function
stringlengths 18
3.86k
| intent_category
stringlengths 5
24
|
|---|---|
def euclidean_distance_sqr(point1, point2):
return (point1[0] - point2[0]) ** 2 + (point1[1] - point2[1]) ** 2 | divide_and_conquer |
def column_based_sort(array, column=0):
return sorted(array, key=lambda x: x[column]) | divide_and_conquer |
def dis_between_closest_pair(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
for i in range(points_counts - 1):
for j in range(i + 1, points_counts):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis | divide_and_conquer |
def dis_between_closest_in_strip(points, points_counts, min_dis=float("inf")):
for i in range(min(6, points_counts - 1), points_counts):
for j in range(max(0, i - 6), i):
current_dis = euclidean_distance_sqr(points[i], points[j])
if current_dis < min_dis:
min_dis = current_dis
return min_dis | divide_and_conquer |
def closest_pair_of_points_sqr(points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts):
# base case
if points_counts <= 3:
return dis_between_closest_pair(points_sorted_on_x, points_counts)
# recursion
mid = points_counts // 2
closest_in_left = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y[:mid], mid
)
closest_in_right = closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_y, points_sorted_on_y[mid:], points_counts - mid
)
closest_pair_dis = min(closest_in_left, closest_in_right)
cross_strip = []
for point in points_sorted_on_x:
if abs(point[0] - points_sorted_on_x[mid][0]) < closest_pair_dis:
cross_strip.append(point)
closest_in_strip = dis_between_closest_in_strip(
cross_strip, len(cross_strip), closest_pair_dis
)
return min(closest_pair_dis, closest_in_strip) | divide_and_conquer |
def closest_pair_of_points(points, points_counts):
points_sorted_on_x = column_based_sort(points, column=0)
points_sorted_on_y = column_based_sort(points, column=1)
return (
closest_pair_of_points_sqr(
points_sorted_on_x, points_sorted_on_y, points_counts
)
) ** 0.5 | divide_and_conquer |
def default_matrix_multiplication(a: list, b: list) -> list:
if len(a) != 2 or len(a[0]) != 2 or len(b) != 2 or len(b[0]) != 2:
raise Exception("Matrices are not 2x2")
new_matrix = [
[a[0][0] * b[0][0] + a[0][1] * b[1][0], a[0][0] * b[0][1] + a[0][1] * b[1][1]],
[a[1][0] * b[0][0] + a[1][1] * b[1][0], a[1][0] * b[0][1] + a[1][1] * b[1][1]],
]
return new_matrix | divide_and_conquer |
def matrix_addition(matrix_a: list, matrix_b: list):
return [
[matrix_a[row][col] + matrix_b[row][col] for col in range(len(matrix_a[row]))]
for row in range(len(matrix_a))
] | divide_and_conquer |
def matrix_subtraction(matrix_a: list, matrix_b: list):
return [
[matrix_a[row][col] - matrix_b[row][col] for col in range(len(matrix_a[row]))]
for row in range(len(matrix_a))
] | divide_and_conquer |
def split_matrix(a: list) -> tuple[list, list, list, list]:
if len(a) % 2 != 0 or len(a[0]) % 2 != 0:
raise Exception("Odd matrices are not supported!")
