Home Reference Biography Louis Chevrolet Louis Chevrolet Facts Louis Chevrolet ( 1878 - 1941 ) was a fearless automobile racer who displayed little concern for his own safety when the outcome of a race was in doubt . Chevrolet ' s driving skills attracted the attention of auto executive , William Durant . The two men combined their talents to form the Chevrolet Motor Company . Chevrolet designed a stylish six - cylinder touring car , which became an immediate marketing success and proved that his design abilities matched his racing skills . Louis Joseph Chevrolet was born on December 25 , 1878 in La Chaux - de - Fonds , Switzerland . He was the second son of Joseph Felician Chevrolet , a watch and clockmaker , and Angelina Marie ( Mahon ) Chevrolet . Young Louis grew up with six brothers and sisters . The family moved to Beaune , a small town in the Burgundy region of France , when Louis was about six . His father taught him basic mechanical skills and stressed the importance of precision in the manufacture of machine parts , which later contributed to his Bicycle racing was a great weekend sport in Beaune and this is where Chevrolet developed his interest in speed . He experimented with gear ratios until he found the one best suited to his physical ability . While still in his teens and just out of grammar school , Chevrolet became an apprentice in a bicycle shop . The owner had a 1.25 bhp de Dion tricycle that was usually broken . Chevrolet bought repair manuals and worked on the bike in his spare time . He soon found the trouble , sent away for parts from the manufacturer , His bicycle manufacturing business was not very successful , and Chevrolet became an apprentice at the Darracq , Hotchkiss , and Dion Bouton auto factories . In 1898 , he got a job with the Mors Auto Company , and was sent to an auto dealership in Montreal , Canada , in 1899 , at the age of twenty - one . Chevrolet worked as a chauffeur - mechanic for six months and then moved to Brooklyn , New York . He worked for the DeDion Bouton Motorette Company and soon was given the opportunity to be a substitute racecar In the early days of the auto industry , car companies got publicity for their products by winning road , track , hill - climbing , and endurance races . Chevrolet got his big break by defeating Barney Oldfield and Walter Christie , two outstanding racers , at the old Hippodrome in New York ' s Morris Park on May 20 , 1905 . Driving a 90 - horse powered Fiat , he raced around the track at a record - setting 68 miles per hour , barely slowing down at the curves . Later that year , he beat Joined Buick Racing Team The twenty - seven year old Chevrolet became an instant celebrity and eventually attracted the attention of William Durant , founder of General Motors . Durant invited Chevrolet and his younger brother , Arthur , to Flint , Michigan , in 1907 to try out for a job as his chauffeur . In the early days of auto racing , drivers won more glory than money and often worked in the auto industry to support themselves and their families . Durant staged a race behind the Buick plant in Flint . Arthur got the chauffeur ' s job because he In 1909 , Chevrolet opened a garage in Detroit , Michigan , where he began to design , build , and test four and six cylinder automobile engines . His friends described him as a perfectionist and an incredibly hard worker , who usually put in a sixteen - hour workday . He hated to delegate authority and preferred to do most of the important work himself . Chevrolet was also described as impatient and quick - tempered . He did n ' t like taking orders from others , although he was extremely loyal to his family and friends Designed First Chevrolet Automobile When Durant was forced out of General Motors in 1910 because of a stockholders ' dispute , Chevrolet followed him and offered to design a small , luxurious touring car . The result was a six - cylinder automobile ( named the Chevrolet ) that demonstrated his skill as a designer . The new car , which was priced at a high $ 2,150 , sold 3,000 units in 1912 . It made a profit of $ 1.3 million on the sale of 16,000 vehicles in the next two years . His car had the counterbalanced crankshaft , the first Founded Frontenac Motor Car Company Chevrolet became a successful independent designer of racecars . He founded the Frontenac Motor Company in 1914 and built four racecars . All three Chevrolet brothers entered the 1916 Indiana 500 classic , but none of his Frontenacs finished the race . In 1915 , Chevrolet constructed a new car , the Cornelian , for the Blood Brothers Machine Company . He had begun to work with alloys instead of steel . He emphasized the importance of better power - to - weight ratios , with a small four - cylinder vehicle , weighing less than 1,000 pounds . From After the war ended , Chevrolet returned to the racing business . He nearly caused a disaster for himself and his racers when he picked up his new vanadium steel steering arms before they had been heat - treated . All of the steering arms failed except the one on the car driven by his brother , Gaston . His 1920 straight eight - cylinder Frontenac won the Indianapolis race with Gaston at the wheel . This was the first American - built car to win a race at the Indianapolis Derby since 1912 . American racing fans went wild Soon after this , the Frontenac Motor Company failed and C . W . VanRanst , a former Duesenberg engineer , convinced the Chevrolet brothers to build and sell special cylinder heads for souped - up Model - T Fords , called Fronty - Fords . At their peak , they turned out sixty heads a day . When the Model A came out , the Chevrolet brothers were put out of business . Chevrolet was not an astute businessman . In addition to being unable to benefit from the impressive growth of the Chevrolet Motor Company and its subsequent integration with General Motors , he also lost a large amount of money in his attempt to produce a line of Frontenac passenger cars . Allan A . Ryan and the Stutz Motorcar Company invested one million dollars to produce a new line of Frontenac passenger cars as part of the Stutz line . The depression of 1922 cut short production and Chevrolet had to assume all the debt acquired by Ryan ' s Although automobiles were his enduring passion , Chevrolet had other interests as well . He experimented with speedboat racing in 1925 , and won a regatta in Miami , Florida . He also enjoyed trapshooting and golf , at which he won many amateur tournaments . Built Prototype for the Modern Airplane Industry The Chevrolet brothers began producing an efficient aircraft engine called the Chevrolair 333 . Bad management ended that business and caused a rift between the brothers . Chevrolet then joined Baltimore Ford dealer , Glenn L . Martin , in new aircraft company , but lost out to Martin in the stock market crash of 1929 . Martin later built a successful company around this engine , which he called the Martin 4 - 333 or the Martin bomber . In 1934 , Chevrolet became a consultant at the Chevrolet division of General Motors , where he remained until he His later years were marked by sadness . His eldest son died in 1934 . Most of his memorabilia and engineering drawings were destroyed when his sister ' s home in New Jersey burned . Chevrolet died on a visit to Detroit , Michigan from his retirement home in Florida on June 6 , 1941 . He was buried next to his brother , Gaston , at the Holy Cross Cemetery near the Indianapolis Speedway . His pioneering achievements were recognized in 1969 , when Chevrolet was elected to the Automotive Hall of Fame . Further Reading on Louis Chevrolet American National Biography , edited by John A . Garraty and Mark C . Carnes , Oxford University Press , 1999 . Fucini , Joseph J . and Suzy Fucini , Entrepreneurs : The Men and Women Behind Famous Brand Names and How They Made It , G . K . Hall & Co . , 1985 . Louis Chevrolet , General Motors Corporation Business Research Library , August 13 , 1998 . The Louis Chevrolet Memorial Indianapolis Motor Speedway , Cornelius Printing Co . , 1976 . National Cyclopedia of American Biography , James T . White &Company , 1971 . Car Life , January , 1963 , pp . 59 - 62 . Add a comment . Also Mentioned In louis - quatorzian louis - d - or Sao Luis chevrolets Louis Quatorze chev positraction archgrounds bรฉchamel Joinville Jean de WORDS NEAR Louis Chevrolet IN THE DICTIONARY Louis Botha Louis Braille Louis Burt Mayer Louis Charles Alfred de Musset Louis Chevrolet Louis Comfort Tiffany louis d ' or louis - d - or louis - d - ors Louis de Broglie | [
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http://biography.yourdictionary.com/roger-bacon | Home Reference Biography Roger Bacon Roger Bacon Facts Roger Bacon Quotes The medieval English philosopher Roger Bacon ( ca . 1214 - 1294 ) insisted on the importance of a so - called science of experience , or " scientia experimentalis . " In this respect he is often regarded as a forerunner of modern science . Little is known about the details of Roger Bacon ' s life or about the chronology and motivation of his major works , the Opus majus , the Opus minus , and the Opus tertium . It appears that he was born in Ilchester , Somerset . At 13 he entered Oxford University , where he spent 8 years . Contrasting himself to other scholastics who received only a baccalaureate in the arts and then moved on to theology , Bacon took delight in having the advanced arts degree . In the 1240s , perhaps in the early years of the decade , Bacon lectured at the University of Paris on the works of Aristotle . During this period he also wrote three works on logic . Within relatively few years there were three important events in Bacon ' s life : his return to England from France , the awakening of his scientific interests , and his entry into the Franciscan order . A Universal Science Early in his empirical pursuits Bacon envisioned a universal science which would promote the spread of Christianity , prolong life , aid health , and form a synthesis between theology and the science of experience . Theology for Bacon was more or less biblical theology , not the scholastic theology based on the Sentences of Peter Lombard , which Bacon may have known only superficially . He praised science as being " most beautiful and most useful . " Bacon had other reasons for urging Christians to take up a science of experience . In many respects his age had an apocalyptic character , and there was considerable belief that a struggle with the antichrist was imminent . Bacon saw a science of experience as a Christian weapon for the fray . It is quite likely that Bacon became a Franciscan in 1252 . By Bacon ' s time , as even more so during the following century , the work begun by St . Francis had posed problems for his followers . Franciscans were required to take a vow of poverty , but their work had swelled to such size and importance that it was impossible to continue it unless the order owned or at least administered property and other possessions . However , the acquisition of property by the Franciscan order was seriously questioned by a group of friars who Moreover , during this very period of struggle over the vow of poverty , the new orders , Dominican as well as Franciscan , were being attacked by the secular clergy , whose power was being diminished as the religious clergy grew in numbers and influence . Period of Confinement About 1257 Bacon was taken from England to France and , for unknown reasons , underwent some kind of confinement , perhaps even an imprisonment , in a French monastery . One theory is that his scientific interests made him suspect , but it is more likely that his views on Franciscan life proved unpopular with the friars in England . Actually , there are no grounds for thinking that this confinement had anything to do with an alleged conflict between science and religion . During his period of confinement Bacon wrote his greatest works : the Opus majus , the Opus minus , and the Opus tertium . Differences among scholars concerning the order and purposes of these works underscore once again the many unknowns concerning Bacon ' s life . It seems that he intended to write a treatise on the sciences but soon realized the magnitude of such a task . Instead , he composed what is now known as the in which he made use of materials already written , added new material , and climaxed the work with a section on moral theory . With respect to the sciences , the overall tone of the Opus majus is a rhetorical plea , attempting to persuade the pope about the importance of experimental knowledge . There is no evidence that Bacon made any important contribution to science and much evidence that he was , instead , a reader , writer , and rhetorician in behalf of science . Concerning the a convincing theory is that it was written while the Opus majus was still in the hands of copyists and Bacon was reflecting on his omissions from the earlier manuscript . The Opus minus is thus a supplement to the Opus majus . The Opus tertium may well have been an expansion of what began as a preface to the earlier two works . Observations and Writings In many ways Bacon was ahead of his time . His works mention flying machines , self - driven boats , and an " instrument small in size , which can raise and lower things of almost infinite weight . " He studied the heavens . He seems to have studied the refraction of light under experimental conditions , but in his so - called science of experience he did not make any known advances into what is today called physics ; and he did not make any known practical inventions . After the three works previously mentioned , Bacon wrote a great part of Communium naturalium , one of his finest works . He also wrote a Greek grammar and a Hebrew grammar , and in 1272 he published Compendium of the Study of Philosophy , in which the old , angry , polemical Bacon reemerges . It is possible that an imprisonment in the final years of his life stems from the Compendium , in which he claimed to see in the then - warring factions of Christendom the presence of the antichrist and in which he took in general the extreme view of Franciscan life identified with Joachim of Fiore . The length of his imprisonment and the causes of his release are again matters of educated guesswork . He was free enough late in life to write Compendium of Theology . He was not imprisoned at the time of his death , which occurred in 1294 ( according to one account , on June 11 ) . Further Reading on Roger Bacon The best work on Bacon is Stewart C . Easton , Roger Bacon and His Search for a Universal Science ( 1952 ) . See also John Henry Bridges , The Life and Work of Roger Bacon ( 1914 ) ; Theodore Crowley , Roger Bacon ( 1950 ) ; and E . Westacott , Roger Bacon in Life and Legend ( 1953 ) . Appreciative discussions of Bacon are in A . G . Little , ed . , Roger Bacon : Essays Contributed by Various Writers on the Occasion of the Commemoration of the Seventh Centenary of His Birth ( 1914 ) . See also Lynn Thorndike , A History of Magic and Experimental Science ( 2 vols . , 1923 ) , and a chapter by Robert Steele , " Roger Bacon and the State of Science in the Thirteenth Century , " in Charles Singer , ed . , Studies in the History and Method of Science , vol . 2 ( 1921 ) . Additional Biography Sources Bridges , John Henry , The life & work of Roger Bacon : an introduction to the Opus majus , Merrick , N.Y. : Richwood Pub . Co . , 1976 . Westacott , Evalyn , Roger Bacon in life and legend , Norwood , PA : Norwood Editions , c1953 , 1978 . Encyclopedia of World Biography . Copyright 2010 The Gale Group , Inc . All rights reserved . Link / Cite Also Mentioned In baconer bacon - fed baconburger bacon - beetle fakon baconless baconian baconianism baconlike bacony WORDS NEAR Roger Bacon IN THE DICTIONARY Rogation Days rogations rogatory roger Roger Bannister roger - beep Roger Brooke Taney Roger Casement Roger Corman | [
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http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=B001210 | BYRD , Robert Carlyle , a Representative and a Senator from West Virginia ; born in North Wilkesboro , Wilkes County , N.C. , November 20 , 1917 ; attended West Virginia public schools ; student at Beckley College , Concord College , Morris Harvey College , and Marshall College , all in West Virginia , and George Washington University Law School , Washington , D.C. ; graduated , American University Law School 1963 ; received Bachelor โ s degree in political science from Marshall University 1994 ; member of the West Virginia house of delegates 1947 - 1950 ; member of the West Virginia | [
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http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=J000284 | JONES , Stephanie Tubbs , ( 1949 - 2008 ) Collection of the U.S. House of Representatives JONES , Stephanie Tubbs , a Representative from Ohio ; born in Cleveland , Cuyahoga County , Ohio , September 10 , 1949 ; graduated from Collinwood High School , Cleveland , Ohio ; B.A. , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio , 1971 ; J.D. , Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland , Ohio , 1974 ; elected to Cleveland , Ohio , municipal court , 1981 ; judge , Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County , Ohio , 1983 - 1991 ; prosecutor , Cuyahoga County , Ohio , 1991 - 1998 ; elected as a Democrat to the One Bibliography โ Stephanie Tubbs Jones โ in Black Americans in Congress , 1870 - 2007 . Prepared under the direction of the Committee on House Administration by the Office of History & Preservation , U . S . House of Representatives . Washington : Government Printing Office , 2008 . | [
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http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=g000359 | GRAHAM Lindsey O a Senator and a Representative from South Carolina born in Central Pickens County SC July 9 1955 graduated from Daniel High School Central SC 1973 BA University of South Carolina Columbia 1977 JD University of South Carolina School of Law 1981 United States Air Force 19821988 South Carolina Air National Guard 19891995 United States Air Force Reserves 1995present lawyer private practice assistant county attorney Oconee County SC 19881992 city attorney for Central SC 19901994 member of the South Carolina state house of representatives 19921994 elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives for the One Hundred Fourth and to | [
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http://biologictx.com/patient-services-overview/patient-medical-guide/ | Overview Preparation for Transplant PreTransplant PostTransplant Transplant Medications Guide Biological Transplant Medications Basic Transplant Terms BiologicTx Patient Services Transplant Medications Guide Transplant Medication Facts After organ transplant you will take three primary types of medication Antirejection or Immunosuppressants Medication to keep your body from fighting your new organ This lowers the bodys immune response making it less susceptible of destroying the transplanted organ Rejection of your new transplanted organ is the most serious problem that can occur after transplant It is important to take the antirejection medications consistently and not to miss any doses Prevent and Treat Infection Medication to prevent and treat infections that may be caused by antirejection medications Side Effect Treatment Medication to help treat side effects caused by transplant medications Medication ReOrder Process Call BiologicTx Pharmacy within 57 days of running out of your medication We will also assist you in the refill process by calling you to set up a refill delivery However if you notice you are running low on medication your doctor has given you a new prescription or a dose has changed and the pharmacy is unaware call BiologicTx Pharmacy right away Your pharmacy team can be reached in person MondayFriday 9am5pm EST at 8775678087 and can be available after hours for emergency situations Medication Reference Guide AntiRejection Medications Immunosuppressives Decreases immune systems response to transplanted organ preventing rejection CellCept Mycophenolate Mofetil MMF Take on empty stomach Do not take at the same time as antacids that contain magnesium or aluminum Myfortic Mycophenolic acid delayed release Take on empty stomach Do not take at the same time as antacids that contain magnesium or aluminum Envarsus XR Tacrolimus extended release Take with a full glass of water on an empty stomach preferably in the morning Do not chew divide or crush tablets Swallow the tablets whole Do not take with grapefruit grapefruit juice pomegranate pomegranate juice or any juice blend that contains grapefruit or pomegranate Prograf Tacrolimus Take with full glass of water Do not take with grapefruit or grapefruit juice Doing so may increase tacrolimus levels Side effects headache hand and feet tingling high blood sugar tremors kidney problems abnormal electrolytes itchy rash sleep problems and high blood pressure Rapamune Sirolimus Take with full glass of water Do not take with grapefruit or grapefruit juice If also taking Cyclosporine take this medicine 4 hours after cyclosporine dose Zortress Everolimus Take with or without food consistently Imuran Azathioprine Take with full glass of water Azathioprine may interact with some other drugs especially Allopurinol Nulojix Belatacep must be administered intravenously over 30 minutes via health care provider Patient must be EpsteinBarr virus EBV seropositive to receive Vaccination with live vaccines should be avoided Cyclosporine Decreases immune systems response to a transplanted organ to prevent rejection Take with full glass of water Do not take with grapefruit or grapefruit juice Gengraf and Neoral are not interchangeable with Sandimmune Steroids Given along with immunosuppressants for organ transplants to prevent rejection Take with food or milk Prednisone Prelone Prednisolone Medrol Methylprednisolone ProphylaxisAntiinfective Medications BactrimSeptra SulfamethoxazoleTrimethoprim SMZTMP Prevention and treatment of certain bacterial infections Take on an empty stomach Drink plenty of fluids Mepron Atovaquone For prevention or treatment of certain infections Take with a full meal or liquid nutritional supplement Dapsone For prevention or treatment of certain infections Take with or without food Antifungal Medications Prevention and treatment of fungal infections Diflucan Fluconazole Take with or without food May interfere with tacrolimus levels Check with physician or pharmacist Vfend Voriconazole Take on empty stomach Check drug interactions with physician and pharmacist including overthecounter medications or herbal supplements Mycelex Troche Clotrimazole Prevention and treatment of fungal infections of the mouth and throat Place troche in mouth and allow to dissolve slowly may take 1530 min Noxafil Posaconazole Take with full meal or liquid nutritional supplement Check drug interactions with physician or pharmacist Nystatin Oral Suspension Prevention or treatment of fungal infections of the mouth and throat Swish and swallow after meals as directed Take full course of treatment Sporanox Itraconazole Take capsules with food Take liquid on empty stomach Check drug interactions with physician or pharmacist Injectable Medications Store medication in refrigerator do not freeze Clean hands injection site and top of vial prior to injection Do not shake vials Aranesp Darbepoetin Alfa Treatment of anemia low hemoglobin levels Procrit Epogen Epoetin Alfa Treatment of anemia low hemoglobin levels Neupogen Filgrastim Stimulates production of white blood cells by your bone marrow Talk to physician if you experience any symptoms of an infection which may include chills sore throat congestion or fever AntiViral Medications Prevention and treatment of certain viral infections Cytovene Ganciclovir Take with food and full glass of water If sore throat fever unusual bleeding or bruising occurs contact physician immediately Zovirax Acyclovir Take with or without food Valcyte Valganciclovir Take with food and full glass of water Do not break or crush tablets Valtrex Valacyclovir Take with or without food AntiHypertensive Medications Treatment of high blood pressure After taking rise from seated or lying position slowly Cardizem Diltiazem Cardua Doxazosin Catapres Clonidine DynaCirc Isradipine Hytrin Terazosin Lopressor Metoprolol Norvasc Amlodipine Prinivil Lisinopril Procardia Nifedipine Cozaar Losartan Diovan Valsartan Tenormin Atenolol Vasotec Enalapril Altace Ramipril Cardene Nicardipine Calan Verapamil Lotensin Benazepril Avapro Irbesartan Cholesterol Reducing Medications Lower levels of fats and cholesterol in the blood Take with food Avoid grapefruit products with statin medications Lipitor Atorvastatin Mevacor Lovastatin Lovaza Omega3 Fatty Acid Pravachol Pravastatin Antara Fenoglide Lofibra Lipofen Tricor Fenofibrate Zocor Simvastatin Crestor Rosuvastatin Vytorin SimvastatinEzetimbe Zetia Ezetimbe Welchol Colesevelam AntiUlcer Medication Treatment or prevention of stomach ulcers and related conditions Best taken on empty stomach Aciphex Rabeprazole Nexium Esomeprazole Pepcid Famotidine Prevacid Lansoprazole Prilosec Omeprazole Protonix Pantoprazole Tagamet Cimetidine Zantac Ranitidine Zegerid Omeprazole Sodium Bicarbonate Kapidex Dexlansprazole Stool Softeners Prevention and treatment of constipation Avoid if bowel obstruction is suspected Maintain adequate fluid and fiber intake Colace Docusate | [
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http://biology-igcse.weebly.com/arteries-veins-and-capillaries---structure-and-functions.html | # 71 Arteries , veins and capillaries - structure and functions There are 3 main kinds of blood vessels โ arteries , veins and capillaries . Arteries carry blood away from the heart . They divide again and again , and eventually form very tiny vessels called capillaries . The capillaries gradually join up with one another to form large vessels called veins . Veins carry blood towards the heart . Plan of the main blood vessels in the human body The comparison of blood vessels structure and functions The transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid As blood enters capillaries from arterioles ( small arteries ) , it slows down . This allows substances in the plasma , as well as O2 from red blood cells , to diffuse through the capillary wall into the surrounding tissues ( the capillary wall is thin and permeable ) . Liquid in the plasma also passes out . This forms tissue fluid , bathing the cells . Waste products from the cells , e.g. CO2 , diffuse back through the capillary walls into the plasma . Some of the tissue fluid also passes back . Diffusion is responsible for the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid . This post on blogspot . com | [
"Arteries",
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http://biology-pages.info/C/CompoundEye.html | Index to this page Flicker effect Resolution and Sensitivity Color vision Ultraviolet vision The Compound Eye The arthropod ( e.g. , insects , crustaceans ) eye is built quite differently from the vertebrate eye ( and mollusk eye ) . ( Despite their structural differences , both insect and vertebrate eyes depend on related genes for their development . Link to a discussion . ) Arthropod eyes are called compound eyes because they are made up of repeating units , the ommatidia , each of which functions as a separate visual receptor . Each ommatidium consists of a lens ( the front surface of which makes up a single facet a transparent crystalline cone light - sensitive visual cells arranged in a radial pattern like the sections of an orange pigment cells which separate the ommatidium from its neighbors . The pigment cells ensure that only light entering the ommatidium parallel ( or almost so ) to its long axis reaches the visual cells and triggers nerve impulses . Thus each ommatidium is pointed at just a single area in space and contributes information about only one small area in the field of view . There may be thousands of ommatidia in a compound eye with their facets spread over most of the surface of a hemisphere . ( The photo , courtesy Carolina Biological Supply Company , shows the compound eye of Drosophila melanogaster . ) The composite of all their responses is a mosaic image โ a pattern of light and dark dots rather like the halftone illustrations in a newspaper or magazine . And just as in those media , the finer the pattern of dots , the better the quality of the image . Grasshopper eyes , with relatively few ommatidia must produce a coarse , grainy image . The honeybee and dragonfly have many more ommatidia and a corresponding improvement in their ability to discriminate ( " resolve " ) detail . Even so , the resolving ability of the honeybee eye is poor in comparison with that of most vertebrate eyes and only 1 / 60 as good as that of the human eye ; that is , two objects that we could distinguish between at 60 feet ( 18 m ) could only be discriminated by the bee at a distance Flicker effect Link to illustrated discussion of honeybee navigation . Resolution and Sensitivity Arthropods that are apt to be active in dim light ( e.g. , crayfish , praying mantis ) concentrate the screening pigments of their ommatidia into the lower ends of the pigment cells . This shift enables light entering a single ommatidium at an angle to pass into adjacent ommatidia and stimulate them also . With many ommatidia responding to a single area in the visual field , the image becomes coarser . The praying mantis probably can do little more than distinguish light and dark in the evening . The shift in pigments does , however , make it more sensitive to light than it is in the daytime as more ommatidia can detect a given area of light . A demonstration of color vision in honeybees . After a period of feeding from a dish placed on blue cardboard , the bees return to an empty dish on a clean blue card . They are able to distinguish the blue card from others of varying shades of gray . ( Courtesy of Dr . M . Renner . ) Color vision In the honeybee , four of the visual cells in each ommatidium respond best to yellow - green light ( 544 nm two respond maximally to blue light ( 436 nm ) the remaining two respond best to ultraviolet light ( 344 nm ) Ultraviolet vision Television camera tubes are also sensitive to ultraviolet , as well as visible light , but their glass lens is opaque to ultraviolet . ( This is why you ca n ' t get tanned โ or synthesize calciferol โ from the sunlight passing through window glass . ) Using a special ultraviolet - transmitting lens , Eisner and his coworkers at Cornell have demonstrated that many insect - pollinated flowers appear to the honeybee quite different from the way they appear to us . The sharp contrasts between flowers that appear similar to us partly explains the efficiency with which honeybees secure nectar from only one species of flower at a time even when other species are also in bloom . The photos ( courtesy of Dr . Eisner ) show a blackeyed susan photographed in visible light ( left ) and under ultraviolet light ( right ) . Monarch butterflies , which can migrate as much as 2500 miles ( > 4000 km ) , navigate by ultraviolet light from the sun . When their view of the sun is through a filter that blocks out only its ultraviolet rays , their flight path becomes disoriented . Ultraviolet vision is not limited to animals with compound eyes . A few marsupials , rodents , a bat that feeds on nectar , and many birds have also been shown to have ultraviolet vision . Welcome&Next Search | [
"Compound Eye",
"Arthropod eyes",
