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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/pumice | pumice definition , pumice meaning | English dictionary English - French English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition pumice n 1 ( Also called ) pumice stone a light porous acid volcanic rock having the composition of rhyolite , used for scouring and , in powdered form , as an abrasive and for polishing vb 2 tr to rub or polish with pumice ( C15 pomys , from Old French pomis , from Latin pumex ) ♦ pumiceous adj pumice country n ( N.Z. ) volcanic farmland in the North Island English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus See also : pumice country pumice stone pumiceous puce Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/release | release definition , release meaning | English dictionary English - French English Synonyms English for learners Conjugation Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition release vb tr 1 to free ( a person , animal , etc . ) from captivity or imprisonment 2 to free ( someone ) from obligation or duty 3 to free ( something ) from ( one ' s grip ) ; let go or fall 4 to issue ( a record , film , book , etc . ) for sale or circulation 5 to make ( news or information ) known or allow ( news , information , etc . ) to be made known to release details of an agreement 6 ( Law ) to relinquish ( a right , claim , title , etc . ) in favour of someone else 7 ( Ethology ) to evoke ( a response ) through the presentation of a stimulus that produces the response innately n 8 the act of freeing or state of being freed , as from captivity , imprisonment , duty , pain , life , etc . 9 the act of issuing for sale or publication 10 something issued for sale or public showing , esp . a film or a record a new release from Bob Dylan 11 a news item , document , etc . , made available for publication , broadcasting , etc . 12 ( Law ) the surrender of a claim , right , title , etc . , in favour of someone else 13 a control mechanism for starting or stopping an engine 14 a the opening of the exhaust valve of a steam engine near the end of the piston stroke b the moment at which this valve opens 15 the electronic control regulating how long a note sounds after a synthesizer key has been released 16 the control mechanism for the shutter in a camera ( C13 : from Old French relesser , from Latin relaxare to slacken ; see relax ) ♦ releaser n block release ( Brit ) the release of industrial trainees from work for study at a college for several weeks cable release a short length of flexible cable , used to operate the shutter of a camera without shaking it day release ( Brit ) a system whereby workers are released for part - time education without loss of pay happy release liberation , esp . by death , from an unpleasant condition press release an official announcement or account of a news item circulated to the press English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus release vb 1 deliver , discharge , disengage , drop , emancipate , extricate , free , let go , let out , liberate , loose , manumit , set free , turn loose , unbridle , unchain , undo , unfasten , unfetter , unloose , unshackle , untie 2 absolve , acquit , dispense , excuse , exempt , exonerate , let go , let off 3 break , circulate , disseminate , distribute , issue , launch , make known , make public , present , publish , put out , unveil 4 acquittal , deliverance , delivery , discharge , emancipation , freedom , liberation , liberty , manumission , relief 5 absolution , acquittance , dispensation , exemption , exoneration , let - off ( informal ) 6 announcement , issue , offering , proclamation , publication Antonyms 1 & 2 detain , engage , fasten , hold , imprison , incarcerate , keep suppress , withhold 4 & 5 detention , imprisonment , incarceration , internment English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus See also : block release cable release day release happy release Collaborative Dictionary English Definition cut sth loose n . to sth that is tied up acquittal n . 1 . the discharge or of a person appearing in . . . legal E.g After the clear a . . . | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/subject | subject definition , subject meaning | English dictionary English - French English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition subject n 1 a the predominant theme or topic , as of a book , discussion , etc . b ( in combination ) subject - heading 2 any branch of learning considered as a course of study 3 ( Grammar , logic ) a word , phrase , or formal expression about which something is predicated or stated in a sentence ; for example , the cat in the sentence The cat catches mice 4 a person or thing that undergoes experiment , analysis , treatment , etc . 5 a person who lives under the rule of a monarch , government , etc . 6 an object , figure , scene , etc . , as selected by an artist or photographer for representation 7 ( Philosophy ) a that which thinks or feels as opposed to the object of thinking and feeling ; the self or the mind b a substance as opposed to its attributes 8 ( Also called ) theme ( Music ) a melodic or thematic phrase used as the principal motif of a fugue , the basis from which the musical material is derived in a sonata - form movement , or the recurrent figure in a rondo 9 ( Logic ) the term of a categorial statement of which something is predicated the reference or denotation of the subject term of a statement . The subject of John is tall is not the name John , but John himself 10 an originating motive 11 ♦ change the subject to select a new topic of conversation adj usually postpositive and foll by : to 12 being under the power or sovereignty of a ruler , government , etc . subject peoples 13 showing a tendency ( towards ) a child subject to indiscipline 14 exposed or vulnerable subject to ribaldry 15 conditional upon the results are subject to correction adv 16 ♦ subject to prep under the condition that we accept , subject to her agreement vb tr 17 foll by : to to cause to undergo the application ( of ) they subjected him to torture 18 often passive ; foll by : to to expose or render vulnerable or liable ( to some experience ) he was subjected to great danger 19 foll by : to to bring under the control or authority ( of ) to subject a soldier to discipline 20 Now rare to subdue or subjugate 21 Rare to present for consideration ; submit 22 Obsolete to place below ( Abbrev . ) subj ( C14 : from Latin subjectus brought under , from subicere to place under , from sub - + jacere to throw ) subjectable adj subjectability n subjectless subject - like short subject ( Chiefly U.S ) a short film , esp . one presented between screenings of a feature film subject catalogue ( Library science ) a catalogue with entries arranged by subject in a classified sequence subject matter the substance or main theme of a book , discussion , debate , etc . subject - raising ( Transformational grammar ) a rule that moves the subject of a complement clause into the clause in which it is embedded , as in the derivation of He is likely to be late from It is likely that he will be late English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus subject 1 affair , business , field of enquiry or reference , issue , matter , object , point , question , subject matter , substance , theme , topic 2 case , client , guinea pig ( informal ) participant , patient , victim 3 citizen , dependant , liegeman , national , subordinate , vassal 4 at the mercy of , disposed , exposed , in danger of , liable , open , prone , susceptible , vulnerable 5 conditional , contingent , dependent 6 answerable , bound by , captive , dependent , enslaved , inferior , obedient , satellite , subjugated , submissive , subordinate , subservient vb 7 expose , lay open , make liable , put through , submit , treat English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus See also : subject to subject catalogue subject matter short subject Collaborative Dictionary English Definition uberize ( or uberise ) v . to ( an industry ) to a business model in which s . . . [ Bus . ] From the taxi co . . . Your guess is as good as mine exp . used to tell someone that you do not know any mor Ex : Jill : ' How long shoul | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/tasset | tasset definition , tasset meaning | English dictionary English - French English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition tasset , tasse ( less commonly ) tace n a piece of armour consisting of one or more plates fastened on to the bottom of a cuirass to protect the thigh ( C19 : from French tassette small pouch , from Old French tasse purse ) English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus See also : tasse tass tassel tassie Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-definition/unnerve | unnerve definition , unnerve meaning | English dictionary English - French English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition unnerve vb tr to cause to lose courage , strength , confidence , self - control , etc . English Collins Dictionary - English Definition & Thesaurus unnerve confound , daunt , demoralize , disarm , disconcert , discourage , dishearten , dismay , dispirit , faze , fluster , frighten , intimidate , psych out ( informal ) rattle ( informal ) shake , throw off balance , unhinge , unman , upset Antonyms arm , brace , encourage , hearten , nerve , steel , strengthen , support English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus See also : unnumbered uneven undervest undercover Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/arpent | arpent translation | English - French dictionary English Definition English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition arpent n . arpent Additional comments : See also : ardent are n ' t apparent are " : examples and translations in context After referring to the maximum value of $ 100 an , Cross J.A. continued at p . Et , après avoir référé à la valeur maximale de 100 $ l ' , le juge Cross de poursuivre à la p . Such land can not be valued at more than one hundred dollars per if it has an area of fifteen arpents or more . Telle terre ne peut être évaluée à plus de cent dollars l ' si elle a une superficie de quinze arpents ou plus . 524 , which provides that , in certain circumstances , a golf course " shall not be taxable at a value of more than " $ 500 an 524 , qui prescrit qu ' un terrain de golf , dans certaines circonstances , « n ' est pas imposable sur une valeur dépassant » 500 $ l ' The effect of the second paragraph would be identical if it provided that the land " shall not be taxable at a value of more than " $ 100 an , as does the next section of the Cities and Towns Act , s . L ' effet du deuxième alinéa serait identique s ' il prescrivait que la terre « n ' est pas imposable sur une valeur dépassant » 100 $ l ' comme le fait l ' article suivant de la Loi des cités et villes , l ' art . [ TRANSLATION ] If these properties are land under cultivation , the board of assessors had no right whatever to value them at over $ 100 an , and if it did so , it clearly exceeded its powers . Si ces propriétés sont des terres en culture , le bureau des ' estimateurs n ' avait aucun droit quelconque de les évaluer à plus de $ 100 l ' , et , s ' il l ' a fait , il a clairement outrepassé ses pouvoirs . Argent versus the state of Texas . " Argen contre l ' État du Texas " . See how “ ” is translated from English to French with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/bourbon | bourbon translation | English - French dictionary English Definition English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition bourbon n ( US ) bourbon whiskey bourbon m → I poured a little bourbon into my glass . Translation English - French Collins Dictionary See also : bourbon whiskey bourgeois bourse bourbon n . Additional comments : " : examples and translations in context A touch of never hurt anyone . Un doigt de n ' a jamais tué personne . That ' s what happens when meets whiskey . C ' est ce qui arrive quand on mélange et whisky . Passe - moi le téléphone . Maybe this is a salesman . Peut - être que c ' est le représentant en whisky Please tell me that is the talking . S ' il te plait dis - moi que c ' est le qui est en train de parler . Molten chocolate cake , with vanilla creme anglaise . Fondant au chocolat , avec de la crème anglaise à la vanille Best pitch today gets a bottle of Le meilleur lancement aujourd ' hui remporte une bouteille de See how “ ” is translated from English to French with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/carrot | carrot translation | English - French dictionary English Definition English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition carrot n ( = vegetable ) carotte f ( = inducement ) carotte f → Higher education grants are a carrot with which to entice students carrot and stick , carrot - and - stick adj [ approach , policy , tactics ] alternant la carotte et le bâton → This carrot - and - stick approach has paid off → The government is proclaiming a carrot - and - stick approach to the problem . to use a carrot and stick approach manier la carotte et le bâton → Congress wants to use a carrot and stick approach to force both sides to negotiate carrot cake n gâteau m à la carotte Translation English - French Collins Dictionary See also : carrot cake carrot and stick carrycot carry out carrot n . carotte Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary English - French top n . fane de carrotte cake gâteau à la carotte freak fana de carotte [ Med . ] baby exp . minicarotte and stick policy politique de la carotte et du bâton and stick method technique de la carotte et du bâton and stick tactics technique de la carotte et du bâton and stick strategy politique de la carotte et du bâton and stick approach and stick technique to use a and stick approach exp . manier la carotte et le bâton to dangle a in front of sb tendre la carotte à qn [ Fig . ] peas and carrots petits pois et carottes a pound of carrots une livre de carottes Carrots or peas ? - Neither , thanks . Des carottes ou des petits pois ? - Ni l ' un ni l ' autre m . . . » View all results * * * ' carrot ' also found in translations in French - English dictionary fane de carotte top cake à la carotte cake royale de carotte royale purée de carotte purée carottes râpées nfpl . grated coupe cut ; fit [ Fashion ] Slim - fit jea . . . la carotte et le bâton the and the stick la carotte ou le bâton the or the stick ; punishment or reward La récompens carottes core samples ; carrots [ Tech . ] boeuf - carottes nm . beef stew with carrots [ Gastr . ] Ils ont mangé » View all results | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/condolence | condolence translation | English - French dictionary English Definition English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition condolence n a message of condolence un message de condoléances a letter of condolence une lettre de condoléances → Neil sent him a letter of condolence . condolences npl condoléances fpl to send one ' s condolences envoyer ses condoléances to offer one ' s condolences présenter ses condoléances → She wished to offer her condolences . to express one ' s condolences exprimer ses condoléances , faire ses condoléances → He expressed his condolences to the families of the people who died in the incident . Translation English - French Collins Dictionary See also : condolences condense condone condolence n . condoléance Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary English - French message of npl . condoléances messages of npl . expressions des condoléances letter of n . lettre de condoléances a letter of exp . une lettre de condoléances a message of exp . un message de condoléances to send one ' s condolences envoyer ses condoléances to offer one ' s condolences présenter ses condoléances to express one ' s condolences faire ses condoléances exprimer ses condoléances * * * ' condolence ' also found in translations in French - English dictionary compassion condoléances exprimer ses condoléances vt . offer one ' s condolences toutes mes condoléances please accept my ( deepest ) condolences ; may I say h . . . mes sincères condoléances I wanted to express / allow me to express my deepest sy . . . " : examples and translations in context Some have phoned , written letters or signed books of Certains ont téléphoné , ont envoyé des lettres ou ont signé des registres de I did n ' t know calls were part of the job . J ' ignorais que les faisaient partie de votre mission . Mr President , ladies and gentlemen , I believe it is right that our Parliament should send the family of Mrs Reggiani a message of Monsieur le Président , Mesdames et Messieurs , je pense qu ' il n ' est que juste que le Parlement transmette à la famille de Mme Reggiani un message de condoléance We will convey those words of to the Government and people of Russia . Nous transmettrons ces au Gouvernement et au peuple russes . This is a letter of written to the mother . C ' est une lettre de écrite à la mère . France deplores the significant civilian losses and expresses its to the innocent victims and their families . La France déplore les importantes pertes civiles et exprime ses aux victimes innocentes et à leurs familles . See how “ ” is translated from English to French with more examples in context | [
"condolence"
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/furniture | furniture translation | English - French dictionary English Definition English Synonyms English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition furniture n meubles mpl , mobilier m → bedroom furniture piece of furniture meuble m → Each piece of furniture in their home suited the style of the house . to be part of the furniture humorous [ person , thing ] faire partie des meubles → in those offices , you are almost part of the furniture , and you can wander about pretty freely furniture mover n ( US ) déménageur furniture polish encaustique f furniture remover déménageur furniture shop magasin d ' ameublement furniture van camion de déménagement patio furniture meubles mpl de jardin piece of furniture meuble a useful piece of furniture un meuble pratique → This sideboard has been a really useful piece of furniture . reproduction furniture copies fpl de meubles anciens Translation English - French Collins Dictionary See also : furniture mover furniture polish furniture remover furniture shop furniture n . meubles Additional comments : Fab 59 Uncountable noun Ex : My husband and I bought some new furniture last w . . . Collaborative Dictionary English - French self - assembly exp . des meubles en kit ready - to - assemble n . meubles en kit ; meubles à assembler Also known as RTA , kn . . . * * * ' furniture ' also found in translations in French - English dictionary mobilier boutique d ' ameublement store rénovatrice du bois restorer fourgon de déménagement van maison d ' ameublement shop boutique de meubles store magasin de meubles encaustique polish dépoussiérant polish rénovatrice restorer » View all results | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-french/sympathy | Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition sympathy n ( = compassion ) compassion f → People feel immediate sympathy for a man left alone with his children . with our deepest sympathy avec nos sincères condoléances ( = support ) sympathie f I have some sympathy with this point of view . Je ne suis pas loin de partager ce point de vue . , J ' ai une certaine sympathie pour ce point de vue . to be in sympathy with [ + proposals , aims ] être en accord avec to come out in sympathy with sb ( = strike ) se solidariser avec qn → Workers downed tools and came out in sympathy with their colleagues . sympathies npl ( = political inclinations ) sympathies fpl His sympathies lie with the Liberals . Ses sympathies vont aux libéraux . Translation English - French Collins Dictionary See also : sympathies sympathise sympathize sympathy n . sympathie Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary English - French out of adv . par sympathie strike n . grève de solidarité [ Bus . ] to be in with exp . être en accord avec to come out in with sb exp . se solidariser avec qn somehow he still elicited from the audience s ' attirer qch de qn in deepest avec la plus grande compassion with our deepest avec nos sincères condoléances His sympathies lie with the Liberals . Ses sympathies vont aux libéraux . * * * ' sympathy ' also found in translations in French - English dictionary grève de soutien strike [ Bus . ] grève de sympathie mes sincères condoléances I wanted to express / allow me to express my deepest sy . . . faire une grève de solidarité v . strike in témoignage de sympathie expression of témoignages de sympathie expressions of croyez à toute ma sympathie you have my deepest | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-spanish/soup | soup translation | English - Spanish dictionary English - French English Definitions English Synonyms English for learners Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition soup a n ( thin ) caldo m , consomé m ( thick ) sopa f vegetable soup sopa f de verduras IDIOMS to be in the soup estar en apuros b cpd ♦ soup kitchen n comedor popular , olla común ♦ soup plate plato sopero soup spoon cuchara sopera soup tureen sopera Translation English - Spanish Collins Dictionary See also : duck soup fish soup lentil soup noodle soup oxtail soup exp . sopa de rabo de buey Entry related to : oxtail Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary English - Spanish watery soup n . la sopa clara vegetable exp . sopa de verduras minestrone sopa minestrone the is scalding la sopa está muy caliente the steamed invitingly la sopa echaba un vaporcito que invitaba a comerla of the day la sopa del día made me ill la sopa me sentó mal a clear una sopa clara finish your termínate la sopa finish your acábate la sopa cream of tomato sopa de crema de tomate to be in the estar en apuros ( IDIOMS ) it ' s just duck es pan comido it ' s just duck es coser y cantar to blow on one ' s enfriar la sopa soplando » View all results * * * ' soup ' also found in translations in Spanish - English dictionary plato hondo plate puré de guisantes pea [ Lit . ] sopa de verdura ( s ) vegetable la sopa está que pela this is piping hot esta sopa resucita a un muerto this really hits the spot [ Hum . ] crema de champiñones n . mushroom ; cream of mushroom ¡ termínate toda la sopa ! finish ( up ) your la sopa está quemando is boiling ( hot ) de primero hemos pedido sopa we ' ve ordered as a starter esta sopa no llena nada is n ' t really very filling » View all results " : examples and translations in context This gives us a delicious onion De esta forma obtenemos una deliciosa sopa de cebolla . Radish cream was a pleasant surprise . Sopa de crema de rábano fue una agradable sorpresa . One bowl of authentic Vulcan plomeek Un plato de auténtico caldo " plomeek " Vulcano . Our childhood was traumatised by chicken Nuestra infancia fue traumatizada por el caldo de gallina . Cold tomato with celery sorbet . Sopa fría de tomate con sorbete de apio . Turnip , carrots and pork - bone Nabo , zanahoria y sopa de cerdo hueso . See how “ ” is translated from English to Spanish with more examples in context | [
"soup"
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/emerge | emerge synonym , emerge definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition emerge 1 appear , arise , become visible , come forth , come into view , come out , come up , emanate , issue , proceed , rise , spring up , surface 2 become apparent , become known , come out , come out in the wash , come to light , crop up , develop , materialize , transpire , turn up Antonyms depart , disappear , enter , fade , fall , recede , retreat , sink , submerge , vanish from sight , wane , withdraw English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus emerge emerges 3rd person present emerging present participle emerged past tense & past participle 1 verb To emerge means to come out from an enclosed or dark space such as a room or a vehicle , or from a position where you could not be seen . Richard was waiting outside the door as she emerged . . . V The postman emerged from his van soaked to the skin . V from n . . .holes made by the emerging adult beetle . V - ing 2 verb If you emerge from a difficult or bad experience , you come to the end of it . There is growing evidence that the economy is at last emerging from recession . V from n 3 If a fact or result emerges from a period of thought , discussion , or investigation , it becomes known as a result of it . . . .the growing corruption that has emerged in the past few years . . . V It soon emerged that neither the July nor August mortgage repayment had been collected . . . it V that The emerging caution over numbers is perhaps only to be expected . V - ing 4 If someone or something emergesas a particular thing , they become recognized as that thing . ( JOURNALISM ) Vietnam has emerged as the world ' s third - biggest rice exporter . . . V as n New leaders have emerged . 5 When something such as an organization or an industry emerges , it comes into existence . ( JOURNALISM ) . . .the new republic that emerged in October 1917 . . . .the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : emergent emergency emergence eerie Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
"emerge"
] |
http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/enable | enable synonym , enable definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition enable allow , authorize , capacitate , commission , empower , entitle , facilitate , fit , license , permit , prepare , qualify , sanction , warrant Antonyms bar , block , hinder , impede , obstruct , prevent , stop , thwart English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus enable enables 3rd person present enabling present participle enabled past tense & past participle 1 verb If someone or something enables you to do a particular thing , they give you the opportunity to do it . The new test should enable doctors to detect the disease early . V n to - inf ♦ enabling adj Researchers describe it as an enabling technology . 2 verb To enable something to happen means to make it possible for it to happen . The hot sun enables the grapes to reach optimum ripeness . . . V n to - inf The working class is still too small to enable a successful socialist revolution . V n 3 To enable someone to do something means to give them permission or the right to do it . The republic ' s legislation enables young people to do a form of alternative service . ♦ adj ADJ n Some protection for victims must be written into the enabling legislation . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : enviable endurable enjoyable ennoble Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/persist | persist synonym , persist definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition persist 1 be resolute , continue , hold on ( informal ) insist , persevere , stand firm , stay the course 2 abide , carry on , continue , endure , hang in the air , keep up , last , linger , remain English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus persist persists 3rd person present persisting present participle persisted past tense & past participle 1 verb If something undesirable persists , it continues to exist . Contact your doctor if the cough persists . . . V These problems persisted for much of the decade . V 2 verb If you persistin doing something , you continue to do it , even though it is difficult or other people are against it . Why does Britain persist in running down its defence forces ? . . . V in - ing He urged the United States to persist with its efforts to bring about peace . . . V with / in n You have n ' t answered me , ' she persisted . . . V with quote When I set my mind to something , I persist . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : persistent persistence permit perspicuity Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/presence | Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition presence 1 attendance , being , companionship , company , existence , habitation , inhabitance , occupancy , residence 2 closeness , immediate circle , nearness , neighbourhood , propinquity , proximity , vicinity 3 air , appearance , aspect , aura , bearing , carriage , comportment , demeanour , ease , mien ( literary ) personality , poise , self - assurance 4 apparition , eidolon , ghost , manifestation , revenant , shade ( literary ) spectre , spirit , supernatural being , wraith presence of mind alertness , aplomb , calmness , composure , cool ( slang ) coolness , imperturbability , level - headedness , phlegm , quickness , sang - froid , self - assurance , self - command , self - possession , wits English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus presence presences plural 1 n - sing Someone ' s presence in a place is the fact that they are there . with poss ( Antonym : absence ) They argued that his presence in the village could only stir up trouble . . . , Her Majesty later honoured the Headmaster with her presence at lunch . 2 n - uncount If you say that someone has presence , you mean that they impress people by their appearance and manner . oft supp N ( approval ) Hendrix ' s stage presence appealed to thousands of teenage rebels . 3 n - count A presence is a person or creature that you can not see , but that you are aware of . LITERARY She started to be affected by the ghostly presence she could feel in the house . 4 n - sing If a country has a military presence in another country , it has some of its armed forces there . usu supp N The Philippine government wants the US to maintain a military presence in Southeast Asia . 5 n - uncount If you refer to the presence of a substance in another thing , you mean that it is in that thing . with poss ( Antonym : absence ) The somewhat acid flavour is caused by the presence of lactic acid . 6 If you are in someone ' s presence , you are in the same place as that person , and are close enough to them to be seen or heard . ♦ in someone ' s presence phrase PHR after v , v - link PHR The talks took place in the presence of a diplomatic observer . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : presence of mind pretence prescience present Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus digital death n . disconnection of active online and acc . . . [ Tech . ] pardon my French id . the phrase is uttered in an attempt to excuse the use . . . Syn . : excuse my French Virtual Identity exp . User ’ s online that hold the potential to be th [ Tech . ] Elvis has left the building exp . the show is over , you can go home , the main purpose was used in Elvis conce | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/productive | productive synonym , productive definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition productive 1 creative , dynamic , energetic , fecund , fertile , fruitful , generative , inventive , plentiful , producing , prolific , rich , teeming , vigorous 2 advantageous , beneficial , constructive , effective , fruitful , gainful , gratifying , profitable , rewarding , useful , valuable , worthwhile Antonyms barren , poor , sterile , unfertile , unfruitful , unproductive , unprofitable , useless English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus productive 1 adj Someone or something that is productive produces or does a lot for the amount of resources used . Training makes workers highly productive . . . , . . .fertile and productive soils . ♦ productively adv ADV with v The company is certain to reinvest its profits productively . 2 adj If you say that a relationship between people is productive , you mean that a lot of good or useful things happen as a result of it . ( = fruitful ) He was hopeful that the next round of talks would also be productive . . . ♦ productively adv ADV with v They feel they are interacting productively with elderly patients . counter - productive , counterproductive Something that is counter - productive achieves the opposite result from the one that you want to achieve . usu v - link ADJ In practice , however , such an attitude is counter - productive . . . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : product produce productivity production Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/refine | refine synonym , refine definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition refine 1 clarify , cleanse , distil , filter , process , purify , rarefy 2 civilize , cultivate , elevate , hone , improve , perfect , polish , temper English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus refine refines 3rd person present refining present participle refined past tense & past participle 1 verb When a substance is refined , it is made pure by having all other substances removed from it . usu passive Oil is refined to remove naturally occurring impurities . be V - ed ♦ refining n - uncount . . .oil refining . 2 verb If something such as a process , theory , or machine is refined , it is improved by having small changes made to it . usu passive ( = improve ) Surgical techniques are constantly being refined . be V - ed Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : refined refinement rein repine Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/tell | tell synonym , tell definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Conjugation Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition tell vb 1 acquaint , announce , apprise , communicate , confess , disclose , divulge , express , get off one ' s chest ( informal ) impart , inform , let know , make known , mention , notify , proclaim , reveal , say , speak , state , utter 2 authorize , bid , call upon , command , direct , enjoin , instruct , order , require , summon 3 chronicle , depict , describe , give an account of , narrate , portray , recount , rehearse , relate , report 4 comprehend , discern , discover , make out , see , understand 5 differentiate , discern , discriminate , distinguish , identify 6 carry weight , count , have or take effect , have force , make its presence felt , register , take its toll , weigh 7 calculate , compute , count , enumerate , number , reckon , tally tell off bawl out ( informal ) berate , carpet censure , chew out ( U.S. & Canad . informal ) chide , give ( someone ) a piece of one ' s mind , give ( someone ) a rocket ( Brit . & N.Z. informal ) haul over the coals lecture , read the riot act , rebuke , reprimand , reproach , reprove , scold , take to task , tear into tear ( someone ) off a strip ( Brit . informal ) tick off upbraid English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus tell tells 3rd person present telling present participle told past tense & past participle 1 verb If you tell someone something , you give them information . In the evening I returned to tell Phyllis our relationship was over . . . V n that I called Andie to tell her how spectacular the stuff looked . . . V n wh Claire had made me promise to tell her the truth . . . V n n I only told the truth to the press when the single was released as it seemed the perfect time to do it . . . V n to n Tell us about your moment on the summit . . . V n about n Her voice breaking with emotion , she told him : It does n ' t seem fair ' . V with quote 2 verb If you tell something such as a joke , a story , or your personal experiences , you communicate it to other people using speech . His friends say he was always quick to tell a joke . . . V n He told his story to The Sunday Times and produced photographs . . . V n to n Will you tell me a story ? V n n 3 If you tell someone to do something , you order or advise them to do it . A passer - by told the driver to move his car so that it was not causing an obstruction . . . V n to - inf 4 If you tellyourself something , you put it into words in your own mind because you need to encourage or persuade yourself about something . Come on ' , she told herself . . . V pron - refl with quote I told myself I would be satisfied with whatever I could get . V pron - refl that 5 If you can tell what is happening or what is true , you are able to judge correctly what is happening or what is true . no cont , oft with brd - neg It was already impossible to tell where the bullet had entered . . . V wh You can tell he ' s joking . V that 6 If you can tell one thing from another , you are able to recognize the difference between it and other similar things . no cont , oft with brd - neg I ca n ' t really tell the difference between their policies and ours . . . V n between pl - n How do you tell one from another ? . . . V n from n I had to look twice to tell which was Martinez ; they all looked alike . V wh 7 If you tell , you reveal or give away a secret . INFORMAL Many of the children know who they are but are not telling . V 8 If facts or events tell you something , they reveal certain information to you through ways other than speech . The facts tell us that this is not true . . . V n that I do n ' t think the unemployment rate ever tells us much about the future . . . V n amount The evidence of our eyes tells us a different story . . . While most of us feel fairly complacent about the nutrients we ' re getting from our diets , the facts tell a very different story . V n 9 If an unpleasant or tiring experience begins to tell , it begins to have a serious effect . The pressure began to tell as rain closed in after 20 laps . . . V 10 → telling → kiss and tell 11 You use as far as I can tell or so far as I could tell to indicate that what you are saying is based on the information you have , but that there may be things you do not know . ♦ as far as one can tell / so far as one can tell phrase ( vagueness ) As far as I can tell , Jason is basically a nice guy . . . 12 You can say I tell you ' , I can tell you ' , or I ca n ' t tell you ' to add emphasis to what you are saying . INFORMAL ♦ I tell you / I can tell you / I ca n ' t tell you convention ( emphasis ) I tell you this , I will not rest until that day has come . . . , This little letter gave us a few chuckles , I can tell you . . . 13 If you say You never can tell ' , you mean that the future is always uncertain and it is never possible to know exactly what will happen . you never can tell convention You never can tell what life is going to bring you . 14 If someone disagrees with you or refuses to do what you suggest and you are eventually proved to be right , you can say I told you so ' . I told you so Her parents did not approve of her decision and , if she failed , her mother would say , I told you so . ' 15 You use I ' ll tell you what or I tell you what to introduce a suggestion or a new topic of conversation . SPOKEN I ' ll tell you what / I tell you what I tell you what , I ' ll bring the water in a separate glass . 16 to tell the time time time will tell time tell apart phrasal verb If you can tell people or things apart , you are able to recognize the differences between them and can therefore identify each of them . Perhaps it is the almost universal use of flavourings that makes it so hard to tell the products apart . V n P tell off phrasal verb If you tell someone off , you speak to them angrily or seriously because they have done something wrong . He never listened to us when we told him off . . . V n P I ' m always being told off for being so awkward . . . V n P for n / - ing Dutch police told off two of the gang , aged 10 and 11 . V P n ( not pron ) tell on If you tell on someone , you give information about them to a person in authority , especially if they have done something wrong . Never mind , I wo n ' t tell on you . . . V P n I ' ll tell my mummy on you . V n P n kiss - and - tell If someone who has had a love affair with a famous person tells the story of that affair in public , for example in a newspaper or book , you can refer to this as a kiss - and - tell story . adj ADJ n . . .intimate photographs and kiss - and - tell revelations . tell - tale , telltale Something that is described as telltale gives away information , often about something bad that would otherwise not be noticed . adj ADJ n Only occasionally did the telltale redness around his eyes betray the fatigue he was suffering . Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : tall Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus initiative n . ability to make decisions and take action without w . . . I showed my initiative w . . . Your guess is as good as mine exp . used to someone that you do not know any mor Ex : Jill : ' How long shoul | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/english-synonyms/typical | typical synonym , typical definition | Thesaurus English - French English Definition English for learners Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition typical archetypal , average , bog - standard ( Brit . & Irish slang ) characteristic , classic , conventional , essential , illustrative , in character , indicative , in keeping , model , normal , orthodox , representative , standard , stock , true to type , usual Antonyms atypical , exceptional , out of keeping , out of the ordinary , singular , uncharacteristic , unconventional , unexpected , unique , unrepresentative , unusual English Collins Dictionary - English synonyms & Thesaurus typical 1 adj You use typical to describe someone or something that shows the most usual characteristics of a particular type of person or thing , and is therefore a good example of that type . Cheney is everyone ' s image of a typical cop : a big white guy , six foot , 220 pounds . . . 2 adj If a particular action or feature is typicalof someone or something , it shows their usual qualities or characteristics . usu v - link ADJ , oft ADJ of n ( = characteristic ) This reluctance to move towards a democratic state is typical of totalitarian regimes . . . , With typical energy he found new journalistic outlets . 3 If you say that something is typicalof a person , situation , or thing , you are criticizing them or complaining about them and saying that they are just as bad or disappointing as you expected them to be . usu v - link ADJ , oft ADJ of n ( feelings ) She threw her hands into the air . That is just typical of you , is n ' t it ? ' Translation English Cobuild Collins Dictionary See also : topical tropical typify topic Collaborative Dictionary English Thesaurus phablet n . blend of ' phone ' and ' tablet ' , a phablet is an oversized . . . Ex : Your phablet is a . . . Strillion n . The Most Ultimate Level Possible , Really Good Sc " Thats A Strillion Car archetype a perfect or speciman ; an original mo quintessential adj . Quintessential means representing a perfect or | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/don | don translation | French - English dictionary French Definition French Synonyms French Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition don nm ( = cadeau ) gift faire don de [ + biens ] to make a gift of [ + organes ] to donate ( charitable ) donation don en argent cash donation le don de soi self - sacrifice ( = aptitude ) gift , talent un don de Dieu a gift from God avoir un don pour to have a gift for , to have a talent for avoir des dons pour to have a gift for , to have a talent for avoir le don de faire ironique to have a knack of doing Elle a le don de m ' énerver . She ' s got a knack of getting on my nerves . don Juan nm Don Juan Translation French - English Collins Dictionary See also : don Juan donne donné donner don n . gift ; donation Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary French - English manuel n . hand - to - hand gift ; direct gift ; donation in cash or in kind [ Bus . ] ; [ Leg . ] don d ' une . . . Quichotte Don Quixote DON réinscriptible rewritable magneto - optical disk [ Comp . ] de soi self - sacrifice d ' ovule egg donation du ciel godsend du sang blood donation d ' organe nm . organ donation faire de exp . to donate faire de exp . to make a gift of d ' ovocyte egg donation en nature nm . donation in kind de gamète gamete donation en argent cash donation d ' entreprise corporate donation [ Bus . ] » View all results * * * ' don ' also found in translations in English - French dictionary giving River Don River donation [ Med . ] Philanderer Juan free - will gift volontaire donate v . [ Bus . ] donating pr . part faisant donated blood du sang [ Med . ] gamete donation de gamètes » View all results | [
"don"
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/papillon | papillon translation | French - English dictionary French Definition French Synonyms French Grammar Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition papillon nm ( = insecte ) butterfly ( = contravention ) ticket , parking ticket ( TECHNIQUE ) ( = écrou ) wing nut , butterfly nut brasse papillon nf butterfly - stroke nœud papillon nm bow tie papillon de nuit moth Translation French - English Collins Dictionary See also : brasse papillon nœud papillon papillonner papillon de nuit papillon nm . butterfly Additional comments : AprilS1 la papillon Collaborative Dictionary French - English monarque n . monarch butterfly minute exp . hold your horses ! ( US ) ; whoa , Nelly ! ( US ) ; hold o . . . [ Fam . ] Pas trop vite ! . . . nocturne n . nocturnal butterfly nage exp . vanne butterfly gate nage butterfly stroke effet butterfly effect écart butterfly spread [ Bus . ] brasse noeud nm . bow tie vanne butterfly valve ~ de nuit moth de comptage inventory ticket [ Bus . ] érythème en butterfly rash [ Med . ] chasseur de butterfly catcher chasseuse de butterfly catcher actionneur de throttle - salev actuator [ Tech . ] chasse au butterfly catching régulateur à wing nut regulator » View all results * * * ' papillon ' also found in translations in English - French dictionary compliment slip venturi adj . à [ Tech . ] butterfly nut écrou butterfly stroke brasse V tail empennage vee - tail empennage | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/french-english/sachet | sachet nm [ + thé , bonbons , lavande ] bag , small bag [ + sucre ] sachet [ + soupe ] packet thé en sachets tea bags sachet de thé tea bag du potage en sachet packet soup Translation French - English Collins Dictionary See also : sache sachant sacoche sac Collaborative Dictionary French - English n . package [ Bus . ] n . bag dose single - dose packet [ Med . ] de thé tea bag de glace ice pack thé en soupe en nf . packet soup du potage en exp . thé en sachets exp . tea bags * * * ' sachet ' also found in translations in English - French dictionary teabag de thé ice pack de glace ; banquise a little bag of goodies un de petits cadeaux " : examples and translations in context Ce matériau est respectueux de l ' environnement et le peut être fabriqué à faibles coûts . This material is environmentally friendly and the bag can be produced at low cost . Le volume interne comprend également un ( 62 ) en communication fluidique avec la cartouche . The internal volume also includes a ( 62 ) in fluid communication with the canister . Le contient une composition liquide . A fluid composition ( 38 ) is contained within the pouch Un contient cinq récipients unidoses . Five single - dose containers are provided in a pouch La désactivation est obtenue par l ' irradiation directe du de sang . Inactivation is effected by the immediate irradiation of the blood L ' invention concerne un qui peut éliminer des contaminants d ' un échantillon d ' eau . A that can remove contaminates from a water sample . See how “ ” is translated from French to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Buch | Buch translation | German - English dictionary German Definition German - French German - Spanish Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition Buch nt , - ( e ) s , - " er a book ( auch Bibl ) ( = Band ) volume ( = Drehbuch ) script über den Büchern sitzen to pore over one ' s books er redet wie ein Buch inf he never stops talking ein Gentleman , wie er im Buche steht a perfect example of a gentleman ein Tor , wie es im Buche steht a textbook or copybook goal das erste Buch Mose ( Bibl ) Genesis das Buch der Bücher the Book of Books das Goldene Buch der Stadt the VIP visitor ' s book ein Buch mit sieben Siegeln ( fig ) a closed book er ist für mich ein offenes or aufgeschlagenes Buch I can read him like a book sich ins Buch der Geschichte eintragen geh to enter one ' s name in the annals or book of history Buch machen ( Pferderennen ) to make a book b usu pl ( Comm ) ( = Geschäftsbuch ) books pl , accounts pl über etw ( $ ) Buch führen acc to keep a record of sth jdm die Bücher führen to keep sb ' s accounts or books zu Buch ( e ) schlagen to make a ( significant ) difference das schlägt mit 1000 Euro zu Buch ( e ) that gives you 1000 euros zu Buch stehen mit to be valued at Translation German - English Collins Dictionary See also : Buchs Buche Buchs Bucht Buch nn . book Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary German - English machen exp . to make a book das Hiob exp . the Book of Job zu schlagen to make a difference zu stehen mit to be valued at e schlagen to make a significant difference das erste Mose Genesis das der Bücher the Book of Books über etw führen to keep a record of sth ein neu auflegen to reprint a book ; to bring out a new edition of a book ein im Großdruck a large - print book diagonal lesen to skim { or } flick through a book mit Eselsohren a dog - eared book drucken lassen to have a book printed antiquarisch kaufen to buy a book second - hand das angelesene the book I have / she has { etc } started reading das Goldene the visitors ' book ein schlaues a clever book ein gehaltvolles a book which says a great deal ein bärenstarkes an amazing book gib mir dieses give me that book » View all results * * * ' Buch ' also found in translations in English - German dictionary John ' s book Johns to keep a tally of führen über to snap a book shut zuklappen to subscribe for a book vorbestellen to leaf through a book durchblättern this kind of book diese Art his most recent book sein neuestes a book in soft covers ein kartoniertes a book with some meat in it ein aussagestarkes " : examples and translations in context Interessanterweise wurde dieses 1938 veröffentlicht . Interestingly , this is a book that was published back in 1938 . Ich schreibe ein über diese Erfahrung . I just signed to write a about the whole experience . Verwalten Sie Belegnummern für jede Buchungskategorie im Maintain document sequences for each journal category within the ledger Interimspositionen , Rundungsdifferenzen und innerbetriebliche Ausgleichsbuchungen werden für jedes sekundäre separat generiert . Suspense , rounding imbalances , and intracompany balancing lines are generated independently for each secondary ledger Die Autoren präsentieren das als eine getreue Transkription dieser Diskussionen . The authors proclaim the to be a faithful transcription of these discussions . Meine Mutter will Eures Vaters der Schatten . My mother would have your father ' s of shadows . See how “ ” is translated from German to English with more examples in context | [
"Buch translation"
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Deez | Deez translation | German - English dictionary German Definition German - French German - Spanish Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition Deez m , - es , - e hum inf bonce ( Brit ) inf , head Translation German - English Collins Dictionary See also : Dez Demenz Deern dezent Deez " : examples and translations in context Wir machen das auf der ' We ' ll figure it out back at the ' Zurück auf die ' , Jungs . Back at the ' , boys . Die T - Shirts werden von Brand bedruckt , die eine solide Erfahrung in dem Geschäft haben . All shirts are screen printed by Brand which has a solid experience on the business . Wir fahren zur ' , tanken das Flugboot auf , schicken es auf Patrouille . We get to the ' , tank up that sky boat ; send it out on patrol Erblickt und öffnet eure Herzen für euren bescheidenen Gönner , euren spirituellen Hirten und Diktator fürs Leben , den Deacon der ' Turn your eyes and open your hearts to your humble benefactor , your spiritual shepherd and dictator for life , the Deacon of the ' Hast du nie vorher nie etwas von " deez nuts " gehört ? Never heard of deez nuts before ? See how “ ” is translated from German to English with more examples in context Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
"Deez"
] |
http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Heilige | Heilige translation | German - English dictionary German Definition German - French German - Spanish Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition Heilige Hei • li • ge m / f decl as adj ( lit , fig ) saint ein sonderbarer or wunderlicher Heiliger inf a queer fish ( Brit ) inf ( US ) , an odd bird Translation German - English Collins Dictionary See also : heiligen heilig Heiligkeit Heiligabend heilige Kuh exp . sacred cow Entry related to : heilig Kuh Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary German - English Heilige Maria exp . Holy Mary das Grab the Holy Sepulchre { or } Sepulcher der Gral the Holy Grail das Land the Holy Land der Geist the Holy Ghost { or } Spirit die Schrift the Holy Scriptures die Allianz the Holy Alliance Jungfrau the Blessed Virgin ; the Blessed { or } Holy Virgin heilige Veronika Saint Veronica heilige Kommunion Holy Communion Abendmahl Holy Communion Augustinus Saint Augustine Kühe schlachten to kill { or } slaughter sacred cows [ Fig . ] Geist / Vater / Stuhl the Holy Spirit / Father / See Dreifaltigkeit / Familie / Stadt the Holy Trinity / Family / City Römische Reich the Holy Roman Empire Johanna von Orléans Saint Joan of Arc » View all results * * * ' Heilige ' also found in translations in English - German dictionary sacred duty Pflicht the Holy Grail Gral the Holy Sepulchre Grab the Holy See Stuhl the Holy City Stadt the Holy Father Vater the Holy Spirit Geist the Holy Writ Schrift the Sacrament Sakrament the Blessed { or } Holy . . . St Francis Franziskus » View all results " : examples and translations in context Sie erhielten eine Vorladung das Offizium . You have received a summons from the Holy Office . Das Römische Reich existierte bis 1806 . The Holy Roman Empire ceased to exist in 1806 . Pferde stehen im Zentrum unserer Kultur . Our culture revolves around our sacred horses , Mr . Hopkins . Birma sind mittelgroße und halblanghaarige Katzen . Sacred Birman are medium in size and are semi - longhaired cats . Es gibt keine ohne eine Vergangenheit . There ' s no such thing as a saint without a past . Hier verehren wir unsere geliebte und Märtyrerin . This is where we worship . . . our beloved and martyr . See how “ ” is translated from German to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Kaiser | Kaiser translation | German - English dictionary German Definition German - French German - Spanish Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition Kaiser Kai • ser m , - s , - emperor der deutsche Kaiser the German Emperor , the Kaiser des Kaisers neue Kleider ( fig ) the emperor ' s new clothes wo nichts ist , hat der Kaiser sein Recht verloren ( Prov ) you ca n ' t get blood from a stone gebt dem Kaiser , was des Kaisers ist ! ( Bibl ) render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar ' s ( da , ) wo selbst der Kaiser zu Fuß hingeht dated hum the smallest room ( in the house ) hum das ist ein Streit um des Kaisers Bart that ' s just splitting hairs er kommt sich vor wie der Kaiser von China inf he thinks he ' s the king of the castle , he thinks he ' s God → Kaiserin Translation German - English Collins Dictionary See also : Karies Kaiserin Kaisertum Kanister Kaiser Rotbart exp . Emperor Frederick Barbarossa Entry related to : Rotbart Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary German - English nieder mit dem Kaiser exp . down with the wir , Wilhelm , von . . . we , William , Emperor of . . . wo selbst der zu Fuß hingeht the smallest room gebt dem , was des Kaisers ist ! render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar ' s der deutsche the German Emperor ; the des Kaisers neue Kleider the emperor ' s new clothes [ Fig . ] das ist ein Streit um des Kaisers Bart that ' s just splitting hairs * * * ' Kaiser ' also found in translations in English - German dictionary once he had established his power as Emperor als er seine Macht als begründet hatte he made himself Emperor for life er krönte { oder } machte sich selbst zum auf Le . . . after his proclamation as Emperor nach seiner Proklamation zum " : examples and translations in context Ein römischer wird erpresst wie ein gewöhnlicher Ladenbesitzer . A Roman emperor , subject to extortion like a common shopkeeper . Barbarossa weiß , dass eine dauerhafte Besetzung unbezahlbar ist . The Emperor Barbarossa knows we ca n ' t afford a military occupation indefinitely . Ritter Partner betreut sowohl Privatkunden wie auch professionelle Finanzdienstleister . Ritter Partner serves both private clients and professionals . Für die Nutzung dieser Serviceleistung von SkiWelt Wilder - Brixental Marketing GmbH sind entsprechende Zugangsdaten erforderlich . Welcome to SkiWelt Wilder - Brixental Marketing GmbH service . You will require your email address and password to enter this site . Er erzählte von den deutschen Sozialisten und ihrem He was telling me about the German socialists and their king Weil das Maschinengewehr dem gehört . Because the machine gun is property of the See how “ ” is translated from German to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/german-english/Zimmermann | Zimmermann translation | German - English dictionary German Definition German - French German - Spanish Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition Zimmermann Zim • mer • mann m - leute pl carpenter jdm zeigen , wo der Zimmermann das Loch gelassen hat inf to show sb the door Translation German - English Collins Dictionary See also : zimmern Zimmermannsbeil Zimmermannsstek Zimmer die Axt im Haus erspart den Zimmermann exp . self - help is the best help Entry related to : Axt Additional comments : Zimmermann " : examples and translations in context In Kafarnaum nennen sie diesen ihren König . Sire , in Capernaum they are calling this carpenter their king . Das ist Frank Towland , And that ' s Frank Towland , the Lutz verbindet Beratungskompetenz und journalistisches Handwerk . Lutz combines consulting expertise with sound journalistic skills . Das Deckengemälde stammt von Johann Baptist The painting of the ceiling was created by Johann Baptist Ein fertigte mir ein hölzernes Alphabet an . I had a make an alphabet in wooden letters . 16 Jahre als und Maurer . Sixteen years a , a mason . See how “ ” is translated from German to English with more examples in context | [
"Zimmermann",
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/andare | andare translation | Italian - English dictionary Italian - French Italian - Spanish Italian - German Italian - Portuguese Conjugation Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition andare 1 vi irreg , ( aus essere ) a ( gen ) to go andare in bicicletta to cycle andare a casa to go home andare a cavallo to ride dove va ( messa ) questa vite ? where does this screw go ? andare a letto to go to bed andare lontano ( anche ) ( fig ) to go far andare in macchina to drive andare a male to go bad andare per i 50 ( età ) to be getting on for 50 andare in città a piedi to walk to town andare a Roma to go to Rome andrò all ' università l ' anno prossimo I ' m going to university next year vado e vengo I ' ll be back in a minute andare e venire to come and go b ( essere ) se non vado errato if I ' m not mistaken va fatto entro oggi it ' s got to be done today andare fiero di qc / qn to be proud of sth / sb ne va della nostra vita our lives are at stake vado pazzo per la pizza I ' m crazy about pizza , I adore pizza la situazione va peggiorando the situation is getting worse andare perduto to go missing non va trascurato il fatto che . . . we should n ' t forget o overlook the fact that . . . va sempre vestita di rosso she always wears red c ( salute , situazione ) come va ? - - bene grazie how are you ? - - fine thanks va bene ( d ' accordo ) all right , O.K fam ti è andata bene you got away with it andare di bene in meglio to get better and better com ' è andata ? how did it go ? come va ( la salute ) ? - - va bene how are you ? - - I ' m fine come va la scuola ? how ' s school ? come vai a scuola ? how are you getting on at school ? d ( funzionare ) to work la macchina va a benzina the car runs on petrol non riesco a far andare la macchina I ca n ' t start the car la lavatrice non va the washing machine wo n ' t work e andare a qn ( calzare , scarpe , vestito ) to fit sb ( essere gradito ) quest ' idea non mi va I do n ' t like this idea questi jeans non mi vanno più these jeans do n ' t fit me any more ti va il cioccolato ? do you like chocolate ? ti va di andare al cinema ? do you feel like going to the cinema ? ti va ( bene ) se ci vediamo alle 5 ? is it ok if we meet at 5 ? f ( essere venduto ) to sell ( essere di moda ) to be fashionable un modello che va molto a style that sells well g ( + infinito ) andare a pescare to go fishing andare a prendere qc / qn to go and get sth / sb andare a sciare to go skiing andare a vestirsi to go and get dressed h ( fraseologia ) va là che ti conosco bene come off it , I know you too well vai a quel paese ! fam get lost ! vada per una birra ok , I ' ll have a beer chi va piano va sano e va lontano ( Proverbio ) more haste less speed va da sé ( è naturale ) it goes without saying per questa volta vada let ' s say no more about it this time andiamo ! let ' s go ! ( coraggio ! ) come on ! i andarsene to go away me ne vado I ' m off , I ' m going se ne sono andati they ' ve gone j ( + avverbio , preposizione ) → fuori , via ecc 2 sm a lungo andare in time , in the long run con l ' andar del tempo with the passing of time racconta storie a tutto andare she ' s forever talking rubbish andare e venire coming and going Translation Italian - English Collins Dictionary See also : annodare Ande andante adunare andare a cena v . go to dinner ; have dinner ; get dinner Additional comments : NisaA per andare all ' universita Collaborative Dictionary Italian - English devo andare via exp . I have to leave a pranzo v . go to lunch ; get lunch d ' accordo get along fuori di testa freak out ; flip ; become crazy ; become nuts [ Fam . ] fare fuori di testa drive you crazy ; drive up the wall ; drive you nuts ; . . . fare andare + alg + fuori . . . * * * ' andare ' also found in translations in English - Italian dictionary sell like hot cakes a ruba go to the scales al peso [ Sport ] get lunch a pranzo be after sb a cercare qn wear on avanti lentamente ; passare go get something to eat a prendere qualcosa da mangiare ride in bicicletta ; cavalcare ; in moto sack out vi . a letto ; a dormire ; a nann [ Coll . ] ; [ US ] Ex . : It ' s ti hit the sack a letto ; a dormire ; buttarsi a letto ; [ Inform . ] ; [ US ] Ex . : I ' move ahead al comando ; in testa ; prender [ Sport ] » View all results " : examples and translations in context Non dimenticare di all ' ospedale . Do n ' t forget to go to the clinic . Perché non dovevo a scuola . Because I did n ' t have to go to school . Non la lascio via conciato così . I ' m not letting you walk out of here like this . No , posso a piedi . No , I can walk . I thought your feet were like . . . Dovresti al cinema con Larry . You should to the movies with Larry . Tu devi nella mia soffitta . But your mission is to to my attic . See how “ ” is translated from Italian to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/badia | badia translation | Italian - English dictionary Italian - French Italian - Spanish Italian - German Italian - Portuguese Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition badia sf abbey Translation Italian - English Collins Dictionary See also : bada baia biada bandita badia " : examples and translations in context Ho votato a favore della relazione Badia i Cutchet a sostegno di Internet degli oggetti . I voted in favour of the Badia i Cutchet report in support of the creation of an Internet of Things . Signor Presidente , onorevoli colleghi , vorrei anzitutto ringraziare l ' onorevole Badia i Cutchet per la relazione di iniziativa sugli studi artistici nell ' Unione europea . Mr President , ladies and gentlemen , I would like , first of all , to thank Mrs Badia i Cutchet for her own - initiative report on artistic studies in the European Union . Accolgo con favore la relazione presentata dalla collega i Cutchet in merito agli studi artistici nell ' Unione Europea . I welcome the report by Mrs Cutchet on artistic studies in the European Union . Signora Presidente , vorrei esprimere alcune mie osservazioni su questa relazione dell ' onorevole i Cutchet sul miglioramento della qualità della formazione degli insegnanti , che reputo eccellente . Madam President , I wish to say a few words about this report by Mrs Cutchet on improving the quality of teacher education , which I think is an excellent one . Se ancora non lo avete fatto , vi esorto a leggere l ' ottima relazione dell ' onorevole i Cutchet . I would urge you all , if you have not read it yet , to read Mrs Cutchet ' s splendid report . La relazione dell ' onorevole i Cutchet sul miglioramento della qualità della formazione degli insegnanti tocca alcuni temi molto importanti . The report from Ms Cutchet on improving the quality of teacher education today touches on some important issues . See how “ ” is translated from Italian to English with more examples in context Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/opera | opera translation | Italian - English dictionary Italian - French Italian - Spanish Italian - German Italian - Portuguese Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition opera sf a ( attività , lavoro ) work ( azione rilevante ) action , deed , work mettersi / essere all ' opera to get down to / be at work vedere qn all ' opera to see sb in action abbiamo ottenuto quell ' aumento per opera sua it was thanks to him that we got the rise fare opera di persuasione presso qn to try to convince sb fare opere buone o di carità to do good works o works of charity b ( lavoro materiale ) work , piece of work ♦ opera di scavo excavation work sg ♦ opere pubbliche ( Amm ) public works opere di restauro restoration work sg c ( produzione artistica , nell ' insieme ) works pl ( libro , quadro ) work le opere più importanti di Dante Dante ' s most important works opera d ' arte work of art d ( ente ) foundation , institution , organization opera pia religious charity e ( Mus ) opus ( melodramma ) opera ( teatro ) opera ( house ) opera buffa comic opera opera lirica ( grand ) opera f ( Naut ) opera morta topsides pl opera viva bottom Translation Italian - English Collins Dictionary See also : opera buffa opera pia opera d ' arte opera di scavo opera di adduzione nf . inlet structure [ Tech . ] Additional comments : ' opera ' found in translations in English - Italian dictionary masterpiece n . capolavoro ; d ' arte " : examples and translations in context Sarà un piacere vederla all ' It ' ll be a pleasure to see you at Sembra di un macellaio dilettante . The of an amateur butcher , I should say . Controllerò l ' intervento mentre lui I ' ll monitor the surgery while he operates BPB principalmente nel Sud Italia . BPB operates mainly in the south of Italy . Spostati amico , devo mettermi all ' Watch out , man . I got to get to Dev ' essere stata del demonio . It has to have been the Devil ' s See how “ ” is translated from Italian to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/pasquale | pasquale translation | Italian - English dictionary Italian - French Italian - Spanish Italian - German Italian - Portuguese Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition pasquale agg Easter attr Translation Italian - English Collins Dictionary See also : colomba pasquale Pasqua pasquetta passabile pasquale " : examples and translations in context Saremo qui per la parata We ' ll be here for the Easter Parade . Farai tardi per la parata You ' ll be late for the Easter Parade . Don Pasquale , forse non vi siete informato bene . Don Pasca ' , maybe you ' re not well informed . Probabilmente voleva chiamare il coniglietto He was probably trying to call the Bunny . In confronto a Klaus , Elijah era il coniglietto No . Elijah was the easter bunny Compared to Klaus . Pensavano che il coniglietto fosse morto . They thought that the Bunny was dead . See how “ ” is translated from Italian to English with more examples in context Add your entry in the Collaborative Dictionary . Suggest or Ask for translation / definition | [
"pasquale",
"Italian"
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/Carmen | Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition carmen 1 sm ( en Granada ) villa with a garden Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary carmen 2 sm liter song , poem Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary See also : Carmen carmenar cardumen carmín Carmen no ha llegado todavía exp . Carmen has n ' t arrived yet Entry related to : llegar Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary Spanish - English Carmen no podía abrocharse el vestido exp . could n ' t do up her dress ¿ de qué signo es what ( star ) sign is - - hola , ¿ está ? - - no , no está " hello , is in ? " - - " no , I ' m afraid she is n ' t " ¿ Conoces a ? Ven que te la presento Have you met ? Come and I ' ll introduce you un fuerte abrazo , best wishes , un fuerte abrazo , love , * * * ' Carmen ' also found in translations in English - Spanish dictionary C for Charlie C de " : examples and translations in context Foto tomada por Dª Pérez . This picture was taken by Mrs . Pérez . Luna . . . ha añadido canciones . Songs have been added . . . by Luna . Mi verdadero nombre es , horrible . My real name is . That ' s hideous , too . , no quiero hacerte enfadar . , I do n ' t mean to make you mad . Miranda clausura el Lido Terrace . Miranda ' s closing at the Lido Terrace . , Llevas divorciada dos años . , you ' ve been divorced for two years now . See how “ ” is translated from Spanish to English with more examples in context | [
"Carmen",
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/camaron | camaron translation | Spanish - English dictionary Spanish Definition Spanish - French Real Academia Española Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition camaron n . shrimp Additional comments : camarón sm 1 ( Zool ) shrimp 2 ( CAm ) ( = propina ) tip , gratuity 3 ( Andes ) ( = traidor ) turncoat hacer camarón to change sides , go over to the other side o camp 4 ( CAm ) ( = trabajo ) casual o occasional work 5 ( Cono Sur ) ( = litera ) bunk ( bed ) Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary See also : camastrón camarín camaronear camaronero Collaborative Dictionary Spanish - English hacer camarón exp . go over to the other side { o } camp exp . to change sides * * * ' camaron ' also found in translations in English - Spanish dictionary when you snooze , you lose el que espabila pierde ; camarón que se duerme . . . camaron " : examples and translations in context Pero si usted piensa de ello , las cabezas de camarón tienen todos los jugos del camarón , sin desperdiciar del , y proporciona a un gran cuate en las aguas abajo . But if you think about it , shrimp heads have all the juices of the shrimp , yet waste none of the bodies , and provide a great chum in the waters below . No , no , de hecho , tengo una reunión con Pablito Camaron y . . . No , No , actually , I have a meeting with the Pablito Camaron and . . . Tipo : Propiedad de 8155 m2 , Casa 85 m2 , Cancha fubol 5 , Bodega 220 m2 , Laguna de tilapia y Provincia : Cartago Ci . . . Type : Comercial Province : Heredia City : san Rafael Heredia Price : $ 850,000.00 Lot m2 : 10000 Size ( m2 ) : 1,300 Bedrooms : 8 Cabins Description : New Touri . . . Hay camarón a la piña . . . y al limón , al coco , . . . pimentado . . . sópa de , guisado de . . . ensalada de . . . con papas . . . hamburguesa de . . . sándwich de There ' s pineapple , lemon , coconut shrimp , pepper . . . shrimp soup , stew , salad , and potatoes , burger , sandwich . . . Tienen gigante , aderezado , hervido . . . They got jumbo , batter - dipped , tempura . . . Tenemos huevos benedictinos servidos con camarones We have a seafood eggs Benedict served with the blackened See how “ ” is translated from Spanish to English with more examples in context Join Reverso Sign up Login Login Advertising | [
"camarón"
] |
http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/pantalones | pantalones translation | Spanish - English dictionary Spanish Definition Spanish - French Real Academia Española Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition pantalones bombachos nmpl . bloomers Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary Spanish - English pantalones bermudas nmpl . bermuda shorts pantalones vaqueros exp . jeans unos exp . a pair of trousers { o } pants de pinzas pleated trousers de pinzas trousers with waist pleats cosió los a mano she sewed the trousers by hand llevar los bien puestos to have guts [ Latam ] Caribe ; ( MO . . . ir con to be wearing trousers bajarse los to swallow one ' s pride [ ES ] ; [ Fig . ] bajarse los to take { o } pull one ' s trousers down [ Lit . ] lo último en the latest thing in trousers un par de a pair of trousers { o } pants salió sujetándose los he came out holding his trousers up se cagó en los he messed his pants se cagó en los he shat himself ser una bajada de to be a shameful action [ Latam ] ( MODISMOS ) » View all results * * * ' pantalones ' also found in translations in English - Spanish dictionary pants npl . britches n . los a pair of trousers unos a pair of pants [ US ] a pair of shorts cortos bermudas n . los bermudas Bermuda shorts knickers bombachos short / long trousers cortos / largos riding breeches de montar » View all results pantalón sm smpl 1 trousers , pants ( EEUU ) un pantalón , unos pantalones , un par de pantalones a pair of trousers o ( EEUU ) pants bajarse los pantalones ( lit ) to take o pull one ' s trousers down ( Esp ) ( fig ) to swallow one ' s pride MODISMOS es ella la que lleva los pantalones she ' s the one who wears the trousers MODISMOS llevar los pantalones bien puestos ( Caribe ) to have guts ♦ pantalones cortos shorts ♦ pantalones de corsario pirate trousers pantalones de esquí ski pants pantalón de montar riding breeches pl pantalón pitillo drainpipe trousers pl pantalones tejanos , pantalones vaqueros jeans 2 ( Andes ) ( = hombre ) man , male 3 ( Caribe ) ( = coraje ) guts , courage PANTALONES , ZAPATOS , GAFAS Uso de " pair " Para especificar el número de objetos que constan de dos piezas que forman parte de un juego de dos , se debe usar en inglés el partitivo pair of + SUSTANTIVO : Tengo dos pares de zapatos I ' ve got two pairs of shoes La misma regla se aplica cuando se trata de objetos compuestos por dos piezas simétricas : ¿ Cuántos pantalones meto en la maleta ? How many pairs of trousers shall I pack ? ! ! Si no queremos especificar el número de objetos , no es necesario utilizar pair : ¿ Puede arreglarme las gafas ? I wondered if you could mend my glasses ? → gafa → pantalón zapato traje - pantalón sm trajes - pantalón trouser suit Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary See also : pantalones cortos pantalones tejanos pantalones vaqueros pantalones de corsario " : examples and translations in context Jugaban con sus faldas y They would play with their skirts and pants Creo que debería ponerme unos I guess I should put on some También tiene que bajarse los And also , you have to put off your trousers En realidad , prefiero los Well , sire , in truth , I prefer the trousers Y tú también para largos . And you ' re too young for long Quiere ayudarte a quitarte los He ' d like to help you out of your See how “ ” is translated from Spanish to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/problema | problema translation | Spanish - English dictionary Spanish Definition Spanish - French Real Academia Española Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition problema a sm 1 ( = dificultad ) problem el problema del paro the problem of unemployment el problema es que no tengo tiempo the problem is I do n ' t have time si hay algún problema dímelo let me know if there is any problem ¿ tienes problemas de dinero ? do you have any money worries o financial problems ? este coche nunca me ha dado problemas this car has never given me any trouble no quiero problemas I do n ' t want any trouble 2 ( Mat ) problem 3 ( Méx ) ( = accidente ) accident , mishap b adj inv ( = problemático ) problem antes de s niño problema problem child Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary See also : problemática problemático problematizar probable niño problema exp . problem child Entry related to : problema Additional comments : Collaborative Dictionary Spanish - English de fondo nm . basic problem un enturcado exp . a knotty problem el del paro the problem of unemployment el de fondo the basic { o } fundamental { o } underlying problem se agudiza the problem is becoming more acute un sin solucionar an unsolved problem de cierta entidad nm . problem of certain significance siempre presente an ever - present problem resolver un negociadamente to settle a problem by negotiation su mayor his biggest { o } greatest problem obviar un to get round a problem la clave del the key to the problem su visión del his view of the problem el mal llamado what people wrongly consider a problem el alcance del the extent of the problem la globalidad del the problem in its widest sense desahogarse de un to get out of a difficulty enfrascarse en un to get deeply involved in a problem la globalidad del the problem as a whole el planteamiento del the way the problem is set out [ Mat . ] » View all results * * * ' problema ' also found in translations in English - Spanish dictionary hassle - free adj . sin a problem incapable of solution insoluble known problem n . conocido [ INFO ] usual run of problem n . habitual I know the problem ! conozco el to grapple with a problem confrontar un [ Fig . ] without a hitch sin ningún attack a problem vt . abordar un do the trick v . resolver el " : examples and translations in context Espero que decida cómo se debería tratar el I would expect him to decide how the should be dealt with . Debemos ayudarles a afrontar este We must help them deal with that Creo que con esto podemos zanjar el I believe that with this in mind this issue can be settled . Debemos trabajar unidos con nuestros vecinos europeos para atajar este We need to work together with our European neighbours to tackle this issue Porque puedo darte tras ' Cause I can match you trouble for trouble Nunca crearé un para resolver un I will never give a Trouble to solve a Trouble See how “ ” is translated from Spanish to English with more examples in context | [
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http://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/usted | usted translation | Spanish - English dictionary Spanish Definition Spanish - French Real Academia Española Search also in : Web News Encyclopedia Images Context Search Definition Synonyms Conjugate Speak Suggest new translation / definition usted pron pers 1 ( en singular ) you ( polite or formal address ) esto es para usted this is for you lo haremos sin usted we ' ll do it without you - - muchas gracias - - a usted " thank you very much " - - " thank YOU " el coche de usted your car mi coche y el de usted my car and yours hablar o llamar o tratar de usted a algn to use the " usted " form with sb , address sb using the " usted " form no me hables de usted , que no soy tan vieja you need n ' t use the " usted " form with me - - I ' m not that old 2 ustedes you ( polite or formal address in most of Spain and replaces vosotros in Latin America ) gracias a todos ustedes podremos pagarlo thanks to all of you we shall be able to pay it pasen ustedes , por favor please come in a ver , niños ¿ ustedes qué quieren para cenar ? ( esp LAm ) right , what do you children want for tea ? hágalo usted mismo sm do - it - yourself Translation Spanish - English Collins Dictionary See also : usted Usted hágalo usted mismo Collaborative Dictionary Spanish - English dirá exp . can I help you ? dirá exp . go ahead say when ¿ gusta may I offer you some ? ¡ explíquese explain yourself ! ¡ dispénseme I beg your pardon ! aguarde I ' m coming to that como guste as you wish si gusta if you do n ' t mind si gusta if you please como guste as you please tire adelante go straight on júzguelo misma judge for yourself puede retirarse you may leave es muy bueno you are very kind mismo puede despacharse you can serve yourself » View all results * * * ' usted ' also found in translations in English - Spanish dictionary you ' ll v . va You ll do something . . . it ' s your choice elige the choice is yours elige I leave it to you to judge júzguelo ( just ) as you wish desee will you sit down ? tome asiento just as you wish quiera as you prefer quiera as you prefer prefiera any time you want adv . adj . cuando » View all results " : examples and translations in context Usted y . Conmigo . All right , you you and , with me . Con y With and Entonces debe ir al Ministerio de Teléfonos . . . y conseguir mismo un teléfono . Then must go to the Ministry of Telephones and get yourself a telephone . Sugiero que empiece reconectando esos cables . . . y explote los pozos mismo . I suggest start by reconnecting those wires and blowing up the wells yourself Pero entonces necesita tiempo para But then need time for Lo que necesita a vivir con mismo . . . y su abuela . Whatever need to live with . . . and your grandma . See how “ ” is translated from Spanish to English with more examples in context | [
"usted"