matrix_length = len(a)
mid = matrix_length // 2
top_right = [[a[i][j] for j in range(mid, matrix_length)] for i in range(mid)]
bot_right = [
[a[i][j] for j in range(mid, matrix_length)] for i in range(mid, matrix_length)
]
top_left = [[a[i][j] for j in range(mid)] for i in range(mid)]
bot_left = [[a[i][j] for j in range(mid)] for i in range(mid, matrix_length)]
return top_left, top_right, bot_left, bot_right | divide_and_conquer |
def matrix_dimensions(matrix: list) -> tuple[int, int]:
return len(matrix), len(matrix[0]) | divide_and_conquer |
def print_matrix(matrix: list) -> None:
print("\n".join(str(line) for line in matrix)) | divide_and_conquer |
def actual_strassen(matrix_a: list, matrix_b: list) -> list:
if matrix_dimensions(matrix_a) == (2, 2):
return default_matrix_multiplication(matrix_a, matrix_b)
a, b, c, d = split_matrix(matrix_a)
e, f, g, h = split_matrix(matrix_b)
t1 = actual_strassen(a, matrix_subtraction(f, h))
t2 = actual_strassen(matrix_addition(a, b), h)
t3 = actual_strassen(matrix_addition(c, d), e)
t4 = actual_strassen(d, matrix_subtraction(g, e))
t5 = actual_strassen(matrix_addition(a, d), matrix_addition(e, h))
t6 = actual_strassen(matrix_subtraction(b, d), matrix_addition(g, h))
t7 = actual_strassen(matrix_subtraction(a, c), matrix_addition(e, f))
top_left = matrix_addition(matrix_subtraction(matrix_addition(t5, t4), t2), t6)
top_right = matrix_addition(t1, t2)
bot_left = matrix_addition(t3, t4)
bot_right = matrix_subtraction(matrix_subtraction(matrix_addition(t1, t5), t3), t7)
# construct the new matrix from our 4 quadrants
new_matrix = []
for i in range(len(top_right)):
new_matrix.append(top_left[i] + top_right[i])
for i in range(len(bot_right)):
new_matrix.append(bot_left[i] + bot_right[i])
return new_matrix | divide_and_conquer |
def strassen(matrix1: list, matrix2: list) -> list:
if matrix_dimensions(matrix1)[1] != matrix_dimensions(matrix2)[0]:
raise Exception(
"Unable to multiply these matrices, please check the dimensions. \n"
f"Matrix A:{matrix1} \nMatrix B:{matrix2}"
)
dimension1 = matrix_dimensions(matrix1)
dimension2 = matrix_dimensions(matrix2)
if dimension1[0] == dimension1[1] and dimension2[0] == dimension2[1]:
return [matrix1, matrix2]
maximum = max(max(dimension1), max(dimension2))
maxim = int(math.pow(2, math.ceil(math.log2(maximum))))
new_matrix1 = matrix1
new_matrix2 = matrix2
# Adding zeros to the matrices so that the arrays dimensions are the same and also
# power of 2
for i in range(0, maxim):
if i < dimension1[0]:
for _ in range(dimension1[1], maxim):
new_matrix1[i].append(0)
else:
new_matrix1.append([0] * maxim)
if i < dimension2[0]:
for _ in range(dimension2[1], maxim):
new_matrix2[i].append(0)
else:
new_matrix2.append([0] * maxim)
final_matrix = actual_strassen(new_matrix1, new_matrix2)
# Removing the additional zeros
for i in range(0, maxim):
if i < dimension1[0]:
for _ in range(dimension2[1], maxim):
final_matrix[i].pop()
else:
final_matrix.pop()
return final_matrix | divide_and_conquer |
def random_pivot(lst):
return choice(lst) | divide_and_conquer |
def kth_number(lst: list[int], k: int) -> int:
# pick a pivot and separate into list based on pivot.
pivot = random_pivot(lst)
# partition based on pivot
# linear time
small = [e for e in lst if e < pivot]
big = [e for e in lst if e > pivot]
# if we get lucky, pivot might be the element we want.
# we can easily see this:
# small (elements smaller than k)
# + pivot (kth element)
# + big (elements larger than k)
if len(small) == k - 1:
return pivot
# pivot is in elements bigger than k
elif len(small) < k - 1:
return kth_number(big, k - len(small) - 1)
# pivot is in elements smaller than k
else:
return kth_number(small, k) | divide_and_conquer |
def merge(left_half: list, right_half: list) -> list:
sorted_array = [None] * (len(right_half) + len(left_half))
pointer1 = 0 # pointer to current index for left Half
pointer2 = 0 # pointer to current index for the right Half
index = 0 # pointer to current index for the sorted array Half
while pointer1 < len(left_half) and pointer2 < len(right_half):
if left_half[pointer1] < right_half[pointer2]:
sorted_array[index] = left_half[pointer1]
pointer1 += 1
index += 1
else:
sorted_array[index] = right_half[pointer2]
pointer2 += 1
index += 1
while pointer1 < len(left_half):
sorted_array[index] = left_half[pointer1]
pointer1 += 1
index += 1
while pointer2 < len(right_half):
sorted_array[index] = right_half[pointer2]
pointer2 += 1
index += 1
return sorted_array | divide_and_conquer |
def merge_sort(array: list) -> list:
if len(array) <= 1:
return array
# the actual formula to calculate the middle element = left + (right - left) // 2
# this avoids integer overflow in case of large N
middle = 0 + (len(array) - 0) // 2