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http://biology-pages.info/H/HLA.html | Index to this page Class I Histocompatibility Molecules Class II Histocompatibility Molecules The CD8 + T Cell / Class I Interaction The CD4 + T Cell / Class II Interaction Histocompatibility Molecules Link to discussion of transplant rejection The most rapid and severe rejection of foreign tissue occurs when there is a failure to properly match the donor and recipient for the major histocompatibility molecules . There are two categories : class I and class II Class I Histocompatibility Molecules Class I molecules consist of two polypeptide chains , a long one ( on the left ) of 346 amino acids โ it is called the heavy chain โ and a short one ( on the right ) of 99 amino acids . three extracellular domains , designated here as N ( includes the N terminal ) , C1 , and C2 a transmembrane domain where the polypeptide chain passes through the plasma membrane of the cell ; a cytoplasmic domain ( with the C terminal ) within the cytoplasm of the cell . To the right is the protein molecule called beta - 2 microglobulin ( " ฮฒ 2 M " ) . It is not attached to the heavy chain by any covalent bonds , but rather by a number of noncovalent interactions The dark bars represent disulfide ( S - S ) bridges linking portions of each domain ( except the N domain ) . However , the bonds in S - S bridges are no longer than any other covalent bond , so if this molecule could be viewed in its actual tertiary ( 3D ) configuration , we would find that the portions of the polypeptide chains containing the linked Cys are actually close together . The outermost domains ( " N " and " C1 " ) contain two segments of alpha helix that form two ridges with a groove between them . A small molecule ( e.g. , a short peptide ) is attached noncovalently in the groove between the two alpha helices , rather like a hot dog in a bun ( not shown here , but look below ) . You can also link to a color model ( 92K ) showing these features . But note that the terminology for the domains is different in this model : N = ฮฑ 1 , C1 = ฮฑ 2 , C2 = ฮฑ 3 The two objects on the left of the image that look like candelabra represent the short , branched chains of sugars in this glycoprotein The regions marked " Papain " represent the places on the heavy chain that are attacked by the proteinase papain ( and made it possible to release the extracellular domains from the plasma membrane for easier analysis ) . This image ( courtesy of T.J. Kindt and J . E . Coligan ) represents the structure of a class I histocompatibility molecule , called H - 2K . Almost all the cells of an animal ' s body ( in this case , a mouse ) have thousands of these molecules present in their plasma membrane . These molecules provide tissue identity and serve as major targets in the rejection of transplanted tissue and organs . But tissue rejection is not their natural function . Class I molecules serve to display antigens on the surface of the cell so that they can be " recognized " by T cells Humans synthesize three different types of class I molecules designated HLA - A HLA - B , and HLA - C . ( HLA stands for h uman l eukocyte a ntigen ; because the molecules were first studied on leukocytes ) . These differ only in their heavy chain , all sharing the same type of beta - 2 microglobulin . The genes encoding the different heavy chains are clustered on chromosome 6 in the major histocompatibility complex MHC ) . Link to a discussion of the MHC of humans . We inherit a gene for each of the three types of heavy chain from each parent so it is possible , in fact common , to express two allelic versions of each type . Thus a person heterozygous for HLA - A , HLA - B , and HLA - C expresses six different class I proteins . These are synthesized and displayed by most of the cells of the body ( except those of the central nervous system ) . Histocompatibility molecules present antigens to T cells Although histocompatibility molecules were discovered because of the crucial role they play in graft rejection , clearly evolution did not give vertebrates these molecules for that function . So what is their normal function ? The answer : to display antigens so that they can be " seen " by T lymphocytes The antigen receptor on T lymphocytes ( or T cells , as they are commonly called ) " sees " an epitope that is a mosaic of the small molecule in the groove and portions of the alpha helices flanking it . Discussion of antigen presentation to T cells . The small molecules ( " hot dogs " ) are enormously diverse . They probably represent fragments derived from all the proteins present within the cell . These would include : fragments of normal cell constituents ( These do not normally elicit an immune response . ) fragments of proteins encoded by intracellular parasites ( like viruses ) ; fragments of proteins encoded by mutated genes in cancer cells . [ Example Class II Histocompatibility Molecules Human class II molecules are designated HLA - D , and the genes encoding them are also located in the major histocompatibility complex MHC ) . Class II molecules consist of two transmembrane polypeptides . These interact to form a groove at their outer end which , like class I molecules , always contains a fragment of antigen . But the fragments bound to class II molecules are derived from antigens that the cell has taken in from its surroundings . Extracellular molecules are engulfed by endocytosis . The endosomes fuse with lysosomes and their contents are partially digested . The resulting fragments are placed in class II molecules and returned to the cell surface . See Antigen Presentation for more details Class II molecules , in contrast to class I , are normally expressed on only certain types of cells . These are cells like macrophages and B lymphocytes that specialize in processing and presenting extracellular antigens to . Thus antigen presentation by class II molecules differs from that by class I in two important ways : All cells can present antigens with class I molecules , whereas only certain cells can do so with class II . The antigen fragments ( hot dogs ) displayed in class I molecules are generated from macromolecules synthesized within the cell , whereas those displayed in class II molecules have usually been acquired from outside the cell . Class I and class II molecules present antigen fragments to different subsets of T cells . The CD8 molecules on CD8 T cells bind to a site found only on class I histocompatibility molecules ( shown here as a gray hemisphere ) . The CD4 molecules on CD4 T cells bind to a site found only on class II histocompatibility molecules ( shown below as a yellow triangle ) . The CD8 T Cell / Class I Interaction Because of the need for CD8 to bind to a receptor site found only on class I histocompatibility molecules , CD8 T cells are only able to respond to antigens presented by class I molecules . Most CD8 T cells are cytotoxic T cells CTL s ) . They contain the machinery for destroying cells whose class I epitope they recognize . Every time you get a viral infection , say influenza ( flu ) , the virus invades certain cells of your body . Once inside , the virus subverts the metabolism of the cell to make more virus . This involves synthesizing molecules encoded by the viral genome . In due course , these are assembled into a fresh crop of virus particles that leave the cell ( often killing it in the process ) and spread to new cells . Except while in transit from their old home to their new , the virus works inside cells safe from any antibodies . But early in their intracellular life , infected cells display fragments of the viral proteins being synthesized in the cytoplasm in their surface class I molecules . Any cytotoxic T cells specific for that antigen will bind to the infected cell and often will be able to destroy it before it can release a fresh crop of virus . The bottom line : the function of the body ' s CD8 T cells is to monitor all the cells of the body ready to destroy any that express foreign antigen fragments in their class I molecules . Further details of how infected cells present viral antigens to CD8 T cells CD4 T Cell / Class II Interaction dendritic cells macrophages ( phagocytic cells that develop from monocytes that have migrated from the blood to the tissues ) and B lymphocytes ( " B cells " ) that take up exogenous antigen by receptor - mediated endocytosis Further discussion with graphic . have a T cell receptor TCR ) able to recognize ( bind to ) a complex epitope comprising an antigenic fragment displayed by a class II molecule ; bind a site on the class II molecule ( shown above as a yellow triangle ) with its CD4 bind to costimulatory molecules on the antigen - presenting cell . [ view the Immunological Synapse Activated T cells enter the cell cycle leading to the growth of a clone of identical T cells begin to secrete lymphokines activate and recruit other cells ( e.g. , mast cells ) to the region producing inflammation ( e.g. , to cope with a bacterial infection ) ; activate B cells enabling them to develop into a clone of antibody - secreting cells . The CD4 T cells that activate B cells are called Helper T cells View ] . Discussion of Helper T cells Welcome&Next Search | [
"Histocompatibility",
"antigens"
] |
http://biology-pages.info/H/HydrogenBonds.html | Hydrogen Bonds Polar molecules , such as water molecules , have a weak , partial negative charge at one region of the molecule ( the oxygen atom in water ) and a partial positive charge elsewhere ( the hydrogen atoms in water ) . Thus when water molecules are close together , their positive and negative regions are attracted to the oppositely - charged regions of nearby molecules . The force of attraction , shown here as a dotted line , is called a hydrogen bond . Each water molecule is hydrogen bonded to four others . The hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules account for some of the essential โ and unique โ properties of water . The attraction created by hydrogen bonds keeps water liquid over a wider range of temperature than is found for any other molecule its size . The energy required to break multiple hydrogen bonds causes water to have a high heat of vaporization ; that is , a large amount of energy is needed to convert liquid water , where the molecules are attracted through their hydrogen bonds , to water vapor , where they are not . The evaporation of sweat , used by many mammals to cool themselves , cools by the large amount of heat needed to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules . Reduction of temperature extremes near large bodies of water like the ocean . Multiple hydrogen bonds hold the two strands of the DNA double helix together hold polypeptides together in such secondary structures as the alpha helix and the beta conformation help enzymes bind to their substrate [ Example ] ; help antibodies bind to their antigen help transcription factors bind to each other ; transcription factors bind to DNA Welcome&Next Search | [
"Hydrogen Bonds"
] |
http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/p/Amygdala.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science The Amygdala ' s Location and Function in the Brain Fear and the Amygdala by Regina Bailey Updated January 20 , 2019 The amygdala is an almond - shaped mass of nuclei ( mass of cells ) located deep within the temporal lobes of the brain . There are two amygdalae , one situated in each brain hemisphere . The amygdala is a limbic system structure that is involved in many of our emotions and motivations , particularly those that are related to survival . It is involved in the processing of emotions such as fear , anger , and pleasure . The amygdala is also responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain . It is thought that this determination is based on how huge an emotional response an event evokes . Amygdala and Fear The amygdala is involved in autonomic responses associated with fear and hormonal secretions . Scientific studies of the amygdala have led to the discovery of the location of neurons in the amygdala that are responsible for fear conditioning . Fear conditioning is an associative learning process by which we learn through repeated experiences to fear something . Our experiences can cause brain circuits to change and form new memories . For example , when we hear an unpleasant sound , the amygdala heightens our perception of the sound . This heightened perception is deemed distressing and memories are formed associating the sound with unpleasantness . If the noise startles us , we have an automatic flight or fight response . This response involves the activation of the sympathetic division of the peripheral nervous system . Activation of the nerves of the sympathetic division results in accelerated heart rate , dilated pupils , increase in metabolic rate , and increase in blood flow to the muscles . This activity is coordinated by the amygdala and allows us to respond appropriately to danger . Anatomy The amygdala is composed of a large cluster of around 13 nuclei . These nuclei are subdivided into smaller complexes . The basolateral complex is the largest of these subdivisions and is composed of the lateral nucleus , basolateral nucleus , and accessory basal nucleus . This nuclei complex has connections with the cerebral cortex , thalamus , and hippocampus . Information from the olfactory system is received by two separate groups of amygdaloid nuclei , the cortical nuclei and medial nucleus . Nuclei of the amygdala also make connections with the hypothalamus and brainstem . The hypothalamus is involved in emotional responses and helps to regulate the endocrine system . The brainstem relays information between the cerebrum and spinal cord . Connections to these areas of the brain allow amygdaloid nuclei to process information from sensory areas ( cortex and thalamus ) and areas associated with behavior and autonomic function ( hypothalamus and brainstem ) . Function The amygdala is involved in several functions of the body including : Arousal Autonomic responses associated with fear Emotional responses Hormonal secretions Memory Sensory Information The amygdala receives sensory information from the thalamus and from the cerebral cortex . The thalamus is also a limbic system structure and it connects areas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in sensory perception and movement with other parts of the brain and spinal cord that also have a role in sensation and movement . The cerebral cortex processes sensory information obtained from vision , hearing , and other senses and is involved in decision - making , problem - solving , and planning . Location Directionally , the amygdala is located deep within the temporal lobes , medial to the hypothalamus and adjacent to the hippocampus . Amygdala Disorders Hyperactivity of the amygdala or having one amygdala that is smaller than the other has been associated with fear and anxiety disorders . Fear is an emotional and physical response to danger . Anxiety is a psychological response to something that is perceived as dangerous . Anxiety can lead to panic attacks that occur when the amygdala sends signals that a person is in danger , even when there is no real threat . Anxiety disorders that are associated with the amygdala include Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ( OCD ) , Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder ( PTSD ) , Borderline Sources : Sah , P . , Faber , E . , Lopez De Armentia , L . , & Power , J . ( 2003 ) . The Amygdaloid Complex : Anatomy and Physiology . Physiological Reviews , 83 ( 3 ) , 803 - 834 . doi : 10.1152 / physrev . 00002 . 2003 Continue Reading | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/anatomy/ss/brachiocephalic_artery.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Brachiocephalic Artery by Regina Bailey Updated March 08 , 2017 01 of 01 Brachiocephalic Artery Depiction of the aortic arch showing the brachiocephalic artery . Reproduced from Gray ' s Anatomy Brachiocephalic Artery Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart . The brachiocephalic ( Brachi - , - cephal ) artery extends from the aortic arch to the head . It branches off into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery . Brachiocephalic Artery Function This relatively short artery supplies oxygenated blood to the head , neck and arm regions of the body . | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/biologydictionary/g/pulmonaryveins.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Pulmonary Veins Heart Image . ยฉ MedValet by Regina Bailey Updated March 06 , 2017 Definition : Veins are vessels that bring blood to the heart . Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium . There are four pulmonary veins which extend from the left atrium to the lungs . They are the right superior , right inferior , left superior , and left inferior pulmonary veins . | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/bloodcells/fl/Macrophages.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science What are Macrophages ? A macrophage cell capturing bacteria . Macrophages are white blood cells that engulf and digest pathogens . by Regina Bailey Updated July 29 , 2018 Macrophages are immune system cells that are vital to the development of non - specific defense mechanisms that provide the first line of defense against pathogens . These large immune cells are present in nearly all tissues and actively remove dead and damaged cells , bacteria cancerous cells , and cellular debris from the body . The process by which macrophages engulf and digest cells and pathogens is called phagocytosis . Macrophages also aid in cell mediated or adaptive immunity by capturing and presenting information about foreign antigens to immune cells called lymphocytes . This allows the immune system to better protect against future attacks from the same invaders . In addition , macrophages are involved in other valuable functions in the body including hormone production , homeostasis , immune regulation , and wound healing . Macrophage Phagocytosis Phagocytosis allows macrophages to get rid of harmful or unwanted substances in the body . Phagocytosis is a form of endocytosis in which matter is engulfed and destroyed by a cell . This process is initiated when a macrophage is drawn to a foreign substance by the presence of antibodies . Antibodies are proteins produced by lymphocytes that bind to a foreign substance ( antigen ) , tagging it for destruction . Once the antigen is detected , a macrophage sends out projections which surround and engulf the antigen ( bacteria , dead cell , etc . ) enclosing it within a vesicle . The internalized vesicle containing the antigen is called a phagosome . Lysosomes within the macrophage fuse with the phagosome forming a phagolysosome . Lysosomes are membranous sacs of hydrolytic enzymes formed by the Golgi complex that are capable of digesting organic material . The enzyme content of the lysosomes is released into the phagolysosome and the foreign substance is quickly degraded . The degraded material is then ejected from the macrophage . Macrophage Development Macrophages develop from white blood cells called monocytes . Monocytes are the largest type of white blood cell . They have a large , single nucleus that is often kidney - shaped . Monocytes are produced in bone marrow and circulate in the blood anywhere from one to three days . These cells exit blood vessels by passing through blood vessel endothelium to enter into tissues . Once reaching their destination , monocytes develop into macrophages or into other immune cells called dendritic cells . Dendritic cells aid in the development of antigen immunity . Macrophages that differentiate from monocytes are specific to the tissue or organ in which they reside . When the need for more macroghages arises in a particular tissue , the residing macrophages produce proteins called cytokines that cause responding monocytes to develop into the type of macrophage needed . For example , macrophages fighting infection produce cytokines that promote the development of macrophages that specialize in fighting pathogens . Macrophages that specialize in healing wounds and repairing tissue develop from cytokines produced in response to tissue injury . Macrophage Function and Location Macrophages are found in almost every tissue in the body and perform a number of functions outside of immunity . Macrophages aid in the production of sex hormones in male and female gonads . Macrophages assist in the development of blood vessel networks in the ovary , which is vital for the production of the hormone progesterone . Progesterone plays a critical part in the implantation of the embryo in the uterus . In addition , macrophages present in the eye help to develop blood vessel networks necessary for proper vision . Examples of macrophages that reside in other locations of the body include : Central Nervous System โ Microglia are glial cells found in nervous tissue . These extremely small cells patrol the brain and spinal cord removing cellular waste and protecting against microorganisms . Adipose Tissue โ Macrophages in adipose tissue protect against microbes and also help adipose cells to maintain the body ' s sensitivity to insulin . Integumentary System โ Langerhans cells are macrophages in the skin that serve an immune function and aid in the development of skin cells . Kidneys โ Macrophages in the kidneys help to filter microbes from blood and aid in the formation of ducts . Spleen โ Macrophages in the red pulp of the spleen help to filter damaged red blood cells and microbes from blood . Lymphatic System โ Macrophages stored in the central area ( medulla ) of lymph nodes filter lymph of microbes . Reproductive System โ Macrophages in gonads aid in sex cell development , embryo development , and the production of steroid hormones Digestive System โ Macrophages in the intestines monitor the environment protecting against microbes . Lungs โ Macrophages present in the lungs , known as alveolar macrophages , remove microbes , dust , and other particles from respiratory surfaces . Bone โ Macrophages in bone may develop into bone cells called osteoclasts . Osteoclasts help to break down bone and to reabsorb and assimilate bone components . Immature cells from which macrophages are formed reside in non - vascular sections of the bone marrow Macrophages and Disease Although a primary function of macrophages is to protect against bacteria and viruses , sometimes these microbes can evade the immune system and infect immune cells . Adenoviruses , HIV , and the bacteria that cause tuberculosis are examples of microbes that cause disease by infecting macrophages . In addition to these types of diseases , macrophages have been linked to the development of diseases such as heart disease , diabetes , and cancer . Macrophages in the heart contribute to heart disease by aiding in the development of atherosclerosis . In atherosclerosis , artery walls become thick due to chronic inflammation induced by white blood cells . Macrophages in fat tissue can cause inflammation which induces adipose cells to become resistant to insulin . This can lead to the development of diabetes . Chronic inflammation caused by macrophages can also contribute to the development and growth of cancer cells . Sources : White Blood Cells . The Histology Guide . Accessed 09 / 18 / 2014 ( http : / / www . histology . leeds . ac . uk / blood / blood_wbc . php ) The Biology of Macrophages - An Online Review . Macrophage Biology Review . Macrophages . com . Published 05 / 2012 ( http : / / www . macrophages . com / macrophage - review ) Continue Reading | [
"Macrophages",
"immune system cells",
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http://biology.about.com/od/genetics/ss/chromosome-mutation.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science How Chromosome Mutations Occur cdascher / Getty Images by Regina Bailey Updated April 13 , 2019 A chromosome mutation is an unpredictable change that occurs in a chromosome . These changes are most often brought on by problems that occur during meiosis ( division process of gametes ) or by mutagens ( chemicals , radiation , etc . ) . Chromosome mutations can result in changes in the number of chromosomes in a cell or changes in the structure of a chromosome . Unlike a gene mutation which alters a single gene or larger segment of DNA on a chromosome , chromosome mutations change and impact the entire chromosome . Key Takeaways : Chromosome Mutations Chromosome mutations are alterations occurring in chromosomes that typically result from errors during nuclear division or from mutagens . Chromosome mutations result in changes in chromosome structure or in cellular chromosome numbers . Examples of structural chromosome mutations include translocations , deletions , duplications , inversions , and isochromosomes . Abnormal chromosome numbers result from nondisjunction , or the failure of chromosomes to separate correctly during cell division . Examples of conditions that result from abnormal chromosome numbers are Down syndrome and Turner syndrome . Sex chromosome mutations occur on either the X or Y sex chromosomes . Chromosome Structure Chromosomes are long , stringy aggregates of genes that carry heredity information ( DNA ) . They are formed from chromatin , a mass of genetic material consisting of DNA that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones . Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of our cells and condense prior to the process of cell division . A non - duplicated chromosome is single - stranded and is comprised of a centromere region that connects two arm regions . The short arm region is called the p arm and the long arm region is called the q arm . In preparation for the division of the nucleus , chromosomes must be duplicated to ensure that the resulting daughter cells end up with the appropriate number of chromosomes . An identical copy of each chromosome is therefore produced through DNA replication . Each duplicated chromosome is comprised of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids that are connected at the centromere region . Sister chromatids separate prior to the completion of cell division . Chromosome Structure Changes This is an illustration of different types of chromosomal abnormalities . Duplications and breakages of chromosomes are responsible for a type of chromosome mutation that alters chromosome structure . These changes affect protein production by changing the genes on the chromosome . Chromosome structure changes are often harmful to an individual leading to developmental difficulties and even death . Some changes are not as harmful and may have no significant effect on an individual . There are several types of chromosome structure changes that can occur . Some of them include : Translocation : The joining of a fragmented chromosome to a non - homologous chromosome is a translocation . The piece of chromosome detaches from one chromosome and moves to a new position on another chromosome . Deletion : This mutation results from the breakage of a chromosome in which the genetic material becomes lost during cell division . The genetic material can break off from anywhere on the chromosome . Duplication : Duplications are produced when extra copies of genes are generated on a chromosome . Inversion : In an inversion , the broken chromosome segment is reversed and inserted back into the chromosome . If the inversion encompasses the centromere of the chromosome , it is called a pericentric inversion . If it involves the long or short arm of the chromosome and does not include the centromere , it is called a paracentric inversion . Isochromosome : This type of chromosome is produced by the improper division of the centromere . Isochromosomes contain either two short arms or two long arms . A typical chromosome contains one short arm and one long arm . Chromosome Number Changes Down syndrome is caused by a chromosomal anomaly : the 21st set having three rather than the normal two chromosomes . A chromosome mutation that causes individuals to have an abnormal number of chromosomes is termed aneuploidy . Aneuploid cells occur as a result of chromosome breakage or nondisjunction errors that happen during meiosis or mitosis . Nondisjunction is the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division . It produces individuals with either extra or missing chromosomes . Sex chromosome abnormalities that result from nondisjunction can lead to conditions such as Klinefelter and Turner syndromes . In Klinefelter syndrome , males have one or more extra X sex chromosomes . In Turner syndrome , females have only one X sex chromosome . Down syndrome is an example of a condition that occurs due to nondisjunction in autosomal ( non - sex ) cells . Individuals with Down syndrome have an extra chromosome on autosomal chromosome 21 . A chromosome mutation that results in individuals with more than one haploid set of chromosomes in a cell is termed polyploidy . A haploid cell is a cell that contains one complete set of chromosomes . Our sex cells are considered haploid and contain 1 complete set of 23 chromosomes . Our autosomal cells are diploid and contain 2 complete sets of 23 chromosomes . If a mutation causes a cell to have three haploid sets , it is called triploidy . If the cell has four haploid sets , it is called tetraploidy . Sex - Linked Mutations Conceptual representation of the X and Y chromosomes of a human male . Here the Y chromosome ( at right ) has been altered in shape and size to appear much larger and more Y - shaped than it really is . Mutations can occur on genes located on sex chromosomes known as sex - linked genes . These genes on either the X chromosome or the Y chromosome determine the genetic characteristics of sex - linked traits . A gene mutation that occurs on the X chromosome can be dominant or recessive . X - linked dominant disorders are expressed in both males and females . X - linked recessive disorders are expressed in males and can be masked in females if the female ' s second X chromosome is normal . Y chromosome linked disorders are expressed only in males . Sources " What Is a Gene Mutation and How Do Mutations Occur ? " U.S. National Library of Medicine , National Institutes of Health , ghr . nlm . nih . gov / primer / mutationsanddisorders / genemutation . | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/chromosome.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Chromosome Structure and Function by Regina Bailey Updated August 30 , 2017 A chromosome is a long , stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information and is formed from condensed chromatin . Chromatin is composed of DNA and proteins that are tightly packed together to form chromatin fibers . Condensed chromatin fibers form chromosomes . Chromosomes are located within the nucleus of our cells . They are paired together ( one from the mother and one from the father ) and are known as homologous chromosomes Chromosome Structure A non - duplicated chromosome is single - stranded and consists of a centromere region that connects two arm regions . The short arm region is called the p arm and the long arm region is called the q arm . The end region of a chromosome is called a telomere . Telomeres consist of repeating non - coding DNA sequences that get shorter as a cell divides . Chromosome Duplication Chromosome duplication occurs prior to the division processes of mitosis and meiosis DNA replication processes allow correct chromosome numbers to be preserved after the original cell divides . A duplicated chromosome is comprised of two identical chromosomes called sister chromatids that are connected at the centromere region . Sister chromatids remain together until the end of the division process where they are separated by spindle fibers and enclosed within separate cells . Once the paired chromatids separate from one another , each is known as a daughter chromosome Chromosomes and Cell Division One of the most important elements of successful cell division is the correct distribution of chromosomes . In mitosis , this means that chromosomes must be distributed between two daughter cells . In meiosis , chromosomes must be distributed among four daughter cells . The cell ' s spindle apparatus is responsible for moving chromosomes during cell division . This type of cell movement is due to interactions between spindle microtubules and motor proteins , which work together to manipulate and separate chromosomes . It is vitally important that a correct number of chromosomes be preserved in dividing cells . Errors that occur during cell division may result in individuals with unbalanced chromosome numbers . Their cells may have either too many or not enough chromosomes . This type of occurrence is known as aneuploidy and may happen in autosomal chromosomes during mitosis or in sex chromosomes during meiosis . Anomalies in chromosome numbers can result in birth defects , developmental disabilities , and death . Chromosomes and Protein Production Protein production is a vital cell process that is dependent upon chromosomes and DNA . DNA contains segments called genes that code for proteins . During protein production , the DNA unwinds and its coding segments are transcribed into an RNA transcript . The RNA transcript is then translated to form a protein . Chromosome Mutation Chromosome mutations are changes that occur in chromosomes and are typically the result of either errors that happen during meiosis or by exposure to mutagens such as chemicals or radiation . Chromosome breakage and duplications can cause several types of chromosome structural changes that are typically harmful to the individual . These types of mutations result in chromosomes with extra , not enough genes , or genes that are in the wrong sequence . Mutations can also produce cells that have abnormal numbers of chromosomes . Abnormal chromosome numbers typically occur as a result of nondisjunction or the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during meiosis . Continue Reading | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/geneticsglossary/g/genetheory.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Gene Theory by Regina Bailey Updated March 06 , 2017 Definition : The Gene Theory is one of the basic principles of biology . The main concept of this theory is that traits are passed from parents to offspring through gene transmission . Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA . They are passed from parent to offspring through reproduction . The principles that govern heredity were introduced by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1860 ' s . These principles are now called Mendel ' s law of segregation and law of independent assortment | [