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Animal%20echolocation/en-en/ | Animal echolocation update A depiction of the ultrasound signals emitted by a bat , and the echo from a nearby object . Echolocation , also called biosonar , is the biological sonar used by several kinds of animals . Echolocating animals emit calls out to the environment and listen to the echoes of those calls that return from various objects near them . They use these echoes to locate and identify the objects . Echolocation is used for navigation and for foraging ( or hunting ) in various environments . Echolocating animals include some mammals and a few birds ; most notably microchiropteran bats and odontocetes ( toothed whales and dolphins ) , but also in simpler form in other groups such as shrews , one genus of megachiropteran bats ( Rousettus ) and two cave dwelling bird groups , the so called cave swiftlets in the genus Aerodramus ( formerly Collocalia ) and the unrelated Oilbird Steatornis caripensis The term echolocation was coined by Donald Griffin , whose work with Robert Galambos was the first to conclusively demonstrate its existence in bats in 1938 . Long before that , however , the 18th century Italian scientist Lazzaro Spallanzani had , by means of a series of elaborate experiments , concluded that bats navigate by hearing and not by vision . Echolocation in odontocetes was not properly described until two decades later , by Schevill and McBride . Contents 1 Basic principle 2 Bats 2.1 Calls and ecology 2.2 Acoustic features 2.3 FM Signal Advantages 2.3.1 CF Signal Advantages 2.3.2 Acoustic environments of FM and CF signals 2.4 Neural mechanisms in the brain 2.5 Inner ear and primary sensory neurons 2.6 Inferior colliculus 2.7 Auditory cortex 3 Toothed whales 4 Oilbirds and swiftlets 5 Shrews and tenrecs 6 See also 7 Footnotes 8 References 9 External links Basic principle Echolocation is the same as active sonar , using sounds made by the animal itself . Ranging is done by measuring the time delay between the animal ' s own sound emission and any echoes that return from the environment . The relative intensity of sound received at each ear as well as the time delay between arrival at the two ears provide information about the horizontal angle ( azimuth ) from which the reflected sound waves arrive . Unlike some man - made sonars that rely on many extremely narrow beams and many receivers to localize a target ( multibeam sonar ) , animal echolocation has only one transmitter and two receivers ( the ears ) . Echolocating animals have two ears positioned slightly apart . The echoes returning to the two ears arrive at different times and at different loudness levels , depending on the position of the object generating the echoes . The time and loudness differences are used by the animals to perceive distance and direction . With echolocation , the bat or other animal can see not only where it is going but also how big another animal is , what kind of animal it is , Bats Spectrogram of Pipistrellus Bat vocalizations . Detail is shown as the pulses transition to a faster repetition rate . The bat appears to use a hybrid pulse which combines a sharp falling frequency chirp with an extended constant frequency tail . Such a waveform may offer combined benefits of range estimation as well as Doppler shift detection . Spectrogram generated with Fatpigdog ' s PC based Real Time FFT Spectrum Analyzer Microbats use echolocation to navigate and forage , often in total darkness . They generally emerge from their roosts in caves , attics , or trees at dusk and hunt for insects into the night . Their use of echolocation allows them to occupy a niche where there are often many insects ( that come out at night since there are fewer predators then ) and where there is less competition for food , and where there are fewer other species that may prey on the bats themselves . Microbats generate ultrasound via the larynx and emit the sound through the open mouth or , much more rarely , the nose . The latter is most pronounced in the horseshoe bats Rhinolophus spp . ) . Microbat calls range in frequency from 14,000 to well over 100,000 Hz , mostly beyond the range of the human ear ( typical human hearing range is considered to be from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz ) . Bats may estimate the elevation of targets by interpreting the interference patterns caused by the echoes reflecting from the tragus , a flap of skin in the external ear . There are two hypotheses about the evolution of echolocation in bats . The first suggests that laryngeal echolocation evolved twice in Chiroptera , once in Yangochiroptera and once in the rhinolophoids . The second proposes that laryngeal echolocation had a single origin in Chiroptera , was subsequently lost in the family Pteropodidae ( all megabats ) , and later evolved as a system of tongue - clicking in the genus Rousettus Individual bat species echolocate within specific frequency ranges that suit their environment and prey types . This has sometimes been used by researchers to identify bats flying in an area simply by recording their calls with ultrasonic recorders known as " bat detectors " . However echolocation calls are not always species specific and some bats overlap in the type of calls they use so recordings of echolocation calls can not be used to identify all bats . In recent years researchers in several countries have developed " bat call libraries " that contain recordings of local bat species that Since the 1970s there has been an ongoing controversy among researchers as to whether bats use a form of processing known from radar termed coherent cross - correlation . Coherence means that the phase of the echolocation signals is used by the bats , while cross - correlation just implies that the outgoing signal is compared with the returning echoes in a running process . Today most - but not all - researchers believe that they use cross - correlation , but in an incoherent form , termed a filter bank receiver . When searching for prey they produce sounds at a low rate ( 10 - 20 / sec ) . During the search phase the sound emission is coupled to respiration , which is again coupled to the wingbeat . This coupling appears to dramatically conserve energy as there is little to no additional energetic cost of echolocation to flying bats ( Speakman and Racey 1991 ) . After detecting a potential prey item , microbats increase the rate of pulses , ending with the terminal buzz , at rates as high as 200 / sec . During approach to a detected target , the duration of the sounds is gradually decreased , as is the energy of the sound . Calls and ecology Bats belonging to the suborder Microchiroptera ( microbats ) occupy a diverse set of ecological conditions - they can be found living in environments as different as Europe and Madagascar , and hunting for food sources as different as insects , frogs , nectar , fruit , and blood . Additionally , the characteristics of an echolocation call are adapted to the particular environment , hunting behavior , and food source of the particular bat . However , this adaptation of echolocation calls to ecological factors is constrained by the phylogenetic relationship of the bats , leading to a process known as descent with modification , and resulting in the diversity seen in the Microchiropteran suborder today . ( Jones and Teeling 2006 ; Grinnell 1995 ; Zupanc 2004 ; Acoustic features Describing the diversity of bat echolocation calls requires examination of the frequency and temporal features of the calls . It is the variations in these aspects that produce echolocation calls suited for different acoustic environments and hunting behaviors . ( Fenton 2005 ; Jones and Teeling 2006 ; Zupanc 2004 ; Simmons and Stein 1980 ; Hiryu et al . 2007 ) Frequency Modulation and Constant Frequency : Echolocation calls can be composed of two different types of frequency structures : frequency modulated ( FM ) sweeps , and constant frequency ( CF ) tones . A particular call can consist of one , the other , or both structures . An FM sweep is a broadband signal – that is , it contains a downward sweep through a range of frequencies . A CF tone is a narrowband signal : the sound stays constant at one frequency throughout its duration . Intensity : Echolocation calls have been measured at intensities anywhere between 60 and 140 decibels ( Surlykee et al . 2008 ) . Certain microbat species can modify their call intensity mid - call , lowering the intensity as they approach objects that reflect sound strongly . This prevents the returning echo from deafening the bat ( Hiryu et al . 2007 ) . Additionally , the so - called " whispering bats " have adapted low - amplitude echolocation so that their prey , moths , which are able to hear echolocation calls , are less able to detect and avoid an oncoming bat ( Fullard 1997 ) . Harmonic composition : Calls can be composed of one frequency , or multiple frequencies comprising a harmonic series . In the latter case , the call is usually dominated by a certain harmonic ( " dominant " frequencies are those present at higher intensities than other harmonics present in the call ) . Call duration : A single echolocation call ( a call being a single continuous trace on a sound spectrogram , and a series of calls comprising a sequence or pass ) can last anywhere from 0.2 to 100 milliseconds in duration , depending on the stage of prey - catching behavior that the bat is engaged in . For example , the duration of a call usually decreases when the bat is in the final stages of prey capture – this enables the bat to call more rapidly without overlap of call and echo . Reducing duration comes at the cost of having less total sound available for reflecting off objects and being heard by the bat . Pulse interval : The time interval between subsequent echolocation calls ( or pulses ) determines two aspects of a bat ' s perception . First , it establishes how quickly the bat ' s auditory scene information is updated . For example , bats increase the repetition rate of their calls ( that is , decrease the pulse interval ) as they home in on a target . This allows the bat to get new information regarding the target ' s location at a faster rate when it needs it most . Secondly , the pulse interval determines the maximum range that FM Signal Advantages Echolocation call produced by Pipistrellus pipistrellus , an FM bat . The ultrasonic call has been " heterodyned " - multiplied by a constant frequency to produce frequency subtraction , and thus an audible sound - by a bat detector . A key feature of the recording is the increase in the repetition rate of the call as the bat nears its target - this is called the " terminal buzz " . The major advantage conferred by an FM signal is extremely precise range discrimination , or localization , of the target . J.A. Simmons demonstrated this effect with a series of elegant experiments that showed how bats using FM signals could distinguish between two separate targets even when the targets were less than half a millimeter apart . This amazing ability is due to the broadband sweep of the signal , which allows for better resolution of the time delay between the call and the returning echo , thereby improving the cross correlation of the two . Additionally , if harmonic One possible disadvantage of the FM signal is a decreased operational range of the call . Because the energy of the call is spread out among many frequencies , the distance at which the FM - bat can detect targets is limited ( Fenton 1995 ) . This is in part because any echo returning at a particular frequency can only be evaluated for a brief fraction of a millisecond , as the fast downward sweep of the call does not remain at any one frequency for long ( Grinnell 1995 ) . CF Signal Advantages The structure of a CF signal is adaptive in that it allows the CF - bat to detect both the velocity of a target , and the fluttering of a target ' s wings as Doppler shifted frequencies . A Doppler shift is an alteration in sound wave frequency , and is produced in two relevant situations : when the bat and its target are moving relative to each other , and when the target ' s wings are oscillating back and forth . CF - bats must compensate for Doppler shifts , lowering the frequency of their call in response to echoes of elevated frequency - this ensures that the returning echo remains at the frequency to which the ears of the bat are most finely tuned . The oscillation of a target ' s wings also produces amplitude shifts , Additionally , because the signal energy of a CF call is concentrated into a narrow frequency band , the operational range of the call is much greater than that of an FM signal . This relies on the fact that echoes returning within the narrow frequency band can be summed over the entire length of the call , which maintains a constant frequency for up to 100 milliseconds ( Grinnell 1995 ; Fenton 1995 ) Acoustic environments of FM and CF signals FM : An FM component is excellent for hunting prey while flying in close , cluttered environments . Two aspects of the FM signal account for this fact : the precise target localization conferred by the broadband signal , and the short duration of the call . The first of these is essential because in a cluttered environment , the bats must be able to resolve their prey from large amounts of background noise . The 3D localization abilities of the broadband signal enable the bat to do exactly that , providing it with what Simmons and Stein ( 1980 ) CF : A CF component is often used by bats hunting for prey while flying in open , clutter - free environments , or by bats that wait on perches for their prey to appear . The success of the former strategy is due to two aspects of the CF call , both of which confer excellent prey - detection abilities . First , the greater working range of the call allows bats to detect targets present at great distances – a common situation in open environments . Second , the length of the call is also suited for targets at Neural mechanisms in the brain Because bats use echolocation to orient themselves and to locate objects , their auditory systems are adapted for this purpose , highly specialized for sensing and interpreting the stereotyped echolocation calls characteristic of their own species . This specialization is evident from the inner ear up to the highest levels of information processing in the auditory cortex . Inner ear and primary sensory neurons Both CF and FM bats have specialized inner ears which allow them to hear sounds in the ultrasonic range , far outside the range of human hearing . Although in most other aspects , the bat ' s auditory organs are similar to those of most other mammals , certain bats ( horseshoe bats Rhinolophus spp . and the moustached bat Pteronotus parnelii ) with a constant frequency ( CF ) component to their call ( known as high duty cycle bats ) do have a few additional adaptations for detecting the predominant frequency ( and harmonics ) of the CF vocalization . These include a narrow frequency " tuning " of the inner ear organs , with an especially large area responding to the frequency of the bat ' s returning echoes ( Neuweiler 2003 ) . The basilar membrane within the cochlea contains the first of these specializations for echo information processing . In bats that use CF signals , the section of membrane that responds to the frequency of returning echoes is much larger than the region of response for any other frequency . For example , in Rhinolophus ferrumequinum , the horseshoe bat , there is a disproportionately lengthened and thickened section of the membrane that responds to sounds around 83 kHz , the constant frequency of the echo produced by the bat ' s call . This area of high sensitivity to a specific , narrow range of frequency is known as an " acoustic fovea " ( Schuller and Pollack 1979 ) . Odontocetes ( toothed whales and dolphins ) have similar cochlear specializations to those found in bats . Odontocetes also have the highest neural investment of any cochleae reported to date with ratios of greater than 1500 ganglion cells / mm of basilar membrane . Further along the auditory pathway , the movement of the basilar membrane results in the stimulation of primary auditory neurons . Many of these neurons are specifically " tuned " ( respond most strongly ) to the narrow frequency range of returning echoes of CF calls . Because of the large size of the acoustic fovea , the number of neurons responding to this region , and thus to the echo frequency , is especially high ( Carew 2001 ) . Inferior colliculus In the , a structure in the bat ' s midbrain , information from lower in the auditory processing pathway is integrated and sent on to the auditory cortex . As George Pollak and others showed in a series of papers in 1977 , the interneurons in this region have a very high level of sensitivity to time differences , since the time delay between a call and the returning echo tells the bat its distance from the target object . Especially interesting is that while most neurons respond more quickly to stronger stimuli , collicular neurons maintain their timing accuracy even as signal intensity changes . These interneurons are specialized for time sensitivity in several ways . First , when activated , they generally respond with only one or two action potentials . This short duration of response allows their action potentials to give a very specific indication of the exact moment of the time when the stimulus arrived , and to respond accurately to stimuli that occur close in time to one another . In addition , the neurons have a very low threshold of activation – they respond quickly even to weak stimuli . Finally , for FM signals , each interneuron is tuned to a specific frequency within the sweep , as well as to that same frequency in the following echo . There is specialization for the CF Auditory cortex The auditory cortex in bats is quite large in comparison with other mammals ( Anderson 1995 ) . Various characteristics of sound are processed by different regions of the cortex , each providing different information about the location or movement of a target object . Most of the existing studies on information processing in the auditory cortex of the bat have been done by Nobuo Suga on the mustached bat , Pteronotus parnellii . This bat ' s call has both CF tone and FM sweep components . Suga and his colleagues have shown that the cortex contains a series of " maps " of auditory information , each of which is organized systematically based on characteristics of sound such as frequency amplitude . The neurons in these areas respond only to a specific combination of frequency and timing ( sound - echo delay ) , and are known as combination - sensitive neurons The systematically organized maps in the auditory cortex respond to various aspects of the echo signal , such as its delay and its velocity . These regions are composed of " combination sensitive " neurons that require at least two specific stimuli to elicit a response . The neurons vary systematically across the maps , which are organized by acoustic features of the sound and can be two dimensional . The different features of the call and its echo are used by the bat to determine important characteristics of their prey . The maps include : Sketch of the regions of the auditory cortex in a bat ' s brain FM - FM area : This region of the cortex contains FM - FM combination - sensitive neurons . These cells respond only to the combination of two FM sweeps : a call and its echo . The neurons in the FM - FM region are often referred to as " delay - tuned , " since each responds to a specific time delay between the original call and the echo , in order to find the distance from the target object ( the range ) . Each neuron also shows specificity for one harmonic in the original call and a different harmonic in Pteronotus are organized into columns , in which the delay time is constant vertically but increases across the horizontal plane . The result is that range is encoded by location on the cortex , and increases systematically across the FM - FM area ( Suga et al . 1975 , Suga et al . 1979 , Neuweiler 2003 , Carew 2001 ) . CF - CF area : Another kind of combination - sensitive neuron is the CF - CF neuron . These respond best to the combination of a CF call containing two given frequencies – a call at 30 kHz ( CF1 ) and one of its additional harmonics around 60 or 90 kHz ( CF2 or CF3 ) – and the corresponding echoes . Thus , within the CF - CF region , the changes in echo frequency caused by the Doppler shift can be compared to the frequency of the original call to calculate the bat ' s velocity relative to its target object . As in the FM - FM area , information is encoded by its location within the map - like organization of the region . The CF - CF area is first split into the distinct CF1 - CF2 and CF1 - CF3 areas . Within each area , the CF1 frequency is organized on an axis , perpendicular to the CF2 or CF3 frequency axis . In the resulting grid , each neuron codes for a certain DSCF area : This large section of the cortex is a map of the acoustic fovea , organized by frequency and by amplitude . Neurons in this region respond to CF signals that have been Doppler shifted ( in other words , echoes only ) and are within the same narrow frequency range to which the acoustic fovea responds . For Pteronotus , this is around 61 kHz . This area is organized into columns , which are arranged radially based on frequency . Within a column , each neuron responds to a specific combination of frequency and amplitude . Suga ' s studies have indicated that this brain region is necessary for frequency discrimination ( Suga et al . 1975 , Suga et al . 1987 , Carew 2001 ) . Toothed whales Diagram illustrating sound generation , propagation and reception in a toothed whale . Outgoing sounds are red and incoming ones are green Biosonar is valuable to ( suborder odontoceti ) , including dolphins porpoises river dolphins killer whales sperm whales , because they live in an underwater habitat that has favourable acoustic characteristics and where vision is extremely limited in range due to absorption or turbidity Cetacean evolution consisted of three main radiations . Throughout the middle and late Eocene periods ( 49 - 31.5 million years ago ) , archaeocetes , primitive toothed Cetacea that arose from terrestrial mammals with the creation of aquatic adaptations , were the only known archaic Cetacea . These primitive aquatic mammals did not possess the ability to echolocate , although they did have slightly adapted underwater hearing . The morphology of acoustically isolated ear bones in basilosaurid archaeocetes indicates that this order had directional hearing underwater at low to mid frequencies by the late middle Eocene . However , with the extinction of archaeocete at the onset of the Oligocene , two new lineages in the early Oligocene period ( 31.5 - 28 million years ago ) compromised a second radiation . These early mysticete ( baleen whales ) and odontocete can be dated back to the middle Oligocene in New Zealand . Based on past phylogenies , it has been found that the evolution of odontocetes is monophyletic , suggesting that echolocation evolved only once 36 to 34 million years ago . Dispersal rates routes of early odontocetes included transoceanic travel to new adaptive zones . The third radiation occurred later in the Neogene , when present dolphins and their relatives evolved to be the most common species in the modern sea . The evolution of echolocation could be attributed several theories . There are two proposed drives for the hypotheses of cetacean radiation , one biotic and the other abiotic in nature . The first , adaptive radiation , is the result of a rapid divergence into new adaptive zones . This results in diverse , ecologically different clades that are incomparable . Clade Neocete ( crown cetacean ) has been characterized by an evolution from archaeocetes and a dispersion across the world ' s oceans , and even estuarites and rivers . These ecological opportunities were the result of abundant dietary resources with low competition for hunting . This hypothesis of lineage diversification , however , can be unconvincing due to a lack of support for rapid speciation early in cetacean history . A second , more abiotic drive is more supported . Physical restructuring of the oceans has played a role in echolocation radiation . This was a result of global climate change at the Eocene - Oligocene boundary ; from a greenhouse to an icehouse world . Tectonic openings created the emergence of the Southern ocean with a free flowing Antarctic Circumpolar current ( Fordyce 1980 , 2003 ; Lindberg & Pyenson 2007 ; Steeman et diel migrating cephalopods Since its advent , there has been adaptive radiation especially in the Delphinidae family ( dolphins ) in which echolocation has become extremely derived . One specific type of echolocation , narrow - band high frequency ( NBHF ) clicks , evolved at least four times in groups of odontocetes , including pygmy sperm whale ( Kogiidae ) and porpoise ( Phocoenidae ) families , Pontoporia blainvillei , the genus Cephalorhynchus , and part of the genus Lagenorhynchus These high frequency clicks likely evolved as adaptation of predator avoidance , as they inhabit areas that have many killer whales and the signals are inaudible to due to the absence of energy below 100 kHz . Another reason for variation in echolocation frequencies is habitat . Shallow waters , where many of these species live , tend to have more debris ; a more directional transmission reduces clutter in reception . Toothed whales emit a focused beam of high - frequency clicks in the direction that their head is pointing . Sounds are generated by passing air from the bony nares through the phonic lips . These sounds are reflected by the dense concave bone of the cranium and an air sac at its base . The focused beam is modulated by a large fatty organ known as the ' melon ' . This acts like an acoustic lens because it is composed of lipids of differing densities . Most toothed whales use clicks in a series , or click train , for echolocation , while the sperm whale may produce clicks individually . Toothed whale whistles do not appear to be used in echolocation . Different rates of click production in a click train give bottlenose dolphin . A click train with a repetition rate over 600 per second is called a burst pulse . In bottlenose dolphins , the auditory brain response resolves individual clicks up to 600 per second , but yields a graded response for higher repetition rates . It has been suggested that some smaller toothed whales may have their tooth arrangement suited to aid in echolocation . The placement of teeth in the jaw of a bottlenose dolphin , as an example , are not symmetrical when seen from a vertical plane , and this asymmetry could possibly be an aid in the dolphin sensing if echoes from its biosonar are coming from one side or the other . However , this idea lacks experimental support . Echoes are received using complex fatty structures around the lower jaw as the primary reception path , from where they are transmitted to the middle ear via a continuous fat body ( Ketten 1992 , 2000 ) . Lateral sound may be received though fatty lobes surrounding the ears with a similar density to water . Some researchers believe that when they approach the object of interest , they protect themselves against the louder echo by quietening the emitted sound . In bats this is known to happen , but here the hearing sensitivity is also reduced close to a Before the echolocation abilities of " porpoises " were officially discovered , Jacques Yves Cousteau suggested that they might exist . In his first book , The Silent World ( 1953 , pp . 206 – 207 ) , he reported that his research vessel , the Élie Monier , was heading to the Straits of Gibraltar and noticed a group of porpoises following them . Cousteau changed course a few degrees off the optimal course to the center of the strait , and the porpoises followed for a few minutes , then diverged toward mid - channel again . It was obvious that they knew where the optimal course lay , even if the humans did n ' t . Cousteau concluded that the cetaceans had something like , which was a relatively new feature on submarines Oilbirds and swiftlets Oilbirds and some species of swiftlet are known to use a relatively crude form of echolocation compared to that of bats and dolphins . These nocturnal birds emit calls while flying and use the calls to navigate through trees and caves where they live . Shrews and tenrecs Main article : Shrews # Echolocation Terrestrial mammals other than bats known to echolocate include two genera ( Sorex Blarina ) of shrews and the tenrecs of Madagascar These include the wandering shrew ( Sorex vagrans ) , the common or Eurasian shrew ( Sorex araneus ) , and the short - tailed shrew ( Blarina brevicauda ) . The nature of shrew sounds unlike those of bats are low amplitude , broadband , multi - harmonic and frequency modulated . They contain no ‘ echolocation clicks ’ with reverberations and would seem to be used for simple , close range spatial orientation . In contrast to bats , shrews use echolocation only to investigate their habitat rather than additionally to pinpoint food . See also Human echolocation Footnotes Yoon , Carol Kaesuk . [ http : / / www . nytimes . com / 2003 / 11 / 14 / nyregion / donald - r - griffin - 88 - dies - istening in the dark . Yale Univ . Press , New York . S . Dijkgraaf ( 1949 ) . Spallanzani und die Fledermäuse . Experientia 5 : 90 - 92 . Schevill , W.E. and McBride , A.F. 1956 . Evidence for echolocation by cetaceans . Deep Sea Research 3 : 153 - 154 . Jones G . ( 2005 ) . " Echolocation " . Current Biology 15 ( 13 ) : 484 – 488 . DOI 10.1016 / j . cub . 2005 . 06 . 051 PMID 16005275 Muller , R . ( 2004 ) . " A numerical study of the role of the tragus in the big brown bat " . JASA 116 ( 6 ) : 3701 – 3712 . Bibcode 2004ASAJ . .116 .3701M DOI 10.1121 / 1.1815133 Teeling et al . 2000 . Molecular evidence regarding the origin of echolocation and flight in bats . Nature 403 : 188 – 192 . " Order Chiroptera ( Bats ) " . Animal Diversity Web . Archived from the original on 21 December 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 30 Springer et al . 2001 . Integrated fossil and molecular data reconstruct bat echolocation . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98 : 6241 – 6246 . Fordyce , R . E . 1980 . Whale evolution and oligocene southern - ocean environments . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 31 : 319 - 336 . Fordyce , R . E . 2003 . Cetacean evolution and eocene - oligocene oceans revisited . From greenhouse to icehouse : the marine eocene - oligocene transition : 154 - 170 . Lindberg , D.R. , and N.D. Pyenson , ( 2007 ) . " Things that go bump in the night : evolutionary interactions between cephalopods and cetaceans in the tertiary . " Lethaia 40 : 335 - 343 . Fordyce , R . E . 1980 . Whale evolution and oligocene southern - ocean environments . Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 31 : 319 - 336 . Lindberg , D.R. , and N.D. Pyenson , ( 2007 ) . " Things that go bump in the night : evolutionary interactions between cephalopods and cetaceans in the tertiary . " Lethaia 40 : 335 - 343 . Fordyce , R . E . 2003 . Cetacean evolution and eocene - oligocene oceans revisited . From greenhouse to icehouse : the marine eocene - oligocene transition : 154 - 170 . Slater , G . J . , S . A . Price , F . Santini , and M . E . Alfaro . 2010 . Diversity versus disparity and the radiation of modern cetaceans . Proceedings of the Royal Society B - Biological Sciences 277 : 3097 - 3104 . Steeman , M . E . , M . B . Hebsgaard , R . E . Fordyce , S . Y . W . Ho , D . L . Rabosky , R . Nielsen , C . Rahbek et al . 2009 . Radiation of extant cetaceans driven by restructuring of the oceans . Systematic Biology 58 : 573 - 585 . Fordyce , R.E. , and L.G. Barnes , ( 1994 ) . " The evolutionary history of whales and dolphins . " Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22 : 419 - 455 . McGowen , M.R. , M . Spaulding , and J . Gatesy , ( 2009 ) . " Divergence date estimation and a comprehensive molecular tree of extant cetaceans . " Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 53 : 891 - 906 . Morisaka , T . , and R.C. Connor , ( 2007 ) . " Predation by killer whales ( Orcinus orca ) and the evolution of whistle loss and narrow - band high frequency clicks in odontocetes . " Journal of Evolutionary Biology 20 : 1439 - 1458 . a b Kyhn , L.A. , F.H. Jensen , K . Beedholm , J . Tougaard , M . Hansen , and P.T. Madsen , ( 2010 ) . " Echolocation in sympatric Peale ' s dolphins ( Lagenorhynchus australis ) and Commerson ' s dolphins ( Cephalorhynchus commersonii ) producing narrow - band high - frequency clicks . " Journal of Experimental Biology 213 : 1940 - 1949 . Cranford , T.W. , ( 2000 ) . " In Search of Impulse Sound Sources in Odontocetes . " In Hearing by Whales and Dolphins ( Springer Handbook of Auditory Research series ) , W.W.L. Au , A.N. Popper and R.R. Fay , Eds . Springer - Verlag , New York . Goodson , A.D. , and Klinowska , M.A. , ( 1990 ) . " A proposed echolocation receptor for the Bottlenose Dolphin ( Tursiops truncatus ) : modeling the receive directivity from tooth and lower jaw geometry . " In Sensory Abilities of Cetaceans vol 196 ed J A Thomas and R A Kastelein ( New York : Plenum ) pp 255 – 67 ( NATO ASI Series A ) Dobbins , P . ( 2007 ) . " Dolphin sonar — modeling a new receiver concept . " Bioinspired Biomimicry 2 ( 2007 ) 19 – 29 Jon Fjeldså and Niels Krabbe ( 1990 ) . Birds of the High Andes : a manual to the birds of the temperate zone of the Andes and Patagonia , South America . Apollo Books . p . 232 . ISBN 978 - 87 - 88757 - 16 - 3 Marshall Cavendish Corp . ( 2000 ) . Exploring Life Bioligy . Marshall Cavendish . p . 547 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7142 - 4 Thomas E . Tomasi , " Echolocation by the Short - Tailed Shrew Blarina brevicauda " , Journal of Mammalogy , Vol . 60 , No . 4 ( Nov . , 1979 ) , pp . 751 – 759 . a b c Siemers BM , Schauermann G , Turni H , von Merten S . ( 2009 ) . Why do shrews twitter ? Communication or simple echo - based orientation . Biol Lett . 5 ( 5 ) : 593 - 6 . doi 10.1098 / rsbl . 2009 . 0378 PMID 19535367 References Hiryu , S . et al . 2007 . Echo - intensity compensation in echolocating bats ( Pipistrellus abramus ) during flight measured by a telemetry microphone . J . Acoust . Soc . Am . 121 ( 3 ) : . Schnitzler , H.U. and Flieger , E . 1983 . Detection of oscillating target movements by echolocation in the Greater Horseshoe bat . J . Comp . Physiology . 153 : 385 - 391 . Zupanc , G.K.H. 2004 . Behavioral Neurobiology : An Integrative Approach . Oxford University Press : Oxford , UK . Simmons , J.A. and Stein , R.A. 1980 . Acoustic Imaging in bat sonar : echolocation signals and the evolution of echolocation . J . Comp . Physiol . A . 135 : 61 - 84 . Neuweiler , G . 2003 . Evolutionary aspects of bat echolocation . J . Comp . Physiol . A . 189 : 245 - 256 . Jones , G . and Teeling , E.C. 2006 . The evolution of echolocation in bats . Trends in Ecology and Evolution . 21 ( 3 ) : 149 - 156 . Fenton , M.B. 1995 . Natural History and Biosonar Signals . In : Hearing in Bats . Popper , A.N. and Fay , R.R. ( eds . ) . Springer Verlag . New York . pp . 37 – 86 . Grinnell , A.D. ( 1995 ) . Hearing in Bats : An Overview . In : Hearing in Bats . Popper , A.N. and Fay , R.R. ( eds . ) . Springer Verlag . New York . pp . 1 – 36 . Reynolds J.E. III & Rommel S.A. ( 1999 ) , Biology of Marine Mammals , Smithsonian Institution Press , ISBN . Authoritative work on marine mammals with in depth sections on marine mammal acoustics written by eminent experts in the field . Au , W.W.L. ( 1993 ) . The Sonar of Dolphins . New York : Springer - Verlag . Provides a variety of findings on signal strength , directionality , discrimination , biology and more . Pack , A.A. & Herman , L.M. ( 1995 ) . " Sensory integration in the bottlenosed dolphin : Immediate recognition of complex shapes across the senses of echolocation and vision " , J . Acoustical Society of America , 98 ( 2 ) , 722 - 733 . Shows evidence for the sensory integration of shape information between echolocation and vision , and presents the hypothesis of the existence of the mental representation of an " echoic image " . Anderson , J.A. ( 1995 ) An Introduction to Neural Networks . MIT Press . Carew , T . ( 2001 ) . Behavioral Neurobiology . Sinauer Associates , Inc . , USA . Hopkins , C . ( 2007 ) . Echolocation II . BioNB 424 Neuroethology Powerpoint presentation . Cornell University , Ithaca NY . Ketten . D.R. ( 1992 ) The Marine Mammal Ear : Specializations for aquatic audition and echolocation . In : The Evolutionary Biology of Hearing , D . Webster , R . Fay , and A . Popper ( eds . ) , Springer - Verlag , pp . 717 – 750 . Ketten , D.R. ( 2000 ) Cetacean Ears . In : Hearing by Whales and Dolphins . W . Au , R . Fay , and A . Popper ( eds . ) , SHAR Series for Auditory Research , Springer - Verlag , pp . 43 – 108 . Wilson , W . & C . Moss ( 2004 ) in Echolocation in Bats and Dolphins , J . Thomas , C . Moss , eds . pp . 22 - . Moss C . & Sinha S . ( 2003 ) . Neurobiology of Echolocation in Bats . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 13 ( 6 ) , 751 - 758 . Pollak G . et al . ( 1977 ) . Echo - detecting characteristics of neurons in inferior colliculus of unanesthetized bats . Science , 196 : 675 - 678 . Schuller , G . & Pollack , G . ( 1979 ) . Disproportionate frequency representation in the inferior colliculus of Doppler - compensating greater horseshoe bats : Evidence of an acoustic fovea . Journal of Comparative Physiology A . 132 : 47 - 54 . Speakman J . , Racey , P . No cost of echolocation for bats in flight . Nature , 350 : 421 - 423 Suga , N . , Niwa H . , Taniguchi I . , Margoliash D . ( 1987 ) . The personalized auditory cortex of the mustached bat : adaptation for echolocation . Journal of Neurophysiology , 58 : 643 - 654 . Suga N . , O ' Neill W.E. ( 1979 ) . Neural axis representing target range in the auditory cortex of the mustache bat . Science , 206 : 351 - 353 . Suga N , Simmons J.A. & Jen P.H. ( 1975 ) Peripheral specialization for fine analysis of doppler - shifted echoes in the auditory system of the " CF - FM " bat Pteronotus parnellii . Journal of Experimental Biology , 63 : 161 - 192 . Surlykee A , Elisabeth K.V. ( 2008 ) Echolocating bats Cry Out Loud to Detect Their Prey . PloS One 3 ( 4 ) ; e2036 . . doi10 . 1371 / journal . pone . ooo2036 External links The British Library Sound Archive 150,000 recordings of over 10,000 species , including many echolocation recordings International Bioacoustics Council links to many bioacoustics resources Listen to Nature has bat and swiftlet sonar signals Bat Ecology & Bioacoustics Lab Keep your ears peeled article on physics . org Batlab at Brown Univiersity JA Simmons Lab Website Neuroethology Concepts Feedforward Coincidence detector Umwelt Instinct Feature detection Central pattern generator ( CPG ) NMDA receptor Lateral inhibition Fixed action pattern Krogh ' s Principle Hebbian theory Anti - Hebbian learning Sound localization Ultrasound avoidance in insects People Theodore Holmes Bullock Walter Heiligenberg Niko Tinbergen Konrad Lorenz Donald Griffin Donald Kennedy Karl von Frisch Erich von Holst Jörg - Peter Ewert Franz Huber Bernhard Hassenstein Werner E . 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"Animal echolocation",
"biosonar"
] |
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Bateau/en-en/ | phrases anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Merriam - Webster Ebay Merriam Webster Bateau n . pl . Bateaux A boat ; esp . a flat - bottomed , clumsy boat used on the Canadian lakes and rivers . [ Written also , but less properly , batteau . ] Bateau bridge a floating bridge supported by bateaux . definition - Bateau definition of Wikipedia Advertizing ▼ phrases bateau bridge bateau neck bateau neckline Bateau Bay Bateau Bay , New South Wales Bateau Cove , Newfoundland and Labrador Bateau Mouche Bateau sur l ' herbe , Le Bateau - Lavoir Bateau - mouche sur la Seine James River bateau Le Bateau Le Bateau ivre Le Bateau - Lavoir Tous dans l ' même bâteau Advertizing ▼ Wikipedia Bateau update For the racehorse , see Bateau ( horse ) . For the Ghost in the Shell character , see Batou . For the folk singer / songwriter , see Robin Batteau A bateau filled with cargo , featuring a three - man crew and small mast for a sail . A bateau or batteau is a shallow - draft flat - bottomed boat which was used extensively across North America , especially in the colonial period and in the fur trade . It was traditionally pointed at both ends but came in a wide variety of sizes . The name derives from the French word , bateau , which is simply the word for boat and the plural , bateaux , follows the French , an unusual construction for an English plural . In the southern United States , the term is still used to refer to flat - bottomed boats , including those elsewhere called jon boats Proper spelling remains a problem with researchers . Dr . William E . Trout III , a member of the Virginia Canals and Navigations Society who has written about the batteaux , explained the issue thus : We use the spelling " batteau " because we consider that to be the correct spelling for our kind of boat - the James River Batteau , invented by the Rucker brothers in 1771 and later patented . This is the way it was spelled during the batteau era , even in the Virginia state laws . Evidently after batteaux were forgotten and the word was not used anymore , this spelling was forgotten and reverted to the French spelling for that general type of boat ( and for boats generally ) . We have a lot of trouble with Batteau . org Contents 1 History 2 See also 3 References 4 Additional reading 5 External links History The French explorers of North America used batteaux as well as the native canoes and cartols . The boats ' shallow draft worked well in rivers while its flat bottom profile allowed heavy loading of cargoes and provided stability . The smallest batteau required only one crewman , while larger ones required up to five and reach up to 45 – 58 feet ( 14 - 17.5 meters ) in length . The largest batteaux could carry two to ten tons of cargo . Batteaux could mount a small sail although the flat bottom was not optimal for sailing . In military records , it is seen that the boats were propelled primarily by oars with one oar being used at the stern as a rudder . Of Louisiana in 1763 it was described : " Beyond the mouth of the Missouri river the of no prying New Orleans trader had ever penetrated . " The same author wrote of the Roanoke Valley Virginia : " One may make a pleasant voyage on the New River from this point to Eggleston ' s Springs , twenty - five miles further down the current , taking one of the many bateaux which ply constantly on the stream , and simply drifting on the lazy wave until the destination is reached . " In the same book , the spelling is given as " batteaux " : Along the Greenbrier and New Rivers adventurous boatmen ply in " batteaux , " carrying merchandise or travelers who wish to explore the wonders of the New River cañon " . . . . Our artists , who made the tour of the New River cañon in a , found it an exciting experience . At the junction of the Greenbrier and New Rivers they engaged one of the boats used in running the rapids . This boat was sixty feet long by six wide , and was managed by three negroes , - - the " steersman , " who guided the boat with a long and powerful oar ; the headsman , who stood on the bow to direct the steersman by waving his arms ; and an extra hand , who assisted with an oar in the eddies and smooth parts of the river . Many types of batteaux were deployed by the Colonial French and British militaries , with the largest capable of mounting small cannon or swivel guns . In the wilderness with many rivers but few bridges , batteaux were sometimes constructed , used , then purposely sunk to prevent the enemy from discovering them and using them to raid behind the passing army . Alternately , utilizing the stability of their flat bottoms , batteau could be strung together to form pontoon bridges , which are , therefore , sometimes known as " batteau bridges " . Some British military batteau of the French and Indian War could haul twenty men or 12 barrels of supplies with a smaller crew . In the Revolutionary War , an extant plan of the British Admiralty calls for batteau of 30 foot 4 inches ( 9.25 meters ) in length , with a 6 feet 6 inches ( 2 m ) beam and a depth of 2 feet 10 inches ( 0.86 m ) . " Specific designs were developed to suit local conditions . Batteau were used as freight boats on canals in the northern U.S. until replaced by the larger canal boats in the early 1800s . James River batteau were large craft designed for hauling tobacco on Virginia ' s large rivers , while Mohawk River batteau were smaller and of very shallow draft ( and sometimes with awnings ) . Most of the inland navigations in the southern United States , penetrating the Piedmont by way of the river valleys , were for bateau . Batteaux were a very important part of the American culture . The town of Ronceverte , West Virginia , commemorates the logging and batteau industry with an annual outdoor theatre Riders of the Flood , where the spring rains sent harvested timbers down the Greenbrier River for the sawmills . An ark is used in the play , a scaled - down model of the original crafts that accompanied the batteaux downriver for the spring floods . West Virginia author W . E . Blackhurst used " bateau " in his books of Pocahontas County and the Greenbrier River . These boats figure in the logging - era book Riders of the Flood , on which the play of the same name is based . This batteau was primarily for logging , meant to maneuver quickly and withstand dangerous river conditions and is built differently from the New River batteau at the confluence of the Greenbrier River . See also Ark ( river boat ) Boat Cumberland pontoons Mackinaw boat Punt boat York boat References Virginia Canals and Navigations Society Personal correspondence August 30 , 2009 King , Ewward " The Great South : A record of Journeys " , p . 216 . 1875 " The Great South " , [ docsouth . unc . edu / nc / king / king . html The Great South ] Ibid , page 577 . Ibid . P . 679 " Batteaux and ' Battoe Men ' : An American Colonial Response to the Problem of Logistics in Mountain Warfare " , http : / / www . dmna . state . ny . us / historic / articles / bateau . htm , New York State Military Museum , accessed September 11 , 2007 " The Batteau " , http : / / www . nysm . nysed . gov / research_collections / research / history / three / bat3 . html New York State Museum , accessed September 11 , 2007 US Department of the Interior , National Park Service , National Register of Historic Places Inventory and Nomination , accessed July 3 , 2010 . http : / / www . ridersoftheflood . com / Riders_of_the_Flood . php " The New River Atlas : Rediscovering the History of the New and Greenbrier Rivers " , published by the Virginia Canals and Navigations Society , 2003 . Additional reading In Search of Lake George ' s Colonial Warships ( VHS 1991 ) External links Reconstructed Mohawk River bateau Military bateau reenactors Military bateau specifications Mohawk River bateau Categories Boat types Fur trade Human - powered vehicles This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia All translations of Bateau | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Communes%20of%20France/en-en/ | Communes of France update This article is part of the series on Administrative divisions of France Main article Regions ( incl . overseas regions Departments ( incl . overseas departments Arrondissements Cantons Intercommunality Urban communities Agglomeration communities Commune communities Syndicates of New Agglomeration Communes Associated communes Municipal arrondissements Others in Overseas France Overseas collectivities Sui generis collectivity Overseas country Overseas territory Clipperton Island The commune is the lowest level of administrative division in the French Republic . French communes are roughly equivalent to incorporated municipalities or villages in the United States or Gemeinden in Germany . French communes have no exact equivalent in the United Kingdom , but are closest to parishes , towns or cities . A French commune can be a city of two million inhabitants as in Paris ; a town of ten thousand people — or just a ten - person hamlet Contents 1 General characteristics 1.1 Total number of communes 1.2 Surface area of a typical commune 1.3 Population of a typical commune 1.4 A typical example : Alsace 1.5 Status of the communes 2 History of the French communes 2.1 Kingdom of France 2.1.1 Parishes 2.1.2 Chartered Cities 2.2 French Revolution 2.3 Trends after the French Revolution 2.4 Current debate 2.5 Intercommunality 2.5.1 Allocation of government money 3 Miscellaneous facts 3.1 Most and least populous communes 3.2 Largest and smallest commune territories 3.3 Communes farthest away from the capital city of France 3.4 Shortest and longest commune names 3.5 Communes with non - French names 4 Classification 5 See also 6 References 7 External links General characteristics The French word commune appeared in the 12th century , from Medieval Latin communia , meaning a large gathering of people sharing a common life ; from Latin communis , things held in common . Total number of communes As of January 9 , 2008 , there were 36,781 communes in France , 36,569 of them in metropolitan France and 212 of them overseas This is a considerably higher total than that of any other European country . This peculiarity is explained in detail in the history section below ; briefly , French communes still largely reflect the division of France into villages or parishes at the time of the French Revolution more than two centuries ago . Evolution of the number of communes Metropolitan France ( 1 ) Overseas France ( 2 ) March 1861 37,510 n / a March 1866 37,548 n / a Mar . 6 , 1921 37,963 Mar . 7 , 1926 37,981 Mar . 8 , 1931 38,004 Mar . 8 , 1936 38,014 Jan . 1 , 1947 37,983 May 10 , 1954 38,000 Mar . 7 , 1962 37,962 Mar . 1 , 1968 37,708 Jan . 1 , 1971 37,659 Feb . 20 , 1975 36,394 Jan . 1 , 1978 36,382 Metropolitan France ( 1 ) ( 2 ) Mar . 1 , 1982 36,433 211 Mar . 1 , 1985 36,631 211 Mar . 1 , 1990 36,551 212 Jan . 1 , 1999 36,565 214 Jan . 1 , 2000 36,567 214 Jan . 1 , 2001 36,564 Jan . 1 , 2002 36,566 Jan . 1 , 2003 36,565 Jan . 1 , 2004 36,569 Jan . 1 , 2005 36,571 Jan . 1 , 2006 36,572 Jan . 1 , 2007 36,570 Jan . 1 , 2008 36,569 212 ( 1 ) Within the current limits of metropolitan France which existed between 1860 and 1871 and from 1919 to today . ( 2 ) Within the current extent of overseas France which has remained unchanged since the independence of the New Hebrides in 1980 . Map of the 36,569 communes of metropolitan France As a rule the whole territory of the French Republic is divided into communes , even uninhabited mountains or rain forests . This is unlike other countries such as the United States where unincorporated areas directly governed by a county or a higher authority can be found . There are only a few exceptions : COM ( collectivité d ' outre - mer , i.e . overseas collectivity ) of Saint - Martin ( 33,102 inhabitants ) . It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe région . The commune structure was abolished when Saint - Martin became an overseas collectivity on February 22 , 2007 . COM of Wallis and Futuna ( 14,944 inhabitants ) , which still is divided according to the three traditional chiefdoms . COM of Saint - Barthélemy ( 6,852 inhabitants ) . It was previously a commune inside the Guadeloupe region . The commune structure was abolished when Saint - Barthélemy became an overseas collectivity on February 22 , 2007 . Furthermore , two regions without permanent habitation have no communes : TOM ( territoire d ' outre - mer , i.e . overseas territory ) of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands ( no permanent population , about 200 resident scientists , soldiers and meteorologists ) . Clipperton Island in the Pacific Ocean ( uninhabited ) . Surface area of a typical commune In metropolitan France , the average area of a commune in 2004 is 14.88 square kilometres ( 5.75 sq mi ) . The median area of metropolitan France ' s communes ( as of 1999 census ) is even smaller , at 10.73 square kilometres ( 4.14 sq mi ) . The median area is a better measure of the area of a typical French commune . This median area is smaller than that of most European countries . In Italy , the median area of communes ( comuni ) is 22 km 2 ( 8.5 sq mi ) ; in Belgium it is 40 km ( 15 sq mi ) ; in Spain it is 35 km ( 14 sq mi ) ; and in Germany , the majority of Länder have communes ( Gemeinden ) with a median area above 15 km ( 5.8 sq mi ) . Switzerland and the Länder of Rhineland - Palatinate Schleswig - Holstein , and Thuringia in Germany were the only places in Europe where the communes had a smaller median area than in France . The communes of France ' s overseas départements such as Réunion and French Guiana are large by French standards . They usually group into the same commune several villages or towns , often with sizeable distances between them . In Réunion , demographic expansion and sprawling urbanization have resulted in the administrative splitting of some communes Population of a typical commune The median population of metropolitan France ' s communes as of the 1999 census was 380 inhabitants . Again this is a very small number , and here France stands absolutely apart in Europe , with the lowest communes ' median population of all the European countries ( communes in Switzerland or Rhineland - Palatinate may have a smaller surface area , as mentioned above , but they are more populated ) . This small median population of French communes can be compared with Italy where the median population of communes in 2001 was 2,343 inhabitants , Belgium where it was 11,265 inhabitants , or even Spain where it was 564 inhabitants . The median population given here should not hide the fact that differences in size are extreme among French communes . As mentioned in the introduction , a commune can be a city of 2,000,000 inhabitants such as Paris , a town of 10,000 inhabitants , or just a hamlet of 10 inhabitants . What the median population tells us is that the vast majority of the French communes only have some two hundred inhabitants ; but there are also a small number of communes within much higher populations . In metropolitan France , there are 20,982 communes with fewer than 500 inhabitants , which is 57.4 % of the total number of communes . In these 20,982 communes there live only 4,638,000 inhabitants , or 7.7 % of the total population of metropolitan . In other words , only 7.7 % of the French population live in 57.4 % of the communes , while 92.3 % of the population is concentrated in just 42.6 % of the French communes . A typical example : Alsace Alsace , which covers 8,280 km ( 3,197 sq mi ) of land , is divided into 904 communes , in a situation typical to Alsace , with a land area of 8,280 km ( 3,200 sq mi ) , is the smallest region of , yet it is divided into no fewer than 904 communes . This high number of communes is not special when compared to other regions of metropolitan France , but when examined at the European level it reveals the peculiar situation of French communes . With 904 communes , Alsace has for example three times as many municipalities as the kingdom of Sweden whose large territory covering 449,964 km ( 173,732 sq mi ) is divided into only 290 municipalities ( kommuner ) . Alsace has more than double the number of municipalities in the Netherlands which , despite a population nine times larger and a land area four times larger than Alsace , is divided into only 441 municipalities ( gemeenten ) . Most of the Alsatian communes have aligned with the vast majority of their counterparts in other regions in their rejection of French laws pushing communes to merge with each other , whereas in most of the German states bordering Alsace , the municipalities ( ) have been merged in various waves since the 1960s , thus massively reducing their numbers . In the state of Baden - Württemberg , just across the Rhine , the number of was reduced from 3,378 in 1968 to 1,108 as of Sept . 2007 . In comparison , the number of communes in Alsace was only reduced from 945 in 1971 ( just before the Marcellin law enticing French communes to merge with each other was passed , see Current debate section below ) to 904 as of Jan . 2007 . As a result , the Alsace region , despite a land area only a fifth the size of Baden - Württemberg and a total population only a sixth the population of Baden - Württemberg , has almost as many municipalities as this German state . The small Alsace region has more than double the number of municipalities in the very large and very populated state of North Rhine - Westphalia ( 396 as of Sept . 2007 ) where municipalities mergers were carried out more extensively than in Baden - Württemberg , and nearly as many municipalities as in the also very large state of Lower Saxony ( 1,022 as of Sept . 2007 ) . Status of the communes Despite enormous differences in population , each of the communes of the French Republic possesses a mayor ( maire ) and a municipal council ( conseil municipal ) who jointly manage the commune from the mairie city hall ) , with exactly the same powers no matter the size of the commune ( with the city of Paris as the only exception , where the city police are in the hands of the central state , not in the hands of the mayor of Paris ) . This uniformity of status is a clear legacy of the French Revolution , which wanted to do away with the local idiosyncrasies and tremendous differences of status that existed in the kingdom of France . French law makes allowances for the vast differences in commune size in a number of areas of administrative law . The size of the municipal council , the method of electing the municipal council , the maximum allowable pay of the mayor and deputy mayors , and municipal campaign finance limits ( among other features ) all depend on the population echelon into which a particular commune falls . Since the PML Law of 1982 , three French communes also have a special status in that they are further divided into municipal arrondissements : these are Paris Marseille , and Lyon . The municipal arrondissement is the only administrative unit below the commune in the French Republic , but existing only in these three communes . These municipal arrondissements are not to be confused with the arrondissements that are subdivisions of French départements : French communes are considered legal entities , whereas municipal arrondissements , by contrast , have no official capacity , and no budget of their own . The rights and obligations of communes are governed by the Code général des collectivités territoriales ( CGCT ) which replaced the Code des communes ( except for personnel matters ) with the passage of the law of 21 February 1996 for legislation and decree number 2000 - 318 of 7 April 2000 for regulations . History of the French communes French communes were created at the beginning of the in 1789 - 1790 . Kingdom of France Parishes Before the revolution , France ' s lowest level of administrative division was the parish paroisse ) , and there were up to 60,000 of them in the kingdom . A parish was essentially a church , the houses around it ( known as the village ) , and the cultivated land around the village . France was the most populous country in Europe at this time , with a population of approximately 25 million inhabitants in the late 18th century ( England in contrast had only six million inhabitants ) , which accounts for the high number of parishes . French kings often prided themselves on ruling over a " realm of 100,000 steeples " . Parishes lacked the municipal structures of post - Revolution communes . Usually , one contained only a building committee conseil de fabrique ) , made up of villagers , which managed the buildings of the parish church , the churchyard , and the other numerous church estates and properties , and sometimes also provided help for the poor , or even administered parish hospitals or schools . Since the Ordinance of Villers - Cotterêts of 1539 by Francis I , the priest in charge of the parish was also required to record baptisms , marriages , and burials . Except for these tasks , villages were left to handle other issues as they pleased . Typically , villagers would gather to decide over a special issue regarding the community , such as agricultural land usage , but there existed no permanent municipal body . In many places , the local feudal lord ( seigneur ) still had a major influence in the village ’ s affairs , collecting taxes from tenant - villagers and ordering them to work the corvée , controlling which fields were to be used and when , and how much of the harvest should be given to him . Chartered Cities Additionally some cities had obtained charters during the Middle Ages , either from the king himself , or from local counts or dukes ( such as the city of Toulouse chartered by the counts of Toulouse ) . These cities were made up of several parishes ( up to ca . 50 parishes in the case of Paris ) , and they were usually enclosed by a defensive wall . They had been emancipated from the power of feudal lords in the 12th and 13th centuries , had municipal bodies which administered the city , and bore some resemblance with the communes that the French Revolution would establish except for two key points : these municipal bodies were not democratic , they were usually in the hands of some rich bourgeois families upon whom , over time , nobility had been conferred , so they can be better labeled as oligarchies rather than municipal democracies there was no uniform status for these chartered cities , each one having its own status and specific organization . In the north , cities tended to be administered by échevins ( from an old Germanic word meaning judge ) , while in the south , cities tended to be administered by consuls ( in a clear reference to Roman antiquity ) , but Bordeaux was administered by jurats ( etymologically meaning " sworn men " ) and Toulouse by capitouls ( " men of the chapter " ) . Usually , there was no mayor in the modern sense ; all the échevins consuls were on equal footing , and rendered decisions collegially . However , for certain purposes there was one échevin consul ranking above the others , a sort of mayor , although not with the same authority and executive powers as a modern mayor . This " mayor " was called provost of the merchants prévôt des marchands ) in and Lyon maire in Marseille , Bordeaux , Rouen Orléans Bayonne and many other cities and towns ; mayeur Lille premier capitoul in Toulouse ; viguier Montpellier premier consul in many towns of southern France ; prêteur royal Strasbourg maître échevin Metz maire royal Nancy ; or prévôt Valenciennes On July 14 , 1789 , at the end of the afternoon , following the storming of the Bastille , the provost of the merchants of Paris , Jacques de Flesselles , was shot by the crowd on the steps of Paris City Hall . Although in the Middle Ages the provosts of the merchants symbolized the independence of Paris and even had openly rebelled against King Charles V , their office had been suppressed by the king , then reinstated but with strict control from the king , and so they had ended up being viewed by the people as yet another representative of the king , no longer the embodiment of a free municipality . Following that event , a " commune " of Paris was immediately set up to replace the old medieval chartered city of Paris , and a municipal guard was established to protect Paris against any attempt made by King Louis XVI to quell the ongoing revolution . Several other cities of France quickly followed suit , and communes arose everywhere , each with their municipal guard . On December 14 , 1789 , the National Assembly Assemblée Nationale ) passed a law creating the commune , designed to be the lowest level of administrative division in France , thus endorsing these independently created communes , but also creating communes of its own . In this area as in many others , the work of the National Assembly was , properly speaking , revolutionary : not content with transforming all the chartered cities and towns into communes , the National Assembly also decided to turn all the village parishes into full - status communes . The Revolutionaries were inspired by Cartesian ideas as well as by the philosophy of the Enlightenment . They wanted to do away with all the peculiarities of the past and establish a perfect society , in which all and everything should be equal and set up according to reason , rather than by tradition or conservatism . Thus , they set out to establish administrative divisions that would be uniform across the country : the whole of France would be divided into , themselves divided into arrondissements , themselves divided into cantons , themselves divided into communes , no exceptions . All of these communes would have equal status , they would all have a mayor ( ) at their head , and a municipal council ( conseil municipal ) elected by the inhabitants of the commune . This was a real revolution for the tens of thousands of villages that never had experienced organized municipal life before . A communal house ( mairie ) had to be built in each of these villages , which would house the meetings of the municipal council as well as the administration of the commune . Some in the National Assembly were opposed to such a fragmentation of France into tens of thousands of communes , but eventually Mirabeau and his ideas of one commune for each parish prevailed . On 20 September 1792 , the recording of births , marriages , and deaths also was withdrawn as a responsibility of the priests of the parishes and handed to the mayors . Civil marriages were established and started to be performed in the with a ceremony not unlike the traditional one , with the mayor replacing the priest , and the name of the law replacing the name of God ( " Au nom de la loi , je vous déclare unis par les liens du mariage . " – " In the name of the law , I declare you united by the bonds of marriage . " ) . Priests were forced to surrender their centuries - old baptism , marriage , and burial books , which were deposited in the mairies . These abrupt changes profoundly alienated devout Catholics , and France soon was plunged into the throes of civil war , with the fervently religious regions of western France at its center . It would take Napoleon I to re - establish peace in France , stabilize the new administrative system , and make it generally accepted by the population . Napoleon also abolished the election of the municipal councils , which now were chosen by the prefect , the local representative of the central government . Trends after the French Revolution Today , French communes are still very much the same in their general principles , as those that were established at the beginning of the Revolution . The biggest changes occurred in 1831 , when the French Parliament re - established the principle of the election of the municipal councils , and in 1837 when French communes were given legal " personality , " being now considered legal entities with legal capacity . The Jacobin revolutionaries were afraid of independent local powers , which they saw as conservative and opposed to the revolution , and so they favored a powerful central state . Therefore , when they created the communes , they deprived them of any legal " personality " ( as they did with the ) , with only the central state having legal " personality . " By 1837 that situation was judged impractical , as mayors and municipal councils could not be parties in courts . The consequence of the change , however , was that tens of thousands of villages which had never had legal " personality " ( contrary to the chartered cities ) suddenly became legal entities for the first time in their history . This is still the case today . During the French Revolution approximately 41,000 communes were created , on territory corresponding to the limits of modern - day France ( the 41,000 figure includes the communes of the departments of Savoie Haute - Savoie Alpes - Maritimes which were annexed in 1795 , but does not include the departments of modern - day west of the Rhine , which were part of France between 1795 and 1815 ) . This was less than the 60,000 parishes that existed before the revolution ( in cities and towns , parishes were merged into one single commune ; in the countryside , some very small parishes were merged with bigger ones ) , but 41,000 was still a considerable number , without any comparison in the world at the time , except in the empire of China ( but there , only county level and above had any permanent administration ) . Since then , tremendous changes have affected France , as they have the rest of Europe : the Industrial Revolution , two world wars , and the rural exodus have all depopulated the countryside and increased the size of cities . French administrative divisions , however , have remained extremely rigid and unchanged . Today about 90 % of communes and departments are exactly the same as those designed at the time of the French Revolution more than 200 years ago , with the same limits . Countless rural communes that had hundreds of inhabitants at the time of the French Revolution now have only a hundred inhabitants or less . On the other hand , cities and towns have grown so much that their urbanized area is now , where the urbanized area sprawls over 396 communes . Paris in fact was one of the very few communes of France whose limits were extended to take into account the expansion of the urbanized area . The new , larger , commune of Paris was set up under the oversight of Emperor Napoléon III in 1859 , but after 1859 the limits of Paris rigidified . Unlike most other European countries , which stringently merged their communes to better reflect modern - day densities of population ( such as around 1970 ) , dramatically decreasing the number of communes in the process – the West Germany were decreased from 24,400 to 8,400 in the space of a few years – France only carried out mergers at the margin , and those were mostly carried out during the 19th century . From 41,000 communes at the time of the French Revolution , the number decreased to 37,963 in 1921 , to 36,569 in 2008 ( in metropolitan France ) . Thus , in Europe , only has as high a density of communes as France , and even there an extensive merger movement has started in the last ten years . To better grasp the staggering number of communes in France , two comparisons can be made : 1 . ) the European Union ( of 15 members , before May 2004 ) is made up of approximately 75,000 communes , and metropolitan France alone accounts for 35,568 of these , which means 47.5 % of the communes of the European Union are in metropolitan France alone ( France represents 16 % of the total population of the European Union of 15 members ) . 2 . ) the , with a territory 14 times larger than that of the French Republic , and nearly five times its population , had 35,937 incorporated municipalities townships as of the 2002 Census of Governments , fewer than the 36,782 communes of the French Republic . There have long been calls in France for a massive merger of communes , including by such distinguished voices as the president of the Cour des Comptes ( the central auditing administrative body in France ) . So far , however , local conservatism has been strong , and no mandatory merging proposal ever has made it past committee in the French Parliament . In 1971 the Marcellin law offered support and money from the government to entice the communes to merge freely with each other , but the law had only a limited effect ( only about 1,300 communes agreed to merge with others ) . Those in favor of mergers complain that French cities are light in weight compared to their European counterparts , because their limits still are those set more than 200 years ago . For instance , the city of , a geographically small commune with 465,300 inhabitants living within its administrative borders , ranks below many other European cities , whereas in fact the metropolitan area of Lyon has 1.8 million inhabitants and ranks as one of the major metropolises of Europe , on a par with Prague . However , the population of the city of Prague is about 1,240,000 , nearly three times that of the of Lyon , reflecting its much larger municipal territory ( 496 km² / 191.5 sq . miles ) , more than ten times larger than that of Lyon ( at only 48 km² / 18.5 sq . miles ) . Mayors of French cities often complain that their significance is undervalued when they travel outside of France , because they preside over only a small geographical area at the center of wider conglomerations . An example of this is : although the metropolitan area of Paris is one of the very few in the world to have more than 10 million inhabitants , the population of the city of Paris itself is only 2,145,000 inhabitants , less than the population of the city of Rome ( 2,550,000 inhabitants ) , whose metropolitan area of 3.5 million inhabitants is dwarfed by that of the metropolitan area of Paris . At the other end of the scale , there exist many rural communes with few residents , which struggle to maintain and manage such basic services as running water , garbage collection , or properly paved communal roads . Mergers , however , are not easy to achieve . One problem is that mergers reduce the number of available elected positions , and thus are not popular with local politicians . Moreover , citizens from one village may be unwilling to have their local services run by an executive located in another village , whom they may consider unaware of or inattentive to their local needs . The expression " intercommunality " ( intercommunalité ) denotes several forms of cooperation between communes . Such cooperation first made its appearance at the end of the 19th century in the form of a law on 22 March 1890 , which provided for the establishment of single - purpose intercommunal associations . French lawmakers having long been aware of the inadequacy of the communal structure inherited from the for dealing with a number of practical matters , the so - called Chevènement law of 12 July 1999 is the most recent and most thoroughgoing measure aimed at strengthening and simplifying this principle . In recent years it has become increasingly common for communes to band together in intercommunal consortia for the provision of such services as refuse collection and water supply . Suburban communes often team up with the city at the core of their urban area to form a community charged with managing public transport or even administering the collection of local taxes . The Chevènement law tidied up all these practices , abolishing some structures and creating new ones . In addition , it offered central government finance aimed at encouraging further communes to join together in intercommunal structures . Unlike the only partially successful statute enacted in 1966 and enabling urban communes to form urban communities , or the more marked failure of the Marcellin law of 1971 , the Chevènement law met with a large measure of success , so that a majority of French communes are now involved in intercommunal structures . There are two types of these structures : Those without fiscal power , the loosest form of intercommunality . Mainly in this category are the traditional syndicates of communes . Communes gather and contribute financially to the syndicate , but the syndicate can not levy its own taxes . Communes can leave the syndicate at any time . Syndicates can be set up for a particular purpose or to deal with several simultaneous matters . These structures have been left untouched by the Chevènement law , and they are on the decline . Structures with fiscal power . This is what the Chevènement law was concerned with , and it distinguishes three structures with fiscal power : the Community of Communes ( communauté de communes ) , aimed primarily at rural communes ; the Community of Agglomeration ( communauté d ' agglomération ) , aimed at towns and middle - sized cities and their suburbs ; and the Urban Community ( communauté urbaine ) , aimed at larger cities and their suburbs . These three structures are given varying levels of fiscal power , with the Community of Agglomeration and the Urban Community having most fiscal power , levying the local tax on corporations ( taxe professionnelle ) in their own name instead of those of the communes , and with the same level of taxation across the communes of the community . The communities must also manage some services previously performed by the communes , such as garbage collection or transport , but the law also makes it mandatory for the communities to manage other areas such as economic planning and development , housing projects , or environment protection . Communities of Communes are required to manage the least number of areas , leaving the communes more autonomous , while the Urban Communities are required to Allocation of government money In exchange for the creation of a community , the government allocates money to them based on their population , thus providing an incentive for the communes to team up and form communities . Communities of Communes are given the least amount of money per inhabitant , whereas Urban Communities are given the most amount of money per inhabitant , thus pushing the communes to form more integrated communities where they have less powers , which they might otherwise have been loath to do if it were not for government money . The Chevènement law has been extremely successful in the sense that a majority of French communes now have joined the new intercommunal structures . As of January 1 , 2007 , there were 2,573 such communities in ( including 5 syndicats d ' agglomération nouvelle , a category currently being phased out ) , made up of 33,327 communes ( 91.1 % of all the communes of metropolitan France ) , and 52.86 million inhabitants , i.e. 86.7 % of the population of metropolitan France . These impressive results however may hide a murkier reality . In rural areas , many communes have entered a Community of Communes only to benefit from government funds . Often the local syndicate has been turned officially into a Community of Communes , the new Community of Communes in fact managing only the services previously managed by the syndicate , contrary to the spirit of the law which has established the new intercommunal structures to carry out a much broader range of activities than that undertaken by the old syndicates . Some say that , should government money transfers be citation needed In urban areas , the new intercommunal structures are much more a reality , being created by local decision - makers out of genuine belief in the worth of working together . However in many places local feuds have arisen , and it was not possible to set up an intercommunal structure for the whole of the urban area : some communes refusing to take part in it , or even creating their own structure . In some urban areas like Marseille there exist four distinct intercommunal structures ! In many areas , rich communes have joined with other rich citation needed Moreover , intercommunal structures in many urban areas are still new , and fragile : Tensions exist between communes ; the city at the center of the urban area often is suspected of wishing to dominate the suburban communes ; communes from opposing political sides also may be suspicious of each other . Two famous examples of this are Toulouse and Paris . In Toulouse , on top of there being six intercommunal structures , the main community of Toulouse and its suburbs is only a Community of Agglomeration , although Toulouse is large enough to create an Urban Community according to the law . This is because the suburban communes refused an Urban Community for fear of losing too much power , and opted for a Community of Agglomeration , despite the fact that a Community of Agglomeration receives less government funds than an Urban Community . As for Paris , no One major often raised problem with intercommunality , is the fact that the intercommunal structures are not subject to directly election by the people , so it is the representatives of each individual commune that sit in the new structure . As a consequence , civil servants and bureaucrats are the ones setting up the agenda and implementing it , with the elected representatives of the communes only endorsing key decisions . Miscellaneous facts Most and least populous communes The most populous commune of the French Republic is the commune of : 2,125,246 inhabitants in March 1999 . Six of the French villages destroyed in the First World War have never been rebuilt . All are found in the département Meuse , and were destroyed during the Battle of Verdun in 1916 . After the war , it was decided that the land previously occupied by the destroyed villages would not be incorporated into other communes , as a testament to these villages which had “ died for France ” , as they were declared , and to preserve their memory . The following communes are entirely unpopulated and are managed by a council of three members , appointed by the prefect of Meuse : Beaumont - en - Verdunois Bezonvaux Cumières - le - Mort - Homme Fleury - devant - Douaumont Haumont - près - Samogneux Louvemont - Côte - du - Poivre Apart from the above cases , the communes with the fewest inhabitants in the French Republic are : commune of Rouvroy - Ripont Marne ) , near the Champagne area , 7 inhabitants at the 2006 census . commune of Leménil - Mitry Meurthe - et - Moselle ) , in the woodlands of Lorraine in eastern France , three inhabitants at 2006 census ( including a 49 - year - old man and his 45 - year - old wife , he being the owner of all the estates in the commune , a descendant from the family of the local lords ) . Rochefourchat Drôme ) , in southeast France , one inhabitant at 1999 census ( a 38 - year - old divorced man ) . Largest and smallest commune territories The largest commune of the French Republic is Maripasoula ( with 3,710 inhabitants ) in the département French Guiana : 18,360 square kilometres ( 7,090 sq mi ) . The smallest commune of the French Republic is Castelmoron - d ' Albret ( 62 inhabitants ) near Bordeaux : 0.0376 square kilometres ( 0.0145 sq mi ) . In the largest commune is the commune of Arles ( 50,513 inhabitants ) near Marseilles , the territory of which encompasses most of the Camargue ( the delta of the Rhône River ) : 8.7 times the area of the city of Paris ( excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne Bois de Vincennes ) at 759 square kilometres ( 293 sq mi ) . Communes farthest away from the capital city of France The commune of the French Republic farthest away from Paris is the commune of L ' Île - des - Pins ( 1,840 inhabitants ) in New Caledonia : 16,841 km . ( 10,465 miles ) from the center of Paris . In continental France ( i.e. European France excluding Corsica ) , the communes farthest away from are Coustouges ( 134 inhabitants ) and Lamanère ( 44 inhabitants ) at the Spanish border : both at 721 km ( 448 mi ) from the center of Paris as the crow flies . Shortest and longest commune names Road sign marking the end of the village of Y in the Somme Picardie The commune of the French Republic with the shortest name is the commune of Y ( 86 inhabitants ) . The three communes in the French Republic with the longest names ( 38 letters ) : Saint - Germain - de - Tallevende - la - Lande - Vaumont Calvados ( 1731 inhabitants ) Saint - Remy - en - Bouzemont - Saint - Genest - et - Isson Marne ( 592 inhabitants ) Beaujeu - Saint - Vallier - Pierrejux - et - Quitteur Haute - Saône ( 739 inhabitants ) . Communes with non - French names Mittelhausbergen Vacqueyras Provence showing double French / Provençal name . In areas where other languages than French are / were spoken , the names have been translated to French spelling and pronunciation , such as Dunkerque ( formerly Duinkerke Dutch ) , ( formerly Tolosa Occitan ) , Strasbourg Straßburg German ) , or Perpignan Perpinyà Catalan ) . However , many smaller communes have retained their native name . Here are examples of retained names in the languages once spoken , or still spoken , on the territory of the French Republic : German : the commune of Mittelhausbergen ( 1,680 inhabitants ) . Dutch : the commune of Steenvoorde ( 4,024 inhabitants ) . Breton Kermoroc ’ h ( 324 inhabitants ) . Occitan Belcastel ( 251 inhabitants ) . Basque Ustaritz ( 4,984 inhabitants ) . Franco - Provençal Oyonnax ( 23,618 inhabitants ) . Catalan Banyuls - dels - Aspres ( 1,007 inhabitants ) . Italian San - Gavino - di - Carbini ( 738 inhabitants ) . Comorian M ’ Tsangamouji ( 5,028 inhabitants ) . Polynesian Hitiaa O Te Ra ( 8,683 inhabitants ) . Austronesian Kouaoua ( 1,586 inhabitants ) . Amerindian Kourou ( 19,107 inhabitants ) . Classification INSEE codes : INSEE gives numerical indexing codes to various entities in France , notably the communes ( which do not coincide with postcodes ) . The ' complete ' code has eight digits and three spaces within , but there is a popular ' simplified ' code with five digits and no space within : Two digits ( ) and three digits ( commune ) for the 96 of France ' métropolitaine ' . Three digits ( or collectivity ) and two digits ( commune ) for the Overseas departments Overseas collectivities Overseas Countries . See also : fr : Code INSEE # Code communal See also Lists of communes of France Commune ( subdivision ) Comune ( Italy ) List of fifteen largest French metropolitan areas by population References ( French ) INSEE Government of France " Code officiel géographique — Présentation " . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 ( French ) INSEE Government of France " Code des collectivités d ' outre - mer ( COM ) " . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 27 " Le code officiel géographique ( COG ) , avant , pendant et autour ( Version 3 , volume 1 ) " ( German ) Parliament ( Landtag ) of Baden - Württemberg . " 25 Jahre Gemeindereform Baden - Württemberg ; hier : Neuordnung der Gemeinden " ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 25 a b ( German ) gemeindeverzeichnis . de . " Gemeinden in Deutschland " SPLAF . " Historique du Bas - Rhin " . Retrieved 2007 - 11 - 25 SPLAF . " Historique du Haut - Rhin " Legislation Decree [ 1 ] Direction générale des collectivités locales ( DGCL ) , Ministry of the Interior " Répartition des EPCI à fiscalité propre par département au 01 / 01 / 2007 " ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 19 La Documentation française Le développement de l ' intercommunalité : la révolution discrète Les villes et communes de france lescommunes . com : contacts , offices du tourisme et maire , Hall and Tourist Office , statistiques , photographies . Maryvonne Bonnard , Les collectivités territoriales en France , 2005 , La Documentation française ISBN 2 - 11 - 005874 - 9 External links Complete lists of cities and municipalities in France Communes of by department Ain Aisne Allier Alpes - de - Haute - Provence Alpes - Maritimes Ardèche Ardennes Ariège Aube Aude Aveyron Bas - Rhin Bouches - du - Rhône Cantal Calvados Charente Charente - Maritime Cher Corrèze Corse - du - Sud Côte - d ' Or Côtes - d ' Armor Creuse Deux - Sèvres Dordogne Doubs Drôme Essonne Eure Eure - et - Loir Finistère Gard Gers Gironde Guadeloupe Guyane Haut - Rhin Haute - Corse Haute - Garonne Haute - Loire Haute - Marne Haute - Saône Haute - Savoie Haute - Vienne Hautes - Alpes Hautes - Pyrénées Hauts - de - Seine Hérault Ille - et - Vilaine Indre Indre - et - Loire Isère Jura Landes Loir - et - Cher Loire Loire - Atlantique Loiret Lot Lot - et - Garonne Lozère Maine - et - Loire Manche Martinique Mayenne Meurthe - et - Moselle Meuse Morbihan Moselle Nièvre Nord Oise Orne Pas - de - Calais Puy - de - Dôme Pyrénées - Atlantiques Pyrénées - Orientales Rhône Saône - et - Loire Sarthe Savoie Seine - Maritime Seine - Saint - Denis Seine - et - Marne Somme Tarn Tarn - et - Garonne Territoire de Belfort Val - d ' Oise Val - de - Marne Var Vaucluse Vendée Vienne Vosges Yonne Yvelines Articles on fourth - level administrative divisions countries People ' s Republic of China Democratic Republic of the Congo Greece Indonesia Japan Kenya Mali Peru Philippines Senegal Thailand Ukraine United Kingdom Table of administrative divisions by country Categories Country subdivisions of Europe Fourth - level administrative country subdivisions Populated places in France Municipalities by country Subdivisions of France Local government in France | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Cytomegalovirus/en-en/ | definitions synonyms phrases analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Ebay definitions - Cytomegalovirus report a problem cytomegalovirus ( n . ) 1 . any of a group of herpes viruses that enlarge epithelial cells and can cause birth defects ; can affect humans with impaired immunological systems Cytomegalovirus ( n . ) 1 . MeSH A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE , subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE , infecting the salivary glands , liver , spleen , lungs , eyes , and other organs , in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions . Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS . ; Type species of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Cytomegalovirus report a problem Cytomegalovirus MeSH Herpesvirus 5 , Human Herpesvirus 5 ( beta ) , Human HHV 5 Human Herpesvirus 5 Salivary Gland Viruses cytomegalovirus CMV Advertizing ▼ phrases Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Cytomegalovirus Infections Cytomegalovirus Retinitis Cytomegalovirus Vaccines Cytomegalovirus , Murine Guinea pig cytomegalovirus Mouse Cytomegalovirus Murine Cytomegalovirus Pneumonia in cytomegalovirus disease Rat Cytomegalovirus Retinitis , Cytomegalovirus congenital cytomegalovirus infection Cytomegalovirus retinitis Cytomegalovirus vaccine analogical dictionary Herpesviridae , Herpesviruses , Mouse Thymic Virus , Murid herpesvirus 3 , Thymic Group Viruses [ Hyper . ] Betaherpesvirinae [ Hyper . ] ↕ animal virus [ Classe ] animal virus virus biology [ Domaine ] Virus [ Domaine ] herpes , herpes virus ↕ Wikipedia update Classification and external resources ICD 10 B 25 ICD 9 078.5 D003586 CMV infection of a lung pneumocyte Virus classification Group : Group I dsDNA Family : Herpesviridae Subfamily : Betaherpesvirinae Genus : Species see text ( from the Greek cyto - , " cell " , and - megalo - , " large " ) is a viral genus of the viral family known as Herpesviridae or herpesviruses . It is typically abbreviated as CMV : The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV ( HCMV ) or human herpesvirus - 5 ( HHV - 5 ) , and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses . Within , CMV belongs to the subfamily , which also includes the genera Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus ( HHV - 6 and HHV - 7 ) It is related to other herpesviruses within the subfamilies of Alphaherpesvirinae that includes herpes simplex viruses ( HSV ) - 1 and - 2 and varicella - zoster virus ( VZV ) , and the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily that includes Epstein – Barr virus All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods . Although they may be found throughout the body , CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals Other CMV viruses are found in several mammal species , but species isolated from animals differ from HCMV in terms of genomic structure , and have not been reported to cause human disease . Species Classified Cytomegaloviruses Scientific Name Host Common Name Human herpesvirus 5 ( HHV - 5 ) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 ( CeHV - 5 ) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 ( CeHV - 8 ) Panine herpesvirus 2 ( PaHV - 2 ) Pongine herpesvirus 4 ( PoHV - 4 ) Aotine herpesvirus 1 ( AoHV - 1 ) - tentative classification Aotine herpesvirus 3 ( AoHV - 3 ) - tentative classification Human African green monkey Rhesus monkey Chimpanzee Orangutan Night monkey Human CMV ( HCMV ) Simian CMV ( SCCMV ) Rhesus CMV ( RhCMV ) Chimpanzee CMV ( CCMV ) Herpesvirus aotus 1 Herpesvirus aotus 3 Several species of have been identified and classified for different mammals The most studied is Human cytomegalovirus ( HCMV ) , which is also known as Human herpesvirus 5 ( HHV - 5 ) . Other primate CMV species include Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus ( CCMV ) that infects chimpanzees orangutans , and Simian cytomegalovirus ( SCCMV ) and Rhesus cytomegalovirus ( RhCMV ) that infect macaques ; CCMV is known as both Panine herpesvirus 2 ( PaHV - 2 ) and Pongine herpesvirus - 4 ( PoHV - 4 ) , SCCMV is also called Cercopithecine herpesvirus - 5 ( CeHV - 5 ) and RhCMV is also called Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 ( CeHV - 8 ) . A further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the genus , and are called Herpesvirus aotus 1 Herpesvirus aotus 3 . Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus Muromegalovirus ; this genus contains Mouse cytomegalovirus ( MCMV ) is also known as Murid herpesvirus 1 ( MuHV - 1 ) and the closely related Murid herpesvirus 2 ( MuHV - 2 ) that is found in rats . In addition , there many other viral species with the name identified in distinct mammals that are as yet not completely classified ; these were predominantly isolated from primates rodents HCMV Main article : human cytomegalovirus Human cytomegalovirus is a of virus that belongs to the viral family known as or herpesviruses . It is typically abbreviated as HCMV and is alternatively known as HHV - 5 ) . Within , HCMV belongs to the subfamily , which also includes cytomegaloviruses from other mammals . Although they may be found throughout the body , HCMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands HCMV infection is typically unnoticed in healthy people , but can be life - threatening for the immunocompromised , such as HIV - infected persons , organ transplant recipients , or new born infants It can cause hydrops fetalis in infants . After infection , HCMV has an ability to remain latent within the body over long periods . Hence , diagnosis is done histologically by looking for inclusion bodies in salivary glands . A prevention by hygienic measures is included in information given to pregnant women . HCMV is found throughout all geographic locations and socioeconomic groups , and infects between 50 % and 80 % of adults in the United States ( 40 % worldwide ) as indicated by the presence of antibodies in much of the general population . Seroprevalence is age - dependent : 58.9 % of individuals aged 6 and older are infected with CMV while 90.8 % of individuals aged 80 and older are positive for HCMV . HCMV is also the virus most frequently transmitted to a developing fetus . HCMV infection is more widespread in developing countries and in communities with lower socioeconomic status and represents the most significant viral cause of birth defects in industrialized countries . CMV " seems to have a large impact on immune parameters in later life and may contribute to increased morbidity and eventual mortality . " A vaccine against cytomegalovirus ( CMV ) is currently under investigation . As a member of the TORCH complex , cytomegalovirus can cause congenital infection . Because of this , there has been considerable effort made towards the development of a vaccine , with particular emphasis on protection for pregnant women . Development of such a vaccine has been emphasized as a priority by the National Vaccine Program Office in the United States . A phase 2 study of a CMV - vaccine published in 2009 indicated an efficacy of 50 % , - thus the protection provided was limited References a b c d e Ryan KJ , Ray CG ( editors ) ( 2004 ) . Sherris Medical Microbiology ( 4th ed . ) . McGraw Hill . pp . 556 ; 566 – 9 . ISBN 0 - 8385 - 8529 - 9 a b c d e Koichi Yamanishi ; Arvin , Ann M . ; Gabriella Campadelli - Fiume ; Edward Mocarski ; Moore , Patrick ; Roizman , Bernard ; Whitley , Richard ( 2007 ) . Human herpesviruses : biology , therapy , and immunoprophylaxis . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 82714 - 0 Information on congenital CMV Offermanns S , Rosenthal W ( 2008 ) . Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology ( 2nd ed . ) . Springer . pp . 437 – 438 . 978 - 3 - 540 - 38916 - 3 Staras SA , Dollard SC , Radford KW , Flanders WD , Pass RF , Cannon MJ ( November 2006 ) . " Seroprevalence of cytomegalovirus infection in the United States , 1988 – 1994 " Clin . Infect . Dis . 43 ( 9 ) : 1143 – 51 . DOI 10.1086 / 508173 PMID 17029132 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 Caruso C , Buffa S , Candore G , et al . ( 2009 ) . " Mechanisms of immunosenescence " ( PDF ) . Immun Ageing 6 : 10 . DOI 10.1186 / 1742 - 4933 - 6 - 10 PMC 2723084 PMID 19624841 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 04 Infectious diseases Viral systemic diseases A80 – B34 042 – 079 Oncovirus DNA virus HBV Hepatocellular carcinoma HPV Cervical cancer Anal cancer Kaposi ' s sarcoma - associated herpesvirus Kaposi ' s sarcoma Epstein - Barr virus Nasopharyngeal carcinoma Burkitt ' s lymphoma Primary central nervous system lymphoma MCPyV Merkel cell cancer SV40 RNA virus HCV Hepatocellular carcinoma HTLV - I Adult T - cell leukemia / lymphoma Immune disorders HIV AIDS Central nervous system Encephalitis meningitis DNA virus JCV Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy RNA virus MeV Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis LCV Lymphocytic choriomeningitis Arbovirus encephalitis Orthomyxoviridae ( probable ) Encephalitis lethargica RV Rabies Chandipura virus Herpesviral meningitis Ramsay Hunt syndrome type II Myelitis Poliovirus Poliomyelitis Post - polio syndrome HTLV - I Tropical spastic paraparesis Eye Cytomegalovirus retinitis HSV Herpetic keratitis Cardiovascular CBV Pericarditis Myocarditis Respiratory system acute viral nasopharyngitis viral pneumonia Epstein - Barr virus EBV infection Infectious mononucleosis IV SARS coronavirus Severe acute respiratory syndrome V Orthomyxoviridae Influenzavirus A B C Influenza Avian influenza V , Paramyxovirus Human parainfluenza viruses Parainfluenza RSV hMPV Digestive system Oropharynx Esophagus MuV Mumps Cytomegalovirus esophagitis Gastroenteritis diarrhea Adenovirus Adenovirus infection Rotavirus Norovirus Astrovirus Coronavirus Hepatitis HBV CBV HAV A HCV C HDV D HEV E HGV G Pancreatitis Urogenital BK virus MuV Mumps M VIR virs prot ) / clss cutn syst hppv hiva infl zost zoon ) / epon drug ( dnaa rnaa rtva vacc Diseases of maternal transmission / perinatal infection vertical transmission P35 – P39 771 Gestational / transplacental TORCH complex virus ( Congenital rubella syndrome Congenital cytomegalovirus infection Neonatal herpes simplex Hepatitis B Congenital varicella syndrome Fifth disease bacteria ( Congenital syphilis other ( Toxoplasmosis Transmissible at birth / transcervical Candidiasis Gonorrhea Listeriosis Cell - mediated immunodeficiency of late pregnancy Listeriosis Breastfeeding Tuberculosis M OBS phys devp memb mthr fetu infc epon proc , drug ( 2A G2C BAC bact clas gr + f gr + a t gr - p gr - o drug ( J1p w n m vacc Categories Viral diseases Herpesviruses Virus - related cutaneous conditions All translations of Cytomegalovirus | [
"definitions",
"synonyms",
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Edicts_of_Ashoka/en-en/ | Edicts of Ashoka update Distribution of the Edicts of Ashoka Edicts of Ashoka I - XI in Shahbazgarhi Peshawar , along the Karakoram Route , now the Karakoram Highway The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of 33 inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka , as well as boulders and cave walls , made by the Emperor Ashoka of the Mauryan dynasty during his reign from 269 BCE to 231 BCE . These inscriptions are dispersed throughout the areas of modern - day Bangladesh India Nepal and Pakistan and represent the first tangible evidence of Buddhism . The edicts describe in detail the first wide expansion of Buddhism through the sponsorship of one of the most powerful kings of Indian history . According to the edicts , the extent of Buddhist proselytism during this period reached as far as the Mediterranean , and many Buddhist monuments were created . These inscriptions proclaim Ashoka ' s beliefs in the Buddhist concept of dharma and his efforts to develop the dharma throughout his kingdom . Although Buddhism and the Buddha are mentioned , the edicts focus on social and moral precepts , rather than specific religious practices or the philosophical dimension of Buddhism . In these inscriptions , Ashoka refers to himself as " Beloved of the Gods " and " King Priya - darshi . " The identification of King Priya - darshi with Ashoka was confirmed by an inscription discovered in 1915 by C . Beadon at Maski , the village in Raichur district of Karnataka . Another minor rock edict is found at the village Gujarra in Datia district of Madhya Pradesh . This also shows the Name " Asoka " in addition to usual " Devanam Piyadasi " . The inscriptions found in the eastern part of India were written in the Magadhi language , using the Brahmi script . In the western part of India , the language used is closer to Sanskrit , using the Kharoshthi script , one extract of Edict 13 in the Greek language citation needed , and one bilingual edict written in Greek and Aramaic citation needed . These edicts were decodified by British archeologist and historian James Prinsep The inscriptions revolve around a few recurring themes : Ashoka ' s conversion to Buddhism , the description of his efforts to spread Buddhism , his moral and religious precepts , and his social and animal welfare program . Contents 1 Ashoka ' s conversion 2 Ashoka ' s proselytism 2.1 Proselytism beyond India 2.2 Proselytism within Ashoka ' s territories 2.2.1 Greek communities 2.2.2 Other communities 3 Moral precepts 3.1 Right behaviour 3.2 Benevolence 3.3 Kindness to prisoners 3.4 Respect for animal life 4 Religious precepts 4.1 Buddhism 4.2 Belief in a next world 4.3 Religious exchange 5 Social and animal welfare 5.1 Medicinal treatments 5.2 Roadside facilities 5.3 Officers of the faith 6 Inscriptions 7 Estampages of Girnar Edicts 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Ashoka ' s conversion Ashoka ' s Edict at Maski Raichur district Karnataka . This Edict Confirmed the Name ASOKA for " Devanampiya Piadassi " Ashoka ' s Edict at Gujarra , Madhya Pradesh Ashoka explains that he converted to Buddhism out of remorse for his conquest of the Kalingas around 264 BCE in eastern India ( near the present - day state of Orissa ) : Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi , conquered the Kalingas eight years after his coronation . One hundred and fifty thousand were deported , one hundred thousand were killed and many more died ( from other causes ) . After the Kalingas had been conquered , Beloved - of - the - Gods came to feel a strong inclination towards the Dhamma , a love for the Dhamma and for instruction in Dhamma . Now Beloved - of - the - Gods feels deep remorse for having conquered the Kalingas . Rock Edict Nb13 ( S Following his conversion , Ashoka traveled throughout India and visited sacred Buddhist locations , where he would typically erect a pillar bearing his inscriptions : Twenty years after his coronation , Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi , visited this place and worshipped because here the Buddha , the sage of the Sakyans , was born . He had a stone figure and a pillar set up and because the Lord was born here , the village of Lumbini was exempted from tax and required to pay only one eighth of the produce . Minor Pillar Edict Nb1 ( S . Dhammika ) Ashoka ' s proselytism In order to propagate the Buddhist faith , Ashoka explains he sent emissaries to the Hellenistic kings as far as the Mediterranean , and to the peoples throughout India , claiming they were all converted to the Dharma as a result . He names the Greek rulers of the time , inheritors of the conquest of Alexander the Great , from Bactria to as far as Greece and North Africa , displaying an amazingly clear grasp of the political situation at the time . Proselytism beyond India Buddhist proselytism at the time of king Ashoka 260 218 BCE Now it is conquest by Dhamma that Beloved - of - the - Gods considers to be the best conquest . And it [ conquest by Dhamma ] has been won here , on the borders , even six hundred yojanas away , where the Greek king Antiochos rules , beyond there where the four kings named Ptolemy , Antigonos , Magas and Alexander rule , likewise in the south among the Cholas , the Pandyas , and as far as Tamraparni . Rock Edict Nb13 ( S . Dhammika ) The distance of 600 yojanas corresponds to the distance between the center of India and Greece , roughly 4,000 miles . Amtiyoko refers to Antiochus II Theos of Syria ( 261 – 246 BCE ) , who controlled the Seleucid Empire from Syria to Bactria in the east from 305 to 250 BCE , and was therefore a direct neighbor of Ashoka . Turamaye refers to Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt ( 285 – 247 BCE ) , king of the dynasty founded by Ptolemy I , a former general of Alexander the Great , in Egypt Amtikini Antigonus II Gonatas Macedon ( 278 – 239 BCE ) . Maka Magas of Cyrene ( 300 – 258 BCE ) . Alikasudaro Alexander II of Epirus ( 272 – 258 BCE ) . In the Gandhari original Antiochos is referred to as " Amtiyoko nama Yona - raja " ( lit . " The Greek king by the name of Antiokos " ) , beyond whom live the four other kings : " param ca tena Atiyokena cature 4 rajani Turamaye nama Amtikini nama Maka nama Alikasudaro nama " ( lit . " And beyond Antiochus , four kings by the name of Ptolemy , the name of Antigonos , the name of Magas , the name Alexander " [ 1 ] It is not clear in Hellenic records whether these emissaries were actually received , or had any influence on the Hellenic world . Some scholars , however , point to the presence of Buddhist communities in the Hellenistic world from that time , in particular in Alexandria ( mentioned by Clement of Alexandria ) . The pre - Christian monastic order of the Therapeutae may have drawn inspiration for its ascetic lifestyle from contact with Buddhist monasticism , although the foundation and Scriptures were Jewish . Buddhist gravestones from the Ptolemaic period have also been found in Alexandria , decorated with depictions of the Wheel of the Law Commenting on the presence of Buddhists in Alexandria , some scholars have even pointed out that " It was later in this very place that some of the most active centers of Christianity were established " ( Robert Linssen ) . Ashoka ’ s proselytism also expanded to the south of the Indian subcontinent The Cholas Pandyas were south Indian peoples living outside Asoka ' s empire . Tamraparni is the old name of Sri Lanka Tamraparniya is also the name of Theravada School from Sri Lanka . Proselytism within Ashoka ' s territories Inside India proper , in the realm of Ashoka , many different populations were the object of the King ’ s proselytism : Here in the king ' s domain among the Greeks , the Kambojas , the Nabhakas , the Nabhapamkits , the Bhojas , the Pitinikas , the Andhras and the Palidas , everywhere people are following Beloved - of - the - Gods ' instructions in Dhamma . Rock Edict Nb13 ( S . Dhammika ) Greek communities Greek communities lived in the northwest of the Mauryan empire , in the region of Pakistan , notably ancient Gandhara near the Pakistani capital of Islamabad , and in southern Afghanistan in the region of Gedrosia , following the conquest and the colonization efforts of around 323 BCE . These communities therefore seem to have been still significant during the reign of Ashoka . A notable mention references aspects of Greek society . There is no country , except among the Greeks , where these two groups , Brahmans and ascetics , are not found , and there is no country where people are not devoted to one or another religion . Rock Edict Nb13 ( S . Dhammika ) Bilingual inscription ( Greek Aramaic ) by king , from Kandahar Kabul Museum Two edicts in Afghanistan have been found with Greek inscriptions , one of these being a bilingual edict in Greek language and Aramaic . This edict , found in Kandahar , advocates the adoption of " Piety " ( using the Greek term Eusebeia for Dharma ) to the Greek community : Ten years ( of reign ) having been completed , King Piodasses ( one of the titles of Ashoka : Piyadassi or Priyadarsi , " He who is the beloved of the Gods and who regards everyone amiably " ) made known ( the doctrine of ) Piety ( Greek : εὐσέβεια Eusebeia ) to men ; and from this moment he has made men more pious , and everything thrives throughout the whole world . And the king abstains from ( killing ) living beings , and other men and those who ( are ) huntsmen and fishermen of the king have desisted from hunting . And if some ( were ) intemperate , they have ceased from their intemperance as was in their power ; and obedient to their father and mother and to the elders , in opposition to the past also in the future , by so acting on every occasion , they will live better and more happily . ( Trans . by G . P . Carratelli Other communities Kambojas are a people of Central Asian origin who had settled first in Arachosia Drangiana ( today ’ s southern Afghanistan ) , and then in the northwestern Indian subcontinent in Sindhu Gujarat Sauvira The Nabhakas , the Nabhapamkits , the Bhojas , the Pitinikas , the Andhras and the Palidas are other people under Ashoka ’ s rule . Moral precepts Fragment of the 6th Pillar Edicts of Ashoka ( 238 BCE ) , in Brahmi , sandstones . British Museum The Dharma preached by Ashoka is explained mainly in term of moral precepts , based on the doing of good deeds , respect for others , generosity and purity . Right behaviour Dharma is good , but what constitutes Dharma ? ( It includes ) little evil , much good , kindness , generosity , truthfulness and purity . Pilar Edict Nb2 ( S . Dharmika ) And noble deeds of Dharma and the practice of Dharma consist of having kindness , generosity , truthfulness , purity , gentleness and goodness increase among the people . Rock Pilar Nb7 ( S . Dharmika ) Benevolence Ashoka ' s Dharma meant that : he used his power to try to make life better for his people and he also tried to change the way people thought and lived Kindness to prisoners Ashoka showed great concern for fairness in the exercise of justice , caution and tolerance in the application of sentences , and regularly pardoned prisoners . It is my desire that there should be uniformity in law and uniformity in sentencing . I even go this far , to grant a three - day stay for those in prison who have been tried and sentenced to death . During this time their relatives can make appeals to have the prisoners ' lives spared . If there is none to appeal on their behalf , the prisoners can give gifts in order to make merit for the next world , or observe fasts . Pilar Edict Nb4 ( S . Dhammika ) In the twenty - six years since my coronation prisoners have been given amnesty on twenty - five occasions . Pilar Edict Nb5 ( S . Dhammika ) Respect for animal life The Mauryan empire was the first Indian empire to unify the country and it had a clear - cut policy of exploiting as well as protecting natural resources with specific officials tasked with protection duty . When embraced in the latter part of his reign , he brought about significant changes in his style of governance , which included providing protection to fauna , and even relinquished the royal hunt . He was perhaps the first ruler in history to advocate conservation measures for wildlife . Reference to these can be seen inscribed on the stone edicts . Twenty - six years after my coronation various animals were declared to be protected – parrots , mainas , / / aruna / / , ruddy geese , wild ducks , / / nandimukhas , gelatas / / , bats queen ants , terrapins , boneless fish , vedareyaka gangapuputaka fish , tortoises , porcupines squirrels deer bulls , / / okapinda / / , wild asses , wild pigeons , domestic pigeons and all four - footed creatures that are neither useful nor edible . Those nanny goats , ewes and sows which are with young or giving milk to their young are protected , and so are young ones less than six months old . Cocks are not to be caponized , husks hiding living beings are not to be burnt and forests are not to be burnt either without reason or to kill creatures . One animal is not to be fed to another . — Edict on Fifth Pillar The edicts also proclaim that many followed the king ' s example in giving up the slaughter of animals ; one of them proudly states : Our king killed very few animals . — Edict on Fifth Pillar did not completely prohibit the killing of animals ; he prohibited gratuitous killings ( such as for sacrifices , he advocated restraint in the number that had to be killed for consumption , protected some of them , and in general condemned violent acts against animals , such as castration However , the edicts of Ashoka reflect more the desire of rulers than actual events ; the mention of a 100 ' panas ' ( coins ) fine for poaching deer in royal hunting preserves shows that rule - breakers did exist . The legal restrictions conflicted with the practices then freely exercised by the common people in hunting , felling , fishing and setting fires in forests . Religious precepts Ashoka ' s Edict at Gujarra , Beyond spreading the moral virtues of also insisted that the word of the Buddha be read and followed , in particular in monastic circles ( the Sanghas ) : Piyadasi , King of Magadha , saluting the Sangha and wishing them good health and happiness , speaks thus : You know , reverend sirs , how great my faith in the Buddha , the Dhamma and Sangha is . Whatever , reverend sirs , has been spoken by Lord Buddha , all that is well - spoken . Minor Rock Edict Nb3 ( S . Dhammika ) These Dhamma texts – Extracts from the Discipline , the Noble Way of Life , the Fears to Come , the Poem on the Silent Sage , the Discourse on the Pure Life , Upatisa ' s Questions , and the Advice to Rahula which was spoken by the Buddha concerning false speech – these Dhamma texts , reverend sirs , I desire that all the monks and nuns may constantly listen to and remember . Likewise the laymen and laywomen . Minor Rock Edict Nb3 ( S . Dhammika ) Belief in a next world One benefits in this world and gains great merit in the next by giving the gift of the Dhamma . Rock Edict Nb11 ( S . Dhammika ) Happiness in this world and the next is difficult to obtain without much love for the Dhamma , much self - examination , much respect , much fear ( of evil ) , and much enthusiasm . Pilar Edict Nb1 ( S . Dhammika ) Religious exchange Far from being sectarian , based on a belief that all religions shared a common , positive essence , encouraged tolerance and understanding of other religions . All religions should reside everywhere , for all of them desire self - control and purity of heart . Rock Edict Nb7 ( S . Dhammika ) Here ( in my domain ) no living beings are to be slaughtered or offered in sacrifice . Rock Edict Nb1 ( S . Dhammika ) Contact ( between religions ) is good . One should listen to and respect the doctrines professed by others . Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi , desires that all should be well - learned in the good doctrines of other religions . Rock Edict Nb12 ( S . Dhammika ) Social and animal welfare According to the edicts , took great care of the welfare of his subjects ( human and animal ) , and those beyond his borders , spreading the use of medicinal treatments , improving roadside facilities for more comfortable travel , and establishing " officers of the faith " throughout his territories to survey the welfare of the population and the propagation of the Dharma Medicinal treatments Everywhere within Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi ’ s domain , and among the people beyond the borders , the Cholas , the Pandyas , the Satiyaputras , the Keralaputras , as far as Tamraparni and where the Greek king Antiochos rules , and among the kings who are neighbors of Antiochos , everywhere has Beloved - of - the - Gods , King Piyadasi , made provision for two types of medical treatment : medical treatment for humans and medical treatment for animals . Wherever medical herbs suitable for humans or animals are not Roadside facilities Along roads I have had banyan trees planted so that they can give shade to animals and men , and I have had mango groves planted . At intervals of eight / / krosas / / , I have had wells dug , rest - houses built , and in various places , I have had watering - places made for the use of animals and men . But these are but minor achievements . Such things to make the people happy have been done by former kings . I have done these things for this purpose , that the Officers of the faith In past there were no Dhamma Mahamatras but such officers were appointed by me thirteen years after my coronation . Now they work among all religions for the establishment of Dhamma , for the promotion of Dhamma , and for the welfare and happiness of all who are devoted to Dhamma . They work among the Greeks , the , the Gandharas , the Rastrikas , the Pitinikas and other peoples on the western borders . They work among soldiers , chiefs , Brahmans , householders , the poor , the aged and those devoted to Dhamma – for their welfare and happiness – so that they may be free from harassment . Rock Edict Nb5 ( S . Dhammika ) Inscriptions Estampages of Girnar Edicts An estampage is an impression of the inscription on a rock face . This can be obtained by pressing wet paper to the rock face . Estampages of Asokan edicts were prepared by ASI for their publication in a revised Corpus . The following five images are estampages of the Girnar Rock Edicts . A comparison with Cunningham ’ s reproductions ( see above ) shows that his copies of the Girnar edicts are not faithful to the incised Brahmi characters . A note describing some of the differences can be seen here . Two digital photographs of the right half of the rock can be seen in that note as well as their author ' s page on the web . See also List of Edicts of Ashoka Pillars of Ashoka Ashokan Edicts in Delhi Ashoka ' s Major Rock Edict Edict Greco - Buddhism Notes Gandhari original of Edict No13 ( Greek kings : Paragraph 9 ) : Text References Reference : " India : The Ancient Past " p . 113 , Burjor Avari , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 35615 - 6 Tarn , " The Greeks in Bactria and India " Mauryans & Graeco - Bactrians a b c Rangarajan , M . ( 2001 ) India ' s Wildlife History , pp 8 . Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum – Volume 1 : Inscriptions of Asoka by E . Hultzsch , 1925 http : / / jignashi . blogspot . com / http : / / www . ghumakkar . com / 2010 / 01 / 05 / junagadh - – - a - journey - through - ages / " The Edicts of King Asoka : An English Rendering " by Ven . S . Dhammika ( The Wheel Publication No . 386 / 387 ) ISBN 955 - 24 - 0104 - 6 " Zen living " by Robert Linssen ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3136 - 0 Further reading Singh , Upinder ( 2008 ) . " Chapter 7 : Power and Piety : The Maurya Empire , c . 324 - 187 BCE " A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India : From the Stone Age to the 12th Century . New Delhi : Pearson Education . ISBN 978 - 81 - 317 - 1677 - 9 External links The Edicts of King Ashoka ( full text , electronic edition offered for free distribution ) The Edicts of King Ashoka in Access to Insight Edicts in original Gandhari King Asoka and Buddhism . 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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fluyt/en-en/ | Fluyt update Dutch fluyts of the 17th Century A fluyt fluit , or flute Dutch pronunciation : [ flœy̯t ] is a Dutch type of sailing vessel originally designed as a dedicated cargo vessel . Originating from the Netherlands in the 16th century , the vessel was designed to facilitate transoceanic delivery with the maximum of space and crew efficiency . The inexpensive ship — which could be built in large numbers — usually carried 12 to 15 cannons , but was still a somewhat easy target for pirates . Nonetheless , the fluyt was a significant factor in the 17th century rise of the Dutch seaborne empire . Contents 1 Ship design 2 Images 3 Notes 4 References Ship design The standard fluyt design minimized or completely eliminated its armaments to maximize available cargo space , and used block and tackle extensively to facilitate ship operations . This ship class was credited in enhancing Dutch competitiveness in international trade , and was widely employed by the Dutch East India Company in the 17th and 18th centuries . However , its usefulness caused the fluyt to gain such popularity that similar designs were soon developed by seagoing competitors of the Dutch . For example , the English shipbuilding industry began to adapt the design of the fluyt during the later part of the 17th century as English merchants , seeing how much cheaper the Dutch shipping was , acquired Dutch built ships that were captured during Anglo - Dutch wars . The design of fluyts was largely similar to that of the early galleons . These ships typically weighed 200 - 300 tons and were approximately 80 feet in length ( 24.4 m ) . The pear - shaped vessel had a large cargo bay near the waterline and a relatively narrow deck above . In part , this design was a method used to avoid high taxes collected by Denmark in the Øresund , which was assessed based on area of the main deck . The fluyt was square rigged with two or three masts . Masts were much higher than those of galleons to allow for greater speed . At times fluyts were also armed and served as auxiliary vessels , which was a common practice in the Baltic Sea Images dutch fluyt , 1677 front view side view Model of the late 17th Century fluyt Derfflinger Notes The word " fluyt " is pronounced " flight " similar to " guy " or " buy " . References Boxer , CR ( 1965 ) . The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600 - 1800 . Alfred A . Knopf . p . 20 . Boxer , CR ( 1965 ) . The Dutch Seaborne Empire 1600 - 1800 . Alfred A . Knopf . p . 68 . . Alfred A . Knopf . p . 68 . Davis , Ralph ( 1962 ) . The Rise of the English Shipping Industry in the 17th and 18th Centuries . Newton Abbot : David & Charles . pp . 47 – 54 . ISBN 0 - 7153 - 5462 - 0 " Vowels Working Together " , ESLtoronto . net , 2009 , web : ESL - T - vowels Types of sailing vessels and rigs Barca - longa Barque Barquentine Bermuda rig Bermuda sloop Bilander Brig Brigantine Caravel Carrack Catamaran Catboat Clipper Dutch clipper Cog Corvette Cutter Dhow Dinghy East Indiaman Falkuša Felucca Fifie Fluyt Fore - and - aft rig Frigate Full rigged pinnace Full rigged ship Fusta Gaff rig Galeas Galleon Galiot Gunter rig Hermaphrodite brig Herring buss Hoy Jackass - barque Jangada Junk Ketch Koch Longship Lugger Man - of - war Mast aft rig Masula Mersey Flat Multihull Nao Nordland Norfolk punt Norfolk wherry Patache Pausik Pilot cutter Pink Pinnace ( ship ' s boat ) Pocket cruiser Polacca Pram Proa Razee Sailing barge Sailing hydrofoil Scow Schooner Ship of the line Sixareen Sgoth Shitik Sloop Sloop - of - war Smack Snow Square rig Tall ship Thames sailing barge Trailer sailer Treasure ship Trimaran Uru Vinta Wharrams Well smack Wherry Windjammer Windsurfer Xebec Yacht Yawl Yoal Categories Ship types Sailing rigs and rigging | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Fugazi/en-en/ | Fugazi update For other uses , see Fugazi ( disambiguation ) Fugazi Fugazi in concert in March 2002 . Background information Origin Washington , D.C . USA Genres Post - hardcore indie rock alternative rock Art rock Years active 1987 – present ( hiatus since 2003 ) Labels Dischord Associated acts Ataxia Girls Against Boys Embrace The Evens Minor Threat Rites of Spring The Teen Idles One Last Wish Happy Go Licky Egg Hunt Skewbald / Grand Union Pailhead Website www . dischord . com / band / fugazi Members Guy Picciotto Ian MacKaye Joe Lally Brendan Canty Past members Colin Sears is an American post - hardcore band that formed in Washington , D.C . in 1987 . The band ' s continual members are guitarists and vocalists Ian MacKaye and Guy Picciotto , bassist Joe Lally and drummer Brendan Canty Fugazi are noted for their DIY ethical stance , manner of business practice and contempt towards the music industry . Fugazi has performed numerous worldwide tours , produced six studio albums , a film and a comprehensive live series , gaining the band critical acclaim and success around the world . Fugazi has been on indefinite hiatus since 2003 . Contents 1 History 1.1 Formation 1.2 Fugazi EP Margin Walker 13 Songs ( 1988 – 1989 ) 1.3 Repeater and Steady Diet of Nothing ( 1990 – 1992 ) 1.4 In On the Kill Taker ( 1993 – 1994 ) 1.5 Red Medicine ( 1995 – 1996 ) 1.6 End Hits ( 1997 – 1999 ) 1.7 The Argument ( 2000 – 2002 ) 2 Indefinite hiatus 2.1 Side projects and related work 2.2 Fugazi Live Series 2.3 Reunion and Coachella rumors 3 Musical style 3.1 Influences 4 Business practices 5 Members 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 6.2 Compilations / soundtracks 6.3 Films 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links History Formation After the hardcore punk group Minor Threat dissolved , Ian MacKaye ( vocals and guitar ) was active with a few short - lived groups , most notably Embrace . MacKaye decided he wanted a project that was " like the Stooges with reggae , " but was wary about forming another band after Embrace ' s break up . MacKaye recalled , " My interests were not necessarily to be in a band , but to be with people who wanted to play music with me . " MacKaye recruited ex - Dag Nasty drummer Colin Sears bass guitarist Joey Lally , and the trio began practicing together in September 1986 . After a few months of rehearsals , Sears returned to Dag Nasty and was replaced by Brendan Canty ( earlier of Rites of Spring ) . One day Canty ' s Rites of Spring bandmate dropped by during a practice session to see how his friend was getting along ; he later admitted he secretly harbored the idea of joining the group . But Picciotto was disappointed that there seemed to be no place for him ; he said , " It seemed really completed already [ . . . ] It had a completely different feel from what I ' d been doing with Brendan . It seemed just solid and done . " After some uncertainty from Canty about what he wanted to do with his future , the trio regrouped and booked their first show at the Wilson Center in early September 1987 . The group still needed a name , so MacKaye chose the word " fugazi " from Mark Baker ' s Nam , a compilation of stories of Vietnam War veterans , where it was used as slang for " fucked up " , or , to be precise , " Fucked Up , Got Ambushed , Zipped In [ into a body bag ] " . The band began inviting Picciotto to practices . Inspired by use of a foil in hip hop , Picciotto sang backup vocals . After his band Happy Go Licky broke up , he became more involved with Fugazi . MacKaye eventually asked Picciotto to become a full member , which he accepted . Fugazi EP Margin Walker 13 Songs ( 1988 – 1989 ) Fugazi embarked on its first tour in January 1988 . In June 1988 the band recorded its debut EP ( or 7 Songs ) with producer Ted Nicely and producer / engineer Don Zientara ( who would become a long - time collaborator ) , and shortly afterwards embarked on an arduous tour of Europe . At the tour ' s conclusion in December , the band recorded songs for its intended debut album . However , the band was spent from touring and decided that the resulting sessions were unsatisfactory . The tracklist was cut down to an EP and released as the following year . Both EPs were eventually combined into the release in late 1989 . Upon the band ' s return from Europe , Picciotto , unsatisfied with merely singing , began playing guitar . Repeater Steady Diet of Nothing ( 1990 – 1992 ) With Picciotto now playing guitar full - time , Fugazi had made the transition into jamming on and writing new material as a band as opposed to performing songs composed solely by singer / guitarist MacKaye . In addition to working on new material , songs that they had already been performing live were refined such as " Merchandise " and " Turnover " for inclusion on their first official full - length studio album . Released on April 19 , 1990 through Dischord Records did not initially reach the Billboard 200 charts or become a commercial success . However , the band spent most of 1990 and 1991 touring heavily behind , performing a total of 250 concerts between March 1990 and June 1991 , routinely selling out 1,000 + capacity venues all over the world . By summer 1991 the album had sold more than 300,000 copies , a large number for a label that relied on minimal promotion . While major labels began to court Fugazi , the band decided that Dischord was distributing their records well enough and refused the offers . went on to sell over 1 million copies in the US alone , and has sold more than 2 million worldwide . The album was also critically well received and featured an alternative rock sound that pre - dated significant releases such as Nirvana ' s Nevermind Pearl Jam ' s Ten , which would unexpectedly go on to break the genre into the mainstream . For Fugazi ' s second studio - album , released in July 1991 , the band once again asked Ted Nicely to produce . Nicely had become a chef and had to reluctantly turn down the job , so the band members decided to produce the record themselves . After the success of and its subsequent world tour , Steady Diet was highly anticipated , six months prior to its release had pre - orders in excess of 160,000 for the album . In On the Kill Taker ( 1993 – 1994 ) Fugazi recorded its third album In on the Kill Taker in the fall of 1992 with Steve Albini in Chicago ; however , the results were deemed unsatisfactory and the band re - recorded the album with Don Zientara . With the breakthrough of in the early 1990s , In on the Kill Taker ; released on June 30 , 1993 , became the group ' s first record to enter the Billboard album charts , received critical praise from Spin TIME magazine Rolling Stone , sold 180,000 copies in its first week of release and subsequently became the bands breakthrough album . By the tour , the group began to sell - out large auditoriums and arenas , as well as receive more lucrative major label offers . During the bands sold - out 3 - night stint at New York City ' s Roseland Ballroom in September 1993 , music mogul and Atlantic Records president Ahmet Ertegün met with the band backstage in an attempt to sign them . Ertegün offered the band " anything you want " , their own subsidiary label and more than $ 10 million just to sign with Atlantic . Fugazi declined the offer . The organizers of Lollapalooza also attempted to recruit the band for a headlining slot on its 1993 tour , which the band considered but ultimately turned down . Red Medicine ( 1995 – 1996 ) Fugazi began writing the material for in late 1994 , after touring in support of . The band worked with engineer , but did not choose to work with producer again . Fugazi opted to retreat from the in - your - face production values of and instead worked to create an ambient sound which would display greater range and depth . To achieve this , the band handled production duties themselves , and in doing so , became more confident with in - studio experimentation . would take Fugazi a step further toward art rock . The band began an extensive worldwide tour in support of the album , playing a total of 172 shows between March 1995 and November 1996 . End Hits ( 1997 – 1999 ) After the grueling worldwide tour the band had completed in support of , Fugazi took an extended break and also began writing material for a follow up release . By March 1997 Fugazi had once again returned to Inner Ear Studios with producer / engineer to begin recording what would become the album with the intention of taking a more relaxed approach to recording and a longer amount of time to experiment with different songs and techniques in the studio . The group ultimately spent 7 months recording the album . Due to the title , rumors began circulating at the time that it was to be the their last release . Released on April 28 , 1998 the album was commercially successful and marked one of the band ' s highest debuts yet on the charts . However , critical reaction to was mixed . Many critics praised the album ' s heavier tracks , while others questioned the inclusion of the group ' s longer , more experimental songs . The Argument ( 2000 – 2002 ) Fugazi began work on the in early 2000 . This process saw the group taking more time than usual to write and demo material . Each member would bring their own individual riffs and ideas to the band , jam on them , and then begin piecing the songs together into various configurations before deciding on what would become the final versions . The album ' s recording sessions took place between January and April 2001 at Inner Ear Studios and Dischord House in Arlington , VA , located just outside of Washington D.C . The band once again worked with producer / engineer . During the recording process a considerable amount of time was spent finalizing each songs production , in particular the album ' s drum tracks , in an effort to give it a unique feel . Drummer explained to Modern Drummer that " We recorded them all very differently in terms of the drum sounds . We used a lot of different drum kits , cymbals , snares , and miking techniques . was released by Dischord Records on October 16 , 2001 , along with the EP Furniture + 2 , almost 4 years after the release of . The album was met with critical and commercial success entering the charts and selling over 170,000 copies in its first week of release . Arion Berger of Rolling Stone called the album " bracing " and " intellectual " and Chris True of AllMusic referred to the album as " spine - tingling and ear - shattering all at once " stating that , " the band has raised the bar for themselves and others once again . " He also noted that the album had " touched on strange new territory . " By this point Fugazi were on tour less frequently , due in large part to other professional and personal commitments , they performed only 32 shows in 2001 and 2002 respectively . Indefinite hiatus Fugazi went on what they have called an " indefinite hiatus " after the conclusion of their 2002 UK tour following 3 sold - out nights at the London Forum in England on November 2 , 3 , 4 , 2002 . The hiatus was brought on by the band members ' insistence on spending more time with their families and to pursue other professional projects . In November 2006 , singer / guitarist commented on whether the band was broken up or still " on hiatus " : " I think each one of us in the band has a slightly different take on it , at least semantically , so it makes it a bit hard for me to frame it … . But the one thing that is for sure is that there are no plans for us to do any work together anytime soon , at least as Fugazi proper . So no recording and no tours for the foreseeable future . Nothing has changed on that front . " citation needed Side projects and related work In the meantime , the members are undertaking side projects , with MacKaye forming the duo The Evens with drummer and singer Amy Farina ( formerly of the Warmers ) . In 2004 , MacKaye produced the DC EP for former Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist John Frusciante , which also featured Jerry Busher . Canty has been doing a variety of soundtrack scores and playing bass in the trio Garland Of Hours alongside frequent Fugazi guest contributors Jerry Busher and Amy Domingues , and has played bass live with Mary Timony . Canty also appears on Bob Mould ' s 2005 album Body of Song and on Mould ' s 2008 album District Line , and has toured with Mould , appearing in the live DVD Circle of Friends . He is currently working in the Burn to Shine DVD series which is being released by Trixie DVD . Lally has released two solo albums , There to Here Nothing Is Underrated . He has also appeared on fellow DC post - punkers Decahedron ' s debut album Disconnection_Imminent , as well as on a one shot project with John Frusciante ( formerly ) of the Red Hot Chili Peppers and current Red Hot Chili Peppers guitarist , Josh Klinghoffer known as Ataxia Picciotto currently works as a record producer most notably with Blonde Redhead The Blood Brothers , and he has performed alongside members of The Ex at the Jazz festival in Wels Austria . Picciotto also co - produced and contributed guitar on Vic Chesnutt ' s most recent album , At The Cut , for Constellation Records and performed live with Chesnutt on the Fall / Winter 2009 North American Tour . He has a daughter , Sophie , with musician Kathi Wilcox from the band Bikini Kill The Frumpies In July 2011 , Minneapolis based record label Doomtree released an album of mash - ups between Fugazi and east coast veteran rap crew the Wu - Tang Clan . The album is titled 13 Chambers , group name Wugazi . However , Fugazi itself did not have any involvement with the release . Bassist Joe Lally was asked about his thoughts on the Wugazi release , and stated " I think they could ’ ve found better Fugazi pieces to sample with Wu - Tang guys rapping on it . I mean , it ’ s enjoyable , and I do appreciate it for the fact that somebody enjoys our music enough to bring it into that . But , you know , I do n ’ t know . I guess I should shut up , because I suppose I ’ m about to run into these people at the Fun Fun Fun Fest festival and talk to them . But I ’ m afraid that is my opinion on it . It ’ s like , get better samples of our stuff , do better work . " Fugazi Live Series Main article : Handmade tickets for a Fugazi concert from 2001 in Indianapolis , Indiana Between 1987 and 2003 , Fugazi played over 1000 concerts in all 50 states and all over the world . Over 800 of these shows were recorded by the band ' s sound engineers . Beginning in 2004 and continuing into 2005 , Fugazi launched a 30 CD Live Series that featured concerts from various points in their career , which were made available for sale via . Continuing with the live series concept and after several years of development on December 1 , 2011 Fugazi launched a comprehensive Live Series website through Dischord Records that features 130 of the band ' s concerts available for download at the suggested price of $ 5 each or a " pay what you want " sliding scale option for each download between $ 1 – $ 100 with the goal of eventually making all 800 shows available for purchase . For $ 500 fans can also purchase an " All Access " privilege which will include access to any future concerts and downloads added to the site . While each concert was professionally mastered , the recordings capture everything that happened onstage and for preservation ' s sake the band chose not to edit anything out , singer / guitarist explained to the New York Times " “ We liked this idea of , ‘ Let ’ s just let it be everything , ’ “ Mr . Picciotto said . “ There does n ’ t have to be the idea that this is the great , golden document . It ’ s all there , and it ’ s not cleaned up . You get what you get . ” The sound quality also varies as the earliest recordings were made to cassettes , then eventually digital formats such as DAT CD - R and ultimately hard - drives were used . Each concert page also includes fliers , photographs and ticket stubs . As a career - spanning archival project , the Fugazi Live Series has few equals , putting the band in the company of acts like the Grateful Dead Phish , the only two other artists with such a large volume of concerts available for purchase . Reunion and Coachella rumors Since Fugazi went on hiatus in 2003 , rumors began circulating regarding a possible reunion , with some insinuating that the band may get back together to headline the Coachella Festival Indio , CA . While the band has confirmed that they have been offered large sums of money to reunite and headline festivals , such as Coachella , they have so far , declined the offers . As recently as March 2011 , MacKaye reiterated that Fugazi has " been offered insane amounts of money to play reunions , but it ’ s not going to be money that brings us back together , we would only play music together if we wanted to play music together and time allowed it " . In November 2011 , when asked by the AV Club about the possibility of a reunion and a follow up to 2001 ' s , bassist stated that " was a great record that we should try and top . It ’ ll take some time to come together and everything . To do that , we ’ d have to , the way the four of us are , we would take quite some time , I think , re - associating ourselves musically , and then just letting it come about naturally , because it would have to be a natural thing . So we ’ ll just see . " Musical style Fugazi ' s music was an intentional departure from that of the hardcore punk bands the members had played in previously . Though clearly rooted in punk and hardcore , there is arguably more than punk to be found in Fugazi ' s music . Fugazi incorporated funk reggae beats , irregular stop - start song structures , and heavy riffs inspired by popular rock bands such as Led Zeppelin Queen , bands that the punk community of the time largely disdained . Picciotto became the group ' s second guitarist when he realized MacKaye ' s typically chunky , low - end riffs and Lally ' s dub - influenced basslines allowed him to focus on high - pitched parts . In both vocal and guitar roles , Picciotto assumed the role of a foil to MacKaye ; employing a Rickenbacker guitar for its scratchy single - coil sound in order to " cut through MacKaye ' s chunky chording like a laser beam . " Picciotto ' s assumption of guitar duties allowed all four members of the band to jam together and write songs that way , where previously they had played songs largely as MacKaye had arranged them . When writing songs , the band often rearranges them with different structures and different singers . Spin Magazine has listed MacKaye and Picciotto together at # 86 on their list of The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time for their unique and interlocking guitar style in Fugazi . Generally , MacKaye ' s lyrics and singing are more direct and anthemic ( MacKaye admits that he loves audience sing - alongs and writes songs with shout - able slogans ) , while Picciotto usually favors a more abstract , oblique approach . Lally has contributed vocals to a few songs as well , in which he sings in a more relaxed , quiet style as opposed to MacKaye and Picciotto , whose lyrics and vocals often feature strong emotional intensity . Later , Fugazi more fully integrated elements of punk rock , hardcore , soul noise with an inventively syncopated rhythm section . Notable is MacKaye and Picciotto ' s inventive , interlocking guitar playing , which often defies the traditional notion of " lead " and " rhythm " guitars . They often feature unusual and dissonant chords progressions filtered through a hardcore punk lens . Influences When questioned by Guitar World in 2002 about the band ' s influences , singer / guitarist responded , " Too many to mention . And not just from the last few years . Some of them predate us by decades , and most of them would n ' t be punk . I would hope any musician would be inspired by a lot of different kinds of music . " Fugazi ' s guitar work has earned comparisons to Tom Verlaine ' s playing with New York art - punk icons Television and the early work of the UK ' s Gang of Four Each of Fugazi ' s albums since have featured an instrumental song . By the time of 1995 ' s bassist also began contributing vocals to the band and the group was implementing many of their broader influences into the overall sound . Critics Ian McCaleb and Ira Robbins declared that Fugazi ' s music combined an " unprecedented dynamic range . . . and previously unimagined elements " such as " clattering musique concrète . . . piano sound effects . . . murky dub and lancing clarinet " and " loose - limbed jammy funk . . . into an ambitious , experimental format that raises more stylistic questions than it answers . " Business practices On their first tours , Fugazi worked out its DIY aesthetic by trial and error . The group ' s decisions were partly motivated by pragmatic considerations that were essentially a punk rock version of simple living : for example , selling merchandise on tour would require a full - time merchandise salesperson who would require lodging , food , and other costs , so Fugazi decided to simplify their touring by not selling merchandise . The band was also motivated by moral or ethical considerations : for example , Fugazi ' s members regarded pricey admission for rock concerts as tantamount to price gouging a performer ' s most loyal fans . Fugazi ' s inexpensive target goal of $ 5 admission was spawned during a conversation on an early tour when the band ' s members were debating the lowest profitable admission price . In later years and at many venues , particularly on the east and west coasts of the U.S. , Fugazi was unable to get ticket prices below about $ 10 – $ 15 total . However , it never saw the $ 5 rule as inviolable , instead aiming to charge a price that was both affordable and profitable . Unlike some similar , independent rock contemporaries , Fugazi ' s performances and tours were always profitable , due to the group ' s popularity , low business overhead costs , and MacKaye ' s keen sense of audience response Fugazi ' s early tours earned it a strong word - of - mouth reputation , both for its powerful performances , and also for the band ' s eagerness to play in unusual venues . The group sought out alternatives to traditional rock clubs partly to relieve the boredom of touring , but also hoping to show fans that there are other options to traditional ways of doing things . As Picciotto said , " You find the Elks Lodge , you find the guy who ' s got a space in the back of his pizzeria , you find the guy who has a gallery . Kids will do that stuff because they want to make stuff happen . " The group ( MacKaye in particular ) also made a point of discouraging violent , unwanted slam dancing and fistfights , which it saw as relics of the late 1970s / early 1980s era . Azerrad quotes Mackaye , " See , [ slam dancers ] have one form of communication : violence . . . So to disorient them , you do n ' t give them violence . I ' d say , ' Excuse me , sir . . . ' - I mean , it freaks them out – ' Excuse me , sir , would you please cut that crap out ? ' " Azerrad writes , " [ MacKaye ' s ] admonitions seemed preachy to some . And by and large , people would obey – it was n ' t cool to disrespect Ian MacKaye . " Occasionally , Fugazi would have an unrepentant slam - dancer escorted from the concert , and give them an envelope containing a $ 5 refund ( the group kept a stock of such envelopes in their tour van for these occasions ) . During the summer of 1990 MacKaye formed the corporation Lunar Atrocities Ltd in order to shield his own and his band mates ' personal assets from the threat of lawsuits . As Mr . Seth Martin , MacKaye ’ s financial advisor explained to the Washington Post in a 1993 interview : " protection from liability is the main reason to form a corporation , and for these guys it makes sense . If someone got hurt stage - diving and decided to sue , it would be a little harder to go after their personal assets . ” Current members vocals guitar ( 1987 – present ) drums ( 1987 – present ) – vocals , bass guitar – vocals , guitar ( 1988 – present ) Former members – drums ( 1987 ) Touring members Jerry Busher – additional drums , trumpet ( 1998 – 2002 ) Discography Main article : Fugazi discography Studio albums ( 1990 ) ( 1991 ) ( 1993 ) ( 1995 ) ( 1998 ) ( 2001 ) Compilations / soundtracks ( 1989 ) Instrument Soundtrack ( 1999 ) Films Instrument Notes a b " Fugazi " . TrouserPress . com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 a b c d e f g Perlah , Jeff . " The Independent " . Guitar World . March 2002 . Azerrad , p . 384 . Azerrad , p . 385 . Baker , p . 321 . Azerrad , p . 386 . Azerrad , p . 396 . Azerrad , p . 398 . Azerrad , p . 399 . a b c d Perlah , Jeff . " The Independent " . Guitar World . March 2002 . Azerrad , p . 403 – 404 . Azerrad , p . 407 . Andersen , Mark ; Mark Jenkins ( 2001 ) . Dance of Days : Two Decades of Punk in the Nation ' s Capital . New York : Akashic Books . ISBN 1 - 888451 - 44 - 0 p . 304 Freidman , p . 52 . Norman 1993 " Red Medicine : Fugazi : Review : Rolling Stone " . www . rollingstone . com . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 03 " Guy Picciotto of Fugazi : The Argument ( 2001 ) : Interview " Morphizm . Morphizm . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 Crane , Larry . " Fugazi : Brendan Canty & Guy Picciotto on the Recording Process " . TapeOp Magazine . February 1999 . Chanko , Chip ( 2002 ) . " Interviews : Fugazi " Pitchfork . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 19 Perlah , Jeff . ( 2005 ) . . Modern Drummer Magazine . com . Retrieved 4 / 28 / 11 . Berger , Arion . Fugazi The Argument Rollingstone . com . Retrieved 4 / 28 / 11 . Kellman , Andy . " allmusic ( ( ( > Review ) ) ) " . Retrieved March 17 , 2010 Freidman , p . 11 . Freidman , p . 12 . By Joe Gross . " Wugazi ' s ' 13 Chambers ' : A Track - by - Track Breakdown | Rolling Stone Music " . Rollingstone . com . Retrieved 2011 - 07 - 15 " Interview : Joe Lally " . A.V. Club Chicago . 2011 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 10 http : / / www . avclub . com / chicago / articles / joe - lally , 64410 / " Fugazi Rises Again , In Online Archive " . New York Times . 2011 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 28 " Brendan Canty discusses Fugazi hiatus , " Burn to Shine " and new projects " . Punknews . org " Approaching Oblivion : Ian Mackaye Interview ( Minor Threat , Fugazi , Dischord Records ) " . Approachingoblivion . blogspot . com . 2011 - 03 - 22 Azerrad , p . 391 – 392 . Azerrad , p . 399 – 400 . " SPIN ' s 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time " . Spin . com . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 03 " Punk Lives ! Washington ' s Fugazi Claims It ' s Just a Band . So Why Do So Many Kids Think It ' s God ? " oocities . com / drawcamp . Retrieved on February 23 , 2009 . Azerrad , p . 391 . Azerrad , p . 392 . " Lunar Atrocities Limited . " mblr . dc . gov . Retrieved on February 23 , 2009 . " Punk Lives ! Washington ' s Fugazi Claims It ' s Just a Band . So Why Do So Many Kids Think It ' s God ? . " geocities . com / drawcamp . Retrieved on February 23 , 2009 . References Andersen , Mark ; Mark Jenkins ( 2001 ) . Dance of Days : Two Decades of Punk in the Nation ' s Capital . New York : Akashic Books . ISBN 1 - 888451 - 44 - 0 Azerrad , Michael ( 2001 ) . Our Band Could Be Your Life : Scenes from the American Indie Underground , 1981 – 1991 . Boston : Little , Brown . 0 - 316 - 78753 - 1 Brace , Eric ( 1 August 1993 ) . " PUNK LIVES ! Washington ' s Fugazi Claims It ' s Just a Band . So Why Do So Many Kids Think It ' s God ? " . The Washington Post ( Washingtion DC ) : pp . G1 . Baker , Mark ( 1983 ) . Nam . Berkley . 0 - 425 - 06000 - 4 Freidman , Glen E . ( 2007 ) . Keep Your Eyes Open . New York : Burning Flags Press . 0 - 9641916 - 8 - 7 External links Fugazi ' s page at Dischord Southern distribution page Interview at The Land Salmon with lead singer Ian Mackaye Interview with Ian MacKaye , October 2007 , Jaimeville . com Interview by Loserdom zine with bassist Joe Lally in October 2002 Fugazi ' s page at Allmusic Live albums Compilation albums Soundtrack albums Instrument Soundtrack EPs 3 Songs Furniture Related articles Instrument Jerry Busher Categories Musical groups established in 1987 American post - hardcore musical groups Anti - corporate activism Dischord Records artists Live Music Archive artists Musical quartets Musical groups from Washington , D.C . | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Halogenation/en-en/ | definitions synonyms analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Ebay definitions - Halogenation report a problem Halogenation ( n . ) 1 . MeSH Covalent attachment of HALOGENS to other compounds . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Halogenation report a problem Halogenation ( n . ) MeSH Bromination Chlorination Fluorination Iodation Iodination Advertizing ▼ phrases Alpha halogenation Aromatic halogenation Electrophilic halogenation Free radical halogenation Hell - Volhard - Zelinsky halogenation Ketone halogenation analogical dictionary Biochemical Phenomena , Metabolism , and Nutrition , Metabolism , Nutrition , and Biochemical Phenomena [ Hyper . ] Anabolism , Catabolism , Metabolic Process , Metabolic Processes , Metabolism , Metabolomics , Metabonomics , Process , Metabolic , Processes , Metabolic [ Hyper . ] ↕ Wikipedia update " Fluorination " redirects here . For the addition of fluoride to drinking water , see water fluoridation is a chemical reaction that involves the reaction of a compound , usually an organic compound , with a halogen Dehalogenation is the reverse , the removal of a halogen from a molecule . The pathway and stoichiometry of halogenation depends on the structural features and functional groups of the organic substrate as well as the halogen . Inorganic compounds , for example . metals , also undergo halogenation . Contents 1 Halogenation of organic compounds 1.1 Fluorination 1.2 Chlorination 1.3 Bromination 1.4 Iodination 1.5 Reaction mechanisms 1.6 Related reactions 2 Inorganic chemistry 3 See also 4 References Halogenation of organic compounds There are several processes for the halogenation of organic compounds , including free radical halogenation ketone halogenation electrophilic halogenation , and halogen addition reaction . The determining factors are the functional groups . Saturated hydrocarbons typically do not add halogens but undergo free radical halogenation , involving substitution of hydrogen atoms by halogen . Unsaturated compounds , especially alkenes and alkyne ] s , add halogens . Aromatic compounds are subject to electrophilic halogenation . The facility of halogenation is influenced by the halogen . Fluorine and chlorine are more electronegative and are more aggressive halogenating agents . Bromine is a weaker halogenating agent than both fluorine and chlorine , while iodine is least reactive of them all . The facility of dehydrohalogenation follows the reverse trend : iodine is most easily removed from organic compounds and organofluorine compounds are highly stable . Bromination and iodination are more likely to substitute at the beta carbon Organic compounds , saturated and unsaturated alike , react readily , usually explosively , with fluorine . This process requires highly specialized conditions . In practice , organic compounds are fluorinated electrochemically . Reactions occur at an anode using hydrogen fluoride as the source of fluorine . The method is called electrochemical fluorination . Aside from F 2 and its electrochemically generated equivalent , a variety of fluorinating reagents are known such as xenon difluoride and cobalt ( III ) fluoride Chlorination is generally highly exothermic . Both saturated and unsaturated compounds react directly with chlorine , the former usually requiring UV light to initiate homolysis of chlorine . Chlorination is conducted on a large scale industrially , major process include routes to 1 , 2 - dichloroethane ( precursor to PVC ) and various chlorinated ethanes as solvents . Competitive with direct chlorination ( use of Cl ) is oxychlorination which uses hydrogen chloride in combination with oxygen Bromination is more selective than chlorination because the reaction is less exothermic . Most commonly bromination is conducted by the addition of Br to alkenes . Bromination of saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic substrates is common in nature , giving rise to a host of organobromine compounds . The usual catalyst is the bromoperoxidase which utilizes bromide in combination with oxygen as an oxidant . An example of bromination can be found in the organic synthesis of the anesthetic halothane from trichloroethylene Iodine is the least reactive halogen and is reluctant to react with most organic compounds . The addition of iodine to alkenes is the basis of the analytical method called the iodine number , a measure of the degree of unsaturation for fats . The iodoform reaction involves degradation of methyl ketones . Reaction mechanisms The addition of halogens to alkenes is usually thought to proceed via intermediate salts of halonium ions . In special cases , such intermediates have been isolated . Structure of a bromonium ion Alkanes react via free - radical routes , and the regiochemistry of these reactions is usually determined by the relative weakness of the available C - H bonds . The preference for reaction at tertiary and secondary positions results from greater stability of the corresponding free radicals and the transition state leading to them . The bond - dissociation enthalpy to form a free radical by a breaking a bond between a hydrogen atom and a carbon atom is greatest for a methyl carbon , and it decreases for a primary carbon , a secondary carbon , and a tertiary Related reactions Specific halogenation methods are the Hunsdiecker reaction ( from carboxylic acids ) and the Sandmeyer reaction ( arylhalides ) . Inorganic chemistry All elements aside from argon , neon , and helium form fluorides by direct reaction with fluorine . Chlorine is slightly more selective , but still reacts with most metals and heavier nonmetals . Following the usual trend , bromine is less reactive and iodine least of all . Of the many reactions possible , illustrative is the formation of gold ( III ) chloride by the chlorination of gold . The chlorination of metals is usually not very important industrially since the chlorides are more easily made from the oxides and the hydrogen halide . Where chlorination of inorganic compounds is practiced on a relatively large scale is for the production of phosphorus trichloride sulfur monochloride See also Haloalkane ( Alkyl halide ) Halogenoarene ( Aryl halide ) Free radical halogenation Haloketone Electrophilic substitution References Yoel Sasson " Formation of Carbon – Halogen Bonds ( Cl , Br , I ) " in Patai ' s Chemistry of Functional Groups , 2009 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi 10.1002 / 9780470682531 . pat0011 Ilustrative procedure for chlorination of an aromatic compound : Edward R . Atkinson , Donald M . Murphy , and James E . Lufkin ( 1951 ) , " dl - 4 , 4 ' , 6 , 6 ' - Tetrachlorodiphenic Acid " Org . Synth . Coll . Vol . 4 : 872 MiVk6UhtgX8C&pg = PA159&dq = fluorination + halogenation + organic + chemistry&hl = en&ei = VHgvTs7KHIuXtweek8CkCQ&sa = X&oi = book_result&ct = result&resnum = 1&ved = 0CCwQ6AEwAA # v = onepage&q&f = false ISBN = 0 - 12 - 393201 - 7 M . Rossberg et al . “ Chlorinated Hydrocarbons ” in Ullmann ’ s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2006 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi 10.1002 / 14356007 . a06_233 . pub2 Synthesis of essential drugs , Ruben Vardanyan , Victor Hruby ; Elsevier 2005 ISBN 0 - 444 - 52166 - 6 T . Mori , R . Rathore ( 1998 ) . " X - Ray structure of bridged 2 , 2 ' - bi ( adamant - 2 - ylidene ) chloronium cation and comparison of its reactivity with a singly bonded chloroarenium cation " . Chem . Commun . ( 8 ) : 927 – 928 . DOI 10.1039 / a709063c Greenwood , N . N . ; Earnshaw , A . ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth – Heinemann . ISBN 0080379419 Categories Organic reactions Inorganic reactions Halogens This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia All translations of Halogenation | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Literary%20merit/en-en/ | Literary merit update Literary merit is the quality shared by all works of fiction that are considered to have aesthetic value . The concept of " literary merit " has been criticized as being necessarily subjective , since personal taste determines aesthetic value , and has been derided as a " relic of a scholarly elite " . Despite these criticisms , many criteria have been suggested to determine literary merit including : standing the test of time , realistic characters , emotional complexity , originality , and concern with truth . In 1957 , at the obscenity trial for Howl , author Walter Van Tilburg Clark was prodded into defining literary merit . His response outlines several of the popular criteria : The only final test , it seems to me , of literary merit , is the power to endure . Obviously such a test can not be applied to a new or recent work , and one can not , I think , offer soundly an opinion on the probability of endurance save on a much wider acquaintance with the work or works of a writer than I have of Mr . Ginsberg ' s or perhaps even with a greater mass of production than Mr . Ginsberg ' s . . . . Aside from this test of durability See also Artistic merit Western canon Notes a b Thaler 2008 , p . 68 . Thaler 2008 , p . 69 - 70 . Morgan & Peters 2006 , p . 155 - 156 . References Thaler , Engelbert ( 2008 ) . Teaching English Literature . UTB für Wissenschaft . pp . 231 . Morgan , Bill ; Peters , Nancy ( 2006 ) . Howl on Trial : The Battle for Free Expression . City Lights Books . pp . 224 . Aesthetics Philosophers Theodor W . Adorno Hans Urs von Balthasar Alexander Gottlieb Baumgarten Clive Bell Bernard Bosanquet Edward Bullough R . G . Collingwood Arthur Danto John Dewey Hubert Dreyfus Curt John Ducasse Thierry de Duve Roger Fry Nelson Goodman Georg Hegel Martin Heidegger David Hume Immanuel Kant Paul Klee Susanne Langer Theodor Lipps György Lukács Jean - François Lyotard Joseph Margolis Jacques Maritain Thomas Munro Friedrich Nietzsche José Ortega y Gasset Dewitt H . Parker Stephen Pepper David Prall I . A . Richards George Santayana Friedrich Schiller Arthur Schopenhauer Irving Singer Richard Wollheim more . . . Theories Classicism Historicism Modernism Postmodernism Psychoanalytic theory Romanticism Symbolism Evolutionary aesthetics more . . . Concepts Aesthetic emotions Aesthetic interpretation Art manifesto Avant - garde Beauty Boredom Camp Comedy Creativity Cuteness Disgust Ecstasy Elegance Entertainment Eroticism Gaze Harmony Judgement Kitsch Life imitating art Magnificence Mimesis Perception Quality Rasa Reverence Style Sublime Taste Work of art Related topics Aesthetics of music Applied aesthetics Architecture Art Arts criticism Gastronomy History of painting Humour Japanese aesthetics Mathematical beauty Mathematics and art Painting Philosophy of design Philosophy of film Philosophy of music Poetry Sculpture Theory of painting Tragedy Category Discussion Portal Stubs Task Force Categories Literary fiction Literature stubs | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Moors/en-en/ | Moors plural of Moor ( noun ) moors plural of moor ( noun ) present indicative ( he , she , it ) of moor ( verb ) definitions - Moors report a problem ( n . ) 1 . ( British ) open land usually with peaty soil covered with heather and bracken and moss Moor ( n . ) 1 . one of the Muslim people of north Africa ; of mixed Arab and Berber descent ; converted to Islam in the 8th century ; conqueror of Spain in the 8th century ( v . ) secure with cables or ropes " moor the boat " 2 . come into or dock at a wharf " the big ship wharfed in the evening " 3 . secure in or as if in a berth or dock " tie up the boat " Advertizing ▼ Merriam Webster n . One of a mixed race inhabiting Morocco , Algeria , Tunis , and Tripoli , chiefly along the coast and in towns . 2 . ( Hist . ) Any individual of the swarthy races of Africa or Asia which have adopted the Mohammedan religion . “ In Spanish history the terms Moors , Saracens , and Arabs are synonymous . ” Internat . Cyc . n . An extensive waste covered with patches of heath , and having a poor , light soil , but sometimes marshy , and abounding in peat ; a heath . In her girlish age she kept sheep on the Carew . A game preserve consisting of moorland . Moor buzzard ( Zoöl . ) the marsh harrier . [ Prov . Eng . ] - - Moor coal ( Geol . ) a friable variety of lignite . - - Moor cock ( Zoöl . ) the male of the moor fowl or red grouse of Europe . Moor coot See Gallinule Moor game Same as Moor fowl Moor grass ( Bot . ) a tufted perennial grass ( Sesleria cærulea ) , found in mountain pastures of Europe . Moor hawk the marsh harrier . Moor hen ( a ) The female of the moor fowl ( b ) A gallinule , esp . the European species . See Gallinule ( c ) An Australian rail ( Tribonyx ventralis ) . Moor monkey the black macaque of Borneo ( Macacus maurus ) . Moor titling the European stonechat ( Pratinocola rubicola v . t . imp . & p . p . Moored p . pr . & vb . n . Mooring . ] ( Naut . ) To fix or secure , as a vessel , in a particular place by casting anchor , or by fastening with cables or chains ; as , the vessel was moored in the stream ; they moored the boat to the wharf . Fig . : To secure , or fix firmly . Brougham . v . i . To cast anchor ; to become fast . On oozy ground his galleys Dryden . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Moors report a problem ( British ) heath heather high - moor bog moorland peat turf wold ( v . ) anchor berth fasten tie up wharf see also - Moors ↗ dockline hawser ↘ bog fen low - moor bog morass peat bog swamp ↘ Moorish Moresque phrases Marston Moor battle of Marston Moor high - moor bog low - moor bog moor berry moor grass moor - bird Alston Moor Alston Moor , Cumbria Andy Moor Armley Moor railway station Ashworth Moor Reservoir Axe Edge Moor Bakestone Moor Barmby Moor Barmby Moor , East Riding of Yorkshire Barnby Moor Barnby Moor , Nottinghamshire Battle of Ancrum Moor Battle of Annan Moor Battle of Bramham Moor Battle of Dupplin Moor Battle of Edgecote Moor Battle of Hedgeley Moor Battle of Marston Moor Battle of Seacroft Moor Ben Moor Ben Moor ( football coach ) Benedict the Moor Beyond the Sea ( Dark Moor album ) Biddulph Moor Birkhouse Moor Birmingham Moor Street railway station Black Moor Bob de Moor Bodmin Moor Bogside Moor Halt railway station Bolton Great Moor Street railway station Boultham Moor Box Moor Trust Bradford Moor Briggins Moor Broad Moor Broad moor Broughton Moor Brown Moor Buckland - in - the - Moor Carel de Moor Castleton Moor railway station Chilton Moor Cleator Moor Cleator Moor Celtic F.C . Cleator Moor , Cumbria Clifton Moor Skirmish Clifton Moor railway station Court Moor School Cringle Moor Crompton Moor Crosland Moor Crosland Moor Airfield Dark Moor Dark Moor ( album ) Davey Ray Moor David Moor Derby Moor Community Sports College Dewsbury Moor Dmitry Moor Dollands Moor Dollands Moor Freight Yard Edward Moor Emley Moor Mk . 2 Emley Moor transmitting station Emánuel Moór English Moor Five Go to Mystery Moor Flitwick Moor Frans de Moor Georges De Moor Girl of the Uchter Moor Gisborough Moor Goss Moor Green Moor Halton Moor Hardington Moor Hartshead Moor Heaton Moor Henry Moor High Moor Hill and Moor Holme - on - Spalding - Moor Holton Le Moor railway station Ian Moor Ilkley Moor Jan Moor - Jankowski Karl Moor Kersal Moor Kine Moor L - moor , Shepreth Lanser Moor Low Moor railway station Low Moor , Iowa Low Moor , Lancashire Low Moor , Virginia Lütt - Witt Moor Maiden Moor Markham Moor Marsden Moor Estate Marston Moor order of battle Marston Moor , Battle of Marton - le - Moor Master of the Moor Mastin Moor Moor ( disambiguation ) Moor ( people ) Moor Allerton Moor Allerton , Leeds Moor Copse Nature Reserve Moor End Moor End Castle Moor End Technology College Moor Express Moor Frog Moor Grange Moor Green F.C . Moor Hall Hotel Moor Lake , Ontario Moor Macaque Moor Monkton Moor Music Festival Moor Park Moor Park ( house ) Moor Park SSSI , Surrey Moor Park and Eastbury Moor Park , Blackpool Moor Park , Farnham Moor Park , Hertfordshire Moor Park , Preston Moor Row Moor hen Moor religion Moor - hen Newland with Woodhouse Moor Newton on the Moor Norbury Moor North Moor Old Moor Wetlands Centre On Ilkla Moor Baht ' at On Ilkley Moor Bah ' Tat Othello , Or The Moor Of Venice Panda Moor Paul Moor Plymouth Moor View ( UK Parliament constituency ) Purple Moor Grass Purple Moor - grass Purple moor grass and rush pastures Puxton Moor RAF Davidstow Moor RAF Marston Moor RNAD Broughton Moor RSPB Old Moor RSPB Old Moor Wetland Centre RSPB Old Moor Wetlands Centre Rannoch Moor Robert Frans Marie De Moor Rombalds Moor Royd Moor Wind Farm Ruud de Moor SS Robin Moor Saddleworth Moor Scotstown Moor Shadowland ( Dark Moor album ) Sharpham Moor Plot Siddal Moor Sports College Southlake Moor Staines Moor Stanton Moor Stanwell Moor Tanner Moor Temple Moor High School Science College Terry Moor The English Moor The English Moor or the Mock Marriage The English Moor , or the Mock Marriage The Man on the Moor The Moor The Moor ( novel ) The Tragedy of Othello , the Moor of Venice Thorsberg moor Toad moor Town Moor Town Moor , Newcastle upon Tyne Turf Moor Urra Moor West Moor West Moor SSSI Westhay Moor Wet Moor Whisby Moor Widecombe - in - the - Moor Widecombe - in - the - moor Windlesham Moor Woodhouse Moor Woolley Moor Wyman B . S . Moor Yeo Moor Junior School Appleton - le - Moors Appleton - le - Moors , North Yorkshire Arkengarthdale Gunnerside and Reeth Moors Beneath the Moors Bolton le Moors Bolton - le - Moors Bradley in the Moors Castle of the Moors Catcott , Edington and Chilton Moors Clayton - le - Moors Curry and Hay Moors Draycott in the Moors Draycott - in - the - Moors Goss And Tregoss Moors Hatfield Moors Irene Moors John Moors Cabot Journey through the Cold Moors of Svarttjern Junior Moors Kielderhead And Emblehope Moors List of Sri Lankan Moors Margam Moors Maria Moors Cabot prize Martin Moors Moors ( meaning ) Moors River Moors Sports Club Moors Sundry Act of 1790 Moors Valley Country Park Moors Valley Railway Moors murders Moors of Bordeaux Moors of Gascony North York Moors North York Moors National Park North Yorks Moors North Yorkshire Moors National Park North Yorkshire Moors Railway North Yorkshire Moors Steam Railway Norton le Moors Peat Moors Centre Red Moors Ruabon Moors Solihull Moors F.C . Songs of Moors and Misty Fields South Pennine Moors Southey and Gotleigh Moors Spanish - Moors surname Sri Lankan Moors St Mary ' s Church , Thornton - le - Moors Tealham and Tadham Moors The Moors Murderers Thornton - le - Moors Tickenham , Nailsea and Kenn Moors SSSI Two Moors Festival Two Moors Way We Are All Moors West Moors West Moors railway station West Pennine Moors When The Moors Ruled In Europe Winnall Moors analogical dictionary habitant d ' un lieu nommé . ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] Islamite ; Muslim ; Moslem [ ClasseHyper . ] ( Islamite ; Muslim ; Moslem ) , ( Islam ; Islamism ; Mohammedanism ; Muhammadanism ; Muslimism ) [ Thème ] religion [ Domaine ] believes [ Domaine ] Islam , Muslimism [ membre ] religious person Islamite , Moslem , Muslim [ Hyper . ] région du monde arabe ( fr ) [ Thème ] Islam , Islamism , Mohammedanism , Muhammadanism , Muslimism Islamism Islamic , Mohammedan , Moslem , Muhammadan , Muslim [ Dérivé ] habitant d ' un lieu précis ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] ( Islamite ; Muslim ; Moslem ) , ( Islam ; Islamism ; Mohammedanism ; Muhammadanism ; Muslimism ) [ termes liés ] région du monde arabe ( fr ) [ termes liés ] religion EthnicGroup Islamite , Moslem , Muslim [ Hyper . ] ↕ type de végétation , de paysage ( fr ) [ Classe ] croft ; field [ Classe ] greenery ; verdure ; grass ; herb terrain couvert d ' herbe ( fr ) type de sol ( fr ) ( pasture ; pastureland ; grazing land ; lea ; ley ; meadow ) , ( graze ; pasture ; crop ; browse ; range ) friche et jachère ( fr ) paysage à végétation moyenne ( fr ) pasture ; pastureland ; grazing land ; lea ; ley ; meadow étendue de terre non cultivée ( fr ) ↕ substance organique ( fr ) chose végétale ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] combustible solide ( fr ) plantation lieu planté d ' arbres ( fr ) substance végétale ( fr ) ( turf ; high - moor bog ; peat ; moor ; moorland ) geography LandArea dry land , earth , ground , land , solid ground , terra firma substance d ' origine végétale ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] turf ; high - moor bog ; peat ; moor ; moorland [ ClasseHyper . ] lieu planté d ' arbres de même essence ( fr ) champaign , field , plain [ British ] immobilize ; immobilise attach ; fix ; fasten ; bind ; strap ; tie up ; tie ; knot together assembler des choses ( fr ) factotum Attaching affix , attach , bend arrival line , string attachment , fastening fastener , fastening , fixing , holdfast fixture fastness , fixedness , fixity , fixture , secureness fastener dock dock [ Dérivé ] fasten [ Cause ] boat unfasten [ Ant . ] attach , fasten , fix , mount , secure dockage , docking , moorage , tying up mooring , mooring line factotum StationaryArtifact come in , encroach , enter , get in , get into , go in , go into , move into , penetrate , set foot in , walk in , walk into platform anchorage , anchorage ground , berth dockage , docking , moorage , tying up dock , dockage , docking facility dock , pier , quayside , wharf , wharfage docker , dockhand , dock - walloper , dockworker , dock worker , loader , longshoreman , lumper , stevedore wharf berth , moor , wharf berth , lash , moor , tie up berth undock [ Ant . ] dock , pier , quayside , wharf , wharfage berth , moorage , mooring , slip assembler des matériaux ( fr ) rendre solidaire qqch avec une autre chose ( fr ) arrêter , fixer , immobiliser un navire sur l ' eau ( fr ) immobilize ; immobilise attach ; fix ; fasten ; bind ; strap ; tie up ; tie ; knot together assembler des choses ( fr ) hawser ( attach ; fix ; fasten ; bind ; strap ; tie up ; tie ; knot together ) ( tie up ; moor ; lash ) , ( hawser ) Attaching aérostat ( fr ) [ DomainDescrip . ] StationaryArtifact affix , attach , bend rope anchorage , anchorage ground , berth attachment , fastening fastener , fastening , fixing , holdfast fixture fastness , fixedness , fixity , fixture , secureness fastener berth , moor , wharf berth , lash , moor , tie up [ Cause ] unfasten tie up ; moor ; lash attach , fasten , fix , mount , secure dockline , hawser , mooring rope [ GenV + comp ] berth , moorage , mooring , slip Wikipedia update may refer to : Ethnicity , several historic and modern populations from North Africa Sri Lankan Moor , a minority ethnic group of Sri Lanka Marakkar , a Muslim minority ethnic group of India Places Moor , an obsolete word for a fen or marsh , now mostly applied to flat areas of former marshland in Somerset , England Moor or moorland , an uncultivated upland area that is characterized by low growing vegetation on acidic soils Moor , the German spelling of Mór , a town in Fejér county , Hungary The Moor , a street in Sheffield , England The Moor , Hawkhurst , a village green in Kent , England . Moor Crichel , a village in southwest England , situated on the Cranborne Chase plateau , five miles east of Blandford Forum Moor Island , one of the uninhabited Canadian Arctic Archipelago islands in Kivalliq Region , Nunavut Moor in British terminology refers to the current geographical designation of Dartmoor and Exmoor . A county in Southwest England in Devon . These are national parks famous for their hiking and home to the native ponies : the Dartmoor and Exmoor pony . The topography is rocky , typically windswept with tough native grasses . Hikers have been known to get lost on Dartmoor and is the famous site for the Hound of the Baskervilles People Andy Moor ( disambiguation ) , several people Ben Moor ( disambiguation ) , several people Davey Ray Moor , Australian songwriter , singer , composer and producer David Moor ( born 1947 ) , British general practitioner who was prosecuted for the euthanasia of a patient Dmitry Moor , professional name of Dmitry Stakhievich Orlov Drew Moor ( born 1984 ) , American soccer player Edward Moor ( 1771 - 1848 ) , British soldier and Indologist Emánuel Moór ( 1863 - 1931 ) , Hungarian composer George Raymond Dallas Moor ( 1896 – 1918 ) , recipient of the Victoria Cross Henry Moor ( 1809 – 1877 ) , Mayor of Melbourne Ian Moor ( born 1974 ) , English singer James H . Moor , American philosopher Karl Moor ( 1853 - 1932 ) , Swiss Communist Lova Moor real name : Marie - Claude Jourdain ( born 1946 ) , French dancer Paul Moor , ( born 1978 ) , British Ten - pin Bowler Terry Moor ( born 1952 ) , American tennis player William Moor , Canadian sailor and explorer Wyman Moor ( 1811 - 1869 ) , American politician Other Black Moor , a variety of fancy goldfish that has a characteristic pair of protruding eyes Moor frog , a slim , reddish - brown , semi - aquatic amphibian native to Europe and Asia Mooring ( watercraft ) , securely holding a boat to a riverbank , pier or towpath , or a device used for that purpose ( novel ) , the fourth book in Mary Russell detective series by Laurie R . King . " The Moor " , a song by the Swedish progressive death metal Opeth on their album Still Life See also De Moor , a surname Mohr , a surname Moor End ( disambiguation ) Moore ( disambiguation ) MOR ( disambiguation ) Mór ( disambiguation ) More ( disambiguation ) Categories Disambiguation pages This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia update For Arabs in Sri Lanka , see Sri Lankan Moors A self - depiction by the Muslims in Iberia . Taken from the Tale of Bayad and Riyad Santiago Matamoros ( " Saint James the Moor - slayer " ) . St . James is on horseback and a beheaded Moor lies on the ground , by the 15th - century Flemish - Spanish painter Juan de Flandes The Almoravides dynasty , c . 1100 CE . At the dynasty ' s greatest expanse of control , a succession of Moroccan - based states existed from modern Senegal to the Iberian Peninsula The term has referred to several historic and modern populations of Berber Black African and Arab descent from Northern Africa , who came to conquer , occupy and rule the Iberian Peninsula for nearly 800 years . citation needed At that time they were Muslim , although earlier the people had followed other religions . They called the territory Al Andalus , comprising most of what is now Spain and Portugal . Moors are not a distinct or self - defined people . Medieval and early modern Europeans applied the name primarily to Berbers , but also at various times to Arabs Muslim Iberians and West Africans from Mali Niger who had been absorbed into the Almoravid dynasty Mainstream scholars observed in 1911 that " The term ' Moors ' has no real ethnological value . " The Andalusian Moors of the late Medieval era inhabited the Iberian Peninsula after the Moorish conquests of the Rashidun Umayyad Caliphates , and the final Umayyad conquest of Hispania citation needed The Moors ' rule stretched at times as far as modern - day Mauritania West African countries , and the Senegal River . Earlier , the Classical Romans interacted with ( and later conquered ) parts of Mauretania , a state that covered northern portions of modern Morocco and much of north western and central Algeria during the classical period . The people of the region were noted in Classical literature as the Mauri The term Mauri , or variations , was later used by European traders and explorers of the 16th to 18th centuries to designate ethnic Berber and Arab groups speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect . Today such groups inhabit Mauritania and parts of Algeria western Sahara Morocco Niger Mali Speakers of European languages have historically designated a number of associated ethnic groups as " Moors " . In modern Iberia , the term is applied to people of Moroccan ethnicity living in Europe . " Moor " is sometimes colloquially applied to any person from North Africa . Some people to whom it is applied consider the term pejorative racist Contents 1 Etymology 2 History 2.1 Overview 3 Moors of Iberia 3.1 Medieval Southern Italy 4 Modern age 5 Religious relations 6 Architecture 7 Heraldry 8 Population genetics 9 Notable Moors 10 Bibliography 11 See also 12 References 13 External links Etymology In Latin , the word maurus ( plural mauri ) means coming from Mauretania , a Roman province on the northwestern fringe of Africa . In the Medieval Romance languages ( such as Portuguese , Spanish , French , Italian , Romanian ) , the root appeared in such forms as mouro moro moir mor maur . Derivatives are found in today ' s versions of the languages . Some derive the word from the ancient Greek mauros , meaning " dark " . Through nominalization , the root has taken on a variety of meanings . Moreno , from the Latin root , can mean " tanned " in Spain and Portugal , as well as in Brazil . In Cuba and other Spanish - speaking countries , it can mean " black person " or " mulatto " . Also in Spanish , morapio is a humorous name for " wine " , especially that which has not been " baptized " or mixed with water , i.e. , pure unadulterated wine . Among Spanish speakers , moro ( " Moor " ) came to have a broader meaning , applied to both Moros of Mindanao in the Philippines , and the moriscos of Granada Moro is used to describe all things dark , as in " Moor " , moreno , etc . It was used as a nickname ; for instance , the Milanese Duke Ludovico Sforza was called Il Moro because of his dark complexion . In Polish murzyn means a black person and can be perceived either as a neutral or pejorative term . In Portugal and Spain , mouro ( feminine , moura ) may also refer to supernatural beings known as enchanted moura , where " moor " implies ' alien ' and ' non - Christian ' ; These beings were siren - like fairies with golden or reddish hair and a fair face . They were believed to have magical properties . From this root , the name moor is also applied to unbaptised children , meaning not Christian In Basque mairu means moor and also refers to a mythical people . History See also : Domain of Moor Overview Eastern Hemisphere in 476 CE , showing the Moorish kingdoms after the fall of Rome Although the came to be identified as Muslim , the name pre - dates Islam . It derives from the small Numidian Kingdom of Maure of the 3rd century BCE in what is now northern central and western part of and a part of northern Morocco The name was applied to people of the entire region . " They were called Maurisi by the Greeks " , wrote Strabo , " and Mauri by the Romans . " During that age , the Maure or Moors were trading partners of Carthage , the independent city state founded by Phoenicians . During the second Punic war between Carthage and Rome , two Moorish Numidian kings took different sides , Syphax with Carthage , Masinissa with the Romans , decisively so at Zama Thereafter , the Moors entered into treaties with Rome . King Jugurtha responded to violence against merchants with war . Juba , a later king , was a friend of Rome . Eventually , the Roman Empire incorporated the region as the provinces of Mauretania Caesariensis Mauretania Tingitana . The area around Carthage was already part of the province of Africa . Roman rule was effective enough so that these provinces became integrated into the empire . During the Christian era , two prominent Berber churchmen were Tertullian St . Augustine . After the fall of Rome , the Germanic kingdom of the Vandals ruled much of the area . Neither Vandal nor Byzantine could extend effective rule ; the interior remained under Moorish Berber control . For more than 50 years , the Berbers resisted Arab armies from the east . Among its memorable resistance were the forces led by Kahina , the Berber prophetess of the Awras , during 690 – 701 . By 700 CE , or the 92nd lunar year after the Hijra , the Arab Muslims dominated North Africa . Moors of Iberia Main article : Al - Andalus Progress of the Reconquista ( 790 – 1300 ) . In 711 AD , the now Islamic Moors conquered Visigothic Christian Hispania . Their general Tariq ibn - Ziyad , brought most of Iberia under Islamic rule in an eight - year campaign . They moved northeast across the Pyrenees Mountains , but were defeated by the Frank Charles Martel at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 AD . The Moorish state fell into civil conflict in the 750s . The Moors ruled in North Africa and in most of the Iberian peninsula for several decades . They were resisted in areas in the northwest ( such as Asturias , where they were defeated at the battle of Covadonga ) and the largely Basque regions in the Pyrenees . Though the number of Moor colonists was small , many native Iberian inhabitants converted to Islam . According to Ronald Segal , by 1200 AD , some 5.6 million of Iberia ' s 7 million inhabitants , nearly all native inhabitants , were Muslim . In the late 15th century , the persecution of Muslims and forced conversion to Catholicism caused a mass exodus . In a process of decline , the Al Andalus had broken up into a number of Islamic - ruled fiefdoms , or taifas , which were partly consolidated under the Caliphate of Córdoba Coat of arms of Alcanadre La Rioja , Spain . Depicting slayed heads of the Moors The Asturias , a small northwestern Christian Iberian kingdom , initiated the Reconquista ( the " reconquest " ) soon after the Islamic conquest in the 8th century . Christian states based in the north and west slowly extended their power over the rest of Iberia . Navarre Galicia León , Portugal , Aragón Catalonia or Marca Hispanica , and Castile began a process of expansion and internal consolidation during the next several centuries under the flag of Reconquista Reconstruction of costumes of Moorish nobility from a German book published in 1880 In 1212 , a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of Alfonso VIII of Castile drove the Muslims from Central Iberia . The Portuguese side of the ended in 1249 with the conquest of the Algarve Arabic الغرب — Al - Gharb ) under Afonso III . He was the first Portuguese monarch to claim the title " King of Portugal and the Algarve " . The Moorish Kingdom of Granada continued for three more centuries in the southern Iberia . On January 2 , 1492 , the leader of the last Muslim stronghold in Granada surrendered to armies of a recently united Christian Spain ( after the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon Isabella I of Castile , the Catholic Monarchs ) . They forced the remaining Muslims and Jews to leave Spain , convert to Roman Catholic Christianity or be killed for not doing so . To exert social and religious control , in 1480 , Isabella and Ferdinand agreed to allow the Inquisition in Spain The Inquisition was aimed mostly at Jews and Muslims who had overtly converted to Christianity but were thought to be practicing their faiths secretly . They were respectively called marranos moriscos . The Inquisition also attacked heretics who rejected Roman Catholic orthodoxy , including alumbras , who practiced a personal mysticism or spiritualism . The latter represented a significant portion of the peasants in some territories , such as Aragon Valencia Andalusia . In the years from 1609 to 1614 , the government expelled such subjects . The historian Henri Lapeyre estimated that this affected 300,000 out of an estimated total of 8 million inhabitants . Christian and Moor playing chess , from The Book of Games Alfonso X , c . 1285 Many Muslims converted to Christianity and remained permanently in Iberia . This is indicated by a " high mean proportion of ancestry from North African ( 10.6 % ) " that " attests to a high level of religious conversion ( whether voluntary or enforced ) , driven by historical episodes of social and religious intolerance , that ultimately led to the integration of descendants . " . In the meantime , the tide of Islam had rolled not just to Iberia , but also eastward , through India , the Malayan peninsula , and Indonesia up to the Philippines . This was one of the major islands of an archipelago which the Spaniards had reached during their voyages westward from the New World . By 1521 , the ships of Magellan and other Spanish explorers had reached that island archipelago , which they named Las Islas de Filipinas , after Philip II of Spain . In Mindanao , the Spaniards named the kris - bearing people as Moros or ' Moors ' . Today in the Philippines , this ethnic group of people in Mindanao , who are generally Muslims , are called ' Moros ' . This identification of Islamic people as persists in the modern Spanish language spoken in Spain , and as Mouros in the modern Portuguese language . See Maure According to historian Richard A . Fletcher ' the number of Arabs who settled in Iberia was very small . " Moorish " Iberia does at least have the merit of reminding us that the bulk of the invaders and settlers were Moors , i.e . Berbers from Algeria and Morocco . ' . The Moors request permission from James I of Aragon Christian and Moor playing lute , 13th century Muhammad XII of Granada , last Moorish sultan in Spain Leo Africanus , born in Granada Medieval Southern Italy See also : History of Islam in southern Italy and Arab - Norman culture Muslim musicians at the court of the Norman King Roger II of Sicily The first Muslim conquest of Sicily and parts of southern Italy lasted 75 years ( 827 – 902 ) . By 827 , Sicily was almost entirely in control of the Aghlabids with the exception of some minor strongholds in the rugged interior until 909 when it was then replaced by Shiite Fatimids . Four years later , the Fatimid governor was ousted from Palermo when the island declared its independence under Emir Ahmed ibn - Kohrob . In 1038 , a Byzantine army under George Maniaces crossed the strait of Messina . This included a corps of Normans which saved the situation in the first clash against the Muslims from Messina . After another decisive victory in the summer of 1040 , Maniaces halted his march to lay siege to Syracuse . Despite his conquest of the latter , Maniaces was removed from his position , and the subsequent Muslim counter - offensive reconquered all the cities captured by the Byzantines . The Norman Robert Guiscard , son of Tancred , invaded Sicily in 1060 . The island was split between three Arab emirs , and the majority Christian population rose up against the ruling Muslims . One year later , Messina fell , and in 1072 , Palermo was taken by the Normans . The loss of the cities , each with a splendid harbor , dealt a severe blow to Muslim power on the island . Eventually all of Sicily was taken . In 1091 , Noto in the southern tip of Sicily and the island of Malta , the last Arab stongholds , Islamic authors would marvel at the tolerance of the Norman kings of Sicily . Ibn al - Athir wrote : " They [ the Muslims ] were treated kindly , and they were protected , even against the Franks . Because of that , they had great love for king Roger . " Many repressive measures were introduced by Frederick II to please the popes who were intolerant of Islam in the heart of Christendom . This resulted in a rebellion by Sicilian Muslims , which in turn triggered organized resistance and systematic reprisals and marked the final chapter of Islam in Sicily . The Muslim problem characterized Hohenstaufen rule in Sicily under Henry VI and his son Frederick II . The complete eviction of Muslims and the annihilation of Islam in Sicily was completed by the late 1240s when the final deportations to Lucera took place . Modern age Moorish man in Mauritania Beside its usage in historical context , Moorish Italian and Spanish : French maure Portuguese Romanian maur ) is used to designate an ethnic group speaking the Hassaniya Arabic dialect . They inhabit and parts of Western Sahara Tunisia . In Niger and Mali , these peoples are also known as the Azawagh Arabs , after the Azawagh region of the Sahara . In Spain , modern colloquial Spanish use of the term " Moro " is derogatory for Moroccans in particular North Africans in general . Similarly , in modern , colloquial Portuguese , the term " Mouro " was primarily used as a designation for North Africans and secondarily as a derogatory and ironic term by northern to refer to the inhabitants of the southern parts of the country ( Lisbon Alentejo Algarve ) . However , this designation has gotten more acceptance in the South . In the , a former Spanish colony , many residents call the local Muslim population in the Southern islands . They also self - identify that way ( see Muslim Filipino ) . The term was introduced by the Spanish colonizers . Within the context of Portuguese colonization , in Sri Lanka Portuguese Ceylon ) , Muslims of Arab origin are called ( see Religious relations The initial rule of the Moors in the Iberian peninsula under this Caliphate of Córdoba is regarded as tolerant in its acceptance of Christians , Muslims and Jews living in the same territories . The Caliphate of Córdoba collapsed in 1031 and the Islamic territory in Iberia fell under the rule of the Almoravid dynasty . This second stage inaugurated an era of Moorish rulers guided by a version of Islam that left behind the tolerant practices of the past . Architecture Main article : Moorish architecture Interior of the Mezquita Córdoba Moorish architecture is a term used to describe the articulated Islamic architecture of North Africa and parts of Spain and Portugal where the Moors were dominant from 711 – 1492 . The best surviving examples are La Mezquita in Córdoba and the Alhambra palace ( mainly 1338 – 1390 ) , and also the Giralda in 1184 . Other notable examples include the ruined palace city of Medina Azahara ( 936 – 1010 ) , the church ( former mosque ) San Cristo de la Luz in Toledo Aljafería in Saragossa and baths at for example Ronda Alhama de Granada Heraldry Arms of the great Bristol merchant and shipper William II Canynges ( d . 