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http://biology.about.com/od/prefixesandsuffixeso/g/blo10.htm | Science , Tech , Math Science Biology Prefixes and Suffixes : - Osis , - Otic by Regina Bailey Updated May 20 , 2018 Suffixes : - Osis and - Otic The suffix - osis means to be affected with something or can refer to an increase . It also means a condition , state , abnormal process , or disease . The suffix - otic means of or relating to a condition , state , abnormal process , or disease . It can also mean an increase of a certain kind . Words Ending With ( - Osis ) Apoptosis ( a - popt - osis ) : Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death . The purpose of this process is to remove diseased or damaged cells from the body without causing harm to other cells . In apoptosis , the damaged or diseased cell initiates self - destruction . Atherosclerosis ( athero - scler - osis ) : Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries characterized by the build up of fatty substances and cholesterol on the artery walls . Cirrhosis ( cirrh - osis ) : Cirrhosis is a chronic disease of the liver commonly caused by viral infection or alcohol abuse . Exocytosis ( exo - cyt - osis ) : This is the process by which cells move cellular molecules , such as proteins , out of the cell . Exocytosis is a type of active transport in which molecules are enclosed within transport vesicles that fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents to the exterior of the cell . Halitosis ( halit - osis ) : This condition is characterized by chronic bad breath . It may be caused by gum disease , tooth decay , an oral infection , dry mouth , or other diseases ( gastric reflux , diabetes , etc . ) . Leukocytosis ( leuko - cyt - osis ) : The condition of having an increased white blood cell count is called leukocytosis . A leukocyte is a white blood cell . Leukocytosis is commonly caused by an infection , allergic reaction , or inflammation . Meiosis ( mei - osis ) : Meiosis is a two - part cell division process for the production of gametes Metamorphosis ( meta - morph - osis ) : Metamorphosis is a transformation in the physical condition of an organism from an immature state to an adult state . Osmosis ( osm - osis ) : The spontaneous process of water diffusion across a membrane is osmosis . It is a type of passive transport in which water moves from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration . Phagocytosis ( phago cyt - osis ) : This process involves the engulfing of a cell or particle . Macrophages are examples of cells that engulf and destroy foreign substances and cell debris in the body . Pinocytosis ( pino - cyt - osis ) : Also called cell drinking , pinocytosis is the process by which cells ingest fluids and nutrients . Symbiosis ( sym - bi - osis ) : Symbiosis is the state of two or more organisms living together in community . The relationships between the organisms vary and may include mutualistic , commensalistic , or parasitic interactions . Thrombosis ( thromb - osis ) : Thrombosis is a condition that involves the formation of blood clots in blood vessels . The clots are formed from platelets and obstruct blood flow . Toxoplasmosis ( toxoplasm - osis ) : This disease is caused by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii . Although commonly seen in domesticated cats , the parasite can be transmitted to humans . It can infect the human brain and influence behavior . Tuberculosis ( tubercul - osis ) : Tuberculosis is an infectious disease of the lungs caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria . Words Ending With ( - Otic ) Abiotic ( a - biotic ) : Abiotic refers to factors , conditions , or substances that are not derived from living organisms . Antibiotic ( anti - bi - otic ) : The term antibiotic refers to a class of chemicals that are capable of killing bacteria and other microbes . Aphotic ( aph - otic ) : Aphotic relates to a certain zone in a body of water where photosynthesis does not occur . The lack of light in this zone makes photosynthesis impossible . Cyanotic ( cyan - otic ) : Cyanotic means characteristic of cyanosis , a condition where the skin appears blue due to low oxygen saturation in the tissues near the skin . Eukaryotic ( eu - kary - otic ) : Eukaryotic refers to cells that are characterized by having a truly defined nucleus . Animals , plants , protists , and fungi are examples of eukaryotic organisms . Mitotic ( mit - otic ) : Mitotic refers to the cell division process of mitosis . Somatic cells , or cells other than sex cells , reproduce by mitosis . Narcotic ( narc - otic ) : Narcotic refers to a class of addictive drugs that induce a state of stupor or euphoria . Neurotic ( neur - otic ) : Neurotic describes conditions that are related to nerves or a nerve disorder . It can also refer to a number of mental disorders that are characterized by anxiety , phobias , depression , and obsessive compulsive activity ( neurosis ) . Psychotic ( psych - otic ) : Psychotic denotes a type of mental illness , called psychosis , that is characterized by abnormal thinking and perception . Prokaryotic ( pro - kary - otic ) : Prokaryotic means of or relating to single - celled organisms without a true nucleus . These organisms include bacteria and archaeans Symbiotic ( sym - bi - otic ) : Symbiotic refers to relationships where organisms live together ( symbiosis ) . This relationship may be beneficial to only one party or to both parties . Zoonotic ( zoon - otic ) : This term refers to a type of disease that can be transmitted from animals to people . The zoonotic agent may be a virus fungus , bacterium , or other pathogen . Continue Reading | [
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http://biology.cofc.edu/about-the-department/faculty-staff-listing/dustan-phillip.php | About the Department Faculty and Staff Listing Bidwell Deborah Pritchard Seth Dept Chair Burnett Karen G Burnett Louis Byrum Christine A Clark Andrew de Buron Isaure DiBenedetto Mouna DiTullio Giacomo Jack Dustan Phillip Everett Jean Fullerton Heather Geslain Renaud Harold Antony S HillSpanik Kristina Hillenius Jaap Hughes Melissa Janech Kathleen Janech Michael Jones Damaris Korey Christopher Lazzaro Mark Lee Peter McElroy Eric McGlinn Daniel McManus Miranda Meier Peter Morrison Susan MeyerBernstein Elizabeth Murren Courtney Owens David W Peters John S Plante Craig J Podolsky Robert D Razafindratsima Onja Rhodes Matthew Rutter Matt Sancho Gorka Scholtens Brian Shedlock Andrew Sotka Erik Southgate Agnes Southgate Richard Strand Allan Townsley Greg Triblehorn Jeffrey Vance Jason Welch Allison Zimmerman Anastasia Facilities Positions Available Apply to the College Plan a Visit College Home Department of Biology About the Department Faculty and Staff Listing Phillip Dustan Phillip Dustan Professor Address RITA 223 Phone 8439538086 Email dustanpcofcedu Research Interests Ecology vitality and conservation of reefbuilding corals Remote sensing and change detection in coral reefs communities The impact of urbanization on watershed ecology of coastal waters Courses Taught BIO 341 General Ecology BIO 502 Special Topics in Marine Biology Special Topics Biology of Coral Reefs | [
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http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol317/Murray/Fall97/coralline_algae.html | Classification of Southern California Coralline Algae Division The Rhodophytes , though referred to as the red algae , can be found in just about any color . They can tolerate a wider range of light levels than any other group of photosynthetic plants and occur in warm and cold waters . Red algae are therefore well represented in a variety of marine ( and few freshwater ) habitats . However , most red algae on rocky shores are limited to the lower shore turf by their vulnerability to desiccation . Red algae are separated from other groups of organisms by virtue of the facts that they 1 ) are eucaryotic ; 2 ) lack flagella in all stages ; 3 ) store food reserves in cytoplasm as floridean starch ( rhodophytes are thus often referred to as florideophytes ) ; 4 ) produce chlorophyll a , carotenoids , phycobilins , and allophycocyanins as principal photosynthetic pigments ; and 5 ) exhibit chloroplasts which lack external endoplasmic reticulum and contain unstacked thylakoids . Rhodophytes are also distinguished by their unique three - phased life cycle . Many red algae deposit calcium Class , Subclass , and Order All red algae belong to the class Rhodophyceae . Traditionally , this class has been divided into two subclasses , the Florideae and the Bangiodeae . The Florideae are divided into fifteen orders . The corallines in particular are now placed into the order Corallinales , though previously placed in the order Cryptonemiales which since has been absorbed by Gigartinales . Algae belonging to the order Corallinales are charaterized by lime deposition , making them harder than any other calcifying plant . The thalli of coralline algae consist of inarticulate ( inflexible ; not jointed ) crusts or nodules or Family Only one extant family , the Corallinaceae , is assigned to the Corallinales , though the extinct family Solenoporaceae is considered a sister taxon . The corallinaceans are divided into seven subfamilies which contain more than 40 genera . Four of these subfamilies contain nonarticulated genera . Amphiroideae and Corallinoideae are two of the three remaining subfamilies which contain the articulated corallines . Articulated coralline fronds consist of small calcified units , called intergenicula , and uncalcified units called genicula , which lie between each intergeniculum . The geniculated coralline algae , then , enjoy the advantage of flexibility . Subfamily to Genus Subfamily Amphiroidea Genus Amphiroa Genus Lithothrix The subfamily Amphiroidea is distinguished by genicula with one or , more often , several tiers of cells , conceptacles located on lateral surfaces of the intergenicula , and by secondary pit - connections . Both genera of the Amphiroidea appear along the Southern California coast . The genus Amphiroa is characterized by dichotomous branching and cylindrical or flat intergenicula that are ten times as long as they are broad . Lithothrix , which is represented by only one species , has cylindrical or semi - cylindrical intergenicula that are less than three times as long as they are broad and dichotomous irregularly distributed branches . Subfamily Corallinoideae Jania Haliptylon Corallina Bossiella Calliarthron The subfamily Corallinoideae is represented by 12 genera , five of which are found in southern California . Traits of the Corallinoideae include genicula composed of a single tier of long cells , conceptacles located axially or marginally and / or laterally on intergenicular surfaces , and cells that are joined by fusions . Members of the genus Jania are characterized by strict dichotomous branching , with axial conceptacles at branch tips , cylindrical or semi - cylindrical intergenicula , and sometimes rhizomatous rather than crustose bases . Haliptylon is a genus that has both pinnate and dichotomous branching , axial conceptacles at the tips of the branched intergenicula , cylindrical or semi - cylindrical intergenicula , and sometimes rhizomatous rather than crustose bases . The Corallina species are pinnately branched with axial conceptacles that appear on the tips of the unbranched intergenicula . They have flattened intergenicula which at times may be winged . Members of the genus Bossiella exhibit pinnate and / or dichotomous branching . The conceptacles in this genus are lateral , appearing on the flattened , winged intergenicula . Calliarthron is also pinnately and / or dichotomously branched . Conceptacles appear both marginally and laterally . Species have irregularly winged intergenicula that may be flat , cylindrical , or semi - cylindrical . Species Descriptions of the species of and which appear in Southern California are not included in this text . Distinguishing Characters of Southern California Coralline Algae Lithothrix aspergillum Gray . Formerly known as Amphiroa aspergillum . The thalli of this species are lavender - pink to dull purple in color . The fronds are clustered and range from 3 - 13 cm high . This species inhabits the low intertidal and shallow subtidal on the external surfaces of animals and rocks . Jania tenella ( Kutz . ) Grun . Formerly known as Corallina tenella . This species is often mistaken for J ania adhaerens because in both , fronds form brownish pink , soft dense clumps 1 - 2 cm high . Jania adhaerens has rhizomatous bases and a branching angle greater than 45รป while , Jania tenella has a crustose base with branching angles less than 45รป . It is found in the mid - low intertidal on rocks or on other algae and often forms turf mats . Jania crassa Lamour . Formerly known as J . micrarthrodia J . natalensis and Corallina natalensis . This species is distinct from the others in the genus due to its larger size when mature . The fronds form clumps that can reach 7 cm tall and are a bright pinkish - lavender color with white tips . The species can be seen in the mid - low intertidal on rocks . Corallina chilensis ( Dec . ) Kutz . Formerly known as C . officinalis . Fronds appear whitish pink , to pale lavender purple in this species . Lateral branches get progressively shorter near the apex and lie in one plane . These features distinguish C . chilensis from similar looking species found in the genus . It is seen in the low intertidal and subtidal areas on rocks , other plants , and on the external surfaces of animals . Corallina vancouveriensis Yendo . Formerly known as C . aculeata , C . gracilis , C . densa , and C . lycopodiodes . At maturity , fronds may reach greater than 14 cm in height and are a dark violet color . In this species , lateral branches are appressed to the main axis in all planes giving the impression of a " squirrel ' s " tail or rosette . As the only California coralline able to withstand several hours of exposure , it is uncommon or absent below the rocky intertidal zone . Bossiella orbigniana ( Dec . ) Silva . Formerly known as Amphiroa orbigniana . This species have bright pinkish mauve thalli that are commonly less than 10 cm tall . Primarily dichotomous branching separates this species from others in the genus . This species is sometimes found in kelp beds and throughout the subtidal and low intertidal on rocks . Calliarthron cheilosporioides Manza . The dark pink to purple fronds of this species can reach 30 cm tall and have long ( up to 7 mm ) intergenicula . This species is commonly seen in kelp beds , low intertidal , and upper subtidal in surfy area on rocks . Key to Select Native Species of Articulate Coralline Alga 1a . Intergenicula not winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1b . Intergenicula winged . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2a . Branching pinnate ; intergenicula of lateral branches flat but intergenicula of central axis cylindrical . 3 2b . Branching dichotomous ; intergenicula cylindrical or semi - cylindrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3a . Lateral branches align with main axis in one plane ; less likely to form turf mats . . . . . . . Corallina chilensis 3b . Lateral branches surround main axis tightly in all planes and become progressively shorter as they near apex ; common turf former . . . . . . . . . . Corallina vancouveriensis 4a . Intergenicula roughly as long as they are broad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lithothrix aspergillum 4b . Intergenicula longer than they are broad . . . . . . 5 5a . 1 - 2 cm high at maturity ; commonly epiphytic . . 5b . More than 3 cm and up to 7 cm high at maturity ; intergenicula longer and broader than those of other Jania species ( lending ultimately to longer fronds ) ; non - epiphytic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jania crassa 6a . Conceptacles borne only on faces of intergenicula , which are flat ; usually two conceptacles per conceptacle - bearing intergeniculum ; branching primarily dichotomous . . . . . . Bossiella orbigniana 6b . Conceptacles borne both on faces and on lateral wings of intergenicula , which are flat , irregularly shaped , and sometimes long ; usually many conceptacles per conceptacle - bearing intergeniculum ; branching primarily pinnate . . . Calliarthron cheilosporioides | [
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http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol114/Chap13/Chapter_13B.html | KAP Biology Dept Kenyon College Chapter 13B : Animal Fertilization and Cleavage Fertilization in Animal Development Cleavage and Early Embryo The main function of fertilization is to combine the haploid sets of chromosomes from two individuals into a single diploid cell , the zygote . In addition , fertilization activates the egg . Egg activation blocks entry by additional sperm , stimulates the final meiotic division , and triggers the onset of embryonic development . Sperm entry : How does the sperm head enter the egg ? How does the egg PREVENT entry of MORE THAN ONE sperm ? ( Polyspermy ) Normal Fertilization : Animation What happens when an egg gets fertilized by two sperm : Animation Note : Polyspermy is a significant problem for in vitro fertilization of humans ( IVF ) . The polyspermy rate in IVF is about 10 % . Polyspermy is prevented by : modest sperm number ; Fast block ; Slow block . Acrosomal Reaction The acrosome is the tip of the sperm head . The acrosom al reaction is a change in the sperm that is common to many animals . Its function is best understood in the sea urchin . The animation shown at the right is courtesy of Dr . David Epel at Stanford University ' s Hopkins Marine Station , by way of the Sea Urchin Embryology Tutorial from the Sea Urchin Embryology Tutorial ( 1 ) Receptor proteins ( red ) in the sperm plasma membrane contact the sea urchin jelly coat ( vitelline layer ) . This contact between receptor proteins and the jelly coat ( vitelline layer ) causes the acrosomal membrane to dissolve , releasing acrosomal enzymes . ( 2 ) In the egg , Na+ channels open in the plasma membrane ( BELOW the jelly coat / vitelline layer . ) Normally , Na+ concentration is higher outside the cell than inside . So Na+ ions flow down their gradient into the egg and the plasma membrane depolarizes ( positive charges neutralize the more negative charge inside the egg cytoplasm . ) This depolarization causes the FAST BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY . ( 3 ) The depolarization ( neutralization of charge difference ) causes voltage - sensitive Ca2 + channels to open in the egg endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) . ( 4 ) Digestive enzymes from the acrosomal vesicle ( green ) digest the jelly coat and vitelline membrane . Ca2 + also activates a Na+ : H+ ion exchanger , which pumps H+ out of the cell , increasing intracellular pH . This pH change causes the polymerization of actin subunits ( pink ) into microfilament cables that thrust acrosomal processes toward the egg plasma membrane . Bindin ( blue ) released from the acrosomal vesicle coats the acrosomal process . ( 5 ) The increase in intracellular calcium causes water to enter the cell , increasing hydrostatic pressure . This aids in the extension of the acrosomal process . At last the acrosome fuses with the egg ' s plasma membrane ( BENEATH the vitelline layer ) . The sperm head now has access to the cytoplasm . ( 6 ) The Ca2 + moves in a wave across the cell . This Ca++ results in the fusion of cortical vesicles with the egg plasma membrane , releasing their contents into the space surrounding the egg , called the perivitelline space . This raises the vitelline membrane , and inactivates bindin receptors on the vitelline membrane . Thus , any additional sperm are released from the vitelline membrane and no more bind . This is known as the SLOW BLOCK TO POLYSPERMY . ( 7 ) The sperm head now enters the cytoplasm , where it forms a male pronucleus . The pronucleus fuses with the egg nucleus , regenerating 2N chromosomes . Mitosis ( first cleavage ) then occurs . Fertilization is complete . from LIFE : The Science of Biology , Purves et al , 1998 After making its way through the jelly coat , the sperm makes contact with the vitelline envelope . Species - specific bindin receptors on the vitelline envelope are only able to recognize bindin molecules from the same species . This " lock and key " mechanism ensures that eggs are fertilized only by sperm of the same species . After making its way through the vitteline envelope , the sperm and egg plasma membranes fuse , and the sperm nucleus enters the cytoplasm of the egg . Preventing polyspermy : Although many sperm attach to the coats surrounding the egg , it is important that only one sperm fuses with the egg plasma membrane and delivers its nucleus into the egg . Two mechanisms are used by animals to ensure that only one sperm fertilizes a given egg : the fast block to polyspermy and the slow block to polyspermy . Fast block to polyspermy : In marine invertebrates , including the sea urchin , a fast block to polyspermy occurs within a tenth of a second of fusion . The fast block to polyspermy involves the opening of Na+ channels in the egg plasma membrane . Na+ flows into the egg cell , depolarizing the membrane . This depolarization prevents additional sperm from fusing to the egg plasma membrane . The egg plasma membrane is restored to its normal - 70mV potential within minutes of fusion as the Na+ channels close , other + ions flow out of the cell , and Na+ is pumped out . If depolarization is prevented , polyspermy occurs - but how depolarization blocks polyspermy is not yet understood . from LIFE : The Science of Biology , Purves et al , 1998 Slow block to polyspermy : The slow block to polyspermy begins within 10 seconds of fusion of the sperm and egg plasma membranes . A compound called inositol triphosphate ( IP3 ) causes the release of Ca++ from intracellular stores in the egg endoplasmic reticulum . Ca++ is first released at the site of sperm entry , and during the next minute , a wave of free Ca++ passes through the egg . This Ca++ results in the fusion of cortical vesicles with the egg plasma membrane , releasing their contents into the space surrounding the egg , called the perivitelline space . This raises the vitelline membrane , and inactivates bindin receptors on the vitelline membrane . Thus , any additional sperm are released from the vitelline membrane and no more bind . Click on the image below to watch a movie showing the events involved in the slow block to polyspermy ! This movie shows simultaneous double imaging of phase contrast ( left ) and intracellular Ca + + concentration ( right ) during sea urchin fertilization . The left image shows the approach of the sperm at about 2 o ' clock and the rising of the vitelline membrane . Intracellular Ca++ is monitored by an indicator that becomes more fluorescent when it binds Ca++ . A transient Ca++ rise around the entire cortex ( fifth frame ) is followed by the Ca++ wave , which begins at the sperm image and movie from Mark Terasaki What about Polyspermy in Mammals A " fast " block acts at the " zona pellucida " ( equivalent to the jelly coat or vitelline membrane ) . The molecular mechanisms are less well understood than those of sea urchins . The blocking is incomplete . In in vitro fertilization , the rate of polyspermy is as high as 10 % . Egg activation Ca++ release at fertilization results in an increase in metabolic activity within the egg , apparently due to an increase in the intracellular pH of the egg . Diacyl gycerol ( DAG ) causes protein phosphorylation cascades to be initiated , with one result being the phosphorylation and activation of a plasma membrane Na+ : H+ ion exchanger . Na+ is pumped into the cell , H+ is pumped out of the cell , and the pH inside the cell increases . Sperm themselves are NOT required for egg activation - injection of Ca++ can artificially induce egg activation in Cortical rotation Positional information is already contained within many eggs , with the exception of mammals . Egg polarity is due to the asymmetric distribution of cytoplasmic molecules , including mRNAs , proteins , and yolk , and is roughly oriented along the anterior / posterior axis in most animals . I n Frogs : A rearrangment of the egg cytoplasm is induced by fertilization , and this rearrangment ( called cortical rotation ) results in the establishment of the dorsal / ventral axis . During cortical rotation , the plasma membrane and cortex ( cytoplasmic region just below the plasma membrane ) rotate relative to the inner cytoplasm . The pigmentation of frog eggs makes it possible to observe this process visually , and results in a gray area , called the gray crescent . Click on this image to watch a schematic movie of cortical rotation , adapted from classic work by Schleip . The dense , yolky vegetal deep cytoplasm rotates with respect to the overlying cortex to produce a 30 degree relative rotation . from the Amphibian Embryology Tutorial Click on this image to watch the movements of Nile blue spots applied to the subcortical layer of a frog oocyte following fertilization . During cortical rotation movements , the dense , yolky vegetal deep cytoplasm rotates with respect to the overlying cortex to produce a 30 degree relative rotation . This classic footage provided by Dr . J . - P . Vincent was acquired using a fluorescence microscope and a sensitive video camera . from the Amphibian Embryology Tutorial Molecular Consequences of Cortical Rotation : Cortical rotation helps establish positional information by affecting the distribution of Cytoplasmic Determinants like b - catenin . Click here for details about how asymmetric distribution of b - catenin results from cortical rotation . Cleavage Cleavage is a series of rapid cell divisions without cell growth or gene expression which occurs in early embryogenesis . Early cleavage divisions in most embryos are reductive . During cleavage , the cytoplasm is divided into smaller and smaller cells , called blastomeres . The total cellular volume of the embryo stays the same , but the number of cells within the embryo increases . Cleaving cells have a modified cell cycle , in which the two gap phases , G1 and G2 , are completely omitted . The cells cycle rapidly between M and S phases . from the Amphibian Embryology Tutorial Cleavage results in a blastula , a ball of cells with a central cavity called the blastocoel . Below are two diagrams of blastulas . On the left is a sea urchin blastula , and on the right is a frog blastula . The pattern of cleavage is influenced by the amount of yolk in the egg . In eggs with less yolk , cleavages are equal , and the resulting blastomeres are of similar size ( a ) . If the yolk is localized , such as in frog eggs , then cleavages are unequal - the cells derived from the yolky region ( the vegetal pole ) are larger than those derived from the region without yolk ( the animal pole ) ( b ) . Below are time lapse pictures of a Rana pipiens frog embryo undergoing cleavage during the first 16 hours of development at 15C . ( No movement ? Click reload / refresh ) from Bill Wasserman ' s Developmental Biology Page In the very yolky eggs of fish and birds , the cleavage furrow is slowed , or even blocked , by the presence of the yolk . Complete divisions are restricted to the least yolky region of the egg , and the embryo forms as a cap of cells sitting on top of the yolk ( c ) . See images of zebrafish cleavage below . from Purves et al , LIFE : the Science of Biology Cleavage in the zebrafish embryo is limited to a small region on " top " of the yolky mass . A . 2 cell stage B . 4 cell stage C . 8 cell stage D . 16 cell stage E . 32 cell stage F . 64 cell stage from Fish Net Early cleavage patterns vary widely between different groups of animals , based largely on the orientation of the division planes . The simplest pattern is radial cleavage , in which successful division planes are at 90 degree angles relative to each other . This results in the blastomeres aligned directly over or to the side of one another . In spiral cleavage , the division planes are not at 90 degree angles , resulting in blastomeres that are NOT aligned directly over or beside one another . Click on the image below to get a better sense for the difference between these two cleavage patterns in two generalized embryos . from the Sea Urchin Embryology Tutorial Radial cleavage in the sea urchin results in a hollow sphere of cells . At the right are pictures of various cleavage stages in the sea urchin L . variegatus A . 1 - cell zygote . The fertilization envelope is visible as a large " halo " around the embryo . The arrow points to the site of sperm penetration . B . 2 - cell . C . 8 - cell . D . 16 - cell . E . 32 - cell . F . Hatched blastula ( F is courtesy Dr . Chuck Ettensohn , Carnegie - Mellon Univ . ) . The mammalian zygote gives rise to both the embryo and extraembryonic tissues , such as the placenta . Changes in cell behavior and cell cleavage patterns during early embrogenesis results in a 32 - cell blastocyst consisting of the inner cell mass , which will form the embryo , and the trophoblast , which will form extraembryonic tissues . Watch this animation of human development from University of Pennsylvania Health System Basic Embryology Review Program . Focus on the inital stages of development , up until implantation . Images of human embryos are available from the Multi - dimensional Human Embryo and from the Visible Embryo Thanks to David Marcey for some of the images and text shown above Early Development Tutorial < < Return to Syllabus < < Top | [
"single diploid cell ,",
"embryonic development ."