1474 ) , as depicted on his canopied tomb in St Mary Redcliffe Church , showing the couped heads of three wreathed at the temples Moors — or more frequently their heads , often crowned — appear with some frequency in medieval European heraldry . The term ascribed to them in Anglo - Norman blazon ( the language of English heraldry ) is maure , though they are also sometimes called moore blackmoor negro or occasionally savage Maures appear in European heraldry from at least as early as the 13th century , and some have been attested as early as the 11th century in Italy where they have persisted in the local heraldry and vexillology well into modern times in Corsica Sardinia . Armigers bearing moors or moors ' heads may have adopted them for any of several reasons , to include symbolizing military victories in the Crusades , as a pun on the bearer ' s name in the canting arms of Morese , Negri , Saraceni , etc . , or in the case of Frederick II , possibly to demonstrate the reach of his empire . Even the arms of Pope Benedict XVI feature a moor ' s head , crowned and collared red . Nevertheless , the use of moors ( and particularly their heads ) as a heraldic symbol has been deprecated in North America , where racial stereotypes have been influenced by a history of Trans - Atlantic slave trade and racial segregation , and applicants to the College of Arms of the Society for Creative Anachronism are urged to use them delicately to avoid creating offensive images . Population genetics Berbers # Genetic evidence Shomarka Keita , a biological anthropologist from Howard University , has claimed that populations in Carthage circa 200 BC and northern Algeria 1500 BC were very diverse . As a group , they plotted closest to the populations of Northern Egypt and intermediate to Northern Europeans and tropical Africans . Keita claimed that " the data supported the comments from ancient authors observed by classicists : everything from fair - skinned blonds to peoples who were dark - skinned ' Ethiopian ' or part Ethiopian in appearance . " Modern evidence showed a similar diversity among present North Africans . Moreover , this " diversity " of phenotypes and peoples was probably due to in situ differentiation , not foreign influxes . Of course foreign influxes certainly had an impact but they did not replace the indigenous Berber population . Y chromosome p49a , f TaqI Haplotype V , which corresponds to Y haplogroup E1b1b1b ( M81 ) — formerly E3b1b , E3b2 and colloquially referred to as the " Berber marker " — has been found among 68.9 % of modern Berbers in North Africa and as high as 80 % in one group . It is believed to be about 5,600 years old , and to have arrived with the Neolithic expansion from the Near East . M81 is not found in Sub - Saharan Africa . This haplotype has also been observed in as high as 40 % of one small group of Andalusians tested . Generally it appears at much lower frequencies among Iberian populations , and lower as distance from North Africa increases . Y DNA haplogroup E1b1b ( formerly E3b ) predominates among North African populations ; its E1b1b1b subgroup ( M81 ) is identified especially with Berbers . The Vb subtype of p49a , f Haplotype V , apparently corresponding to E3b1b , has been found to occur in two - thirds of the Haplotype V Southern Iberians , that is , in about a quarter of all Andalusians tested . The frequency of Vb is at its highest among Berbers , and was found to decline rapidly from West to East among North Africans sampled . It is uncommon in France and Italy . A 2006 mitochondrial DNA study of 12th to 13th century Islamic remains from Priego de Córdoba , Spain , indicates a higher proportion ( 4 % ) of sub - Saharan African lineages . This is attributed only partially to the period of Moorish occupation ; researchers believe that more ancient migrations from Africa to Europe were more significant . Mitochondrial DNA sequences and restriction fragment polymorphisms were retrieved from three Islamic 12th to 13th century samples of 71 bones and teeth ( with > 85 % efficiency ) from Madinat Baguh ( today called Priego de Córdoba , Spain ) . Compared with 108 saliva samples from the present population of the same area , the medieval samples show a higher proportion of sub - Saharan African lineages that can only partially be attributed to the historic Muslim occupation . In fact , the unique sharing of transition 16175 , in L1b lineages , with Europeans , instead of Africans , suggests a more ancient arrival to Europe from Africa . The present - day Priego sample is more similar to the current south Iberian population than to the medieval sample Notable Moors Aureus of Macrinus . Its elaborate symbolism celebrates the liberalitas ( " prodigality " ) of Macrinus and his son . Ptolemy of Mauretania the son of king Juba II List of Berbers and List of Arab scientists and scholars Lusius Quietus , a Roman general , governor of Iudaea in 117 . Originally a Berber prince , his military ability won him the favor of Trajan , who even designated him as his successor . During the emperor ' s Parthian campaign , the numerous Jewish inhabitants of Babylonia revolted and were relentlessly suppressed by Quietus , who was rewarded by being appointed governor of Judea . Restlessness in the region caused Trajan to send his favorite , as a legate of consular rank , to Judea , where he continued his sanguinary course . Macrinus , 164 – 218 , a Berber officer , prefect of the Praetorian Guard under Caracalla . In 217 – 218 , he became the first Roman emperor who was not a senator . Gildo , a Berber chieftain who instigated a rebellion against the Roman Empire in 398 . Tariq ibn Ziyad Berber general who defeated the Visigoths conquered Hispania in 711 . Al - Mansur , reigned 754 – 775 , second Caliph Abbasid Caliphate ; his mother was a Berber . Abd ar - Rahman I , founder of the Umayyad Emirate of in 756 ; along with its succeeding , the dynasty ruled Islamic Spain for three centuries . Abbas Ibn Firnas , 810 – 887 , Berber inventor aviator who invented an early parachute and made the first attempt at controlled flight with a hang glider Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al - Majriti , died 1007 , Andalusian writer believed to have been the author of the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity and the Picatrix Abu al - Qasim al - Zahrawi ( Abulcasis ) , Andalusian physician and surgeon who established the discipline of surgery as a profession with his Al - Tasrif in 1000 . Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al - Zarqālī ( Arzachel ) , 1028 – 1087 , Andalusian astronomer and engineer who developed the equatorium and universal ( latitude - independent ) astrolabe and compiled a Zij later used as a basis for the Tables of Toledo Ibn Bajjah ( Avempace ) , died 1138 , Andalusian physicist polymath whose theory of motion , including the concept of a reaction force , influenced the development of classical mechanics Ibn Zuhr ( Avenzoar ) , 1091 – 1161 , Andalusian physician and polymath who discovered the existence of parasites and pioneered experimental surgery . Muhammad al - Idrisi , circa 1100 – 1166 , Moorish geographer and polymath who drew the Tabula Rogeriana , the most accurate world map in pre - modern times . Ibn Tufail , circa 1105 – 1185 , Arabic writer and polymath who wrote Hayy ibn Yaqdhan , the first philosophical novel Ibn Rushd ( Averroes ) , 1126 – 1198 , classical Islamic philosopher and polymath who wrote The Incoherence of the Incoherence and the most extensive Aristotelian commentaries , and established the school of Averroism Ibn al - Baitar , died 1248 , Andalusian botanist and pharmacist who compiled the most extensive pharmacopoeia and botanical compilation in pre - modern times . Ibn Battuta , 1304 – 1368 , a Berber traveller who was the most prolific explorer in pre - modern times , travelling 73,000 miles across much of the Old World Ibn Khaldun , a pioneer of the social sciences and forerunner of sociology , historiography economics , who wrote the Muqaddimah in 1377 . Abū al - Hasan ibn Alī al - Qalasādī , 1412 – 1486 , Moorish mathematician who took the first steps toward the introduction of algebraic symbolism Othello , the fictitious hero in the eponymous play by William Shakespeare , published in 1604 . The character of Othello was a mercenary who served in the war between Venice and the Ottoman Empire , who married the daughter of a Venetian nobleman . Estevanico , also referred to as " Stephen the Moor " , was an explorer in the service of Spain of what is now the southwest of the United States . Monostatos , a fictional corrupt henchman in Mozart ' s The Magic Flute Bibliography This section ' s bibliographical information is not fully provided . If you know these sources and can provide full information , you can help Wikipedia by completing it . Jan Carew , Rape of Paradise David Brion Davis , " Slavery : Black , White , Muslim , Christian " Herodotus , The Histories Shomark O.Y. Keita , " Genetic Haplotyes in North Africa " Shomark O.Y. Keita , " Craniometric Data from North Africa Shomark O.Y. Keita , " Further Craniometric Data from North Africa " Shomark O.Y. Keita , " Bernal vs . Snowden " Bernard Lewis , " The Middle East " Bernard Lewis , " The Muslim Discovery of Europe " Bernard Lewis , " Race and Slavery in Islam " Stanley Lane - Poole , Turkey ( 1888 ) Stanley Lane - Poole , The Barbary Corsairs ( 1890 ) The History of the Moors in Spain J.A. Rogers Nature Knows no Color Line Ronald Segal , " Islam ' s Black Slaves " Ivan van Sertima The Golden Age of the Moor Frank Snowdon , " Before Color Prejudice " Frank Snowdon , " Blacks in Antiquity " David M . Goldenberg , " The Curse of Ham " Lucotte and Mercier , various genetic studies Eva Borreguero . " The Moors Are Coming , the Moors Are Coming ! Encounters with Muslims in Contemporary Spain " . Islam and Christian - Muslim relations , 2006 , vol . 17 , no4 , pp . 417 – 432 . Center for Muslim - Christian Understanding , Georgetown University , Washington , D.C . " The Moors " by Ross Brann , published on New York University website Adarga Al - Andalus Almohad dynasty Marinid dynasty Saadi dynasty Nasrid dynasty Arab people Barbary pirate Berber people Tariq ibn Ziyad North Africa Orientalism Othello Moorish architecture Alhambra Emirate of Granada History of North Africa History of Portugal History of Spain Islam in Spain Moorish Revival Morisco Ricote ( Don Quixote ) Taifa Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula References Ross Brann , " The Moors ? " Andalusia , New York University . Quote : " Andalusi Arabic sources , as opposed to later Mudéjar Morisco sources in Aljamiado and medieval Spanish texts , neither refer to individuals as Moors nor recognize any such group , community or culture . " Ivan Van Sertima , Golden Age of the Moor , Volume 11 " Moors " Britannica Encyclopedia ( 1911 ) , p . 811 Online Etymology Dictionary Xosé Manuel González Reboredo , Leyendas Gallegas de Tradición Oral ( Galician Legends of the Oral Tradition ) , Galicia : Editorial Galaxia , 2004 , p . 18 , Googlebooks , accessed 12 Jul 2010 ( Spanish ) Rodney Gallop , Portugal : A Book of Folkways , Cambridge University Press ( CUP ) , 1936 ; reprint CUP Archives , 1961 , Googlebooks , accessed 12 Jul 2010 Francisco Martins Sarmento , " A Mourama " , in Revista de Guimaraes , No . 100 , 1990 , Centro de Estudos de Património , Universidade do Minho , accessed 12 Jul 2010 ( Portuguese ) Euskadi . net ( Spanish ) Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress , The Berbers at 25 & 77 ; Gabriel Camps , Les Berbères ( Edisud 1996 ) at 20 – 21 , 25 Strabo , Geographica ( c . 17 CE . ) at XVIII , 3 , ii ( cited by Rene Basset in Moorish Literature ( N.Y. , Collier 1901 ) at iii . Jamil M . Abun - Nasr , A History of the Maghrib ( Cambridge Univ . , 1971 ) at 27 , 38 & 43 ; Michael Brett and Elizabeth Fentress , The Berbers ( Blackwell 1996 ) at 14 , 24 , 41 – 54 ; Henri Terrasse , History of Morocco ( Casablanca : Atlantides 1952 ) at 39 – 49 , esp . 43 – 44 ; Serge Lancel , Carthage ( Librairie Artheme Fayard 1992 , Blackwell 1995 ) at 396 – 401 ; Glenn Markoe , The Phoenicians , Berkeley , CA : Univ . of California , 2000 , pp . 54 – 56 " The conquest of North Africa and Berber resistance " in General History of Africa Ronald Segal , Islam ' s Black Slaves ( 2003 ) , Atlantic Books , ISBN 1 - 903809 - 81 - 9 See History of Adams et al . , " The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance : Paternal Lineages of Christians , Jews , and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula " Cell , 2008 . Quote : " Admixture analysis based on binary and Y - STR haplotypes indicates a high mean proportion of ancestry from North African ( 10.6 % ) ranging from zero in Gascony to 21.7 % in Northwest Castile . " Elena Bosch , " The religious conversions of Jews and Muslims have had a profound impact on the population of the Iberian Peninsula " , University of , 2008 , Quote : " The study shows that religious conversions and the subsequent marriages between people of different lineage had a relevant impact on modern populations both in Spain , especially in the Balearic Islands , and in Portugal . " Richard Fletcher . Moorish Spain p10 . University of California Press . 1993 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 08496 - 4 Aubé , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Les empires normands d ’ Orient . Editions Perrin . p . 168 . ISBN 2 - 262 - 02297 - 6 For an introduction to the culture of the Azawagh Arabs , see : Rebecca Popenoe , Feeding Desire — Fatness , Beauty and Sexuality among a Saharan People . Routledge , London ( 2003 ) ISBN 0 - 415 - 28096 - 6 Simms , Karl ( 1997 ) . Translating sensitive texts : linguistic aspects . Rodopi . pp . 144 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 0260 - 9 Warwick Armstrong , James Anderson ( 2007 ) . Geopolitics of European Union enlargement : the fortress empire . Routledge . pp . 83 . 978 - 0 - 415 - 33939 - 1 Wessendorf , Susanne ( 2010 ) . The multiculturalism backlash : European discourses , policies and practices . Taylor & Francis . pp . 171 . 978 - 0 - 415 - 55649 - 1 Tariq Modood , Anna Triandafyllidou , Ricard Zapata - Barrero ( 2006 ) . Multiculturalism , Muslims and citizenship : a European approach . Routledge . pp . 143 . 978 - 0 - 415 - 35515 - 5 Bekers , Elisabeth ( 2009 ) . Transcultural modernities : narrating Africa in Europe . Rodopi . pp . 14 . 978 - 90 - 420 - 2538 - 7 Curl p . 502 Pevsner — The penguin dictionary of architecture Parker , James . " Man " A Glossary of Terms Used in Heraldry . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 a b c " Africans in medieval & Renaissance art : the Moor ' s head " . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 23 In his July 15 , 2005 blog article " Is that a Moor ' s head ? " , Mathew N . Schmalz refers to a discussion on the American Heraldry Society ' s web site where at least one participant described the moor ' s head as a " potentially explosive image . " " Part IX : Offensive Armory " Rules for Submissions of the College of Arms of the Society for Creative Anachronism , Inc . . 2008 - 04 - 02 G . Mokhtar . " General History of Africa : Ancient Civilizations of Africa " , pg 427 " Studies of ancient crania from northern Africa " , AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 83 : 35 - 48 ( 1990 ) Arredi et al . ( 2004 ) , A Predominantly Neolithic Origin for Y - Chromosomal DNA Variation in North Africa , Am J Hum Genet . 2004 August ; 75 ( 2 ) : 338 – 345 . a b Nathalie Gérard et al . , " North African Berber and Arab Influences in the Western Mediterranean Revealed by Y - Chromosome DNA Haplotypes " Human Biology , Volume 78 , Number 3 , June 2006 , pp . 307 – 316 . Biologisk institutt External links Moorsgate . com Pbs . org Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia ( 2006 ) , Classic Encyclopedia ( 1911 ) Khalid Amine , Moroccan Shakespeare : From Moors to Moroccans . Paper presented at an International Conference Organized by The Postgraduate School of Critical Theory and Cultural Studies , University of Nottingham , and The British Council , Morocco , 12 – 14 April 2001 . Heraldry : The Moor ' s Head , Hidden Histories - African in Medieval and Renaissance Art , Victoria and Albert Museum ( n.d ) Sean Cavazos - Kottke . Othello ' s Predecessors : Moors in Renaissance Popular Literature : ( outline ) . Folger Shakespeare Library , 1998 . Tribal hegemony in the former Western Roman Empire from the decline of Rome to 843 Huns 376 – 454 Vandals 406 – 475 Visigoths 410 – 711 Franks 509 – 843 Ostrogoths 493 – 553 Byzantines 553 – 568 Lombards 568 – 774 711 – 1492 Categories History of North Africa History of Spain History of Portugal History of Algeria History of Morocco Muslim communities Berber people History of Islam All translations of Moors | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Nap-of-the-earth/en-en/ | Nap - of - the - earth update Nap - of - the - earth ( abbreviated NOE ) is a type of very low - altitude flight course used by military aircraft to avoid enemy detection and attack in a high - threat environment . During NOE flight , geographical features are used as cover , exploiting valleys and folds in the terrain by flying in , rather than over , them . This keeps below enemy radar coverage , avoiding " skylining " . Other terms are also used , including " ground - hugging " , " terrain masking " , or " flying under the radar " . Contents 1 Purpose 2 Sensors for NOE 3 Helicopter NOE flying 4 Height Above Ground Level 5 See also 6 References Purpose NOE is used to minimize detection by hostile aircraft , AWACS surveillance and control systems , ground - based radar , or attack targets . A high - flying aircraft can be detected by defense systems at long range , giving an air defense system time to react , alerting SAM and AAA missile systems and fighter aircraft . Using NOE flight , the approach may be undetected ; the aircraft " pops up " to attack the target and then turns to escape before the enemy can respond . Doppler radar has the potential to detect NOE flight , but the incoming aircraft has to be within radar range in the first place , and low flight minimizes this possibility due to the effect of terrain masking Sensors for NOE Most NOE flying is done during the day using visual reference by pilots who are experienced in low flying . Data from a radar altimeter or terrain - following radar system is also used , the latter enabling low flying in adverse weather where it would not be possible by visual reference and manual pilot control . At night , a night - vision device may be used . Helicopter NOE flying The lowest NOE flying is by helicopters because they have lower speeds and more maneuverability than fixed - wing aircraft , particularly fast - jets . Helicopters can fly at treetop levels or even below the height of surrounding trees where there are clear areas ( such as in river gullies ) , flying under wires ( such as electricity cables ) rather than over them . Attack helicopters can hide behind trees or buildings , " popping up " just enough to use their ( rotor mast - mounted ) radar or other sensors and then minimally exposing themselves to launch weapons . Escape can then be made by further NOE flying . The altitude is different dependent on the area of operations , and is related to understory canopy layer ( < 15m / 50ft ) or low building , tree canopy layer of less than 45m ( 147ft ) , presence of tall buildings or concrete pylons with heights of up to 25 metres ( 76ft ) international standard , or emergent tree layer canopy and lattice steel electricity pylon to 100m ( 328ft ) being present in the area . Over populated areas an altitude of 500 feet AGL applies where transmission towers of 500ft are in use , these first installed in the 1940s in the northern hemisphere . In May 2011 , four U.S. military helicopters evaded the Pakistani air defense system during the Osama bin Laden mission . Officials in Pakistan attributed the failure to detect the aircraft to their use of nap - of - the - earth flying techniques . Height Above Ground Level Height Above Ground Level ( AGL ) in NOE and low flying generally vary with the aircraft speed , aircraft maneuverability and the ruggedness of the terrain . Helicopters are capable of flying down to a few feet below the skids or wheels . Fast jets are more constrained and at a typical low - flying speed of 450 knots ( 800 km / h ) , 200 feet ( 60 m ) is not unusual and 50 feet ( 15 m ) is possible in relatively flat terrain . Power wires are a danger to all aircraft flying at Cavalese cable car disaster . Special maps are produced that plot the routes of these wires but these are difficult to keep up - to - date , especially for foreign / enemy countries . Pilots are trained to scan for the pylons or power - poles that support these wires , because they can be seen at a distance where the wires themselves can not . See also Sea skimming ( missiles ) Terrain - following radar Radar altimeter References a b c Helicopters at War - Blitz Editions , Bookmart Limited , 1996 , ISBN 1 - 85605 - 345 - 8 http : / / www . hindu . com / 2011 / 05 / 05 / stories / 2011050554891400 . htm Pakistan military caught in the crossfire - Baqir Sajjad Syed Dawn , The Hindu , May 5 , 2011 Categories Aerial maneuvers Aerial warfare This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Paper%20cup/en-en/ | definitions synonyms analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay definitions - Paper cup report a problem paper cup ( n . ) 1 . a disposable cup made of paper ; for holding drinks Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Paper cup report a problem paper cup ( n . ) Dixie cup Advertizing ▼ analogical dictionary container crockery , dishware [ Hyper . ] cup [ Dérivé ] cup [ Hyper . ] ↕ Wikipedia Paper cup update Plain paper cup Insulated paper cup for hot drinks , cut away to show air layer A is a made out of paper and often lined with plastic or wax to prevent liquid from leaking out or soaking through the paper . It may be made of recycled paper and is widely used around the world . Contents 1 History 1.1 Dixie cups 2 Manufacture 2.1 Waterproofing 2.2 Printing on paper cups 3 Environmental impact 4 Lids 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Notes 6.2 Bibliography History Early in the 20th century , it was common to have shared glasses or dippers at water sources such as school faucets or water barrels in trains . This shared use caused public health concerns . One notable investigation into their use was the study by Alvin Davison , biology professor at Lafayette College , published with the sensational title " Death in School Drinking Cups " in Technical World Magazine in August 1908 , based on research carried out in Easton , Pennsylvania ' s public schools . The article was reprinted and distributed by the Massachusetts State Board of Health in November 1909 . Based on these concerns , and as paper goods ( especially after the 1908 invention of the Dixie Cup ) became cheaply and cleanly available , local bans were passed on the shared - use cup . One of the first railway companies to use disposable paper cups was the Lackawanna Railroad , which began using them in 1909 . By 1917 , the public glass had disappeared from railway carriages , replaced by paper cups even in jurisdictions where public glasses had yet to be banned . Paper cups are also employed in hospitals for health reasons . In 1942 the Massachusetts State College found in one study that the cost of using washable glasses , re - used after being sanitized , was 1.6 times the cost of using single - service paper cups . These studies , as well as the reduction in the risk of cross - infection , encouraged the use of paper cups in hospitals . Dixie cups Dixie Cup is the brand name for a line of disposable paper cups that were first developed in the United States in 1907 by Lawrence Luellen , a lawyer in Boston Massachusetts , who was concerned about germs being spread by people sharing glasses or dippers at public supplies of drinking water . Luellen developed an ice - cooled water vending machine with disposable cups , and with another Bostonian , Hugh Moore , embarked on an advertising campaign to educate the public and to market his machine , principally to railroad companies . Professor Davison ' s study was instrumental in abolishing the public glass and opening the door for the paper cup . Soon , the devices , which would dispense cool water for a cent , became standard equipment on trains The Dixie Cup was first called " Health Kup " , but from 1919 it was named after a line of dolls made by Alfred Schindler ' s Dixie Doll Company in New York . Success led the company , which had existed under a variety of names , to call itself the Dixie Cup Corporation and move to a factory in Wilson , Pennsylvania . Atop the factory was a large water tank in the shape of a cup . Dixie merged with the American Can Company in 1957 . The James River Corporation purchased American Can ' s paper business in 1982 . The assets of James River are now part of Georgia - Pacific , a subsidiary of Koch Industries , the second largest privately owned company in the United States . In 1983 , production moved to a modern factory in Forks , Pennsylvania . The original factory in Wilson has sat vacant ever since . The closing of the factory also prompted Conrail to abandon the Easton & Northern railroad branch , of which Dixie Cups was the last major customer . The Dixie Cup logo was created in 1969 by Saul Bass , a graphic designer known for his motion picture title sequences . In Canada , " dixie cup " is a common slang for the red plastic cups used at parties and games such as beer pong . Manufacture The world ' s largest " paper " cup in front of what was once the Lily - Tulip manufacturing company , later Sweetheart Cup Company Made of poured concrete , the cup stands about 68.1 feet ( 20.8 m ) tall . See also : Liquid packaging board The base paper for paper cups are called " cup board " and are made on special multi ply paper machines and have a barrier coating for waterproofing . The paper needs high stiffness and strong wet sizing . The cup board grades have a special design for the cup manufacturing processes . The mouth roll forming process requires good elongation properties of the board and the plastic coating . A well formed mouth roll provides good stiffness and handling properties in the cup . The basis weights of the cup boards are 170 - 350 g / m 2 To meet hygiene requirements , paper cups are generally manufactured from virgin ( non - recycled ) materials . citation needed The one exception to this rule is when the paper cup features an extra insulating layer for heat retention , which never comes into contact with the beverage , such as a corrugated layer wrapped round a single - wall cup . Waterproofing Originally , paper cups for hot drinks were glued together and made waterproof by dropping a small amount of clay in the bottom of the cup , and then spinning at high speed so that clay would travel up the walls of the cup , making the paper water - resistant . However , this resulted in drinks smelling and tasting of cardboard . Cups for cold drinks could not be treated in the same way , as condensation forms on the outside , then soaks into the board , making the cup unstable . To remedy this , cup manufacturers developed the technique of spraying both the inside and outside of the cup with wax . Clay - coated cups disappeared with the invention of polyethylene ( PE ) coated cups ; this process covers the surface of the board with a very thin layer of PE , waterproofing the board and welding the seams together . Printing on paper cups Originally paper cups were printed using rubber blocks mounted on cylinders , with a different cylinder for each colour . Registration across different colours was very difficult , but later flexography plates became available and with the use of mounting systems it became easier to register across the colours , allowing for more complex designs . Printing flexographic has become ideal for long runs and manufacturers generally use this method when producing over a million cups . Machines such as Comexi are used for this , which have been adapted to take the extra large reels that are required by paper cup manufacturers . Ink technology has also changed and where solvent - based inks were being used , water - based inks are instead being utilised . One of the side effects of solvent - based inks is that hot drink cups in particular can smell of solvent , whereas water - based inks have eliminated this problem . Other methods of printing have been used for short runs such as offset printing , which can vary from anything from 10,000 to 100,000 cups . Offset printing inks have also been developed and although in the past these were solvent based , the latest soya - based inks have reduced the danger of cups smelling . The latest development is DirectXprinting , which allows printing on very small quantities , typically from 1,000 cups , and is used by companies including The Paper Cup Company offering small quantities in short lead times . Rotogravure can also be used , but this is extremely expensive and is normally only utilised for items requiring extremely high quality printing like ice cream containers . Environmental impact Most paper cups are designed for a single use and then disposal or recycling . A life cycle inventory of a comparison of paper vs plastic cups shows environmental effects of both with no clear winner . A study of one paper coffee cup with sleeve ( 16 ounce ) shows that the CO2 emissions is about .11 kilograms ( .25 pounds ) per cup with sleeve - including paper from trees , materials , production and shipping . The loss of natural habitat potential from the paper coffee cup ( 16 ounce ) with a sleeve is estimated to be .09 square meters ( .93 square feet ) . Over 6.5 million trees were cut down to make 16 billion paper cups used by US consumers in 2006 , using 4 billion US gallons ( 15,000,000 m 3 ) of water and resulting in 253 million pounds of waste . Very little recycled paper is used to make paper cups because of contamination concerns and regulations . Because most paper cups are coated with plastic , both composting and recycling of paper cups is uncommon . Although paper cups are made from renewable resources ( wood chips 95 % by weight ) , paper products in a landfill may not decompose , or may release methane if decomposed anaerobically . The manufacture of paper usually requires inorganic chemicals and creates water effluents . Paper cups may consume more non - renewable resources than cups made of polystyrene foam ( whose only significant effluent is pentane ) . A number of cities — including Portland Oregon — have banned XPS foam cups in take - out and fast food restaurants . PE is a petroleum based coating on paper cups that can slow down the process of biodegrading . PLA is a biodegradable bio - plastic coating used on some paper cups . PLA is a renewable resource and makes paper cups more compostable , whereas PE is neither renewable nor compostable . Neither PE or PLA is completely biodegradable , and paper cups can only be recycled at a specialised treatment facility regardless of the lining . Lids Paper cups may have various types of lids . The paper cups that are used as containers for yogurt , for example , generally have two types of lids : a press - on , resealable , lid ( used for large " family size " containers , 250 ml to 1000 ml , where not all of the yogurt may be consumed at any one time and thus the ability to re - close the container is required ) and heat - seal foil lids ( used for small " single serving " containers , 150 ml to 200 ml ) . See also Cup holder Plastic cup References Notes " Waxed Paper Food Containers & Lids " . Solocup . com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 Kennedy , Garry : Dixie Cup entry , Apollo Glossary , NASA . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . " Paper Products & Dispensers " . Toiletpaperworld . com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 Raloff , Janet ( 2006 - 02 - 11 ) . " Wind Makes Food Retailers Greener " . Science News a b " Dixie Cup Company History " . Lafayette College Libraries . August 1995 John H . White ( 1985 ) . The American railroad passenger car . Johns Hopkins University Press . p . 432 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 2743 - 4 Beulah France ( February 1942 ) . " Uses for Paper Cups and Containers " . The American Journal of Nursing 42 ( 2 ) : 154 – 156 . doi 10.2307 / 3416163 JSTOR 3416163 Former Dixie Cup Factory , Wilson , Pa ( photograph ) Lily - Tulip Cup Corporation , Springfield - Greene County Library , Springfield , Missouri Savolainen , Antti " 6 " Paper and Paperboard Converting Papermaking Science and Technology 12 Finland : Fapet OY pp . 170 – 172 ISBN 952 - 5216 - 12 - 8 Hocking , M . B . ( 1 February ) . " Paper Versus Polystyrene : A Complex Choice " . Science 251 ( 4993 ) : 504 – 5 . doi 10.1126 / science . 251 . 4993 . 504 PMID 17840849 " Report of the Alliance for Environmental Innovation " . edf . com . Retrieved Feb 6 , 2008 " ecological effects of a paper cup " . ecofx . org . Retrieved Feb 6 , 2008 a b " Paper Cups = Unsustainable Consumption " . aboutmyplanet . com Don R . Hansen and Maryanne M . Mowen ( 2005 ) . Management Accounting : The Cornerstone of Business Decisions . Thomson South - Western . p . 503 . 0 - 324 - 23484 - 8 Chris T . Hendrickson , Lester B . Lave , and H . Scott Matthews ( 2006 ) . Environmental Life Cycle Assessment of Goods and Services : An Input - output Approach . Resources for the Future . p . 5 . 1 - 933115 - 23 - 8 M . William Helfrich & Justin Wescoat Sanders ( 2003 - 08 - 13 ) . " The Coming Cup - tastrophe " The Portland Mercury " Paper Cup Recycling " . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 01 Adman Y . Tamime and Richard K . Robinson ( 1999 ) . Yoghurt : science and technology . Woodhead Publishing . p . 97 . 1 - 85573 - 399 - 4 Bibliography Maying Soong ( 2002 ) . Chinese Paper Folding for Beginners . Courier Dover Publications . pp . 6 – 7 . 0 - 486 - 41806 - 5 — how to make a paper cup out of a square of paper using origami A mathematically annotated folding instruction for paper cups Martin B . Hocking ( November 1991 ) . " Relative merits of polystyrene foam and paper in hot drink cups : Implications for packaging " Environmental Management ( Springer New York ) 15 ( 6 ) : 731 – 747 . 10.1007 / BF02394812 Martin B . Hocking ( November 1994 ) . " Reusable and disposable cups : An energy - based evaluation " Environmental Management ( Springer New York ) 18 ( 6 ) : 889 – 899 . 10.1007 / BF02393618 Allyn Freeman and Bob Golden ( 1997 ) . " Little Dipper " . Why Did n ' t I Think of That ? : Bizarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Could n ' t Live Without . John Wiley and Sons . pp . 183 – 184 . 0 - 471 - 16511 - 5 — the Dixie Cup Categories Containers Drinkware Paper products Paper recycling All translations of Paper cup | [
"Paper cup",
"definitions"
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Prostacyclin/en-en/ | definitions synonyms phrases analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay definitions - Prostacyclin report a problem Prostacyclin ( n . ) 1 . MeSH A prostaglandin that is a powerful vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation . It is biosynthesized enzymatically from PROSTAGLANDIN ENDOPEROXIDES in human vascular tissue . The sodium salt has been also used to treat primary pulmonary hypertension ( HYPERTENSION , PULMONARY ) . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Prostacyclin report a problem Prostacyclin ( n . ) MeSH D10 . 251 . 355 . 255 . 100 . 637 . 550 . 500 D10 . 251 . 355 . 255 . 550 . 550 . 500 D23 . 469 . 050 . 175 . 725 . 895 . 500 Epoprostanol Epoprostenol Epoprostenol Sodium Epoprostenol Sodium Salt , ( 5Z , 9alpha , 11alpha , 13E , 15S ) - Isomer Flolan PGI2 PGX Prostaglandin I ( 2 ) Prostaglandin I2 Advertizing ▼ phrases Prostacyclin Receptor Receptors , Prostacyclin Prostacyclin receptor Prostacyclin synthase analogical dictionary Prostaglandins , Prostanoids [ Hyper . ] Prostacyclins , Prostaglandin I , Prostaglandins I [ Hyper . ] ↕ Wikipedia update Systematic ( IUPAC ) name Z ) - 5 - [ ( 4 R , 5 R ) - 5 - hydroxy - 4 - ( ( S , E ) - 3 - hydroxyoct - 1 - enyl ) hexahydro - 2 H - cyclopenta [ b ] furan - 2 - ylidene ] pentanoic acid Clinical data AHFS Drugs . com monograph Pregnancy cat . Legal status Identifiers CAS number 35121 - 78 - 9 ATC code B01 AC09 PubChem CID 114805 DrugBank DB01240 ChEMBL CHEMBL962 Chemical data Formula C 20 H 32 O 5 Mol . mass 352.465 g / mol SMILES OC ( = O ) CCC \ C = C1 \ C [ C @ @ H ] 2 [ C @ @ H ] ( / C = C / [ C @ @ H ] ( O ) CCCCC ) [ C @ H ] ( O ) C [ C @ @ H ] 2O1 ( what is this ? ) ( verify ) ( or PGI 2 ) is a member of the family of lipid molecules known as eicosanoids As a drug , it is also known as " epoprostenol " . The terms are sometimes used interchangeably . Contents 1 History 2 Production 3 Function 4 Degradation 5 Mode of action 6 Members [ 6 ] 7 Pharmacology 8 See also 9 References History During the 1960s , a U.K. research team , headed by Professor John Vane , began to explore the role of prostaglandins in anaphylaxis and respiratory diseases . Working with a team from the Royal College of Surgeons , Sir John discovered that aspirin and other oral anti - inflammatory drugs work by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins . This critical finding opened the door to a broader understanding of the role of prostaglandins in the body . Sir John and a team from the Wellcome Foundation , had identified a lipid mediator they called “ PG - X , ” which inhibits platelet aggregation . PG - X , which later would become known as prostacyclin , is 30 times more potent than any other then - known anti - aggregatory agent . By 1976 , Sir John and fellow researchers Salvador Moncada Ryszard Gryglewski and Stuart Bunting published the first paper on prostacyclin , in the scientific journal Nature . The collaboration produced a synthesized molecule , which was given the name epoprostenol . But , as with native prostacyclin , the structure of the epoprostenol molecule proved to be unstable in solution , prone to rapid degradation . This presented a challenge for both in vitro experiments and clinical applications . To overcome this challenge , the research team that discovered prostacyclin was determined to continue the research in an attempt to build upon the success they had seen with the prototype molecule . The research team synthesized nearly 1,000 analogues . Through innovative work done by researcher Lucy Clapp treprostinil has demonstrated a unique effect on PPAR gamma , a transcription factor important in vascular pathogenesis as a mediator of proliferation , inflammation , and apoptosis . Through a complementary , yet cyclic AMP - independent pathway , treprostinil activates PPARs , another mechanism that contributes to the anti - growth benefits of the prostacyclin class . Production Eicosanoid synthesis . ( Prostacyclin near bottom center . ) Prostacyclin is produced in endothelial cells from prostaglandin H ( PGH ) by the action of the enzyme prostacyclin synthase . Although prostacyclin is considered an independent mediator , it is called PGI ( prostaglandin I ) in eicosanoid nomenclature , and is a member of the prostanoids ( together with the prostaglandins and thromboxane ) . The series - 3 prostaglandin PGH 3 also follows the prostacyclin synthase pathway , yielding another prostacyclin , The unqualified term ' prostacyclin ' usually refers to PGI . PGI is derived from the ω - 6 arachidonic acid . PGI is derived from the ω - 3 EPA Function Prostacyclin ( PGI ) chiefly prevents formation of the platelet plug involved in primary hemostasis ( a part of blood clot formation ) . It does this by inhibiting platelet activation . It is also an effective vasodilator . Prostacyclin ' s interactions in contrast to thromboxane ( TXA ) , another eicosanoid , strongly suggest a mechanism of cardiovascular homeostasis between the two hormones in relation to vascular damage . Degradation Prostacyclin , which has a half - life of 42 seconds , is broken down into 6 - keto - PGF 1 , which is a much weaker vasodilator . Mode of action Prostacyclin effect Mechanism Cellular response Classical functions Vessel tone ↑ cAMP , ↓ ET - 1 ↓ Ca 2 + , ↑ K + ↓ SMC proliferation ↑ Vasodilation Antiproliferative ↑ cAMP &earr ; PPAR ↓ Fibroblast growth ↑ Apoptosis Antithrombotic ↓ Thromboxane - A2 ↓ PDGF ↓ Platelet aggregation ↓ Platelet adherence to vessel wall Novel functions Antiinflammatory ↓ IL - 1 , IL - 6 ↑ IL - 10 ↓ Proinflammatory cytokines ↑ Antiinflammatory cytokines Antimitogenic ↓ VEGF ↓ TGF - β ↓ Angiogenesis ↑ ECM remodeling Prostacyclin ( PGI ) is released by healthy endothelial cells and performs its function through a paracrine signaling cascade that involves G protein - coupled receptors on nearby platelets and endothelial cells . The platelet Gs protein - coupled receptor ( prostacyclin receptor ) is activated when it binds to PGI . This activation , in turn , signals adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP . cAMP goes on to inhibit any undue platelet activation ( in order to promote circulation ) and also counteracts any increase in cytosolic calcium levels that would result from thromboxane A2 ( TXA ) binding ( leading to platelet activation and subsequent coagulation ) . PGI also binds to endothelial prostacyclin receptors and in the same manner raise cAMP levels in the cytosol . This cAMP then goes on to activate protein kinase A ( PKA ) . PKA then continues the cascade by phosphorylating and inhibiting myosin light - chain kinase , which leads to smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation . It can be noted that PGI and TXA work as physiological antagonists . Members PROSTACYCLINS Flolan ( epoprostenol sodium ) for Injection Continuously infused 2 ng / kg / min to start , increased by 2 ng / kg / min every 15 minutes or longer until suitable efficacy / tolerability balance is achieved Class III Class IV Veletri ( epoprostenol ) for Injection Continuously infused 2 ng / kg / min to start , increased by 2 ng / kg / min every 15 minutes or longer until suitable efficacy / tolerability balance is achieved Class III Class IV Remodulin SC § ( treprostinil sodium ) Injection 1.25 ng / kg / min to start , increased by up to 1.25 ng / kg / min per week for 4 weeks , then up to 2.5 ng / kg / min per week until suitable efficacy / tolerability balance is achieved Class II Class III Ventavis ( iloprost ) Inhalation Solution Inhaled 6 – 9 times daily 2.5 mcg 6 – 9 times daily to start , increased to 5.0 mcg 6 – 9 times daily if well tolerated Pharmacology Ball - and - stick model of prostacyclin Synthetic prostacyclin analogues ( iloprost , cisaprost ) are used intravenously , subcutaneously or by inhalation : as a vasodilator in severe Raynaud ' s phenomenon or ischemia of a limb ; in pulmonary hypertension in primary pulmonary hypertension ( PPH ) Its production is inhibited indirectly by NSAIDs , which inhibit the cyclooxygenase enzymes COX1 and COX2 . These convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandin H2 ( PGH ) , the immediate precursor of prostacyclin . Since thromboxane ( an eicosanoid stimulator of platelet aggregation ) is also downstream of COX enzymes , one might think that the effect of NSAIDs would act to balance . However , prostacyclin concentrations recover much faster than thromboxane levels , so aspirin administration initially has little to no effect but eventually prevents platelet aggregation ( the effect of prostaglandins predominates as they are regenerated ) . This is explained by understanding the cells that produce each molecule , TXA and PGI . Since PGI is primarily produced in a nucleated endothelial cell , the COX inhibition by NSAID can be overcome with time by increased COX gene activation and subsequent production of more COX enzymes to catalyze the formation of PGI . In contrast , TXA is released primarily by anucleated platelets , which are unable to respond to NSAID COX inhibition with additional transcription of the COX gene because they lack DNA material necessary to perform such a task . This allows NSAIDs to result in PGI dominance that promotes circulation and retards thrombosis In patients with pulmonary hypertension , inhaled epoprostenol reduces pulmonary pressure , and improves right ventricular stroke work in patients undergoing cardiac surgery . A dose of 60 µg is hemodynamically safe , and its effect is completely reversed after 25 minutes . No evidence of platelet dysfunction or an increase in surgical bleeding after administration of inhaled epoprostenol has been found . See also Essential fatty acid References epoprostenol " at Dorland ' s Medical Dictionary Kermode J , Butt W , Shann F ( August 1991 ) . " Comparison between prostaglandin E1 and epoprostenol ( prostacyclin ) in infants after heart surgery " British heart journal 66 ( 2 ) : 175 – 8 . DOI 10.1136 / hrt . 66 . 2 . 175 PMC 1024613 PMID 1883670 Fischer S , Weber PC ( 1985 ) . " Thromboxane ( TX ) A3 and prostaglandin ( PG ) I3 are formed in man after dietary eicosapentaenoic acid : identification and quantification by capillary gas chromatography - electron impact mass spectrometry " . Biomed . Mass Spectrom . 12 ( 9 ) : 470 – 6 . DOI 10.1002 / bms . 1200120905 PMID 2996649 Pathologic Basis of Disease , Robbins and Cotran , 8th ed . Saunders Philadelphia 2010 Cawello W , Schweer H , Muller R , et al . Metabolism and pharmacokinetics of prostaglandin E1 administered by intravenous infusion in human subjects . Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1994 ; 46 : 275 - 7 REM_RefGuideWC_AUG07v . 1 Haché M , Denault A , et al . Inhaled epoprostenol ( prostacyclin ) and pulmonary hypertension before cardiac surgery . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003 ; 125 : 642 - 649 Antithrombotics thrombolytics anticoagulants antiplatelet drugs ) ( B01 Antiplatelet drugs Glycoprotein IIb / IIIa inhibitors Abciximab Eptifibatide Tirofiban ADP receptor / P2Y 12 inhibitors thienopyridines Clopidogrel Prasugrel Ticlopidine nucleotide nucleoside analogs Cangrelor Elinogrel Ticagrelor Prostaglandin analogue PGI2 Beraprost Iloprost Treprostinil COX inhibitors Acetylsalicylic acid / Aspirin Aloxiprin Carbasalate calcium Indobufen Triflusal Thromboxane inhibitors thromboxane synthase inhibitors Dipyridamole Picotamide receptor antagonist Terutroban Phosphodiesterase inhibitors Cilostazol Dipyridamole Triflusal Other Cloricromen Ditazole Anticoagulants Vitamin K antagonists ( inhibit II VII IX X coumarins Acenocoumarol Coumatetralyl Dicoumarol Ethyl biscoumacetate Phenprocoumon Warfarin 1 , 3 - Indandiones Clorindione Diphenadione Phenindione other : Tioclomarol Factor Xa inhibitors ( with some II inhibition ) Heparin group / glycosaminoglycans ( bind antithrombin low - molecular - weight heparin Bemiparin Certoparin Dalteparin Enoxaparin Nadroparin Parnaparin Reviparin Tinzaparin oligosaccharides Fondaparinux Idraparinux heparinoid Danaparoid Sulodexide Dermatan sulfate Direct Xa inhibitors xabans Apixaban Betrixaban Edoxaban Otamixaban Rivaroxaban Direct thrombin ( II ) inhibitors bivalent Hirudin Bivalirudin Lepirudin Desirudin univalent Argatroban Dabigatran Melagatran Ximelagatran Other REG1 Defibrotide Ramatroban Antithrombin III Protein C Drotrecogin alfa Thrombolytic drugs fibrinolytics plasminogen activators r - tPA Alteplase Reteplase Tenecteplase UPA Urokinase Saruplase Streptokinase Anistreplase Monteplase other serine endopeptidases Ancrod Fibrinolysin Brinase Non - medicinal Citrate EDTA Oxalate WHO - EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials Phase III § Never to phase III M MYL cell phys coag heme immu gran ) , csfs rbmg mogr tumr hist sysi epon btst drug B1 3 + 5 + 6 ) , btst trns Medications used in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension C02 analogues Beraprost Epoprostenol Iloprost Treprostinil Endothelin receptor antagonists Ambrisentan Bosentan Sitaxentan PDE5 inhibitors Sildenafil Tadalafil Adjunctive therapy Calcium channel blockers Diuretics Digoxin Oxygen therapy Warfarin Autacoids unsaturated fatty acids Eicosanoids Precursor Arachidonic acid Prostanoids Prostaglandins ( PG ) and analogues Precursor Active D / J D E / F E ( Dinoprostone ) Enprostil Sulprostone ( Alprostadil ) Misoprostol Gemeprost F 2α ( Dinoprost ) Bimatoprost Carboprost Latanoprost Tafluprost Travoprost Unoprostone I I ( Prostacyclin / Epoprostenol ) Thromboxanes ( TX ) A B Leukotrienes ( LT ) Arachidonic acid 5 - hydroperoxide Initial A 4 B SRS - A C D Nonclassic Lipoxins Virodhamine By function bronchoconstriction PGD TXA LTC LTD LTE vasoconstriction PGF 2α TXA TXB vasodilation PGE LTC LTD LTE platelets : induce inhibit PGD leukocytes induce LTB inhibit PGE fever stimulation : labor stimulation : ( Dinoprostone ) , PGF ( Dinoprost ) ) M MET mt k c g r p y i f h s l o e a u n m k cgrp y i f h s l o e au n m epon m ( A16 C10 ) , i ( c g r p a u biochemical families proteins amino acids intermediates nucleic acids constituents intermediates carbohydrates glycoproteins alcohols glycosides lipids fatty acids phospholipids steroids sphingolipids eicosanoids tetrapyrroles Categories Prostaglandins Gilead Sciences Alcohols Carboxylic acids All translations of Prostacyclin | [
"Prostacyclin",
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Ramen/en-en/ | Ramen update Not to be confused with Lamian This article is about the Japanese noodle soup . For other uses , see Ramen ( disambiguation ) Shōyu ( soy - based broth ) ramen Ramen ラーメン rāmen IPA : [ ɽaːmeɴ ] is a Japanese noodle dish . It consists of Chinese - style wheat noodles served in a meat - or ( occasionally ) fish - based broth , often flavored with soy sauce or miso , and uses toppings such as sliced pork チャーシュー chāshū , dried seaweed 海苔 nori kamaboko green onions , and occasionally corn . Almost every locality in Japan has its own variation of ramen , from the tonkotsu ( pork bone broth ) ramen of Kyushu to the miso ramen of Hokkaido Contents 1 History 2 Types 2.1 Noodles 2.2 Soup 3 Regional variations 4 Related dishes 5 Restaurants in Japan 6 Outside Japan 7 Health concerns 8 Museum 9 Canned version 10 In popular culture 10.1 Tampopo 10.2 The Ramen Girl 11 See also 12 Notes 13 External links History Ramen is of Chinese origin , however it is unclear when ramen was introduced to Japan . Even the etymology of the word ramen is a topic of debate . One theory is that ramen is the Japanese pronunciation of the Chinese lamian ( 拉麺 ) , meaning " hand - pulled noodles . " A second theory proposes 老麺 ( laomian , " old noodles " ) as the original form , while another states that ramen was initially 鹵麺 ( lǔmiàn ) , noodles cooked in a thick , starchy sauce . A fourth theory is that the word derives from 撈麵 ( lāomiàn , " lo mein " ) , which in Cantonese 撈 means to " stir " , and the name refers to the method of preparation by stirring the noodles with a sauce . Until the 1950s , ramen was called shina soba ( 支那そば , literally " Chinese soba " ) but today chūka soba ( 中華そば , also meaning " Chinese " ) or just ( ラーメン ) are more common , as the word " 支那 " ( shina , meaning " China " ) acquired a pejorative connotation . By 1900 , restaurants serving Chinese cuisine from Canton and Shanghai offered a simple ramen dish of noodles ( cut rather than hand pulled ) , a few toppings , and a broth flavored with salt and pork bones . Many Chinese also pulled portable food stalls , selling ramen and gyōza dumplings to workers . By the mid 1900s , these stalls used a type of a musical horn called a charumera ( チャルメラ , from the Portuguese charamela ) to advertise their presence , a practice some vendors still retain via a loudspeaker and a looped recording . By the early Shōwa period , ramen had become a popular dish when eating out . After World War II , cheap flour imported from the U.S. swept the Japanese market . At the same time , millions of Japanese troops had returned from China and continental East Asia from their posts in the Second Sino - Japanese War . Many of these returnees had become familiar with Chinese cuisine and subsequently set up Chinese restaurants across Japan . Eating ramen , while popular , was still a special occasion that required going out . In 1958 , instant noodles were invented by Momofuku Ando , the Taiwanese - Japanese founder and chairman of Nissin Foods , now run by his son Koki Ando . Named the greatest Japanese invention of the 20th century in a Japanese poll , instant ramen allowed anyone to make this dish simply by adding boiling water . Beginning in the 1980s , ramen became a Japanese cultural icon and was studied around the world from many perspectives . At the same time , local varieties of ramen were hitting the national market and could even be ordered by their regional names . A ramen museum opened in Yokohama in 1994 . Types A wide variety of ramen exists in Japan , with geographical and vendor - specific differences even in varieties that share the same name . Ramen can be broadly categorized by its two main ingredients : noodles and broth . Noodles Fresh ramen Most noodles are made from four basic ingredients : wheat flour , salt , water , and kansui , which is essentially a type of alkaline mineral water , containing sodium carbonate and usually potassium carbonate , as well as sometimes a small amount of phosphoric acid . Originally , kansui was named after the water from Inner Mongolia ' s Lake Kan which contained large amounts of these minerals and was said to be perfect for making these noodles . Making noodles with lends them a yellowish hue as well as a firm texture . For a brief time after World War II , low - quality tainted was sold , though is now manufactured according to JAS standards . Eggs may also be substituted for . Some noodles are made with neither eggs nor and should only be used for yakisoba Ramen comes in various shapes and lengths . It may be fat , thin , or even ribbon - like , as well as straight or wrinkled . Soup Tonkotsu ramen Miso ramen Ramen soup is generally made from stock based on chicken or pork , combined with a variety of ingredients such as kombu ( kelp ) , katsuobushi skipjack tuna flakes ) , niboshi ( dried baby sardines ) , beef bones , shiitake , and onions , and then flavored with salt , , or soy sauce . Other styles that have emerged later on include curry ramen and other flavors . The resulting combination is generally divided into four categories ( although new and original variations often make this categorisation less clear - cut ) : Shio ( " salt " ) ramen is probably the oldest of the four and is a pale , clear , yellowish broth made with plenty of salt and any combination of chicken , vegetables , fish , and seaweed . Occasionally pork bones are also used , but they are not boiled as long as they are for tonkotsu ramen , so the soup remains light and clear . Chāshū is sometimes swapped for lean chicken meatballs , and pickled plums and kamaboko are popular toppings as well . Noodle texture and thickness varies among shio ramen , but they are usually straight rather than curly . Tonkotsu ( 豚骨 , " pork bone " ; not to be confused with tonkatsu ) ramen usually has a cloudy white colored broth . It is similar to the Chinese baitang ( 白湯 ) and has a thick broth made from boiling pork bones , fat , and collagen over high heat for many hours , which suffuses the broth with a hearty pork flavor and a creamy consistency that rivals milk or melted butter or gravy ( depending on the shop ) . Most shops , but not all , blend this pork broth with a small amount of chicken and vegetable stock and / or soy sauce . The noodles are thin and straight , and it is often served with beni shoga ( pickled ginger ) . In recent years the latest trend in toppings is māyu ( マー油 / 麻油 ) , a blackish , aromatic oil made from either charred crushed garlic or Sesame seeds . It is a specialty of Kyūshū , particularly Hakata - ku , Fukuoka ( hence sometimes called " Hakata ramen " ) . Shōyu ( " soy sauce " ) ramen typically has a brown and clear color broth , based on a chicken and vegetable ( or sometimes fish or beef ) stock with plenty of soy sauce added resulting in a soup that ’ s tangy , salty , and savory yet still fairly light on the palate . Shōyu ramen usually has curly noodles rather than straight ones , but this is not always the case . It is often adorned with marinated bamboo shoots or menma , green onions , ( fish cakes ) , nori ( seaweed ) , boiled eggs , bean sprouts and / or black pepper ; occasionally the soup will also contain chili oil or Chinese spices , and some shops serve sliced beef instead of the usual chāshū . Miso ramen is a relative newcomer , having reached national prominence around 1965 . This uniquely Japanese ramen , which was developed in Hokkaido , features a broth that combines copious amounts of and is blended with oily chicken or fish broth – and sometimes with or lard – to create a thick , nutty , slightly sweet and very hearty soup . Miso ramen broth tends to have a robust , tangy flavor , so it stands up to a variety of flavorful toppings : spicy bean paste or tōbanjan 豆瓣醤 ) , butter and corn , leeks , onions , bean sprouts , ground pork , cabbage , sesame seeds , white pepper , and chopped garlic are common . The noodles are typically thick , curly , and slightly chewy . Seasonings commonly added to ramen are black pepper butter chili pepper sesame seeds , and crushed garlic . Soup recipes and methods of preparation tend to be closely guarded secrets . Some restaurants also offer a system known as kae - dama ( 替え玉 ) , where customers who have finished their noodles can request a " refill " ( for a few hundred yen more ) to be put into their remaining soup . Regional variations While standard versions of ramen are available throughout Japan since the Taisho era , the last few decades have shown a proliferation of regional variations . Some of these which have gone on to national prominence are : Sapporo , the capital of , is especially famous for its ramen . Most people in Japan associate Sapporo with its rich ramen , which was invented there and which is ideal for Hokkaidō ' s harsh , snowy winters . Sapporo miso ramen is typically topped with sweetcorn , butter , bean sprouts , finely chopped pork , and garlic , and sometimes local seafood such as scallop squid , and crab Hakodate another city of Hokkaidō , is famous for its salt flavored ramen , while Asahikawa in the north of the island , offers soy sauce flavored ones . Kitakata in northern Honshu is known for its rather thick , flat , curly noodles served in a pork - and - niboshi broth . The area within its former city boundaries has the highest per - capita number of ramen establishments . Ramen has such prominence in the region that locally , the word usually refers to ramen , and not to actual which is referred to as nihon soba ( " Japanese soba " ) . Tokyo style ramen consists of slightly thin , curly noodles served in a soy - flavoured chicken broth . The Tokyo style broth typically has a touch of dashi , as old ramen establishments in Tokyo often originate from eateries . Standard toppings on top are chopped scallion , menma , sliced pork , kamaboko , egg , nori , and spinach . Ikebukuro Ogikubo and Ebisu are three areas in Tokyo known for their ramen . Yokohama ramen specialty is called Ie - kei ( 家系 ) . It consists of thick , straight - ish noodles served in a soy flavored pork broth similar to . The standard toppings are roasted pork ( char siu ) , boiled spinach , sheets of nori , with often shredded Welsh onion ( negi ) and a soft or hard boiled egg . It is traditional for customers to call the softness of the noodles , the richness of the broth and the amount of oil they want . Hakata ramen originates from Hakata district of Fukuoka city in Kyushu . It has a rich , milky , pork - bone broth and rather thin , non - curly and resilient noodles . Often , distinctive toppings such as crushed garlic beni shoga ( pickled ginger ) , sesame seeds , and spicy pickled mustard greens ( karashi takana ) are left on tables for customers to serve themselves . Ramen stalls in Hakata and Tenjin are well - known within Japan . Recent trends have made Hakata ramen one of the most popular types in Japan , and several chain restaurants specializing in Hakata ramen can be found all over the country . Tokyo - style ramen Kitakata ramen Hakata ramen with soup Tsukemen dipping ramen Aburasoba oiled noodles Takayama ramen Hiyashi ( chilled ) ramen Butter corn ramen , a Hokkaido speciality Zaru ramen Related dishes There are a number of related , Chinese - influenced noodle dishes in Japan . The following are often served alongside ramen in ramen establishments . They do not include noodle dishes considered traditionally Japanese , such as or udon , which are almost never served in the same establishments as ramen . Nagasaki champon . The noodles are thicker than ramen but thinner than udon . Champon is topped with a variety of ingredients , mostly seafood , stir - fried and dressed in a starchy sauce . The stir - fried ingredients are poured directly over the cooked noodles , with the sauce acting as a soup . Tan - men is a mild , usually salt tasted soup , served with a mix of sauteed vegetables and seafood . Not to be confused with the tantan - men ( see after ) . Wantan - men has long straight noodles and wonton , served in a mild , usually salt tasted soup . Abura soba ( " oil - noodles " ) . Essentially ramen and toppings served without the soup , but with a small quantity of oily soy - based sauce instead . Tsuke - men ( " dipping noodles " ) . The noodles and soup are served in separate bowls . The diner dips the noodles in the soup before eating . Can be served hot or chilled . Tantan - men ( 担担麺 ) . Japanese version of dan dan noodles , a Sichuan specialty . Ramen in a reddish , spicy chilli and sesame soup , usually containing minced pork , garnished with chopped scallion chili and occasionally topped with the likes of spinach or Bok Choi ( chingensai ) . Sanratanmen is very similar to Sichuan hot and sour soup served with long noodles . The topping ingredients are sauteed and a thickener is added , before the mix is poured on the soup and the noodles . Hiyashi - chūka ( 冷やし中華 , " chilled Chinese " ) . Also known as reimen , esp . in western Japan . A summer dish of chilled on a plate with various toppings ( typically thin strips of omelette , ham , cucumber and tomato ) and served with a vinegary soy dressing and karashi ( Japanese mustard ) . It was first produced at the Ryutei , a Chinese restaurant in Sendai Restaurants in Japan Students eating at a ramen restaurant in Tokyo Varieties of restaurants like izakaya drinking establishments , karaoke halls , and amusement parks offer ramen - but the best quality ramen is usually only available in ramen - ya restaurants . The menus in ramen - ya restaurants offer mainly ramen dishes , so they lack much variety . Besides ramen , some of the dishes generally available in a restaurant include fried rice ( called Chahan Yakimeshi ) , Gyōza ( Chinese dumplings ) , and beer . Outside Japan Shio ramen from a Southern California ramen restaurant For Instant ramen outside Japan , see Instant noodles worldwide Ramen has become popular in China in recent years where it is known as rìshì lāmiàn ( 日式拉面 , " Japanese Style lamian " ) . Popular Japanese ramen chains serve ramen alongside distinctly Japanese dishes such as tempura yakitori , something which would be seen as odd in Japan . Wagamama , a successful UK - based chain serving pan - Asian food mainly in Europe , is known for its noodle soups marketed as ramen ( but which are quite different from ramen in Japan ) . In Korea , ramen is called ramyeon ( 라면 ) . There are many varieties of Korean ramyeon , such as kimchi - flavored , seafood - flavored and beef - flavored . Some restaurants serve variations of ramyeon containing additional ingredients such as dumplings , tteok , cheese , etc . It is usually served with vegetables , such as carrots and green onions , and eggs on top . In Central Asia the dish has thicker noodles , is significantly spicier , and is known as laghman In North America , Japanese instant noodles were imported starting in the 1970s bearing the name " ramen " , causing the term " ramen " to be often used in North America to refer to instant noodles . Many restaurants now exist , however , that specialize in Japanese - style ramen , especially in major urban areas with large demand for Asian cuisine Health concerns See also : Health concerns of instant noodles A serving of ramen is high in carbohydrates and low in vitamins minerals . Ramen soup tends to be high in sodium . The noodles themselves contain very little sodium so one can avoid drinking the broth if a low - sodium diet is recommended for health reasons . Museum Ramen vending machine The Shin - Yokohama Raumen Museum is a unique museum about ramen . In a gallery on the first floor , the museum presents the history of ramen in Japan , including the big success of instant ramen . It displays the variety of noodles , soups , toppings and bowls used across Japan , and shows how the noodles are made . On the two basement floors , visitors can explore a 1 : 1 replica of some streets and houses of Shitamachi , the old town of Tokyo , circa 1958 , when the popularity of ramen was rapidly increasing . Nine ramen restaurants can be found there , each featuring a ramen dish from a different region of Japan . For visitors who wish to try multiple ramen dishes , the restaurants offer " mini ramen " small portions . Tickets for the meals are purchased at vending machines in front of each restaurant before entering . Canned version In Akihabara , vending machines distribute warm ramen in a steel can , known as ramen kan らーめん缶 . It is produced by a popular ramen restaurant and contains noodles , soup , , and pork . It is intended as a quick snack , and includes a small folded plastic fork . There are few kinds of flavor such as and curry . In popular culture Tampopo The production and consumption of ramen was a large part of the 1985 Japanese comedy film by director Juzo Itami . Two truck drivers , Goro and Gun ( Tsutomu Yamazaki Ken Watanabe ) , help the widowed Tampopo ( Nobuko Miyamoto ) with her failing ramen shop . Food in every aspect of life is the overarching theme , but the art of good ramen is touched upon several times throughout the film as Goro and Gun help her learn how to make the best ramen . The Ramen Girl The dish is featured in the 2008 comedy starring Brittany Murphy as Abby , an American woman stuck in Tokyo after her boyfriend leaves her . One rainy night , feeling lonely and depressed , she wanders over to the local restaurant , is served a bowl of ramen by Maezumi , the owner , played by Toshiyuki Nishida . Maezumi is himself mourning the loss of his son to French , rather than Japanese , cuisine , and reluctantly agrees to train Abby in the art of making ramen , but is an overbearing master , whom she can not understand but tries so hard to please , in between complaining about how hard she has to work . See also Food portal Noodle soup Lo mein Hawaiian saimin Shirataki noodles Iekei Ramen Notes Rupelle , Guy de la ( 2005 ) . Kayak and land journeys in Ainu Mosir : among the Ainu of Hokkaido . Lincoln , NE : iUniverse . p . 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 595 - 34644 - 8 Asakawa , Gil ( 2004 ) . Being Japanese American . Berkeley , CA : Stone Bridge Press . p . 49 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 880656 - 85 - 3 Kodansha encyclopedia of Japan , Volume 6 ( 1st ed . ) . Tokyo : Kodansha . 1983 . p . 283 . 978 - 0 - 87011 - 626 - 1 Cwiertka , Katarzyna Joanna ( 2006 ) . Modern Japanese cuisine : food , power and national identity . Reaktion Books . p . 144 . 1 - 86189 - 298 - 5 . " However , Shina soba acquired the status of ' national ' dish in Japan under a different name - rāmen . The change of name from Shina soba to took place during the 1950s and ' 60s . The word Shina , used historically in reference to China , acquired a pejorative connotation through its association with Japanese imperialist association in Asia and was replaced with the word Chūka , which derived from the Chinese name for the People ' s Republic . For a while , the term Chūka soba was used , but ultimately the name caught on , inspired by the chicken - flavoured instant version of the dish that went on sale in 1958 and spread nationwide in no time . " " Japan votes noodle the tops " BBC News . 2000 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 04 - 25 BBC News Japanorama , Series 3 , Episode 4 . BBC Three , 9 April 2007 http : / / mukai . dameningen . org / nagahama / faq - e . html http : / / www . ramenate . com / 2009 / 12 / hakodate - ramen - daimon . html http : / / www . asahikawa - tourism . com / asahikawa / asahikawa . . . / asahikawa_ramen / asahikawa_ramen . html Back to Korean - Style Ramyeon at Nenassi ' s Noodle Bar " Ramen Museum " . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 18 " Ramen - can : a topic in Akihabara " . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 13 Global Pop Culture External links International Ramen Manufacturers Association Ramen Walker Magazine ( Japanese ) World Ramen . net Ramen Tokyo International Ramen Manufacturers Association Ramen Database Chinese Banmian Biángbiáng Cart Cellophane Cumian Henan braised Hokkien mee Jook - sing Lamian Lai fun Liangpi Mixian Misua Mung bean Oil Rice Rice vermicelli Saang mein Shahe fen Shrimp roe Silver needle Yi mein Youmian Italian Acini di pepe Agnolotti Alphabet pasta Anellini Anelli Bigoli Bucatini Campanelle Cannelloni Capellini Casoncelli Casunziei Cavatappi Cavatelli Cencioni Conchiglie Corzetti Croxetti Fagottini Farfalle Fettuccine Fiori Foglie d ' ulivo Fregula Fusilli Garganelli Gemelli Lanterne Lasagna Lasagnette Linguettine Linguine Macaroni Mafalde Mafaldine Mezzelune Misua Occhi di Lupo Orecchiette Orzo Pappardelle Passatelli Pastina Penne Pennoni Pici Pillus Pizzoccheri Radiatori Ravioli Rigatoni Rotelle Rotini Sacchettoni Sagnarelli Scialatelli Spaghetti Stringozzi Strozzapreti Tagliatelle Taglierini Tortellini Tortelloni Trenette Tripoline Vermicelli Ziti Zitoni Japanese Champon Shirataki Soba Sōmen Udon Korean Cheonsachae Dotori guksu Other Couscous Egg barley Fuži Farfel Halušky Instant noodles Maultasche Ptitim Spätzle Categories Japanese noodles Japanese soups and stews Japanese cuisine terms Student culture | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Semper%20Gumby/en-en/ | Semper Gumby update Semper Gumby The real Latin phrase meaning " always flexible " is Semper Flexibilis is an unofficial motto for all U.S. military services Explosive Ordnance Disposal ( EOD ) detachments and later on for Navy Seabees . They have been using it since at least 1985 . It is a play on the official Marine Corps motto Semper Fidelis , usually abbreviated Semper Fi , which means " always faithful " and that of the United States Coast Guard Semper Paratus , meaning Always Ready , Navy fast attack submariners , and USCG personnel , " Semper Gumby " , refers to the cartoon character Gumby , means " always flexible . " The first use of Semper Gumby was by Captain Jay Farmer of HMM - 264 in 1984 who actually flew with a Gumby character toy mounted on the standby Compass on the instrument panel of his CH - 46E nicknamed " Airwolf " . While popular belief has it that the term was first referenced by the 1st Sgt TOW Co . 3rd Tank Battalion 7th Marine Expeditionary Brigade Task Force Ripper ) prior to deployment of Operation Desert Shield from MCAGCC 29 Palms , Ca . on August 15 , 1990 . " Marines , My platoon commander in Nam used to tell us ' Semper Gumby , Always Flexible ' . " The 3rd Battalion , 11th Marines has " " as part of their official motto . The phrase was also said by Corporal Gabriel ' Gabe ' Garza played by Rey Valentin on the HBO series Generation Kill External links United States Marine Corps Leadership Secretary of the Navy Under Secretary of the Navy Commandant of the Marine Corps Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps Four - star generals United States Congress House Subcommittee on Seapower and Expeditionary Forces Senate Subcommittee on Seapower Major commands Organization of the Marine Corps Headquarters Marine Corps Marine Forces Command II Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Pacific I Marine Expeditionary Force III Marine Expeditionary Force Marine Forces Reserve Fleet Marine Force Atlantic Pacific Structure Marine Air - Ground Task Force Bases Battalions Marine aviation Marine Expeditionary Unit MARSOC Recon Force Division Personnel & training Personnel Rank insignia MOS Notable Marines Historical Marines Criminal Investigation Division Judge Advocate Division Chaplain of the Marine Corps Hispanic Marines Associated organizations Training Recruit Training School of Infantry Officer Candidates School The Basic School Martial Arts Program Uniforms & equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Weapons Vehicles and aircraft Individual equipment History & traditions History Culture Acronyms and terms Birthday Ball Eagle , Globe , and Anchor Marine Band Drum and Bugle Corps Service Numbers Marine Corps War Memorial Flag Marine One Marines ' Hymn National Museum Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima Rifleman ' s Creed Semper Fidelis Silent Drill Platoon History of Hispanics in the USMC Toys for Tots Portal : United States Marine Corps Category : United States Marine Corps United States Coast Guard Portal : United States Coast Guard Category : United States Coast Guard Leadership Secretary of Homeland Security Commandant of the Coast Guard Vice Commandant of the United States Coast Guard Master Chief Petty Officer of the Coast Guard Organization Missions Reserve Intelligence Investigative Service Legal Division Deployable Operations Group Areas Districts Sectors Stations Air Stations Radio stations National Ice Center Research & Development Center Coast Guard Auxiliary Personnel and training Personnel Officer ranks Enlisted ranks Ratings Coast Guard Academy Training Center Cape May Training Center Petaluma Training Center Yorktown Maritime Law Enforcement Academy Joint Maritime Training Center Ancient Order of the Pterodactyl Chaplain of the Coast Guard Uniforms and equipment Uniforms Awards Badges Cutters List of cutters Ship commissioning Ship decommissioning Equipment History and traditions History Coast Guard Act Life - Saving Service Revenue Cutter Service Lighthouse Service Steamboat Inspection Service Bureau of Navigation Semper Paratus Flag Ensign Racing Stripe Band Fleet Week Coast Guard service numbers Coast Guardsman ' s Creed Battles and operations Quasi War War of 1812 West Indies Anti - Piracy Operations Capture of the Bravo Ingham Incident Amistad Incident Great Lakes Patrol Mexican - American War American Civil War Battle of Fort Sumter Battle of Pig Point Battle of Galveston Harbor Battle of Portland Harbor Overland Relief Expedition Spanish - American War Battle of Manila Bay Battle of Cárdenas Ice Patrol World War I 1st Battle of the Atlantic Great Mississippi Flood Rum Patrol World War II 2nd Battle of the Atlantic Battle of Guam Operation Overlord Korean War Vietnam War Operation Market Time Operation Sealords Action of 1 March 1968 Persian Gulf War War on Terrorism Afghanistan War Iraq War Operation Enduring Freedom HOA Categories Military mottos United States Marine Corps lore and symbols United States Marine Corps stubs United States Coast Guard stubs | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Sig%20Alert/en-en/ | Sig Alert update A Sig Alert is defined by the California Highway Patrol ( CHP ) as " any unplanned event that causes the closing of one lane of traffic for 30 minutes or more . " Sig Alerts are issued by the CHP and are posted on their website , broadcast on radio and television stations throughout California , and signalled to motorists via electronic message signs on the freeways . The term was added in 1993 to the New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . ( In practice , there is no standard spelling ; the CHP Web site uses " SIG Alert , " " SigAlert , " and " Sigalert , " all on the same page . ) Contents 1 The origin of the Sigmon traffic alerts 2 The early use of the Sigalert 3 The CHP era and current usage 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The origin of the Sigmon traffic alerts SigAlerts originated in 1955 with the Los Angeles Police Department ( LAPD ) . By the early 1950s , the rapidly growing number of automobiles in Los Angeles had greatly increased the frequency and severity of traffic accidents and jams . Radio stations reported traffic conditions , but the LAPD refused to call radio stations with this information , so each station would call the LAPD , a process that tied up telephone lines and forced officers to repeat the same information again and again . In 1955 , Loyd C . " Sig " Sigmon began developing a solution . Sigmon was Executive Vice President of Golden West Broadcasters ( a company owned by singing cowboy Gene Autry ) . Sigmon had worked for Golden West ' s station KMPC 710 in 1941 , but found himself in the United States Army Signal Corps during World War II , assigned to General Dwight D . Eisenhower ' s staff , in charge of non - combat radio communications in the European theater . Now , he proposed to apply his knowledge of complex radio networks to the situation in Los Angeles . Sigmon developed a specialized radio receiver and reel - to - reel tape recorder . When the receiver picked up a particular tone , it would record the subsequent bulletin . The device cost about $ 600 . The LAPD ' s chief , William H . Parker , was interested , though skeptical , warning the inventor , " We ' re going to name this damn thing Sigalert . " More practically , he refused to use it unless the receivers were made available to all Los Angeles radio stations — it could not be a KMPC monopoly . Initially , half a dozen stations installed Sigmon receivers that had " Sigalert " stamped on their side . When a message had been received and recorded from the LAPD , a red light , sometimes accompanied by a buzzer , would alert the radio stations ' engineers . Depending on the nature of the problem , the engineer could air the police broadcast immediately , interrupting regular programming if necessary . The early use of the Sigalert One of the first major " Sigmon traffic alerts " was broadcast on January 22 , 1956 , causing a traffic jam . The alert described the derailment of a passenger train near Los Angeles ' Union Station and requested any available doctors and nurses to respond to the scene . Too many doctors , nurses , and sightseers drove there , making the situation worse . ( The first SigAlert was on Labor Day weekend in 1955 , and many stories on the SigAlert conflate these two events . ) At first , the LAPD issued about one alert a day , but soon other agencies were calling in messages they wanted broadcast , including rabid dog reports , gas leaks , and even a ship collision in Los Angeles Harbor . A pharmacist who had made a potentially fatal error in filling a prescription took advantage of the system to warn the customer ( who , fortunately , heard the SigAlert in time ) . It was also used to warn about the impending Baldwin Hills Dam collapse in 1963 . The CHP era and current usage In 1969 , when the CHP assumed responsibility for freeway traffic from the LAPD , they took control of the SigAlert system as well . It is now used throughout California and limited to traffic situations only . Messages are still broadcast , but most radio stations now read the information from the CHP ' s Web service rather than rebroadcasting the police dispatchers ' voices . CalTrans latched on to the term " SigAlert " , and it has now come to be commonly defined as any traffic incident that will tie up two or more lanes of a freeway for two or more hours . As of 2007 not all stations choose to use this term . For example , in Los Angeles , radio station KABC uses the term " KABC Traffic Alert " , while radio stations KNX KFI - AM KRLA , and KCRW still use the original term . See also SIGMET — an aviation weather advisory References http : / / cad . chp . ca . gov / htm / sig_explain . htm http : / / www . sigalert . com / Faq . asp ? lat = 37.87913&lon = - 122.07842&z = 2 " Q . What are Sig - Alerts ? " CalTrans FAQs External links Current SigAlerts from the California Highway Patrol Snopes Urban Legends ' Sigalert article SigAlert Definition from the California DOT SigAlert ! Categories Los Angeles Police Department Transportation in California History of Los Angeles , California This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Sourdough/en-en/ | definitions synonyms phrases analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Ebay definitions - Sourdough report a problem sourdough ( adj . ) 1 . leavened with a small amount of fermented dough " sourdough bread " sourdough ( n . ) 1 . a settler or prospector ( especially in western United States or northwest Canada and Alaska ) 2 . a leaven of dough in which fermentation is active ; used by pioneers for making bread Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - Sourdough report a problem ( n . ) leaven ( American ) leaven Advertizing ▼ phrases sourdough bread Sourdough ( Yukon miner ) Sourdough Glacier Sourdough Lodge Sourdough Mountains Sourdough Sam Sourdough , Montana The Songs of a Sourdough Yukon Sourdough Rendezvous analogical dictionary ferment [ Classe ] aliment ( pour l ' homme ) ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] ( bread ; loaf of bread ; loaf ; breadstuff ; staff of life ) , ( doorstep ; slice of bread ) , ( breadbasket ) [ Thème ] yeast ; baking powder [ Classe ] ( bread ; loaf of bread ; loaf ; breadstuff ; staff of life ) , ( doorstep ; slice of bread ) , ( breadbasket ) [ termes liés ] [ American ] ↕ personne qui cherche de l ' or ( fr ) personne qui colonise ( fr ) personne mettant en valeur un lieu nouveau ( fr ) resident ; occupant ; inhabitant ; dweller ; denizen ; indweller [ Classe . . . ] person [ Domaine ] MovingResidence [ Domaine ] geography UnitedStates collier , miner , mineworker migrant , migrator geographical area , geographical region , geographic area , geographic region [ Hyper . ] prospect locate , settle settle colony , settlement colony , dependency Colony western [ Dérivé ] America , the States , U.S. , U.S.A. , United States , United States of America , US , USA [ Desc ] gold digger , gold hunter , prospector colonist , settler [ Hyper . ] West , western United States ↕ substance leaven , prove , raise [ Dérivé ] leaven , leavening Wikipedia Sourdough update Two round loaves of naturally leavened ( sourdough ) bread . Sourdough is a dough containing a Lactobacillus culture , usually in symbiotic combination with yeasts . It is one of two principal means of biological leavening in bread baking , along with the use of cultivated forms of yeast ( Saccharomyces ) . It is of particular importance in baking rye - based breads , where yeast does not produce comparable results . In comparison with yeast - based breads , it produces a distinctively tangy or sour taste , mainly because of the lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli ; the actual medium , known as " starter " or levain , is in essence an ancestral form of pre - ferment . In English - speaking countries , where wheat - based breads predominate , sourdough is no longer the standard method for bread leavening . It was gradually replaced , first by the use of barm from beermaking , then , after the confirmation of germ theory by Louis Pasteur , by cultured yeasts . However , some form of natural leaven is still used by many specialty bakeries . Sourdough starter is traditionally made with a small amount of old dough , preferably saved from a prior batch . This is traditionally called mother dough or chef , or in more modern usage , seed sour . First - generation starter or spontaneous seed may be created by storing new dough in a warm place and allowing sufficient time for it to sour . This small amount of old - dough starter contains the culture , and its weight is increased by additions of new dough and mixing or kneading followed by rest or leavening periods . A small amount of the resulting dough is then saved to use as starter sour for the next batch . As long as this starter culture is fed flour and water weekly , it can stay at room temperature indefinitely . Sourdough bread is made by combining the increased amount of starter with another new - dough addition , along with any other desired ingredients to make the final dough . The starter comprises about 13 to 25 % of the final dough , though particular formulas vary . This final dough may be divided and shaped , then allowed to rise , followed by baking . It is not uncommon for a baker ' s starter dough to have years of history , from many hundreds of previous batches . As a result , each bakery ' s sourdough has a distinct taste . The combination of starter processes , refreshment ratios and rest times , culture and air temperature , humidity , and elevation also makes each batch of sourdough different . Contents 1 Biology and chemistry of sourdough 2 Preparing sourdough products 3 History of sourdough 4 Sourdough breads 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Biology and chemistry of sourdough Sourdough starter made with flour and water refreshed for three or more days A sourdough starter is a stable symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast present in a mixture of flour and water . The yeasts Candida milleri or Saccharomyces exiguus usually populate sourdough cultures symbiotically with Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis The perfect yeast S . exiguus is related to the imperfect yeasts C . milleri C . holmii ; while Torulopsis holmii Torula holmii , and S . rosei are synonyms used more frequently prior to 1978 . C . milleri C . holmii are physiologically similar , but DNA testing established them as distinct . Other yeasts reported found include C . humilis C . krusei Pichia anomaola C . peliculosa P . membranifaciens , and C . valida . There have been taxonomic changes in recent decades . Three metabolic categories of lactic acid bacteria ( LAB ) were discerned by Hammes and Vogel in 1995 : obligately homofermentative or group A , facultative heterofermentative or group B , and obligately heterofermentative or group C . Group A LAB ferment hexoses , producing lactic acid via the Embden – Meyerhof – Parnas ( EMP ) pathway . Group B LAB also ferment hexoses via the EMP pathway to produce lactic acid ; additionally they may ferment pentoses via the phosphogluconate pathway producing lactic acid and acetic acid . Group C LAB ferment both hexoses and pentoses via the phosphogluconate pathway to produce lactate , ethanol , and CO 2 Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis was named for its discovery in San Francisco sourdough starters . Metabolically , it is a group C LAB . Lactobacillus species ' phylogenetic groupings have also been undergoing reclassification in recent years , first being studied in 1991 by Collins , et al In 1995 , Hammes and Vogel phylogenetically grouped L . sanfranciscensis to L . casei - Pediococcus In 2003 , Hammes and Hertel grouped it to L . buchneri . In 2007 , Dellaglio and Felis grouped it to L . fructivorans In general , San Francisco sourdough is the same as a Type I sourdough . Type I sourdoughs have a pH range of 3.8 to 4.5 and are fermented in a room - temperature range of 20 to 30 ° C ( 68 to 86 ° F ) ; Saccharomyces exiguus leavens the dough , L . pontis highlight a lactic - acid bacterial flora that includes L . fermentum L . fructivorans L . brevis L . paralimentarius In Type II sourdoughs Saccharomyces cerevisiae is added to leaven the dough , L . pontis L . panis highlight the flora . These sourdoughs have a pH less than 3.5 and are fermented within a temperature range of 30 to 50 ° C ( 86 to 122 ° F ) for several days without feedings , which reduces the flora ' s activity . This process was adopted by some in industry , in part , due to simplification of the multiple - step build typical of Type I traditional sourdoughs . A traditional spontaneous starter will consist of basic items such as : water , bread flour , rye or whole wheat flour , and days of time . This mother dough is maintained with daily new - dough refreshments . In the lead - up to a batch of final dough , water and flour are traditionally added in time increments of portions of a day or hours . This is often a triple - iterative process , and one that not only has the effect of increasing the total amount of dough , but also may alter the yeasts : lactobacilli ratio . A time - period term encountered in the literature is accelerate , which is a reference to decreasing the time intervals between new - dough refreshments to increase the rate of gas production . Depending on the locale of the bakery and the type of bread being made , the starter can be either a relatively fluid batter or a stiffer dough . Firm starters ( such as the Flemish Desem starter ) are often more resource - intensive , traditionally being buried in a large container of flour to prevent drying out . Faster , fewer - iteration starter processes have also been devised , sometimes using commercial sourdough starters as inoculants . The phrase starter culture is not well defined or standardized , and purchased starters in general fall into one of two subgroups . One product type is made from traditionally maintained and stable starter doughs , often is dried , but the precise microorganism ratios are unknown . The other starter subgroup is composed of cultured organisms carefully isolated from Petri dishes , grown into large , homogeneous populations in fermentors , and eventually processed into combined baker ' s products with numerically defined ratios and known quantities of microorganisms well suited to particular bread styles . A fresh culture begins with a mixture of flour and water . Fresh flour naturally contains a wide variety of yeast and bacterial spores . When wheat flour contacts water , naturally occurring amylase enzymes break down the starch into the disaccharide maltose maltase converts the sugar into glucose , which yeast can metabolize . L . sanfranciscensis prefers to consume maltose , while is maltase negative . The mixture develops a balanced , symbiotic culture after repeated feedings . Several methods are used to increase the chances of creating a stable culture . Unbleached unbromated flour contains more microorganisms than more processed flours . Bran - containing ( wholemeal ) flour provides the greatest variety of organisms and additional minerals , though some cultures use an initial mixture of white flour and rye or whole wheat flour or " seed " the culture using unwashed organic grapes ( for the wild yeasts on their skins ) . Grapes and grape must are also sources of lactic acid bacteria , as are many other edible plants . Basil leaves are soaked in room - temperature water for an hour to seed traditional Greek sourdough . Using water from boiled potatoes increases the leavening power of the bacteria , by providing additional starch . Some bakers recommend unchlorinated water for feeding cultures . Adding a small quantity of diastatic malt provides maltase and simple sugars to support the yeasts initially . The flour - water mixture can also be inoculated from a previously maintained culture . The culture is stable because of its ability to prevent colonization by other yeasts and bacteria as a result of its acidity and other antibacterial agents . As a result , many sourdough bread varieties tend to be relatively resistant to spoilage and mold . The yeast and bacteria in the culture will cause a wheat - based dough , if the gluten has been developed sufficiently , to retain gas , to leaven or rise . Obtaining a satisfactory rise from sourdough , however , is more difficult than with packaged yeast , because the LAB almost always outnumber the yeasts by a factor of between 100 : 1 and 1000 : 1 , and the acidity of the bacteria inhibits the yeasts ' gas production . The acidic conditions , along with the bacteria also producing enzymes that break down proteins , result in weaker gluten and a denser finished product . The amount of seed sour typically used during refreshment can vary from 2 - 20 % . However , higher figures correlate to increased microbial stability . In San Francisco sourdough , back - slopping is 40 % based upon total dough weight , and may be expressed as a refreshment ratio of old : new dough , or 66⅔ percent . This keeps the pH of the refreshed dough relatively low . Below pH 4.0 , lactobacilli are inhibited , this selects for acid - tolerant yeasts . Dutch wheat sourdough investigations found that , even though S . cerevisiae exerted infection pressure on sourdough ' s microbial ecosystem , it had died off after two refreshment cycles . Continuously maintained , stable sourdough can not be unintentionally contaminated by S . cerevisiae . 4 % salt inhibits , while can withstand 8 % . A 10 - day Belgian study of wheat and spelt doughs refreshed once every 24 hours and fermented at 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in a laboratory environment provides insight into the three - phase evolution of first - generation - to - stable sourdough ecosystems . In the first two days of refreshment , atypical genera Enterococcus Lactococcus bacteria highlighted the doughs . During days 2 - 5 , sourdough - specific bacteria belonging to the genera Pediococcus Weissella outcompete earlier strains . Yeasts grew more slowly and reached population peaks near days 4 - 5 . By days 5 - 7 , " well - adapted " strains such as L . fermentum L . plantarum had emerged . At their peaks , yeast populations were in the range of about 1 - 10 % of the lactobacilli populations or 1 : 10 - 1 : 100 . One characteristic of a stable dough is the heterofermentative have outcompeted homofermentative lactobacilli . A Type I primary - culture levain ( spontaneous seed sour ) is prepared from a salted wheat - rye dough ; the process takes about 54 hours at 27 ° C ( 81 ° F ) to build to a pH range of 4.4 to 4.6 . If the objective is to create a stable - highlighted culture , fermentation temperatures in the range of 25 – 30 ° C ( 77 – 86 ° F ) and once - daily dough refreshments for about two weeks are adequate . Refreshment intervals longer than three days acidify the dough and may change the microbial ecosystem . Preparing sourdough products Sourdough starter can be used in two different manners . Traditionally , a certain amount of sourdough starter ( 20 to 25 percent on average , depending on the water content of the starter ) is mixed into the bread dough , and the bread is kneaded and allowed to rise as normal . The process is largely similar to using a pure strain of baker ' s yeast , although some care must be taken since the rise time of most sourdough starters is usually somewhat longer than the average for typical baker ' s yeasts . ( As a result , many sourdough starters are unsuitable for use in a bread machine . ) When using a particularly liquid starter with a high concentration of lactobacillus or acetic acid bacteria , the large amount of lactic and acetic acids produced needs to be managed carefully , since the acid can break down the gluten in the bread dough ; this becomes less of a concern in a stiffer starter , where the yeast usually predominates . The other manner of using sourdough starter is common for making quick breads or foods like pancakes . It involves using baking soda ( and sometimes baking powder ) to neutralize some or all of the acid in the starter , with the acid - base reaction generating carbon dioxide to provide lift to the dough or batter in a manner very similar to Irish soda bread . This technique is particularly common in kitchens where the starter is intentionally kept off - balance , with a substantially high acid level , and is particularly associated with areas such as Alaska . History of sourdough Sourdough bread Sourdough likely originated in Ancient Egyptian times around 1500 BC and was likely the first form of leavening available to bakers . Sourdough remained the usual form of leavening down into the European Middle Ages until being replaced by barm from the beer brewing process , and then later purpose - cultured yeast . Bread made from 100 percent rye flour , which is very popular in the northern half of Europe , is usually leavened with sourdough . Baker ' s yeast is not useful as a leavening agent for rye bread , as rye does not contain enough gluten . The structure of rye bread is based primarily on the starch in the flour , as well as other carbohydrates known as pentosans ; however , rye amylase is active at substantially higher temperatures than wheat amylase , causing the structure of the bread to disintegrate as the starches are broken down during cooking . The lowered pH of a sourdough starter , therefore , inactivates the amylases when heat can not , allowing the carbohydrates in the bread to gel and set properly . In the southern part of Europe , where baguette and even panettone were originally made with wheat flour and rye flour , sourdough has become less common in recent times ; it has been replaced by the faster - growing baker ' s yeast , sometimes supplemented with longer fermentation rests to allow for some bacterial activity to build flavor . Sourdough was the main bread made in Northern California during the California Gold Rush , and it remains a part of the culture of San Francisco today . The bread became so common that " sourdough " became a general nickname for the gold prospectors . The nickname remains in " Sourdough Sam " , the mascot of the San Francisco 49ers . A ' Sourdough ' is also a nickname used in the North ( Yukon / Alaska ) for someone having spent an entire winter north of the Arctic Circle and refers to their tradition of protecting their Sourdough during the coldest months by keeping it close to their body . The sourdough tradition was carried into Alaska and the western Canadian territories during the Klondike Gold Rush . Conventional leavenings such as yeast and baking soda were much less reliable in the conditions faced by the prospectors . Experienced miners and other settlers frequently carried a pouch of starter either around their neck or on a belt ; these were fiercely guarded to keep from freezing . However , freezing does not kill a sourdough starter ; excessive heat does . Old hands came to be called " sourdoughs " , a term that is still applied to any Alaskan old - timer . San Francisco sourdough is the most famous sourdough bread made in the U.S. today . In contrast to sourdough production in other areas of the country , the San Francisco variety has remained in continuous production since 1849 , with some bakeries ( e.g. , Boudin Bakery among others ) able to trace their starters back to California ' s Gold Rush period . It is a white bread characterized by a pronounced sourness ( not all varieties are as sour as San Francisco sourdough ) , so much so that the dominant strain of lactobacillus in sourdough starters was named . Sourdough also became popular because of its ability to combine well with seafoods and soups such as cioppino , clam chowder , and chili . Sourdough has not enjoyed the popularity it once had since bread became mass - produced . However , many restaurant chains , such as Cracker Barrel , keep it as a menu staple . Manufacturers make up for the lack of yeast and bacterial culture by introducing into their dough an artificially - made mix known as bread improver Sourdough breads Aside from what might be called plain sourdough bread , there are a number of other breads that use similar starters and techniques . Amish Friendship Bread uses a sourdough starter that includes sugar milk . However , it is further leavened with baking powder baking soda , making it more of a quick bread . A real Amish sourdough starter for bread is fed with sugar and potato flakes every 3 – 5 days . The German Pumpernickel is traditionally made from a sourdough starter , although modern pumpernickel loaves often use commercial yeasts , sometimes spiked with citric acid or to inactivate the amylases in the rye flour . Also , the Flemish Desem bread is a popular form of whole - wheat sourdough , though cultured in a much less liquid medium . Other recipes use starters that are not truly natural leavens . The Italian Biga and French Poolish add sourdough - like flavors to breads by allowing the yeast a lengthy half - day or longer fermentation . Unlike a true sourdough , these recipes usually start with commercial yeast , and cultivation of lactobacillus bacteria is in general an incidental effect . Whole - wheat sourdough flatbreads are traditionally eaten in Azerbaijan See also Salt - rising bread Klondike Gold Rush where was a word for an experienced miner History of California bread References Manual for army bakers . Washington : Government Printing Office . 1910 . p . 22 . Retrieved 2011 Aug 13 a b Nanna A . Cross ; Corke , Harold ; Ingrid De Leyn ; Nip , Wai - Kit ( 2006 ) . 0813801877 Bakery products : science and technology . Oxford : Blackwell . p . 551 . ISBN 0 - 8138 - 0187 - 7 . Retrieved 2010 June 28 S . John Ross . " Sourdough Bread : How To Begin ( easy sourdough for the beginner or novice ) " . Retrieved 2011 June 17 Don Holm , Myrtle Holm ( 1972 ) . The Complete Sourdough Cookbook . Caldwell , Idaho : Caxton Press . p . 40 . ISBN 0 - 87004 - 223 - 8 . Retrieved 2010 June 28 a b c Khachatourians , George G . ( 1994 ) . Food Biotechnology : Microorganisms . New York : Wiley - Interscience . pp . 799 – 813 . 0 - 471 - 18570 - 1 . Retrieved 2011 Aug 20 " Pain au Levain Production " ( PDF ) . Baking Update ( Lallemand Inc . ) ( 11 ) . Retrieved 2011 Dec 9 Thiele , C . ; Gänzle , M . G . ; Vogel , R . F . ( January / February 2002 ) . " Contribution of Sourdough Lactobacilli , Yeast , and Cereal Enzymes to the Generation of Amino Acids in Dough Relevant for Bread Flavor " Cereal Chemistry 79 ( 1 ) : 45 – 51 . DOI 10.1094 / CCHEM . 2002 . 79 . 1 . 45 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 02 Gänzle MG , Ehmann M , Hammes WP ( July 1998 ) . " Modeling of Growth of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Candida milleri in Response to Process Parameters of Sourdough Fermentation " Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 64 ( 7 ) : 2616 – 23 . PMC 106434 PMID 9647838 Yiu H . Hui ( 2006 ) . Handbook of food science , technology , and engineering . Washington , DC : Taylor & Francis . pp . 183 - 9 - 183 - 11 . 0 - 8493 - 9849 - 5 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 20 See Table 183.6 Gotthard Kunze ; Satyanarayana , T . ( 2009 ) . Yeast Biotechnology : Diversity and Applications . Berlin : Springer . p . 180 . 1 - 4020 - 8291 - 6 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 25 c d Felis GE , Dellaglio F ( September 2007 ) . " Taxonomy of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria " Curr Issues Intest Microbiol 8 ( 2 ) : 44 – 61 . PMID 17542335 Hammes , W.P. ; Vogel , R.F. ( 1995 ) . Holzapfel , W . H . ; Wood , Brian J . B . . ed . The Genera of lactic acid bacteria . London : Blackie Academic & Professional . pp . 19 – 35 . 0 - 7514 - 0215 - X . Retrieved 2011 Dec 25 Lorenz , Klaus J . ; Kulp , Karel ( 2003 ) . Handbook of dough fermentations . New York : Marcel Dekker , Inc . pp . 23 – 37 . 0 - 8247 - 4264 - 8 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 15 Golden , David M . ; Jay , James M . ; Martin J . Loessner ( 2005 ) . Modern food microbiology . Berlin : Springer . p . 179 . 0 - 387 - 23180 - 3 Arendt EK , Ryan LA , Dal Bello F ( April 2007 ) . " Impact of sourdough on the texture of bread " ( PDF ) . Food Microbiol . 24 ( 2 ) : 165 – 74 . DOI 10.1016 / j . fm . 2006 . 07 . 011 17008161 De Vuyst L , Schrijvers V , Paramithiotis S , et al . ( December 2002 ) . " The biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria in Greek traditional wheat sourdoughs is reflected in both composition and metabolite formation " Appl . Environ . Microbiol . 68 ( 12 ) : 6059 – 69 . PMC 134406 12450829 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 21 Nanna A . Cross ; Corke , Harold ; Ingrid De Leyn ; Nip , Wai - Kit ( 2006 ) . Bakery products : science and technology . Oxford : Blackwell . p . 370 . 0 - 8138 - 0187 - 7 Sadeghi , A . ( 2008 ) . " The Secrets of Sourdough ; A Review of Miraculous Potentials of Sourdough in Bread Shelf Life " . Biotechnology ( Faisalabad ) 7 ( 3 ) : 413 – 417 . 10.3923 / biotech . 2008 . 413 . 417 edit Ercolini , Danilo ; Cocolin , Luca ( 2008 ) . Molecular techniques in the microbial ecology of fermented foods . Berlin : Springer . p . 119 . 0 - 387 - 74519 - X Yiu H . Hui , Stephanie Clark ( 2007 ) . Handbook of food products manufacturing . New York : Wiley . p . 364 . 0 - 470 - 12524 - 1 " Cookbook : Sourdough Starter - Wikibooks , open books for an open world " . Retrieved 2011 - Dec - 9 Siragusa S , Di Cagno R , Ercolini D , Minervini F , Gobbetti M , De Angelis M ( February 2009 ) . " Taxonomic structure and monitoring of the dominant population of lactic acid bacteria during wheat flour sourdough type I propagation using Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis starters " 75 ( 4 ) : 1099 – 109 . 10.1128 / AEM . 01524 - 08 2643576 19088320 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 31 Rosada , Didier ( 1997 ) Advanced Sourdough . Minneapolis : National Baking Center . Decock , Pieter ; Cappelle , Stefan ( January – March 2005 ) . " Bread technology and sourdough technology " Trends in Food Science & Technology 16 ( 1 - 3 ) : 113 – 120 . 10.1016 / j . tifs . 2004 . 04 . 012 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 17 Stolz , Peter ; Böcker , Georg ; Vogel , Rudi F . ; Hammes , Walter P . ( 1993 ) . " Utilisation of maltose and glucose by lactobacilli isolated from sourdough " FEMS Microbiology Letters 109 ( 2 - 3 ) : 237 – 242 . ISSN 0378 - 1097 Sugihara TF , Kline L , Miller MW ( March 1971 ) . " Microorganisms of the San Francisco sour dough bread process . I . Yeasts responsible for the leavening action " Appl Microbiol 21 ( 3 ) : 456 – 8 . 377202 5553284 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 20 Kline L , Sugihara TF ( March 1971 ) . " Microorganisms of the San Francisco sour dough bread process . II . Isolation and characterization of undescribed bacterial species responsible for the souring activity " Appl Microbiol 21 ( 3 ) : 459 – 65 . 377203 5553285 Gottfried Unden ( 2009 ) . Biology of Microorganisms on Grapes , in Must and in Wine . Berlin : Springer . p . 6 . 3 - 540 - 85462 - 2 . Retrieved 2011 Dec 28 Huis in ʻt Veld , J . H . J . ; Konings , Wilhelmus Nicolaas ; Kuipers , Otto ( 1999 ) . Lactic acid bacteria : genetics , metabolism , and applications : proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on lactic acid bacteria : genetics , metabolism and applications , 19 - 23 September 1999 , Veldhoven , The Netherlands . Bruxelles : Kluwer . p . 319 . 0 - 7923 - 5953 - 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 17 - 01 . " Table 1 . Specific enumeration of lactic acid bacteria in cabernet sauvignon fermenting must ( CFU / ml ) ( Lonvaud - Funel et al . 1991 ) " Mundt JO , Hammer JL ( September 1968 ) . " Lactobacilli on plants " 16 ( 9 ) : 1326 – 30 . 547649 5676407 Reinhart , Peter ( 1998 ) . Crust & Crumb : Master Formulas For Serious Bakers . Berkeley , Calif : Ten Speed Press . p . 32 . 1 - 58008 - 003 - 0 McGee , Harold ( 2004 ) . 0684800012 On food and cooking : the science and lore of the kitchen . New York : Scribner . 0 - 684 - 80001 - 2 Valcheva R , Korakli M , Onno B , et al . ( March 2005 ) . " Lactobacillus hammesii sp . nov . , isolated from French sourdough " Int . J . Syst . Evol . Microbiol . 55 ( Pt 2 ) : 763 – 7 . 10.1099 / ijs . 0 . 63311 - 0 15774659 . " . . . maintained by back slopping or rafraîchi . . . in terms of ratio ( sourdough / dough ) , . . . " Wing , Gänzle . " Dan Woods long posts 1 - 4 " . Retrieved 2011 Dec 15 Van der Meulen R , Scheirlinck I , Van Schoor A , ( August 2007 ) . " Population dynamics and metabolite target analysis of lactic acid bacteria during laboratory fermentations of wheat and spelt sourdoughs " 73 ( 15 ) : 4741 – 50 . 10.1128 / AEM . 00315 - 07 1951026 17557853 Calvel , Raymond ( 2001 ) . The taste of bread . Gaithersburg , Md : Aspen Publishers . pp . 89 – 90 . 0 - 8342 - 1646 - 9 Butler , Sharon ; Hieatt , Constance B . ; Hosington , Brenda ( 1996 ) . Pleyn delit : medieval cookery for modern cooks . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . 0 - 8020 - 7632 - 7 Scott , Alan ; Daniel Wing ( 1999 ) . The Bread Builders : Hearth Loaves and Masonry Ovens . White River Junction ( VT ) : Chelsea Green Publishing Company . p . 34 . 1 - 890132 - 05 - 5 http : / / www . etymonline . com / index . php ? term = sourdough Fernald , Anya ( November – December 2002 ) . Sourdough Baking . Slow - The International Herald of Tastes . Retrieved 2010 June 18 Forgotten Foods Comparison of the Cuisines of Northern and Southern Azerbaijan by Pirouz Khanlou " Sourdough - Definition from the Merriam - Webster Dictionary " . Retrieved 2010 June 24 External links Modeling of Growth of Lactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Candida milleri . . . from Applied and Environmental Microbiology , July 1998 , by Gänzle et al . , Universität Hohenheim at the Open Directory Project Bread List of breads Types Brown bread White bread Whole wheat Flatbread Quick Rye bread Salt - rising Soda bread Unleavened Ingredients Barm Calcium propanoate Flour Flour treatment agent Leavening agent Pre - ferment Improver Equipment Oven Bread machine Bread pan Dough scraper Lame Peel Stand mixer Processes Autolysis Baking Biga Chorleywood bread process Kneading Leavening Maillard reaction Proofing Pre - slicing Steaming Vienna process Uses Breadcrumbs Bread bowl Bread pudding Croutons French toast Stuffing Sandwiches Toast Other Breadmaking Baker percentage Recipes on WikiBooks Category : Breads The Food Portal Categories Alaskan cuisine Culture of San Francisco , California Doughs Cuisine of the San Francisco Bay Area All translations of Sourdough | [
"Sourdough"
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/Statelessness/en-en/ | Statelessness update Legal status of persons Concepts Citizenship Immigration Illegal immigration Naturalization Leave to Remain Statelessness Designations Administrative detainee Alien Citizen Dual - citizen Illegal immigrant Migrant worker Native - born citizen Naturalized citizen Political prisoner Refugee Stateless person Social politics Immigration law Illegal immigration Nationalism Nationality law Nativism ( politics ) For other uses , see Stateless , a legal concept describing the lack of any nationality , is the absence of a recognized link between an individual and any state A de jure stateless person is someone who is " not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law " . A de facto stateless person is someone who is outside the country of his or her nationality and is unable or , for valid reasons , unwilling to avail him - or herself of the protection of that country . This can be a result of persecution , in which case there is an overlap with the definition of a refugee , but it can also be a consequence of lack of diplomatic relations between the state of nationality and the state of residence . Some de jure stateless persons are also refugees although not all refugees are stateless , and not all stateless persons are refugees . Many stateless persons have never crossed an international border . Contents 1 Stateless person 2 History 2.1 Prior to World War II 2.2 After World War II 2.3 Statelessness since 1961 3 Cases of statelessness 3.1 Brunei 3.2 Burma 3.3 Canada 3.4 China 3.5 Germany 3.6 Kuwait 3.7 Palestine 3.8 Puerto Rico 3.9 United States 4 Organisations 4.1 International Stateless Persons Organisation 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External links A stateless person is someone who is " not considered as a national by any state under the operation of its law " . In other words , a stateless person has no citizenship or nationality . As a matter of international law , citizenship and nationality are congruous , although there may be differences between the two concepts in domestic law . The causes of statelessness around the world are numerous . In most cases , there is an underlying issue of discrimination – usually on the basis of race or ethnicity , religion , or sex . In many cases , statelessness affects entire minority populations that have never been recognized as nationals of the state where they are habitually resident . Statelessness caused in part or whole by ethnic discrimination is often handed down from one generation to the next . Conflict of nationality laws can be another cause of statelessness . Nationality is usually acquired through one of two modes : jus soli or jus sanguinis . Jus soli denotes a regime by which nationality is acquired through birth on the territory of the state . This is common in the Americas . Jus sanguinis on the other hand is a regime by which nationality is acquired from birth through descent – usually through a parent who is a national . Today , many states apply a combination of the two systems . Although many states allow for acquisition of nationality through parental descent irrespective of where the child is born , many still do not allow their female citizens to confer nationality to their children . This may result in statelessness where the father is stateless , unknown , or otherwise unable to confer nationality . There have however been recent changes in favor of gender neutrality in nationality laws in some parts of the world . Moreover , the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women prohibits sex discrimination in conferral of nationality . An important measure to avoid statelessness at birth is to provide nationality to children born on the territory who would otherwise be stateless . This norm is stipulated in the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness . It also appears in several regional human rights treaties , including the American Convention on Human Rights , the European Convention on Nationality , and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child . This norm is implicit in the Convention on the Rights of the Child . In some cases , statelessness is a consequence of state succession Recent history has shown that some people have become stateless when their state of nationality ceased to exist , or when the territory on which they live came under the control of another state . This was the case when the Soviet Union disintegrated , and also in the cases of Yugoslavia and Ethiopia citation needed In rare cases , individuals may become stateless when renouncing their citizenship ( e.g. " World Citizen " Garry Davis ) . People who subscribe to voluntaryist or agorist beliefs may desire or seek statelessness . However , many states do not allow citizens to renounce their nationality unless they acquire another one . However , consular officials are unlikely to be familiar with all citizenship laws of all countries , so there may still be situations where renunciation leads to statelessness . A final cause of statelessness are non - state territories . As per the definition of a stateless person , only states can have nationals . As a result , people who are “ citizens ” of non - state territories are stateless . This includes , for instance , occupied territories where statehood has ceased to exist or never emerged in the first place . The Palestinian Territories is one example , but also Western Sahara Northern Cyprus may be considered as such , depending on the interpretation of statehood and sovereignty While statelessness has existed for several centuries , the international community has only been concerned with its eradication since the mid - 1900s . In 1954 the United Nations adopted the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons , which provides a framework for protection of stateless persons . Seven years later , the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness was adopted , which contains provisions to prevent and reduce statelessness . In addition , a range of regional and international human rights treaties guarantee a right to nationality , with special protections for certain groups including stateless persons . For examples , states bound by the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child are obligated to ensure that every child acquires a nationality . The Convention requires states to implement this provision in particular where the child would otherwise be stateless , and in a manner that is in the best interests of the child . It is always in the best interests of the child to have a nationality . citation needed Not holding proof of nationality – or being “ undocumented ” – is not the same as being stateless . However , lack of key identity documents such as a birth certificate can lead to a risk of statelessness . Many millions of people live their entire lives without documents , without their nationality ever being questioned . Two factors are of particular importance : a . is the nationality in question acquired automatically or through some form of registration ; and , b . has the person ever been denied documents on the basis that he or she is not a national . If nationality is acquired automatically , then the person is a national regardless of documentation status ( although in practice the person may face problems accessing certain rights and services – not because he or she is stateless but because he or she is undocumented ) . If registration is required then the person is not a national until that has been completed . As a practical matter , the longer a person is undocumented , the greater the likelihood that he or she will end up in a situation where As per the definition of a stateless person , whether someone is statelessness is ultimately a matter of the viewpoint of the state with respect to the individual or a group of people . In some cases the state makes its view clear and explicit . In other cases the viewpoint of the states is harder to discern . In those cases one may need to rely on prima facie evidence of the view of the state , which in turn may give rise to a presumption of statelessness . History Prior to World War II The status of slaves and inhabitants of conquered territories in the Greco - Roman world of antiquity is in some ways analogous to contemporary statelessness . In antiquity , " statelessness " could be seen to affect captive and subject populations denied full citizenship ( see Roman Citizen ) including those enslaved — for instance , conquered populations excluded from Roman citizenship such as the Gauls immediately following the Gallic Wars , or Israelites under Babylonian captivity Some characteristics of statelessness could be observed amongst apostates slaves in Islamic society , the former being persons shunned for rejecting their religious birth identity , the latter being persons separated from that identity and subsumed into an underclass role . Statelessness used to characterize the existence of Roma People whose traditional nomadic lifestyles meant that they traveled across lands claimed by others . The Office international Nansen pour les réfugiés was an international organization of the League of Nations in charge of refugees from 1930 to 1939 . It received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1938 . Their Nansen passports , designed in 1922 by founder Fridtjof Nansen , were internationally recognized identity cards issued to stateless refugees . In 1942 they were honored by governments in 52 countries . After World War II The United Nations ( UN ) was set up in 1945 , right after the end of World War II . From the very start , the UN had to deal with the mass atrocities of the war , not least huge refugee populations across Europe . To address the nationality and legal status issues of refugees in Europe , the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) of the UN requested the Secretary - General to carry out a study of statelessness in 1948 . The ECOSOC appointed a Committee on Refugees and Stateless Persons to draft a convention that would address the problems faced by refugees and stateless persons , including their legal status . A treaty on refugees was prepared with a draft protocol addressing the status of stateless persons . However , as International Refugee Organization – the predecessor to the UN High Commissioner for refugees ( UNHCR ) – was in the process of being dissolved , the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees was adopted without inclusion of the Protocol addressing statelessness . Three years prior to the 1951 Refugee Convention , the Universal Declaration on Human Rights ( UDHR ) was adopted . UDHR provides both for a right to asylum ( article 14 ) and a right to nationality ( article 15 ) . The UDHR also expressly prohibited arbitrary deprivation of nationality , something which had affected many of the war - time refugees . In 1949 , the International Law Commission included the topic " Nationality , including statelessness " in its list of topics of international law provisionally selected for codification . At the behest of the Economic and Social Council ( ECOSOC ) in 1950 , that item was given priority . Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees was done on 28 July 1951 , later attracting the signatures of 145 state parties as of late January 2005 . International Law Commission at its fifth session in 1953 produced both a Draft Convention on the Elimination of Future Statelessness , and a Draft Convention on the Reduction of Future Statelessness . ECOSOC approved both drafts . Following these developments in both human rights law refugee law , the UN eventually adopted in 1954 the Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons The 1954 Statelessness Status Convention provided a definition of a stateless person ( which has since become part of customary international law , according to the ) , and sets out a number of rights that stateless persons should enjoy . The Statelessness Status Convention thus became the basis for an international protection regime for stateless persons . Seven years later – only one year after the 1954 Convention entered into force – the UN adopted another convention on statelessness , namely the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness German 1954 Convention Travel Document Statelessness since 1961 Statelessness Reduction Convention was adopted in 1961 and entered into force in 1975 . It provides a number of standards regarding acquisition and loss of nationality ( including automatic loss , renunciation , and deprivation of nationality ) . It also requests the UN to establish a mandate for the reduction of statelessness . In 1974 , the UN General Assembly ( UNGA ) requested UNHCR to undertake the functions foreseen under the Statelessness Reduction Convention . On 13 December 1975 , the 1961 Convention entered into force . To date , the number of states parties is relatively low . As of June 2011 , only 38 states had ratified the Convention ( compared to 66 states parties to the 1954 Statelessness Status Convention ) . Starting in 1994 , the UNHCR Executive Committee ( ExCom ) and the UNGA requested UNHCR to broaden its activities concerning statelessness to include all states . In 1996 UNHCR was asked by the UNGA to actively promote accessions to the 1954 and the 1961 conventions , as well as to provide relevant technical and advisory services pertaining to the preparation and implementation of nationality legislation to interested states . An internal evaluation released in 2001 suggested that UNHCR had done little to exercise its mandate on statelessness . Only two individuals were tasked with overseeing work in that area at UNHCR headquarters , though some field officers had been trained to address the issue . The evaluation also noted that there was no dedicated budget line . Concerned organisations such as the Open Society Justice Initiative and Refugees International have advocated for more human and financial resources to be dedicated to statelessness within UNHCR . In 2004 , ExCom invited UNHCR to pay particular attention to situations of protracted statelessness and explore with states measures that would ameliorate the situations and bring them to an end . In 2006 , ExCom provided UNHCR with more specific guidance on how to implement its mandate on statelessness . The Conclusion on the Identification , Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and the Protection of Stateless Persons requires UNHCR to work with governments , other UN agencies , and civil society to address this problem . UNHCR ’ s activities are currently categorized as identification , prevention , reduction , and protection . UNHCR has achieved some success in launching campaigns to prevent and reduce statelessness among formerly deported peoples in Crimea Ukraine ( Armenians , Crimean Tatars , Germans , and Greeks who were deported en masse at the close of World War II ) . Another success has been the naturalization of Tajik refugees in Kyrgyzstan , as well as the participation in citizenship campaigns enabling 300,000 Estate Tamils to acquire citizenship of Sri Lanka . UNHCR also assisted the Czech Republic to overcome the large number of stateless persons created when it separated from Slovakia At the beginning of 2006 the UNHCR claimed to have ' on its books ' 2.4 million stateless persons , and made an estimate of 11 million as the size of the stateless population worldwide . In 2011 , the estimation increased to 12 million . UNHCR figures do not include stateless refugees and stateless Palestinians under UNRWA ' s mandate . While the two conventions on statelessness constitute the primary international framework for protection of stateless persons and reduction of statelessness , there are also regional instruments of great importance . The 1997 European Convention on Nationality , for example , has contributed to protecting the rights of stateless persons , and provides standards for reduction of statelessness in the Council of Europe region . That document underlines the need of every person to have a nationality , and seeks to clarify the rights and responsibilities of states in ensuring individual access to a nationality . Statelessness of some magnitude exists in every country of the world . Today , some of the largest populations of stateless persons are found in Algeria Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia Côte d ' Ivoire Democratic Republic of the Congo Estonia Iraq India Kenya Kuwait Latvia Lebanon Malaysia Mauritania Myanmar Nepal Saudi Arabia Syria , and Thailand Palestinians arguably comprise the largest stateless population in the world . Abbas Shiblak estimates that over half of the Palestinian people in the world are stateless . Cases of statelessness Brunei There is a large number of stateless permanent residents in . Most of these residents have lived on Brunei soil for generations , but Brunei nationality is determined by applying the policy of jus sanguinis ; the right to hold the nationality is only by blood ties . However , the government of Brunei has made obtaining citizenship possible , albeit difficult , for stateless people who inhabited Brunei for many generations . The requirements to attain Brunei citizenship include passing rigorous tests in Malay culture , customs and language . Stateless permanent residents of Brunei are given International Certificates of Identity , which allow them to travel overseas . The majority of Brunei ' s Chinese are permanent residents . A holder of an International Certificate of Identity can enter Germany Hungary visa - free for a maximum of 90 days within a 180 day period . In the case of Germany , in theory , in order to benefit from the visa exemption , the ICI must be issued under the terms of the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons and contain an authorisation to return to Brunei which has a sufficiently long period of validity . However , because Brunei is not a signatory to the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons , holders of an ICI do not qualify for the visa exemption to Germany . Holders of an ICI can still benefit from the visa exemption to Hungary , since the Hungarian Government does not require the ICI to be issued under the terms of the Brunei is a signatory to the 1959 Declaration of the Rights of the Child in which Principle 3 states : " The child shall be entitled from his birth to a name and a nationality . " However , Brunei does not currently follow the guidelines of the said Convention . There is a recent announcement from the Sultan of Brunei regarding plans to expedite the process of citizenship process for Stateless / Permanent residence status in Brunei to sit for citizenship exams . Burma Main article : Rohingya people Canada Bill C - 37 came into effect on 17 April 2009 , which changed the rules for Canadian citizenship . Individuals can now become Canadian citizens by descent only if one of their parents was either a native - born citizen or a foreign - born but naturalized citizen of Canada . The new law limits citizenship by descent to one generation born outside Canada . All individuals born outside Canada but within one generation of the native - born or naturalized citizen parent are automatically recognized as Canadian citizens . The second generation born abroad , however , are not citizens of Canada at birth . Such an individual might even be stateless if he or she has no claim to any other citizenship . Since the passage of Bill C - 37 , this situation has already occurred at least twice . In one situation , Rachel Chandler was born in China to a father who is a Canadian citizen born in Libya and a mother who is a Chinese citizen . Due to the nationality laws of Canada and China , she was not eligible for citizenship of either country and was apparently born stateless . However , because Rachel Chandler ' s paternal grandfather was born in Ireland , she was entitled to Irish citizenship , and now holds an Irish passport . Another situation occurred to Chloé Goldring who was born in Belgium to a Canadian father born in Bermuda and an Algerian mother . Due to the nationality laws of Belgium , Canada and Algeria , she was not eligible for citizenship of any of those countries and was born stateless . Chloé Goldring is now a Canadian citizen . Under Bill C - 37 , the term " native - born " is construed strictly — children born outside of Canada to Canadian government employees working there , including diplomats and Canadian Forces personnel , are considered to be foreign - born . Ironically , the bill was intended to resolve the status of so - called " Lost Canadians " — people who considered themselves Canadians , with undeniable connections to the country , but had either lost or never been granted citizenship due to the vagaries of the country ' s previous nationality law . See also : Document of Identity Cases of statelessness have arisen due to different classes in British nationality law which led to situations where people were considered British subjects but not nationals , or where people held a British passport without right of abode in the United Kingdom . People who have no other citizenship in any other country , and simultaneously lacked a right to reside in the United Kingdom are possibly stateless . Examples of this include so - called British Protected Persons , who are not considered British nationals . People in Hong Kong who did not acquire nationality in the People ' s Republic of China after the turnover in 1997 acquired British National ( Overseas ) status , which is less than full citizenship but affords the right of abode in Hong Kong . British nationals ( irrespective of the class of nationality ) who reside abroad but do not enjoy protection by the British government are de facto stateless . Many situations where people were at risk of statelessness due to the different classes of British nationality were resolved after 30 April 2003 , when the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 came into force . As a result of this Act , the United Kingdom gave most British subjects without any other citizenship the right to register as full British citizens . However , cases still exist where people have not been able or willing to register as citizens . Any foreign national wishing to apply for German nationality is obligated to renounce any other nationality which he or she holds . After the renunciation of the existing citizenship , a person encounters second verification of his / her citizenship case . Successful verification of such is followed by an invitation to the ceremony , where he is given a Naturalisation Certificate ( Einbürgerungsurkunde ) . Before it is given and after the renunciation of the nationality / nationalities , a person is officially stateless . Bedoun means " without " in Arabic , indicating that this group , between 90,000 and 180,000 , has no nationality . Not considered as nationals by or any other state , bedoun are stateless . While Kuwaiti nationals enjoy a large number benefits and subsidies , stateless people in this small but very wealthy country live in slum - like settlements on the outskirts of its cities , where they suffer numerous human rights violations . Many of them failed to acquire nationality at independence . Some did not qualify under the law : they were not able to show residential ties to Kuwait prior to 1920 . Others , more commonly , did not quite appreciate the importance of having a nationality and failed to register as citizens . In the mid - 1980s , the situation for bedoun began to deteriorate rapidly . The Nationality Act was amended several times between 1960 and 1985 , making access to nationality increasingly difficult . For the first time , in 1986 , the government began to apply the Alien Residence Act to bedoun , effectively stripping them of most of the rights they had enjoyed since independence and reclassifying them as " illegal residents . " Basic rights such as issuance of key documents , including birth , marriage and death certificates , were denied , which in turn had Mecca , the Hajj , also became difficult for bedoun . Most were allowed to leave Kuwait only if they agreed not to return . To this day , religious travel still poses a major problem to many bedoun , and bribes are becoming lucrative opportunities for border officials and travel companies . By the time of the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait on August 2 , 1990 , bedoun in Kuwait were increasingly living in poverty . They had been dismissed from their jobs in large numbers , their children were no longer allowed to attend public schools , and health care had become more or less inaccessible . After Kuwait was liberated , the bedoun still employed in the public sector were dismissed retroactively from the date of the invasion . The number of deportation orders also increased significantly , but many were not carried out since there was no country to which the bedoun could be deported . Most deportation orders were " administrative orders " so no access to judicial review was available . In 2000 , Act 22 , an amendment to the Nationality Act , theoretically provided a greater opportunity for bedoun to naturalize , but the conditions were so strict that few qualified . Also , an annual cap on naturalizations was introduced even if Kuwait has rarely , if ever , used the full quota . In 2003 , allegedly some 5,500 bedoun were permitted to apply for nationality and a smaller number , some 1,600 , were naturalized . Then , the process stagnated and did not turn into the kind of reform many had hoped for . A few years later , in 2006 , the National Assembly created a committee to deal with the bidoon issue , but for the most part it was ineffective . Another government body was set up in 2011 to deal with the issue , but it too has so far only achieved limited progress . In 2011 , the first bedoun demonstrations for nationality rights took place on February 18 . Afraid of the protest spiraling out of control the government quickly promised some reforms , including access to a few basic rights for bedoun . On March 11 , 2011 , bedoun took to the streets again . The government responded with force , advancing with armored vehicles and riot police , employing tear gas and flares to break up crowds . It was reported that 140 bedoun were detained without charge . Palestine See also : History of Palestinian nationality Even though Palestinians living in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip were issued a Palestinian passport according to the Oslo Accords , many countries ( such as ) still do not recognize their citizenship . As a matter of international law , only states can have nationals and the nationality status of many Palestinians therefore depends on whether or not Palestine is a state : some countries recognize Palestinian statehood , but others do not . Palestinians residing in East Jerusalem have automatic permanent resident status in Israel and may apply for citizenship . In 1967 , Israel offered to make citizenship automatic , but the offer was rejected by Arab leaders . Between 1967 and 2007 only 12,000 of these 250,000 Palestinians applied for Israeli citizenship . Those who do not are therefore generally stateless . Puerto Rico Main article : Juan Mari Brás In 1994 , Juan Mari Brás , a Puerto Rican lawyer and political historian , renounced his US citizenship before a consular agent in the US Embassy of Venezuela . In December 1995 , his denaturalization was confirmed by the US Department of State : Mari Bras was no longer a US citizen . That same month , he requested that the Puerto Rican State Department furnish him with proof of his Puerto Rican citizenship . The request involved more than just a bureaucratic formality , therefore testing the self - determination of Puerto Rico by becoming the first Puerto Rican citizen that was not also an American citizen . Mari Brás claimed that as a Puerto Rican national born and raised in Puerto Rico , he was clearly a Puerto Rican citizen and therefore had every right to continue to reside , work and , most importantly , vote in Puerto Rico . The State Department responded promptly , claiming that Puerto Rican citizenship does not exist independent of American citizenship , and in 1998 rescinded their recognition of his renunciation of citizenship . The State Department ' s response to Mari Brás stated that Puerto Rican citizenship currently exists only as an equivalent to residency : Puerto Rican citizens are US citizens who reside in Puerto Rico . The Secretary of State agreed , claiming that after a year of residence on the island , any US citizen can gain Puerto Rican citizenship . On October 25 , 2006 , he became the first person to receive a Puerto Rican citizenship certificate from the Puerto Rico State Department . United States The United States , which is not a signatory to the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons nor the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness , is one of a small number of countries which will allow its citizens to renounce their citizenship even if they do not hold any other . The Foreign Affairs Manual instructs State Department employees to make it clear to Americans who will become stateless after renunciation that they may face extreme difficulties ( including deportation back to the United States ) following their renunciation , but instructs employees to afford such persons of their right to give up citizenship . Former Americans who have voluntarily made themselves stateless as a form of political protest include Garry Davis Thomas Jolley Joel Slater , and most recently Mike Gogulski Organisations International Stateless Persons Organisation In March 2012 , the International Stateless Persons Organisation ( ISPO ) , an International non - governmental organization INGO ) was founded by HH Prince Dr . Fernando Macolor Cruz , tribal prince and instructor of History and Political Science at the Palawan State University in the Philippines . It aims to provide institutional representation to stateless persons throughout the world through a network of volunteer human rights law practitioners who act as Country Representatives . See also Refugee law Stateless nation Uncontacted people Nomad References " Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons , article 1 ( 1 ) " " The Concept of Stateless Persons under International La " . UNHCR " Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons " " Statelessness " Forced Migration Review . Refugee Studies Centre " Remarks on Statelessness and Gender Discrimination " . US Department of State " Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women ( CEDAW ) " " Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness " " Convention on the Rights of the Child ( CRC ) " " International Observatory on Statelessness " " Children ' s right to nationality " " De Jure Statelessness in the Real World : Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions " . Open Society Foundations UNHCR in the UK - News and press " How UNHCR helps the stateless " a b " Executive Committee Conclusions " " Evaluation of UNHCR ’ s role and activities in relation to statelessness " " Searching for citizenship " Shiblak , Abbas ( 2010 ) . " Passports for What Price ? Statelessness among Palestinian Refugees " . In Knudsen , Are J . ; Ḥanafī , Sārī . Palestinian Refugees : Identity , Space and Place in the Levant . Taylor & Francis . p . 113 . ISBN 0 - 415 - 58046 - 3 Rachel Thien and Bandar Seri Begawan . " Citizenship news lifts spirits of stateless PRs . " Brunei Times Jan . 26 , 2011 . " Citizenship Act creates a ' stateless ' child " The Vancouver Sun . September 25 , 2009 . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 a b Branham , Daphne ( October 9 , 2010 ) . " Rachel Chandler ' s status highlights a policy that could see thousands of stateless children born abroad to Canadians " The Vancouver Sun LostCanadians . org . Retrieved March 13 , 2012 Janet Dench . " Canada ’ s stateless children " Canadian Council for Refugees . Oct . 12 , 2010 . " Letters " CBC News . Dec . 10 , 2010 Keung , Nicholas ( July 6 , 2009 ) . " Report warns of ' stateless ' babies " Toronto Star " Without Citizenship : Statelessness , discrimination and repression in Kuwait " Ronny Shaked . " Thousands of Palestinians apply for Israeli citizenship . " ynetnews . com Nov . 7 , 2007 . Israel reports jump in Jerusalem Arabs seeking Israeli citizenship , " A.P. Nov . 7 , 2007 " World ' s Only Puerto Rican " . Digitas . harvard . edu . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 27 " 7 FAM 1200 : Loss and Restoration of U.S. Citizenship " Foreign Affairs Manual . U.S. Department of State . 2008 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 18 " He ' s Being Deported , But Where ? " Pittsburgh Post - Gazette . 1971 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 Cobb , Kim ( 1991 - 07 - 04 ) . " Iowan prefers to be a man without a country " Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 12 Mendoza , Moises ( 2011 - 12 - 06 ) . " Stateless in Slovakia : What if you renounce US citizenship … and you have no nationality to fall back on ? Meet Mike Gogulski , refugee by choice . " Global Post . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 08 . , International Stateless Persons Organisation Further reading Bronwen Manby , Struggles for Citizenship in Africa , 2009 Laura Bingham , Julia Harrington - Reddy and Sebastian Kohn , De Jure Statelessness in the Real World : Applying the Prato Summary Conclusions , 2011 Jay Milbrandt , Stateless , 2011 Open Society Foundations and Refugees International , Without Citizenship : Statelessness , Discrimination , and Repression in Kuwait Nationality and Statelessness : a Handbook for Parliamentarians High Commissioner for Refugees Inter - Parliamentary Union , 2005 Stateless Palestinans Report describing US contributions to the resettlement of stateless populations in 2007 Brad K . Blitz and Maureen Lynch . " Statelessness and the Benefits of Citizenship : A Comparative Study . " Somers , Margaret . 2008 . Genealogies of Citizenship : Markets , Statelessness , and the Right to Have Rights . Cambridge University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 79394 - 0 Unravelling Anomaly . Detenation , Discrimination and the Protection Needs of the Stateless Persons . London : Equal Rights Trust , 2010 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9560717 - 3 - 6 Stateless : The World ' s Most Invisible People Reuters AlertNet External links International law : treaties and case law Full Convention text of 1961 Convention Map showing State Parties to 1961 Convention Council of Europe Convention on Reduction of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession UN Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons ( full text ) International case law on statelessness Intergovernmental organizations : UNHCR page on prevention and reduction of statelessness and protection of stateless persons - background information , tools and news From UNHCR website [ 1 ] UNHCR Map ( 21 August 2006 ) Stateless Persons and Populations at Risk of Statelessness International NGOs on the website of the Open Society Foundations on the website of Refugees International Website of the International Observatory on Statelessness a clearinghouse for NGOs , academics , advocacy groups and policy - makers working on issues of statelessness Academic Institutions Website of the Statelessness Programme , an initiative of Tilburg Law School ( Netherlands ) dedicated to research , training and outreach on statelessness and related issues Specific states British nationality - provisions for reducing statelessness United States IRS Form 8898 ( Renouncing citizenship ) . Other Statelessness blog Nationality laws By continent Africa Egypt Ghana Liberia Morocco Namibia Nigeria South Africa Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh Bhutan Burma ( Myanmar ) Cyprus Northern Cyprus 1 India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Kazakhstan South Korea Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Nepal Pakistan Philippines Russia Singapore Taiwan Turkey Europe Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom North America Barbados Mexico Oceania Australia Nauru New Zealand Samoa Tonga South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Paraguay Peru Uruguay International organizations Commonwealth of Nations European Union By type Jus matrimonii Jus sanguinis Jus soli Naturalization Other Citizenship Act Birth aboard aircraft and ships Multiple citizenship Passport Right of return Second - class citizen Defunct Nazi Germany Notes Partially unrecognised and thus unclassified by the United Nations geoscheme . It is listed following the member state that the UN categorises it under . Category Categories Nationality | [
"Statelessness",
"definition"
] |
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/TIE%20DYE/en-en/ | definitions analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Ebay definitions - TIE DYE report a problem tie - dye ( v . ) 1 . dye after knotting the fabric to produce an irregular pattern " The flower children tie - dye their T - shirts " Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia analogical dictionary dye [ Hyper . ] hand - dye [ Hyper . ] tie - dye ( v . ) ↕ Advertizing ▼ Wikipedia Tie - dye update Tie - dye used as stage decor , Snoqualmie Moondance festival ( 1992 ) Tie - dye is a process of resist dyeing textiles or clothing which is made from knit or woven fabric , usually cotton ; typically using bright colors . It is a modern version of traditional dyeing methods used in many cultures throughout the world . [ 1 ] " Tie - dye " can also describe the resulting pattern or an item which features this pattern . Tie - dyeing became fashionable in the West in the late 1960s and early 1970s as part of hippie style . It was popularized in the United States by musicians such as John Sebastian Janis Joplin The Grateful Dead [ 2 ] and Joe Cocker Contents 1 General 2 Dyes 3 Traditional tie - dye 4 Mudmee tie - dye 5 Folds and patterns 5.1 V 5.2 Random 5.3 Random circles 6 See also 7 References 8 External links General Tie - dyeing is accomplished by folding the material into a pattern , and binding it with string or rubber bands . Dye is then applied to only parts of the material . The ties prevent the entire material from being dyed . Designs are formed by applying different colors of dyes to different sections of the wet fabric . A wet t - shirt is much easier to dye than a dry t - shirt . Once complete , the material is rinsed , and the dye is set . Dyes An example of a tie dyed t - shirt Although many different kinds of dyes may be used , most tie - dyers now dye with Procion MX fiber reactive dyes [ 3 ] This class of dyes works at warm room temperatures . The molecules permanently bind with cellulose based fibers ( cotton , rayon , hemp , linen ) , as well as silk , when the pH is raised . Soda ash ( sodium carbonate ) is generally used to raise the pH and is either added directly to the dye , or in a solution of water in which garments are soaked before dyeing . They do not fade with washing , but sunlight will cause the colors to fade over time . Traditional tie - dye The earliest surviving examples of pre - Columbian tie - dye in Peru date from 500 to 800 AD . Their designs include small circles and lines , with bright colors including red , yellow , blue , and green . [ 4 ] Shibori includes a form of tie - dye that originated in Japan . It has been practiced there since at least the 8th century . Shibori includes a number of labor - intensive resist techniques including stitching elaborate patterns and tightly gathering the stitching before dyeing , forming intricate designs for kimonos . Another shibori method is to wrap the fabric around a core of rope , wood or other material , and bind it tightly with string or thread . The areas of the fabric that are against the core or under the binding would remain undyed . Tie - dye techniques have also been used for centuries citation needed in the Hausa region of West Africa , with renowned indigo dye pits located in and around Kano Nigeria . The tie - dyed clothing is then richly embroidered in traditional patterns . It has been argued that the Hausa techniques were the inspiration for the hippie fashion citation needed Plangi and tritik are Indonesian words , derived from Japanese words , for methods related to tie - dye , and bandhna is a term from India , giving rise to the Bandhani fabrics of Rajasthan Ikat is a method of tie - dyeing the warp or weft before the cloth is woven . Tie - dyeing was known in the US by 1909 . [ 5 ] Later in the 20th Century , tie - dye became associated with the Hippie movement . Mudmee tie - dye Mudmee tie - dye - Thailand Mudmee tie - dye is mainly created in Thailand and neighboring part of Laos . It uses different shapes and colors than other types of tie - dye , and the colors are , in general , more subdued . Another difference is that the base color is black . Folds and patterns Below is a list of common modern tie - dyeing folds and patterns . V The ' V ' shape is achieved by folding a shirt in half vertically , then a line is drawn diagonally from the shoulder area down to the center fold of the shirt . The fabric is then accordingly folded along the line and bound into one or more areas to which the dye is applied . This will show in the shape of a ' V ' . Random This category can hold several different patterns , the majority of which have nothing to do with each other ; they can be combinations or they can be as chaotic as bundling the item to be dyed . Random circles This effect is made by tying knots with string or elastic bands in different places . The more fabric that is tied , the larger the circles . See also Ikkat Batik Psychedelic art Shibori Hippie References Weinger , Erin ( 2003 - 05 - 29 ) . " Psychedelic Beginnings " Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 " The Psychedelic Tie - Dye Look " Time . January 26 , 1970 . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 25 " What kinds of chemical bonds attach dyes to fibers ? " " What is Synthrapol ? " . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 27 " What is soda ash , and what ' s it for in dyeing ? " " Fiber - reactive dyes " Tie - dye Wiki " Amarras Replication Research Project " . World Shibori Network Pellew , Charles E . . " Tied and Dyed Work : An Oriental Process with American Variations " Craftsman , Vol . 16 ( 1909 ) , p . 695 - 701 " More about Gigi ' s Thailand Trip " ThaiDye . com companion blog . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 16 " Spiral " Tie - dye Wiki External links Easy Tie Dye Instructions Free Tie Dye Instructions Tie Dye Peace Sign Dyeing Techniques Batik Dyeing Kalamkari Katazome Leheria Mordant Reactive dye printing Resist Ring dyeing Rōketsuzome Tsutsugaki Types of dyes Natural Acid Reactive Solvent Substantive Sulfur Vat Disperse Traditional textile dyes Black walnut Bloodroot Brazilin Cochineal Cudbear Cutch Dyewoods Fustic Henna Indigo Kermes Logwood Madder Polish cochineal Saffron Turmeric Tyrian purple Weld Woad History Trade and use of saffron Traditional dyes of the Scottish Highlands Craft dyes Dylon Procion Reference Glossary of dyeing terms List of dyes Hippies History Etymology of ' hippie ' Beat generation Beatniks Counterculture of the 1960s Human Be - In Red Dog Experience San Francisco Sound Haight - Ashbury Drop City Summer of Love Monterey Pop Festival The Farm Woodstock Festival La Onda Nambassa Glastonbury Festival People and groups Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters Diggers San Francisco Oracle Haight Ashbury Free Clinics Haight - Ashbury Switchboard Yippies The Brotherhood of Eternal Love Jesus movement Rainbow Family Deadhead New Age travellers Radical Faeries Politics and ethics Free love Anti - authoritarianism Simple living Environmentalism Pacifism Communalism Counterculture Bohemianism Make love , not war Turn on , tune in , drop out Vegetarianism Culture and fashion Psychedelia Flower power Hippie trail Happening Peace symbols Bell - bottoms Long hair Intentional community Free festival Music festival Flower child Hippie exploitation films List of films related to the hippie subculture List of books and publications related to the hippie subculture Music Folk rock Psychedelic rock Folk music Psychedelic folk Progressive rock Jam bands Psychedelic trance Psychedelic music World music New Age music Space rock Related subjects Subcultures Underground press New Age movement Freak scene Anti - war movement Civil rights movement Protests of 1968 New Left UK underground New social movements Post - materialism Neotribalism Second Summer of Love Neo - psychedelia Decorative arts handicrafts arts and crafts Textile Banner - making Canvas work Cross - stitch Crocheting Curve stitching Embroidery Felting Friendship bracelet Knitting Lace - making Lucet Macrame Millinery Needlepoint Needlework Patchwork Quilting Ribbon embroidery Rug hooking Rug making Sewing Shoemaking Spinning ( textiles ) String art Tapestry Tatting Weaving Paper Bookbinding Calligraphy Cardmaking Card Modelling Collage Decoupage Embossing Iris folding Marbling Origami Kirigami Paper toys Papercraft Papier - mâché Scrapbooking Stamping Wallpaper Wood Cabinet making Carpentry Chip carving Ébéniste Fretwork Intarsia Marquetry Wood burning Wood carving Woodturning Ceramic Azulejo Bone china Cameo glass Earthenware Glassware Porcelain Pottery Stained glass Stoneware Terracotta Metal Jewellery Silversmithing Other Assemblage Beadwork Bone carving Doll making Dollhouse Egg decorating Engraved gems Hardstone carving Lathart Lapidary Leatherworking Miniatures Micromosaic Mosaic Pietra dura Pressed flower craft Scrimshaw Straw marquetry Wall decals Categories 1960s fashion Hippie movement Textile arts 1970s fashion All translations of TIE DYE | [
"TIE DYE",
"resist dyeing textiles",
"traditional dyeing methods"
] |
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/brief/en-en/ | definitions - brief report a problem brief ( adj . ) 1 . concise and succinct " covered the matter in a brief statement " 2 . ( of clothing ) very short " an abbreviated swimsuit " " a brief bikini " 3 . of short duration or distance " a brief stay in the country " brief ( n . ) 1 . a condensed written summary or abstract 2 . a document stating the facts and points of law of a client ' s case ( v . ) give essential information to someone " The reporters were briefed about the President ' s plan to invade " Advertizing ▼ Merriam Webster Brief a . Short in duration . How the life of man . Shak . Concise ; terse ; succinct . The style is that which expresseth much in little . B . Jonson . 3 . Rife ; common ; prevalent . [ Prov . Eng . ] In brief See under Brief n . Syn . - - Short ; concise ; succinct ; summary ; compendious ; condensed ; terse ; curt ; transitory ; short - lived . adv . Briefly . [ Obs . or Poetic ] Adam , faltering long , thus answered Milton . Soon ; quickly . [ Obs . ] Shak . n . A short concise writing or letter ; a statement in few words . Bear this sealed With winged hastle , to the lord marshal . And she told me In a sweet , verbal An epitome . Each woman is a of womankind . Overbury . ( Law ) An abridgment or concise statement of a client ' s case , made out for the instruction of counsel in a trial at law . This word is applied also to a statement of the heads or points of a law argument . It was not without some reference to it that I perused many a Sir J . Stephen . ☞ In England , the is prepared by the attorney ; in the United States , counsel generally make up their own briefs . 4 . ( Law ) A writ ; a breve . See Breve , 2 . 5 . ( Scots Law ) A writ issuing from the chancery , directed to any judge ordinary , commanding and authorizing that judge to call a jury to inquire into the case , and upon their verdict to pronounce sentence . 6 . A letter patent , from proper authority , authorizing a collection or charitable contribution of money in churches , for any public or private purpose . [ Eng . ] 7 . pl . a type of men ' s underpants without legs , fitting tightly and held by an elastic waistband ; also called Jockey shorts Apostolical brief a letter of the pope written on fine parchment in modern characters , subscribed by the secretary of briefs , dated “ a die Nativitatis , ” i . e . , “ from the day of the Nativity , ” and sealed with the ring of the fisherman . It differs from a bull , in its parchment , written character , date , and seal . See Bull - - Brief of title an abstract or abridgment of all the deeds and other papers constituting the chain of title to any real estate . - - In brief in a few words ; in short ; briefly . “ Open the matter in brief . ” v . t . To make an abstract or abridgment of ; to shorten ; as , to pleadings Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - brief report a problem ( adj . ) abbreviated abrupt compendious compressed concise crisp curt ephemeral fleeting laconic momentary pithy short short - lived succinct temporary terse transient transitory ( n . ) legal brief summary summing - up see also - brief ↗ abstract precis summarise summarize sum up wrap up ↘ brevity briefly briefness concisely in a word in brief in short in sum shortly shortness the long and the short of it to cut a long story short phrases Adjustment disorders | Brief depressive reaction Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Brief Psychotherapy Brief reactive psychosis NOS Brief schizophreniform disorder Brief schizophreniform psychosis Legal Brief Overall and Gorham Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Overall - Gorham Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Psychosis , Brief Reactive Psychotherapy , Brief Recurrent brief depressive episodes amicus curiae brief be brief brief schizophreniform disorders election brief legal brief recurrent brief depressive episodes A Bintel Brief A Brief Historical Retrospective A Brief History of Amazing Letdowns A Brief History of Ambient A Brief History of Crime A Brief History of Love A Brief History of Time A Brief History of Time ( film ) A Brief History of the Future A Brief History of the Twentieth Century A Brief History . . . A Brief Vacation Beside This Brief Hexagonal Brandeis Brief Brief ( architecture ) Brief ( disambiguation ) Brief ( law ) Brief ( text editor ) Brief Candle Brief Candles Brief Crossing Brief Encounter Brief Encounter ( 1974 film ) Brief Encounter ( album ) Brief Encounter ( opera ) Brief Encounters Brief Episodes of Joy Brief Interviews with Hideous Men Brief Interviews with Hideous Men ( film ) Brief Lives Brief Pain Inventory Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Brief intervention Brief psychotherapy Brief psychotic disorder Brief reactive psychosis Bunny Brief Control brief Creative brief Design brief Game design brief Jock brief Linda Smith ' s A Brief History of Timewasting Moscow Defense Brief One Brief Moment One , Brief , Shining Moment Papal brief Parliamentary Brief Pelican Brief Pontifical Brief President ' s Daily Brief Professor X ( brief profile ) Recurrent brief depression Solution focused brief therapy The Brief History of the Dead The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao The Brief and Frightening Reign of Phil The Daily Brief The Dock Brief The Pelican Brief The Pelican Brief ( film ) Watching brief Watching brief ( lawsuit ) analogical dictionary qui dure un certain temps ( fr ) [ Classe ] bien en soi pour qqch ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] qui cause du désagrément ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] lettre ( missive ) ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] meticulous ; precise ; exact [ Classe ] exprimé en peu de mots ( bon , style ) ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] ( of short duration ; short - lived ) , ( briefness ; brevity ) [ Thème ] ( meticulous ; precise ; exact ) , ( accuracy ; preciseness ; precision ; exactness ; rightness ; correctness ; carefulness ; meticulousness ; exactitude ) [ Thème ] ( terseness ; conciseness ; concision ; pithiness ; succinctness ) peu , petite quantité ( fr ) [ Caract . ] bon ( pour le style littéraire ) ( fr ) [ DomainJugement ] qualificatif du ton d ' un propos ( fr ) [ DomaineDescription ] art [ Domaine ] SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute [ Domaine ] conciseness , concision , pithiness , succinctness , terseness briefly , concisely , in a word , in brief , in short , in sum , shortly , the long and the short of it , to cut a long story short long - windedness , prolixity , prolixness , verbosity , windiness , wordiness [ Dérivé ] prolix , verbose , wordy [ Ant . ] of short duration ; short - lived meticulous ; precise ; exact exprimé en peu de mots ( bon , style ) ( fr ) bref et direct ( propos ) ( fr ) concise [ Similaire ] ↕ shortness length [ Dérivé ] long [ Ant . ] short [ Similaire ] ↕ qui dure un certain temps ( fr ) ( of short duration ; short - lived ) , ( briefness ; brevity ) brevity , briefness , shortness duration , length long of short duration ; short - lived time_period SubjectiveAssessmentAttribute decision ; determination ; conclusion lettre religieuse ( fr ) écrit de droit canon ( fr ) Bishop of Rome , Catholic Pope , His Holiness , His Sanctity , Holy Father , pontiff , pope , Roman Catholic Pope , Vicar of Christ lettre ( décision ) émise par le Pape ( fr ) text chose réduite ( fr ) ce qui . . ( fr ) debate ; discourse ; dissertation ; discussion ; essay ; treatise [ ClasseHyper . ] ouvrage condensé ( fr ) roman : ouvrage , livre , œuvre de récit imaginé ( fr ) sketch ; outline ; scheme ; plan sum up ; summarise ; summarize [ ClasseHyper . ] ( sum up ; summarise ; summarize ) ( diminishing ; diminution ) , ( cut back on ; cut down on ; diminish ; reduce ; decrease by ; skimp ; stint ; skimp on ; stint on ; cut back ; cut down ; curtail ; decrease ; lessen ; minify ; minimize ; minimise ) , ( shrink ; become narrower ; narrow ; become smaller ; subside ; decline ; fall ; fall off ; abate ; slacken ; decrease ; lessen ; diminish ; dwindle ; dwindle away ; dwindle down ) [ Caract . ] literature Summary summary , sum - up resume , summarise , summarize , sum up apprise , apprize , instruct [ Hyper . ] adumbrate , draft , outline , sketch abstract abstract , precis , summarise , summarize , sum up , wrap up synoptic abstract , outline , precis , synopsis brief , summary , summing - up briefing texte réduit à l ' essentiel ( fr ) ce qui est diminué ( fr ) abstract , outline , precis , synopsis [ Hyper . ] abstract , precis , summarise , summarize , sum up , wrap up [ Nominalisation ] raisonner ( fr ) communicate ; impart ; inform ; let know juridical act ; legal act ; legal transaction ; certificate ; deed ; record ensemble ( réunion d ' éléments ) ( fr ) expliquer ( fr ) notaire ( fr ) [ termes liés ] ( contravention ; transgression ; invasion ; offense ; penal offence ; breach of the law ; infraction of the law ; infringement of the law ; transgression of the law ; violation of the law ; lapse ; misdemeanor ; misdemeanour ; infraction ; violation ; infringement ; breach ; desecration ; evildoing ) , ( legal rule ; rule of law ) , ( justice ) [ termes liés ] procédure judiciaire ( fr ) [ DomaineCollocation ] law Certificate Law docket , document , indenture , papers , statement , written document accumulation , aggregation , assemblage , collection , piling up instrument judge , jurist , justice , lawyer , magistrate jurist , legal expert jurisprudence , law , legislation expliquer ( fr ) act , deed , instrument , legal document , legal instrument , official document , official paper jurisprudence , law , legislation Editeurs ( fr ) Domaines ( fr ) commission générale de terminologie ( fr ) Tous domaines ( fr ) texte réduit à l ' essentiel ( fr ) ce qui est diminué ( fr ) lieu d ' où l ' on parle ( fr ) business meeting ; discussion of progess factotum Directing inform informing , making known [ Nominalisation ] armed forces , armed services , force , forces , military , military machine , services , war machine apprise , apprize , instruct brief , summary , summing - up briefing ( v . ) Editeurs ( fr ) Domaines ( fr ) commission générale de terminologie ( fr ) Tous domaines ( fr ) Wikipedia update or briefs may refer to : A firefox extension for RSS A letter " News in brief " , a short - summary format of news items in a news publication or broadcast A papal letter less formal than a bull , sealed with the pope ' s signet ring or stamped with the device borne on this ring Brief ( architecture ) , a requirement imposed by a client on an architect Brief ( law ) , a number of formal document types " Brief " , northern English slang for an event ticket e.g. " I have a brief sorted for the United game " Brief ( text editor ) , a popular text editor for the MS - DOS operating system Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function ( BRIEF ) , a behavioural assessment for children and adolescents Briefs , a type of underwear and swimwear Mission briefing , a conference before a major event to announce / agree upon the major information and actions necessary to complete the mission The Briefs , a Seattle band Briefers " Brief " Rock , a fictional character in the anime , Panty and Stocking with Garterbelt See also Brief intervention , a technique used to address alcohol abuse Brief therapy , an umbrella term for psychotherapy approaches Design brief , a type of business document Watching brief , an archeological recording method Categories Disambiguation pages All translations of brief | [
"definitions",
"brief"
] |