] |
http://biology.sfsu.edu/people/laura-burrus | Laura Burrus Faculty in Faculty Cell and Molecular Biology Professor Chair University of Wisconsin At SFSU Since 1997 Office Hensill Hall 710 Office Hours Only available if referred by a Biology advisor if you need a form signed please leave it in the Biology office HH534 for my signature Thanks Office Phone 415 3387680 External Personal Website Burrus Lab Website Specialties developmental biology cancer biology neural tube patterning cell signaling generation of morphogen gradients biochemistry of Wnt lipid modifications I am a woman and a member of the LGBTQIA community I am passionate about working with students and faculty from diverse backgrounds Though I was trained as a biochemist I am now a Cell Developmental and Molecular Biologist In my free time I love to be outside hiking or biking and I enjoy photography Contact Laura Burrus Biology Home About SFSU Biology Degree Programs Graduate How to apply MS Sample 2year course of study Requirements and Steps to Graduation Grad Student Life Undergraduate How to apply undergrad Undergraduate Advising Advising Roster Research Faculty Facilities Research Centers and Affiliates Department People Department Chair Emeriti Faculty Lecturers Biology Education Cell Molecular Biology Ecology Evolution and Conservation Marine Biology Microbiology Physiology Professional Science Masters California Academy of Sciences Estuary Ocean Science Center at Romberg Tiburon Campus Facilities Staff Office Staff Stockroom Staff Scholarships Funding Undergraduate Graduate Ecology Evolution and Conservation Microbiology Cell and Molecular Biology Facilities Calendar BioBulletinBioNews Contact Us Make a Difference Donate to SFSU Biology Search this site | [
"Laura Burrus",
"University of Wisconsin",
"cancer biology"
] |
http://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/11242/does-endo-and-or-exocytosis-require-energy-do-they-belong-to-active-passiv | Does endo - and ( or ) exocytosis require energy ? Do they belong to active / passive transport ? Ask Question 5 I expect vesicle formation and fusion to require energy input ; however , I ' m not sure about which of endocytosis and exocytosis require energy and how they use the energy input Do they belong to active or passive transport ? cell - biology energy membrane - transport share improve this question edited Dec 20 ' 18 at 14 : 23 theforestecologist โฆ 16.8k 7 78 133 asked Nov 2 ' 13 at 13 : 48 hello all 787 3 13 22 add a comment 2 Answers active oldest votes 4 Wikipedia is your friend Exocytosis . . . is the durable , energy - consuming process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane and into the extracellular space . and Endocytosis is an energy - using process by which cells absorb molecules ( such as proteins ) by engulfing them . Emphasis mine . Here ' s a nifty paper which gave some evidence a few decades ago for some basic intracellular thresholds for budding and fusion , and this paper shows that endocytosis definitely requires ATP , using a novel assay . Check the sources , too , some of them are excellent . share improve this answer answered Nov 2 ' 13 at 15 : 03 Amory 9,107 2 36 60 What on earth does ' durable ' mean in the context of that first quote ? Alan Boyd Nov 3 ' 13 at 16 : 37 1 @ AlanBoyd Durable = long lasting , survives wear - and - tear . I interpret it to mean that exocytosis does n ' t just pop in and out of existence , quantum mechanics style , it ' s " intentional " and can last . That ' s my guess anyway , it ' s a weird word choice to be sure . Amory Nov 4 ' 13 at 0 : 09 add a comment 3 Just to extend the answer from @ Amory slightly , I think that the terms active and passive transport are best kept for describing transmembrane movement of molecules . In the case of exocytosis the only transmembrane event is when a secreted protein is first inserted ( usually cotranslationally ) across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane . I ' m not aware of any evidence that this uses more energy than that already expended during polpeptide elongation by the ribosome . At that point the secreted protein is topologically extracytoplasmic , and everything else is achieved by rounds of vesicle formation and fusion of vesicles with target membranes . The same is true in reverse for endocytosis . Any molecule that is internalised in an endocytic vesicle is still extracytoplasmic unless some process specifically moves it across the membrane of the vesicle , or a downstream organelle such as the endosome . At that point whether the transport process was active or passive would depend upon the properties of the carrier system . improve this answer answered Nov 2 ' 13 at 16 : 08 Alan Boyd 21.9k 2 30 53 Post Your Answer By clicking " Post Your Answer " , you agree to our terms of service privacy policy and cookie policy Not the answer you ' re looking for ? Browse other questions tagged cell - biology energy membrane - transport or ask your own question | [
"exocytosis require energy"
] |
http://biology.tutorvista.com/animal-and-plant-cells/animal-cell.html | Biology Animal and Plant Cells Animal Cell Animal Cell All animal cells are multicellular . They are eukaryotic cells . A nimal cells are surrounded by plasma membrane and it contains the nucleus and organel les that are membrane bound . A nimal cells are of various sizes and have irregular shapes . Most of the cells size range between 1 and 100 micrometers and are visible only with help of microscope . Trillions of cells are found in the human body . There are many different types of cells , approximately 210 distinct cell types in adult human body . Animal Cell Definition Back to Top Animal cells are eukarytoic . Animal cells are have outer boundary known as the plasma membrane . T he nucleus and the organelles of the cell are bound by a membrane . The genetic material ( DNA ) in animal cells is within the nucleus that is bound by a double membrane . The cell organelles have a vast range of functions to perform like hormone and enzyme production to providing energy for the cells . The components of animal cells are centrioles , cilia and flagella , endoplasmic reticulum , golgi apparatus , lysosomes , microfilaments , microtubules , mitochondria , nucleus , peroxisomes , plasma membrane and ribosomes . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Parts of Animal Cell Back to Top Animal cell contains membrane bound nucleus , it also contains other membrane bound cellular organelles . These cellular organelles carry out specific functions that are necessary for the normal functioning of the cell . nimal cells lack cell wall , a large vacuole and plastids . Due to the lack of the cell wall , the shape and size of the animal cells are mostly irregular . The constituents of animal cells are structures like centrioles , cilia and flagella and lysosomes . Parts of the animal cell are as follows : Cell membrane - forms the outer covering of the cell , and is semi - permeable . Cytoplasm - is a gel - like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell . Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell . Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division . Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum . Golgi complex - is responsible for storing , packaging of cellular products . Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs , that digest cellular wastes . Microtubules - are hollow rods , function primarily as support and shape to the cell . Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy . Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins , and are sites for protein synthesis . Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes . Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane , allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in / out of the cell . Animal Cell Structure Animal cells are eukaryotic cells , the nucleus and other organelles of the cell are bound by membrane . Cell membrane It is a semi - permeable barrier , allowing only a few molecules to move across it . Electron microscopic studies of cell membrane shows the lipid bi - layer model of the plasma membrane , it also known as the fluid mosaic model . The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids which has polar ( hydrophillic ) heads and non - polar ( hydrophobic ) tails . Cytoplasm The fluid matrix that fills the cell is the cytoplasm . The cellular organelles are suspended in this matrix of the cytoplasm . This matrix maintains the pressure of the cell , ensures the cell does n ' t shrink or burst . Nucleus Nucleus is the house for most of the cells genetic material - the DNA and RNA . The nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane known as the nuclear membrane . The RNA moves in / out of the nucleus through these pores . Proteins needed by the nucleus enter through the nuclear pores . The RNA helps in protein synthesis through transcription process . The nucleus controls the activity of the cell and is known as the control center . T h e nucleolus is the dark spot in the nucleus , and it is the location for ribosome formation . Ribosomes Ribosomes is the site for protein synthesis where the translation of the RNA takes place . As protein synthesis is very important to the cell , ribosomes are found in large number in all cells . Ribosomes are found freely suspended in the cytoplasm and also are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum . Endoplasmic reticulum ER is the transport system of the cell . It transports molecules that need certain changes and also molecules to their destination . ER is of two types , rough and smooth . ER bound to the ribosomes appear rough and is the rough endoplasmic reticulum ; while the smooth ER do not have the ribosomes . Lysosomes It is the digestive system of the cell . They have digestive enzymes helps in breakdown the waste moelcules and also help in detoxification of the cell . If the lysosomes were not membrane bound the cell could not have used the destructive enzymes . Centrosomes It is located near the nucleus of the cell and is known as the ' microtubule organizing center ' of the cell . Microtubules are made in the centrosome . During mitosis the centrosome aids in dividing of the cell and moving of the chromosome to the opposite sides of the cell . Vacuoles They are bound by single membrane and small organelles . In many organisms vacuoles are storage organelles . Vesicles are smaller vacuoles which function for transport in / out of the cell . Golgi bodies Golgi bodies are the packaging center of the cell . he Golgi bodies modify the molecules from the rough ER by dividing them into smaller units with membrane known as vesicles . They are flattened stacks of membrane - bound sacs . Mitochondria Mitochondria is the main energy source of the cell . They are called the power house of the cell because energy ( ATP ) is created here . Mitochondria consists of inner and outer membrane . It is spherical or rod shaped organelle . It is an organelle which is independent as it has its own hereditary material . Peroxisomes Peroxisomes are single membrane bound organelle that contain oxidative enzymes that are digestive in function . They help in digesting long chains of fatty acids and amino acids and help in synthesis of cholesterol . Cytoskeleton It is the network of microtubules and microfilament fibres . They give structural support and maintain the shape of the cell . Cilia and Flagella Cilia and flagella are structurally identical structures . They are different based on the function they perform and their length . Cilia are short and are in large number per cell while flagella are longer and are fewer in number . They are organelles of movement . The flagellar motion is undulating and wave - like whereas the ciliary movement is power stroke and recovery stroke . Function of Animal Cell All living organisms are made up of cells . Cells are differentiated into plant cells and animal cells . Structurally there are a few differences in plant and animal cells though their functionality is almost the same . All the cells are enclosed in a protective membrane called the cell membrane however plant cells have an extra addition the cell wall . The cells have certain organelles that are membrane bound within them , these structures are called cellular organelles . These organelles are specified to perform certain activities that are important for the survival of the cell . All the cells function together in coordination with each other and help the organism to survive . The functions of animal cell is carried out by the different cell organelles . The organelles of the cell function as a Cell Nucleus - Cell nucleus is referred to as the control center of the cell . The genetic material of the organism is present in the cell . The replication of DNA , and synthesis of RNA occurs in the nucleus of the cell . It also regulates the activities of the other cellular organelles . - The mitochondria is referred to as the power house of the cell . Its main function if to produce energy for cell by the process of cellular respiration . The energy produced is ATP . Endoplasmic Reticulum - It is a network for transportation of certain substances in and out of the nucleus . Golgi Apparatus - It is involved with processing and packaging of the molecules that are synthesized by the cells . The crude proteins that are passed on by the ER to the apparatus are developed by the golgi apparatus into primary , secondary , and tertiary proteins . - The function of ribosomes is protein synthesis . - They are referred to as the suicide bags of the cell . They have digestive enzymes and are involved in clearing the in wanted waste materials from the cell . They also engulf damaged materials like the damaged cells , and invading microorganisms and digest food particles . Vacuole - They are large storage organelles . They store excess food or water . Functions of The Animal Cell The animal cells perform variety of activities by the aid of the cellular organelles . These cells function as a unit and the cells together form tissues . A group go tissues with similar function form an organ and a group of organ of specific function to perform becomes and organ system . Thus , the microscopic cells form the basic unit for the activities and coordination and help survival of the organism . Plant Cell Organelles Animal Cell Definition Parts of Animal Cell Animal Cell Structure Function of Animal Cell | [
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http://biology.unm.edu/toolson/biotox/presentations/ | Introduction to Prions As aspiring young biologists taking Dr . Toolson ๏ฟฝ s toxins class , we are fascinated by all the weird and mysterious things out there in the world that can kill us . Among the weirdest and most intriguing are prions . Defying the usual categories of toxins and infectious agents , they share characteristics of both . They are non - living with no DNA , don ๏ฟฝ t produce an immune response , and are unable to be destroyed by boiling or the usual methods of sterilization . They are always fatal once an organism is infected and What is a Prion ? The term prion is applied to a broad class of protein particles that are infectious in nature . The many diseases caused by prions can be inherited genetically , transmitted through the environment or they can occur spontaneously . The perplexing nature of prions owes to the fact that the infectious particles are simply misfolded versions of normal proteins ( PrP c ) found so far in virtually all mammals [ 1 ] . The image on the right shows how a normal PrP c ( shown on the left ) , differs from the infectious , disease causing protein state , PrP sc ( shown on the right ) . The secondary structure of the protein is key , the normal version is composed mostly of helices whereas the abnormal form has had its helices converted to beta sheets . The beta sheets have a tendency to aggregate due to natural entropic reactions [ 2 ] , and upon aggregration form amyloid plaques indicative of prion diseases , discussed in more depth on our disease page As discussed more in the mechanism of action page , abnormal prions convert normal PrP proteins into abnormal , diseased versions which is why they are classified as an infectious agent . This is remarkable in that it is the only known protein that can act infectiously . While the function of the normal protein form is still unknown and the subject of much research , it is known that the proteins are found attached to neurons . However one novel study has indicated that at least in zebrafish , the prion protein has an integral role in early development of the embryo where it is proposed to modulate calcium - dependent cell adhesion [ 3 ] . Discovery of prions In 1967 Alper & Griffith developed the infectious protein hypothesis to explain the then already known few diseases later known to be caused by prions , scrapie and Creutzfeld - Jakob disease [ 4 & 5 ] . It was Prusiner in 1982 that isolated the prion protein and coined the term " prion " [ 1 ] . Since the discovery , many more diseases have been attributed to prion proteins . | [
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http://biologycorner.com/anatomy/nervous/phineas.html | Phineas Gage Sources : http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / Phineas_Gage http : / / neurophilosophy . wordpress . com / 2006 / 12 / 04 / the - incredible - case - of - phineas - gage / Phineas Gage ( 1823 - 1860 ) is one of the earliest documented cases of severe brain injury . Gage is the index case of an individual who suffered major personality changes after brain trauma , at a period in history where very little was known about how the brain worked and how the brain repaired itself after a traumatic event . Gage was foreman of a crew of railroad construction workers who were excavating rocks to make way for the railroad track . This involved drilling holes deep into the boulders and filling them with dynamite . A fuse was then inserted , and the entrance to the hole plugged with sand , so that the force of the explosion would be directed into the boulder . This was done with a crow bar - like tool called a tamping iron . On 13th September , 1848 , 25 - year - old Gage and his crew were working on the Rutland and Burlington Railroad near Cavendish in Vermont . Gage was preparing for an explosion by compacting a bore with explosive powder using a tamping iron . While he was doing this , a spark from the tamping iron ignited the powder , causing the iron to be propelled at high speed straight through Gage ' s skull . It entered under the left cheek bone and exited through the top of the head , and was later recovered some 30 Whether or not Gage lost consciousness is not known , but , remarkably , he was conscious and able to walk within minutes of the accident . He was then seated in an oxcart , on which he was transported three - quarters of a mile to the boarding house where he was staying . Here , he was attended to by Harlow , the local physician . At the boarding house , Harlow cleaned Gage ' s wounds by removing small fragments of bone , and replaced some of the larger skull fragments that remained attached but had been Within a few days of his accident , one of Gage ' s exposed brain became infected with a " fungus " , and he lapsed into a semi - comatose state . His family prepared a coffin for him , but Gage recovered . Two weeks after the accident , Harlow released 8 fluid ounces of pus from an abscess under Gage ' s scalp , which would otherwise have leaked into the brain , with fatal consequences . By 1st January 1849 , Gage was leading an apparently normal life . Gage did , according to Harlow , retain " full possession of his reason " after the accident , but his wife and other people close to him soon began to notice dramatic changes in his personality . It was n ' t until 1868 that Harlow documented the " mental manifestations " of Gage ' s brain injuries , in a report published in the Bulletin of the Massachusetts Medical Society : One of three figures from Harlow ' s 1868 paper . The legend reads : Front and lateral view of the cranium , representing the direction in which the iron traversed its cavity ; the present appearance of the line of fracture , and also the large anterior fragment of the frontal bone , which was entirely detached , replaced and partially re - united . [ His contractors , who regarded him as the most efficient and capable foreman in their employ previous to his injury , considered the change in his mind so marked that they could not give him his place again . He is fitful , irreverent , indulging at times in the grossest profanity ( which was not previously his custom ) , manifesting but little deference for his fellows , impatient of restraint of advice when it conflicts with his desires , at times pertinaciously obstinent , yet capricious and vacillating , devising many plans of future operation , which Thus , the damage to Gage ' s frontal cortex had resulted in a complete loss of social inhibitions , which often led to inappropriate behaviour . In effect , the tamping iron had performed a frontal lobotomy on Gage , but the exact nature of the damage incurred to his brain has been a subject of debate ever since the accident occurred . This is because the damage can only be inferred from the path of the tamping iron through Gage ' s skull , which in turn can only be inferred from the damage to the skull . Gage ' s skull was damaged in three places : there is a small wound under the left zygomatic arch ( cheek bone ) where the tamping iron entered ; another is located in the orbital bone in the base of the skull behind the orbit of the eye ; and the third , and largest , wound is in the top of the skull , where the tamping iron exited . The exit wound was enormous , and never healed . It can be seen today in Gage ' s as an irregularly - shaped triangular hole , about Gage ' s case confirmed findings that damage to the prefrontal cortex could result in personality changes while leaving other neurological functions intact . Gage ' s case is one of the very first which provides evidence that the frontal cortex is involved in personality . Today , the role of frontal cortex in social cognition and executive function is relatively well established ; however , this area of research is yet to blossom , and neuroscientists know little more about the relationship between the mind and the brain than did the early neurologists of the 19th century . So , what of Phineas Gage himself ? Unable to return to his previous job as a foreman after his accident , Gage is said to have travelled around New England , and even to Europe , with his tamping iron trying to earn money . It is also said that he even displayed himself as a curiosity at Barnum ' s Circus in New York . However , the story of Phineas Gage is as much folklore as it is fact . Not only the exact nature of the neurological damage Gage sustained , but also the details of In 1867 , Gage ' s body was exhumed from its burial place in San Francisco ' s Lone Mountain Cemetery . Gage ' s brother - in - law took the skull and the tamping iron to Dr . Harlow , who was then living in Woburn , Massachusetts . They are now housed in the Warren Anatomical Museum at Harvard University School of Medicine . Name : ___________________________________Date : _______ If page does not display properly , download the . doc file QUESTIONS 1 . How was Phineas Gage ' s brain damaged ? a . an explosion caused an iron to go through his brain and skull b . a brawl with coworkers caused damage to his brain c . he fell from a bridge d . a hereditary defect resulted in epilepsy 2 . Why is Phineas Gage ' s story important to neuroscientists today ? a . no other case of that type of brain damage has ever been seen b . it was the earliest recorded case of brain damage affecting personality c . doctors can compare Gage ' s brain scans to other patients d . it forced 19th century doctors to start doing autopsies 3 . Compared to Gage ' s personality before the accident , after the accident Gage was : a . quiet and reserved b . unreasonable and impulsive c . prone to daydream long periods c . unable to remember events 4 . How do neuroscientists today determine the exact damage done to Gage ' s brain ? a . by viewing the autopsy reports of Dr . Harlow b . by scanning his preserved brain c . reading Gage ' s diary d . examining the damage done to the skull 5 . After the initial accident , Gage almost died due to : a . excessive bleeding b . starvation c . infection d . surgery 6 . Which part of the brain is associated with personality ? a . frontal cortex b . occipital lobe c . zygomatic area d . orbital zone 7 . Which statement is an inference a . Gage ' s body was exhumed and his skull displayed b . Gage ' s personality was changed dramatically after the accident . c . The part of the brain damaged by the iron was the frontal lobe . d . Gage would have recovered fully had it not been for the infection . 8 . What is an abscess ? a . broken bone b . site of infection c . tumor d . section of brain that is damaged 9 . What does exhume mean ? a . display a body b . remove part of the brain c . drain an infection d . remove a body from a cemetery 10 . After the accident , Gage is said to have vacillated . What does vacillate mean ? a . not listen to advice b . curse frequently c . change his mind d . not finish projects | [
"Phineas Gage",
"brain injury",
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http://biologymad.com/GeneticEngineering/GeneticEngineering.htm | Topic Notes Additional Support Materials i.e. animations , quizzes , pictures , worksheets Genetic Engineering Techniques of Genetic Engineering cDNA Restriction Enzymes DNA Ligase Vectors Plasmids Gene Transfer Genetic Markers Replica Plating PCR DNA probes Shotgunning Antisense genes Gene Synthesis Electrophoresis Electrophoresis - Create a DNA Fingerprint ( provided by : pbs ) PCR - Interactive ( provided by : dolan DNA learning center ) PCR Fact Sheet ( Nat . Human Genome Research Institute ) Southern Blotting ( DNA fingerprinting ) - interactive animation ( provided by : dolan DNA learning center ) Gene Technology - sample pages ( Philip Allan workbook ) Genes & G.E. Quiz ( provided by : nelsonthornes . com ) Applications of Genetic Engineering Gene Products Insulin Human Growth Hormone ( HGH ) Bovine Somatotrophin ( BST ) Rennin AAT ( a - 1 - antitrypsin ) New Phenotypes Gene Therapy Cystic Fibrosis SCID The Future of Gene Therapy Genetic Engineering [ back to top ] Genetic engineering , also known as recombinant DNA technology , means altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism ( GMO ) with a new genotype . Various kinds of genetic modification are possible : inserting a foreign gene from one species into another , forming a transgenic organism ; altering an existing gene so that its product is changed ; or changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all . Techniques of Genetic Engineering [ back to top ] Genetic engineering is a very young discipline , and is only possible due to the development of techniques from the 1960s onwards . Watson and Crick have made these techniques possible from our greater understanding of DNA and how it functions following the discovery of its structure in 1953 . Although the final goal of genetic engineering is usually the expression of a gene in a host , in fact most of the techniques and time in genetic engineering are spent isolating a gene and then cloning it . This table lists the techniques that we shall look at in Technique Purpose 1 cDNA To make a DNA copy of mRNA 2 Restriction Enzymes To cut DNA at specific points , making small fragments 3 DNA Ligase To join DNA fragments together 4 Vectors To carry DNA into cells and ensure replication 5 Plasmids Common kind of vector 6 Gene Transfer To deliver a gene to a living cells 7 Genetic Markers To identify cells that have been transformed 8 Replica Plating * To make exact copies of bacterial colonies on an agar plate 9 PCR To amplify very small samples of DNA 10 DNA probes To identify and label a piece of DNA containing a certain sequence 11 Shotgun * To find a particular gene in a whole genome 12 Antisense genes * To stop the expression of a gene in a cell 13 Gene Synthesis To make a gene from scratch 14 Electrophoresis To separate fragments of DNA * Additional information that is not directly included in AS Biology . However it can help to consolidate other techniques . 1 . Complementary DNA Complementary DNA ( cDNA ) is DNA made from mRNA . This makes use of the enzyme reverse transcriptase , which does the reverse of transcription : it synthesises DNA from an RNA template . It is produced naturally by a group of viruses called the retroviruses ( which include HIV ) , and it helps them to invade cells . In genetic engineering reverse transcriptase is used to make an artificial gene of cDNA as shown in this diagram . Complementary DNA has helped to solve different problems in genetic engineering : It makes genes much easier to find . There are some 70 000 genes in the human genome , and finding one gene out of this many is a very difficult ( though not impossible ) task . However a given cell only expresses a few genes , so only makes a few different kinds of mRNA molecule . For example the b cells of the pancreas make insulin , so make lots of mRNA molecules coding for insulin . This mRNA can be isolated from these cells and used to make cDNA of the insulin gene . 2 . Restriction Enzymes These are enzymes that cut DNA at specific sites . They are properly called restriction endonucleases because they cut the bonds in the middle of the polynucleotide chain . Some restriction enzymes cut straight across both chains , forming blunt ends , but most enzymes make a staggered cut in the two strands , forming sticky ends The cut ends are โ sticky โ because they have short stretches of single - stranded DNA with complementary sequences . These sticky ends will stick ( or anneal ) to another piece of DNA by complementary base pairing , but only if they have both been cut with the same restriction enzyme . Restriction enzymes are highly specific , and will only cut DNA at specific base sequences , 4 - 8 base pairs long , called recognition sequences Restriction enzymes are produced naturally by bacteria as a defence against viruses ( they โ restrict โ viral growth ) , but they are enormously useful in genetic engineering for cutting DNA at precise places ( " molecular scissors " ) . Short lengths of DNA cut out by restriction enzymes are called restriction fragments . There are thousands of different restriction enzymes known , with over a hundred different recognition sequences . Restriction enzymes are named after the bacteria species they came from , so Eco R1 is from E . coli strain R , and Hin dIII is from Haemophilis influenzae 3 . DNA Ligase This enzyme repairs broken DNA by joining two nucleotides in a DNA strand . It is commonly used in genetic engineering to do the reverse of a restriction enzyme , i.e. to join together complementary restriction fragments . The sticky ends allow two complementary restriction fragments to anneal , but only by weak hydrogen bonds , which can quite easily be broken , say by gentle heating . The backbone is still incomplete . DNA ligase completes the DNA backbone by forming covalent bonds . Restriction enzymes and DNA ligase can therefore be used together to join lengths of DNA from different sources . 4 . In biology a vector is something that carries things between species . For example the mosquito is a disease vector because it carries the malaria parasite into humans . In genetic engineering a vector is a length of DNA that carries the gene we want into a host cell . A vector is needed because a length of DNA containing a gene on its own wo n โ t actually do anything inside a host cell . Since it is not part of the cell โ s normal genome it wo n โ t be replicated when the cell divides , it wo n โ t be expressed , and in fact it will probably be broken down pretty quickly . A vector gets round these problems by having these properties : It is big enough to hold the gene we want ( plus a few others ) , but not too big . It is circular ( or more accurately a closed loop ) , so that it is less likely to be broken down ( particularly in prokaryotic cells where DNA is always circular ) . It contains control sequences , such as a replication origin and a transcription promoter , so that the gene will be replicated , expressed , or incorporated into the cell โ s normal genome . It contain marker genes , so that cells containing the vector can be identified . Many different vectors have been made for different purposes in genetic engineering by modifying naturally - occurring DNA molecules , and these are now available off the shelf . For example a cloning vector contains sequences that cause the gene to be copied ( perhaps many times ) inside a cell , but not expressed . An expression vector contains sequences causing the gene to be expressed inside a cell , preferably in response to an external stimulus , such as a particular chemical in the medium . Different kinds of vector are also available for different lengths of DNA insert : Type of vector Max length of DNA insert Plasmid 10 kbp Virus or phage 30 kbp Bacterial Artificial Chromosome ( BAC ) 500 kbp 5 . Plasmids are by far the most common kind of vector , so we shall look at how they are used in some detail . Plasmids are short circular bits of DNA found naturally in bacterial cells . A typical plasmid contains 3 - 5 genes and there are usually around 10 copies of a plasmid in a bacterial cell . Plasmids are copied separately from the main bacterial DNA when the cell divides , so the plasmid genes are passed on to all daughter cells . They are also used naturally for exchange of genes between bacterial cells ( the One of the most common plasmids used is the R - plasmid ( or pBR322 ) . This plasmid contains a replication origin , several recognition sequences for different restriction enzymes ( with names like Pst I and Eco RI ) , and two marker genes , which confer resistance to different antibiotics ( ampicillin and tetracycline ) . The diagram below shows how DNA fragments can be incorporated into a plasmid using restriction and ligase enzymes . The restriction enzyme used here ( Pst I ) cuts the plasmid in the middle of one of the marker genes ( we โ ll see why this is useful later ) . The foreign DNA anneals with the plasmid and is joined covalently by DNA ligase to form a hybrid vector ( in other words a mixture or hybrid of bacterial and foreign DNA ) . Several other products are also formed : some plasmids will simply re - anneal with themselves to re - form the original plasmid , and some DNA fragments will join together to form chains or circles . Theses different products can not easily be separated , but it does n โ t matter , as the marker genes can be used later to identify the correct hybrid vector . 