http://dictionary.sensagent.com/chyron/en-en/ | Advertize Partnership Company informations My account login registration Advertising ▼ anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay definition - chyron definition of Wikipedia Advertizing ▼ phrases Chyron Corporation Wikipedia Chyron update Chyron may refer to : Lower third , television graphics that occupy the lower area of the screen Chyron Corporation , develops and manufactures on - screen graphics for the broadcast industry Any predominantly text - based video graphic as used mainly by television news broadcasts See also Chiron ( disambiguation ) Kiron ( disambiguation ) Categories Disambiguation pages This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia Advertizing ▼ All translations of chyron | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/dental%20restoration/en-en/ | Dental restoration update Dental restoration Intervention ICD - 9 - CM 23.2 23.4 A dental restoration or dental filling is a dental restorative material used to restore the function , integrity and morphology of missing tooth structure . The structural loss typically results from caries or external trauma . It is also lost intentionally during tooth preparation to improve the aesthetics or the physical integrity of the intended restorative material . Dental restoration also refers to the replacement of missing tooth structure that is supported by dental implants . Dental restorations can be divided into two broad types : direct restorations and indirect restorations . All dental restorations can be further classified by their location and size . A root canal filling is a restorative technique used to fill the space where the dental pulp normally resides . Contents 1 Tooth preparation 2 Direct restorations 3 Indirect restorations 4 Restoration classifications 5 Materials used in dental restorations 5.1 Tooth - colored 5.1.1 Composite resin 5.1.2 Glass ionomer cement 5.1.3 Porcelain ( ceramics ) 5.2 Comparison 5.3 Experimental 6 Restoration of dental implants 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Tooth preparation Tooth # 3 , the upper right first molar , with the beginning of an MO preparation . Looking into the preparation , the white , outer enamel appears intact , while the yellow , underlying dentin appears recessed . This is because the dentin was decayed and was thus removed . This portion of the enamel is now unsupported , and should be removed to prevent future fracture . Restoring a tooth to good form and function requires two steps , ( 1 ) preparing the tooth for placement of restorative material or materials , and ( 2 ) placement of restorative material or materials . The process of preparation usually involves cutting the tooth with special dental burrs , to make space for the planned restorative materials , and to remove any dental decay or portions of the tooth that are structurally unsound . If permanent restoration can not be carried out immediately after tooth preparation , temporary restoration may be performed . The prepared tooth , ready for placement of restorative materials , is generally called a tooth preparation . Materials used may be gold amalgam dental composites glass ionomer cement porcelain or any number of other materials . Preparations may be intracoronal or extracoronal . Intracoronal preparations are those preparations which serve to hold restorative material within the confines of the structure of the crown of a tooth . Examples include all classes of cavity preparations for composite or amalgam , as well as those for gold and porcelain inlays . Intracoronal preparations are also made as female recipients to receive the male components of Removable partial dentures Extracoronal preparations are those preparations which serve as a core or base upon which or around which restorative material will be placed to bring the tooth back into a functional or aesthetic structure . Examples include crowns and onlays , as well as veneers In preparing a tooth for a restoration , a number of considerations will come into play to determine the type and extent of the preparation . The most important factor to consider is decay . For the most part , the extent of the decay will define the extent of the preparation , and in turn , the subsequent method and appropriate materials for restoration . Another consideration is unsupported tooth structure . In the photo at right , unsupported enamel can be seen where the underlying dentin was removed because of infiltrative decay . When preparing the tooth to receive a restoration , unsupported enamel is removed to allow for a more predictable restoration . While enamel is the hardest substance in the human body , it is particularly brittle , and unsupported enamel fractures easily . Direct restorations This technique involves placing a soft or malleable filling into the prepared tooth and building up the tooth before the material sets hard . The advantage of direct restorations is that they usually set quickly and can be placed in a single procedure . Since the material is required to set while in contact with the tooth , limited energy can be passed to the tooth from the setting process without damaging it . Where strength is required , especially as the fillings become larger , indirect restorations may be the best choice . Indirect restorations This technique of fabricating the restoration outside of the mouth using the dental impressions of the prepared tooth . Common indirect restorations include inlays and onlays crowns bridges , and veneers . Usually a dental technician fabricates the indirect restoration from records the dentist has provided of the prepared tooth . The finished restoration is usually bonded permanently with a dental cement . It is often done in two separate visits to the dentist . Common indirect restorations are done using gold or ceramics . While the indirect restoration is being prepared , a provisory / temporary restoration is sometimes used to cover the prepared part of the tooth , which can help maintain the surrounding dental tissues . Removable dental prostheses ( mainly dentures ) are considered by some to be a form of indirect dental restoration , as they are made to replace missing teeth . There are numerous types of precision attachments ( also known as combined restorations ) to aid removable prosthetic attachment to teeth , including magnets , clips , hooks and implants which could be seen as a form of dental restoration . The CEREC method is a chairside CAD / CAM restorative procedure . An optical impression of the prepared tooth is taken using a camera . Next , the specific software takes the digital picture and converts it into a 3D virtual model on the computer screen . A ceramic block that matches the tooth shade is placed in the milling machine . An all - ceramic , tooth - colored restoration is finished and ready to bond in place . Another fabrication method is to import STL and native dental CAD files into CAD / CAM software products that guide the user through the manufacturing process . The software can select the tools , machining sequences and cutting conditions optimized for particular types of materials , such as titanium and zirconium , and for particular prostheses , such as copings and bridges . In some cases , the intricate nature of some implants requires the use of 5 - axis machining methods to reach every part of the job . Restoration classifications GV Black Classification of Restorations Greene Vardiman Black classified the fillings depending on their size and location . Class I Caries affecting pit and fissure , on occlusal , buccal , and lingual surfaces of posterior teeth , and Lingual of anterior teeth . Class II Caries affecting proximal surfaces of molars and premolars . Class III Caries affecting proximal surfaces of centrals , laterals , and cuspids . Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal edges of anterior teeth . Class V Caries affecting gingival 1 / 3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth . Class VI Caries affecting cusp tips of molars , premolars , and cuspids . Materials used in dental restorations Main article : Dental restorative materials These casting alloys are mostly used for making crowns , bridges and dentures . Titanium , usually commercially pure but sometimes a 90 % alloy , is used as the anchor for dental implants as it is biocompatible and can integrate into bone . Precious metallic alloys gold ( high purity : 99.7 % ) gold alloys ( with high gold content ) gold - platina alloy silver - palladium alloy Base metallic alloys cobalt - chrome alloy nickel - chrome alloy Amalgam Silver amalgam ( Consists of mercury ( 50 % ) , silver ( ~ 22 - 32 % ) , tin ( ~ 14 % ) , copper ( ~ 8 % ) , and other trace metals ) Dental Amalgam is widely used because of the ease of fabricating the plastic material into rigid direct fillings , completed in single appointment , with acceptable strength , hardness , corrosion , and toxicity properties . It is more forgiving of preparation and technique than composite resins used for that purpose . It is now mainly used for posterior teeth . Although the mercury in cured amalgam is not available as free mercury , concern of its toxicity has existed since the invention of amalgam as a dental material ; it is banned or restricted in Norway , Sweden and Finland . See Dental Amalgam Controversy Direct Gold Gold Although rarely used , due to expense and specialized training requirements , gold foil can be used for direct dental restorations . Tooth - colored Dental composites are also called white fillings , used in direct fillings . Crowns and in - lays can be made in the laboratory from dental composites . These materials are similar to those used in direct fillings and are tooth - colored . Their strength and durability is not as high as porcelain or metal restorations and they are more prone to wear and discolouration . Composite resin Dental restoration using composite bonding Dental composites , also called white fillings , are a group of restorative materials used in dentistry . As with other composite materials , a dental composite typically consists of a resin - based matrix , such as a bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate ( BISMA ) resin like urethane dimethacrylate ( UDMA ) , and an inorganic filler such as silica . Compositions vary widely , with proprietary mixes of resins forming the matrix , as well as engineered filler glasses and glass ceramics . The filler gives the composite wear resistance and translucency . A coupling agent such as silane is used to enhance the bond between these two components . An initiator package begins the polymerization reaction of the resins when external energy ( light / heat , etc . ) is applied . A catalyst package can control its speed . This is not recommended for molars citation needed After tooth preparation , a thin primer or bonding agent is used . Modern photo - polymerised composites are applied and cured in relatively thin layers as determined by their opacity . After some curing , the final surface will be shaped and polished . Glass ionomer cement A glass ionomer cement ( GIC ) is one of a class of materials commonly used in dentistry as filling materials and luting cements . These materials are based on the reaction of silicate glass powder and polyalkeonic acid . These tooth - coloured materials were introduced in 1972 for use as restorative materials for anterior teeth ( particularly for eroded areas , Class III and V cavities ) . As they bond chemically to dental hard tissues and release fluoride for a relatively long period , modern - day applications of GICs have expanded . The desirable properties of glass ionomer cements make them useful materials in the restoration of carious lesions in low - stress areas such as smooth - surface and small anterior proximal cavities in primary teeth . Results from clinical studies also support the use of conventional glass ionomer restorations in primary molars . They need not be put in layer by layer , like in composite fillings . Porcelain ( ceramics ) All - ceramic Dental Onlay for a molar tooth . Full - porcelain dental materials include Dental porcelain ( porcelain meaning a high - firing - temperature ceramic ) , other ceramics , sintered - glass materials , and glass - ceramics as indirect fillings and or metal - free " jacket crowns " . They are also used as in - lays , on - lays , and aesthetic . A veneer is a very thin shell of porcelain that can replace or cover part of the enamel of the tooth . Full - porcelain restorations are particularly desirable because their color and translucency mimic natural tooth enamel . Another type is known as porcelain - fused - to - metal , which is used to provide strength to a crown or bridge . These restorations are very strong , durable and resistant to wear , because the combination of porcelain and metal creates a stronger restoration than porcelain used alone . One of the advantages of computerized dentistry ( CAD / CAM technologies ) involves the use of machinable ceramics which are sold in a partially sintered , machinable state that is fired again after machining to form a hard ceramic . Some of the materials used are glass - bonded porcelain ( Viablock ) , " lithium disilicate " glass - ceramic ( a ceramic crystallizing from a glass by special heat treatment ) , and phase stabilized zirconia ( zirconium dioxide , ZrO 2 ) . Previous attempts to utilize high - performance ceramics such as zirconium - oxide were thwarted by the fact that this material could not be processed using the traditional methods used in dentistry . Because of its high strength and comparatively much higher fracture toughness , sintered zirconium - oxide can be used in virtually every full ceramic prosthetic solution , including bridges , implant supra structures and root dowel pins . Lithium disilicate ( used in the latest Chairside Economical Restoration of Esthetic Ceramics CEREC product ) also has the fracture resistance needed for use on molars . Cast metals and porcelain - on - metal are currently the standard material for crowns and bridges . The demand for full ceramic solutions , however , continues to grow . Comparison Composites and Amalgam are used mainly for direct restoration . Composites can be made of color matching the tooth , and the surface can be polished after the filling procedure has been completed . Amalgam fillings expand with age , possibly cracking the tooth and requiring repair and filling replacement . But chance of leakage of filling is less . Composite fillings shrink with age and may pull away from the tooth allowing leakage . If leakage is not noticed early recurrent decay may occur . Fillings have a finite lifespan : an average of 12.8 years for amalgam and 7.8 years for composite resins . Fillings fail because of changes in the filling , tooth or the bond between them . Secondary caries formation can also affect the structural integrity the original filling . Fillings are recommended for small to medium sized restorations . Porcelain , Cobalt - Chrome , and Gold are used for indirect restorations like crowns and partial coverage crowns ( onlays ) . Traditional porcelains are brittle and are not always recommended for molar restorations . Some hard porcelains cause excessive wear on opposing teeth . Experimental The U.S. National Institute of Dental Research and international organizations as well as commercial suppliers conduct research on new materials . In 2010 , researchers reported that they were able to stimulate mineralization of an enamel - like layer of fluorapatite in vivo Restoration of dental implants Main article : Dental implant Dental implants are anchors placed in bone , usually made from titanium or titanium alloy . They can support dental restorations which replace missing teeth . Some restorative applications include supporting crowns , bridges , or dental prostheses See also Dentistry portal Dental restorative materials the materials used for fillings Fixed prosthodontics Dental treatment Dental dam Gold teeth CAD / CAM Dentistry Treatment of knocked - out ( avulsed ) teeth Triodent V3 Sectional Matrix System for Class II restorations Dental Curing Light References TCT magazine , “ WorkNC Dental at the " CAD / CAM and Rapid Prototyping in Dental Technology " conference G . V . Black Classification of Carious Lesions Dorfman J , The Center for Special Dentistry Canadian Dental Association , Tooth - coloured fillings Dorfman J , The Center for Special Dentistry Christian F.J. Stappert , Wael Att , Thomas Gerds , and Joerg R . Strub Fracture resistance of different partial - coverage ceramic molar restorations : An in vitro investigation J Am Dent Assoc 2006 137 : 514 - 522 . Van Nieuwenhuysen JP , D ' Hoore W , Carvalho J , Qvist V . Long - term evaluation of extensive restolihnlknudy assessed the outcome of posterior extensive restorations and identified risk factors for failure of the restorations . . . . The Kaplan – Meier median survival times were 12.8 years for amalgam restorations , 7.8 years for resin restorations , and more than 14.6 years for crowns , considering all retreatment as failures ( P = 0.002 ) . Guentsch et al . ( 2010 ) . Biomimetic Mineralization : Effects on Human Enamel In Vivo Advanced Engineering Materials External links How Dental Restoration Materials Compare Triodent ' s V3 Sectional Matrix System Gold Foil In Dentistry Prosthodontology ICD - 9 - CM V3 23.2 – 23.6 , ICD - 10 - PCS 0C ? W – X Fixed Prosthodontic Restorations Bridge Resin retained bridge Rochette bridge Crown Post and core Inlays and onlays Veneer Diagnostic wax - up Removable Prosthodontic Restorations Complete dentures Removable partial dentures Prosthodontic considerations Biologic width Centric relation Crown - to - root ratio Maximum intercuspation Mutually protected occlusion Occlusion Vertical dimension of occlusion Dahl concept Masticatory force Maxillofacial Prosthodontics Ocular prosthesis Craniofacial prosthesis Other specialties See also Endodontology Orthodontology Periodontology Dental implant Cosmetic dentistry Dental lab M TTH anat devp phys noco cong jaws tumr epon injr dent , proc ( endo orth pros Categories Dental materials Dentistry procedures Restorative dentistry | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/distinction/en-en/ | definitions - distinction report a problem distinction ( n . ) 1 . something given or done as an expression of esteem 2 . a distinguishing difference " he learned the distinction between gold and lead " 3 . a distinguishing quality " it has the distinction of being the cheapest restaurant in town " 4 . a discrimination between things as different and distinct " it is necessary to make a distinction between love and infatuation " 5 . high status importance owing to marked superiority " a scholar of great eminence " Advertizing ▼ Merriam Webster Distinction n . 1 . A marking off by visible signs ; separation into parts ; division . [ Obs . ] The distinction of tragedy into acts was not known . Dryden . 2 . The act of distinguishing or denoting the differences between objects , or the qualities by which one is known from others ; exercise of discernment ; discrimination . To take away therefore that error , which confusion breedeth , is requisite . Hooker . 3 . That which distinguishes one thing from another ; distinguishing quality ; sharply defined difference ; as , the between real and apparent good The betwixt the animal kingdom and the inferior parts of matter . Locke . 4 . Estimation of difference ; regard to differences or distinguishing circumstance . Maids , women , wives , without , fall . Dryden . 5 . Conspicuous station ; eminence ; superiority ; honorable estimation ; as , a man of Your country ' s own means of and defense . D . Webster . Syn . - - Difference ; variation , variety ; contrast ; diversity ; contrariety ; disagreement ; discrimination ; preference ; superiority ; rank ; note ; eminence . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia synonyms - distinction report a problem ( n . ) account badge of honor badge of honour celebrity characteristic chevron decoration difference differentiation discernment discrepancy discrimination dissimilarity eminence excellence fame feature glory honours importance name note peculiarity preeminence pre - eminence prestige prominence rank renown sharpness taste testimonial trait tribute honor ( American ) honoring ( American ) honour ( British ) honouring ( British ) mark of honor mark of honour see also - distinction ↗ difference differentiate discriminate distinguish distinguished eminent great high pre - eminent secern secernate separate severalise severalize tell tell apart phrases class distinction draw a distinction between make a distinction make a distinction between threshold of distinction Analytic - synthetic distinction Award of Distinction Break - brake distinction California Social Work Hall of Distinction Cord - chord distinction Distinction ( law ) Distinction ( philosophy ) Distinction ( social ) Distinction between sacred and profane Distinction bias Distinction of protection and security Distinction without a difference Essence - Energies distinction Fact value distinction Fact - value distinction Fact / Value Distinction Fact / Value distinction Fact / value Distinction Fact / value distinction Formal distinction Genotype - phenotype distinction HSC distinction courses Hua - Yi distinction In which the existence of God and the real distinction of mind and body , are demonstrated Infinite qualitative distinction Intel Schools of Distinction Kitchens of Distinction Komen Brinker Award for Scientific Distinction La Distinction Love Is Hell ( Kitchens of Distinction album ) Marks of distinction Order of Distinction Primary / secondary quality distinction Product / process distinction Sex and gender distinction The Friends of Distinction Title of Distinction Type - token distinction T – V distinction Use – mention distinction analogical dictionary qualité d ' une personne agréable ( fr ) [ Classe ] qualité du caractère ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] beauté physique ( personnes ) ( fr ) [ Classe ] remuneration ; reward badge ; insignia signe d ' honneur ( fr ) ornement ( fr ) [ Classe . . . ] prettiness ; good looks ; handsomeness ; pulchritude ; beauty ; comeliness ; fairness ; loveliness ; beauteousness chose immatérielle ( fr ) reverence ; awe ; obeisance ; respect ; regard caractère favorable ( d ' une chose ) ( fr ) chose qui aide ( fr ) bon traitement ( fr ) ce qui favorise une chose , la rend supérieure ( fr ) ( civility ; courtliness ; courtesy ; politeness ; niceness ) [ Thème ] ( civility ; courtliness ; courtesy ; politeness ; niceness ) [ Thème ] ( elegancy ; elegance ) décoration honorifique ( fr ) ( fine ; pretty ; nice ; lovely ; beauteous ; beautiful ; fair ) ( solemn ; ceremonious ; ceremonial ) , ( celebrate ) ( hymn of praise ; laud ; song of praise ; hymn ) , ( glory ; fame ) , ( achievement ; performance ; feat ; effort ; exploit ) , ( glorification ) ( patronage ; favor ; favour ) , ( discrimination ; favoritism ; favouritism ) , ( liking ; preference ) factotum [ Domaine ] NormativeAttribute [ Domaine ] content , message , subject matter , substance [ Hyper . ] approbate commend commend , recommend commend attestation , certificate , good word , recommendation , testimonial honor , honoring , honour , honouring , mark of honor , mark of honour , testimonial , tribute [ Dérivé ] disapproval [ Ant . ] civility ; courtliness ; courtesy ; politeness ; niceness elegancy ; elegance décoration honorifique ( fr ) beauté physique ( personnes ) ( fr ) cérémonie ( fr ) honneurs , hommages rendus à une personne ( fr ) patronage ; favor ; favour [ en l ' honneur de ] ( fr ) [ Syntagme ] approval , commendation [ Hyper . ] testimonial [ Dérivé ] ↕ factotum SubtractionFn equal quality differentiate difference , differentiate , discriminate , distinguish , secern , secernate , separate , severalise , severalize , tell , tell apart differentiate , distinguish , mark differ , differ about , differ from , differ in , differ on , differ over , differ with , dissent from , diverge from , vary , vary from , vary in different , dissimilar , unlike different differential sameness , similarity [ Ant . ] Attribute ↕ Attribute attribute characterise , characterize , qualify good bad , ill active , positive , proactive negative quality distance ; estrangement ; alienation action de ( faire ) devenir différente une propriété ( fr ) action d ' enlever ( fr ) qui diffère , qui est dissemblable ( fr ) parse ; analyze ; analyse faire apparaître une différence , distinguer ( fr ) établir une différence entre ( fr ) s ' illustrer par ses actions ( fr ) être caractérisé par une différence ( fr ) ( difference ; distance ; estrangement ; alienation ) , ( distance ; estrangement ; alienation ) ( specificity ) , ( specific ) , ( peculiarity ; particular ; specific ; trait ; characteristic ; genius ; characteristic property ; singularity ) , ( good ) ( splitting ; splitting up ; division ; separation ) , ( part ; detach ; sever ; disconnect ; segregate ; divorce ; dissociate ; divide ; split ; split up ; separate ; dissever ; carve up ) , ( separate ; part ) , ( fencing ; fence ) , ( splitting ; splitting up ; division ) Classifying psychology basic cognitive process dissimilate identify , place characterise , characterize , qualify discriminate , know apart discriminate differentiation , distinction abnormality , departure , deviance , deviancy , deviation , difference , divergence differentiator , discriminator mark , marker , marking compare , liken mark difference ; distance ; estrangement ; alienation action de rendre spécifique ( fr ) splitting ; splitting up ; division ; separation ( difference ; distance ; estrangement ; alienation ) , ( distance ; estrangement ; alienation ) [ termes liés ] distinct ( fr ) [ Propriété ~ ] distinguer ( fr ) [ Nominalisation ] discrimination , secernment difference , discriminate , distinguish , secern , secernate , separate , severalise , severalize , tell , tell apart [ Nominalisation ] mark qualité du caractère ( fr ) faculté de l ' esprit ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] aptitude de l ' individu ( fr ) caractère de ce qui est supérieur ( fr ) caractère d ' une chose de valeur , de qualité ( fr ) caractère , état , propriété ( fr ) qui veut du bien à autrui ( fr ) réputé , de bonne réputation ( fr ) qui donne , procure de la gloire ( choses ) ( fr ) qui s ' est acquis , a de la gloire ( fr ) qui a acquis une grande connaissance ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] superior fundamental ; elemental ; ultimate ; vital ; material ; essential ; elementary compétent ( fr ) qui a une grande réputation ( personne ) ( fr ) qui détermine , décide ( choses ) ( fr ) bonté ( fr ) ( genius ; aptitude ; ability ; talent ) , ( - minded ; gifted ; talented ) ( overcome ; best ; outdo ; beat ; beat out ; crush ; shell ; trounce ; vanquish ) , ( maximum ) , ( high ) , ( superior ) ( consequence ; moment ; significance ; importance ; relevance ; relevancy ) , ( be of consequence ; be of relevance ; be of significance ; be relevant ; be significant ; be important ; be of importance ) ( much ) [ Caract . ] position , state , status superior [ Similaire ] lowliness , lowness , low status qualité morale portant à faire le bien ( fr ) genius ; aptitude ; ability ; talent supériorité ( fr ) caractère d ' une chose de bonne qualité ( fr ) caractère de ce qui est supérieur ( fr ) consequence ; moment ; significance ; importance ; relevance ; relevancy excellent ( fr ) [ Propriété ~ ] high status distinguished , eminent , great , pre - eminent eminent , high central , chief , head , leading , main , most important , preeminent , principal Wikipedia Distinction update may refer to : Distinction ( social ) is a social force that places different values on different individuals . ( social , class , and style ) Distinction ( law ) is a principle under international humanitarian law governing the legal use of force in an armed conflict . La Distinction , a book by Pierre Bourdieu Distinctive feature , a concept in linguistics Distinción , the practice in Spanish of separating particular consonantal sounds ; see Ceceo Categories Disambiguation pages All translations of distinction | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/exceptionalism/en-en/ | Exceptionalism update Exceptionalism is the perception that a country , society , institution , movement , or time period is " exceptional " ( i.e. , unusual or extraordinary ) in some way and thus does not need to conform to normal rules or general principles . Used in this sense , the term reflects a belief formed by lived experience , ideology , perceptual frames , or perspectives influenced by knowledge ( or lack thereof ) of historical or comparative circumstances . Contents 1 History 2 Separateness 3 Medical exceptionalism 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References History The German romantic philosopher - historians , especially Johann Gottfried Herder ( 1744 - 1803 ) and Johann Gottlieb Fichte ( 1762 - 1814 ) , dwelt on the theme of uniqueness in the late 18th century . They de - emphasized the political state and instead emphasized the uniqueness of the Volk , comprising the whole people , their languages and traditions . Each nation , considered as a cultural entity with its own distinctive history , possessed a " national spirit " , or " soul of the people " ( in German : Volksgeist ) . This idea had a strong influence in the growth of nationalism in 19th - century European lands — especially ones ruled by élites from somewhere else . Many countries of all kinds have claimed exceptionality , including the modern United States Britain Imperial Japan Iran Spain , the USSR North Korea France and Germany . Historians have added many other cases , including historic empires such as ancient Rome , the Ottoman Empire and China , along with a wide range of minor kingdoms in history . In each case , proponents have presented a basis as to why the country is exceptional compared to other countries , drawing upon circumstance , cultural background and mythos , and self - perceived national aims . Separateness Commentators often use the term " exceptionalism " to describe surprising developments in economic progress , such as the economic growth of post - World War II Western Europe or the ability of Sweden to generate small - business growth while maintaining high levels of taxation . Exceptionalism can represent an error analogous to historicism in assuming that only peculiarities are relevant to analysis , while overlooking meaningful comparisons . " [ W ] hat is seemingly exceptional in one country may be found in other countries . " As indigenous peoples explore their respective cultural heritages , their seeking to be separately classified or newly - understood may be a form of exceptionalism . In ideologically - driven debates , a group may assert exceptionalism , with or without the term , in order to exaggerate the appearance of difference , perhaps to create an atmosphere permissive of a wider latitude of action , and to avoid recognition of similarities that would reduce perceived justifications . If unwarranted , this represents an example of special pleading , a form of spurious argumentation that ignores relevant bases for meaningful comparison . Groups likewise may be accused of exceptionalism , perhaps for avoiding normal terms of analysis . The term may be a marker for an implication that a point of view is widely misunderstood , such as the notion that Islamic jihad is misunderstood . The term " exceptionalism " can imply criticism of a tendency to remain separate from others . For example , the reluctance of the United States government to join various international treaties is sometimes called " exceptionalist " , as is an assertion that a person or group refuses to acknowledge , and perhaps communally participate in , a widely - accepted principle or practice . In editorial language , the term " exceptionalism " may be a marker for " the extent to which a region or group is justifiably or factually distinct . " Medical exceptionalism Use of the term " HIV exceptionalism " implies that AIDS is a contagious disease that is or should be treated differently from other contagions or entails benefits not available to those suffering from other diseases . Genetic exceptionalism is a policy program that medicalizes genetic information . Like the exceptionalism surrounding HIV testing , genetic exceptionalism is based on the belief that the average person needs a licensed health professional to guide and support him through the discovery of information with health implications , even if this information is common knowledge , such as that he has red hair , which is associated with a higher risk of sunburns and skin cancer . In countries with strong genetic exceptionalism laws , the individual must have permission from a physician to obtain information about his genes . See also Grandiosity Human exceptionalism Egocentrism Chosen people American exceptionalism ( United States of America ) Arab exceptionalism European exceptionalism Sonderweg Nihonjinron God ' s Own Country ( New Zealand ) Third Rome ( Russia ) Mission civilisatrice de la France Cultural exception Notes Royal J . Schmidt , " Cultural Nationalism in Herder , " Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol . 17 , No . 3 ( Jun . , 1956 ) , pp . 407 - 417 in JSTOR Hans Kohn , " The Paradox of Fichte ' s Nationalism , " Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol . 10 , No . 3 ( Jun . , 1949 ) , pp . 319 - 343 in JSTOR See Christopher K . Chase - Dunn , Thomas D . Hall , and E . Susan Manning , " Rise and Fall : East - West Synchronicity and Indic Exceptionalism Reexamined , " Social Science History , Volume 24 , Number 4 , Winter 2000 , pp . 727 - 754 in Project Muse http : / / academic2 . american . edu / ~ dfagel / Markets&democracyfukuyama . html [ 1 ] http : / / www . stefangeens . com / 000220 . html http : / / www . japanesestudies . org . uk / discussionpapers / Matsuda . html http : / / www . english . upenn . edu / CFP / archive / 2003 - 10 / 0254 . html http : / / www . el - comandante . com / except . htm http : / / www . iiie . net / Articles / InterpretException . html http : / / www . foreignaffairs . org / 20001101facomment932 / peter - j - spiro / the - new - sovereigntists - american - exceptionalism - and - its - false - prophets . html http : / / wendy . seltzer . org / blog / archives / 000053 . html http : / / www . hinduonnet . com / thehindu / 2002 / 05 / 16 / stories / 2002051600391000 . htm http : / / www . thebody . com / hanssens / exceptionalism . html http : / / www . actupny . org / alert / Media - Irresponsibility . html References George M . Fredrickson . " From Exceptionalism to Variability : Recent Developments in Cross - National Comparative History , " Journal of American History , Vol . 82 , No . 2 ( Sep . , 1995 ) , pp . 587 - 604 Gallant , Thomas W . " Greek Exceptionalism and Contemporary Historiography : New Pitfalls and Old Debates , " Journal of Modern Greek Studies , Volume 15 , Number 2 , October 1997 , pp . 209 - 216 Michael Kammen , " The Problem of American Exceptionalism : A Reconsideration , " American Quarterly , Vol . 45 , No . 1 ( Mar . , 1993 ) , pp . 1 - 43 Seymour Martin Lipset , American Exceptionalism : A Double - Edged Sword ( 1996 ) Lund , Joshua . " Barbarian Theorizing and the Limits of Latin American Exceptionalism , " Cultural Critique , 47 , Winter 2001 , pp . 54 - 90 in Project Muse Pei , Minxin . " The Puzzle of East Asian Exceptionalism , " Journal of Democracy , Volume 5 , Number 4 , October 1994 , pp . 90 - 103 Thompson , Eric C . " Singaporean Exceptionalism and Its Implications for ASEAN Regionalism , " Contemporary Southeast Asia : A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs , Volume 28 , Number 2 , August 2006 , pp . 183 - 206 . Categories Critical theory Philosophical theories Theories of history Nationalism This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/fourth%20point%20of%20contact/en-en/ | Buttocks update From Wikipedia ( Redirected from Fourth point of contact ) Buttocks Male human buttocks Female human buttocks Artery superior gluteal artery inferior gluteal artery Nerve superior gluteal nerve inferior gluteal nerve cluneal nerves MeSH The buttocks ( singular : buttock ) are rounded portions of the anatomy located on the posterior of the pelvic region of apes and humans , including many other bipeds or quadrupeds . Contents 1 Anatomy 2 Connotations 3 Synonyms 4 Related terms 5 Fashion 6 See also 7 Sources and references 8 External links Anatomy The buttocks are formed by the masses of the gluteal muscles or ' glutes ' ( the gluteus maximus muscle and the gluteus medius muscle ) superimposed by a layer of fat . The superior aspect of the buttock ends at the iliac crest , and the lower aspect is outlined by the horizontal gluteal crease . The gluteus maximus has two insertion points : 1 / 3 superior portion of the linea aspera of the femur , and the superior portion of the iliotibial tractus . The masses of the gluteus maximus muscle are separated by an intermediate intergluteal cleft or " crack " in which the anus is situated . The buttocks allow primates to sit upright without needing to rest their weight on their feet as four - legged animals do . Females of certain species of baboon have red buttocks that blush to attract males . In the case of humans , females tend to have wider and thicker buttocks due to higher subcutaneous fat and wider hips . Some baboons and all gibbons , though otherwise fur - covered , have characteristic naked callosities on their buttocks . While human children generally have smooth buttocks , mature males and females have varying degrees of hair growth , as on other parts of their body . Females generally have hair growth in the gluteal cleft ( particularly around the anus ) , often extending laterally onto the lower aspect of the cheeks . Males may have hair growth over some or all of the buttocks . Connotations The English word of Greek origin " callipygian " indicates someone who has beautiful buttocks . However , the qualities that make buttocks beautiful or well - formed are not fixed , as sexual aesthetics of the buttocks vary considerably from culture to culture , from one period of fashion to another and even from person to person . In ancient astrology , various parts of the body were associated with signs of the zodiac - e.g. the buttocks to Libra ( The Balance ) . Depending on the context , exposure of the buttocks in non - intimate situations often causes feelings of shame , embarrassment or humiliation in a non - exhibitionist subject , and embarrassment or amusement in a non - voyeurist audience ( see pantsing ) . Expressions such as being caught with one ' s pants / trousers down or more explicitly in Dutch , " met de billen bloot " ( " with bared buttocks " ) , use the image as a metaphor for non - physical embarrassment as well . Willfully exposing one ' s own bare buttocks as a protest , a provocation , or just for fun is called mooning A wedgie is pulling someone ' s undergarments or swimming trunks up through their buttock crack to be hauled over the top of the victim ' s trousers , sometimes partially baring the victim ' s buttocks . It is no coincidence that the English verb to spank is the only one specifically meant for physical discipline of a specific part of the body , and various other languages have terms specifically referring to spanking citation needed in many punitive traditions , the buttocks are the preferential target for painful lessons , from educational to judicial , as offering them for punishment ( especially uncovered ) adds a psychological dose of embarrassment and even sexual humiliation to the pain , which can be meted out with less risk of long term physical harm than elsewhere . There are , in various cultural traditions , expressions like " seat of learning " which refer to the preferential paining of the posterior in a submissively bent and exposed position . Many comedians , writers and others rely on the buttocks in these and other ways ( such as flatulence and toilet humor ) as a source of amusement , camaraderie and fun , despite ( or in some cases for the sake of ) the risk of being in dubious taste , if not censored . In the majority of modern cultures , the buttocks are rarely shown naked and are generally considered unsuitable for ornamental body markings and body modification . However , they may be preferential for discreet markings , such as secretive membership proof or to be shown in intimate company ( e.g. amongst lovers ) . In American English , phrases use the buttocks or synonyms ( especially butt and ass ) as a pars pro toto for a whole person , but generally with a negative connotation . For example , terminating an employee may be described as " firing his ass " . One might say " move your ass " or " haul ass " ( or the polite , understood euphemisms " move it " or " haul it " ) as an exhortation to greater haste or urgency . Expressed as a function of punishment , defeat or assault becomes " kicking one ' s ass " . Such phrases also may suggest a person ' s characteristics , e.g. difficult people Certain physical dispositions of the buttocks — particularly size — are sometimes identified , controversially , as a racial characteristic ( see race ) . The most famous intersection of racism and buttocks may be the case of Saartjie Baartman , the so - called Hottentot Venus Synonyms The anatomical Latin name for the buttocks is nates ( pronounced / ˈneɪtiːz / or NEY - teez in English ) , which is plural ; the singular , natis ( buttock ) , is rarely used . As buttocks are an object of both shame and fascination , it is not surprising that there are many colloquial terms , euphemistic , ironic or other , to refer to them . These include the following : backside , posterior , behind and its derivates ( hind - quaers , hinder or the childish homophone heinie , strictly the whole body behind the hind leg - trunk attachment ) , rear or rear - end derrière ( French for " behind " ) - all strictly positional descriptions , as the inaccurate use of rump ( as in ' rump roast ' , after a ' hot ' spanking ) , thighs , upper legs ; analogous are : aft stern poop , naval in origin ; in nautical jargon , buttocks also designates the aftermost portion of a hull above the water line and in front of the rudder , merging with the run below the water line apple ( bottom ) , referring to the similar shape of the fruit , derived from the 1970s . Also likened to an upside - down heart , attributed from various , popular ads of the ' 70s . caboose , originally a ship ' s galley in wooden cabin on deck ; also the " rear end " car of a freight train , considered a cute synonym suitable for any audience cakes bottom ( and the shortening " bot " as well as childish diminutives " bottie " or " botty " ) , but the use of similar - sounding booty is artistic liberty citation needed tail ( strictly anatomically a zoomorphism , humans only have a tail - bone , yet the illogical tail feather was popularized by musicians ; also used for the even more sensual phallus ) and tail - end trunk , in American English , particularly when describing large buttocks " junk in the trunk " Tush or tushy ( from the Yiddish language " tuchis " or " tochis " meaning " under " or " beneath " ) dumper sometimes denotes the buttocks , especially when talking about a large butt . arse or ass , asshole , and ( butt - ) hole - a pars pro toto ( strictly only the actual body cavity and directly adjoining anal region ) ; also used as an insult for a person . The term is Anglo - Saxon dialect , and over a thousand years old . badonkadonk - onomatopoeic slang meaning the voluptuously bouncing , large yet firm buttocks of a woman biscuits breech , a metaphorical sense derived from on older form of the garment breeches ( as the French culotte meaning pantoloons , via cul from Latin culus ' butt ' ) , so ' bare breech ' means without breeches , i.e. trouserless butt bum - in British English , used frequently in the United Kingdom , Ireland , Canada , Australia , New Zealand and many other English speaking Commonwealth countries , also historically in U.S. , is a mild often humorous reference to buttocks , not necessarily in vulgar or sexual context : " I ' ve a boil on my bum , thrice as large as my thumb " - The Judge With The Sore Rump St . George Tucker . Also used in reference to anal intercourse , often as an insult , as in bum boy ( for a homosexual ) . Also a verb - to practise anal intercourse . buns mounds ( cfr . Butte , a geographical mound , known since 1805 in American English , from ( Old ) French butte " mound , knoll " ) and orbs - shape - metaphors . bund - derived from Punjabi bunda - bottom , of Brazilian Portuguese origin . butt - the common term for a pair of buttocks ( singular , as one body - part ; cognate but neither its root nor an abbreviation ) in the US , used in everyday speech . It is also acceptable in print . can ( a container ) had an unusual development : the slang meaning " toilet " is recorded circa 1900 , said to be a shortening of piss - can , the meaning " buttocks " from c . 1910 , verb meaning " fire an employee " ( to flush = dump ? ) from 1905 . cheeks , a shape - metaphor within human anatomy , but also used in the singular : left cheek and right cheek ; sounds particularly naughty because of the homonym and the adjective cheeky , lending themselves to word puns culo - ( From Spanish Italian / ) slang , usually meaning a woman ' s voluptuous , round and firm buttocks . Put simply the Latino equivalent of booty , although in Spanish it is considered vulgar and offensive ( but less so in Spain than in Latin America ) . duffs - Scotch Irish origin fanny - a socially acceptable term in print , in the United States at least , for many years before some of the bolder terms came along ; and a subject of jokes , since " Fannie " can be a woman ' s name , diminutive of " Frances " ; however , in British English fanny refers to the female genitals or vulva and is considered vulgar . The figure of a bare - bottomed lass named Fanny is ubiquitous in Provence ( the southeast of France ) wherever pétanque is played : traditionally when a player loses 13 to 0 it is said that “ il est fanny ” ( he ' s fanny ) , and he has to kiss the bottom of a girl called Fanny ; as there is rarely an obliging Fanny , there is always a substitute picture , woodcarving or pottery so that Fanny ’ s bottom is always available . fourth point of contact : in military slang , because of the sequence of textbook parachute jump landing fundament ( literally " foundation " , not common in this general sense in English , but for the butt since 1297 ) Gand or Gaand - a Hindi derivate hams , like buttocks generally as a plural , after the meat cut from the analogous part of a hog pressed ham refers to mooning against a window ; brawn , a singular derived from the Frankish for ham or roast , is also used for both a muscular body part ( but either on arms or legs ) or boar meat , especially roast hurdies - British , origin unknown , also applied to the whole rump haunches moon was a common shape - metaphor for the butt in English since 1756 , and the verb to moon meant ' to expose to ( moon ) light ' since 1601 , long before they were combined in US student slang in the verb ( al expression ) mooning " to flash the buttocks " in 1968 . prat ( British English , origin unknown ; as in pratfall , a vaudeville term ; also a term of abuse for a person ) seat ( of the trousers ; or metaphorically ) another long - standing socially acceptable term , referring to the use for sitting - but compare the sarcastic use of seat of wisdom and similar expressions , such as ' seat of learning ' , referring to use as target for an ' educational ' spanking sit - upon ; has various independent counterparts in other languages , e.g. Dutch zitvlak ( ' sitting plain ' ) , German Gesäß ( ~ = guh | seys ) , Italian sedere six ; in military terminology , particularly in the U.S. Navy , it refers to the term " six o ' clock " , i . e . a point directly behind the referenced person . ultimatum ( Latin , literally ' the outer - most ' ) was used in slang c . 1820s . For more slang terms for the buttocks , see WikiSaurus : buttocks — the WikiSaurus list of synonyms and slang words for buttocks in many languages . For unrelated homophones of butt ( ocks ) , see also butt ( disambiguation ) bud ( disambiguation ) Related terms The word " callipygian " is sometimes used to describe someone with notably attractive buttocks . The term comes from the Greek kallipygos , ( first used for the Venus Kallipygos ) which literally means " beautiful buttocks " ; the prefix is also a root of " calligraphy " ( beautiful writing ) and " calliope " ( beautiful voice ) ; callimammapygian means having both beautiful breasts and buttocks . Both the English ( in ) tails and the Dutch billentikker ( ' tapping the buttocks ' ) are ironic terms for very formal coats with a significantly longer tail end as part of festive ( especially wedding party ) dress macropygia means ' heaving large buttocks , hindquarter ' , and occurs in biological species names , a pygopag ( ous ) ( from the Greek pygè ' buttock ' and pagein ' attached ' ) was a monster in Ancient ( Greek ) mythology consisting of two bodies joint by common buttocks , now a medical term for ' Siamese ' twins thus joint back - to - back pygophilia is sexual arousal or excitement caused by seeing , playing with or touching the woman ' s buttocks ; people who have strong attraction to buttocks are called pygophilists . pygoscopia means observing someone ' s rear ; pygoscopophobia a pathological fear to be its unwilling object pygalgia is soreness in the buttocks , i.e. a pain in the rump . Steatopygia is a marked accumulation of fat in and around the buttocks . uropygial in ornithology mean , situated on , belonging to , the uropygium , i.e. the rump of a bird " bubble butt " has at least two connotations , which are at odds with each other : either a small , round and firm pair of buttocks resembling a pair of soap bubbles next to each other , or a large rear end , seemingly about to burst from the strain . In both cases , the term implies an appealing shapeliness about the buttocks . Fashion Because many cultures have a ( partial ) nudity taboo , which usually applies specifically to the buttocks ( as usually to the most erogenous zones ) , mainstream garments generally cover the buttocks completely , even when it is not a practical requirement . Nevertheless male and female clothing is often designed in a way that reveals the shape of the buttocks under the clothing . Some articles of clothing are designed to expose the buttocks . Such clothing is not generally worn in public situations ; however , it is sometimes considered appropriate to wear such clothing at swimming facilities or at the beach . Emphasis on one part or another of the body tends to shift with generations . The 1880s were well - known for the fashion trend among women called the bustle , which made even the smallest buttocks appear huge . The popularity of this fashion is shown in the famous Georges Seurat painting Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte in the two women to the far left and right . Like long underwear with the ubiquitous ' butt flap ' ( used to allow baring only the bottom with a simple gesture , as for hygiene ) , this clothing style was acknowledged in popular media such as cartoons and comics for generations afterward . More recently , the cleavage of the buttocks could be exposed by some women as fashion dictated trousers be worn lower . ( known as a " coin slot " , or " vertical smile " ) . An example of another attitude in an otherwise hardly exhibitionist culture is the Japanese fundoshi See also Bollocks Spanking Buttock augmentation Coccyx Gluteus Maximus Gluteal cleft Hip and buttock padding Waist - Hip Ratio Sources and references ↑ " nates - Definitions from Dictionary . com " ↑ Pétanque . La Fanny , Légende Etymology on line one can also search for most synonyms For synonyms : On - line thesaurus This article incorporates text from the public - domain Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 . passim External links " The Muscles and Fasciæ of the Thigh " ( by Henry Gray ) at " Anatomy of the Human Body " , 1918 . | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/grace%20under%20pressure/en-en/ | Advertize Partnership Company informations My account login registration Advertising ▼ anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay definition - grace under pressure definition of Wikipedia Advertizing ▼ Wikipedia Grace Under Pressure update Grace under pressure " is how Ernest Hemingway famously defined " guts " . It can also be described as coolness under fire . It may refer to : Grace Under Pressure ( Rush album ) , a 1984 music album by Rush ( John Scofield album ) , a 1992 music album by John Scofield " Grace Under Pressure " ( Stargate Atlantis ) , a Stargate Atlantis episode " Grace Under Pressure " , song by Elbow , from the album Cast of Thousands " Grace Under Pressure " , song by Eternal , from the album Before the Rain " Grace Under Pressure " , an episode of the TV series Hill Street Blues celebrating a founding cast member who had died Categories Disambiguation pages This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia All translations of grace under pressure | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/institute%20of%20economic%20affairs/en-en/ | Institute of Economic Affairs update Institute of Economic Affairs Abbreviation IEA Formation 1955 Type free market think tank Headquarters London , United Kingdom Director General Mark Littlewood Website www . iea . org . uk The IEA ) , founded in 1955 , styles itself as the UK ' s pre - eminent free - market think - tank . Its mission is to improve understanding of the fundamental institutions of a free society by analysing and expounding the role of markets in solving economic and social problems . Contents 1 History 2 Funding 3 Publications 4 Events 5 Shadow Monetary Policy Committee 6 Personnel 7 IEA Fellows 8 Honorary Fellows 9 See also 10 References 11 External links History In 1945 Antony Fisher read a summary of The Road to Serfdom by Friedrich Hayek in the front of the April issue of Reader ’ s Digest . Later that year Fisher visited Hayek at the London School of Economics . The economist dissuaded Fisher from embarking on a political and parliamentary career to try to prevent the spread of socialism and central planning . Instead , Hayek suggested the establishment of a body which could engage in research and reach the intellectuals with reasoned argument . If the intellectuals could be convinced of the benefits of free - markets , the politicians would follow . In June 1955 The Free Convertibility of Sterling by George Winder was published , with Fisher signing the foreword as Director of the IEA . Later that year , in November , the IEA ’ s Original Trust Deed was signed by Fisher , John Harding and Oliver Smedley Ralph Harris ( later Lord Harris ) began work as part - time General Director in January 1957 . He was joined in 1958 by Arthur Seldon , who was initially appointed Editorial Advisor and became the Editorial Director in 1959 . The IEA has also played an active role in developing similar institutions across the globe . A world - wide network of over one hundred institutions in nearly eighty countries has been created . All are independent but share in the IEA ' s mission . Andrew Marr called the Institute " undoubtedly the most influential think tank in modern British history " . The Social Affairs Unit was established in December 1980 as an offshoot of the Institute of Economic Affairs , in order to carry the IEA ' s economic ideas onto the battleground of sociology " Within a few years the Social Affairs Unit became independent from the IEA , acquiring its own premises . " In 1986 the IEA created a Health and Welfare Unit to focus on these aspects of social policy . Funding The IEA is a registered educational and research charity . On that basis it claims to be entirely funded by voluntary donations from individuals , companies and foundations who want to support its work , plus income from book sales and conferences . It claims to do no contract work , accept no money from government and further to be entirely independent of any political party or group . However , when George Monbiot requested the sources of funding in 2011 , the IEA declined to reveal these . Publications Arthur Seldon proposed a series of Papers for economists to explore the market approach to the issues of the day . Eventually , these emerged as the Hobart Papers ; 154 had been published by August 2006 . In addition , 32 Hobart Paperbacks had been released along with 139 Occasional Papers , 61 Readings and 61 Research Monographs . A large number of other titles has been published in association with trade and university presses . The Journal of Economic Affairs was first published in October 1980 and continues to be published to the present day . IEA publications are sold throughout the world - reprinted and translated into over twenty - five languages . In the UK , many IEA titles have become mandatory in university and classroom reading lists . IEA papers are arranged in a series of titles , each with its own ' brand image ' . The main series of publications is complemented by the Institute ' s quarterly journal Economic Affairs . [ 2 ] The Institute ' s research activities are aided by an international Academic Advisory Council and a panel of Honorary Fellows . All IEA papers are subjected to the same rigorous independent blind - refereeing process that is used by leading academic journals . The views expressed in IEA papers are those of the authors and not of the Institute ( which has no corporate view ) , its trustees , directors or advisers . Some twelve economists engaged in the IEA ' s work have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Economics : Gary Becker James M . Buchanan Ronald Coase Milton Friedman Friedrich Hayek John Hicks James Meade Douglass C . North Elinor Ostrom Vernon L . Smith George Stigler and Oliver E . Williamson . The condensed version of Hayek ' s The Road to Serfdom has been republished by the IEA [ 3 ] , while the work of Nobel Prize Winners is reprinted in The Road to Economic Freedom [ 4 ] with a foreword by Margaret Thatcher [ 5 ] . The IEA has also recently published groundbreaking research in areas such as business ethics , economic development , education , pensions , regulation , taxation and transport . In September 2008 , the Institute started the IEA blog [ 6 ] as a further means to disseminate free - market ideas . In October 2009 , the IEA appointed Mark Littlewood as its next Director General . Littlewood took up the post on 1 December 2009 . Events The IEA holds a range of events throughout the year at its 2 Lord North Street headquarters . From book launches and debates to conferences and lectures ( including the Annual Hayek Lecture ) , from Working Lunches to Political Economy Suppers . The 20th Annual Hayek Lecture , to be delivered on July 5 , 2011 , will be given by Robert Barro of Harvard University . Barro is considered one of the founders of new classical macroeconomics and is the current Paul M . Warburg Professor of Economics at Harvard . Shadow Monetary Policy Committee The Shadow Monetary Policy Committee ( SMPC ) was established in July 1997 , immediately following the creation of the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee . The SMPC has met on a monthly basis since then . The decisions and minutes of the SMPC are published a few days before the Bank of England ’ s own interest rate decision each month . Key personnel : Chairman - David B . Smith , Visiting Professor , University of Derby . Secretary - Professor Kent Matthews , Julian Hodge Professor of Money and Banking , Cardiff Business School , Cardiff University . IEA representative - Professor Philip Booth , Editorial and Programme Director of the IEA . Other members of the Committee are : Roger Bootle ( Deloitte and Capital Economics Ltd ) , Tim Congdon ( International Monetary Research Ltd . ) , Jamie Dannhauser ( Lombard Street Research ) , Anthony J Evans ( ESCP Europe ) , John Greenwood ( Invesco Asset Management ) , Ruth Lea ( Arbuthnot Banking Group ) , Andrew Lilico ( Europe Economics ) , Patrick Minford ( Cardiff Business School , Cardiff University ) , Gordon Pepper ( Lombard Street Research and Cass Business School ) , Akos Valentinyi ( Cardiff Business School , Cardiff University ) , Peter Warburton ( Economic Perspectives Ltd ) , Mike Wickens ( University of York and Cardiff Business School ) and Trevor Williams ( Lloyds TSB Corporate Markets ) . Personnel Mark Littlewood , Director General and Ralph Harris Fellow Philip Booth , Editorial and Programme Director IEA Fellows Terry Arthur , IEA Pensions and Regulation Fellow James Bartholomew , IEA Social Policy Fellow John Blundell , IEA Distinguished Senior Fellow Keith Boyfield , IEA Regulation Fellow Dr Robert L . Bradley , IEA Energy and Climate Change Fellow Professor Tim Congdon , IEA Economics Fellow Professor Dennis O ' Keeffe , IEA Education and Welfare Fellow Richard D . North , IEA Media Fellow Dr Mark Pennington , IEA Political Economy Fellow Professor John Spiers , IEA Health Policy Fellow Dr Elaine Sternberg , IEA Philosophy and Corporate Governance Fellow Dr Cento Veljanovski , IEA Law and Economics Fellow Honorary Fellows Professor Armen Alchian Michael Beenstock Samuel Brittan James M . Buchanan Ronald Coase Professor R M Hartwell Terence W Hutchison David Laidler Professor Chiaki Nishiyama Sir Alan Peacock Anna Schwartz Vernon L . Smith Gordon Tullock Sir Alan Waters Basil Yamey See also List of UK think tanks References IEA website Richard Cockett , Thinking the unthinkable : think - tanks and the economic counter - revolution , 1931 - 1983 , Fontana Press , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 00 - 637586 - 3 a b c d " about the IEA " . Institute of Economic Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 Andrew Marr BBC 2007 A History of Modern Britain a b c Muller , Christopher ( 1996 ) , " The institute of economic affairs : Undermining the post - war consensus " , Contemporary British History , Volume 10 , Issue 1 Spring 1996 , pages 88 - 110 . p102 " about the IEA : chronology " . Institute of Economic Affairs . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 The Institute of Economic Affairs Limited , Registered Charity no . 235351 at the Charity Commission [ 1 ] , ' Think of a tank ' column by George Monbiot http : / / www . iea . org . uk / events / forthcoming http : / / www . iea . org . uk / events / annual - iea - hayek - memorial - lecture - 0 http : / / www . iea . org . uk / smpc External links IEA Blog This article uses content from the SourceWatch article on under the terms of the GFDL Categories Political and economic think tanks based in the United Kingdom Non - profit organisations based in London Organizations established in 1955 1955 establishments in the United Kingdom | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/lethologica/en-en/ | Lethologica update Cerebral cortex Frontal lobe Temporal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe The temporal lobe , shown in green , is affected in lethologica . Lethologica is a psychological disorder that inhibits an individual ' s ability to articulate his or her thoughts by temporarily forgetting key words , phrases or names in conversation . Contents 1 History 2 Causes 3 Clinical findings 4 Treatment 5 See also History Lethologica was first identified as a serious , debilitating disorder by Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung in 1913 in his Wandlungen und Symbole der Libido ( The Psychology of the Unconscious ) . Detailed studies of the disorder were first carried out by American psychiatrists in the 1950s . Current research identifies the ailment as extremely prevalent but also highly variable in its severity of manifestation . According to the American Psychiatric Association , " 9 out of 10 Westerners will suffer some form of Lethologica during their lifetimes . " The word lethologica is derived from the Greek language terms for forgetfulness ( λήθη , lēthē ) and word ( λόγος , logos ) . Lēthē originates from Greek mythology ; the Lethe ( or River of Oblivion ) was one of the rivers that flowed through the realm of Hades , from which the shades of the dead were forced to drink in order to forget their past lives on earth . Causes Lethologica ' s severity amongst sufferers is dependent upon a variety of factors including stress , physical fitness , social interaction and base memory capacity . As such it can be classified as a lifestyle disease which is also affected by individual personality traits . These factors have been shown to affect the temporal lobe which in turn causes the sporadic functioning of episodic and semantic memory capacities . Lethologica afflicts in a manner almost opposite to that of other memory disorders such as Alzheimer ' s disease or other forms of dementia in that strenuous mental exercise can precipitate an onset of memory loss . Clinical findings The key finding is forgetfulness of words . However , patients suffering from lethologica often portray a wide range of clinical features . The Swiss neurologist and psychiatrist , Constantin von Monakow , described a triad of findings which also aid in the diagnosis , of which 2 of 3 must be present in order to make the diagnosis : Disordered pharyngeal phase of swallowing Increased tone in upper limb muscle groups , exacerbated when attempting to remember specific words Recurrent inappropriate gestures while attempting to remember particular words , e.g. lip smacking Recent studies demonstrating a close relationship between lethologica and disordered pharyngeal phase of swallowing have made some neurologists postulate that the disease may well affect the X and / or XII cranial nerves , in addition to the temporal lobe . Treatment Unfortunately no effective treatments for the disorder exist . Current research is focusing on the use of electroconvulsive therapy ( ECT ) as a potential treatment of this pervasive disorder . Scientists and clinicians are also closely investigating the related non - pathological condition , tip of the tongue , to aid in further research into this condition . See also Tip of the tongue Categories Cognition Memory Psycholinguistics This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/moke/en-en/ | definitions analogical dictionary anagrams crosswords conjugation wikipedia Merriam - Webster Ebay definitions - moke report a problem moke ( n . ) 1 . British informal for donkey Advertizing ▼ Merriam Webster Moke n . 1 . A stupid person ; a dolt . 2 . A donkey . [ Cant ] Thackeray . 3 . A negro . [ U . S . ] 4 . ( Theat . Slang ) A performer , as a minstrel , who plays on several instruments . Moke n . A mesh of a net , or of anything resembling a net . Halliwell . Advertizing ▼ definition ( more ) definition of Wikipedia phrases Eugène Moke Motsüri Masena Moke Mini Moke Moke ( Amsterdam band ) Moke ( band ) Moke ( slang ) Moke Village , Bihar Moké Diarra Moké Kajima Peewee Moke Sha Moke analogical dictionary ass ; domestic ass ; donkey ; Equus asinus [ ClasseHyper . ] bête élevée ( éventuellement pour la boucherie ) ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] animal de bétail ( fr ) [ ClasseParExt . ] ( gray ; grayness ; grey ; greyness ) , ( gray ; grey ) [ Caract . ] Equus , genus Equus [ membre ] ass , donkey [ Hyper . ] ass , domestic ass , donkey , Equus asinus [ Hyper . ] moke ( n . ) ↕ Wikipedia - see also Magneto - optic Kerr effect Wikipedia update may refer to : - archaic British , Australian , and United States slang meaning Donkey Mini Moke - a utility vehicle produced by the British Motor Corporation ( BMC ) Moke ( band ) - a British rock band Moke ( Amsterdam band ) , indie rock band from Amsterdam Mark " Moke " Bistany , former drummer for Otep , Puddle of Mudd and Against All Will Magneto - optic Kerr effect - MOKE , an effect used for measuring magnetic properties Moke ( Bihar , India ) a village of around 200 families in India . Moke ( slang ) - a disparaging term for Pacific Islanders , especially Samoans / Hawaiians Tropical Storm Moke ( 1984 ) A type of fictional lizard in the Harry Potter books - an exotic flower , very fragrant , white in colour and found in Asia , Thailand Masena Moke , Congolese footballer Categories Disambiguation pages This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia All translations of moke | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/refusal%20skills/en-en/ | Advertize Partnership Company informations My account login registration Advertising ▼ anagrams crosswords wikipedia Ebay definition - refusal skills definition of Wikipedia Advertizing ▼ Wikipedia Refusal skills update Refusal skills are a set of skills designed to help children avoid participating in high - risk behaviors . Programs designed to discourage crime drug use violence , and / or sexual activity frequently include refusal skills in their curricula to help students resist peer pressure while maintaining self - respect . One such program is Drug Abuse Resistance Education . Programs may focus on : offering alternative activities , saying " no " , being honest , and using humor . External links Refusal Skills page of the Worth the Wait campaign Refusal skills for teens Teaching Children Refusal Skills Categories Sexual abstinence This entry is from Wikipedia , the leading user - contributed encyclopedia . It may not have been reviewed by professional editors ( see full disclaimer Donate to Wikimedia All translations of refusal skills | [
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http://dictionary.sensagent.com/vietnam%20veteran/en-en/ | Vietnam veteran update This article is about veterans of the Vietnam War . For the French psychedelic musical group , see The Vietnam Veterans South Vietnam , Military Regions , 1967 Vietnam veteran is a phrase used to describe someone who served in the armed forces of participating countries during the Vietnam War The term has been used to describe veterans who were in the armed forces of South Vietnam , the United States armed forces , and countries allied to them , whether or not they were actually stationed in Vietnam during their service . However , the more common usage distinguishes between those who served " in country " and those who did not actually serve in Vietnam by referring to the " in country " veterans as " Vietnam veterans " and the others as " Vietnam era veterans " . The U.S. government officially refers to all as " Vietnam era veterans " . In the English - speaking world , the term " Vietnam veteran " is not usually used in relation to members of the communist People ' s Army of Vietnam or the National Liberation Front . Contents 1 South Vietnamese veterans 2 United States veterans 3 Veterans from other nations 3.1 Australian veterans 3.2 Canadian veterans 3.3 New Zealand veterans 3.4 South Korean veterans 4 Negative stereotypes of Vietnam veterans and efforts to overcome 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 External links South Vietnamese veterans Although exact numbers are difficult to ascertain , it is safe to say that several million people served in the South Vietnamese armed forces , the vast majority of them in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam ( ARVN ) — between 1956 and 1975 . It is known that during 1969 – 1971 , there were about 22,000 ARVN combat deaths per year and the army reached a peak strength of about one million soldiers during 1972 . The official number of anti - communist Vietnamese personnel killed in action was 220,357 . Following the communist victory on April 30 , 1975 , South Vietnamese veterans were rounded up and sent to reeducation camps , essentially forced labor camps in desolate areas . They were detained without trial for up to decades at a time . After being released , they and their children faced significant discrimination from the communist government . A significant proportion of the surviving South Vietnamese veterans left Vietnam for Western countries , either as boat people or through the Humanitarian Operation ( HO ) . United States veterans See also : Vietnam Era Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act According to the U.S. Department of Labor , the Vietnam Era Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 ( VEVRAA ) states , " A Vietnam era veteran is a person who served on active duty for a period of more than 180 days , any part of which occurred between August 5 , 1964 and May 7 , 1975 , and was discharged or released with other than a dishonorable discharge . was discharged or released from active duty for a service connected disability if any part of such active duty was performed between August 5 , 1964 and May 7 , 1975 . served on active duty for more than 180 days and served in the Republic of Vietnam between February 28 , 1961 and May 7 , 1975 . " The U.S. Census Bureau ( 2004 ) reports there are 8.2 million " Vietnam Era Veterans " . Of these 2.59 million are reported to have served " in country " . More than 58,000 US personnel died as a result of the conflict . This comprises deaths from all categories including deaths while missing , captured , non - hostile deaths , homicides , and suicides . The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs recognizes veterans that served in the country then known as the Republic of Vietnam from February 28 , 1961 to May 7 , 1975 , as being eligible for such programs as the department ' s Readjustment Counseling Services program ( aka Vet Centers ) . The Vietnam War was the last American war with conscription . Veterans from other nations Nationals of other nations fought in the American - led anti - communist coalition , usually as armed forces of allied nations , such as Australia and South Korea , but sometimes as members of the US armed forces . Australian veterans Australia deployed approximately three battalions of infantry , one regiment of Centurion tanks , and three RAAF Squadrons ( 2SQN Canberra Bombers , 9SQN Iroquois Helicopters and 35 SQN Caribou Transports ) . Approximately 49,000 Australian military personnel served in Vietnam . According to official statistics , 501 personnel died or went missing in action during the Vietnam war and 2400 were wounded . The Australian veterans were very much rejected by the people and the government after returning and did not receive a welcome home parade until 1987 , 15 years after the last soldier and national servicemen left Vietnam . The parade was held on October 3 . The government did not admit that defoliants such as Agent Orange had disastrous health effects on the veterans until 1992 , when they finally accepted research that proved there were links between Agent Orange and health problems suffered by the veterans . Canadian veterans During the Vietnam era , more than 30,000 Canadians served in the US armed forces ; 110 Canadians died in Vietnam and seven are listed as missing in action . Fred Graffen , military historian with the Canadian War Museum , estimated in Vietnam Magazine Perspectives ) that approximately 12,000 of these personnel actually served in Vietnam . Most of these were natives of Canada who lived in the United States . The military of Canada did not officially participate in the war effort , as it was appointed to the UN truce commissions and thus had to remain officially neutral in the conflict . The numbers of US conscientious objectors draft dodgers and deserters that went to Canada is estimated to be between 30,000 and 70,000 by most authorities . Some foreign nationals volunteered for the US military , but many more were US permanent residents , who were subject to the draft , if they were male , of draft age , and not otherwise deferred or exempt from service . New Zealand veterans Initially , in May 1965 , New Zealand provided one 4 gun artillery battery ( 140 men ) with two rifle companies of infantry , designated Victor and Whiskey companies , and an SAS troop arriving later . The New Zealanders operated in Military Region 3 with the Australian forces as part of the ANZAC task force ( brigade ) based in Nui Dat in Phuoc Thuy Province , North East of Saigon . At the height of New Zealand involvement in 1968 , the force was 580 men . New Zealand ' s total contribution numbered approximately 4,000 personnel South Korean veterans Throughout the Vietnam War , the Republic of Korea sent slightly over 300,000 servicemen to Vietnam . At the peak of their commitment , the ROK maintained a force of approximately 48,000 men in the country . Negative stereotypes of Vietnam veterans and efforts to overcome There are persistent stereotypes about Vietnam veterans as psychologically devastated , bitter , homeless , drug - addicted people who had a hard time readjusting to society , primarily due to the uniquely divisive nature of the Vietnam War in the context of U.S. History That social division has expressed itself by the lack both of public and institutional support for the former servicemen expected by returning combatants of most conflicts in most nations . In a material sense also , veterans ' benefits for Vietnam era veterans were dramatically less than those enjoyed after World War II . The Vietnam Era Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 , as amended , 38 U.S.C . § 4212 , was meant to try and help the veterans overcome this . In 1979 , Public Law 96 - 22 established the first Vet Centers , after a decade of effort by combat vets and others who realized the Vietnam veterans in America and elsewhere ( including Australia ) were facing specific kinds of readjustment problems . Those problems would later become identified as post - traumatic stress disorder ( PTSD ) . In the early days , most Vet Center staffers were Vietnam veterans themselves , many of them combat veterans . Some representatives of organizations like the Disabled American Veterans started advocating for the combat veterans to receive benefits for their war related psychological trauma . Some U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs hospital personnel also encouraged the veterans working at the Vet Centers to research and expand treatment options for veterans suffering the particular symptoms of this newly recognized syndrome . This was a controversial time , but eventually , the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs opened Vet Centers nationwide . These centers helped develop many of the debriefing techniques used nowadays with traumatized populations from all walks of life . The Vietnam veterans who started working in the early Vet Centers eventually began to reach out and serve World War II and Korean vets as well , many of whom had suppressed their own traumas or self - medicated for years . Veterans , particularly in Southern California , were responsible for many of those early lobbying and subsequent Vet Center treatment programs . These men founded one of the first local organizations by and for Vietnam veterans in 1981 ( now known as Veterans Village ) . Vets were also largely responsible for taking debriefing and treatment strategies into the larger community where they were adapted for use in conjunction with populations impacted by violent crime , abuse , manmade and natural disasters , and those in law enforcement and emergency response . Other notable organizations that were founded during this period included the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and the National Organization for Victim Assistance . These organizations continue to study and / or certify post - traumatic stress disorder responders and clinicians . There are still , however , many proven cases of individuals who have suffered psychological damage from their time in Vietnam . Many others were physically wounded , some permanently disabled . However , advocates of this point of view ignore the many successful and well - adjusted Vietnam veterans who have played important roles in America since the end of the Vietnam War such as Al Gore Fred Smith ( founder and president of Federal Express ) , Colin Powell John McCain Craig Venter ( famed for being the first to map the human genome ) , and many others . In popular culture The Vietnam veteran has been depicted in fiction and film of variable quality . A major theme is the difficulties of soldiers readjusting from combat to civilian life . This theme had occasionally been explored in the context of World War Two in such films as The Best Years of Our Lives ( 1946 ) and The Men ( 1950 ) . However , films featuring Vietnam veterans constitute a much larger genre . The first appearance of a Vietnam veteran in film seems to be The Born Losers ( 1967 ) featuring Tom Laughlin as Billy Jack . Bleaker in tone are such films as Hi , Mom ! ( 1970 ) in which vet Robert de Niro films pornographic home movies before deciding to become an urban guerrilla , The Strangers in 7A where a team of former paratroopers blow up a bank and threaten to blow up a residential apartment building , The Hard Ride ( 1971 ) and Welcome Home Soldier Boys ( 1972 ) in which returning vets are met with incomprehension and violence . In many films , like Gordon ' s War ( 1973 ) and Rolling Thunder ( 1977 ) , the veteran uses his combat skills developed in Vietnam to wage war on evil - doers in America . This is also the theme of Taxi Driver ( 1976 ) in which Robert de Niro plays Vietnam veteran Travis Bickle who wages a one man war against society whilst he makes plans to assassinate a presidential candidate . Apparently this film inspired John W . Hinckley to make a similar attempt against President Ronald Reagan In a similar vein is First Blood ( 1982 ) which features John Rambo Sylvester Stallone in an iconic role ) , as a Vietnam vet who comes into conflict with a small town police department . Such films as Welcome Home , Johnny Bristol ( 1972 ) and The Ninth Configuration ( 1979 ) were innovative in depicting veterans suffering from Post Traumatic Stress Disorder , before this syndrome became widely known . In Born on the Fourth of July ( 1989 ) Tom Cruise portrays disenchanted Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic who , wounded in action and wheel - chair bound , leads rallies against the war . A more recent example is Bruce Dern ' s portrayal of a down - and - out veteran in the film Monster ( 2003 ) . In television , service in Vietnam was part of the backstory of many characters in the 1980s and 1990s , particularly in police or detective roles . For some , their military history was rarely referred to , such as MacGyver , Rick Simon of Simon & Simon , or Sonny Crockett on Miami Vice . To a degree , writing in a Vietnam background can be attributed simply to logical chronology , but also served to give these characters more depth , and explain their skills . Thomas Magnum of Magnum , P.I . Stringfellow Hawke of Airwolf , and the characters of The A - Team were characters whose experiences in Vietnam were more frequently worked into plotlines . They were part of an early 1980s tendency to rehabilitate the image of the Vietnam vet in the public eye . While they carry emotional scars from their war experiences , they are proud of their service , and are shown fighting on the side of right and justice . The documentary In the Shadow of the Blade ( released 2004 ) reunited Vietnam veterans and families of war dead with a restored UH - 1 " Huey " helicopter in a cross - country journey to tell the stories of Americans affected by the war . An example in print is Marvel Comics the Punisher , also known as Frank Castle . Castle learned all of his combat techniques from his time as a Marine as well as from his three tours of combat during Vietnam . It is also where he acquired his urge to punish the guilty , which goes on to be a defining trait in Castles ' character . One of the Survivors In the first Left 4 dead game is a Vietnam Veteran who often compares living in a zombie apocalypse to Vietnam . See also Post - Traumatic Stress Disorder Vietnam Veterans of America Vietnam Veterans Memorial References a b " Vietnam Era Veterans ' Readjustment Assistance Act ( VEVRAA ) of 1974 " U.S. Department of Labor " Statistical information about casualties of the Vietnam Conflict " The National Archives a b " Vietnam War 1962 – 1972 " . Retrieved April 3 , 2008 Veterans Health Administration - Readjustment Counseling Service ( 2010 - 10 - 05 ) . " Vet Center Home " . Vetcenter . va . gov . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 " Veterans Village of San Diego : : VVSD History " . Vvsd . net . Retrieved 2010 - 12 - 04 c Michael Parris ( 1987 ) " The American Film Industry and Vietnam " in History Today Volume 37 : 19 – 26 Jay Hyams ( 1984 ) War Movies : 197 External links Vietnam Views – marking the 30th anniversary of its end , a social journal that captures stories from those affected by the war Vietnam Veterans Home Page – the original Vietnam veteran presence on the Web , launched on Veteran ' s Day , 1994 , with stories , poems , maps , and other information by and for the Vietnam veteran . More statistics on the war Text of the Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance Act of 1974 – 38 US Code Chapter 42 § § 4211 – 4215 [ 1 ] Grand Valley State University Veteran ' s History Project digital collection Welcome Home Vietnam Veterans Day Blog : Widow travels to Vietnam after 40 years and finds her MIA husband ' s jet crash site in Que Son Mtns Categories Military personnel of the Vietnam War Military veterans ' affairs Military veterans ' affairs in the United States Aftermath of the Vietnam War | [
"Vietnam veteran",
"United States armed forces ,",
"ARVN"
] |
http://dictionary.webmd.com/terms/electrolytes | WebMD processes personal data about users of our site , including health data , through the use of cookies to deliver our services , personalize advertising and to analyze site activity . We may share certain information about our users with our advertising and analytics partners . For additional details , refer to the WebMD Privacy Policy By clicking " I AGREE " below , you agree to the WebMD Privacy Policy and WebMD ’ s personal data processing and cookie practices as described therein . I AGREE Check Your Symptoms Find A Doctor Find Lowest Drug Prices Health A - Z Health A - Z Resources Symptom Checker Expert Blogs and Interviews Podcasts Message Boards Questions & Answers Insurance Guide Find a Doctor Featured Topics Slideshow Get Help for Migraine Relief Slideshow Things That Can Hurt Your Joints Drugs & Supplements Drugs & Supplements Find & Review Drugs Supplements Tools Manage Your Medications Pill Identifier Check for Interactions Drug Basics & Safety Commonly Abused Drugs Taking Meds When Pregnant Vitamins You Need as You Age Supplements for Better Digestion Living Healthy Living Healthy Diet , Food & Fitness Diet & Weight Management Weight Loss & Obesity Food & Recipes Fitness & Exercise Beauty & Balance Healthy Beauty Health & Balance Sex & Relationships Oral Care Living Well Women ' s Health Men ' s Health Aging Well Healthy Sleep Healthy Teens Fit Kids Family & Pregnancy Family & Pregnancy All About Pregnancy Getting Pregnant First Trimester Second Trimester Third Trimester View All Parenting Guide Newborn & Baby Children ' s Health Children ' s Vaccines Raising Fit Kids View All Pet Care Essentials Healthy Cats Healthy Dogs News & Experts News & Experts Health News 2019 Measles Outbreak : What You Should Know Superbug Yeast Spreads Through U.S. Hospitals Whitening Strips May Damage Teeth List of ' Safe ' BP Meds Study Finds Diet Supplements Do n ' t Help Health Experts & Community Message Boards Expert Blogs News Center WebMD Investigates Why Ca n ' t We Sleep ? Newsletters Sign Up to Receive Our Free Newsletters Mobile Apps Subscriptions Sign In Subscribe Medical Dictionary Electrolytes [ i - lek - truh - lahyt ] Minerals in your blood and other body fluids that carry an electric charge . It is important for the balance of electrolytes in your body to be maintained , because they affect the amount of water in your body , blood pH , muscle action , and other important processes . Electrolytes exist in the blood as acids , bases , and salts ( such as sodium , calcium , potassium , chlorine , magnesium , and bicarbonate ) and can be measured by laboratory studies of the blood serum . WebMD Definition © 2006 WebMD , Inc . All rights reserved . | [
"Electrolytes",
"Minerals",
"electric charge"
] |
http://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/parkes_henry | Parkes , Henry by Lucy Hughes Turnbull 2008 Cite this Parkes , Henry Henry Parkes cast a long and wide shadow over politics in Sydney in the second half of the nineteenth century . Born in 1815 , he was the son of a yeoman farmer who was forced off his rural holding into the city of Birmingham in England ' s newly industrialised midlands when Henry was 10 . Young Parkes was educated for only a few years and later attended a mechanics ' institute . His lack of formal education made his political , literary and oratorical skills all the more remarkable . In his teens , Parkes served an apprenticeship as an ivory turner and set up his own business when he was 22 . His business in Birmingham did not prosper , nor did he find London any better when he sought his fortune there . Before leaving Birmingham however , he had observed the political agitation that led to the passing of the first Reform Act of 1832 . Parkes was greatly impressed and influenced by the quality of the oratory at these populist meetings , and even joined the Political Union , the alliance that advocated the bill . [ 1 ] Arrival in Sydney Parkes , his first wife Clarinda and their newborn child reached Sydney in 1839 on an immigrant ship at a time when there were 1,200 other immigrants on ships in the harbour waiting to land . Parkes and his wife did not know a soul in the colony , nor did they hold any letters of introduction . He must have felt as lost and as far from home as many of the others waiting on the water . I was one of that floating crowd of adventurers … Of necessity we had to remain on board some days . In those wearisome days of vague hope , fitful despondency , and youthful impatience , many hours of the early morning I spent hanging over the ship ' s side , looking out upon the monotonous , sullen and almost unbroken woods which then thickly clothed the north shore of the harbour . [ 2 ] Parkes arrived in the colony too late to take advantage of the economic growth of the 1830s . The only work he could find was as an agricultural labourer on Sir John Jamison ' s estate , Regentville , near Richmond , 58 kilometres west of Sydney . He later worked at Thomas Burdekin ' s foundry and in a brass works . It was not until 1845 that he had saved enough money to set up an ivory - turning and import business in Hunter Street . He and his family lived above the shop . Liberal or radical ? From the late 1840s Parkes began to speak in public on behalf of the free immigrant middle and working classes . He was in favour of an extension of the limited franchise granted in 1842 , and against the resumption of transportation to the Australian colonies . His views offered a more or less middle course between liberalism and radicalism through much of the nineteenth century . However , throughout his long political career , he could never be accused of rigid consistency . One of the vehicles for the combination of the radicals and liberals against the conservatives was Parkes ' s newspaper , T he Empire , published between 1850 and 1858 . Parkes strongly opposed WC Wentworth ' s outmoded views on constitutional reform . Election to parliament In 1854 , Parkes won the seat of Sydney when Wentworth retired from politics and left for England . He won the election by a convincing two - to - one majority over his opponent Charles Kemp , one - time part - owner of the Sydney Morning Herald . His constituents were people like him – recently arrived free immigrants from working - or middle - class backgrounds – who did not care to be politically represented by conservatives . Parkes ' s political career was intermittent because of persistent financial problems and the vicissitudes of the electoral process , but spanned 40 years . One of Parkes ' s early public responsibilities was to chair a parliamentary select committee established in 1860 to enquire into the condition of the working classes . Housing conditions were deplorable for many Sydneysiders . People lived in hovels , high rents led to overcrowding and there were 1,000 vagrant children roaming the streets . Many young girls were forced into prostitution . Parkes ' s contribution to that inquiry brought him to public attention and he was elevated to James Martin ' s ministry as colonial secretary in 1866 . Parkes , affected by what he had learned of the condition of young children while serving on the select committee , created a nautical school for male orphans on a hulk in Sydney harbour , the Vernon . He also introduced professional nursing to New South Wales when he brought out Lucy Osburn , a nursing sister trained by Florence Nightingale , to teach local women . Education was another priority . He created a council to oversee denominational and religious schools . Premier Parkes After a period in the political wilderness brought on by financial difficulties , Parkes became premier ( then called prime minister ) in 1872 . He put into place his free trade policies and embarked on an ambitious public works program . His first premiership came to an end in 1875 in a parliamentary battle over the right of the governor to remit the notorious bushranger Frank Gardiner ' s long jail sentence . Public opinion was against clemency . The governor and Parkes thought that Gardiner ' s exemplary conduct in the 10 years between his escape from custody and his recapture in Queensland demonstrated a capacity to abide by the law . The general population , fired up by a law - and - order campaign stoked by Parkes ' s political rivals , were furious that Parkes and the governor would not yield to public pressure . Parkes lost control of the Legislative Assembly and was thrown out of power until 1878 . A second term In his second term as premier , Parkes ' s main achievement was to reform the education system . Government - funded education became free , compulsory and secular , though truancy rates remained high . State aid was withdrawn from religious schools . The abolition of state aid was an issue that festered among Catholics for another 83 years . Catholics saw themselves as the main victims of the change and believed they were being singled out for harsh treatment . A less controversial step was to provide greater access to learning for the working classes . Free libraries had been established in the 1860s , when there were already 30 bookshops in Sydney . [ 3 ] In 1878 a working men ' s college was founded and , by 1892 , there were 2,000 enrolments . [ 4 ] This institution evolved into the Sydney Technical College and later formed the nucleus of the University of New South Wales , Sydney ' s second - oldest university , established in 1949 . Parkes ' s government lost office again in 1883 . By that time he was referred to in the London Times as ' the most commanding figure in Australian politics ' . [ 5 ] He led another government from 1887 until 1891 , having campaigned on a platform of free trade and honest government , and was in charge of the police and military during the maritime strike of 1890 . Federation and Parkes ' s legacy From the late 1880s , Parkes ' s attention moved from parliamentary matters to the issue of the joining of the colonies to form a nation , later known as Federation . He was the driving force for Federation in New South Wales , which was the largest colony at the time of the final referendums but the least convinced of Federation ' s benefits . After Parkes ' s death in 1896 , at Kenilworth in Johnston Street , Annandale , Alfred Deakin said of him : Though not rich or versatile , his personality was massive , durable and imposing , resting on elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind . He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses , spites and failings , he was himself a large - brained self - educated Titan whose natural field was parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries . [ 6 ] In his later years , Parkes did not escape scandal . His second wife had been his mistress and had two children by him before the relationship was formalised . On account of this indiscretion , the doors of Government House were closed to him . [ 7 ] He raised eyebrows again when he married his 23 - year - old housekeeper shortly after his second wife died , against the strong wishes of his closest friends . He died shortly after his third wedding , just before his 81st birthday . Parkes had 12 children from his first marriage . Five died in infancy and six survived him . He had another five children from his second marriage , one of whom , Cobden Parkes , was the government architect responsible for the design of the Dixson and Mitchell wings of the State Library of New South Wales . Notes [ 1 ] Henry Parkes , Fifty Years of the Making of Australian History , Longmans , Green , London , 1892 , pp 8 – 9 [ 2 ] Henry Parkes , Fifty Years of the Making of Australian History , Longmans , Green , London , 1892 , p 1 [ 3 ] Elaine Thompson , Fair Enough : Egalitarianism in Australia , University of New South Wales Press , Sydney , 1994 , p 224 [ 4 ] Elaine Thompson , Fair Enough : Egalitarianism in Australia , University of New South Wales Press , Sydney , 1994 , p 227 [ 5 ] AW Martin , ' Henry Parkes ' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , vol 5 , Melbourne University Press , Melbourne , 1974 , p 403 [ 6 ] AW Martin , ' Henry Parkes ' , Australian Dictionary of Biography , vol 5 , Melbourne University Press , Melbourne , 1974 , p 405 [ 7 ] AW Martin , Henry Parkes : A Biography , Melbourne University Press , Melbourne , 1980 , chs 15 and 16 Browse Connections Subjects Australian Federation State government People | [
"Parkes , Henry",
"ivory turner",
"Political Union"
] |
http://dictionnaire.reverso.net/anglais-definition/average | Définition average | dictionnaire anglais définition synonymes Reverso Anglais - Français Anglais Synonymes Anglais Simplifié Chercher aussi sur : Web Actualités Encyclopédie Images Chercher Synonymes Conjuguer Prononcer Proposer une autre traduction / définition average n 1 the typical or normal amount , quality , degree , etc . above average in intelligence 2 ( Also called ) arithmetic mean the result obtained by adding the numbers or quantities in a set and dividing the total by the number of members in the set the average of 3 , 4 , and 8 is 5 3 ( of a continuously variable ratio , such as speed ) the quotient of the differences between the initial and final values of the two quantities that make up the ratio his average over the journey was 30 miles per hour 4 ( Maritime law ) a a loss incurred or damage suffered by a ship or its cargo at sea b the equitable apportionment of such loss among the interested parties 5 often pl ( Stock Exchange ) a simple or weighted average of the prices of a selected group of securities computed in order to facilitate market comparisons 6 ♦ on ( the or an ) average usually ; typically on average , he goes twice a week adj 7 usual or typical 8 mediocre or inferior his performance was only average 9 constituting a numerical average the average age , an average speed 10 approximately typical of a range of values the average contents of a matchbox vb 11 tr to obtain or estimate a numerical average of 12 tr to assess the general quality of 13 to perform or receive a typical number of to average eight hours ' work a day 14 to divide up proportionately they averaged the profits among the staff 15 to amount to or be on average the children averaged 15 years of age 16 intr ( Stock Exchange ) to purchase additional securities in a holding whose price has fallen ( average down ) or risen ( average up ) in anticipation of a speculative profit after further increases in price ( C15 averay loss arising from damage to ships or cargoes ( shared equitably among all concerned , hence the modern sense ) , from Old Italian avaria , ultimately from Arabic awar damage , blemish ) ♦ averagely adv average adjuster n a person who calculates average claims , esp . for marine insurance See → average → 4 average deviation ( Statistics ) another name for mean deviation Dow - Jones average ( U.S ) a daily index of stock - exchange prices based on the average price of a selected number of securities ( C20 : named after Charles H . Dow ( died 1902 ) and Edward D . Jones ( died 1920 ) , American financial statisticians ) general average ( Insurance ) loss or damage to a ship or its cargo that is shared among the shipowners and all the cargo owners ( Abbrev . ) GA Compare particular average moving average ( Statistics ) ( of a sequence of values ) a derived sequence of the averages of successive subsequences of a given number of members , often used in time series to even out short - term fluctuations and make a trend clearer the 3 - term moving average of 4 , 6 , 8 , 7 , 9 , 8 is 6 , 7 , 8 Nikkei Stock Average an index of prices on the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( C20 : from Nik ( on ) Kei ( zai Shimbun ) , a Japanese newspaper group ) particular average ( Insurance ) partial damage to or loss of a ship or its cargo affecting only the shipowner or one cargo owner ( Abbrev . ) PA Compare general average weighted average an average calculated by taking into account not only the frequencies of the values of a variable but also some other factor such as their variance . The weighted average of observed data is the result of dividing the sum of the products of each observed value , the number of times it occurs , and this other factor by the total number of observations Dictionnaire anglais Collins English definition - Thesaurus arithmetic mean the average value of a set of integers , terms , or quantities , expressed as their sum divided by their number the arithmetic mean of 3 , 4 , and 8 is 5 ( Often shortened to ) mean ( Also called ) geometric mean 1 the typical or normal amount , quality , degree , etc . above average in intelligence 2 the result obtained by adding the numbers or quantities in a set and dividing the total by the number of members in the set the average of 3 , 4 , and 8 is 5 3 ( of a continuously variable ratio , such as speed ) the quotient of the differences between the initial and final values of the two quantities that make up the ratio his average over the journey was 30 miles per hour ( Maritime law ) a a loss incurred or damage suffered by a ship or its cargo at sea b the equitable apportionment of such loss among the interested parties 5 often pl a simple or weighted average of the prices of a selected group of securities computed in order to facilitate market comparisons 6 on ( the or an ) average usually ; typically on average , he goes twice a week adj 7 usual or typical 8 mediocre or inferior his performance was only average 9 constituting a numerical average the average age , an average speed 10 approximately typical of a range of values the average contents of a matchbox vb 11 to obtain or estimate a numerical average of 12 to assess the general quality of 13 to perform or receive a typical number of to average eight hours ' work a day 14 to divide up proportionately they averaged the profits among the staff 15 to amount to or be on average the children averaged 15 years of age 16 intr to purchase additional securities in a holding whose price has fallen ( average down ) or risen ( average up ) in anticipation of a speculative profit after further increases in price ( C15 averay loss arising from damage to ships or cargoes ( shared equitably among all concerned , hence the modern sense ) , from Old Italian avaria , ultimately from Arabic awar damage , blemish ) averagely adv average adjuster a person who calculates average claims , esp . for marine insurance See average deviation another name for mean deviation Dow - Jones average ( U.S ) a daily index of stock - exchange prices based on the average price of a selected number of securities ( C20 : named after Charles H . Dow ( died 1902 ) and Edward D . Jones ( died 1920 ) , American financial statisticians ) loss or damage to a ship or its cargo that is shared among the shipowners and all the cargo owners GA moving average ( of a sequence of values ) a derived sequence of the averages of successive subsequences of a given number of members , often used in time series to even out short - term fluctuations and make a trend clearer the 3 - term moving average of 4 , 6 , 8 , 7 , 9 , 8 is 6 , 7 , 8 Nikkei Stock Average an index of prices on the Tokyo Stock Exchange ( C20 : from Nik ( on ) Kei ( zai Shimbun ) , a Japanese newspaper group ) partial damage to or loss of a ship or its cargo affecting only the shipowner or one cargo owner PA weighted average an average calculated by taking into account not only the frequencies of the values of a variable but also some other factor such as their variance . The weighted average of observed data is the result of dividing the sum of the products of each observed value , the number of times it occurs , and this other factor by the total number of observations Dictionnaire anglais Collins English definition - Thesaurus common run , mean , medium , midpoint , norm , normal , par , rule , run , run of the mill , standard on average as a rule , for the most part , generally , normally , typically , usually banal , bog - standard ( Brit . & Irish slang ) common , commonplace , fair , general , indifferent , mediocre , middle - of - the - road , middling , moderate , no great shakes ( informal ) normal , not bad , ordinary , passable , regular , run - of - the - mill , so - so ( informal ) standard , tolerable , typical , undistinguished , unexceptional , usual , vanilla ( slang ) intermediate , mean , median , medium , middle balance out to , be on average , do on average , even out to , make on average Antonyms abnormal , awful , bad , different , exceptional , great , memorable , notable , outstanding , remarkable , special , terrible , unusual maximum , minimum Dictionnaire anglais Collins English synonyme - Thesaurus Consulter aussi : Dictionnaire Collaboratif Anglais Définition arpu abbr . acron . revenue per user [ Tech . ] ; [ Comp . ] ; [ B . . . | [