6 . Gene Transfer Vectors containing the genes we want must be incorporated into living cells so that they can be replicated or expressed . The cells receiving the vector are called host cells , and once they have successfully incorporated the vector they are said to be transformed . Vectors are large molecules which do not readily cross cell membranes , so the membranes must be made permeable in some way . There are different ways of doing this depending on the type of host cell . Heat Shock . Cells are incubated with the vector in a solution containing calcium ions at 0 ยฐ C . The temperature is then suddenly raised to about 40 ยฐ C . This heat shock causes some of the cells to take up the vector , though no one knows why . This works well for bacterial and animal cells . Electroporation . Cells are subjected to a high - voltage pulse , which temporarily disrupts the membrane and allows the vector to enter the cell . This is the most efficient method of delivering genes to bacterial cells . Viruses . The vector is first incorporated into a virus , which is then used to infect cells , carrying the foreign gene along with its own genetic material . Since viruses rely on getting their DNA into host cells for their survival they have evolved many successful methods , and so are an obvious choice for gene delivery . The virus must first be genetically engineered to make it safe , so that it ca n โ t reproduce itself or make toxins . Three viruses are commonly used : 1 . Bacteriophages ( or phages ) are viruses that infect bacteria . They are a very effective way of delivering large genes into bacteria cells in culture . 2 . Adenoviruses are human viruses that causes respiratory diseases including the common cold . Their genetic material is double - stranded DNA , and they are ideal for delivering genes to living patients in gene therapy . Their DNA is not incorporated into the host โ s chromosomes , so it is not replicated , but their genes are expressed . The adenovirus is genetically altered so that its coat proteins are not synthesised , so new virus particles can not be assembled and the host cell is not killed . 3 . Retroviruses are a group of human viruses that include HIV . They are enclosed in a lipid membrane and their genetic material is double - stranded RNA . On infection this RNA is copied to DNA and the DNA is incorporated into the host โ s chromosome . This means that the foreign genes are replicated into every daughter cell . After a certain time , the dormant DNA is switched on , and the genes are expressed in all the host cells . Plant Tumours . This method has been used successfully to transform plant cells , which are perhaps the hardest to do . The gene is first inserted into the Ti plasmid of the soil bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens , and then plants are infected with the bacterium . The bacterium inserts the Ti plasmid into the plant cells ' chromosomal DNA and causes a " crown gall " tumour . These tumour cells can be cultured in the laboratory and whole new plants grown from them by micropropagation . Every cell of these plants contains the foreign gene . Gene Gun . This extraordinary technique fires microscopic gold particles coated with the foreign DNA at the cells using a compressed air gun . It is designed to overcome the problem of the strong cell wall in plant tissue , since the particles can penetrate the cell wall and the cell and nuclear membranes , and deliver the DNA to the nucleus , where it is sometimes expressed . Micro - Injection . A cell is held on a pipette under a microscope and the foreign DNA is injected directly into the nucleus using an incredibly fine micro - pipette . This method is used where there are only a very few cells available , such as fertilised animal egg cells . In the rare successful cases the fertilised egg is implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother and it will develop into a normal animal , with the DNA incorporated into the chromosomes of every cell . Liposomes . Vectors can be encased in liposomes , which are small membrane vesicles ( see module 1 ) . The liposomes fuse with the cell membrane ( and sometimes the nuclear membrane too ) , delivering the DNA into the cell . This works for many types of cell , but is particularly useful for delivering genes to cell in vivo ( such as in gene therapy ) . 7 . Genetic Markers These are needed to identify cells that have successfully taken up a vector and so become transformed . With most of the techniques above less than 1 % of the cells actually take up the vector , so a marker is needed to distinguish these cells from all the others . We โ ll look at how to do this with bacterial host cells , as that โ s the most common technique . A common marker , used in the R - plasmid , is a gene for resistance to an antibiotic such as tetracycline . Bacterial cells taking up this plasmid can make this gene product and so are resistant to this antibiotic . So if the cells are grown on a medium containing tetracycline all the normal untransformed cells , together with cells that have taken up DNA that โ s not in a plasmid ( 99 % ) will die . Only the 1 % transformed cells will survive , and these can then be grown and cloned on another 8 . Replica Plating Replica plating is a simple technique for making an exact copy of an agar plate . A pad of sterile cloth the same size as the plate is pressed on the surface of an agar plate with bacteria growing on it . Some cells from each colony will stick to the cloth . If the cloth is then pressed onto a new agar plate , some cells will be deposited and colonies will grow in exactly the same positions on the new plate . This technique has a number of uses , but the most common use in genetic engineering This problem is to distinguish those cells that have taken up a hybrid plasmid vector ( with a foreign gene in it ) from those cells that have taken up the normal plasmid . This is where the second marker gene ( for resistance to ampicillin ) is used . If the foreign gene is inserted into the middle of this marker gene , the marker gene is disrupted and wo n ' t make its proper gene product . So cells with the hybrid plasmid will be killed by ampicillin , while cells with the normal plasmid will be immune to ampicillin . Since this method of identification involves killing the cells we want , we must first make a master agar plate and then make a replica plate of this Once the colonies of cells containing the correct hybrid plasmid vector have been identified , the appropriate colonies on the master plate can be selected and grown on another plate . The R - plasmid with its antibiotic - resistance genes dates from the early days of genetic engineering in the 1970s . In recent years better plasmids with different marker genes have been developed that do not kill the desired cells , and so do not need a replica plate . These new marker genes make an enzyme ( actually lactase ) that converts a colourless substrate in the agar medium into a blue - coloured product that can easily be seen . So cells with a normal plasmid turn blue on the correct medium , while those with the 9 . Polymerase Chain Reaction ( PCR ) Genes can be cloned by cloning the bacterial cells that contain them , but this requires quite a lot of DNA in the first place . PCR can clone ( or amplify ) DNA samples as small as a single molecule . It is a newer technique , having been developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis , for which discovery he won the Nobel prize in 1993 . The polymerase chain reaction is simply DNA replication in a test tube . If a length of DNA is mixed with the four nucleotides ( A , T , C and G ) and the enzyme DNA polymerase in a test tube , then the DNA will be replicated many times . The details are shown in this diagram : Start with a sample of the DNA to be amplified , and add the four nucleotides and the enzyme DNA polymerase . Normally ( in vivo ) the DNA double helix would be separated by the enzyme helicase , but in PCR ( in vitro ) the strands are separated by heating to 95 ยฐ C for two minutes . This breaks the hydrogen bonds . DNA polymerisation always requires short lengths of DNA ( about 20 bp long ) called primers , to get it started . In vivo the primers are made during replication by DNA polymerase , but in vitro they must be synthesised separately and added at this stage . This means that a short length of the sequence of the DNA must already be known , but it does have the advantage that only the part between the primer sequences is replicated . The DNA must be cooled to 40 ยฐ C to allow the primers to anneal to their complementary sequences on the separated DNA strands . The DNA polymerase enzyme can now extend the primers and complete the replication of the rest of the DNA . The enzyme used in PCR is derived from the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus , which grows naturally in hot springs at a temperature of 90 ยฐ C , so it is not denatured by the high temperatures in step 2 . Its optimum temperature is about 72 ยฐ C , so the mixture is heated to this temperature for a few minutes to allow replication to take place as quickly as possible . Each original DNA molecule has now been replicated to form two molecules . The cycle is repeated from step 2 and each time the number of DNA molecules doubles . This is why it is called a chain reaction , since the number of molecules increases exponentially , like an explosive chain reaction . Typically PCR is run for 20 - 30 cycles . PCR can be completely automated , so in a few hours a tiny sample of DNA can be amplified millions of times with little effort . The product can be used for further studies , such as cloning , electrophoresis , or gene probes . Because PCR can use such small samples it can be used in forensic medicine ( with DNA taken from samples of blood , hair or semen ) , and can even be used to copy DNA from mummified human bodies , extinct woolly mammoths , or from an insect that ' s been encased in 10 . DNA Probes These are used to identify and label DNA fragments that contain a specific sequence . A probe is simply a short length of DNA ( 20 - 100 nucleotides long ) with a label attached . There are two common types of label used : a radioactively - labelled probe ( synthesised using the isotope 32 P ) can be visualised using photographic film ( an autoradiograph ) . a fluorescently - labelled probe will emit visible light when illuminated with invisible ultraviolet light . Probes can be made to fluoresce with different colours . Probes are always single - stranded , and can be made of DNA or RNA . If a probe is added to a mixture of different pieces of DNA ( e.g. restriction fragments ) it will anneal ( base pair ) with any lengths of DNA containing the complementary sequence . These fragments will now be labelled and will stand out from the rest of the DNA . DNA probes have many uses in genetic engineering : To identify restriction fragments containing a particular gene out of the thousands of restriction fragments formed from a genomic library . This use is described in shotguning below . To identify the short DNA sequences used in DNA fingerprinting To identify genes from one species that are similar to those of another species . Most genes are remarkably similar in sequence from one species to another , so for example a gene probe for a mouse gene will probably anneal with the same gene from a human . This has aided the identification of human genes . To identify genetic defects . DNA probes have been prepared that match the sequences of many human genetic disease genes such as muscular dystrophy , and cystic fibrosis . Hundreds of these probes can be stuck to a glass slide in a grid pattern , forming a DNA microarray ( or DNA chip ) . A sample of human DNA is added to the array and any sequences that match any of the various probes will stick to the array and be labelled . This allows rapid testing for a large number of genetic defects at a time . 11 . Shotguning This is used to find one particular gene in a whole genome , a bit like finding the proverbial needle in a haystack . It is called the shotgun technique because it starts by indiscriminately breaking up the genome ( like firing a shotgun at a soft target ) and then sorting through the debris for the particular gene we want . For this to work a gene probe for the gene is needed , which means at least a short part of the gene โ s sequence must be known . 12 . Antisense Genes These are used to turn off the expression of a gene in a cell . The principle is very simple : a copy of the gene to be switch off is inserted into the host genome the โ wrong โ way round , so that the complementary ( or antisense ) strand is transcribed . The antisense mRNA produced will anneal to the normal sense mRNA forming double - stranded RNA . Ribosomes ca n โ t bind to this , so the mRNA is not translated , and the gene is effectively โ switched off โ . 13 . Gene Synthesis It is possible to chemically synthesise a gene in the lab by laboriously joining nucleotides together in the correct order . Automated machines can now make this much easier , but only up to a limit of about 30bp , so very few real genes could be made this way ( anyway it โ s usually much easier to make cDNA ) . The genes for the two insulin chains ( xx bp ) and for the hormone somatostatin ( 42 bp ) have been synthesisied this way . It is very useful for making gene probes . 14 . This is a form of chromatography used to separate different pieces of DNA on the basis of their length . It might typically be used to separate restriction fragments . The DNA samples are placed into wells at one end of a thin slab of gel made of agarose or polyacrylamide , and covered in a buffer solution . An electric current is passed through the gel . Each nucleotide in a molecule of DNA contains a negatively - charged phosphate group , so DNA is attracted to the anode ( the positive electrode ) . The molecules have to diffuse through the gel , and smaller lengths of DNA move faster than larger lengths , which are retarded by the gel . So the smaller the length of the DNA molecule , the further down the gel it will move in a given time . At the end of the Unfortunately the DNA on the gel can not be seen , so it must be visualised . There are three common methods for doing this : The gel can be stained with a chemical that specifically stains DNA , such as ethidium bromide or azure A . The DNA shows up as blue bands . This method is simple but not very sensitive . The DNA samples at the beginning can be radiolabelled with a radioactive isotope such as 32 P . Photographic film is placed on top of the finished gel in the dark , and the DNA shows up as dark bands on the film . This method is extremely sensitive . The DNA fragments at the beginning can be labelled with a fluorescent molecule . The DNA fragments show up as coloured lights when the finished gel is illuminated with invisible ultraviolet light . Applications of Genetic Engineering This section contains additional information that is not directly included in AS Biology . However it can be useful to help support and consolidate GE techniques . We have now looked at some of the many techniques used by genetic engineers . What can be done with these techniques ? By far the most numerous applications are still as research tools , and the techniques above are helping geneticists to understand complex genetic systems . Despite all the hype , genetic engineering still has very few successful commercial applications , although these are increasing each year . The applications so far can usefully be considered in three groups . Gene Products using genetically modified organisms ( usually microbes ) to produce chemicals , usually for medical or industrial applications . New Phenotypes using gene technology to alter the characteristics of organisms ( usually farm animals or crops ) Gene Therapy using gene technology on humans to treat a disease The biggest and most successful kind of genetic engineering is the production of gene products . These products are of medical , agricultural or commercial value . This table shows a few of the examples of genetically engineered products that are already available . Product Use Host Organism Insulin human hormone used to treat diabetes bacteria / yeast HGH human growth hormone , used to treat dwarfism bacteria BST bovine growth hormone , used to increase milk yield of cows bacteria Factor VIII human blood clotting factor , used to treat haemophiliacs Anti - thrombin anti - blood clotting agent used in surgery goats Penicillin antibiotic , used to kill bacteria fungi / bacteria Vaccines hepatitis B antigen , for vaccination yeast AAT enzyme used to treat cystic fibrosis and emphysema sheep a - glucosidase enzyme used to treat Pompe โ s disease rabbits DNase enzyme used to treat CF rennin enzyme used in manufacture of cheese bacteria / yeast cellulase enzyme used in paper production PHB biodegradable plastic plants The products are mostly proteins , which are produced directly when a gene is expressed , but they can also be non - protein products produced by genetically - engineered enzymes . The basic idea is to transfer a gene ( often human ) to another host organism ( usually a microbe ) so that it will make the gene product quickly , cheaply and ethically . It is also possible to make โ designer proteins โ by altering gene sequences , but while this is a useful research tool , there are no commercial applications yet . Since the end - product is just a chemical , in principle any kind of organism could be used to produce it . By far the most common group of host organisms used to make gene products are the bacteria , since they can be grown quickly and the product can be purified from their cells . Unfortunately bacteria can not not always make human proteins , and recently animals and even plants have also been used to make gene products . In neither case is it appropriate to extract the product from their cells , so in animals the Type of organism Advantages Disadvantages Prokaryotes ( Bacteria ) No nucleus so DNA easy to modify ; have plasmids ; small genome ; genetics well understood ; asexual so can be cloned ; small and fast growing ; easy to grow commercially in fermenters ; will use cheap carbohydrate ; few ethical problems . Ca n โ t splice introns ; no post - translational modification ; small gene size Eukaryotes Can splice introns ; can do post - translational modifications ; can accept large genes Do not have plasmids ( except yeast ) ; often diploid so two copies of genes may need to be inserted ; control of expression not well understood . Fungi ( yeast , mould ) Asexual so can be cloned ; haploid , so only one copy needed ; can be grown in vats Ca n โ t always make animals gene products Plants Photosynthetic so do n โ t need much feeding ; can be cloned from single cells ; products can be secreted from roots or in sap . Cell walls difficult to penetrate by vector ; slow growing ; must be grown in fields ; multicellular Animals ( pharming ) Most likely to be able to make human proteins ; products can be secreted in milk or urine Multicellular ; slow growing We โ ll look at some examples in detail Human Insulin Insulin is a small protein hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate the blood sugar concentration . In the disease insulin - dependent diabetes the pancreas cells do n โ t produce enough insulin , causing wasting symptoms and eventually death . The disease can be successfully treated by injection of insulin extracted from the pancreases of slaughtered cows and pigs . However the insulin from these species has a slightly different amino acid sequence from human insulin and this can lead to immune rejection and side effects . The human insulin gene was isolated , cloned and sequenced in the 1970s , and so it became possible to insert this gene into bacteria , who could then produce human insulin in large amounts . Unfortunately it was n โ t that simple . In humans , pancreatic cells first make pro - insulin , which then undergoes post - translational modification to make the final , functional insulin . Bacterial cells can not do post - translational modification . Eventually a synthetic cDNA gene was made and inserted into the bacterium E . coli , which made pro - insulin , and the post - translational conversion to insulin was carried out chemically . This technique was developed by Eli Lilly and Company in 1982 and the product , โ humulin โ became the first genetically - engineered product approved for medical use . In the 1990s the procedure was improved by using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae instead of E . coli . Yeast , as a eukaryote , is capable of post - translational modification , so this simplifies the production of human insulin . However another company has developed a method of converting pig insulin into human insulin by chemically changing a few amino acids , and this turns out to be cheaper than the genetic engineering methods . This all goes to show that genetic engineers still have a lot to learn . Human Growth Hormone ( HGH ) HGH is a protein hormone secreted by the pituitary gland , which stimulates tissue growth . Low production of HGH in childhood results in pituitary dwarfism . This can be treated with HGH extracted from dead humans , but as the treatment caused some side effects , such as Creutzfeldt - Jacod disease ( CJD ) , the treatment was withdrawn . The HGH gene has been cloned and an artificial cDNA gene has been inserted into . A signal sequence has been added which not only causes the gene to be translated but also causes the protein to be secreted from the cell , which makes purification much easier . This genetically engineered HGH is produced by Genentech and can successfully restore normal height to children with HGH defficiency . Bovine Somatotrophin ( BST ) This is a growth hormone produced by cattle . The gene has been cloned in bacteria by the company Monsanto , who can produce large quantities of BST . in the USA cattle are often injected with BST every 2 weeks , resulting in a 10 % increase in mass in beef cattle and a 25 % increase in milk production in dairy cows . BST was tested in the UK in 1985 , but it was not approved and its use is currently banned in the EU . This is partly due to public concerns and partly because there Rennin Rennin is an enzyme used in the production of cheese . It is produced in the stomach of juvenile mammals ( including humans ) and it helps the digestion of the milk protein caesin by solidifying it so that is remains longer in the stomach . Traditionally the cheese industry has used rennin obtained from the stomach of young calves when they are slaughtered for veal , but there are moral and practical objections to this source . Now an artificial cDNA gene for rennin has been made from mRNA extracted from calf stomach cells , and this gene has of microbes such as the bacterium E . coli and the fungus Aspergillus niger . The rennin extracted from these microbes has been very successful and 90 % of all hard cheeses in the UK are made using microbial rennin . Sometimes ( though not always ) these products are labelled as โ vegetarian cheese โ . AAT ( a - 1 - antitrypsin ) AAT is a human protein made in the liver and found in the blood . As the name suggests it is an inhibitor of protease enzymes like trypsin and elastase . There is a rare mutation of the AAT gene ( a single base substitution ) that causes AAT to be inactive , and so the protease enzymes to be uninhibited . The most noticeable effect of this in the lungs , where elastase digests the elastic tissue of the alveoli , leading to the lung disease emphysema . This condition can be treated by inhaling an aerosol spray containing AAT so that it reaches the alveoli and inhibits the elastase there . AAT for this treatment can be extracted from blood donations , but only in very small amounts . The gene for AAT has been found and cloned , but AAT can not be produced in bacteria because AAT is glycoprotein , which means it needs to have sugars added by post translational modification . This kind of modification can only be carried out by animals , and AAT is now produced by genetically - modified sheep . In order to make the AAT easy to extract , the gene was coupled to a promoter for the milk protein b - lactoglubulin . Since this promoter is only activated in mammary gland cells , the AAT gene will only be expressed in mammary gland cells , and so will be secreted into the sheep ' s milk . This makes it very easy to harvest and purify without harming the sheep . The first transgenic sheep to produce AAT was called Tracy , and she was produced by PPL Pharmaceuticals in Edinburgh in 1993 . This is how Tracy wa s made : A female sheep is given a fertility drug to stimulate her egg production , and several mature eggs are collected from her ovaries . The eggs are fertilised A plasmid is prepar ed containing the gene for human AAT and the promoter sequence for b - lactoglobulin . Hundreds of copies of this plasmid are microinjected into the nucleus of the fertilised zygotes . Only a few of the zygotes will be transformed , but at this stage you ca n โ t tell which . The zygotes divide until the embryos are at the 16 - cell stage . The 16 - cell embryos are implanted into the uterus of surrogate mother ewes . Only a few implantations result in a successful pregnancy . Test all the offspring from the surrogate mothers for AAT production in their milk . This is the only way to find if the zygote took up the AAT gene so that it can be expressed . About 1 in 20 eggs are successful . Collect milk from the transgenic sheep for the rest of their lives . Their milk contains about 35 g of AAT per litre of milk . Also breed from them in order to build up a herd of transgenic sheep . Purify the AAT , which is worth about ยฃ 50 000 per mg . New Phenotypes This means altering the characteristics of organisms by genetic engineering . The organisms are generally commercially - important crops or farm animals , and the object is to improve their quality in some way . This can be seen as a high - tech version of selective breeding , which has been used by humans to alter and improve their crops and animals for at least 10 000 years . Nevertheless GMOs have turned out to be a highly controversial development . We do n โ t need to study any of these in detail , but this table gives an idea of what is being done . Organism Modification Long life tomatoes There are two well - known projects , both affecting the gene for the enzyme polygalactourinase ( PG ) , a pectinase that softens fruits as they ripen . Tomatoes that make less PG ripen more slowly and retain more flavour . The American โ Flavr Savr โ tomato used antisense technology to silence the gene , while the British Zeneca tomato disrupted the gene . Both were successful and were on sale for a few years , but neither is produced any more . Insect - resistant crops Genes for various powerful protein toxins have been transferred from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to crop plants including maize , rice and potatoes . These Bt toxins are thousands of times more powerful than chemical insecticides , and since they are built - in to the crops , insecticide spraying ( which is non - specific and damages the environment ) is unnecessary . Virus - resistant crops Gene for virus coat protein has been cloned and inserted into tobacco , potato and tomato plants . The coat protein seems to โ immunise โ the plants , which are much more resistant to viral attack . Herbicide resistant crops The gene for resistance to the herbicide BASTA has been transferred from Streptomyces bacteria to tomato , potato , corn , and wheat plants , making them resistant to Basta . Fields can safely be sprayed with this herbicide , which will kill all weeds , but the crops . However , this means using more agrochemicals , not less . Pest - resistant legumes The gene for an enzyme that synthesises a chemical toxic to weevils has been transferred from Bacillus bacteria to The Rhizobium bacteria that live in the root nodules of legume plants . These root nodules are now resistant to attack by weevils . Nitrogen - fixing crops This is a huge project , which aims to transfer the 15 - or - so genes required for nitrogen fixation from the nitrogen - fixing bacteria Rhizobium into cereals and other crop plants . These crops would then be able to fix their own atmospheric nitrogen and would not need any fertiliser . However , the process is extremely complex , and the project is nowhere near success . Crop improvement Proteins in some crop plants , including wheat , are often deficient in essential amino acids ( which is why vegetarians have to watch their diet so carefully ) , so the protein genes are being altered to improve their composition for human consumption . Mastitis - resistant cattle The gene for the enzyme lactoferrin , which helps to resists the infection that causes the udder disease mastitis , has been introduced to Herman โ the first transgenic bull . Herman โ s offspring inherit this gene , do not get mastitis and so produce more milk . Tick - resistant sheep The gene for the enzyme chitinase , which kills ticks by digesting their exoskeletons , has bee transferred from plants to sheep . These sheep should be immune to tick parasites , and may not need sheep dip . Fast - growing sheep The human growth hormone gene has been transferred to sheep , so that they produce human growth hormone and grow more quickly . However they are more prone to infection and the females are infertile . Fast - growing fish A number of fish species , including salmon , trout and carp , have been given a gene from another fish ( the ocean pout ) which activates the fish โ s own growth hormone gene so that they grow larger and more quickly . Salmon grow to 30 times their normal mass at 10 times the normal rate . Environment cleaning microbes Genes for enzymes that digest many different hydrocarbons found in crude oil have been transferred to Pseudomonas bacteria so that they can clean up oil spills . Gene Therapy This is perhaps the most significant , and most controversial kind of genetic engineering . It is also the least well - developed . The idea of gene therapy is to genetically alter humans in order to treat a disease . This could represent the first opportunity to cure incurable diseases . Note that this is quite different from using genetically - engineered microbes to produce a drug , vaccine or hormone to treat a disease by conventional means . Gene therapy means altering the genotype of a tissue or even a whole human . Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis ( CF ) is the most common genetic disease in the UK , affecting about 1 in 2500 . It is caused by a mutation in the gene for protein called CFTR ( Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator ) . The gene is located on chromosome 7 , and there are actually over 300 different mutations known , although the most common mutation is a deletion of three bases , removing one amino acid out of 1480 amino acids in the protein . CFTR is a chloride ion channel protein found in the cell membrane of epithelial ( lining ) tissue cells , and the mutation stops the protein working , so chloride ions can not cross the cell membrane . Chloride ions build up inside these cells , which cause sodium ions to enter to balance the charge , and the increased concentration of the both these ions inside the epithelial cells decreases the osmotic potential . Water is therefore retained inside the cells , which means that the mucus secreted by these cells is drier and more sticky than normal . This sticky mucus block the tubes into which it is secreted , such as the small intestine , pancreatic duct , bile duct , sperm duct , bronchioles and alveoli . These blockages lead to the symptoms of CF : breathlessness , lung infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia , poor digestion and absorption , and infertility . Of these symptoms the lung effects are the most serious causing 95 % of deaths . CF is always fatal , though life expectancy has increased from 1 year to about 20 years due to modern treatments . These treatments include physiotherapy many times each day to dislodge mucus from the lungs , antibiotics to fight infections , DNAse drugs to loosen the mucus , enzymes to help food digestion and even a Given these complicated ( and ultimately unsuccessful ) treatments , CF is a good candidate for gene therapy , and was one of the first diseases to be tackled this way . The gene for CFTR was identified in 1989 and a cDNA clone was made soon after . The idea is to deliver copies of this good gene to the epithelial cells of the lung , where they can be incorporated into the nuclear DNA and make functional CFTR chloride channels . If about 10 % of the cells could be corrected , this would cure the disease . Two methods of delivery are being tried : liposomes and adenoviruses , both delivered with an aerosol inhaler , like those used by asthmatics . Clinical trials are currently underway , but as yet no therapy has been shown to be successful . SCID Severe Combined Immunodefficiency Disease ( SCID ) is a rare genetic disease that affects the immune system . It is caused by a mutation in the gene for the enzyme adenosine deaminase ( ADA ) . Without this enzyme white blood cells can not be made , so sufferers have almost no effective immune system and would quickly contract a fatal infection unless they spend their lives in sterile isolation ( SCID is also known as โ baby in a bubble syndrome โ ) . Gene therapy has been attempted with a few children in the USA and UK by surgically removing bone marrow cells ( which manufacture white blood cells in the body ) from the patient , transfecting them with a genetically - engineered virus containing the ADA gene , . The trials are still underway , so the success is unknown . The Future of Gene Therapy Gene therapy is in its infancy , and is still very much an area of research rather than application . No one has yet been cured by gene therapy , but the potential remains enticing . Gene therapy need not even be limited to treating genetic diseases , but could also help in treating infections and environmental diseases : White blood cells have be genetically modified to produce tumour necrosis factor ( TNF ) , a protein that kills cancer cells , making these cells more effecting against tumours . Genes could be targeted directly at cancer cells , causing them to die , or to revert to normal cell division . White blood cells could be given antisense genes for HIV proteins , so that if the virus infected these cells it could n โ t reproduce . It is important to appreciate the different between somatic cell therapy and germ - line therapy Somatic cell therapy means genetically altering specific body ( or somatic ) cells , such as bone marrow cells , pancreas cells , or whatever , in order to treat the disease . This therapy may treat or cure the disease , but any genetic changes will not be passed on their offspring . Germ - line therapy means genetically altering those cells ( sperm cells , sperm precursor cell , ova , ova precursor cells , zygotes or early embryos ) that will pass their genes down the โ germ - line โ to future generations . Alterations to any of these cells will affect every cell in the resulting human , and in all his or her descendants . Germ - line therapy would be highly effective , but is also potentially dangerous ( since the long - term effects of genetic alterations are not known ) , unethical ( since it could easily lead to eugenics ) and immoral ( since it could involve altering and destroying human embryos ) . It is currently illegal in the UK and most other countries , and current research is focusing on somatic cell therapy only . All gene therapy trials in the UK must be approved by the Gene Therapy Advisory Committee ( GTAC ) , a government body that Last updated 20 / 06 / 2004 | [
"Genetic Engineering",
"Complementary DNA",
"Restriction Enzymes"
] |
http://biomed.brown.edu/Courses/BIO48/27.Coevolution.HTML | COEVOLUTION First some definitions : coevolution is a change in the genetic composition of one species ( or group ) in response to a genetic change in another . More generally , the idea of some reciprocal evolutionary change in interacting species is a strict definition of coevolution . At first glance ( or thought ) , it might seem that everything is involved in coevolution . This assumption might stem from the fact that virtually all organisms interact with other organisms and presumably influence their evolution in some way . But this assumption depends entirely on ones definition of the term Coevolution . The term is usually attributed to Ehrlich and Raven ' s study of butterflies on plants ( 1964 ) but the term was used by others prior to 1964 and the idea was very present in the Origin of Species . Ehrlich and Raven documented the association between species of butterflies and their host plants noting that plants ' secondary compounds ( noxious compounds produced by the plant ) determined the usage of certain plants by butterflies . The implication was that the diversity of plants and their " poisonous " secondary compounds contributed to the generation of diversity of butterfly species . Here we have a very general observation of one group of organisms having an influence on another group of organisms . Is this coevolution ? Some would argue that it is not good evidence for coevolution because the reciprocal changes have not been documented clearly . Like the issue of defining an adaptation , we should not invoke coevolution without reasonable evidence that the traits in each species were a result of or evolved from the interaction between the two species . Lets consider plants and insects : there is little evidence to determine whether plants ' secondary compounds arose for the purpose of preventing herbivores from eating plant tissue . Certain plants may have produced certain compounds as waste products and herbivores attacked those plants that they could digest . Parasites and hosts : when a parasite invades a host , it will successfully invade those hosts whose defense traits it can circumvent because of the abilities it caries at that time . Thus presence of a parasite on a host does not constitute evidence for coevolution . These criticisms are quite distinct from the opportunity for coevolution once a parasite has established itself on a host . The main point is that any old interaction , symbiosis , mutualism , etc . is not synonymous with coevolution . In one sense there has definitely been " evolution together " but whether this fits our strict definition of coevolution needs to be determined by careful 1 ) observation 2 ) experimentation and 3 ) phylogenetic analysis The classic analogy is the coevolutionary arms race : a plant has chemical defenses , an insect evolves the biochemistry to detoxify these compounds , the plant in turn evolves new defenses that the insect in turn " needs " to further detoxify . At present the evidence for these types of reciprocal adaptations is limited , but the suggestive evidence of plant animal interactions is widespread . An important point is the relative timing of the evolution of the various traits that appear to be part of the coevolution . If the presumed reciprocally induced , sequential traits actually evolved in the plant ( host ) before the insect ( parasite ) became associated with it , we should not call it coevolution . See different example figs . 22.6 - 22.7 , pgs . 621 - 622 + text . There are a variety of different modes of coevolution . In some cases coevolution is quite specific such as those between two cellular functions . The endosymbiont theory proposes that current day mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free - living unicellular individuals . These cells entered the cytoplasm of other cells , an example of the general phenomenon of endosymbiosis . Current - day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes are much smaller than the genome sizes of their presumed free - living ancestors . Some of this reduction in genome size is due to the transfer of genes from organelle genomes to the nuclear genome . Thus , being in the cellular environment has influenced the evolution of organelle genomes . There is evidence that the faster rate of evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA has accelerated the rate of evolution of some of the nuclear genes that function in the mitochondria . Thus there is some evidence for reciprocal phenomena Other modes of coevolution involve competitive interaction between two specific species . The Plethodon salamander study is a good example : two species are competing : in the Great Smoky mountains the two species compete strongly as evidenced by the fact that each species will increase population size if the other is removed . Here there is a clear reciprocal interaction between the two populations ( species ) , each affecting the other . [ The role of competition between species , the coevolutionary responses to this competition and the consequences for the evolution of communities is illustrated in the Anolis lizard fauna of the Caribbean . There is coevolution because the competitive interactions between resident and invading species of Anolis involve reciprocal responses in the evolution of body size . These affect the structure of the lizard community as evidenced by the general pattern of there being a single species of lizard on each island . ] Character displacement also provides and example of a pattern we might interpret as the result of coevolution . Mud snails show pattern of character displacement in sympatry due presumably to competition for food items ( do n ' t confuse this with reinforcement ; the selective agent here is not reduced hybrid fitness ) . We might call this co evolution because both species show a shift when compared to allopatric samples of each species ( mean of both ~ 3.2 in allopatry vs . ~ 4.0 and ~ 2.8 in sympatry ) . If only one species exhibited character displacement and you were a really picky evolutionist you might not be convinced of a reciprocal response . Another strong case is the Ant - Acacia mutualism . Here specific traits in each species appear to have evolved in response to the interaction . The ant ( Pseudomyrmex species ) depends on the Acacia plant for food and housing ; acacia depends on ant for protection from potential herbivores ( species that eat plant tissue ) . Specific characters of the plant appear to have evolved for the maintenance of this mutualism : 1 ) swollen , ~ hollow thorns ( = ant home ) , 2 ) extra - floral nectaries ( source of nectar outside the flower [ i.e. , the usual location ] providing ants with food ) , 3 ) leaflet tips = Beltian bodies ( = 99 % of solid food for larval / adult ants ) . Specific characters in the ant that have evolved for the maintenance of this mutualism : 1 ) defense against herbivores 2 ) removal of fungal spores from Beltian body break - point ( prevents fungal pathogens from invading plant tissues ) . The main point is that there are traits in both the ant and the acacia that are traits not normally found in close relatives of each that are not involved in similar mutualisms : mutualistic traits have evolved for the interaction in reciprocal fashion . See another example : fig . 22.1 & table 22.1 , pg . 611 . Coevolution may be considered among broad groups of taxa , so called diffuse coevolution ( such as the general coevolution between plants and insects [ assuming it is real ] ) . A nice idea , but in fact the real action must be going on between pairs of species from each group . It is true that the Pierid butterflies ( family Pieridae ) are associated with the plant family Cruciferae , so there may be something general about each taxon that allows the coevolution to proceed . But the true reciprocal events must be mediated at the host species - insect species level . Mimicry presents a context were coevolutionary phenomena should be evident . Generally , we would expect that Mullerian mimicry would be more likely to exhibit evolutionary patterns since both species involved are unpalatable and therefore have an opportunity to affect the evolution of each other ' s color patters . This does not mean that Batesian mimicry ( one unpalatable model ) will not involve coevolutionary phenomena , but the evolution of warning coloration is certainly going to be more asymmetrical since the palatable species will show a greater response to the state of the model than will the model show to the evolving state of the mimic . The Mullerian mimics Heliconius erato and H . melpomene . illustrate both the frequency dependent nature of mimicry and the fact that each can influence the evolution of the other . One would expect that the more abundant species would be the model in a mullerian system , since it is what the selective agent ( predation ) is cueing on . In general H . erato is the more abundant of the two species and H . melpomene mimics the wing patterns of H . erato . In one area of overlap of the two species , H . melpomene is the more abundant and assumes the hindwing band pattern of ( see figure below ) . Thus depending on local conditions , both species are influencing the adaptive responses of the other and thus fits strict definition of coevolution . A crucial component of coevolution is phylogenetic analysis . If the cladograms of the host and the cladograms of the parasite are congruent ( e.g. , figs . 22.2 - 22.3 , pg . 612 - 613 ) this certainly suggests coevolutionary phenomena . But again , be careful and think about it : cospeciation is just " association by descent " . Have there been reciprocal phenomena ? ; maybe just the speciation of the host induced the speciation of the parasite and there was not parasite induced speciation of the host . One needs to know the evolutionary history before we can make firm statements about " co " evolution . | [
"COEVOLUTION",
"definitions"
] |
http://biosensingusa.com/technologies/surface-plasmon-resonance/ | Technologies Surface Plasmon Resonance Surface Plasmon Resonance Why Surface Plasmon Resonance ? The study of molecular binding processes is a key aspect to many fields of research . From life science to environmental safety , determining which molecules interact , how they interact , and why they interact can ultimately lead to more effective drugs , higher performance materials , cleaner air / water quality , and much more . Several technologies exist that may be utilized for such molecular binding studies , i.e. ELISA , QCM , and ITC . However , few encompass as many advantages as Surface Plasmon Resonance . SPR enables ( 1 ) high sensitivity , ( Read More How Does Surface Plasmon Resonance Work ? Surface Plasmon Resonance ( SPR ) has emerged as a powerful detection technique due to its high sensitivity and label - free capability . This optical - based real - time detection method delivers superior results across diverse categories of research . Applications include life science , drug discovery , electrochemical analysis , food quality and safety , environmental science , and chemical sensor development . Read More | [
"SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE",
"molecular binding"
] |
http://bioshock.wikia.com/wiki/Big_Sister | in : Spoilers Articles needing cleanup Research and 4 more Big Sister English Edit Share Big Sister Location BioShock 2 : All levels except Atlantic Express and Inner Persephone Minerva ' s Den Minerva ' s Den Operations BioShock 2 Research Rewards 1 + Maximum EVE capacity 2 Free health restoration after gathering ADAM 3 + + Maximum EVE capacity 4 Drill Vampire Gene Tonic Big Sisters are the new gatekeepers of Rapture : Born from Little Sisters , they don costumes much like their former protectors โ the Big Daddy . However , these lithe , broken , mysterious creatures are worlds different from the hulking beasts that inspired their design , and everything from the way their armor appeared to how they cocked their head had to tell the story of their creation . Deco Devolution : The Art of BioShock 2 - Introduction to the Big Sister chapter [ src ] Eight years after the events of BioShock , the Big Sisters are post - pubescent Little Sisters who have become unstable and confrontational in Rapture ' s environment . They interact with , manage and protect Little Sisters . Their extreme level of powers go far beyond that of normal Plasmid users and might be attributed to their growing bodies adapting to the ADAM created in their bodies as children . Thus , they have a much greater natural affinity for the powers that ADAM creates . Contents show History Edit As the Little Sisters grew older in Rapture , the physical and mental conditioning forced on them had a terrifying aftermath on their bodies . Although they could no longer produce ADAM themselves , their exposure to the substance made them grow taller than most normal girls their age and granted them incredible strength . The mental conditioning given to them by Dr . Yi Suchong , which once tricked them into seeing Rapture as a beautiful utopia , slowly drove them insane and made them highly aggressive . One more problem with the pubescent girls was that traces of Plasmids found in the ADAM they recycled began to show in the girls ' genes , allowing them to use these dangerous powers against anyone who crossed them . As more and more of the Little Sisters began to turn into these feral beasts , Gilbert Alexander decided to use new mental conditioning methods and advanced diving suits to convert the girls into a new form of protector . These ' Big Sisters ' ( a name chosen by the Little Sisters ) would not only protect the younger ones but also retrieve any ADAM stolen from the Rapture Family Characteristics The Big Sisters are unusually tall and gangly since they are at the stage of sprouting from youth to adulthood . Documents from There ' s Something in the Sea described the Big Sister as 6 ' 10 " ( 2m 8 cm ) tall and having a shoe size of only 7.5 . ( 38 EU and 5 British ) . Each Big Sister wears a diving suit reminiscent of those of the Big Daddies , but with their own distinct aesthetic . These suits were designed by Alexander himself , as heard in the audio diary . A Big Sister helmet consists of a large sphere with two portholes . Big Sisters withstand the pressure when they venture out of Rapture into the ocean , similar to Big Daddies , except that they can swim freely . Big Sisters are formidable beings possessing agility and Plasmid powers . They wield large , wrist - mounted needles on their left arms . These are used primarily for melee attacks and extracting ADAM in a manner similar to a Little Sister ' s extracting needle , which allows the Big Sister to regain health in combat from Splicers . Big Sisters are the only creatures in Rapture shown to damage the exterior glass windows of the city , something that shooting bullets , grenades , a drill or any other weapon fails to do . The Big Sisters ' role is to accommodate , protect , and transport Little Sisters , and they have a cage - like basket on their backs to carry the Little Sisters . The Little Sisters appear to frequently travel with the Big Sisters , and they have taken to decorating their refuges by adorning their cage - baskets with bows and ribbons and drawing childish doodles on the Big Sisters ' oxygen tanks . There ' s Something in the Sea Main article : Roughly eight years after the events of BioShock , the Big Sisters began traveling all over the world , in order to abduct little girls and bring them back to Rapture as replacement Little Sisters . This precipitated significant interest on the surface about the mysterious abductions and started an intensive investigation . A man named Mark Meltzer began tracking patterns in the abductions . His actions led to the abduction of his daughter Cindy , and eventually ended with Mark entering Rapture to find her . Main article : A Big Sister fleeing in Adonis Luxury Resort . Big Sisters are one of the significant enemies in . They are seen observing Subject Delta ' s movements for Sofia Lamb and come to punish him when he interferes with the Little Sisters . Big Sisters can often be seen swimming in the ocean outside , but they will only attack Subject Delta after the player has saved or harvested a certain number of Little Sisters ( usually all the Little Sisters in a level ) . Confrontations with the Big Sisters are typically difficult . Once the player invokes the wrath of a Big Sister , there is a delay before she arrives . This time can be used to prepare for the battle , to set up traps , or buy ammunition and health from local vendors . If the player saved or harvested the last Little Sister of a level right before the end of the level , it is possible to flee from battle and escape before the confrontation with the Big Sister escalates . However , the corpses of Big Sisters contain Attacks Big Sisters have been observed to perform six different attacks : Stab : A Big Sister ' s basic attack . When at melee range , she will jab her ADAM syringe into the player , dealing a high amount of damage . Charge : When at a distance from the player , a Big Sister will run towards Delta at a high speed , dealing minor damage and minor knockback , as well as temporarily disorienting the player . Fire Barrage : Occasionally , a Big Sister will fire four large , exploding fireballs in quick succession , dealing high damage . Telekinetic Pummel : Occasionally , a Big Sister will use an advanced form of Telekinesis to lift every nearby object around them , pull them towards her and fire them at the player , with the amount of damage depending on the size of the object . If the object is large enough , it will push the player back , temporarily disorienting them . Drain : When low on health , Big Sisters will run towards a wandering Splicer , impale them with their syringe and drain their health . This gradually regains the Big Sister ' s health but causes her to be vulnerable . Attacking her while she is draining a Splicer โ s ADAM will cause her to drop the Splicer . Teleport : Big Sisters have developed the ability of Teleportation . The energy ripple seen when they disappear is purple , and they can teleport great distances . They are only seen using this ability in a handful of scripted situations throughout the game . Reflection : The Big Sister will create an expanding visible ring of force that will damage the player when it hits . This Reflection ring has a relatively short distance , so the player can move to avoid this attack . It can be activated when Delta uses the Electro Bolt or Winter Blast Plasmid on her , and the reflection will also hit other enemies close to her ; if a Big Daddy is fighting her , then the attack will cause him to fight the player if the Big Daddy is still alive after the Big Sister is defeated Strategy The Big Sister encountered in Adonis Luxury Resort . First Contact The first Big Sister the player battles ( in Adonis Luxury Resort ) can not be defeated and she will automatically leave when a certain amount of time has passed attacking Delta . Since she can not be defeated , one should try to conserve health and ammo by keeping the sculpture in the middle of the room or other objects between the Big Sister and the player . If the player is careful in avoiding her , it is possible to complete the battle without losing any health or having to use weapons or Plasmids . The first real battle with a Big Sister occurs at the end of the Ryan Amusements level , after obtaining the Incinerate ! Plasmid . Before the Fight When the player hears a loud , discordant screech , it ' s a signal of an approaching Big Sister . She will not immediately appear , so the player will have around 30 seconds to prepare to fight her . Part of this preparation can be running to another room better suited to battling her . A Big Sister will screech about 3 times before she appears , blurring the player ' s vision as they sound . If the player has enough time , running back to an area with player - friendly hacked turrets and other security bots could help turn the tide of battle . Just make sure to constantly draw attention from the Big Sister or disable her through Plasmids , as she can easily destroy security bots . Using Security Command 2 or 3 would also be very wise as having two personal flying security bots would boost the player ' s damage output quite a lot . Big Sisters mainly appear after dealing with the last Little Sister in the current level , so the player should prepare for a Big Sister fight before taking a Little Sister to a vent , or harvesting her . This allows one to somewhat choose where they want to fight the enemy , by selecting the vent the player goes to . If the player has completed the level and then alerts a Big Sister , the player may leave the level with a Big Sister still pursuing them . The Big Sister will not pursue to the next level , leaving the player in safety . However , this is unadvised if the player wants , or requires , the ADAM and other rewards off of the Big Sister ' s body , or to research her . If the player plans to use melee attacks , moving into a corridor can be advantageous to be in position for an ambush . If a Big Daddy is in the area , it is highly recommended to either kill it , hypnotize it or find a different Little Sister Vent before starting the Big Sister encounter . While fighting a Big Sister will not turn a Big Daddy hostile , one can accidentally add a whole new level of difficulty to the fight if so much as a single stray bullet lands on the creature . Alternatively , Big Daddies can be provoked into fighting by the player ' s side without the need of Hypnotize . To do so , simply place the Big Daddy between oneself and the Big Sister . As the Big Sister approaches , she will most likely toss fireballs at Delta , which will likely hit the target in the middle . A Big Daddy at full health should be able to take about two - thirds of her health away before dying , more if the player ( carefully ) supports him . This also opens up the opportunity to research either the Big Sister or the Big Daddy in relative peace . If the player intends to research the Big Sister ( which is recommended , as there are so few opportunities to research them and the rewards are significant ) , be sure to switch to the Research Camera once the third scream sounds , then get a fix on her and start filming as soon as possible to maximize research and minimize vulnerability . Big Sisters can still see Subject Delta while under the effects of Natural Camouflage so it is not recommended to just stand in one spot . Ways to prepare for a Big Sister fight : Recharge one ' s Health and EVE Buy as many First Aid Kits EVE Hypos as possible at the nearest vending machine Hack every machine in the area ( be extremely careful not to set off an alarm ) . Kill every Splicer in the area . ( Splicers frequently respawn , so this is n ' t really possible . ) Switch to the most adapted forms of ammo for the fight ( see below ) . If low on ammo , immediately buy some at the nearest vending machine . Reload every weapon . Do this every time a weapon is used until the Big Sister arrives . Check every possible entry point until the Big Sister arrives . Set up traps at the one she is most likely to come from . During a Fight A Big Sister in Siren Alley . Big Sisters tend to jump around the scenery very often , so try to predict where they will land or aim ahead of them , so as to compensate for their speed . Always try to exploit the scenery as much as possible : try to lure the Big Sister in the path of hacked Security Devices and , if she ' s standing on or near a potential environmental hazard ( explosive , oil slick , water puddle , etc . ) , use it to one ' s advantage . Big Sisters , like Big Daddies , have an air tank which , if hit , can be caused to leak oxygen in the form of a small gas cloud . Shooting the cloud will cause the tank to explode , dealing an enormous amount of damage to the Big Sister . When in a situation where the Big Sister is charging , hit the melee button to stop her charge and temporarily disorient her . Always move around when fighting a Big Sister . It is possible , although hard , to dodge most of her attacks , so staying on one ' s toes will save the player a considerable amount of First Aid Kits It is recommended to find a way to hinder her movement . Luring her into a cramped space will limit her movement and make her an easier target , although it will be harder to dodge her attacks . For example , the Little Sister vent located at the J . Fischer Gallery in Dionysus Park is at the end of a very long , thin , dead - end stairwell with only one possible path of entry ( a Big Sister will never attempt to hop onto the second - floor balcony at the top ) . If you keep track of Big Sister attacks and know you ' re due for another one the next time you rescue / harvest a Little Sister at a vent , you can fill the stairwell with a long string of unavoidable explosive barrels , proximity mines , and trap spears / rivets . It is a bad idea to try to retreat during a Big Sister fight in order to recover , using hit - and - run attacks as one might during a Big Daddy fight . Big Sisters are much faster than Big Daddies as well as more agile , and thus will be able to catch up with you quite easily . Moreover , Big Daddies might eventually give up chasing you after a certain distance and time , but as a rule , Big Sisters will never stop hunting you . By far the most important reason not to use hit - and - run attacks against a Big Sister is because she might use the pause in the fighting to assault a nearby Splicer with her needles , absorbing more ADAM from their blood and healing from any damage you did in your previous attack run ( sometimes new Splicers will actually auto - spawn in the Big Sister ' s path if you leave her alone long enough , specifically to serve this self - healing feature ) . If the player dies during the fight and is resurrected , they have a little time before the Big Sister returns . Big Sister corpses yield 40 ADAM each , so always loot her no matter the circumstances . Just like Big Daddies , Big Sisters can be killed with the Winter Blast ' s " shatter " effect while still leaving a corpse to be looted . This means that the player can continually use Winter Blast to disable Big Sisters for easy kills without having to worry about losing loot . Alternate Strategies You can use the Hypnotize Plasmid on her to make her attack a Big Daddy , or hide behind him so that she attacks him by accident . This will bring down her health and also give you a free Big Daddy to loot . Note that even with Hypnotize 3 , you can only enrage the Big Sister , not befriend her . If you have the Fountain of Youth tonic and a body of water and two hacked bots , you can kill the Big Sister without using any ammo or eve . Here ' s how : Stand in the water and use the Winter Blast Plasmid on the Big Sister as often as you want and you will never run out of EVE . This will keep the Big Sister frozen while the bots attack her . The bots will keep falling down as her reflection attack knocks the bots down , but they will get up . It takes about 5 minutes but you can kill her without using any resources . Of course , you can also lure her near a camera and get bots to attack her . If there ' s no camera , hack something in a Red zone to call bots and then use the Security Command Plasmid on the Big Sister . Use the Decoy Plasmid to avoid attacks when in danger . Continuously Drill Dashing the Big Sister will not only deal good damage but will shortly disorient her . Unfortunately , it wastes a high amount of Drill Fuel . Repeatedly freezing the Big Sister with Winter Blast will allow you to defeat her with ease ( Big Sisters will not be obliterated when killed while frozen ) . Hitting a Big Sister with Electro Bolt will paralyze her for a few seconds , allowing the player to use weapons to decrease her health when she is immobile . Recommended Weapons Ammunition Armor - piercing ammunition will deal extra damage against Big Sisters . Upgrading the Drill so that it deals extra damage against armored enemies makes this a good choice versus Big Sisters , especially since the player will end up fighting this foe at melee range anyway . Having the Freezing Drill Drill Vampire loaded makes this form of attack even more deadly . Trap Rivets deployed in possible entrances are actually quite effective against Big Sisters , as they deal a decent amount of damage to anything that crosses their line of fire . One strategy is to line both sides of a nearby door frame with as many traps as the player has , then when she shows up , run through the door and let her follow . This will guarantee that she receives maximum damage from them . If the player has a friendly Security Bot , be aware that it can set off Trap Rivets ( and Spear Trap Lines ) Heavy Rivets for the Rivet Gun deal a large amount of damage and count as armor - piercing ammo in this case . Solid Slugs for the Shotgun deal a large amount of ( piercing ) damage and will remove more than a quarter ( nearly half ) of a Big Sister ' s health if the damage output is upgraded . Although Phosphorus Buck may do a lot of fire damage , it does n ' t do a lot of damage against Big Sisters since it counts as Antipersonnel rounds . Standard Spears Rocket Spears Spear Gun both deal a very high amount of damage ( especially the latter ) . However , it is extremely difficult to aim correctly with this weapon against this foe , so it is only recommended if the Big Sister is stunned or if the player is skilled at aiming . Trap Spears can also be used offensively against Big Sisters for high electric damage . The Launcher is quite an effective weapon since it does n ' t require much accuracy and does a large amount of splash damage . It is recommended to use Heat - Seeking Rockets since they home in on the target and do a great deal of ( fire ) damage . If one is confident with their aim , they can also use Proximity Mines to stick near or on the Big Sister to do ( piercing ) damage . Phosphorus Buck may also be useful as a distraction for recharging EVE and health . Recommended Plasmids A Big Sister struck by Electro Bolt . Electro Bolt will stun the Big Sister , allowing the player to lodge a couple of good hits ( and possibly the Zap and Whack ) . This can also enable the player to reach more advantageous ground . At level three this Plasmid becomes the most powerful anti - Big Sister tool in one ' s arsenal : by firing a continuous stream of electricity , one will both stun the Big Sister during the entire procedure and continuously deal high damage whilst landing as many shots as the player desires for however long the player can keep firing the Plasmid Using Hypnotize 3 to befriend a Big Daddy will grant the player a powerful ally during the entire fight , and will help drain a significant amount of health from the Big Sister . One can also use this to distract the Big Sister , and let the two foes battle each other : not only does this make for an interesting piece of entertainment , but by the end the Big Sister will be severely injured , and the Big Daddy dead with no cost in ammunition and a relatively small cost in EVE . Even better , the player can hide Fire Storm Ice Storm Electrical Storm or Elemental Storm ) and pray the Big Sister attacks the Big Daddy by accident . If a Big Daddy is not around , befriend an Alpha Series or even a Splicer โ anything to distract her if even for a little bit . Players should be aware that Hypnotize can be used to cause her to attack another enemy , but not to join the player ' s side . Incinerate ! will drain a large portion of a Big Sister ' s health over time , and does n ' t require much accuracy to cast . It is recommended to cast it at the beginning of the fight and use it again once the fire stops . Incinerate ! 3 will fire a jet of flame making it useful to suppress fire with weapons whilst firing the Plasmid . The only problem with Incinerate ! 