"average",
"Définition"
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http://dieoff.org/page174.htm | WILL LIMITS OF THE EARTH ' S RESOURCES CONTROL HUMAN NUMBERS ? pdf version David Pimentel , O . Bailey , P . Kim , E . Mullaney , J . Calabrese , L . Walman , F . Nelson , and X . Yao College of Agriculture and Life Sciences CORNELL UNIVERSITY Ithaca , NY 14853 - 0901 February 25 , 1999 INTRODUCTION The current world population is about 6 billion . Based on the present growth rate of 1.5 % per year , the population is projected to double in approximately 46 years ( PRB , 1996 ) . Because population growth can not continue indefinitely , society can either voluntarily control its numbers or let natural forces such as disease , malnutrition , and other disasters limit human numbers ( Pimentel et al . , 1994a ; Bartlett , 1997 - 98 ) . Increasing human numbers , especially in urban areas , and increasing food , water , air , The planet ' s numerous environmental problems emphasize the urgent need to evaluate the available environmental resources and how they relate to the requirements of a rapidly growing human population ( Hardin , 1993 ; Cohen , 1995 ) . In this article we assess the carrying capacity of the Earth ' s natural resources , and suggest that humans should voluntarily limit their population growth , rather than letting natural forces control their numbers for them . ( Pimentel et al . , 1994a ; Bartlett , 1997 - 98 ) . In addition , we suggest appropriate policies POPULATION GROWTH AND CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES All of our basic resources , such as land , water , energy , and biota , are inherently limited ( Lubchenco , 1998 ) . As human populations continue to expand and finite resources are divided among increasing numbers of people , it will become more and more difficult to maintain prosperity and a quality of life , and personal freedoms will decline ( UNFPA , 1991 ; RS and NAS , 1992 ; Rees , 1996 ) . During recent decades there has been a dramatic worldwide population increase . The U.S. population doubled during the past 60 years from 135 million to more than 270 million ( NGS , 1995 ) and , based on the current U.S. growth rate of approximately 1 % per year ( USBC , 1996 ) , is projected to double again to 540 million in the next 70 years . China ' s population is 1.3 billion and , despite the governmental policy of permitting only one child per couple , it is still growing at an annual rate of 1.2 India has nearly 1 billion people living on approximately one - third of the land of either the United States or China . India ' s current population growth rate is 1.9 % , which translates to a doubling time of 37 years ( PRB , 1996 ) . Together , China and India constitute more than one - third of the total world population . Given the steady decline in per capita resources , it is unlikely that India , China , and the world population in total will double . In addition to limitations due to population increases , high per capita consumption levels in the United States and other developed nations also put pressure on natural resources . For example , each American consumes about 50 - times more goods and services than the average Chinese citizen ( PRB , 1996 ) . Americans consume more goods and services because of relatively abundant per capita land , water , energy , and biological resources , as compared to the Chinese ( Table 1 ) . Achieving an average European standard of living ( $ 12,310 per capita / yr Thus far , the relative affluence enjoyed by most Americans has been possible because of an abundant supply of fertile cropland , water , and fossil energy . As the U.S. population continues to expand , however , resource shortages similar to those now being experienced by China and other developing nations will become more common ( Tables 1 and 2 ) . Accelerated declines in the U.S. standard of living are likely if the U.S. population increases as projected during the next 70 years , from 270 million in 1998 to 540 million ( Grant , 1996 ; Pimentel STATUS OF WORLD ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES The quantity and quality of arable land , water , energy , and biological resources determine the current and future status of the support services for human life . Measurable shortages of fertile land , water , and fossil energy now exist in many regions of the world ( Worldwatch Institute , 1992 ; WRI , 1994 ; WRI , 1998 ) . Land Resources More than 99 % of human food comes from the terrestrial environment - - less than 1 % comes from the oceans and other aquatic ecosystems ( FAO , 1991 ; Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ) . Worldwide , food and fiber crops are grown on 11 % of the Earth ' s total land area of 13 billion hectares ( Figure 1 ) . Globally , the annual loss of land to urbanization and highways ranges from 10 to 35 million hectares per year , with half of this lost land coming from cropland ( Doeoes , 1994 In 1960 , when the world population numbered about 3 billion , approximately 0.5 ha of cropland was available per capita worldwide . This half a hectare of cropland per capita is needed to provide a diverse , healthy , nutritious diet of plant and animal products - - similar to the typical diet in the United States and Europe ( Lal , 1989 ; Giampietro and Pimentel , 1994 ) . The average per capita world cropland now is only 0.27 ha , or about half the amount needed according to industrial nation standards ( Table 1 ) . Currently , a total of 1,481 kg / yr per capita of agricultural products is produced to feed Americans , while the Chinese food supply averages 785 kg / yr per capita ( Table 2 ) . By all measurements , the Chinese have reached or exceeded the limits of their agricultural system ( Brown , 1997 ) . Their reliance on large inputs of fossil - fuel based fertilizers - - as well as other limited inputs - - to compensate for shortages of arable land and severely eroded soils , indicates severe problems for the future ( Wen Escalating land degradation threatens most crop and pasture land throughout the world ( Lal and Pierce , 1991 ; Pimentel et al , 1995 ) . The major types of degradation include water and wind erosion , and the salinization and water - logging of irrigated soils ( Kendall and Pimentel , 1994 ) . Worldwide , more than 10 million hectares of productive arable land are severely degraded and abandoned each year ( Houghton , 1994 ; Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Moreover , an additional 5 million hectares of new land must be put into Agricultural erosion by wind and water is the most serious cause of soil loss and degradation . Current erosion rates are greater than ever previously recorded ( Pimentel and Hall , 1989 ; Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Soil erosion on cropland ranges from about 13 tons per hectare per year ( t / ha / yr ) in the United States to 40 t / ha / yr in China ( USDA , 1994 ; Wen , 1993 ; McLaughlin , 1993 ) . Worldwide , soil erosion averages approximately 30 t / ha / yr Erosion adversely affects crop productivity by reducing the water - holding capacity of the soil , water availability , nutrient levels and organic matter in the soil , and soil depth ( Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Estimates are that agricultural land degradation alone can be expected to depress world food production between 15 % and 30 % by the year 2020 ( Buringh , 1989 ) . These estimates emphasize the need to implement known soil conservation techniques , including biomass mulches , no - till , ridge - till , terracing , grass strips , The current high erosion rate throughout the world is of great concern because of the slow rate of topsoil renewal ; it takes approximately 500 years for 2.5 cm ( 1 inch ) of topsoil to form under agricultural conditions ( OTA , 1982 ; Elwell , 1985 ; Troeh et al . , 1991 ; Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Approximately 3,000 years are needed for the natural reformation of topsoil to the 150 mm depth needed for satisfactory crop production . The fertility of nutrient - poor soil can be improved by large inputs of fossil - based fertilizers . This practice , however , increases dependency on the limited fossil fuels stores necessary to produce these fertilizers . And even with fertilizer use , soil erosion remains a critical problem in current agricultural production ( Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Crops can be grown under artificial conditions using hydroponic techniques , but the costs in terms of energy and dollars is approximately 10 - times that of conventional agriculture ( Schwarz , 1995 ) . The arable land currently used for crop production already includes a considerable amount of marginal land , land that is highly susceptible to erosion . When soil degradation occurs , the requirement for fossil energy inputs in the form of fertilizers , pesticides , and irrigation is increased to offset the losses , thus creating non - sustainable agricultural systems ( OTA , 1982 ; Follett and Stewart , 1985 ; Pimentel , 1993 ; Pimentel et al . , 1995 ) . Water Resources The present and future availability of adequate supplies of freshwater for human and agricultural needs is already critical in many regions , like the Middle East ( Postel , 1997 ) . Rapid population growth and increased total water consumption are rapidly depleting the availability of water . Between 1960 and 1997 , the per capita availability of freshwater worldwide declined by about 60 % ( Hinrichsen , 1998 ) . Another 50 % decrease in per capita water supply is projected by the year 2025 ( Hinrichsen , 1998 ) . All vegetation requires and transpires massive amounts of water during the growing season . Agriculture commands more water than any other activity on the planet . Currently , 65 % of the water removed from all sources worldwide is used solely for irrigation ( Postel , 1997 ) . Of this amount , about two - thirds is consumed by plant - life ( non - recoverable ) ( Postel , 1997 ) . For example , a corn crop that produces about 8,000 kg / ha of grain uses more than 5 million liters / ha of water during The minimum amount of water required per capita for food is about 400,000 liters per year ( Postel , 1996 ) . In the United States , the average amount of water consumed annually in food production is 1.7 million liters per capita per year ( USDA , 1996 ) , more than 4 - times the minimum requirement . The minimum basic water requirement for human health , including drinking water , is 50 liters per capita per day Gleick ( 1996 ) . The U.S. average for domestic usage , however , is 8 - times higher than Water resources and population densities are unevenly distributed worldwide . Even though the total amount of water made available by the hydrologic cycle is enough to provide the world ' s current population with adequate fresh water - - according to the minimum requirements cited above - - most of this total water is concentrated in specific regions , leaving other areas water - deficient . Water demands already far exceed supplies in nearly 80 nations of the world ( Gleick , 1993 ) . In China more than 300 cities suffer from inadequate water supplies , and the problem is intensifying as the population increases ( WRI , 1994 ; Brown , 1995 ) . In arid regions , such as the Middle East and parts of North Africa , where yearly rainfall is low and irrigation is expensive , the future The greatest threat to maintaining fresh water supplies is depletion of the surface and groundwater resources that are used to supply the needs of the rapidly growing human population . Surface water is not always managed effectively , resulting in water shortages and pollution that threaten humans and the aquatic biota that depend on it . The Colorado River , for example , is used so heavily by Colorado , California , Arizona , and other states , that by the time the river reaches Mexico , it is usually no more than a trickle running into the Sea of Groundwater resources are also mismanaged and over - tapped . Because of their slow recharge rate , usually between 0.1 % to 0.3 % per year ( UNEP , 1991 ; Covich , 1993 ) , groundwater resources must be carefully managed to prevent depletion . Yet , humans are not effectively conserving groundwater resources . In Tamil Nadu , India , groundwater levels declined 25 to 30 m during the 1970s as a result of excessive pumping for irrigation ( Postel , 1989 ; UNFPA , 1991 ) . In Beijing , the groundwater level is falling at a High consumption of surface and groundwater resources , in addition to high implementation costs , is beginning to limit the option of irrigation in arid regions . Furthermore , salinized and waterlogged soils - - both soil problems that result from continued irrigation ( Postel , 1997 ) - - that have become unproductive are reducing the amount of possible irrigation area per capita . Although no technology can double the flow of the Colorado River , or enhance other surface and ground water resources , improved environmental management and conservation can increase the efficient use of available freshwater . For example , drip irrigation in agriculture can reduce water use by nearly 50 % ( Tuijl , 1993 ) . In developing countries , though , equipment and installation costs , as well as limitations in science and technology , often limit the introduction and use of these more efficient technologies . Desalinization of ocean water is not a viable source of the freshwater needed by agriculture , because the process is energy intensive and , hence , economically impractical . The amount of desalinized water required by 1 hectare of corn would cost $ 14,000 , while all other inputs , like fertilizers , cost only $ 500 ( Pimentel et al . , 1997a ) . This figure does not even include the additional cost of moving large amounts of water from the ocean to agricultural fields . Another major threat to maintaining ample fresh water resources is pollution . Considerable water pollution has been documented in the United States ( USBC , 1996 ) , but this problem is of greatest concern in countries where water regulations are less rigorously enforced or do not exist . Developing countries discharge approximately 95 % of their untreated urban sewage directly into surface waters ( WHO , 1993 ) . Of India ' s 3,119 towns and cities , only 209 have partial sewage treatment facilities and a mere 8 have full waste - water treatment facilities ( WHO , Overall , approximately 95 % of the water in developing countries is polluted ( WHO , 1992 ) . There are , however , serious problems in the United States as well . EPA ( 1994 ) reports indicate that 37 % of U.S. lakes are unfit for swimming due to runoff pollutants and septic discharge . Pesticides , fertilizers , and soil sediments pollute water resources when they accompany eroded soil into a body of water . In addition , industries all over the world often dump untreated toxic chemicals into rivers and lakes ( WRI , 1991 ) . Pollution by sewage and disease organisms , as well as some 100,000 different chemicals used globally , makes water unsuitable not only for human drinking but also for application to crops ( Nash , 1993 ) . Although some new technologies and environmental management practices are improving pollution control and the use of resources , there Energy Resources Over time , people have relied on various sources of power . These sources have ranged from human , animal , wind , tidal , and water energy , to wood , coal , gas , oil , and nuclear sources for fuel and power . Fossil fuel energy permits a nation ' s economy to feed an increasing number of humans , as well as improving the general quality of life in many ways , including protection from numerous diseases ( Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ) . About 365 quads ( 1 quad = 10 15 BTU or 383 x 10 18 Joules ) from all energy sources are used worldwide per year ( International Energy Annual , 1995 ) . Current energy expenditure is directly related to many factors , including rapid population growth , urbanization , and high consumption rates ( Fodor , 1999 ) ( Table 3 ) . Increased energy use also contributes to environmental degradation ( Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ) . Energy use has been growing even faster than world population growth . From 1970 to 1995 , energy use was increasing at a rate of 2.5 % ( doubling every 30 years ) whereas Although about 50 % of all the solar energy captured by photosynthesis worldwide is used by humans , it is still inadequate to meet all of the planet ' s needs for food worldwide ( Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ) . To make up for this shortfall , about 345 quads of fossil energy ( oil , gas , and coal ) are utilized worldwide each year ( International Energy Annual , 1995 ) . Of this , 81 quads are utilized in the United States ( DOE , 1995a , b ) . The U.S. population consumes 40 Industry , transportation , home heating , and food production account for most of the fossil energy consumed in the United States ( DOE , 1991 ; DOE , 1995a ) . Per capita use of fossil energy in the United States is 8,740 liters of oil equivalents per year , more than 12 - times the per capita use in China ( Table 1 ) . In China , most fossil energy is used by industry , but a substantial amount , approximately 25 % , is used for agriculture and the food system ( Smil , 1984 ; Develop ed nations annually consume about 70 % of the fossil energy worldwide , while the develop ing nations , which have about 75 % of the world population , use only 30 % ( International Energy Annual , 1995 ) . The United States , with only 4 % of the world ' s population , consumes about 22 % of the world ' s fossil energy output ( Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ) . Fossil energy use in the different U.S. economic sectors has increased 20 - to 1,000 - fold in the past 3 to 4 decades , attesting to America ' s heavy reliance on this finite energy resource to support their affluent Several developing nations that have high rates of population growth are increasing fossil fuel use to augment their agricultural production of food and fiber . In China , there has been a 100 - fold increase in fossil energy use in agriculture for fertilizers , pesticides , and irrigation since 1955 ( Wen and Pimentel , 1992 ) . Fertilizer production on the whole , though , has declined by more than 21 % since 1989 , especially in the developing countries , due to fossil fuel shortages and high prices ( Brown , 1996 ) . In addition , the overall projections of the availability of fossil energy resources for fertilizers and all other purposes are discouraging because of the limited stores of these fossil fuels . The world supply of oil is projected to last approximately 50 years at current production rates ( BP , 1994 ; Ivanhoe , 1995 ; Campbell , 1997 ; Duncan , 1997 ; Youngquist , 1997 ) . Worldwide , the natural gas supply is adequate for about 50 years and coal for about 100 years ( BP , 1994 ; Bartlett and Ristinen , 1995 ; Youngquist , 1997 ) . These estimates , however , are based on current consumption rates and current population numbers . If all people in the world enjoyed a standard of living and If we continue to hope that new discoveries of oil will postpone the arrival of the peak of oil production ( projected for the year 2004 ) , we should remember that the projected date of the peak moves back only at the rate of 5.5 days per billion barrels of oil that are added to the geological estimate of the world ' s total oil resource ( Bartlett , 1998 ) . Youngquist ( 1997 ) reports that current oil and gas exploration drilling data has not borne out some of the earlier optimistic estimates of the amount of these resources yet to be found in the United States . Both the production rate and proved reserves have continued to decline . Domestic oil and natural gas production will be substantially less in 20 years than it is today . Neither is now sufficient for domestic needs , and supplies are imported in increasing yearly amounts ( DOE , 1991 ; BP , 1994 ; Youngquist , 1997 ) . Analyses suggest At present , electricity represents about 34 % of total U.S. energy consumption ( nuclear power contributes about 20 % of the electric needs ) ( USBC , 1996 ) . Nuclear production of electricity has some advantages over fossil fuels because its production requires less land than coal - fired plants and its use does not contribute to acid rain and global warming ( Holdren , 1991 ; Pimentel et al , 1994b ) . Nuclear power , however , once seen as the future of electrical production , is currently suffering major economic difficulties . No new construction Nuclear fission currently supplies approximately 20 % of the electric energy consumed in the United States without producing carbon dioxide , a major greenhouse gas that significantly contributes to global warming . Rasmussen ( 1978 ) posed an interesting question on this subject : " How does one compare the risk of [ nuclear ] proliferation , the possible but unlikely meltdown of a plutonium - containing core , and the long - term risks of [ nuclear ] waste disposal to the risks of climate modification by CO 2 emission , health effects of SO 2 and NOx and the impact of mining and transport of large amounts of coal ? How does one estimate the increased risks of global conflict if failure to exploit the nuclear option leads to increased pressures on world oil supplies ? " Nuclear fusion has long been the subject of major efforts , yet the goal of achieving commercial fusion power remains elusive even after 50 years of intense research . It seems unwise to depend on nuclear fusion for commercial energy , at least in the near future ( Bartlett , 1994 ) . All of the chemical and nuclear energy that society consumes ultimately winds up as heat in the environment . The Second Law of Thermodynamics limits the efficiency of heat engines to about 35 % . This means that approximately two - thirds of the potential energy in the fuel , whether chemical or nuclear , is converted into heat , while the remaining one - third is delivered as useful work ( and , eventually , also converted into heat ) . Releasing this heat into the environment can have adverse effects on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ( Bartlett , More efficient end - use of electricity can reduce its costs , while at the same time reducing environmental impacts . Commercial , residential , industrial , and transportation sectors all have the potential to reduce energy consumption by approximately 33 % while saving money ( von Weizacker et al . , 1997 ) . Some of the necessary changes to reduce consumption would entail more efficiently designed buildings , appliances , and industrial systems ( von Weizacker et al . , 1997 ) . Using available renewable energy technologies , such as biomass and wind power , an estimated 200 quads of renewable energy could be produced worldwide from 20 % to 26 % of the land area ( Pimentel et al . , 1994b ; Yao Xlang - Jun , personal communication , Cornell University , 1998 ) . A self - sustaining renewable energy system producing 200 quads of energy per year for about 2 billion people [ see following section " Transition to an optimum population with appropriate technologies " for an explanation for the 2 billion figure ] would provide Biological Resources In addition to land , water resources , crops and livestock species , humans depend on the presence and functioning of approximately 10 million other species existing in agroecosystems and nature ( Pimentel et al . , 1992 ; Sagoff , 1995 ) . Although approximately 60 % of the world ' s food supply comes from rice , wheat , and corn species ( Wilson , 1988 ) , as many as 20,000 other plant species are used by humans for food ( Vietmeyer , 1995 ) . Humans have no technologies which can substitute for the food - These living organisms are an important resource for crop protection ( Waage , 1991 ) . Approximately 99 % of potential pests are controlled by diverse natural enemy species , as well as the development of pest resistance in host - plants that came from wild plants in natural ecosystems ( DeBach and Rosen , 1991 ) . Great effort needs to be focused on the use of diverse natural enemies and the genetics of host - plant resistance for use in pest control ( Klassen , 1988 ) . Pest insects , pathogens , and weeds destroy crops and thereby reduce food and fiber supply . Despite the yearly use of 2.5 million tons of pesticides and other controls worldwide , about 40 % of all potential crop production is lost to pests ( Pimentel , 1997 ) . Specifically , in the United States , about 0.5 million tons of pesticides are applied each year , yet pests still destroy about 37 % of all potential crop production . Estimates suggest that pesticide use could be reduced by 50 % or more , without any reduction in pest Approximately one third of the United States ' and world ' s food supply relies either directly or indirectly on effective insect pollination ( O ' Toole , 1993 ) . Honey bees and other wild bees play an essential role in pollinating about $ 40 billion worth of U.S. crops annually ( Pimentel et al . , 1997b ) . They also pollinate natural plant species . The economic benefits of biodiversity in the United States are an estimated $ 300 billion per year and nearly $ 3 trillion worldwide ( Pimentel et al . , 1997b ) . Ecosystem and species diversity serves as a vital reservoir of genetic material for the future development of agriculture , forestry , pharmaceutical products , and biosphere services . Yet , with each passing day an estimated 150 species are being eliminated because of increasing human numbers and certain human activities , including deforestation , soil and water pollution , pesticide use , urbanization , and industrialization ( Reid and Miller , 1989 ) . The rate of extinction of some groups of organisms is 1,000 - to 10,000 - times faster than that in natural systems ( Kellert and Wilson Environmental pressure from the human population is the prime destructive force on Earth and is the primary cause of reduced biodiversity . Humans currently occupy 95 % of the terrestrial environment with either managed agricultural and forest ecosystems or human settlements ( Western , 1989 ) . The prime focus of world biological conservation has been on protecting national parks that cover only 3.2 % of the world ' s terrestrial area ( Reid and Miller , 1989 ) . However , most of species diversity occurs in managed terrestrial environments , so increased efforts should be devoted to improving Resources and Human Diseases At first glance , human health seems unrelated to natural resources ; but upon closer consideration , it becomes apparent that both the quality and quantity of natural resources ( e.g , food and water ) play a central role in human health . As populations increase in size , risks to health and productivity grow as well , especially in areas where sanitation is inadequate . Human deaths due to infectious diseases increased more than 60 % from 1982 to 1992 ( WHO , 1992 , 1995 ; Murray and Lopez , 1996 ) . Increases in diseases associated with diminishing quality of water , air , and soil resources provide evidence of a declining standard of living . Profound differences exist in the causes of death between develop ed and develop ing regions of the world . Communicable , maternal , and / or prenatal diseases account for 40 % of the deaths in developing regions but only 5 % in developed regions ( WHO , 1994 ) . While there is a complex set of factors responsible , inadequate food and contaminated water and soil are the major contributors to diseases and other health problems , especially in developing countries ( Pimentel et al . , 1998b ) . Disease and malnutrition are interrelated and , as might be expected , parasitic infections and malnutrition coexist where there is poverty and poor sanitation ( Shetty and Shetty , 1993 ) . Poverty and lack of sanitation can be as severe in certain urban sectors as they are in rural areas ; several studies point to inequalities even within different parts of individual cities ( Pimentel et al . , 1998b ) . Urban environments , especially those without proper sanitation , are becoming a cause for concern due to their high potential for the spread of disease due to About 90 % of the diseases occurring in developing countries result from a lack of clean water ( WHO , 1992 ) . Worldwide , about 4 billion cases of disease are contracted from water and approximately 50 million deaths are caused by all diseases from water , food , air , and soil each year ( WHO , 1995 ) . Shistosomiasis and malaria , common diseases throughout the tropics , are examples of parasitic diseases associated with aquatic systems ; hookworms , in addition , thrive in contaminated moist soils in the tropics . Intestinal parasites introduced into humans through contaminated food , water , and soil , impact health by reducing intake of nutrients in various ways , including the rapid loss of nutrients through diarrhea or dysentery , impairment of nutrient absorption , alteration of appetite and food intake , and blood loss ( Shetty and Shetty , 1993 ) . Hookworms , for instance , can remove up to 30 cc of blood from a person in a single day , leaving the person weak and susceptible to other diseases ( Hotez and Pritchard , 1995 ) . The estimate is The nutrition of the world population might be improved with better distribution of total world food . For instance , it might be possible to feed the current 6 billion people a minimal but nutritionally adequate diet , if all food produced in the world was shared and distributed equally ( Cohen , 1995 ) . However , there are problems with this proposal . For example , how many people in developed and developing countries who have more than their basic needs of food resources would be willing to share their food and pay for its production and distribution TRANSITION TO AN OPTIMUM POPULATION WITH APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES The human population has enormous momentum for rapid growth because of the young age distribution both in the U.S population and in the world population ( PRB , 1996 ) . If the whole world agreed on and adopted a policy so that only 2.1 children were born per couple , more than 60 years would pass before the world population finally stabilized at approximately 12 billion ( Weeks , 1986 ) . On the other hand , a population policy ensuring that each couple produces an average of only 1.5 children would be necessary to achieve the goal of Our suggested 2 billion population carrying capacity for the Earth is based on a European standard of living for everyone and sustainable use of natural resources . For land resources , we suggest 0.5 ha of cropland per capita with an intense agricultural production system ( ~ 8 million kcal / ha ) and diverse plant and animal diet for the people . The 0.5 ha of cropland per capita is the level that existed in 1960 . Since that time nearly one - third of the world ' s arable land has been lost due to urbanization , highways Worldwide , balancing the population - resource equation will be difficult because current overpopulation , poor distribution of resources , and environmental degradation are already causing serious malnourishment and poverty throughout the world , especially in developing countries ( Gleick , 1993 ; WHO , 1995 ; Brown , 1997 ; Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ; Postel , 1997 ) . Based on the estimate that 0.5 ha per capita is necessary for an adequate and diverse food supply , it would be possible to sustain a global population of approximately 3 billion humans . However , arable land A world population of 2 billion , in addition to having adequate food , renewable energy , and forest products , should also have adequate freshwater resources ( Postel , 1997 ) . For agricultural and industrial production as well as public needs , we suggest approximately 1.2 million liters per person each year . Water resources , as with soil , would have to be conserved and pollution controlled . Humans would need to cease the overdraft of ground - water resources , instead , using ground - water in a more sustainable manner . Again , technologies are Some technologists , like Julian Simon ( 1996 ) , believe that human population growth will not cause any shortage of water and other resources because we have the technologies to provide for the needs of an unlimited population . It would indeed be a wonderful achievement to see these technologists produce crops without water ! A reduction in the world population to approximately 2 billion , in addition to a reduced per capita consumption rate , would help reduce the current severe pressure on surface and groundwater resources and water pollution , especially in countries where water shortages will only intensify with population growth ( Postel , 1997 ; Pimentel et al . , 1997a ) . If water shortage and pollution problems were reduced , agricultural production would improve and degradation of aquatic ecosystems would decline . If pollution were controlled in most major river and lake systems worldwide , increased fish production would Appropriate technologies that conserve soil and water resources , and reduce pollution in soil , water , and atmospheric resources would help avert the alarming extinction rates of almost all species ( Kellert and Wilson , 1993 ) . A reduction in extinction rate will protect and preserve most of the essential services provided by natural biodiversity ( Pimentel et al . , 1997b ) . How long will it take before technologies to bring about this necessary conservation of resources are implemented ? With the exhaustion of fossil fuels and associated increases in costs and pressure from global climate change , significant changes will also have to take place in energy use and practices . Fossil fuel shortages and global warming problems will force a transition to renewable energy sources in the future . Research on ways to convert solar energy into usable energy , for example , and research on developing other new power sources will have to be given a much higher priority . Although many solar technologies have been investigated , most are only in limited use . The most The adjustment of the world population from 6 billion to 2 billion could be made over approximately a century if the majority of the people of the world agree that protecting human health and welfare is vital , and all are willing to work to provide a stable quality of life for ourselves and our children . Although a rapid reduction in population numbers to 2 billion humans could cause social , economic , and political problems , continued rapid growth to 10 or 12 billion people will result in an even dire situation with potentially greater problems . In CONCLUSION Clearly , human numbers can not continue to increase indefinitely . Natural resources are already severely limited , and there is emerging evidence that natural forces already starting to control human population numbers through malnutrition and other severe diseases . More than 3 billion people worldwide are already malnourished , and 3 billion are living in poverty ; grain production per capita started declining in 1984 and continues to decline ; irrigation per capita declined starting in 1978 and continues ; arable land per capita declined starting in 1948 and continues ; fish production per capita started declining in 1980 Fifty - eight academies of science , including the U.S. National Academy of Sciences , point out that " Humanity is approaching a crisis point with respect to the interlocking issues " of population , natural resources , and sustainability ( NAS , 1994 , p . 13 ) . The report points out that science and technology have a limited ability to meet the basic needs of a rapidly growing human population with rapidly increasing per capita demands . Unfortunately , most individuals and government leaders appear unaware , unwilling , or unable to deal with the growing imbalances Historically , decisions to protect the environment have been based on isolated crises and are usually made only when catastrophes strike . Instead of examining the problem in a holistic manner , such ad hoc decisions have been designed to protect and / or promote a particular resource or aspect of human well - being in the short - term . Our concern , based on past experience , is that these urgent issues concerning human carrying capacity of the world may not be addressed until the situation becomes intolerable or , possibly , irreversible . With a democratically determined population control policy that respects basic individual rights , with sound resource use policies , plus the support of science and technology to enhance energy supplies and protect the integrity of the environment , an optimum population of 2 billion for the Earth can be achieved . With a concerted effort , fundamental obligations to ensure the well - being of future generations can be attained within the 21st century . Individuals will then be free from poverty and starvation and live in an environment capable of sustaining human life with dignity . We must avoid Table 1 Resources used and / or available per capita per year in the United States , China , and the world to supply basic needs . Resources USA China World Land Cropland ( ha ) 0.71a 0.08c 0.27e Pasture ( ha ) 0.91a 0.33c 0.57e Forest ( ha ) 1.00a 0.11c 0.75e Total ( ha ) 3.49 0.52 1.59 Water ( liters x 10 6 1.7b 0.46c 0.64c Fossil Fuel Oil equivalents ( liters ) 8740b 700d 1570f Forest Products ( kg ) 1091b 40c 70g a ) USDA ( 1993 ) ; b ) USBC ( 1996 ) ; c ) PRC ( 1994 ) ; Bennett , ( 1995 ) , d ) SSBPRC ( 1990 ) ; e ) Buringh ( 1989 ) ; f ) International Energy Annual ( 1995 ) ; g ) UNEP ( 1985 ) . Table 2 Foods and feed grains supplied per capita ( kg ) per year in the United States , China , and the world . Food / Feed USA 1 China World Food grain 100 387a 171 Vegetables 105 198a 69 Fruit 125 35a 57 Meat & fish 137 62a 45 Dairy products 247 7b 70 Eggs 14 14a 6 Fats & oils 28 5b 11 Sugar & sweeteners 62 7b 19 Total food 818 406b 448 Feed grains 663 70b 166 Grand Total 1481 476b 614 kcal / person / day 3644 2734b 2698 1 . USDA ( 1993 ) . 2 . Agrostat Data Base ( 1992 ) . a . Wan Baorui ( 1996 ) . b . Agrostat Data Base ( 1992 ) Table 3 Fossil and solar energy use in the USA and world ( Quads ) Petroleum 33.71a 141.2 b Natural gas 20.81a 77.6b Coal 19.43a 93.1b Nuclear power 6.52a 23.3b Biomass 6.80a 28.50c Hydroelectric power 3.00d 23.81c Geothermal and wind power 0.30d 0.80c Biofuels ( ethanol ) 3.40d 7.00f Total consumption 93.97 395.31 a DOE , 1995a b International Energy Annual 1995 , DOE / EIA - 219 ( 95 ) c DOE , 1995b d DOE , 1993 ( thermal equivalents for hydropower ) e Pimentel et al . , 1994c f Pimentel and Pimentel , 1996 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We especially want to thank the following specialists for their constructive reviews of an early draft of this manuscript : V . Abernethy , Department of Psychiatry , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine ; A.A. Bartlett , Department of Physics , University of Colorado ; F.P. de Vries , IBSRAM , Jatujak , Thailand ; W . Dodds , Department of Biology , Kansas State University ; K.C. Ewel , USDA Forest Service , Honolulu , HI ; A.R.B. 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Population Summit of The World ' s Scientific Academies . Washington , DC : National Academy of Sciences Press . Nash , L . 1993 . Water quality and health . In Water in Crisis : A Guide to the World ' s Fresh Water Resources , ed . P . Gleick . 25 - 39 . Oxford : Oxford University Press . Nesheim , M.C. 1993 . Human nutrition needs and parasitic infections . In Parasitology : Human Nutrition and Parasitic Infection , ed . D.W.T. Crompton . s7 - s18 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . NGS . 1995 . Water : A Story of Hope . Washington , DC : National Geographic Society . O ' Toole , C . 1993 . Diversity of native bees and agroecosystems . In Hymenoptera and Biodiversity , eds . J . LaSalle and I.D. Gault . Wallingford , Oxon , U.K. : CAB International . OTA . 1982 . Impacts of Technology on U.S. Cropland and Rangeland Productivity . Washington , DC : Office of Technology , U.S. Congress . Parrington , J.R. , W.H. Zoller , and N.K. Aras . 1983 . 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World Health Organization , 13 Nov . 1996 , Pages 1 - 4 , no . 78 . Wilson , E.O. 1988 . Biodiversity . Washington , DC : National Academy of Sciences . Worldwatch Institute . 1992 . State of the World . Washington , DC : Worldwatch Institute . WRI . 1991 . World Resources 1991 - 92 . Washington , DC : World Resources Institute . WRI . 1994 . World Resources 1994 - 95 WRI . 1996 . World Resources 1996 - 97 WRI . 1998 . World Resources 1998 - 99 Youngquist , W . 1997 . Geodestinies : The Inevitable Control of Earth Resources Over Nations and Individuals . Portland , OR : National Book Company . Table of Contents Please send me your comments . | [
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http://dieplicious.com/2013/07/29/how-to-check-clean-cook-mussels/ | HOW TO CHECK , CLEAN & COOK MUSSELS On July 29 , 2013 by Tina Diep Preparing mussels sounds a little bit intimidating , but they are actually really easy to make once you get the hang of it . STORING THE MUSSELS : Mussels are alive , and you want them alive when you cook them . When you get the fresh mussels home , unwrap them from any plastic wrap and put them in bowl in a colder area of the refrigerator covered by a damp ( not wet ) cloth , unless you are planning to prepare them right away . You can alternately place them in a colander with ice instead of a bowl , but keep in mind the colander should allow ice to drain off as it melts , so that the mussels do n ’ t drown . Plan to eat them the same day you get them , and do n ’ t clean and prepare them until you are ready to cook them . TESTING THE MUSSELS : Start out by checking which of the mussels are good ( there are usually some that are bad ) . They should smell fresh and briny like the ocean and beach , but not have a strong fishy smell . Squeeze the open mussels with your fingers or tap the ones that are open against the counter . They should close by themselves , and although some might close slowly , they are still good and alive . If they do not close , throw them out . Discard all mussels that have broken shells or an unpleasant odor , as well as any that feel unusually heavy or light compared to the rest . Aside from that , keep all the mussels that are closed , as they are good to eat . CLEANING THE MUSSELS : It is a common misconception that you should soak the mussels in freshwater for an hour to purge them from any grit , but this will actually kill them , as they ca n ’ t handle the freshwater . If you buy farmed mussels ( such as from Prince Edward Island , or PEI ) , then grit should not be a significant issue . However , if you purchase wild mussels , you should soak them in cold water ( in the refrigerator is fine ) with a generous amount of salt added for not much longer than 20 minutes , to allow the grit to purge out of the mussels . Under cool running water , clean the mussels by scrubbing the shells clean with help of a brush or rub them all at the same time a little hard handed against each other . Trim the “ beard ” ( the stringy portion ) from the side of the shell , or yank it off by tearing towards the small hinge of the shell ( the direction of the tear is important to keep from killing them ) . COOKING THE MUSSELS : In a sauté pan ( on high heat ) big enough to hold all the mussels in one layer , add the mussels and liquid ( check your recipe ) . Cover and steam over medium heat until almost all the mussels have opened . It is very important to not overcook the mussels , as they become dry , pale and shrunken . They need only a few minutes – just enough to open the shells . The bright orange color is a good sign that they are cooked enough . Strain the liquid and set it aside . Put the mussels in a container with a lid to keep them from drying out . Although they are best to eat fresh , you can save the cooked mussels for up to 3 days in the refrigerator if you keep them in the container with the liquid . Remember to let the liquid cool off so they do n ’ t keep cooking in the container . * I have always been told to not eat the mussels that are closed after cooking , and this remains a debated issue . Current research indicates that this is a myth , and that these mussels can be pried open and safely eaten , but some people prefer to discard them anyway . To be on the safe side , if a mussel has a very obvious unusual look , smell , taste , or consistency after cooking , it is best to let that one go . Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available . Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video . Share this : Click to share on Instagram ( Opens in new window ) Like this : Like One blogger likes this . | [
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http://diet.lovetoknow.com/wiki/Atkins_Diet_Food_List | Atkins Diet Food List By Erin Coleman , R.D. , L.D . Registered and Licensed Dietitian Source Want to shed pounds using the Atkins diet and need a food list for each of the four phases ? You may associate this weight loss plan with being very restrictive but might be surprised to find out you can indulge in many of your favorite foods . Just be sure to meet daily carb restrictions during each phase when following the Atkins diet Phase 1 During phase 1 of the Atkins diet , which is the phase where you ' ll shed pounds quickly , be sure to limit carbs to 20 to 25 grams of net carbs daily ( total grams of carbs minus grams of dietary fiber ) . Choose from the following phase 1 food list when following phase 1 : All meats . Avoid processed meats cured with sugar , cold cuts , and meats with added nitrates . All shellfish ( shrimp , lobster , clams , etc . ) Limit oysters and mussels to 4 ounces daily . All fowl / poultry ( chicken , goose , turkey , etc . ) All fish ( cod , halibut , trout , etc . ) Eggs cooked your way ( fried , hard boiled , soft boiled , etc . ) Fat and oils ( butter , olive oil , mayonnaise ) . Avoid mayo with added sugars . Cheese ( cheddar , cream , etc . ) Limit cheeses to 4 ounces per day during phase 1 . Avoid very soft part skim cheese like ricotta and cottage . Pre - made salad dressings with no added sugar . Read labels . Herbs and spices Artificial sweeteners ( sucralose , stevia , etc . ) Low - carb beverages , including : water , coffee , unsweetened tea , club soda , unflavored almond milk , clear broth , etc . Lemon and lime juice ( limit to 3 tablespoons daily ) Cream ( limit to 3 tablespoons per day ) . Non - starchy vegetables ( leafy greens , celery , broccoli , bell peppers , mushrooms ) . Avoid starchy veggies , such as carrots or potatoes . Phase 2 During phase 2 , stick to 25 to 50 grams of net carbs daily . Choose from the following phase 2 food list when picking acceptable foods : All foods from phase 1 Atkins bars and shakes Legumes ( 1 / 4 cup each ) Lemon , lime , or tomato juice . Avoid all others . Berries and melons , such as : strawberries , raspberries , cranberries , blackberries , blueberries , cantaloupe , and honeydew melon ( 1 / 4 cup ) . Avoid watermelon , which is very high in sugar . Nuts , seeds , and nut butters , such as chia , almonds , cashews , peanuts , flaxseed , pecans , and sunflower seeds ( 1 to 2 ounces ) Additional dairy foods , such as : Plain unsweetened Greek yogurt , plain unsweetened whole - milk yogurt , whole milk , ricotta cheese , and cottage cheese Phase 3 In phase 3 of the Atkins diet , you ' re allowed to eat 50 to 80 grams of net carbs each day . Choose from the following phase 3 food list All foods from phase 1 All foods from phase 2 High - fiber grains , such as : quinoa and oatmeal ( 1 / 4 to 1 / 2 cup ) A wider variety of fruits , such as : mangos , peaches , kiwi fruit , apples , cherries , grapes , pears , oranges and bananas ( 1 / 2 to 1 whole fruit serving ) Starchy vegetables , including : carrots , beets , peas , corn , squash , and potatoes ( 1 / 2 cup ) Phase 4 Phase 4 of the Atkins diet allows you to eat 80 to 100 grams of net carbs daily . While you ' re allowed slightly more net carbs than in phase 3 , your phase 4 food list is the same as phase 3 : All foods from phase 2 All foods from phase 3 Enjoy a Variety of Foods While the Atkins diet is generally lower in carbohydrates than traditional diets , you likely wo n ' t feel deprived when following it . That ' s because a variety of nutritious ( and delicious ) food options are available to you , especially during phases 3 and 4 of the Atkins diet . Healthy Diet Plans to Consider Choosing Foods for a Low - Fat Weight Loss Diet | [
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http://dietmastersoftware.com/ | Web & Mobile Nutrition On The Go Our mobile app will do all the work for you BUSINESS EDITION PERSONAL EDITION Private Labeling & Development Services Our mobile branding services will give your company and services a mobile market presence LEARN MORE Meal Plans by Registered Dietitians Browse our meal plan library created by professionals LEARN MORE DietMaster Pro Professional weight loss and nutrition software Private Labeling & Development Services Our mobile branding services will give your company and services a mobile market presence Slide Slide TRUSTED BY Previous Next PERSONAL USE For A Home Health Use On A Desktop Computer LEARN MORE PROFESSIONAL USE For A Professional Use On A Desktop Computer LEARN MORE MEAL PLAN DATABASE Browse Available Meal Plans Designed by RDs Search by Industry No matter if you are a health club owner , personal trainer or medical practitioner , DietMaster Pro will help you transition easily into the nutrition consulting business . DietMaster Pro can produce Registered Dietitian and Physician designed meal plans and grocery lists within minutes . You can also create meal plans from scratch , and track weight control goals while producing individualized nutritional assessments . SEE ALL INDUSTRIES You ’ re in Good Company With over 1.2 million users around the world , DietMaster continues to lead the industry in Nutrition and Meal Planning software . 1.2 Million active users 1995 Business since 1995 91 % Customer Satisfaction 86 % Customer Retention Ready to Get Started ? We offer 2 versions of the Dietmaster program , choose yours today PERSONAL EDITION BUSINESS EDITION | [
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http://diffen.com/difference/island_vs_peninsula | Island vs . Peninsula Diffen English Language Grammar Words Landmasses are categorized depending on their size , and proximity to water bodies . An island is a secluded piece of land surrounded by water on all sides whereas peninsula is a piece of land surrounded by water on only three sides . Comparison chart Island versus Peninsula comparison chart Island Peninsula Water surrounding the landmass On all sides On three sides Size Small or big Significant Types Continental and Oceanic Headland , cape , promontory , bill , point , split Access by Air and water Land , air and water Formation Continental island are formed through a gradual break and movement away from mainland . Oceanic islands have a volcanic or coral origin . Peninsulas are formed through a gradual rise in water level , surrounding land at low elevation . Connected to mainland Not connected By isthmus or stretch of land Single or in groups Often found in groups Single Inhabitation Groups of islands are usually tourist attractions , except oceanic islands that are uninhabited Usually inhabited Contents : Island vs Peninsula 1 Access to an island and peninsula 2 Types of islands and peninsulas 2.1 Types of islands 2.2 Types of peninsulas 3 Formation 3.1 How islands are formed 3.2 How a peninsula is formed 4 World ’ s largest island and peninsula 5 References Access to an island and peninsula Islands can be accessed only via air or water as they are not connected to any land masses . Peninsulas are connected to the mainland by an isthmus and hence can be accessed via land , air and water . Types of islands and peninsulas Channel Island Types of islands Islands are mainly of two types , continental , and oceanic . Continental islands are part of continental masses of land that are surrounded by water on all sides . Oceanic islands are almost always formed due to volcanic activity or due to coral formation . Continental islands are inhabited whereas oceanic islands are not . Types of peninsulas Peninsulas are categorized into headland , cape , promontory , bill , point and split types . Headlands , cape and promontory are peninsulas that are high and steep , and often projecting out towards the water . These are hard rocky structures formed after erosion of the softer part land by the sea or ocean . A point is a tapering piece of land extending into the ocean , and a spilt is a deposition landform and is often a type of beach . Cape Peninsula How islands are formed Continental islands are landmasses that broke off from the mainland a long time ago and drifted out into the sea . Oceanic islands formed due to volcanic eruptions and accumulation of lava above the surface of water , or due to accumulation of coral . How a peninsula is formed Most commonly , peninsulas are formed due to increases rise of water level due to increased temperatures and typically where the land is at a low elevation . Gradual rise in the water level leads the land to be surrounded by water on three sides , and develop into a peninsula . World ’ s largest island and peninsula Though the largest known island is Australia , it is known as a continent island , and Greenland is classified as the largest island . The largest peninsula is the Arabian peninsula . Groups of islands are called archipelagos and the largest known archipelago is Indonesia comprising of 18000 islands . Groups of islands are often favourite tourist destinations due to the moderate temperatures and scenic beauty associated with these landmasses . References http : / / en . wikipedia . org / wiki / List_of_peninsulas http : / / www . answers . com / topic / island http : / / www . answers . com / topic / headland http : / / www . waterencyclopedia . com / Hy - La / Islands - Capes - and - Peninsulas . html Follow Share Cite Authors If you read this far , you should follow us : Comments : Island vs Peninsula | [
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http://differentmedicalcareers.com/how-long-does-it-take-to-become-an-obgyn/ | How Long Does It Take To Become an OB / GYN ? Want to become an OB / GYN ? Lets look at how many years of college education it will take to practice in this career path . You will need an undergraduate degree , which takes 4 years , before you attend medical school , which takes another 4 years , before others can call you doctor . After those eight years of school , you will then need to do a residency or an internship in obstetrics and gynaecology before you can practice it . It takes about 12 years to become an OB / GYN doctor after high school . Lets talk about how to prepare for this career . Prepare to be a doctor 1 . Get the appropriate preparatory undergraduate degree . After high school , enroll in a bachelor ’ s degree . It can be any type of 4 - year undergraduate degree , whether a BS , BA , or an AB , as long as it will have a good measure of science and math courses . In fact , it will be to your advantage to choose a degree that has a high concentration in the sciences , such as a Biology , Physics with laboratory credit units , and Chemistry with laboratory credit units . You will also need to obtain a high GPA from your bachelor ’ s degree because academic performance increases your chances of admission to medical school . 2 . Take the Medical College Admission Test ( MCAT ) . Prepare and perform well in the MCAT . This is another thing that the admission committee will look into when evaluating your application for medical school . The MCAT will include biology , chemistry , and physics ; and reading and writing . 3 . Complete Medical School . Assuming that you have shown exemplary GPA and MCAT , remarkable extracurricular activities and volunteer work , convincing essay and interview , you will get accepted to medical school in a breeze . Completing medical school , though , is quite another matter . It will be 4 arduous years of combined didactic learning and clinical instructions . Had you made up your mind earlier about pursuing Ob - Gyn as a specialty during residency , you must do particularly well in your Ob - Gyn clinical rotations during the third year in med school . During internship , it will also help you later if you will choose sub - internship in Obstetrics - Gynecology . 4 . Take the US Medical Licensure Exam ( USMLE ) . The USMLE is a tri - step licensure exam . It is being handled jointly by the Federation of State Medical Boards ( FSMB ) and the National Board of Medical Examiners ( NBME ) . US students enrolled in accredited schools qualify to take the first 2 steps of the licensure at certain points in med school . Upon completion of the medical program and the 2 steps , they qualify to take the third step . Results of the USMLE will be required when you apply for licensing from the State Medical Board where you intend to practice . 5 . Complete the internship and residency training . In the past , internship usually was the terminal phase of medical school . Recently , however , most programs place internship in the first year of residency . To become an OB - GYN , a medical degree graduate must devote another set of 4 years for the residency training program . Courses will focus on gynecology , obstetrics , and gynecological surgery . As a resident doctor in training , you will be paid a modest salary and will work under the supervision of senior Ob - Gyn physicians . 6 . Obtain your license and certification . If you have earlier taken and passed the 3 - step USMLE , obtain a license from the State Medical Board where you intend to practice . If you have not earlier completed the exam , it ’ s not too late to complete it now . However , there are required gaps between each step so you would be wise to take the preliminary steps ahead of time . The license gives the Ob - Gyn doctor the authority to practice the profession legally . Most Ob - Gyn doctors also secure board certification from the American Board of Obstetrics and Gynecology . There will be a board certification exam that must be successfully passed . Certifications and credentials are considered as the standards for the practitioner ’ s accountability , professionalism , and proficiency in the specialty area . Opportunities for furthering your career You may pursue a fellowship to sub - specialize in gynecological oncology which involves surgery and treatment of female patients suffering from cancers of the reproductive organ . This advanced field will take another 3 years of training . Advanced positions will open opportunities for higher salary brackets , more rewarding private practice , or positions of greater responsibility in medical institutions . Later in the career , an Ob - Gyn with post - training in a sub - specialty area may want more control of their hours and number of patients , i.e. fewer on - calls , focus on gynecology or oncology cases , and less cases of obstetrics . Skills and personal qualities you need to develop Medical schools and training institutions will develop your technical and medical skills . But it is how well you know yourself and how you make the effort of improving your personality that will help you cope with the demands of the job . You will need to know how to manage stress . More often than not , you will have two lives in your hands – the life of a mother and that of her child . That alone is stressful , and knowing how to deal with it is a requirement . Develop people - skills . A patient returns to an Ob - Gyn doctor because of the trust that the doctor inspires and the reliability that the doctor exudes . Salaries and job outlook The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the average annual salary of OBGYN physicians in May 2012 was $ 216,760 . Resident doctors in training , however , are paid less than a fourth of that annual average . The projected increase in the number of jobs in 2020 is high at a growth rate of 24 % . The average growth for all occupations is only 14 % , so there clearly is a strong demand for doctors , in general , in the years ahead . Are you up to it ? You will have to be sure with yourself , if you eventually decide to follow this career path . Are you up to the challenges and seemingly interminable period for education and training ? After high school , the total number of years is 12 years of continuous education and training . The period to prepare , review , and complete the requirements for SAT , MCAT , USMLE , licensing and certification was not yet included in the total . For pursuing a sub - specialty area , add 3 to 4 years of training . I hope this has answered your question , how long does it take to become an OB / GYN ? articles | [
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http://differentmedicalcareers.com/three-types-of-bone-cells-osteoblasts-osteoclasts-and-osteocytes-in-bone-remodeling/ | Three Types of Bone Cells : Osteoblasts , Osteoclasts , and Osteocytes in Bone Remodeling There are three types of bone cells in bone marrow . Unless you have a fracture or a disease like osteoporosis , your physician may never talk about osteoblasts , osteoclasts , and osteocytes . And thats OK . But if you are a anatomy and physiology student , youll need to understand the histology of these human bone cells and what they are used for in the body . All are skeletal cells used in bone remodeling , but each has a similar but different role in the human skeleton . Well look at the differentiation of these 3 types of bone cells , along with process of bone growth and remodeling in this article . Bony remodeling Many people think bones are lifeless . Thats far from the truth . Bones are living , dynamic organs that serve many functions . Functions include support , protection , aid in movement , being a reservoir for minerals such as calcium and phosphate , for hematopoiesis , and fat storage . They alter their composition through bony remodeling , which helps them maintain functions . Mostly , though , bone remodeling takes place because of mechanical stress on the bones and through hormonal controls that maintain calcium levels in the blood . The mechanical stress of running or even just walking and supporting our own weight creates microscopic damage to the bone . If these microscopic damages are not repaired , its possible the damage could become larger , eventually causing a broken bone under minimal mechanical stress . Hormonal control of bone remodeling is done mainly by the parathyroid glands , which produces parathyroid hormone . This stimulates osteoclasts , which well discuss below , to begin their work as bone resorbing cells , sending calcium into the bloodstream . Eventually , the blood - calcium level gets too high and triggers the PTH to stop . This will then cause blood - calcium levels to fall and trigger the process of bone remodeling again . What is the meaning of osteoclasts and osteoblasts ? Before we discuss osteoclasts vs osteoblasts , lets break down some medical terminology about these two terms . The root combining form for both words is oste / o , which means bone . ( You may also see oss / i or osse / o all of which mean bone . ) Bone is a connective tissue , composed of a solid extracellular matrix and cells , including osteoclasts and osteoblasts The suffixes of our two words are different , though . Blasts means embryonic a condition related to an early stage of development . Clasts means breaking down . As youll see , this does provide insight into the differences . Osteoblast functions An osteoblast is a cell that is generating new bone matrix i.e. , a bone forming cell . It does this by creating the organic component in bone , namely collagen . As osteoblasts move along the bone matrix , they get stuck in the tissue and turn into osteocyctes . This creates new bone growth and repair . It also strengthens your bones so they can handle the mechanical stress you put on them . For example : Running is a weight bearing activity and it requires your body to engage in osteoblastic activity and bulk up the bones so they dont become injured . Compare running with cycling . Cycling is not a weight bearing activity , which means osteoblastic activity is not needed . The extra bulk would create a thicker bone and increase mechanical stress on the body , making it inefficient and unneeded . The adage form follows function is apt if you consider that a bone grows or remodels itself based on the demands put on it , according to Wolffs law . Osteoclast functions An osteoclast is a multinucleated cell , derived from cells in bone marrow , that breaks down bone matrix . Osteoclasts function by moving along a bone surface , channeling grooves with lysosomeal enzymes , breaking down the bone matrix . This creates a liquid calcium that is recycled back into the blood . Now the next time you get a broken bone youll be able to talk with your doctor about the three different types of bone cells . articles | [
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http://diffuser.fm/rem-its-the-end-of-the-world-as-we-know-it/ | Dreams Politics and TV Converge for REM on Its the End of the World as We Know It The Story Behind Every Document Song Bryan Wawzenek August 26 2017 54901 AM PDT Its the End of the World as We Know It And I Feel Fine might be great but it didnt start with an earthquake birds and snakes or an aeroplane The genesis of a song best suited for the book of Revelation was a party that the members of REM attended just as the band was forming in 1980 Peter Buck and Michael Stipe took a trip to New York City and ended up at an aftershow party attended by rock writer Lester Bangs I had read all of Lester Bangss stuff in Creem and thought he was the greatest thing in the world Buck recalled in the 90s Now here we were at this party filling up on birthday cake and jelly beans Lester was standing there and every time someone walked by it was like a mantra hed have something to say to them He called me a rotten csucker I was like Thats Lester Bangs Thats so cool Meanwhile the man who was soon to become REMs singer was so hungry he chowed down on the only food available at the shindig birthday cake and jelly beans The event stuck in Stipes subconscious and would later become a particularly memorable dream Theres a part in Its the End of the World as We Know It that came from a dream where I was at Lester Bangss birthday party and I was the only person there whose initials werent LB Stipe told Q magazine in 1992 So there was Lenny Bruce Leonid Brezhnev Leonard Bernstein So that ended up in the song along with a lot of stuff Id seen when I was flipping TV channels Its a collection of streams of consciousness Its an approach that REMs primary lyricist partially inspired by Bob Dylan s Subterranean Homesick Blues had played with before specifically with the song PSA that was left unfinished during the sessions for 1986s Lifes Rich Pageant In 2003 that song was completed and released as Bad Day which drew some negative reactions for its similarity to Its the End of the World as We Know It despite its role in that songs creation OK so a weird party a weirder dream an aborted song and Bob Dylan were all part of the whirlwind of components to REMs apocalyptic ditty as well as the musical template that guitarist Buck bassist Mike Mills and drummer Bill Berry had concocted By the time the band was working on its fifth LP a working order had been established First Berry Buck and Mills would come up with instrumental ideas for new song possibilities then Stipe would do his part in assigning words to the sounds that he gravitated towards I wrote the words to End of the World as I sung it the singer told Melody Maker in 1987 When they showed me that song in the studio I just said Its the end of the world as we know it and I feel fine I wanted it to be the most bombastic vocal that I could possibly muster Something that would completely overwhelm you and drip off your shoulders and stick in your hair like bubblegum The story goes that the other guys headed off to grab some dinner while Stipe furiously completed the songs lyrics He would admit that the rapidfire assemblage of names calamities and allusions was inspired by his attraction and revulsion to television which he described as horrifying More than one observer would note that listening to this explosion of apparent non sequiturs was like flipping through the channels at light speed In flipping through those channels in his brain Stipe inevitably ended up making quickhit references to the news of the day from environmental concerns Slash and burn and the Cold War A tournament of lies to IranContra A government for hire and TV evangelists Tell me with the Rapture and the reverend in the right right much of it given the patina of death destruction and the end of days The frontmans balance between attraction and revulsion to television would take root in the iconic title as well as chorus of the song Its the end of the world as we know it shows recognition that the world isnt in great shape while And I feel fine displays an insouciance perhaps aided by the distractions of TV Another layer was added after the boys returned from dinner to find the song nearly complete When REM recorded the song Mills sang in his sighing backing vocal Time I had some time alone reflecting the opinion of an observer who doesnt want to engage with the big issues but escape from them The instrumental side of things enforced this overload of images and feelings a virtual windup toy powered by Berrys Gatling gun drum intro Millss acrobatic bass and Bucks weaving together of jangle distortion and feedback When the song was completed the REM guitarist remained uncertain that it should make the cut for the new album But Buck was the lone holdout and he bowed to his three bandmates wishes to include the song on Document As the records release approached he remained conflicted on the issue Its the End of the World as We Know It is either my favorite song on the record or my least favorite Buck told Rolling Stone Im still deciding Bucks opinion be damned REM put out the track as the second single from the album on Nov 16 1987 a couple of months after Document hit store shelves It didnt prove as massive a success as lead single The One I Love which entered the Billboard Top 10 although it rose to No 69 outperforming every REM single to date except for The One I Love A video directed by longtime collaborator Jim Herbert went into frequent rotation on MTV Long after Its the End of the World as We Know It came and went from the American charts it remained popular A 1991 British rerelease sent the song to No 39 in the UK and the song began earning a greater and greater presence on modern pop and rock radio Surging along with REMs overall popularity and the string of successes that continued with Green Out of Time Automatic for the People and Monster the song turned into a pop culture staple joked about in Tommy Boy in 1995 and parodied by Stephen Colbert with some help from Stipe in 2016 Politicians including Ted Cruz and Donald Trump apparently unaware of many of the songs implications chose to play Its the End of the World as We Know It at campaign rallies and were promptly sent cease and desist demands Cover versions of the song have been done by artists as disparate as Bon Jovi 311 Vic Chesnutt No Doubt and Little Big Town And until REM disbanded in 2011 Its the End of the World as We Know It was a nearbankable inclusion in the bands concerts It remains in the Top 5 of the groups mostperformed songs having long taken root as the closer to REMs live set or encore It makes sense after spitting out all those lyrics Stipe probably needed a break REM Albums Ranked in Order of Awesomeness best least Around the Sun 1 of 15 Share This Photo Warner Brothers 15 Around the Sun 2004 best least Around the Sun Choosing REMs best album has prompted more than a couple thousand drunken arguments during the past three decades but naming their least best has been a tad easier during this last decade at least After drummer Bill Berry left the band in 1997 the remaining three members struggled to find their musical footing in the 21st century and its no more apparent than on Around the Sun an album so overthought and underwhelming that its difficult for many longtime fans to even acknowledge The slow songs feel tired and the rockers feel contrived The only real connection to REMs signature sound is Stipes voice 1 of 15 Warner Brothers Next REM Cover Wire on Strange Filed Under Document REM Categories Anniversaries Longform Comments Leave A Comment | [
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http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/pancreas/pancreas.html | Advertisement Tweet Digestive System Home > Pancreas Pancreas The pancreas is a gland that is situated between the stomach and the spine and is surrounded by the liver , the intestine , and other organs . It is about 6 inches long and is shaped like a pear turned on its side . It is used by the body to make insulin , other hormones , and pancreatic juices . The pancreatic juices contain enzymes that help digest food . What Is the Pancreas ? The pancreas is a gland that is located deep in the abdomen between the stomach and the spine ( backbone ) and is surrounded by the liver , the intestine , and other organs . The pancreas is about 6 inches long and is shaped like a flat pear . The widest part of the pancreas is called the head , the middle section of the pancreas is referred to as the body , and the thinnest part of the pancreas is known as the tail . What Role Does the Pancreas Play in the Body ? The role of the pancreas is to make insulin , other hormones , and pancreatic juices . The hormones enter the bloodstream , travel throughout the body , and help the body use or store the energy that comes from food . The pancreatic juices contain enzymes that help digest food . The pancreas releases the juices into a system of ducts that leads to the common bile duct . The common bile duct empties into the duodenum , which is the first section of the small intestine . eMedTV ' s free HealthSavvy service can help you stay up - to - date on this topic . Sign up for HealthSavvy now . | [
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http://digestive-system.emedtv.com/ranitidine/what-is-ranitidine-used-for.html | What Is Ranitidine Used For ? Ranitidine Uses : An Overview Ranitidine hydrochloride ( Zantac ® ) is a medication that is available both as a prescription medication and an over - the - counter drug . It is used to treat conditions related to the esophagus , stomach , and intestines . Specific ranitidine uses include treatment or prevention of the following conditions : Duodenal ulcers Gastric ulcers ( stomach ulcers ) Gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD Erosive esophagitis Pathological hypersecretory conditions ( in which too much stomach acid is produced ) , such as Zollinger - Ellison syndrome and systemic mastocytosis . Over - the - counter ranitidine is approved for the following conditions in people 12 years and older : Heartburn Acid indigestion Sour stomach . Ranitidine for Ulcers Ulcers can occur in several places in the digestive tract . One common place for an ulcer is in the duodenum ( the upper part of the intestine just after the stomach ) . This type of ulcer is called a duodenal ulcer . Another common location for an ulcer is the stomach . This is called a stomach ulcer or gastric ulcer . " Peptic ulcer " is a term that refers to both duodenal ulcers and stomach ulcers . There are many possible causes of ulcers , including medications , infections , and diseases . Nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs ( NSAIDs ) such as aspirin and ibuprofen are a common cause of stomach ulcers . The bacteria Helicobacter pylori ( or H . pylori ) can also cause ulcers . Certain conditions that cause increased stomach acid production may also cause ulcers . Common ulcer symptoms include heartburn symptoms or stomach pain ( especially at night ) and loss of appetite . Bleeding ulcer symptoms often include dizziness , vomiting blood , and blood in the stool ( seen as dark - colored stools ) . Some people with an ulcer may not experience any symptoms . Ranitidine is approved for use for both duodenal ulcers and stomach ulcers . It is approved to help heal the ulcers and can also help to prevent ulcers from returning once they have healed . | [
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http://digestivehealthguide.com/probiotic-drink/ | How To Make Your Own Probiotic Drink Learn to make your own probiotic drinks - 2 recipes - one dairy and one non diary for those lactose intolerant . Simple , frugal way to boost your good bacteria . Making your own probiotic drink supplies is a fun and frugal way to save money . I know many people like you want to make your own , but are not sure how to go about it . Well , I am about to give you a few examples and they are not as hard as you might think . I ’ m going to show you how to make two types of probiotic drinks one dairy and the other non dairy . Lets start off with the a probiotic dairy drink : This is a simple probiotic milk drink that contains Yakult . However , making it this way can provide you up to 1 weeks supply : What you need ; thermos flask funnel one litre of milk one yakult bottle – or probiotic dairy drink of your choice white sugar ( not compulsory ) Step One : Make sure that you sterilize everything , especially the flask and funnel . Step Two : Place the milk in a pan and heat it until you see the steam rising – this will kill off any bacterial organisms in the milk . Step Three : Take your funnel and carefully pour the heated milk into your thermos flask and leave the milk to cool down . Step Four : Let the milk cool until it is warm . If it is too hot the heat will kill the beneficial bacteria contained within the yakult . If the temperature is too cold the fermentation process will not take place . Pour the bottle of yakult into the warm milk . When this happens the live probiotic cultures contained within the Yakult will begin to ferment the whole milk . The actual probiotic strain used in Yakult is Lactobacillus casei Shirota , which is named after the Dr Shirota , the man who cultivated this particular strain . Step Five : Finally , pour the fermented milk mixture into a glass container , seal the top and place in the fridge . If you like your homemade probiotic drink a little sweeter you can add sugar if you want . And there you have it – your very own homemade probiotic drink . Although , yakult is used in this recipe you can use any other brand of probiotic drink . If you have a lactose intolerance , then a non - diary probiotic drink may be a better option for you . In the example above you may want to consider replacing dairy milk with soy milk . How To Make Kefir Based Coconut Water There are many varieties you can make and one of my absolute favorites is kefir based coconut water . Kefir grains are commonly added and fermented with cow or goats milk , however you can add the kefir grains to coconut water for a tasty healthy non dairy probiotic juice . This is very easy to make and the ingredients you need are as follows ; fresh coconut water kefir grains glass jar with lid All you have to do is pour the coconut water into the glass jar and then add the kefir grains . Put the cap back on the glass jar and store it in a dark warm place for about 24 hours . After that you can sip away . To sweeten you can add sugar or organic honey . You can also use the meat of the coconut to create your own non dairy probiotic yogurt . Simply place the coconut flesh and a half a cup of water into your blender and put the mixture into a container . Wrap the kefir grains in either muslin or cheese cloth and place in the middle of the yogurt mix . Cover the lid and let it ferment for 24 to 48 hours and your done . You can buy the kefir grains from any health food shop or online health store . Make Sure Your Probiotics Are Getting Through A key problem with probiotics is they are not self supporting . This means they are easily destroyed when they enter the highly acidic environment of your stomach . For this reason you should eat foods that are rich in prebiotics – as they feed and strengthen the probiotics and your friendly gut flora . Prebiotic rich foods are bananas , artichokes , raw onions , unrefined oats and asparagus . However , one of the riches sources is the kiwifruit . Its skin is especially rich in prebiotics and bioactive ’ s such as phenolic compounds . Phenolic compounds work with the prebiotics to rebalance the acidity levels within your intestinal tract and colon . This helps to alkaline your digestive system and create the optimal environment for the probiotics to thrive . They also help to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria and support your immune system . Although , the flesh of the kiwifruit contains prebiotics , its richest source , including phenolics , are contained within the skin , which unfortunately is inedible . You would have to eat a lot of kiwifruit to obtain the prebiotic nutrients you need . Fortunately , MaxaLife have a created MX Kiwi Biotic – a 100 % natural prebiotic supplement made solely from kiwifruit – including the all important skin . This means you receive the prebiotic and phenolic equivalent of 3 kiwifruit ( including the skin ) in one easy to swallow capsule . To learn more about the clinically proven benefits of MX Kiwi Biotic and how it can boost you digestive health with just one capsule per day – simply click here References : http : / / www . redditmedia . com / ads / r / Frugal / | [
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http://digg.com/2015/whats-going-on-with-the-stock-market-economy | Flickr : Dick Thomas Johnson STILL GOIN ' UP , ON A WEDNESDAY Wait — What ' s Going On With The Stock Market ? Dan Fallon Aug 24 2015 , 9 : 54 AM 61 diggs Save Share Tweet Update 8 / 26 : US stocks had their best day in four years 1 on Wednesday , while the Chinese market continued to slump Update 8 / 25 : On Tuesday , Chinese stocks crashed again , the second day in a row and the largest drop in nearly two decades , due to investor anxiety over the Chinese government abandoning market control measures . Early indications show that US and European markets are turning things around L ast Friday saw massive drops in world markets , with a 530 - point drop in the Dow Jones Industrial Average , and stocks continued to plummet Monday , including a brief 1000 - point drop in the Dow . So what ' s going on ? Should we all be freaking out ? The Perfect Monday Morning Monday Morning Was Crazy Such was the drama at the open of trading in the American equity market Monday , when waves of global selling battered stocks with almost unprecedented force . At its worst , about $ 1.2 trillion of market value had been erased from U.S. shares before prices leveled off and the Dow Jones Industrial Average rebounded almost 1,000 points . At one point the Standard & Poor ’ s 500 Index came within 34 points of setting off a marketwide circuit breaker that would ’ ve shut down trading for 15 minutes to restore order . Bloomberg We ' re Okay ? The Market Stabilized , But Still Dropped Significantly It ’ s all over on Wall Street after a day in which stocks plunged , rallied , hovered , and then took a late dive deeper into the red . The Dow Jones has ended the day down 588 points , or 3.5 % , at 15,871 . The Guardian What Goes Up . . . The Markets Are In ' Correction ' — What Does That Mean ? A correction is a decline or downward movement of a stock , or a bond , or a commodity or market index . The amount of the decline is at least 10 percent and a true correction exceeds that amount . In short , corrections are price declines that stop an upward trend . . . Stocks , bonds , commodities , and everything else traded on the markets never move in a straight line , either up or down . At some point their value will change — for better or worse . CNBC Way To Go , Guys Blame China ( ' s Economy ) Stocks fell sharply Monday in Europe and Asia amid a massive decline in China , where the benchmark Shanghai composite index erased its gains for the year . Monday ’ s decline follows last week ’ s selloff in stocks amid growing concerns about the health of the world ’ s second - biggest economy . The Atlantic Big Trouble In China So What ' s Wrong With China ? Between June 2014 and June 2015 , China ' s Shanghai Composite index rose by 150 percent . A big reason for the stock market rally was that a lot of ordinary Chinese people began investing in the stock market for the first time . . . Earlier this year , the authorities became concerned that the stock market ' s rise had become unsustainable . So they began to tighten limits on debt - financed stock market speculation . The stock market peaked in June and then began to fall quickly . Vox Share The Blame But It ' s Not Only China ' s Fault The selling is being attributed to any number of things , including China ' s slowdown , renewed uncertainty in Greece and the rest of the eurozone , the stronger dollar , the prospect of higher interest rates , stretched stock valuations , and the list goes on . Business Insider It ' s All Happening Europe Is Also Taking A Big Hit European stocks are heading for their worst plunge since 2009 , with Germany ’ s benchmark gauge set to enter a bear market . Bloomberg Take Stock Of the Situation But Do n ' t Worry Too Much — Unless You ' re About To Retire Anybody under the age of about 55 or so should want stocks to be low , not high . . . The best time for stocks to rise is right as you ’ re retiring . The worst time for stocks to rise is early on , when you ’ re buying them up and when they no longer have as much room to appreciate in value . So , do n ’ t think of this as a stock - market crash . Think of it as stocks going on sale . Fusion IPOH - NO Or You ' re A Company That Recently Went Public Wall Street ’ s rookies are getting a rough lesson in the potential volatility of the stock market . Some of the biggest initial public offerings of recent vintage are suffering even more than the overall market in the rout of the past week , with more than half of 2015 IPOs trading below their debut prices , according to Renaissance Capital . MarketWatch Actually , They ' ll Be Just Fine Or If You ' re A Billionaire When you have tens of billions , what ' s a few billion lost ? Forbes Forbes Trust In The Fundamentals Do n ' t Worry — The Economy Is Still Okay , Even If Stocks Are n ' t Judging only by the stock market of the past few days , you ' d think we were heading right into a repeat of the financial crisis from 2008 and 2009 . The losses are brutal , but there ' s a key difference between now and then : The economy is a lot more solid . CNN Money 1 \ _ ( ツ ) _ / ↩ Dan Fallon is Digg ' s Editor in Chief . What is this ? Hey , we ' re Digg . We collect the best and most interesting stories and videos on the internet in one place . Keep scrolling Tech nology Long Reads Science Donald Trump News Entertainment Digg Features Originals KURT WAS RIGHT , BUT WE ' LL STILL LISTEN The 50 Greatest Grunge Albums 6 diggs Rolling Stone Music Twenty - five years ago , Kurt Cobain predicted that grunge would become corny . " Grunge is as potent a term as new wave , " he told Rolling Stone . " You ca n ' t get out of it . It ' s going to be passé . " 6 PAINTED BLACK How A Small - Town Navy Vet Created Rock ' s Most Iconic Surrealist Posters 2 diggs Collectors Weekly Long Reads " By San Francisco standards , Singer was kind of a square . " 2 WHEN YOUR JOKE KILLS Watch The First Full Episode Of Jordan Peele ' s ' The Twilight Zone ' For Free TV Kumail Nanjiani plays a comedian who makes a Faustian bargain for the sake of fame . DIGG PICKS These Earbuds Are So Waterproof You Can Swim Laps With Them 9 xfyro . com Digg Pick Xfyro has made the first - ever fully waterproof wireless earbuds . They ' re comfortable , secure , and magnetically connect to the battery case so you can enjoy a total listening time of 20 - 30 hours before having to recharge your case . 9 A VERY CHRISTINA TOSI MOVE This Mom ' s April Fools ' Prank Is Beautiful In Its Simplicity digg Kids He will never cry again about spilled milk . NO COUNTRY FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION A Modest Proposal To Eliminate 11,000 Urban Parking Spots digg citylab . com Cities Amsterdam plans to systematically strip its center of parking spaces in the coming years , making way for bike lanes , sidewalks and more trees . CASH IN ONE ' S PHONE CHIPS How The Big Five Tech Companies Make Their Money , Visualized 5 Data Viz Together , Apple , Amazon , Facebook , Alphabet and Microsoft raked in $ 800 billion in revenues last year , but their revenue sources are surprisingly different . 5 DIRECTED BY JIM JARMUSCH Local Cops Bill Murray And Adam Driver Fight Zombies In The Hilarious Trailer For ' The Dead Do n ' t Die ' 8 Trailers Also starring Tilda Swinton , Chloë Sevigny , Steve Buscemi and Selena Gomez . " The Dead Do n ' t Die " will be released in theaters on June 14 . 8 THE MOUSE HAS THEM NOW How 20th Century Fox Shaped Hollywood The Atlantic Movies The studio now belongs to Disney . But for decades , it took big risks that paid off for cinema , making films such as " Cleopatra , " " Alien " and " Avatar . " COOL COOL COOL Three Small Stickers In Intersections Can Cause Tesla Autopilot To Swerve Into Wrong Lane IEEE Spectrum Security researchers from Tencent have demonstrated a way to use physical attacks to spoof Tesla ' s autopilot . EXTRA ! EXTRA ! An Actor Cut Together A Compilation Of His Work As A Background Extra , And It ' s Freakin ' Hilarious 21 Vimeo Entertainment It ' s hard out there for a working actor — but this guy has made the very best of it . ICE VIEW Tourists Run For Safety When Glacier Unexpectedly Calves Nature Tourists at the Breiðamerkurjökull glacier in Iceland had to sprint for cover after the glacier calved , sending a wave of icy water towards them . DARKNESS FALLS What Was The Washington Post Afraid Of ? New York Magazine Long Reads About to publish an investigation of a powerful executive ' s alleged sexual misconduct , the newspaper pulled back . Irin Carmon tries to understand why . | [