3 is that Big Sister moves around quickly , and the amount of flame generated makes it hard to see where she is moving and Insect Swarm will distract a Big Sister as well as deal her continuous damage while the player attacks with other weapons . It is quite useful to reload or change ammunition for a said weapon or land a few easy shots before she attacks again . Winter Blast will temporarily stun a Big Sister , as well as make her much easier to take down while frozen . If Winter Blast 2 or 3 is used to encase a Big Sister in a block of ice , then the block is thrown against a wall using Telekinesis , a curious effect occurs . Normally throwing an enemy encased in a block of ice will make them shatter into pieces , which leaves no loot ( or a lunchbox will appear if the right Plasmid is equipped ) . However , it is impossible to shatter a Big Sister ( or perhaps , they have so much health that this is n ' t an instant kill if done Decoy will not only temporarily distract a Big Sister , leaving her open to attack , but it can also be used to lure her into a trap ( for example , one can place a decoy on top of an environmental hazard or a prearranged trap ) . It is recommended to upgrade to Decoy 3 as when the Big Sister attacks the decoy , the damage will be reflected back onto her and convert that damage into health for the player . Telekinesis is useful for blasting back the Big Sister ' s fireballs , stopping her attack and dealing a large amount of damage . It is also useful for catching the Big Sister ' s thrown objects . Gene Tonics The Armored Shell line of Tonics will decrease any physical damage taken . Drill Power line of Tonics will deal extra damage when using the Drill . Fountain of Youth works well with the Decoy Plasmid because it lets the player put out endless Decoys while Delta is standing in water . ( EVE Saver may be required as well . ) With Decoy 2 or 3 , the player can actually kill a Big Sister using this strategy while taking no damage at all . Sports Boost tonic is useful for evading most of the Big Sisters attack such as the kinetic lift and fireball attacks . Walking Inferno decreases fire damage taken , as well as increasing fire damage given . This is useful when dealing with the Big Sister ' s fireball attacks and when using the Incinerate ! Plasmid . Help Caption A Big Sister combines the strength of a Big Daddy with the ADAM - draining abilities of a Little Sister . They are armored , deadly , and can survive out in the ocean , but are also able to drain ADAM from corpses to power Plasmid abilities . When a Little Sister is abducted by a Splicer , the Big Sisters are the last line of defense , emerging from the shadows to hunt down the attacker . The Little Sister is then returned to the system to start her work anew , or the ADAM itself is recovered Along with dashing and slashing attacks , Big Sisters may wield genetic abilities like Incinerate and Telekinesis . Big Sisters are incredibly agile and can jump up to perch on walls like a Spider Splicer , catching their target unawares . Appearances It is not known how many actual Big Sisters the player encounters in the game , as the same Big Sister might appear on more than one occasion . The player is attacked by and has to kill or escape from a total of seven Big Sisters , usually after a certain number of Little Sisters have been rescued or harvested . Excluding Eleanor Lamb in her Big Sister form , other Big Sisters are seen or heard 26 times in - game . Adonis Luxury Resort The first appearance of a Big Sister in the game is when the player encounters one jumping about over the swimming pool . A Big Sister is seen as she carries away the Little Sister that speaks to Subject Delta after he injects himself with the Plasmid . Delta is first attacked by a Big Sister after a Little Sister speaks to him in the foyer . One is seen in the corridor just before entering Demeter ' s Banquet Hall A Big Sister breaks the glass windows and floods Demeter โ s Banquet Hall just after Delta enters . One is seen swimming up from the sea bed to the top of a tall building just before Delta enters the Atlantic Express Maintenance Depot airlock . Note : all of the above appearances are probably the same Big Sister that is keeping track of Delta as he progresses further through Rapture . Atlantic Express A Big Sister knocks the alphabet blocks down the steps to the Switching Hub on the way to the lift . This one is then seen at the top of the steps and jumps high up into the machinery and is lost from sight . Ryan Amusements A Big Sister is seen outside underwater through the large window by the Kitchen of Tomorrow in Hall of the Future One attacks after the Incinerate ! Plasmid has been acquired in Hall of the Future . This is the first Big Sister that the player has to kill ( or escape from by moving to the next level ) . Pauper ' s Drop A Big Sister is seen outside underwater through the large window after hacking the Door Control to get into Pauper ' s Drop from the Atlantic Express station at the start of the level . One is seen outside underwater through four large windows by The Limbo Room in Skid Row A Big Sister attacks when the second Little Sister has been Rescued or Harvested . Siren Alley One attacks when the third Little Sister has been Rescued or Harvested . A Big Sister is seen through the large window by the Atlantic Express sign when Delta leaves the flooded Siren Alley on his way to the Dionysus Park airlock . Dionysus Park A Big Sister is heard attacking Mark Meltzer just before entering The Chase and is heard on the Audio Diary left by Mark Meltzer in the Chase Carousel A Big Sister is seen outside underwater through the large window of the Piano Bar on the way to the J . Fischer Gallery One attacks when the third Little Sister has been Rescued or Harvested . Fontaine Futuristics A Big Sister attacks when the third Little Sister has been Rescued or Harvested . Outer Persephone Two Big Sisters attack when Delta tries to enter the Quarantine Area chamber holding Eleanor Lamb . A Big Sister screech is heard when Delta finds the last part of the Big Sister suit for Eleanor . After acquiring all Big Sister armor parts , Eleanor puts on the suit to become a Big Sister . Inner Persephone Eleanor in her Big Sister form helps Delta in their escape from Rapture . The last appearance of a Big Sister is when Eleanor , in her Big Sister uniform , saves or kills Sofia Lamb in Sinclair โ s flooded escape vessel . Two to five Big Sisters are seen or encountered . A Big Sister is encountered after the player has dealt with all the Little Sisters . Two Big Sisters can be seen swimming by the windows in the Lobby and New Accounts of Air - Tite Archives One is also seen swimming by the windows in the Warehouse . Operations A Big Sister is encountered after the player has dealt with all the Little Sisters . Significant Big Sisters Eleanor Lamb is the only Big Sister who retains her will ( and sanity ) due to her mother Sofia Lamb ' s efforts to break her Little Sister conditioning . Eleanor dons a Big Sister suit after teaming up with Subject Delta , and she displays the same abilities as other Big Sisters . Videos " . . .if you ' re going to do such things , at least you should do them properly . " Brigid Tenenbaum This article , , or a section of this article may require overall cleanup Bio Shock 2 - Big Sister Trailer Bioshock 2 The big sister fight 1 Bioshock 2 Big Sister Disappearing Glitch A video showing the Big Sister disappearing when Siren Alley floods . Bioshock 2 Part 1 of 5 Senior Character Designer Video about the character design of the Big Sister . Bioshock 2 Big Sister Quotes Dialogue Video about the Big Sister Quotes Dialogue . Gallery Concept Art The suitless Big Sister model from the teaser trailer for BioShock 2 . Concept for the teaser trailer version of the Big Sister . Big Sister painting concept . Early concept silhouette . Concept art silhouettes . Concept art silhouettes . Helmet concept . Weapon concept . Big Sister concept . Silhouette concepts . An early version of a Big Sister . Early Big Sister turnaround . Final Concept of the Big Sister . Concept for Eleanor Lamb ' s Big Sister suit . The various poses of the Big Sister . Concept art for a Big Sister with Little Sisters . Concept ideas of promotional images for the Big Sister , by Massive Black . Promotional Material The back of a Big Sister as seen in the " Hunting the Big Sister " demo . A Big Sister seen in the BioShock 2 Trailer . The Big Sister ' s character model in the trailer . A Big Sister and Little Sister . An early promotional image of a Big Sister . Big Sister vs . Subject Delta . Big Sister render . Official Big Sister wallpaper . NECA Big Sister action figure . Big Sister suit Eleanor NECA figure . Big Sister and Little Sister NECA figures in box . In - Game The Big Sister appears . A Big Sister in the Atlantic Express . Big Sister swimming . A fallen Big Sister . Filming the Big Sister . Big Sister attacking . Big Sister body suit in Persephone . The Big Sister body suit , seen as a beautiful dress . Big Sister helmet in Persephone . The Big Sister helmet , seen as a stylish tiara . Big Sister weapons in Persephone . The Big Sister gauntlets , seen as a pair of gloves . Eleanor Lamb wearing a Big Sister suit . The back of Eleanor ' s suit . Eleanor with a summoning Plasmid . Big Sister painting by recreational therapy patient . Little Sister drawing of Big Sister . Big Sister cartoon character seen in the Plasmid video . Bugs / Glitches Although difficult , it is possible to loot ADAM twice from a Big Sister corpse . Take the ADAM off her corpse , being mindful to leave at least one item on her . Then , do activities that will build enemy corpses or some other accumulation of active objects until her corpse becomes a Lockbox . Now , when looting her corpse , the player will gain a second ADAM reward . In Dionysus Park , in the Piano Bar area , an unused Big Sister model can be seen outside one of the windows by getting up close and looking up . It never moves , and appears to be standing in reference pose . In the Maintenance Area of Siren Alley , after the player has activated the pumps , if a player encounters a Big Sister and begins the fight with her , but submerges in water from Little Eden Plaza while they are still fighting , the Big Sister may instantly die when the area completely floods , or in rare instances she may survive to continue fighting the player in the completely flooded area . In Adonis Luxury Resort , when the player encounters the first Big Sister and must fight her , she will occasionally continue fighting for a few seconds even after losing all of her health . This happens only when the player quickly depletes her health bar with high - power attacks . Behind the Scenes Originally , there was going to be only a single Big Sister that would be one of the main antagonists of , which would be revealed to be Eleanor Lamb . However , the developers decided to change this to multiple Big Sisters , as they felt that the excitement of the Big Sister battles would be lessened if the player knew she would always escape before death in each encounter , along with the twist that felt predictable and fragmented for the player to have sympathy for the character . Despite the above , Sofia Lamb still refers to the Big Sisters in singular form in her quotes , treating them as a single entity . This is likely to instill fear in the Splicers , who would see " the " Big Sister as a single , omniscient being . Notably , Eleanor Lamb is referred to as the Big Sister in the description for the Summon Eleanor Plasmid , whereas enemy Big Sisters are simply referred to as a single entity in most of the menus . Little Sisters also refer to Big Sisters as a single being , as they sometimes say " More ADAM for Big Sister ! " Despite alterations to the original concept , Eleanor ' s appearance in the quarantine chamber of Outer Persephone was that of the suitless Big Sister , seen in the teaser trailer of BioShock 2 Sea of Dreams , and in the gallery . However , the last minute change for the Eleanor head clearly does n ' t match the in - game character model ' s skin . As seen in the above Gallery , the gauntlets of the Big Sister were altered before finalized in the current version . The left gauntlet would have originally been an attached bayonet instead of an extended syringe needle , with the right gauntlet strapless , and not containing a harpoon and wrench - like device . George Orwell ' s classic dystopian novel Nineteen Eighty - Four is referenced by Lamb ' s assertion that " Big Sister is always watching , " an adaptation of the novel ' s famous line , " Big Brother is watching . " References โ Deco Devolution : The Art of BioShock 2 , quote by Jeff Weir , animation Supervisor at 2K Marin , on pg61 . โ " Loot Reset glitch " forum topic at gamefaqs . com " Extracting extra ADAM from Big Sister " topic on the 2K Forums " Big Sis Siren Alley flooded fight ? " topic on the Forums BioShock 2 was almost a semi prequel hybrid " BioShock 2 : Why there ' s more than one Big Sister now " article on Destructoid . com v d e Enemies in Rapture Protector Security Device Enemies in Thuggish Splicer Leadhead Splicer Nitro Splicer Houdini Splicer Spider Splicer Bouncer Rosie Security Bot Security Camera Turret Enemies Thuggish Splicer Leadhead Splicer Brute Splicer Houdini Splicer Spider Splicer Bouncer Rosie Rumbler Alpha Series Lancer Security Bot Security Camera Turret Mini - Turret Categories Spoilers Articles needing cleanup Research The Rapture Family BioShock 2 Enemies Minerva ' s Den ( DLC ) Enemies Add category Languages : Deutsch Espaรฑol Franรงais Italiano ะ ัััะบะธะน | [
"Big Sister",
"Minerva 's Den :"
] |
http://biosmartsolutions.com/shop/buyers-guide/compare/conventional-heaters-vs-far-infrared-heaters/ | Home Shop Buyer โ s Guide Compare Conventional Heaters vs . Far Infrared Heaters An infrared heater , also known as an FIR ( far infrared ) heater , operates differently from a conventional space heater in that the infrared heat waves heat the body and objects of the room directly . The heat stays evenly distributed and the room retains the heat longer . In contrast , conventional heaters heat by first raising the temperature of the air within the room , which in turn heats you . The hot air rises and quickly dissipates out poorly insulated areas and cracks around doors and windows and results in uneven heat distribution , cold pockets and a greater concentration of heat near the ceiling rather than where you are down below . The hot air is also very drying and irritating to the mucous membranes of the respiratory passages and the skin . A conventional heater has to work much harder to maintain the room at the desired temperature and can not heat as large an area as an infrared heater can . Conventional space heaters usually operate at temperatures of 180 ยฐ to 220 ยฐ F . Most people can not tolerate these high temperatures for very long and it causes the mucous membranes to dry out . This is why water or steam is introduced in the form of air humidifiers . Patients normally use FIR saunas at between 100 ยฐ and 130 ยฐ F . This feels like a warm | [
"CONVENTIONAL HEATERS",
"FAR INFRARED HEATERS"
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http://biostat.ufl.edu/education/phd-in-biostatistics/ | Textonly version of this website Skip navigation Home page Whats new Search Contact Webmaster Website policies Disability services Home SeminarsEvents About Academics Research Consulting Resources Home Doctor of Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy Curriculum Overview How to Apply FAQs Traditional Master of Science Online Master of Science Master of Public Health Courses Student Forms Computer Policy Student Travel Awards Announcements Congratulations to our recent graduates Piyush Chaudhari MS Xiaoqing Fu MS Mengmeng Li MS Medha Mazumdar MS Candice Sammons MS Tao Xiang MS Yu Xiao MS Chen Yeh MS Qiao Yu MS Jiayue Zhang MS Xinran Liu MPH Christa Ochoa MPH Yitang Sun MPH Yi Zheng MPH Bochao Jia PhD Upcoming Events January 25 2019 Rickey Carter Professor Department of Biostatistics Mayo Clinic CTRB 31613162 1100am 1200pm February 8 2019 Jon Shuster Professor Emeritus Department of Health Outcomes University of Florida CTRB 21612162 1100am 1200pm Doctor of Philosophy The doctoral program in the Department of Biostatistics requires a minimum of 90 semester credits beyond the bachelors degree At least 30 of these credits must be directly related to statistics or biostatistics at the masters level ie Master of Science in statistics or biostatistics All students must complete a minimum of 54 credits of biostatisticsstatistics course work 30 credits will typically be transferred from a Master of Science program 6 credits of public health course work 3 credits towards consulting requirement 6 credits towards a cognate requirement and 21 credits of dissertation work All graduates of the program will be expected to be able to Conduct independent research in the development of new biostatistical methodology Engage in successful collaborations with investigators in new quantitative fields Write statistical methodology papers for peerreviewed statistical and biostatistical journals Write collaborative papers for peerreviewed subject matter journals Compete successfully for research and teaching positions in academic institutions federal and state agencies or private institutions This training is conducted in the innovative and interdisciplinary public health culture of the College of Public Health and Health Professions and the College of Medicine Graduates will help address the shortage of biostatisticians around the world Increasing Demand for Biostatisticians The demand for trained biostatisticians continues to increase as the world becomes more dependent on predictive data and numerical reasoning particularly related to research in the health sciences Those who earn a graduate degree in biostatistics work in healthcare biotech and life sciences using computer models to for example predict cancer growth in a cell The degree still isnt offered by many schools but is gaining traction | [
"Department of Biostatistics",
"doctoral program"
] |
http://biotechmd.org/our-programs-2/ | Our Programs Home Our Programs BTI Laboratory Associates Program BioSciConcepts Scientific Workshops The BTI Laboratory Associates Program provides tuitionfree training in basic laboratory skills to bright ambitious unemployed and underemployed Baltimore city residents who have the motivation and desire to improve their job prospects by learning basic indemand lab skills A combination of classroom instruction handson instruction and onthejob work experience enables BTIs successful graduates to realize employment options while employers benefit from a stream of readyforhire wellqualified lab technicians BTIs Laboratory Associates program consists of two components first a 6week bridge program known as BioSTART designed to advance participants skills and knowledge in basic math communication and professional development each presented under the purview of the biolabbased industry and a second and more intense second component the BTI Laboratory Associates portion of the training which provides the academics and practice in critical industryrelated and bench skills necessary for success in the field The total program term is 6 months and includes a required 100hour paid internship Through an articulation agreement with Baltimore City Community College successful completers are eligible Enrollees of this program are mature ambitious high school graduates who have the desire to improve their job prospects by learning basic indemand lab skills Many local companies currently employ our graduates Prospective Students Prospective Employers Kathleen Weiss | [
"BTI Laboratory Associates"
] |
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/2011/vanhoof_loga/nutrition.htm | Nutrition Soil Nutrients Nicotiana tabacum requires many essential elements in order for survival including : carbon , nitrogen , potassium , calcium , magnesium , sulfur , iron , manganese , boron , copper , zinc , and chlorine . The main flow of all these nutrients is from the roots , through the stem , and eventually to the leaves . The top of the plant which produces the flowers is the main destination for all of the nutrients . Carbon : Carbon makes up about 40 percent of the dry tobacco leaf right after it has been cured . Nitrogen : Nitrogen is a very important element in the growth and quality of the tobacco leaf . Nitrogen has a major role in the content of nicotine , chlorophyll , and other important substances in the leaf that are essential for growth . Some signs of nitrogen deficiency are when the leaves are more of a pale yellow versus a bright green color . The growth of the plant could also be affected resulting in flowering off schedule along with reduction in leaf size . If the plant is allowed excess nitrogen it will store it as plastic carbohydrates which will Potassium : Tobacco requires a large amount of potassium to reach a healthy and mature plant . When potassium levels are not up to par the plant will develop cankers of dead tissue forming on the plant body , and the tips of the leaves will turn a brownish color . When a surplus of potassium is present , the tobacco plant will use this in order to protect itself against desiccation . Phosphorus : Phosphorus is very important to the overall growth of tobacco . The plant absorbs phosphorus in its highly oxidized form turning it into protein , lecithin , carbohydrates , and other compounds that are either stored or used right away for development . The main symptoms for phosphorus deficiency include the slowing down of overall growth and development clustered with the formation of abnormalities in the plant . For example , brown spots can begin to form on the leaves to tobacco showing that it is not receiving the needed quantities of phosphorus . Calcium : Calcium is also an important element in the growing of Nicotiana tabacum . When there is calcium deficiency , the leaves of the plant will shrivel up to various degrees depending on how low the calcium levels are in the plant . Absorption , Translocation , Metabolism Once tobacco absorbs its nutrients , they are transported to the top of the plant via xylem tissue and then the plant ' s " food " or sugars that are the product of photosynthesis are transported throughout the plant via phloem tissue . The absorption , translocation , and metabolism was researched and recorded with the addition of a herbicide , trifloxysulfuron , in tobacco leaves . It was found that about 40 % of the added trifloxysulfuron into the leaves remained in the leaves over the four day test period . Only a small amount of trifloxysulfuron was found to be exchanged between the mature leaves . Most of the trifloxysulfuron concentration remained in the upper part of the plant while only about 5 % made its way down the phloem into the roots because trifloxysulfuron is known to travel better in here Phytophthora blight ( Phytophthora nicotianae ) is a nasty disease from the Kingdom Oomycetes that infects the stem and root system of the tobacco plant . This disease causes the plant to lose its resistance to other bacteria found in the soil . Some key things to look for are stunted growth , the wilting of leaves , and the formation of a black stem near the soil . Now that we have explored the various ways that the tobacco plant acquires its nutrients , click here to explore some adaptations that this plant has accumulated to protect itself from its environment . Return to Home Page Logan Van Hoof , April 2011 | [
"Soil Nutrients",
"Carbon",
"Potassium"
] |
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2007/augustin_laur/family_tree.htm | The Family Tree . . .and the dreaded reunions Plasmodium falciparum is currently found in the kingdom Alveolata . However , it used to be located in Protista . For many years , Protista was a " catch all " kingdom when the five kingdom system was in place . Since then , scientists have realized that many organisms differ more greatly than what was originally thought , as a result the number of kingdoms has grown . Large Phylogenetic Tree : Small Phylogenetic Tree : * Note : More species do occur in some branches , however due to lack of space not all could be entered . Made by Laura Augustine using information from Huestis Classification : Domain ~ Eukarya Kingdom ~ Alveolata Phylum ~ Apicomplexa Class ~ Aconoidasida Order ~ Haemosporida Family ~ Plasmodida Genus ~ Plasmodium Species ~ Plasmodium falciparum Source : KEGG Reasoning for Classification : Domain is considered eukaryotic due to the cellular structure , and since it contains organelles . Kingdom - Alveolata contains protists that used to belong to Protista , the artificial kingdom . While the kingdom varies greatly , organisms in this kingdom do have similarities in structure and genetics . Phylum - Apicomplexa contains organisms that have no individual form of motion , except for their gametes . Class - Aconoidasida have a tip at the end of their form which allows them to enter other organisms . They secrete enzymes to aid in penetrating the other species . Order Haemosporidia literally means blood spores . All members of this phylum are parasitic in vertebrate hosts . Family - Plasmodium ( Laverania ) a family in Haemosporida . Laverania was the old generic name for malaria causing Haemosporidia protozoa ( Center for Cancer Education ) . Genus Plasmodium Species - Four forms of Malaria exist : Plasmodium falciparum vivax ovale , and malariae Plasmodium falciparum is by far the most deadly , which also leads to increased research for a vaccine . It is the only A huge help in identifying , classifying , and understanding this complex organism was found when the genome for was sequenced . To learn more about the sequencing of the genome CLICK HERE Source of Small Phylogenetic tree : Huestis Descriptions of classification source : Dictionary . com | [
"The Family Tree",
"Plasmodium falciparum",
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http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2008/cottor_mick/index_files/Page969.htm | Fun Facts The Little Tidbits of Information that make Bacillus Anthracis such an interesting organism DID YOU KNOW The word Anthrax is derived from the Greek word anthrakos which means coal Bacillus anthracis was the first bacterium proven to be the cause of a disease Robert Koch is one of the original founders of bacteriology Anthrax is a seasonal disease that is controlled by temperature fluctuations amount of rain received and soil type In the United States the anthrax vaccination has been approved by the FDA since 1970 providing protection for the people at high risk of obtaining the disease The vaccine has been proven to be 93 effective in all cases 143 nations around the world have signed a treaty banning the use of weapons loaded with anthrax spores Bacillus anthracis has two structures that can not be found on other strains of bacteria They are a surface layer and a capsule When both are present the capsule is the outermost structure of Bacillus anthracis Death in humans and animals because of anthrax infection is still not completely understood partially because it happens so quickly and without warning Thousands of anthrax spores are required for human infection of which all can fit in the area of a single pinhead | [
"Fun Facts"
] |
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/long_nico/Adaptation.htm | Southern Stingray Dasyatis americana Adaptation Adjusting Rays Southern stingrays have extremely strong senses They have an excellent sense of smell hearing touch and they have incredible eyesight Their ears are tiny openings on top of their heads with hairlike cells in the inner ear that detect sound vibrations Their eyes are also on top of their heads They give them a view of the organisms above them while they are hidden under the sand Since their eyes are on top of their heads they have to rely on their sense of smell touch and other special senses to find food Southern stingrays have specialized senses on their ventral surfaces that allow them to sense prey They have a closed lateral line system that can sense small jets of water pressure Organisms such as bivalves mussels and clams give off small jets of water that strike the rays surface around this system that allows the stingray to feel the moving current This sense then leads them to their prey Southern stingrays also have an electrosense Electrical activity in muscles and electrical charges in body fluid give all animals a weak electrical field of energy Stingrays are able to sense these electrical Southern stingrays have a modified way of breathing compared to other water living organisms Their spiracles are located behind their eyes and their gill slits are on their lower surface They breath by taking water into their spiracles and expelling it out of their gill slits Since the water is brought in through the spiracles the mouth is free to be used to feed and they are able to breathe while hiding in the sand Stingrays do not have a swim bladder nor do they have a large liver with oils to give them buoyancy so they sink if they do not swim To compensate for this stingrays have pectoral fins that form a flattened disc that allow them to swim and glide for long distances Since stingrays have less buoyancy it also allows them to hide under the sand and stay stationary for long periods of time Gliding and lying on the seafloor helps stingrays conserve energy which means they dont have to eat as often | [
"Southern stingrays",
"incredible eyesight",
"bivalves"
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http://bipolar-disorder.emedtv.com/lithium/lithium-150-mg.html | Lithium 150 mg Lithium Eskalith ยฎ , Eskalith CR ยฎ Lithobid ) is a medication used for the treatment of bipolar disorder . It is available by prescription only and comes in several different forms and strengths , including : Lithium carbonate 150 mg capsules Lithium carbonate 300 mg capsules ( Eskalith ) Lithium carbonate 600 mg capsules Lithium carbonate 300 mg tablets Lithium carbonate 300 mg extended - release tablets ( Lithobid ) Lithium carbonate 450 mg extended - release tablets ( Eskalith CR ) Lithium citrate syrup , containing 8 mEq lithium per 5 mL , which is equivalent to 300 mg lithium carbonate per 5 mL or per teaspoonful . The recommended starting lithium dosage for acute mania is 600 mg three times a day . For extended - release tablets , the recommended starting dose is 900 mg twice daily . Although a higher dosage is necessary to control the severe symptoms of mania , a much lower dose is needed for maintenance treatment . Maintenance can be thought of as long - term control of bipolar disorder symptoms . If you do not have severe symptoms when starting lithium , your healthcare provider may recommend starting with a low dose ( such as lithium 150 mg capsules ) and slowly increasing it while frequently checking the level of lithium in the blood . ( Click Lithium Dosage for more information about lithium 150 mg and the various other strengths , to find out what your healthcare provider will consider before making any dosing recommendations , and for tips on using this medication . ) eMedTV ' s free HealthSavvy service can help you stay up - to - date on this topic . Sign up for HealthSavvy now . | [
"Lithium",
"bipolar disorder"
] |
http://bipolar-disorder.emedtv.com/seroquel/can-i-take-seroquel-while-pregnant.html | Can I Take Seroquel While Pregnant ? Seroquel ยฎ quetiapine fumarate ) is a prescription medication approved for the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder . Many people may wonder , " Can I take Seroquel while pregnant ? " Animal studies show that the medicine may not be safe for pregnant women . When given to pregnant rats and rabbits , Seroquel caused low birth weight , slow development , and miscarriages . Since animals do not always respond to medicines in the same way as humans , however , Seroquel may be given to a pregnant woman if her healthcare provider believes that the benefits to her outweigh any possible risks to the unborn child . If you are taking Seroquel and pregnancy occurs ( or you are thinking of becoming pregnant while taking the drug ) , let your healthcare provider know . He or she will consider both the benefits and risks of taking it during pregnancy before making a recommendation for your particular situation . ( Click Seroquel and Pregnancy for more information on whether you should take Seroquel while pregnant and to learn more about the potential risks of using this drug during pregnancy . ) eMedTV ' s free HealthSavvy service can help you stay up - to - date on this topic . Sign up for HealthSavvy now . | [
"Take Seroquel",
"Pregnant"
] |
http://bipolarnews.org/?p=1926 | Inflammation and Anti - Inflammatories in Depression July 10 , 2013 ยท Posted in Potential Treatments Depression is often associated with increases in markers of inflammation in blood , which include IL - 1 , IL - 6 , TNF - alpha , and CRP . Risk factors for increased inflammation include stress , obesity , a diet high in omega - 6 fatty acids , sedentary lifestyle , social isolation , low socio - economic status , smoking , and being female . Treatments such as lithium , other mood stabilizers , and antidepressants can all have anti - inflammatory effects . At the International Congress of Neuropsychopharmacology in 2012 , researcher Michael Berk reviewed data on inflammation in depression . Berk shared prospective data that in the general population , people whose levels of CRP fall within the highest third have the highest risk for a new onset of depression over the next 9 years , while those with CRP values in the lowest third ( indicating low inflammation ) had the least likelihood of becoming depressed . Drugs with more direct anti - inflammatory properties are beginning to be studied in unipolar depression with some success . In a trial by Abbasi et al . published in the Journal of Affective Disorders in 2012 , the anti - inflammatory COX - 2 inhibitor celecoxib ( Celebrex ) when added to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibit ( SSRI ) sertraline ( Zoloft ) had better antidepressant effects than the addition of placebo . Sepaujnia et al . reported in Neuropsychopharmacology in 2012 that an anti - diabetes drug that also has anti - inflammatory properties , pioglitazone ( Actos ) , also beat placebo in depression . Laan et al . reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry that the same was true of acetylsalicylic acid ( ASA or aspirin ) . Finally , Berk summarized data that the class of cholesterol - lowering drugs called statins are also able to decrease CRP and improve or prevent depression . Epidemiological data by Pasco et al . published in Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics showed that subjects without depression were less likely to develop a new onset of depression if they were treated with statins compared to those who were not . Stafford et al . reported in the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry in 2010 that patients taking statins had a 79 % decreased likelihood of depression at 9 months of follow - up . A third study in Sweden showed that simvastatin , a lipophilic ( fat - soluble ) drug that can readily enter the brain , decreases the incidence of depression more than some of the non - lipophilic statins . Moreover , a meta - analysis by O โ Neil et al . reported that overall , statins had positive effects on mood . Editor โ s Note : All these data come from studies of unipolar depression , so one must consider how relevant they are to bipolar depression . They may be pertinent , since elevated inflammatory markers have consistently been reported in bipolar depression . However , this can not be assumed until appropriate studies are performed . ( As usual , research in bipolar depression lags far behind that in unipolar depression . ) Preliminary uncontrolled retrospective data from one study did suggest that those treated with lithium plus aspirin did better than those on lithium and no anti - inflammatory . Thus it may make sense for unipolar and bipolar depressed patients with risk factors for heart disease such as a positive family history of heart disease and elevated cholesterol and triglycerides to discuss with their doctors the possibility of starting statin treatment earlier rather than later . This is because depression itself is a major risk factor for heart disease , so statins might lower risk both by their approved indication of lowering cholesterol and by their apparent ability to help fend off new episodes of depression . A more complicated issue would be the question of when , if at all , to use primary anti - inflammatory drugs in the adjunctive treatment of unipolar or bipolar depression . If nothing else works , they might be worth a try as an add - on . They might be used earlier in those with higher levels of inflammation , especially if there were more data indicating that those with inflammatory markers responded preferentially to primary anti - inflammatory drugs . In the study by Abbasi et al . , patients with elevated IL - 6 had improvement in their depression after taking celecoxib , while in the study of a TNF - alpha inhibitor there was no overall positive effect in unipolar depression , but those who had the highest levels of CRP at baseline did show the most significant improvement and a significant drug - placebo difference . Anti - inflammatory agents might be considered in those with elevated inflammatory markers if their depressions did not respond adequately to first , second , or third attempts with more conventional What about treating depression in the absence of available tests for inflammation ? Based on the findings to date , using anti - inflammatory treatments would possibly be worthy of consideration in those with treatment resistant illness , since in most of the positive studies , depressed patients were not specifically screened for inflammatory markers . However , this section must close with a reminder that patients and physicians should carefully discuss the risks and benefits of any treatment before it is begun . While we attempt to discuss both positive effects and side effects in BNN , the preliminary data we report can not be considered comprehensive , current , or even precisely accurate . We summarize data that has not been formally accepted in peer - reviewed literature , with the idea that patients , family members , and clinicians may find interesting information that prompts discussions between patient and doctor . Readers must consult primary sources for a more complete view of any topic discussed in BNN . These cautions are especially important here because anti - inflammatory drugs have a range of potentially dangerous or even lethal side effects . Even aspirin carries a substantial risk of gastrointestinal bleeding ( perhaps in about 1 in 500 users ) , and patients die each year from this presumably safe over - the - counter medication . Cardiac risks are also being revealed for some non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) . Given these potential side effects , discussions between patient and physician must take place before anti - inflammatory treatment is begun . Since safety is an issue , it might make sense to use the safest agents first . The drugs with the best utility for treating inflammation may turn out to be the primary psychiatric drugs themselves , like antidepressants and lithium . Other relatively safe anti - inflammatory drugs might include N - acetylcysteine ( NAC ) , co - enzyme Q10 , curcumin ( a plant extract related to turmeric ) , and possibly statins and minocycline . The next group , with more potential side effects , might include NSAIDs such as the COX - 2 inhibitor celecoxib and aspirin . The next group , which gets more exotic , expensive , and data - poor , might include erythropoietin ( often used to treat anemia ) and the TNF - alpha inhibitors used to treat rheumatoid arthritis . Tags : anti - inflammatory cytokines depression inflammation Comments Comments are closed . Although the editors of BipolarNews . org have made every effort to report accurate information , much of the work referenced here is in abstract or pre - publication form , and may not have received proper review by the scientific community at this time . Patients should consult with their physicians about any treatment decisions . Physicians should consult the peer - reviewed literature . | [
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http://birding.about.com/od/birdbehavior/a/Bird-Senses.htm | Birding Basics Bird Senses and How They Use Them By Melissa Mayntz Updated 02 / 01 / 19 Tony Hisgett / Flickr / CC BY 2.0 How well do birds see ? What can they hear ? Can birds smell ? Can their feathers feel touch ? Do they taste different things ? Birds depend on their five senses for survival , and bird senses have adapted to give birds the edge they need to thrive . Understanding Bird Senses Birds have the same five senses humans do โ sight , hearing , touch , taste , and smell โ but they are specialized to help birds survive . While the acuity and usefulness of a bird ' s exact senses depend on its species , all bird senses share certain characteristics . Sight Eyesight is a bird ' s most critical sense and the one it relies on the most for flight , evading predators and finding food . Birds have a thicker retina than humans , and their eyes are larger in proportion to their head size . They have much denser rods and cones โ the " seeing " cells โ packed on the retina , giving them superior vision in both black - and - white and color . The range of colors birds see is not much greater than humans , but some species , such as hummingbirds , can see ultraviolet colors . Where birds ' eyesight excels is in the perception of motion and detail . Birds can see small motions or tiny details 2 - 3 times better than humans , which can help them find food more easily , or see the stealthy approach of a predator . In many birds , the eyes are positioned further apart on the head , giving them a wider field of view than humans . Birds with eyes on the sides of their head , such as most songbirds , can nearly see directly behind themselves , which can be useful for detecting Because their vision is so critical , birds have an inner nictitating membrane that helps protect their eyes and cleans them frequently . During a fight birds often spread their wings to protect their eyes , and when attacking , they know instinctively to go for the eyes of their adversary . An owl has to move its whole head to look up , down , or to the side . Getty Images Hearing Hearing is birds ' second most important sense , and their ears are funnel - shaped to focus sound . The ears are located slightly behind and below the eyes , and they are covered with soft feathers โ the auriculars โ for protection . The shape of a bird ' s head can also affect its hearing , such as owls , whose facial discs help direct sound toward their ears . The confusingly named ear tufts of many owls and other birds , however , have nothing to do with hearing . Birds hear a smaller frequency range than humans , but they have much more acute sound recognition skills . Birds are especially sensitive to pitch , tone and rhythm changes and use those variations to recognize other individual birds , even in a noisy flock . Birds also use different sounds , songs , and calls in different situations . Recognizing the different noises is essential to determine if a call is warning of a predator , advertising a territorial claim or offering to share food . Many birders study those calls and birding by ear can be useful for not only identifying birds but also understanding their behavior . Some birds , most notably oilbirds , also use echolocation , just as bats do . These birds live in caves and use their rapid chirps and clicks to navigate through dark caves where even sensitive vision may not be useful enough to find their way . Grey Rhea . By Eve Livesey / Getty Images Touch Birds do not use touch as extensively as humans , but it is still a vital sense , particularly for flight . Birds are incredibly sensitive to changes in air temperature , pressure and wind speed , and those changes are transferred down the feathers to extensive nerves in the skin . Some birds have special feathers โ rictal bristles โ around the bill that may also serve a purpose for touch when feeding on insects or drumming into the wood , providing extra sensitivity around the bill and face . Mutual preening is an important part of courtship behavior for many bird species , and it may be related to a sense of touch as well since the birds are manipulating one another ' s feathers . No feathers , however , actually have nerve endings , they transmit touch to the skin . Birds have fewer nerves in their legs and feet , which makes them less sensitive to extreme cold and allows them to perch or stand on icy or hot surfaces without difficulty . Some birds have extremely sensitive touch receptors in their bills , which allows them to easily feed when probing through mud , water or other materials . This is particularly prominent in shorebirds and wading birds with long , specialized bills . Sun conures ( Aratinga solstitialis ) preening . Mary Clay / Getty Images Taste Birds do have a sense of taste , but it is not well refined . Depending on the species , birds may have fewer than 50 or up to roughly 500 taste buds , while humans have 9,000 - 10,000 taste buds . Birds can taste sweet , sour and bitter flavors , and they learn which of those tastes are the most suitable and nutritious food sources . The sensitivity to different tastes varies by species , but most birds use other senses โ sight and hearing most prominently โ to locate the best foods . Because of their unrefined tastes , when birds show a preference for certain foods , they ' re often relying on other factors . A bird may choose one food over another not because of taste , but because it is easier to acquire , there is less competition , their bills are better equipped for eating it , or it has better nutrition for their dietary needs Fieldfare eating rowan berries . Westend61 / Getty Images Smell The sense of smell is the least developed sense for most birds . Most bird species have very small olfactory centers in their brains , and they do not use smell extensively . This debunks the myth that nesting birds will reject a fledgling that has been handled by humans โ songbirds can not detect the human scent . There are some bird species , however , that have much better - developed senses of smell . Vultures , kiwis , honeyguides , albatrosses , petrels , and shearwaters all use their keen sense of smell to locate food sources . These birds can often smell food from great distances , even when the odor may not be noticeable to humans . ' Eurasian Griffon Vulture ( Gyps fulvus ) . Sylvain Cordier / Getty Images Why Bird Senses Matter By understanding bird senses , birders can learn about bird behavior and how to make the most of their birding in the field and the backyard . Because birds see so well , it is important to wear appropriate clothing to go birding , including neutral colors . Adding the right colors to a backyard can also help attract birds by triggering their keen eyesight . Because of birds ' exceptional hearing , quiet pishing can be useful for finding birds and attracting their attention . Loud , sudden noises , however , can easily scare birds away . Cell phone ringtones , barking dogs , and loud games should all be minimized around birding areas . Never touch a wild bird , as a harsh hand could damage their touch receptors and hinder their flight . Only the very lightest , gentlest touches should be used if necessary . Feathers should never be plucked out , or else the bird ' s nerves may be extensively damaged . Clean bird feeders are essential since birds may not taste if the food has begun to spoil and may be dangerous . Similarly , always discard any birdseed or other food that shows signs of spoiling such as mold or another fungus . Choosing aromatic plants for landscaping will not attract birds . Instead , plan bird - friendly landscaping with plants that double as food sources and safe shelters . Many top nectar flowers for hummingbirds , for example , are those with the least aroma . Birds have incredible senses , and understanding how they use their five senses is a key step in helping birds survive and enjoying them at every level of birding . Boy stroking a European Robin ( Erithacus rubecula ) . ยฉ Santiago Urquijo / Getty Images Read More | [
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http://birding.about.com/od/birdfeeders/ig/Types-of-Birdseed/ | Feeding Wild Birds Types of Birdseed for Outdoor Feeders Best Options for Birders By Melissa Mayntz Updated 01 / 06 / 19 01 of 09 Birdseed Mix Nick Hubbard / Flickr / CC by 2.0 There are many different types of birdseed mixes . Inexpensive mixes typically contain large quantities of milo and millet , as well as smaller amounts of cracked corn , sunflower seeds , and other seeds or grain . Wheat is a popular filler addition but has little nutritional value for birds . These mixes can be useful but birders may see large quantities of waste as birds seek out favorite seeds in the mix . More expensive mixes often have more popular and desirable seeds , such as more sunflower seeds or even sunflower hearts , pumpkin seeds , and nuts or nut hearts . These mixes may even contain bits of dried fruit , dried mealworms , or other exceptional treats for birds . Elaborate mixes are often marketed as bird - specific , such as a " songbird mix " or " finch mix " depending on what seeds are included . Backyard birders can augment commercially mixed seed by adding greater amounts of plain sunflower seeds , peanuts , or other foods . It is also possible to buy quantities of plain seeds and create a homemade , custom mix suited just to the specific birds that visit your feeders . Mixed seed can be offered in many types of feeders , including hoppers , tubes , and mesh feeders , as well as open trays or platforms or even just sprinkled on the ground for easy feeding . Continue to 2 of 9 below . 02 of 09 Black Oil Sunflower Seed oatsy40 / Flickr / CC by 2.0 Black oil sunflower seeds are the single most popular seed for different bird species . A key component of many birdseed mixes , black oil sunflower seeds , are also available without other seeds mixed in . These seeds are also often formed into seed blocks and cakes , often with whimsical shapes such as hearts , bells or wreaths for holidays Black oil sunflower seeds have a high oil content that appeals to the majority of bird species , including cardinals , chickadees , sparrows , finches , titmice , woodpeckers , grosbeaks , and jays . As a smaller type of sunflower seeds , black oil seeds are also more economical because a single bag will contain more seeds than a similarly sized bag of striped sunflower seeds . Bird gardeners can also grow black oil sunflower seed during the summer months and birds will strip the seeds from the flower heads when the plants mature . These sunflower seeds can be offered in a wide variety of feeders , including hoppers , tube , or mesh feeders with wide openings and open trays and platforms . If seed is sprinkled directly on the ground , any ground - feeding birds will enjoy the feast . Continue to 3 of 9 below . 03 Striped Sunflower Seed David Swart / Flickr / CC by 2.0 Similar to black oil seeds , striped sunflower seed is a good high - fat , high - oil seed that many birds will sample . The hulls on striped sunflowers are thicker and harder than black oil sunflower seed , however , making it more difficult for smaller birds or birds with weaker bills to feed . All the birds that will eat other types of sunflower seed will munch on striped sunflower seed , but it is most popular with larger species such as cardinals , jays , and grackles . If both types of sunflower seed are available in the same mix , the striped seed may be eaten last as birds naturally seek out easier , more convenient foods first . Striped sunflower seed can be offered the same way as black oil sunflower seed , in hopper feeders , wide - mouthed tubes , broad mesh feeders , or in open trays , dishes and platform feeders . Continue to 4 of 9 below . 04 Safflower Seed Tony Alter / Flickr / CC by 2.0 Safflower is an annual flower seed favored by medium and large songbirds . Commercially , safflower is grown around the world , with the greatest production in Asia , Africa , and India . While it looks like a white sunflower seed , safflower is actually a completely different plant . The white seeds are favorites of doves , titmice , and cardinals , though other songbirds will also feed on safflower seeds if sunflower seeds are not available . Safflower is generally more expensive than other seeds and may be mixed with sunflower chips or millet in premium mixes to be more affordable and appealing to more bird species . Because this seed has a somewhat bitter taste , it is usually neglected by squirrels and other wildlife , making it a good option if bird feeder pests are a problem . Safflower can be offered in any feeder where sunflower seeds will fit , including hopper feeders , large mesh feeders , and open trays and dishes . Continue to 5 of 9 below . 05 Hulled Sunflower Seed David Harris / Flickr / CC by 2.0 Hulled sunflower seed , also called chips or hearts , is popular with many songbirds . Because these seeds already have the hulls removed , there is no waste left around the feeder . Hulled sunflower seeds are rich in oil and a high source of calories for birds , making them a popular feeder option year - round . Hulled seeds are more expensive than regular sunflower seed but may be more economical when purchased by weight because there is no waste . These seeds will not grow if spilled on the ground , ideal for garden areas where extra growth is not welcome . All songbirds , including finches , sparrows , cardinals , titmice , and chickadees , enjoy hulled sunflower seeds . Offer hulled sunflower seeds in open platform or dish feeders , hopper feeders or any type of feeder where regular sunflower seed can be offered . Continue to 6 of 9 below . 06 Nyjer Ali West / Flickr / CC by 2.0 Nyjer seed is also called nyger or thistle seed and is a small , dark , elongated seed that is very lightweight . This oil - rich , high - fat , high - protein seed originated in Africa and is a favorite for many small birds , including siskins , goldfinches , redpolls , and juncos . Quail and larger finches will often feed on the ground beneath Nyjer feeders , effectively cleaning up spilled seed . While Nyjer is more expensive than larger seeds , it is a good economic value because little is wasted . Because this seed is so light , it is best to offer it only in feeders with small openings so it is not easily spilled or blown out of wider feeders . Tubes with small , narrow openings as well as metal or nylon mesh feeders are ideal for offering Nyjer to backyard birds . Continue to 7 of 9 below . 07 Millet Thamizhpparithi Maari / Flickr / CC by - SA 2.0 Millet , more formally called white proso millet , is a grass seed that ' s very popular with small birds . It is available in both white ( pictured ) and red varieties , and both are suitable as food for backyard birds . This is a small seed , smaller than a grain of rice . Millet is high in starch , protein , fiber , and fat , and is a good food source for small birds . It is particularly favored by finches , juncos , buntings , sparrows , and towhees , though many birds will sample millet , especially when it is blended with other types of seed . Millet can be offered in small tube feeders and hopper feeders , as well as open platform or dish feeders . Sprinkling the seed directly on the ground will appeal to ground - feeding species , or it can be grown in a bird garden for a natural food source Continue to 8 of 9 below . 09 Red Milo ( Sorghum ) Photo ยฉ Neil Palmer ( CIAT ) / Flickr / Used With Permission Milo is a filler seed with poor nutritional value for birds , but it does offer some iron , fiber , and calcium for birds that eat it . Game birds , including turkeys , pheasants , doves , and quail , will eat milo , as will ducks , geese , grackles , jays , and other large birds . In individual backyards , the birds that will eat milo may vary depending on what better food sources are available . This grain is available in both red ( pictured ) and white varieties . Because it is large and bulky , it is less expensive than most other types of birdseed . Milo is often used as a filler in very cheap commercial seed mixes , making them less valuable because much of the seed could be wasted . Offer milo or birdseed mixes with high proportions of milo in hopper , dish , or platform feeders where birds can easily access it . To avoid excessive wasted seed or spillage , it may be best to offer this seed in limited quantities and only refill the seed when it is completely consumed . | [
"Birdseed",
"Black oil sunflower seeds",
"Striped Sunflower Seed"
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http://birdnote.org/show/bald-eagles-fledge | Shows ยป Bald Eagles Fledge Bald Eagles Fledge Striking out on their own ยฉ Gregg Thompson View Large Download iTunes Podcast Feed Share this story Support More Shows Like This When young Bald Eagles fledge , the event is the culmination of nearly a year โ s work by the parents . Let โ s recap how it might have gone : male and female build a nest over the winter . By March , they have two eggs . The female incubates the eggs for about a month , with the male taking an occasional turn . The result ? A couple of tiny , three - ounce chicks . At eight weeks , they โ re as heavy as the adults โ 10 to 14 pounds . Two Full Transcript Transcript : BirdNote ยฎ Bald Eagles Fledge Written by Bob Sundstrom This is BirdNote . [ Bald Eagle call , http : / / macaulaylibrary . org / audio / 137879 , 0.18 - .21 ] In late summer , a young Bald Eagle leaves the nest and sets out on its own for the first time . It โ s the culmination of nearly a year โ s work by the parents . Let โ s recap how it might have gone : male and female meet up in late fall , build a new nest or add sticks to their old one over the winter - and by March , usually have two eggs . The female incubates for a month - and - a - bit , with the male taking an occasional turn . The result ? A couple of tiny , three - ounce chicks . The adults then take to hunting fish and other prey , tearing it into bite - sized chunks for the growing youngsters โ which gain a pound in weight every four or five days . At eight weeks , they โ re all brown and as heavy as the adults โ 10 to 14 pounds . Two weeks later , they make their first short , clumsy flights . But it โ ll take another 10 weeks of practice flights and provisioning by the adults before the young birds are ready to strike out on their own . And when they do , they strike out in grand fashion , wandering over the continent for perhaps thousands of miles , until four years after hatching , they have their full adult plumage . Only then might they seek a mate and build their own nest . [ Bald Eagle call , http : / / macaulaylibrary . org / audio / 137879 , 0.18 - .21 ] For BirdNote I โ m Mary McCann . # # # Bird sounds provided by The Macaulay Library of Natural Sounds at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology , Ithaca , New York . Bald Eagle call [ 137879 ] recorded by Gerrit Vyn BirdNote โ s theme music was composed and played by Nancy Rumbel and John Kessler . Producer : John Kessler Executive Producer : Dominic Black ยฉ 2015 Tune In to Nature . org August 2015 Narrator : Mary McCann ID # : BAEA - 07 - 2015 - 08 - 04 BAEA - 07 Sources include BNA Online , plus : http : / / www . flagislandwebcam . com / eaglefacts . htm http : / / www . baldeagleinfo . com / eagle / eagle4 . html http : / / www . fws . gov / uploadedFiles / Region_5 / NWRS / Central_Zone / Montezuma / Ea . . . | [
"Bald Eagles fledge"
] |
http://birdsandbeesandkids.com/ | Time To Have The Sex Talk ? Take the sting out of talking to kids about the birds and the bees Does the thought of having the birds and bees talk leave you sweaty palmed , blushing and running for the door ? You โ ve come to the right place ! I โ ll share with you proven โ secrets โ on how to rock the talk with your kids Get 7 Easy Tips You can learn how to talk to your kids about sexuality , love and relationships in a way that is simple , effective and based on your values The reality is if you do n โ t talk to your kids about sex someone else will . I ' M HERE TO TEACH YOU . . . โข The best age to start the birds and bees talks โข How to get the talks started without sounding nervous or weird โข What to say at each age and stage so you avoid giving too much information โข When to talk about the most uncomfortable topics โข How to talk about your values and expectations without lecturing โข How to keep kids safer from sexual abuse โข Crazy - simple tips and tricks to make the birds and bees talks easier on everyone " When it comes to talking to young people about sexuality , most parents still struggle knowing what to say and when to say it . Amy Lang shows parents that talking to children about sexuality does n โ t need to be a dreaded part of parenting . Instead it can be a way to strengthen the parent - child relationship . Through her research based and information packed lectures and books , Amy shows parents how to do just this . " Rosalind Wiseman , Author , Queen Bees & Wannabees and Masterminds & Wingmen The biggest mistake parents make ? We do n โ t talk to our kids about sex soon enough If you rely on school and their peers to teach your kids about sexuality they lose out on learning from the person they most want and need to hear from - YOU ! Worse yet , they do n โ t get the information you want them to have about your values and related topics like love and healthy relationships . And when you know how to talk to your kids about sex , this can lead to talking about many other parts of their lives . The birds and the bees can be tough to talk about , but with a little information , skills , some careful thought and planning , it ' s possible to have comfortable and effective sex talks with your kids that do n ' t make either of you super uncomfortable ! These talks are key to raising safe , healthy , happy and well - adjusted kids and I promise to help you all I can along the way . STILL NOT SURE ? Check Out my exclusive article , The 3 Biggest Myths That Get In The Way Of The Sex Talks Get the Article ! No shame . No embarrassment . No awkwardness . Just you , your kid , and a conversation . I WILL GIVE YOU THE CONFIDENCE TO TALK TO YOUR KIDS ABOUT THE BIRDS AND THE BEES ( No Matter How Old They Are ) In fact , I wrote two books to help you out ! Birds + Bees + YOUR Kids Getting the sex talks started can be so nerve wracking ! When you clarify your values and beliefs about sexuality , love and relationships , you will get the solid foundation you want and need to be a sex talks rock star ! Learn More About This Book Dating Smarts Dating Smarts tells teens just like yours the truth about dating , relationships and sex and gives them practical , real - world tips and support so they can be an awesome boyfriend or girlfriend . Or you can use the book for your own sex talk ideas โ they โ ll think you are brilliant ! Learn More About This Book What Others Are Saying โ Amy Lang makes talking about sex feel like talking about winning the lottery โ there are a million wonderful things to do , a million awesome ways to have the conversation . โ - Cheryl Murfin , Seattle ' s Child Magaznine โ I use the techniques I ' ve learned from your workshops with my daughter , now 10 , almost daily . She is so at ease and smart about her birds and bees info , it ' s just a normal part of life . Thanks ! โ - Jeanne S . | [
"sexuality",
"relationships",
"kids"
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http://birdsflight.com/what-do-bats-eat-how-do-bats-fly/ | What Do Bats Eat ? How Do Bats Fly ? Not many people are aware of what do bats eat for the reason that these mammals are not easily accessible . Bats are the only mammals that can fly . There are more than 1,200 bats species across the globe that are subdivided into two categories namely fruit - eating bats and echolocating bats . More than 70 % of bats are carnivorous ; while the rest of the species are fish - eating , frugivores , and blood - sucking mammals . They are one of the best flower pollinators in fact most plants rely on bats for pollination . The smallest of the bats is Southern Blossom Bats What Do Bats Eat ? Do you know what do bats eat ? Bats predominantly feed on fruits , insects , vertebrates , flower nectar , and blood . Amongst which insects nearly covers most of their diet in that 3 / 4 th of the total bats make their living through eating insects . These insects embrace both flying as well as ground - living . Conservationists believe that every night bats intake insects that are one - third of their own body weight . They are known to consume hundreds of different insects within few hours . Thanks to the nature that has kept the population of insects in a sheer equilibrium ; otherwise if bats begin to exterminate , these insects would grow to an unmanageable proportions . Because of their nocturnal nature bats usually spend most of their daytime on roosting , sleeping , grooming and other kinds of zero - activities . Baby bats rely on their mother โ s milk at the preliminary stages of their life ; however , after couple of weeks these juveniles tend to go out and begin their quest for food by themselves . In a nutshell they โ re on their own now ! Now you got an idea of what do bats eat ? When the night fall , these nocturnal creatures start implementing their hunting techniques which was not known until the late 18 th century but when Lazarro Spallanzani performed a series of experiments on a group of bats ; real facts came to the fore . He deduced that bats do not use their sight to locate their prey ; there is something else that assists them to identify the kill which was extraordinary hearing senses . Echolocation technique was identified in 1930 by Donald Griffin which implied that bats produce certain high - pitched sounds constantly that can not be heard by anyone except bats . These sound waves hit the prey and returns back to these blind mammals with the help Can You See Bats Catching Insects ? Well , to be precise you wo n โ t be able to see bats catching insects with a naked eye . For this , you need to use camera that captures thousands frame per seconds . Back in 1960 , Frederick Webster used a fast camera and he made a remarkable discovery in that he noticed that bats rarely catch flying insects during their flight , as a matter of fact these mammals make use of their tail membranes to raise an insect and then take it back to their habitat . Now is the time when bats begin Bats Do Bats Use Echolocation to Detect Insects ? Some conservationists hold that bats do not use echolocation to identify the exact position of a prey ; as a matter of fact they hear sounds those insects produce and then start following those sound waves . Bats Drinking Fruit Juice Scientists discovered two bats โ families that predominantly feed on fruits or seeds . These are Megachiropterans and microchiropterans . Bats falling under these categories normally feed on sweet fruit juices supplemented by some seeds . For doing this , these flying mammals snatch fruits from trees and return back to their roosting place for sucking juice . The seeds are thrown away onto the ground which indeed gives rise to other plants . Bats Drinking Flower Nectar There are few bats that fancy their diet through drinking flower nectar and are not really akin to feed on live insects or animals . These types of bats possess long muzzles and long tongues with help of which they can easily feed on flower nectar . What do bats eat , is a relatively difficult question to ask especially if there are more than one thousand bats species . Carnivorous Bats Apart from above mentioned bats , there is a small group of bats that rely on vertebrates for their primary feed . These mammals largely consume frogs , lizards , and small birds . Fish - Eating Bats Numerous bats โ species primarily feed on fish and these animals are widespread in all the continents . Like other species , they also use echolocation to identify any ripple movement on the water surface and with the help of their big strong claws they do n โ t drop it . Blood - Drinking Bats Quite a few numbers of bats consume blood as a regular part of their diet . They drink blood of horses , cattles and rarely humans . These bats belong to the family of hematophagy and are named as white - winged vampire bats and hairy - legged vampire bats . The difference between the two is that the white - winged bats drink mostly blood of mammals while the latter consumes the blood of birds . Quite a few people know for sure what do bats eat . Bats How Do Bats Fly ? Bats are characterized as unique mammals not only for their flying ability but also for their personal traits . Other mammals such as flying squirrels can only glide but could not fly properly like other birds . Bats can actually give you a full insight about the flight . The structure of the bones and wing membranes are designed in such a way that ensures a quick navigating ability during the flight . This is a very important characteristic that makes easier for these mammals to reach out those flying bugs that move in a zigzag manner . Even the ( 1 ) Bats Disease Killing Millions of Bats An epidemic disease that has recently killed millions of bats all throughout North America by the name of White - nose Syndrome . Acadia National Park has approved the white - nose syndrome which arose when bats had white fungus on their muzzles . Soon after the disease infects , the bats turn out to be dehydrated and die shortly . White - nose syndrome is not hazardous for humans ; however , people are still advised not to approach bats when these mammals are roosting , until and unless you โ re fully protected with precautionary equipment . ( 2 ) Precautionary Measures Never take on bats whether they are dead or alive . Call for an expert or concerned personnel if you find any unusual bats activity . Hibernation months range from November to April in which bats lose considerable amount of energy causing mortality in them ; therefore , biologists forbade people to enter into caves . ( 2 ) Now you know what do bats eat ? Did you know it before ? More Facts About Bats Vampire Bats Facts Facts about Bats Where do bats live Types of Bats What Do Bats Eat ? Videos Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . References โ Exploring Life Science โ Bats Cave Life โ , by Marshall Cavendish โ Bat Conservation International Organization โ , batcon . org TAGS Leave a Reply | [
"unique mammals",
"Echolocation",
"wing membranes"
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