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http://digg.com/video/mason-ramsey-famous | FAMOUS The Walmart Yodeling Kid Has Dropped His First Single And Well Here It Is 19 diggs Music We have a lot of feelings about this but were going to keep them to ourselves because good on this kid for capitalizing on the moment and pursuing his passions Mason Ramsey Recommended What is this Hey were Digg We collect the best and most interesting stories and videos on the internet in one place Keep scrolling Tech nology Long Reads Science Donald Trump News Entertainment Digg Features Originals | [
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http://digimon.wikia.com/wiki/Babamon | in Digimon species Mega Digimon Ancient Digimon Babamon Babamon ババモン Level Mega Type Ancient Attribute Vaccine Family Unknown Virus Busters Voice actors Ja Shizuka Okohira Tamers En Dorothy EliasFahn Tamers Michelle Ruff Fusion Variations Gallery Babamon is an Ancient Digimon An Ancient Digimon that has the appearance of an old woman According to rumor it is whispered that a Rosemon was placed under a spell and turned into this form Attacks Empress Haze Fires a stream of flame from its mouth Dark Broom Tri Banish Contents show Design Babamon looks like a short old woman with grey hair styled in a Japanese bun It always wears an old robe with a Tifaret around its neck and carries around a broom Etymologies Babamon ババモン Official romanization given by the Digimon Reference Book and used in the franchise Ja Baba 婆 lit Old woman Fiction Digimon Tamers Main article Babamon Tamers Digimon Frontier Some Babamon are at the Fortuneteller Village A Hunka Hunka BurningGreymon and the Autumn Leaf Fair during both the DigiDestined s visits Bizarre Bazaar All Aboard The Tag Team Express Digimon Fusion Main article Babamon Fusion Digimon Xros Wars manga A Babamon is an inhabitant of Green Zone Xros Heart Our King Digimon Digital Card Battle Babamon is the Arena Master of Beginner City She uses a Tricolor Deck and is considerably easy to beat with the players starting deck She disappears after A is defeated though it is possible she is the Rosemon who appears in Beginner City at this point Digimon Adventure VTamer 01 Babamon is the shaman of a village that was being attacked by Metamormon She summoned Taichi Yagami Zeromaru and Takuya Kanbara from their respective Digital Worlds to hers so that they could defeat the monster Frontier Generation Digimon World 3 Babamon is only available as a Blue Mega Card with 3530 Digimon World DS Babamon digivolves from Piximon Babamon is also a boss in Ancient Canyon along with Jijimon but the two are also NPCs in a quest Digimon World Dawn and Dusk Babamon is 341 and is a Megalevel Technicalclass Holyspecies Digimon with a resistance to the Light element and weakness to the Dark element Its basic stats are 291 HP 351 MP 146 Attack 137 Defense 144 Spirit 119 Speed and 67 Aptitude It possesses the Heroic Guard Heroic Heart Healthy Body and Dodge Dance traits It dwells in the mountain area of Transfield Babamon digivolves from Monzaemon In order to digivolve to Babamon your Digimon must be at least level 48 with 8000 Beast experience and 220 spirit Babamon can also DNA digivolve from any two of Piximon Lilamon and Vademon if the base Digimon is at least level 52 with 16000 Beast experience and 320 attack Babamon can DNA digivolve to Rosemon Burst Mode with Rosemon Digimon Story Lost Evolution Babamon is 233 and is a Megalevel Tankclass Holyspecies Digimon with a resistance to the Holy and Earth elements and a weakness to the Dark element It possesses the Poison Barrier 7 Lucky Gods Master of Saving and Healing Wave traits and has the special skill Dive It dwells in the Wizard Temple Babamon digivolves from Monzaemon and Lilamon In order to digivolve into Babamon your Digimon must be at least level 38 with 180 attack 5 aptitude and a level cap of 60 It can be hatched from the Beauty DigiEgg Digimon Battle Babamon is a NPC for item mix and upgrade that can be found in MudFrigimon Village and Babamon Village Notes and references Digimon Encyclopedia Digimon Tamers Cast List Digimon Reference Book Babamon Tifaret is an optional spelling of Tiferet the 6th Sephirot which is often associated with spirituality beauty and miracles Categories Digimon species Mega Digimon Ancient Digimon Vaccine Digimon Unknown Digimon Virus Busters Digimon Translations to be checked | [
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http://digital-desert.com/death-valley-plants/cactus.html | Share this page on FACEBOOK Death Valley National Park Plants Cactus in Death Valley The Mojave Desert is rich with cacti and succulent species , yet in Death Valley National Park they are scarce due to the extremes of heat , dryness and soil salinity . Even so , cactus grow from an elevation of 400 feet above sea level to the summits of the surrounding mountains . The cactus species most commonly seen are cottontop barrel , silver cholla , and beavertail cactus . Engelmann hedgehog cactus are locally abundant above 3000 feet elevation . Grizzly bear pricklypear is the most common species in the pinyon - juniper woodlands . Joshua trees - - the indicator species of the Mojave Desert - - are found in only a few locations here . The Lee Flat area contains the finest stand in the park . In contrast to other succulent species , pickleweed is very salt - tolerant and can be found in marshy areas below sea level . Barrel Cactus California Barrel Cactus Ferocactus cylindraceus var . lecontei Cottontop Barrel Cactus Echinocactus polycephalus Mojave Pineapple Cactus Sclerocactus johnsonii Mojave Fishhook Cactus Sclerocactus polyancistrus Hedgehog Cactus Engelmann Hedgehog Cactus Echinocereus engelmannii Mojave Mound Cactus Echinocereus triglochidiatus var . mojavensis Pincushion Cactus Desert Spinystar Escobaria vivipara var . deserti Corkseed Fishhook Cactus Mammillaria tetrancistra Pricklypear Cactus Beavertail Cactus Opuntia basilaris Old Man Pricklypear Opuntia erinacea var . erinacea Grizzly Bear Pricklypear Opuntia erinacea var . ursina Mojave Pricklypear Opuntia mojavensis Brown - spined Pricklypear Opuntia phaeacantha var . major Plains Pricklypear Opuntia polycantha var . rufispina Cholla Cactus Silver Cholla Opuntia echinocarpa Pencil Cholla Opuntia ramosissima Yuccas Joshua Tree Yucca brevifolia Mojave Yucca Yucca schidigera Other Succulents Pickleweed Allenrolfea occidentalis Dead Man ’ s Fingers ( annual ) Calandrinia ambigua Western Spring Beauty Claytonia lanceolata Panamint Live - forever Dudleya saxosa ssp . saxosa Bitterroot Lewisia rediviva Inkweed Suaeda moquinii Source - National Park Service | [
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http://digital-desert.com/wildlife/raptors/03.html | Share this page on FACEBOOK Raptors Scientific Classification of Raptors There seems to be constant change in the taxonomy of birds based on new scientific information . The following classification is based on The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ornithology and may not completely match the classification found in a specific field guide . The descriptions are general down to the Family level . Class - Aves Subclass - Neornithes Order - Falconiformes - ( Hawk - like birds ) Family - Sagittariidae Family - Pandionidae Family - Cathartidae Family - Falconidae Family - Accipitridae Order - Strigiformes - ( Owls ) Family - Tytonidae Family - Strigidae Class - Aves 1 . The scientific class Aves includes all birds . 2 . Birds have feathers , wings , beaks , and scales on their legs and feet . They ' re also warm - blooded , breathe air , and lay eggs . Subclass - Neornithes This subclass includes all species of modern birds . - Falconiformes - Hawk - like birds 1 . Falconiformes have the characteristic hooked beak with sharp edges ; fleshy ceres ( soft skin ) at the base of the beaks ; sharp , curved talons ; keen vision ; and are carnivorous ( animal - eaters ) . 2 . Falconiformes are commonly called birds of prey or raptors . They are called diurnal raptors because they hunt during the day . Owls ( Order Strigiformes ) are also birds of prey , but are nocturnal ( hunt at night ) . Family - There are five families in the Order Falconiformes . Sagittariidae - There is only one species in this family , the secretary bird ( Sagittarius serpentarius ) . Though classified as a Falconiformes , it has many crane - like physical qualities , such as long legs and short , blunt toes . The secretary bird lives in the savannas of sub - Saharan Africa . Pandionidae - There is also only one species in this family , the osprey ( Pandion haliaetus ) . This fish - eating species can be found near coasts , lakes and rivers worldwide . It has a unique foot structure . The outer front toe can swing to face backward with the hind toe , an adaptation for grasping their prey . Cathartidae - New World vultures . There are 7 species in the family and they are found in open country and forests from southern Canada to southernmost South America . Like Old World vultures , they ' re primarily carrion eaters and have more or less unfeathered heads . Unlike Old World vultures , they do n ' t have a syrinx ( voice box ) , do n ' t build nests , and their septum ( the structure that separates the two nostrils ) is perforated . The Andean ( Vultur gryphus ) and California condors ( Gymnogyps californianus Falconidae - Falcons and caracaras . The family Falconidae contains 60 species and can be found worldwide except Antarctica . Falconidae are generally agile predators relying more on live prey than carrion . They are similar to birds in the family Accipitridae , but their beaks are notched , and they have proportionately longer wings . The peregrine falcon ( Falco peregrinus ) , prairie falcon ( Ffalco mexicanus ) , and American kestrel ( Falco sparverius ) are in this family . Accipitridae - Hawks , eagles , kites , Old World vultures , harriers , and buzzards . The family Accipitridae contains 217 species . The members of this varied group are believed to be derived from a common kite - like ancestor . Most are active predators and build stick nests . Bald eagles ( Haliaeetus leucocephalus ) , red - tailed hawks ( Buteo jamaicensis ) , Cooper ' s hawks ( Accipiter cooperii ) , and golden eagles ( Aquila chrysaetos ) are in this family . Genus and species - The Order Falconiformes has 286 species worldwide . There are 31 species that are generally considered North American birds . - Strigiformes - Owls 1 . Strigiformes have the characteristic hooked beak with sharp edges ; fleshy ceres ( soft skin ) at the base of the beaks ; sharp , curved talons , with a reversible outer toe ; keen vision ; and are carnivorous ( animal - eaters ) . 2 . Strigiformes have forward facing eyes that are set in the sockets ; a facial disc ; and extremely flexible necks . 3 . Strigiformes are commonly called birds of prey or raptors . They are called nocturnal raptors because they hunt at night . Hawk - like birds ( Order Falconiformes ) are also birds of prey , but are diurnal ( hunt during the day ) . Family - There are two families in the Order Strigiformes Tytonidae - Barn Owls . The family Tytonidae contains 10 species . They can be found in all habitats except extreme northern areas . The common barn owl ( Tyto alba ) is the most prominent member of this family . Strigidae - ( Typical ) Owls . The family Strigidae contains 124 species worldwide . They live in all types of habitats worldwide except Antarctica and some remote islands . Great horned owls ( Bubo virginianus ) , short - eared owls ( Asio flammeus ) , western screech owls ( Otus kennicottii ) , and northern saw - whet owls ( Aegolius acadicus ) are in this family . Genus and species - Worldwide 134 species are in the Order Strigiformes . Nineteen of these species are considered North American owls . < Previous Contents Next > Falconiformes : Cathartidae : Cathartes aura ( Turkey Vulture ) Strigiformes : Strigidae : Otus kennicottii ( Western Screech Owl ) Falconiformes : Accipitridae : Haliaeetus leucocephalus ( Bald Eagle ) USFWS photo Falconiformes : Falconidae : Falco sparverius ( American Kestrel ) Falconiformes : Accipitridae : Buteo jamaicensis ( Red - tailed Hawk ) Falconiformes : Pandionidae : Pandion haliaetus ( Osprey ) NASA photo Strigiformes : Tytonidae : Tyto Alba ( Barn Owl ) | [
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http://digital-photography-school.com/5-situations-when-manual-focus-is-better-than-auto-focus/ | 5 Situations When Manual Focus is Better than Auto Focus A Post By : Darren Rowse Digital Cameras present photographers with an ever increasing array of Automatic and Semi Automatic shooting modes . Most of these center around different ways of exposing your shots – however many cameras also give options for different focusing modes ( auto , continuous focusing for moving subjects and manual ) . It ’ s no wonder then that many photographers never make use of their camera and lens ’ ability to focus manually . In fact this week I spoke with one DSLR owner recently who had n ’ t even noticed the manual / auto focus switch on the side of his lens . Image by dsevilla When is Manual Focus Better than Auto Focus ? Let me start by saying there is no right or wrong time to use either manual or auto focusing – both can produce great results in almost all circumstances – however there are a few times when you might find it easier to switch to manual focusing : 1 . Macro Work When doing macro photography I almost exclusively switch to manual focusing . The narrow depth of field in these shots mean that you need to be incredibly precise with focusing and being just a smidgeon out or having your camera choose to focus on the wrong part of your subject can completely ruin a shot . To use it you ’ ll also probably want to use a tripod to eliminate any movement of the camera which can make focusing either in manual or auto mode frustrating . Manual focusing puts the control completely in your hands when shooting in this very precise setting . Image by maruchan313 2 . Low Light Shooting in dimly lit environments can be difficult for some cameras and lenses when it comes to focusing . You ’ ll know when your camera is struggling in Auto mode when every time you go to take a shot the lens will whirl from one end of it ’ s focusing options to the other and back again before deciding on where to focus . This can really lengthen your shooting process and make taking quick candid shots quite frustrating . Switch to manual mode and you can quickly find your focusing point and get the shot you ’ re after . Jim Skea 3 . Portraits When shooting portraits focus needs to be precise . The majority of your shots of people will need to have their eyes in perfect focus ( although in the example to the left it ’ s the lips ) and so switching to manual focus will give you complete control to enable this to save you from having to line up the focusing points on your camera on the eyes , press halfway down and then frame your shot . Manual focusing in portrait work helps to ensure the viewer of the image is drawn to the part of the face that you want them to notice . Djof 4 . Shooting Through Glass / Wire Fences If you ’ ve ever shot through anything like a window or a mess / wire fence you ’ ll know how cameras will often get confused on where to focus your shot . Whether it ’ s shooting out of a plane window , taking a shot of an image at a museum or photographing animals through fences at the zoo – you might find your camera is confused . Manual focusing will avoid this completely and allow you to get things just right – focusing upon the subject behind that glass or fence . If you do this in conjunction with a large aperture ( which decreases depth of field ) and get in close to the fence or glass you might well eliminate it completely from being noticeable in your shot . Gregory Lee 5 . Action Photography Shooting fast moving subjects ( like racing cars , planes , bikes , running animals etc ) can be a frustrating experience when shooting with auto focus . Even the continuous focusing modes can get left behind or confusing if you ’ re not panning with your subject smoothly . One way to overcome this is to switch to manual focusing and pre focus on a point that the subject will move through – and shooting at that point . You need to get your timing just right – but you ’ ll find that it ’ ll often give better results than relying upon auto focus modes ( particularly if you shoot in continuous shooting / burst mode ) . fensterbme Homework Shooting in manual focus mode is a skill that you need to learn and practice . While you will have more time to get it right when shooting still objects – it can become more difficult when shooting moving subjects – so practice . This week set aside an hour or two with your camera to shoot only in manual focus mode . Practice on a variety of subjects including some moving ones . While your practice session might not produce great results the skill that you learn will be useful to have . . . . Shares . . . Share Share Pin it Other 35 Comments Read more from our category Darren Rowse is the editor and founder of Digital Photography School and SnapnDeals . He lives in Melbourne Australia and is also the editor of the ProBlogger Blog Tips . Follow him on Instagram , on Twitter at @ digitalPS or on Google+ Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Skinblack • 4 years ago I used Auto - focus just a few week that i had received my first Nikon D3200 Camera , i must say though , it is much better for Sport just to make sure that you miss no time , but then again it does n ' t change the fact that Sport Photographs from manual focus mode are better than Auto - focus . NotAPhotographer • 5 years ago You forgot " I am using my old film camera " situation DL • 5 years ago I often prefer manual to auto , but the split prism of my old film SLR made it much easier to know that you were in pin - sharp focus , whereas on my D90 there ' s now way of telling especially at shallower depths of field ( where fractionally off will make a big difference , ie blurred eyes ) designlucas • 3 years ago The only way to accurately focus a DSLR is to use life view and magnify . If you use Canon , you can install magic lantern which adds focus peaking . Mukhtar Ukhwah • 4 years ago You forgot . Turn to manual focus for long exposures . Especially night and stars photo shoot sandy Hi , I bought P600 but i am not able to take pics by manual focus . I m not a photograph . hence , i do n ' t now the operation much more . kindly help me with step by step . spb • 2 years ago Thanks for this article . I now only have Manual Focus lenses . Fernando Riviera Another TOP reason 6 Situations When Manual Focus is Better than Auto Focus . " Shooting Video on your SLR camera " . Focusing your slr on video mode is difficult when shooting a moving subject so use manual to avoid jerks from your lens movement . Fernando Riviera www . RivieraPhotography . com Toxxo If I do n ' t have the camera linked to a laptop , how can I be sure I have " tack - sharp focus " when all i can look at is the shrunken live image through the viewfinder ? If someone is able to answer this or give some good advice , I would appreciate it as I would love to be able to use manual focus more often . James Smith • 3 years ago Usually if you ' re using a DSLR with live view capabilities there is a magnification button somewhere that allows you to zoom in on your subject very closely to determine if you have sharp enough focus . On my Nikon for example there are plus and minus buttons next to the LCD screen . At first I believed it to be a digital zoom , thinking the photograph would be taken at that level of magnification but turns out it is only a focus aid ( I believe ) so you do n ' t have to worry about Toxxo Awesome ! Thank you for taking the time to reply . And hopefully saving me from lugging a laptop around with me haha ! : ) JBrowne1012 I have this problem sometimes and it sucks when you have non IS lenses and on display it looks tack sharp but then you load it into photoshop or lightroom then you see slightly annoying blur and are like wtf ! sam great help Guest Thanks very much K . G . W . Abeytunge Also , when you are shooting in the M ( manual ) mode , do n ' t forget to put the Manual / AF switch on the side of the lens to Manual , before focussing the lens manually or else you will damage the AF mechanism of the lens ! In some cameras , switching on to the Manual mode does not disengage the AF mechanism of the lens . Umar Farooq • 1 year ago I own Nikon 50mm 1.4D MF with Nikon D7000 . You said well , i always use MF , actually the lens i have , have only MF mode , its not that because i have not choice for AF , MF is always great , as YOU can think better than the camera where to focus . Muhammad Kamran • 1 year ago I bought canon 77D . I am still confused to use manual mode in sports photography . as object is changing position quickly ( basketball , badminton ) . It is very hard to capture desired action . KC Generally speaking , auto - focus can be great , or a nuisance . The " trick " here is knowing what the camera is " thinking " , how it determines what is in focus . It ' s about as accurate as auto - exposure . The question with digital is how accurately can you focus manually ? A SLR with an optical viewfinder can have the equivalent of a plain ground glass . Depending on the optics from the viewfinder to the screen , it can appear small and off in the distance ( or even be out of alignment ) . With mirror - less and live view , you have a few digital tricks to assist , but it depends on the resolution of the screen . There ' s a digital loupe , sometimes peaking . It can get grainy at lower light levels and lag . There ' s no perfect answer for every situation other than to know the settings and where your camera gets it wrong more than right . Sports ? Some cameras track better than others , but at what planes ? Portraits and the elusive eyelashes ? How still can a subject sit to get that precious bokeh ? At least with macro , the subject tends to be still . In some situations I miss lens markings , like DOF scales and distance . I could preset . These days some lenses have nothing more than focal length . Kay Pehnke Are not some long - term exposures missing ? Topher Columbus just use rx100 1 - inch sensor toy and stop down to f / 5.6 - - everything in focus no worries . dahszil • 2 years ago I worked as a freelancer for the AP , ny times , cleveland , et al . I ' ve been retired for years . I keep in touch with photo editors and photographers . AND SPORTS PHOTOGRAPHERS WHEN USING A LONG LENS STILL OVERWHELMINGLY USE MANUAL FOCUS . And no you do n ' t prefocus on a point before athlete gets there . Great photographers , no i was n ' t in their class win it came to sports , follow focus . I had a 300mm for awhile . one day shooting football , i deliberately Yves Gagné This summer i was photographing dragonflys , and found out that the most effective focus was manual focus . Continuous drive was going insane , but by doing it manually and waiting for the right moment , did the job . Claude B . Well explained article on the advantage of Manual vs AF . Thanks . I use more and more my fix lenses in manual focus , much easier to control and see the dept of field with my mirorless with live picture . ( I ’ M back with my souvenir of work with my past Leica M3 ) . Yessss to manual focus for me . Ngugi Ruoro Hey , In my country , the 70 - 300 AF Nikon lens costs $ 160 , while the AF - S version costs $ 770 . My camera ( Nikon d3200 ) does not have an inbuilt focus monitor , but I am looking to upgrade ( Nikon D7200 ) in future ( 3 - 5 years ) . For now I wanted to buy the $ 160 lens as it will function in my ' future ' camera . I have been using manual focus on my kit lens for sometime and I think it would even be My question is would the AF lens take photos on my camera ? I ' ve looked everywhere for the answer to this question and failed . Virgilio Rodriguez Soto Excellent Post . Last week I was practicing in Manual foccus mandip25 Hmm . . . good Information provided . Helps to Improve Quality . And if you want to increase the space , here are the options : http : / / www . bestoninternet . c . . . K . G . W . Abeytunge With my Sony A - 57 , Auto - focusing through glass is no problem . I have tried this through the wind screen of cars on several occasions and it focused accurately every time . amit verma Thanks . . Beautifully explained SL If shooting manual focus on moving objects , such as someone on a bike , How to you get accurate focus fast enough as they are moving by ? ? Would n ' t only the preset focus to the one spot be in focus and the rest begin to blur in continuous shooting ? ? dahszil I use to be a freelance photographer back in the day of film . In addition to other types of photojournalism I photographed NBA basketball . I can not see how auto - focus would even come close to manual focus . Perhaps it is getting better but i retired young , sick of taking photos even personal photos such as dusk and low light surreal compositions often using fill flash here and there while camera on tripod for minutes open shutter . and do n ' t know a thing about digital . I have no contacts from agencies Nancy Coston What are the setting on Manual mode shotting a person inside setting on ISO others . Using the Canon 7D rol All depends on the situation . You have n ' t really given enough info for others to give you advise . | [
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http://digital-photography-school.com/how-to-set-the-price-for-your-photography/ | How to Set the Price for Your Photography A Post By : Christina N Dickson It is not uncommon for entry level photographers to feel uncertain about what to charge for their work . Many feel as though price structures are the most complicated area of their business . As a result , these photographers under cut themselves and unknowingly undervalue their work . Do n ’ t be overwhelmed . Take the guess work out of pricing your work by thinking through the following aspects : 1 . Know your market : What is the average value of photographers work in your area ? Compare and contrast and decide where your work can fit in . Do n ’ t forget to evaluate your service , quality of imagery , and professionalism . 2 . Know your client : Some people would rather pay more for a service if it means higher quality . Some people can not afford anything but the basics . Determine what clients you want to reach and begin arranging your price structure from here . Take note : Unless you are in similar circles and arena ’ s as your potential clients , you may find it difficult to keep to a higher price bracket . 3 . Evaluate your investment : How much time to you put into a senior shoot ? A wedding ? Evaluate hours of prep , driving , shooting , editing , development , service , quality , and interaction . When you have an idea of your hours of investment per shoot , divide your price by this number . How much are you really making by the hour ? What is your return on investment ? 4 . Determine your expenses : Every photographer has expenses above and beyond the time spent in a shoot . This is where many photographers fall short of “ making it ” in the business ; they have not learned to identify the additional expenses of running this business outside jobs . Equipment costs . Time spent . Services . Presentation and packaging . Insurance . Unless your jobs can cover this overhead , you will be hurting for a way to increase your income . Add up this number to get a ball park figure of additional coverage from your jobs . 5 . Establish your jobs : Total your hourly rate , and your expenses . This is the number you need to shoot for when pricing your work . After you have totaled this number , divide it by how many jobs you would like per year . This final number is what you ought to charge for your sessions and shoots . Of course , you may need to adjust your pricing more or less , or increase the number of jobs you aim for . At this rate , you will be able to target the pricing of your work to maximize your . . . Shares . . . Share Share Pin it Other 17 Comments Christina N Dickson is a visionary artist and philanthropist in Portland Oregon . Her work includes wedding photography www . BrideInspired . com and leadership with www . RevMediaBlog . com Sorry , the browser you are using is not currently supported . Disqus actively supports the following browsers : Firefox Chrome Internet Explorer 11 + Safari Maryam Moustafa Mahmoud • 5 years ago Hi . I ' m a new photographer , one of nurseries in my country send to me asking about the price if I go to capture their sessions , activities , events & parties in the nursery Can u help me how to set the price of theses photos Bonnie • 5 years ago I would love to see some suggestions for something other than portrait photography . . . What about fine art and landscape photos ? ? Kyle Chang • 4 years ago i just got into photography and purchased my camera with a few lens and have been doing an hour to an hour and a half shoots for co - workers . At this point i just do the shoot and and once i finish the product and show it to them ( after editing ) and see what ( if any ) they would offer me , as i do not know how to set up a price . i did a simple engagement shoot ( ~ 100 shots and 25 finished product < they were not picky so it was actually fairly easy > ) and recieved about 50 $ for it and a tiny bit more complex family shoot ( 112 shots and 17 finished product < a little more picky and about 2 hours edit > ) and recieved 60 $ . could i get some1 to suggest a price range i should have quoted them ? Tomas • 3 years ago You have to take in account your time " shooting " , then time " editing " , plus expenses like " gas and prints " . Most amateurs only charge to shooting time , not taking in account time spent on a computer and editing , which takes longer than taking pictures . If you want to make $ 20 / hr you should charge $ 100 / hour shooting , which after editing and expenses should equal to around $ 20 / hr . Michael Murphy • 2 years ago If this was what I do , I think you are slightly undercutting yourself ( emphasis on slightly being slightly more than slightly ) . But there are questions you need to answer . Firstly , what do other professionals in your area charge , you need to be competitive . How much experience do you have doing the various aspects of what it is you are doing ? What are your weaker skills and inversely what do you excel at ? Where do you take these photos ? Your house ? Your Studio ? Their house ? Most photographers As you can see it gets more involved than what should you charge . Hope this helps , slightly . Chloe • 4 years ago Im a new photographer How much should i charge for portrait photographs , landscape photography TourWizard . net • 3 years ago It really depends on what type of photography business you have . For example , in real estate photography , a common practice is to create packages depending on the size and location of the house . quicknswift scope im doing both video and photography and combining it into one package , ive calculated the time and hours it will take to develop it as well as the quality of both the footage and photos . .the photo shoot and the footage will take an hour to and hour and a half to do but the editing will take the longest . . .ive charged at a price of $ 300 this will all be given on a USB to the client . . .question is ? is that a fair price ? Liana Cerrito Hi , I take shots of scenery , mainly . I also take shots of animals , cars , people , etc . . but my main interest and love is taking shots of scenery . What would the charge for scenery pictures range around ? Puddin Blessedbythebest I have a few questions . I ' ve never had a mentor and never knew where to find the info or even what to look for . While I do great photos there is a lot of info I have been without . 1 . Posing . I often have trouble knowing how to pose a group of 3 or more besides the same old boring pose . Is there any certain rule to posing ? Is there a book to tell me how ? Debbie there are lots of tips on this . google it . . . http : / / improvephotography . c . . . Puddin Blessedbythebest Well after reading the thread , I feel better knowing I am not the only Photographer having the issue of not knowing what to charge . Thanks for the good info . Maya Hi I ' m a beginning photographer and I am trying to determine prices for my prints . A friend is willing to buy one and she ' ll be my first customer , she asked for a 5 × 7 print and I am trying to determine the best price for it , any advice ? Jon Personally , I do n ' t charge too much for prints . If it costs me $ 2.64 to print one 8x10 photograph , I would charge $ 3.00 for the actual print . Now , time during the shoot and post - production is where the real money is made . james henry I am a published photographer an I was recently asked to take over the photography job for the local little league . We play baseball from April to the middle of October . I would be responsible for photographing games , team photos , an providing a website for parents to purchase game day pics . As this is not my normal area of work i have no idea what to charge . Any idea where to find rates foe this type of work ? Thanks James Henry Jon I know it ' s a bit of a lte response , but start with the price for the website and work off of that . Then , since this is a consistent gig , charge a per - game fee of , say , $ 50 . Charge at least what each print costs plus at least $ 50 / hour . | [
"Photography"
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http://digital.dailypress.com/crime/nn/ | Map data © 2018 Google Terms of Use Map Satellite Currently showing all crimes reported yesterday . Using this database Crime Report offers several ways to see what crimes have been reported in your neighborhood . Use the following options on the right side of the page : Search near an address . Enter an address and a radius in miles to see crimes reported around that address . See crimes reported on a specific date or within a range of dates . Type of crime . By street or ZIP code . See what crimes have been reported on a specific street or in a specific ZIP code . RSS feeds . Each page on Crime Report offers RSS and KML feeds of that page . For example , if you subscribe to an RSS feed of crimes in the 23608 ZIP code , the feed will be updated whenever Crime Report adds a crime in that ZIP code . You can even get feeds for crime reports near an address . Click here for information on RSS feeds Click here for information on KML feeds Maps Each page on Crime Report displays a map of listed crimes . This icon represents a report of a crime . Roll your mouse over it or click on it to see details . This icon represents several reports of crimes in an area . Click the icon to zoom in and see the individual reports . About this database This database contains crimes reported in Newport News dating back to Jan . 1 , 2008 . The data comes from the Newport News Police Department , which posts offense reports on its Web site each day ( link ) . Crime information reported between November 11 , 2009 and April 10 , 2010 may be unavailable . We apologize for the inconvenience . The Daily Press ' database is updated each day with the police department ' s reports of crimes that occurred the previous day . Search near an address Crimes by date range To see crimes reported within a range of dates , click the start date and then the end date in the calendar below . To see crimes reported on a specific date , click that date twice . < Prev Next > Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 1 Crime frequency The bigger a crime appears below , the more frequent that crime is reported . Click on a crime name to see all reports of that crime . 3700 aggravated assault all other offenses annoying phone calls arson assist / promote prostitution bad checks bribery burglary burglary / breaking & entering child neglect child protective services referral credit card fraud curfew damage to property dangerous drugs ( possession ) deceased person disorderly conduct driving under the influence drug equipment - possession drug / narcotics offenses drug / narcotics offenses drunkenness embezzlement extortion family offenses , nonviolent forcible sodomy forgery forgery / counterfeiting fraud fraud - impersonate fraud - welfare fraud by wire fraud - illegal use credit card / atm fraud / false pretenses / swindle frequent house ill gambling gambling equipment gambling - betting / wagering habitual traffic offender hit and run homicide homicide / voluntary manslaughter identity theft incest with minor indecent exposure intimidation justifiable homicide kidnap / abduction kidnapping larceny larceny from auto larceny from building larceny of vehicle parts leaving scene liquor law violations loitering malicious wounding missing person negligent manslaughter obscene material / pornography overdose peeping tom penetration with inanimate object pickpocket pocket picking possession of drug paraphernalia prostitution purse snatching robbery runaway sexual assault ( rape ) sexual assault w / an object sexual offense ( forcible fondling ) shoplifting simple assault statutory rape statutory rape - no force stolen property stolen property offenses suicide tampering with auto test offense theft from coin operated machine tobacco violation traffic fatality trespassing truancy - regular patrol truancy - street watch unauthorized use of a motor vehicle veh recovery ( out of juris ) vehicle theft weapon offense Crime by street These streets have the most reports of crimes . The bigger a street name appears , the more frequently crimes are reported there . Click on a street name to see reports of crimes there . List all streets 25th street 26th street 27th street 28th street 35th street 36th street adams drive chestnut avenue denbigh boulevard garden drive ivy avenue j clyde morris boulevard jefferson avenue madison avenue marshall avenue old courthouse way orcutt avenue roanoke avenue warwick boulevard wickham avenue Crime by ZIP code The bigger a ZIP code appears below , the more frequently crimes are reported there . Click on a street name to see reports of crime there . 23185 23188 23314 23508 23513 23601 23602 23603 23604 23605 23606 23607 23608 23661 23662 23666 23669 23690 23692 23693 23703 | [
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http://digitalcommunications.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2016/03/30/7-essential-steps-for-editing-professional-videos/ | 7 essential steps for editing professional videos Wednesday 30 March 2016 Lewis Wake So youve managed to professionally record video footage and now youre ready to put your shots together to make your video But where do you start Video editing is a daunting task for beginners Lets explore the essential steps you need to cover to make an awesome video that matches your intended vision 1 Choosing your software The most common question youll come across in video editing is What program did you use to make this While there are dozens of recommended video editing software applications out there they all essentially produce the same results Although each is complete with advantages and disadvantages Lets try and find the right software for you Adobe Premiere Pro PC or Mac Personally my editor of choice is Adobe Premiere Pro Mainly because Im a subscriber of the Adobe Creative Cloud and this application is included Adobe Premiere is probably the most complicated application with the most features When I first opened the program I was overwhelmed by its capabilities and didnt know where to start However after a few projects I found the longterm payoff of this application is well worth it This application is available for both Mac and PC and has a huge amount of support from Adobe It is regarded as the industry standard software for full flexibility in your video editing If youre looking to make a longterm investment in video editing then starting with Premiere is the way to go However if youre only looking to cut together some quick footage for a short video then maybe a lighter application will be your goto choice iMovie Mac or Windows Movie Maker PC If youre a beginner looking to make a oneoff quick video these are the applications for you They both offer intuitive barebones user interfaces and both are preloaded into your operating system Free video editing software Sign me up However due to their limitations if youre looking to go on to produce large amounts of high quality videos youll likely outgrow these programs quite quickly I would recommend either of these options for first timers to familiarise yourself with the common video editing suite interface Final Cut Pro X Mac This application is an affordable alternative to Premiere Pro It offers a similar number of features and its interface is a matured version of iMovie If youve outgrown iMovie and are looking to step up to a cheaper alternative to Adobe then this is the software for you Camtasia Studio PC or Telestream Screenflow Mac While these applications are not highly recommended for editing preexisting footage if youre looking to capture a live stream screencast of someone using a computer then these are my recommendations for both operating systems We at digital communications use Camtasia Studio when recording our usability testing sessions iMovie for iOS iPhone If youre looking to cut some quick footage together on your iPhone then iMovie for iOS is a simplified version of the desktop application that will help you stitch your preexisting footage together While this doesnt offer any of the advanced features youll find on a desktop application it does allow you to trim clips add music and titles to your footage 2 Transferring footage and organising projects The first step in video editing is transferring all of your footage from your camera to your computer If your footage is from a video camera or DSLR then youll want to copy your footage off the SD card from your device If your footage is from an iPhone then you can connect the phone to a Windows computer via USB cable and access the readonly device On Mac I would recommend using Image Capture a preinstalled application to easily transfer your files from your iPhone I like to create a folder for each project I work on I create a subfolder for all the raw transferred video footage and divide any additional media such as music or images into separate subfolders too Open up your editing software of choice and create a new project inside of your project folder Next drag your footage folder into the project tab Your video editing software will reference the location of the original files so make sure you dont move or delete them until youve finished your project 3 Finding and assembling the best takes Go through the clips and look for the best takes of each one This may be the best reading of your script or the most visually impressive shot To do this double click each file in your project and scrub through the clip to assess the quality of each This step is important to assure the highest quality for your final product Be super critical of things like delivery pacing and the facial expressions of your subject Here are some tips to consider when looking for your ideal take For shots of spoken dialogue make sure the person speaking has a high energy level and the pacing of the dialogue delivery is natural For shots of landscape or scenery comb through your footage for a shot that has some movement but highlights the focus of your shot in the best light Go with your gut Sometimes youll just know what the best shot for your video is Its a sixth sense Once youve found your preferred take add it to your projects sequence timeline Apply this same process for every shot laying everything out in linear order This is called assembling the edit 4 Trimming the head and tail With the arrangement of your video now in place you can start to make some finer adjustments to the pace and flow In a nutshell youll want to trim the beginning and end of each of the clips you arranged in the timeline Dont underestimate the importance of this step Finetuning your edit will help to create a video that feels more like a human conversation and less like a robot monologue Essentially youre looking to remove any dead space from your footage This includes Anything including preparation of the shot Extended unnatural pauses in dialogue An interviewer asking a question off camera You can either use a cutting tool this may be represented by scissors or razor blade icons or simply drag the beginning or end of your clip to the correct position 5 Adding music and Broll Royalty free music Background music plays a really important role in your video Its a powerful way to drive the video forward and create emotion around your message It is important however that you dont incorporate a popular song you dont have the rights to For example if you were making a film based on your hot new motorcycle adding Born to Be Wild by Steppenwolf to your video is going to cause some problems when you upload this video to the internet This will likely cause YouTube to place a copyright notice on your video resulting in the video being blocked in various countries and becoming monitised by the owner of the rights to the audio To avoid any complications stick to royalty free music Some royalty free music licensing sites include Marmoset The Music Bed and Tunefruit To choose a song that compliments your content play some music options alongside the video youre editing until one feels right Once youve found the right track drag the audio file into your project and then into your timeline To make sure the music isnt overpowering your narrative adjust the volume of the music track according to the volume of your narrative Broll Broll is a film production term used to refer to supplemental or alternative footage intercut with the main shot If you shot supplementary Broll footage now is the time to add it into your video Similar to how you selected the good takes of your script find good Broll clips and drag them onto a separate layer in your timeline Use Broll to help tell your story visually and hide any jump cuts or voiceover sections in your video Your browser does not currently recognize any of the video formats available Click here to visit our frequently asked questions about HTML5 video 6 Exporting a proof A worthwhile tip if youre stuck in a creative rut is to take a break and come back later to your edit Grab a drink or a snack or just step away for a few minutes Come back to the video with fresh eyes This will help you notice things you may have missed when you were deep in the zone You can spend days or sometimes weeks meticulously perfecting a video So its useful to know when to stop Its really helpful to share your video with a friend or colleague before you release it to the rest of the world Export a proof and send it to some folks that you trust This way you can gauge when the right time to export a final copy of your video Watch and listen to your video on different devices with different speakers and collect feedback on how it was received Make any revisions you think are necessary then export your final video My next post will cover exporting videos in the best format and resolution for the web 7 Wrapup and further resources As mentioned in my previous post there has never been a better time to start learning how to edit video Editing is often seen as the most intimidating part of the video production process but it doesnt have to be that way Here are a list of useful resources to aid you in your journey to becoming the next Steven Spielberg The Basics of Video Editing The Complete Guide Lifehacker Video Editing for noneditors YouTube 7 Simple Tips To Make Video Editing Easier For Beginners Trakax Design film premiere pro recording | [
"editing professional videos",
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http://digitalgovernment.com/events-4/conference-it-modernization-conference-930gov-2018/agenda-it-mod-2018/ | August 28 2018 TITLE SPONSOR agenda 730am Registration Opens 830am Workforce Development Accountability and Delivering Results Suzette K Kent Federal Chief Information Officer Office of Management and Budget Executive Office of the President 850am IT Modernization in Government The Right Approach at the Right Time Aaron Cornfeld Group Vice President Sales Engineering Oracle Public Sector and Higher Education With the administrations push to modernize IT systems across government including the Presidents Management Agenda and the Modernizing Government Technology Act the time to develop an effective strategy starts today Cloud services across SaaS PaaS and IaaS offer the clearest path for success helping reduce costs with optimal security Learn how Oracles complete and integrated cloud services can help agencies stay compliant transform legacy IT systems and fully leverage transformational technologies like Artificial Intelligence Machine Learning and Blockchain This session will help your agency start your journey to the cloud outline deployment options and give you the tools to succeed 930am Visit Exhibit Hall Networking Break 1015am Improving Mission Performance Through Architecture Modernization and Leadership Jason Miller Executive Editor Federal News Radio Moderator Steven CoreyBey Chief Enterprise Architect and Chief Investment and Acquisition Management Team IT Program Services Office of the Chief Information Officer US Department of Education Walter McDonald Director IT Program Services US Department of Education 1100am Using Technology to Break Down Innovation Barriers in Government Ben Butler Principal Business Development for Cloud Innovation Centers Accelerators AWS 1130am Using Microservices to Modernize and FutureProof Government IT Systems Andras Szakal Vice President and Chief Technology Officer IBM US Federal Government talks about moving at the speed of business but neither can match the speed of technology How can agencies cost effectively modernize legacy monolithic applications by taking advantage of private sector innovation Microservices allow agencies to innovate without needing to completely refactor existing applications When built on open source technologies microservices enable the adoption of new technologies at scale and maintain reliability and security without being lockedin to tomorrows legacy infrastructure This session provides strategies and demonstrations of IBMs microservices to help you modernize and futureproof your infrastructure 1200pm Visit Exhibit Hall Networking Lunch Break 115pm How to be an Executive Leader in an Age of Exponential Technological Change Jason Miller Executive Editor Federal News Radio Moderator Mark D Andress Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Information Warfare Chris Chilbert CIO Department of Health and Human Services Office of Inspector General Ron Thompson Director of Information Technology and CIO US Department of Agriculture Kevin A Wince Acting Chief Technology Officer Executive Director for Enterprise Architecture Office of the Chief Information Officer Department of Homeland Security 200pm Cyber Leadership Balance Between Strategic and Tactical Greg Hall Assistant Director and CISO Executive Office for US Attorneys Department of Justice George Jakabcin CIO Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration Department of the Treasury Todd McKeever CISO OCIO National Technical Information Service Department of Commerce NTIS Victor Robles CISO for Analytics Insider Threat and Open Source Intelligence Army G2 245pm Conference Concludes 300430pm 6th annual 930gov Networking Reception Sponsored by | [
"Workforce Development",
"IT Modernization"
] |
http://digiworthy.com/2017/01/31/sony-ps5-will-be-backwards-compatible-launch-after-xbox-scorpio/ | Home > Gaming > Sony PS5 will be Backwards Compatible Launching after Xbox Scorpio , Says Dev Sony PS5 will be Backwards Compatible Launching after Xbox Scorpio , Says Dev Ed Howell February 3 , 2017 7 3 minutes read According to Thomas Mahler – the developer of Ori And The Blind Forest – PS5 will be backwards compatible and will launch after the release of Microsoft ’ s Xbox Scorpio . Players will see games announced that will not be exclusive to the Sony ’ s next generation console as the move “ hurts ” developers . Thomas Mahler : Sony PS5 will be Backwards Compatible Like Xbox Scorpio Recently , Mahler took to NeoGAF and said that the PlayStation 4 Pro is “ half - assed ” while the Xbox Scorpio will be a “ full - blown next - gen machine . ” He has since added more stuff to it to clarify what he meant by the fully - fledged generation upgrade . Here ’ s my prediction : When Sony announces their PS5 ( which will probably happen after Scorpio releases ) , you ’ ll hear that it ’ ll also be compatible to your entire PS4 library ( since it ’ s – like the PS4Pro – going to be another hardware upgrade based on the same architecture ) . You ’ ll also see games that are going to be announced that will not be exclusive only to the PS5 , since it just hurts developers . A new console comes out and we go from a hardware platform that has 50 or so million installed units to , say , 5 . So automatically , I would reach a MUCH smaller audience . So a lot of games will still be ‘ forward - compatible ’ – whether Sony forces that or not will be up to them . Mahler further stated that it ’ s not the box itself what ’ s important , but the platform and the games available for those platforms . The box is just your access point and you should be able to pick a box based on your requirements . So if you are a hardcore gamer who wants 60fps , you can get a box that could deliver the experience you need . You ’ ll just get more choice in the future . As for the launch , PS5 will most likely be released after Xbox Scorpio . It does n ’ t make sense for Sony to release it sooner than that given it ’ s not been long enough since PS4 Pro has been out . Read More : Sony wo n ’ t release PS5 Until 4K becomes a Norm in 2020 , Predicts Pachter My prediction is that we ’ re going to get the Xbox Scorpio by the end of this year and then early next we ’ ll start hearing whispers of the next - gen PS5 . Finally , Sony will launch its new console sometime in 2019 , and I personally believe that it ’ s going to a more powerful and upgraded PS4 Pro . I also agree that the PS5 will be backwards compatible . I do n ’ t think Sony will abandon AMD at any time soon especially after we ’ ve heard about AMD ’ s Infinity Fabric stuff that would make it a little bit easier for the chipmaker to do respins and make changes to a particular hardware . Will Xbox Scorpio be “ Half - assed ” Like The PS4 Pro ? First things first , the Ori developer apologized for his comments on PS4 Pro and said that he did n ’ t intend to offend anyone . This is the second time already that I took part in some discussion on GAF only to then see something I thought was a somewhat innocent comment ( again , calling a platform half - assed definitely was n ’ t the nicest way of putting things , I know . I ’ m not a native English speaker and sometimes my wording can come off as a bit rude ) to blow up in my face after the press picked up on it . I ’ m just a dev who loves games and take part in these passionate To me , calling a platform half - asses is a rude statement but at the end of the day it ’ s his own opinion on it . Personally , I think the concept of PS4 Pro being called half - assed is because a lot of people are disappointed with the system . One of the reasons that I know a lot of people are pissed off Pro is because it ca n ’ t technically render 4K ; the console uses “ checkerboard rendering ” to essentially upscale base 1080p res to 4K . https : / / www . youtube . com / watch ? v = FGBlwdkHWFs There are other things as well , like the fact that it does n ’ t have a 4K blu - ray player and that the CPU is slower than we expected it to be . We expected it to be a high - clocked Jaguar rather than running at 2.1GHz that only provides a minimal bump in FPS . That being said , I do n ’ t think the PS4 Pro is a bad system , I just do n ’ t think it is quite what we expected . For a lot of folks who own a regular PS4 , Pro is probably not enough to grant an upgrade unless you ’ ve got like specific usage scenerios . On the other hand , if you do n ’ t own a PS4 and you ’ re just looking to buy a new console then I can certainly see the appeal of buying a Pro over a vanilla PS4 because the price difference is not enough to make you really turned off , but that ’ s just my opinion . As for if the Xbox Scorpio could be half - assed , I ca n ’ t comment on it bacause we do n ’ t know much about it right now . What ’ s confirmed so far is that it will feature an eight CPU cores , over 320GB / s of memory bandwidth and six TFLOPS of compute power . Furthermore , the console will come out optimized by AMD . According to a previous leak , Project Scorpio will be powered by AMD ’ s latest and greatest Ryzen and Vega technology customized by Microsoft . Right now , there is no confirmation of this , but if accurate , Scorpio will definitely not be an half - assed . | [
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http://digjamaica.com/m/blog/where-are-they-now-past-miss-jamaica-world-winners/ | History Jamaica Our Past Where Are They Now Past Miss Jamaica Winners August 13 2015 On Saturday August 15 20 of the most beautiful young women in Jamaica will vie for the title of Miss Jamaica World Reigning queen LaurieAnn Chin will take her final walk before handing over the crown to the new winner who will go on to represent the country at the Miss World pageant in Sanya China on December 19 Jamaica has a good record at the pageant with our contestants making the semifinals 23 times in total winning three times placing third three times fourth one times fifth two times and elsewhere in the top 10 on 14 other occasions The Miss World pageant was created in 1951 and Jamaica has been sending representatives since 1959 with Sheila Mechtilde Chong The title of Miss Jamaica World was official coined in 1978 There was no Miss Jamaica pageant in 1976 and 1977 so our representatives Cindy Breakspeare and Sandra Kong respectively were appointed by then licence holder Mickey HaughtonJames of Spartan Health Club Breakspeare won the Miss World crown but Kong was withdrawn by Spartan at the request of the then government in protest of the participation of South Africa which was then under the apartheid system Below is a list of some of our past beauty queens as we look at what theyve been up to since handing over their crowns Since Breakspeare did not hold a Miss Jamaica title she is not included in this list Carole Merkens Carole Joan Crawford The then 20yearold fivefoot threeinch beauty took home the coveted Miss World crown for Jamaica in 1963 just months after the island became an independent nation The first Jamaican woman to be crowned Miss World she was the first woman of colour to win the title Now Mrs Carole Merkens she lives in Canada Patsy Yuen Patricia Teresa Yuen Leung placed third in the 1973 Miss World pageant our highest placement since Crawfords victory Yuen won the Distinguished Salesman of the Year award from the Gleaner in 1974 She later married fellow Chinese Jamaican Warwick Lyn a reggae producer best known as the protege of Leslie Kong and emigrated to the United States with him Together they organised the Miss Jamaica Miami beauty pageant 1 2 TAGS Carole Joan Crawford Cathi Levy Cindy Breakspeare Dr Sara Lawrence Emancipendence Lisa Hanna Miss Jamaica World Miss World Patsy Yuen Sandra Foster Senator Imani DuncanPrice TerriKarelle Reid Tonoya Toyloy Yendi Phillipps | [
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http://dignityhealthvaluereport.org/population-health/population-health-overview.html | Population Health Population Health Population Health Overview Transforming Population Health Management Population Health Management Initiatives PHM and CIN Sevenyear ROI Overview Alternative Payment Models Expanding Network Development and Contracting Outreach Population Health Overview Just over 2 million individual patients rely on Dignity Healths services and support annually Of this number approximately 911440 of these patients are cared for under payment plans that focus on value rather than volume To effectively provide highquality costeffective health care for all of our patient populations Dignity Health and our clinically integrated networks CINs medical groups and accountable care organizations implemented a standardized set of robust population health management tools Dignity Healths population health management solutions support evolving health care payment models and enhanced valuebased financial agreements that address the increased focus on patients individual care needs Our population health management tools support health care providers associated care managers and care navigators and enhance collaboration and coordination by improving communication among providers They allow for secure and rapid sharing of information disease stratification data analytics and data aggregation from multiple sources | [
"Dignity Health",
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http://dillsfloral.com/promflowers.aspx | Home > - Prom & Homecoming - Prom & Homecoming Questions About Prom Flowers You ' re not alone ! We ' ve got some answers to some of your most frequently asked questions . Do n ' t see your question and answer ? No problem ! Send us a quick email at : amanda @ dillsfloral . com , or give us a call : 618 - 234 - 2056 . We ' ll be happy to help ! If you ' re question - free , scroll down to view sample photos . Dill ' s Prom & Homecoming Flower Q&A What is a corsage ? A corsage is a small flower arrangement that is typically worn on a girl ’ s wrist and is bought and given to her by her prom or homecoming date . Flowers and accessories usually match or accent the girl ’ s dress . While corsages are typically purchased by the girl ' s date , girls that are attending the dance solo often purchase a small corsage of their own to coordinate to their dresses , as well . What is a boutonniere ? A boutonniere is the floral design worn by guys on their lapels or on their dress shirts . The boutonniere is bought for the guy by his date and often matches or accents the colors and style of his date ’ s corsage . What wrist do your wear your corsage on ? Proper etiquette is to wear the wrist corsage on the left , although we suggest wearing it on the wrist that is most comfortable for you ! Do the corsage and boutonniere have to match ? Not necessarily , but it usually looks more stylish and put - together that way . We suggest that couples order their flowers together so we may coordinate your pieces when we design them . If this is n ' t possible , when you order , just let us know the name of the person you ' re going with , and we can put the orders together . How do I get my guy to buy the perfect corsage for me ? The best bet is to BRING US YOUR DRESS ! : ) We are experts in floral art and can suggest flowers and accessories that accent your attire and specific style . Seeing the dress , in person , ensures your flowers and prom accessories will match or coordinate perfectly . Give your guy pictures of corsages or inspirational pieces you like to get him heading in the right direction . He can also show these to one of our designers when placing the order . Why not come in together ? You can buy both the amazing corsage and boutonniere together ! If I want something special , would Dill ' s be able to work with me ? Absolutely ! We do n ' t mind a challenge ! If you have something special in mind , come talk to us about how we can customize your corsage just for you ! We have tons of tools , skills , and accessories at our disposal . We can work with metallic , colored wires , ribbons , feathers , jewels , pearls , etc . Have a neon dress and want something just as amazing on your wrist and your man ? No problem ! Wearing something elegant and classy ? We can design you a gorgeous corsage When do I need to order my flowers ? Order as soon as you have your dress ! It ’ s always good to plan ahead and get your order in as soon as possible . Prom and winter ball dances fall in especially busy seasons . The spring is a hectic time for florists , with wedding season just beginning and Mother ’ s Day right around the corner . Winter ball dances typically fall in the peak of the Christmas and holiday season . At any rate , orders are preferred at least two weeks in advance . We understand this is not always possible , so do n ' t worry if you find yourself ordering last minute . Just be flexible , and let us work our magic . Why do I need to use a florist instead of making my own DIY corsage ? Not only do corsages have to look great , but they must hold up throughout the night of dancing and celebration . It ’ s always the best idea to buy a corsage from us , rather than try to create one yourself . Corsages are not easy to make and are very labor intensive . Flowers have to stay ON the corsage , and stay looking fresh for long periods of time . We do this every day , and with such a big event , we do n ' t recommend risking your look to DIY , hobbyists Can I still get a great looking corsage or boutonniere on a tight budget ? Yes ! Chat with us about your situation and let us make some suggestions . By using non - premium priced flowers or creating more modest designs , we can cut down on costs and still give you a great - looking corsage or boutonniere ! What do I need before I visit Dill ' s ? Be sure to bring a picture of the dress you are wearing or the dress itself . Your photo does n ’ t have to be elaborate ; even a picture from a cell phone will do . If you ' ve done some looking already , bring anything that has inspired you , whether it ' s a swatch of ribbon or a photo from a magazine . When do I pay for my corsage or boutonniere ? Because each and every corsage and boutonniere at Dill ' s Floral Haven is a handmade , custom design for you , we require payment when you order . If ordering by phone , we can accept credit or debit cards , and we can accept multiple payment types in the store . We are unable to create any design until payment has been received . What is the average price of a corsage and boutonniere ? Each flower is unique , so each flower has its own price . A carnation and a rose are not the same price , just like they are not the same flower . Prices also vary at what is known as " Market Price . " Flowers are one of life ' s luxuries , so we determine cost once we have knowledge of flower prices . Because of this , we have basic corsage pricing . Carnation wrist corsages start at $ 19.99 , and rose wrist corsages start at $ 29.99 . For a better idea , check ( These are just guidelines . Your flowers may vary depending upon your preferences and choices . ) ( some questions courtesy of FlowerShopNetwork . com ) Displaying products 1 - 30 of 36 results Show : Sort : Page 1 of 2 Page 1 2 Dill ' s Amore Boutonniere Your Price : Please call with inquiries . 618 - 234 - 2056 Dill ' s Amore Wrist Corsage Your Price : Please call with inquiries . 618 - 234 - 2056 Dill ' s Beauty in White Wrist Corsage $ 34.99 * * Local Delivery Only * * Dill ' s Bellagio Ivory Rose Boutonniere $ 19.99 Dill ' s Blue Suede Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Burst of Brilliance Rose Boutonniere Dill ' s Burst of Brilliance Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Call of the Wild Zebra and Rose Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Classic Rose Boutonniere $ 14.99 Dill ' s Color Explosion Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Downtown Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Electric Rainbow Hot Color Boutonniere Dill ' s Electric Rainbow Hot Color Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Frenzy Gerbera Daisy Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Gone Wild Boutonniere Dill ' s Gone Wild Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Groove Petite Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Hollywood Cerise Boutonniere Dill ' s Hollywood Cerise Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Ivory and Turquoise Rose Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Ivory Elegance Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Lime and Fuchsia Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Mardi Gras Bright Color Boutonniere Dill ' s Moncherie Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Perfectly Pink Neon Gerbera Daisy Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Perfectly Pink Neon Rose Boutonniere Dill ' s Pretty in Pink Rose Wrist Corsage $ 44.99 Dill ' s Purple Punch Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Riches Wrist Corsage Dill ' s Roses and Rhinestones Bling Boutonniere Page 1 of 2 Page 1 2 | [
"Prom & Homecoming",
"Dill 's Floral Haven"
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http://diminishedvalueofgeorgia.com/carfax-price-calculator-fail/ | Carfax Price Calculator Fail Review of : Reviewed by : Diminished Value Rating : 5 On March 19 , 2013 Last modified : March 11 , 2014 Summary : More Details The Carfax price calculator , a very bad pricing tool that attempts but fails to establish a vehicle ’ s value after an accident . I ’ ve been wanting to write an article about the carfax pricing calculator for a while now , partly because many of my clients receive a Carfax report from their insurance carriers as an excuse to under - pay an insurance claim . When do insurance carriers use the Carfax Price Calculator ? When the insured refuses the 17c formula When the insured makes a demand or files a dispute In lieu of hiring a legitimate appraiser To blame a consumer recognized third party for the low value offered To justify their bad faith offer What is the Carfax Price Calculator ? According to the Carfax Value Calculator Service Mark Application , it ’ s described as : “ Providing business and consumer information in the field of motor vehicle history information , namely a price value adjustment for a vehicle based on vehicle history attributes . ” This added feature of the carfax report was introduced a couple years ago as a way to increase the carfax value proposition . It since has been received with mixed reviews both from dealers and consumers . The Carfax History Report States : “ Other information about this vehicle , including problems , may not have been reported to CARFAX . Use this report as one important tool , along with a vehicle inspection and test drive , to make a better decision about your next used car . ” Obviously carfax is as accurate as the information provided to it , in my personal opinion , it ’ s usually 65 to 70 % accurate . The Carfax Price Calculator and Diminished Value : One of the main reasons people order a carfax report is to find out if the vehicle they want to buy was involved in an accident . Obviously , the vehicle owner at the time of the accident is entitled to the loss in value the vehicle suffers . Based on the thousands of appraisals I ’ ve personally been involved in , carfax has been 0 % accurate when it comes to adjusting for the market value due to a wreck . Provided the accident was indeed reported to carfax ( very many are not ) , below are the reasons why the Carfax Price Calculator is inaccurate and inadmissible in court or legal proceedings : No one at Carfax examined the damage estimate nor was aware of the extent of the repair . Since carfax agents were not involved in the repair process how could they possibly know the intensity of the accident ? Also , since they did not inspect the vehicle , how would they know the exact condition ? Would a non - smoker , garage kept pristine vehicle score the same as a kid hauler ? FAIL According to Carfax ’ s Patent and Trademark Office application , the Carfax price calculator looks for “ history attributes “ , these are universally recognized as : Age of Vehicle Mileage of Vehicle Number of Owners Recalls Accident History Warranty Title History Usage ( rental , fleet , personal etc … ) Since all these “ attributes ” are blended together to create this price modifier , how can we logically deduce what is the impact of a single attribute ? Would a 1 owner add 1 % to the market value or would an accident reduce it by 2 % ? FAIL The Carfax Price Calculator is not a viable vehicle appraisal as it did not indicate the vehicle ’ s cash value . If $ 200 is the impact of an accident , would that be the same on a $ 10,000 and a $ 50,000 car ? Is the Carfax calculator percentage based or value based ? If it ’ s percentage based , would the same percentage apply on all makes and models ? Would a Ferrari and a Kia both lose 2 % due to a wreck ? If so , where did the percentage come from and The Carfax appraisal did not cite an appraisal method or any valuation data . The Carfax appraisal was a mass appraisal and thus not USPAP compliant The Carfax appraisal is based on predetermined results and thus not USPAP compliant Carfax will not appear in court as an expert witness to defend its report as the report was not signed by an individual , an “ expert witness ” . The Carfax report does not meet the Daubert Standard . A witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge , skill , experience , training , or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if : ( a ) The expert ’ s scientific , technical , or other specialized knowledge will help the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue ; ( b ) The testimony is based on sufficient facts or data ; ( c ) The testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods ; and ( d ) The expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case . The Carfax report has serious limitations as outlined in the West V Carfax – History Report Limitations . Below is a snapshot of a carfax report showing $ 120 above blue book for a vehicle with a Junk title . HUGE FAIL . The Carfax Disclaimer itself ; “ Limited Warranty . Customer acknowledges that CARFAX is collecting data from public records and other sources for use in the VHS and that this data may contain errors and omissions . CARFAX does not guarantee the correctness or completeness of the VHS and CARFAX will not be liable for any loss or injury caused , in whole or part , either by its negligence or circumstances beyond its control in procuring , compiling , collecting , interpreting or making available the VHS . Customer understands that not all information is available for all states and that CARFAX does not have access to some information that may be available to other parties . Customer also understands there may be a period of time between receipt of certain information by CARFAX and its inclusion of such information into the VHS . V HS does not provide any conclusions regarding the condition of any vehicle , and Customer assumes full responsibility with respect to its decisions and transactions using the VHS . Customer recognizes that CARFAX ’ s sole obligation in the case of erroneous data , when notified in writing by Customer of such erroneous data , is correction of the record in question . CARFAX MAKES AND CUSTOMER RECEIVES NO WARRANTIES , EXPRESS OR IMPLIED , AND CARFAX EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE . ” The Bottom line : There is no substitute for a real appraisal , a document compiled by a professional after reviewing all relevant data and a physical inspection . Carfax ’ s attempt at the appraisal market is a huge disappointment and to aggravate the matter , their report is being systematically used by insurance carriers to underpay on claims , dare I say collusion ? This article was written by Antoine Rached , reproduction is prohibited without author ’ s explicit consent . Edit 5 / 15 / 2013 : We appraised loss in value on this F150 and based on the amount and severity of loss , we DEDUCTED $ 1,800 , Carfax ’ s algorithm added $ 1,450 , so basically , Carfax is saying that two wrecks increase the value of a vehicle , what a novel idea ! Snapshot of the bad Carfax report in question . | [
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http://dimsemenov.com/plugins/magnific-popup/ | Magnific Popup Magnific Popup is a responsive lightbox & dialog script with focus on performance and providing best experience for user with any device ( for jQuery or Zepto . js ) . Documentation GitHub WordPress plugin Build tool How it was made Examples Single image lightbox Three simple popups with different scaling settings . 1 — fits horizontally and vertically , 2 — only horizontally , 3 — no gaps , zoom animation , close icon in top - right corner . Lightbox gallery You may put any HTML content in each gallery item and mix content types . In this example lazy - loading of images is enabled for the next image based on move direction . If you wish to add touch - swipe support , check my article on the Smashing Magazine , or new PhotoSwipe script . Zoom - gallery If you wish to open the popup only after image is fully loaded , you may preload image via JS . Or use scaled down image instead of thumbnail . Zoom effect works only with images , for now . Popup with video or map In this example lightboxes are automatically disabled on small screen size and default behavior of link is triggered . Open YouTube video Open Vimeo video Open Google Map Dialog with CSS animation Animations are added with simple CSS transitions , you can make them look however you wish . More animation effects on CodePen Open with fade - zoom animation Open with fade - slide animation Popup with form Entered data is not lost if you open and close the popup or if you go to another page and then press back browser button . Open form Ajax popup You have full control of what is displayed in popup , align it to any side via CSS , enable or disable scroll on right side of window - whatever . Load content via ajax Load another content via ajax Modal popup A modal popup disables the usual ways to close popups . Open modal Error handling This is just basic example of how error messages are displayed . Surely , you can change text or style them . Broken image Broken ajax request Do n ' t forget to check out my new article about this plugin on the Smashing Magazine What makes this plugin different ? Light and modular You can choose to include only the features that you need using the online build tool or by compiling it yourself with Grunt . js . Size of core JS file is about 3KB + each module weighs about 0.5KB ( gzipped ) . Sass CSS preprocessor is used for easier skinning , but you ' re not obligated to use it . Content is resized with CSS The majority of lightbox plugins require you to define size of it via JS option . Magnific Popup does not - feel free to use relative units like EM ' s or resize lightbox with help of CSS media queries . Update content inside lightbox without worrying about how it ' ll resize and center . Fast Magnific Popup displays images before they ' re completely loaded to take full advantage of progressive loading . For in and out transitions CSS3 is used instead of slow JavaScript animation . High - DPI ( Retina ) display support Default controls are made with pure CSS , without external graphics . For the main image there is a built in way to provide appropriate source for different pixel density displays . Conditional lightbox Plugin has an option to automatically switch to alternative mobile - friendly source on small screen size . Brad Frost has a terrific article about this technique . Memory management Popup has an extendable micro templating engine that reuses existing DOM elements ( example ) , which is especially useful when your popups same pattern . Browser support Tested on desktop : Chrome , Safari , FF , Opera , IE8 + , partial support of IE7 ( works , but some visual layout features , like vertical centering , are missing ) . Mobile : default browser in Android 2.3 + , iOS5 + , Blackberry 10 + , WP7 + , mobile Opera and Chrome on Android . If you noticed any bug , please open an issue on GitHub License Script is available under MIT license and will always be kept this way . But please do me a favor and do not create a public WordPress plugin based on it , because I will make it soon and it will be open souce too . ( Want to get notified ? ) . Bugs & contributing Please report bugs via GitHub and ask general questions through StackOverflow . Feel free to submit commit , even the tiniest contributions to the script or to the documentation are very welcome . Special thanks to : Lokesh Dhakar for original Lightbox script . Chris Coyier for awesome CSS techniques . Brad Frost for conditional lightbox technique . Updates If you wish to get notified about important plugin updates , you may star and watch the repository on , follow me on Twitter , or join my tiny Mailchimp email newsletter that I send 3 - 4 times a year . Please spread the word if you find the plugin useful Tweet ! Like ! + 1 | [
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http://dineshbakshi.com/as-a-level-economics/price-system-theory-of-firm/119-revision-notes/1498-factors-affecting-demand-for-labour | Home IGCSE Online Courses Feedback Past Year Papers Worksheets IGCSE Economics IGCSE Business Studies A Level Economics IB Economics AP Economics OCR GCSE Economics A Level Business IGCSE Accounting IGCSE ICT Website Updates ONLINE FEEDBACK - PAST YEAR PAPERS Get feedback and tips from experienced examiners on your test performance Read More WELCOME learning is fun Welcome to dineshbakshi . com ! The ultimate online resource portal for Economics , Business Studies , Accounting and ICT revision . Here you will find a variety of resources specifically written for various examination boards . Most of the websites are selling these resources at exorbitant prices . . . .but at dineshbakshi . com you get all these resources FREE of cost . We are among the top websites for IGCSE Economics , IGCSE Business Studies , IGCSE Accounting , and IGCSE ICT . We thank all the teachers and students who have visited us on a regular basis and made us immensely popular in such a short span of time ( launch 2008 ) . Cambridge International Examination website has listed us on their recommended subject resource list for Business studies , Economics and Accounting . OUR UNIQUE FEATURES tons of resources for everyone CATERING TO MULTIPLE CURRICULUM Though this website is primarily focusing on Cambridge International Examination ( CIE ) curriculum , it will be equally useful for other high school international curriculum as well . These include Edexcel , OCR , AQA , International Baccalaureate , WJEC and Australian Boards , American Boards etc . MULTIPLE SUBJECTS It is perhaps the best site to study Business and Economics subjects . It has specific resources for IGCSE Economics , IGCSE Business Studies , AS - A - Level Business Studies , IB Economics , AP Economics , IGCSE Accounting and IGCSE ICT and OCR Economics . TONS OF RESOURCES You will find hundreds of interactive quizzes , crosswords , gap fillers , match up quiz , Multiple choice quizzes , revision notes , Worksheets , Business Case Studies , Mind maps , flash games , Business news and videos , Cambridge news and lots of goodies which will make learning more fun . LEARNING ANYWHERE , ANYTIME With a stunning layout and a responsive layout , you can now access the website on any devise . Easy navigation on the phone or tablet makes its wonderful resource to study on the go ! GAMIFICATION ! This website has a variety of assessment techniques . Ranging from crosswords , mindmaps , flash quizzes , wordsearch , fill in the blanks , True and False to interactive games . It is a favorite destination for teenagers to spend time in a fruitful manner . Just browse our resources and you will be amazed to see the variety ! ! Interventionist supply - side policies Investment in infrastructure Improving information and investing in infrastructure will facilitate the firms to produce more and at a more cost efficient manner . Better infrastructure attracts more investment both domestic and foreign . In the short run increase government expenditure on infrastructure will lead to rise in AD and will fuel inflation , however in the long run it will lead to greater efficiencies and output thus shifting the LRAS to the right . Investment in human capital This involves investment in education and training which will raise the levels of human capital . This will , in the short - term , impact on aggregate demand as consumption of certain goods will increase , but more importantly will increase LRAS as labour becomes more skilled and efficient . Industrial policies Through various industrial policies focus the government encourage firms to move to areas of high unemployment . These measures might include subsidies or tax concessions for firms which move , the provision of facilities and improved infrastructure in the depressed area , the siting of government offices in the depressed areas and the prevention of firms expanding in the prosperous ones . This will have a short - term impact on aggregate demand but , more importantly , will increase LRAS . Investment in new technology These policies encourage research and development which will enhance efficiency and output . It will have a short - term impact on aggregate demand , but more importantly will result in new technologies and will increase LRAS . SHOP our premium resources on Visit TESTIMONIALS Trusted by millions ! A massive thanks A massive thanks to the Dinesh Bakshi team for putting up resources that have made my Business and Economics life across IGCSE , AS and A level much more interesting , fun and a point of so many wonderful memories . It ' s because of you guys that I topped Business and Economics in my IGCSE and AS levels ! ! ! Siddharth , Chennai SUBMIT TESTIMONIAL SUBSCRIBE to our newsletter indicates required Email Address First Name Last Name Joomla Extensions | [
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http://dinetable.com/recipe/chicken-65-recipe-chicken-fry-recipe/ | Chicken 65 recipe – Deep fried chicken recipe – Kerala style Cuisine : Indian Kerala Course : Side Dish Starter Skill Level : Moderate Yield : 500 gm Servings : 5 Prep Time : 3m Cook Time : 10m Ready In : 20m Chicken 65 recipe – Deep fried chicken recipe – Kerala style Chicken 65 recipe is a spicy deep fried chicken originating from Hyderabad . It is a good snack or side dish . Chicken 65 can be prepared using chicken on or off the bones . It is very easy to prepare and tasty to eat . Chicken is also abundant in selenium , an essential mineral involved in metabolic performance in other words thyroid , hormone , metabolism , and immune function . This is also happens to be rich in niacin , one particular B - vitamin that guards against cancer and other forms of genetic damage . click here for other chicken recipes Ingredients Chicken - 1 / 2 kg Ginger garlic paste - 2 tsp Corn flour - 2 tsp Kashmiri red chilly powder - 1 tsp Pepper powder - 1 / 2 tsp Beaten egg - 1 Curd - 1 / 2 tsp Lemon juice - 1 / 2 tsp Salt to taste Sunflower oil - 1 cup ( for frying ) Method Step 1 Clean and cut the chicken into small pieces . Step 2 Take a bowl and add corn flour , kashmiri red chilly powder , pepper powder , beaten egg , curd , ginger garlic paste , lemon juice and salt to make a thick paste . Marinate the chicken pieces with this paste and keep aside for at least 3 hours . Step 3 Heat oil in a pan and fry the chicken pieces till turns crispy . Homemade chicken 65 is ready to serve . Share this : Click to share on Instagram ( Opens in new window ) More Recipe Type : Chicken Eid Recipes New Year Recipe Tags : Calicut Paragon Chicken Chicken 65 recipe chicken fry kerala style Chicken Recipe Deep Fried Chicken Recipe Homemade Chicken 65 Non Vegetarian Recipe Salkara Chicken Recipe Spicy Chicken Recipe Starter Recipe Ingredients : Chicken Corn Flour Curd Egg Garlic Paste Ginger Paste Kashmiri Red Chilly Powder Lemon Juice Pepper powder Red Chilly Powder Salt Sunflower Oil MaherBan More From This Chef » Average Member Rating ( 4.3 / 5 ) Rate this recipe 6 people rated this recipe 7,984 Related Recipes : Aatha Chakka Milk Shake Recipe – Custard Apple Milk Shake Aatha Chakka Milk Shake Recipe – Custard Apple Milk Shake Recent Recipes Aatha Chakka Milk Shake Recipe . . . Aatha Chakka Milk Shake Recipe . . . Beetroot Achaar Recipe – Easy . . . Beetroot Achaar Recipe – Easy . . . Chemmeen Thenga Kothu Masala Recipe . . . Chemmeen Thenga Kothu Masala Recipe . . . Vermicelli Upma Recipe – Tasty . . . Vermicelli Upma Recipe – Tasty Semiya . . . Mussels Pickle Recipe – Kerala . . . Mussels Pickle Recipe – Kerala . . . Prawns Ghee Roast Recipe – . . . Prawns Ghee Roast Recipe – . . . Muringa Poovu Thoran Recipe – . . . Muringa Poovu Thoran Recipe – . . . Kallumakkaya Roast Recipe – Mussels . . . Kallumakkaya Roast Recipe – Mussels . . . Prawn Roast Recipe – Naadan . . . Prawn Roast Recipe – Naadan . . . Churakka Parippu Curry Recipe / ചുരക്ക പരിപ്പ് . . . Churakka Parippu Curry Recipe / ചുരക്ക പരിപ്പ് . . . Leave a Reply | [
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