# Split the array into halves till the array length becomes equal to One
# merge the arrays of single length returned by mergeSort function and
# pass them into the merge arrays function which merges the array
left_half = array[:middle]
right_half = array[middle:]
return merge(merge_sort(left_half), merge_sort(right_half)) | divide_and_conquer |
def actual_power(a: int, b: int):
if b == 0:
return 1
if (b % 2) == 0:
return actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2))
else:
return a * actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) * actual_power(a, int(b / 2)) | divide_and_conquer |
def power(a: int, b: int) -> float:
if b < 0:
return 1 / actual_power(a, b)
return actual_power(a, b) | divide_and_conquer |
def electric_power(voltage: float, current: float, power: float) -> tuple:
result = namedtuple("result", "name value")
if (voltage, current, power).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("Only one argument must be 0")
elif power < 0:
raise ValueError(
"Power cannot be negative in any electrical/electronics system"
)
elif voltage == 0:
return result("voltage", power / current)
elif current == 0:
return result("current", power / voltage)
elif power == 0:
return result("power", float(round(abs(voltage * current), 2)))
else:
raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0") | electronics |
def electrical_impedance(
resistance: float, reactance: float, impedance: float
) -> dict[str, float]:
if (resistance, reactance, impedance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if resistance == 0:
return {"resistance": sqrt(pow(impedance, 2) - pow(reactance, 2))}
elif reactance == 0:
return {"reactance": sqrt(pow(impedance, 2) - pow(resistance, 2))}
elif impedance == 0:
return {"impedance": sqrt(pow(resistance, 2) + pow(reactance, 2))}
else:
raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0") | electronics |
def ohms_law(voltage: float, current: float, resistance: float) -> dict[str, float]:
if (voltage, current, resistance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if resistance < 0:
raise ValueError("Resistance cannot be negative")
if voltage == 0:
return {"voltage": float(current * resistance)}
elif current == 0:
return {"current": voltage / resistance}
elif resistance == 0:
return {"resistance": voltage / current}
else:
raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0") | electronics |
def electric_conductivity(
conductivity: float,
electron_conc: float,
mobility: float,
) -> tuple[str, float]:
if (conductivity, electron_conc, mobility).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("You cannot supply more or less than 2 values")
elif conductivity < 0:
raise ValueError("Conductivity cannot be negative")
elif electron_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Electron concentration cannot be negative")
elif mobility < 0:
raise ValueError("mobility cannot be negative")
elif conductivity == 0:
return (
"conductivity",
mobility * electron_conc * ELECTRON_CHARGE,
)
elif electron_conc == 0:
return (
"electron_conc",
conductivity / (mobility * ELECTRON_CHARGE),
)
else:
return (
"mobility",
conductivity / (electron_conc * ELECTRON_CHARGE),
) | electronics |
def couloumbs_law(
force: float, charge1: float, charge2: float, distance: float
) -> dict[str, float]:
charge_product = abs(charge1 * charge2)
if (force, charge1, charge2, distance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if distance < 0:
raise ValueError("Distance cannot be negative")
if force == 0:
force = COULOMBS_CONSTANT * charge_product / (distance**2)
return {"force": force}
elif charge1 == 0:
charge1 = abs(force) * (distance**2) / (COULOMBS_CONSTANT * charge2)
return {"charge1": charge1}
elif charge2 == 0:
charge2 = abs(force) * (distance**2) / (COULOMBS_CONSTANT * charge1)
return {"charge2": charge2}
elif distance == 0:
distance = (COULOMBS_CONSTANT * charge_product / abs(force)) ** 0.5
return {"distance": distance}
raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0") | electronics |
def builtin_voltage(
donor_conc: float, # donor concentration
acceptor_conc: float, # acceptor concentration
intrinsic_conc: float, # intrinsic concentration
) -> float:
if donor_conc <= 0:
raise ValueError("Donor concentration should be positive")
elif acceptor_conc <= 0:
raise ValueError("Acceptor concentration should be positive")
elif intrinsic_conc <= 0:
raise ValueError("Intrinsic concentration should be positive")
elif donor_conc <= intrinsic_conc:
raise ValueError(
"Donor concentration should be greater than intrinsic concentration"
)
elif acceptor_conc <= intrinsic_conc:
raise ValueError(
"Acceptor concentration should be greater than intrinsic concentration"
)
else:
return (
Boltzmann
* T
* log((donor_conc * acceptor_conc) / intrinsic_conc**2)
/ physical_constants["electron volt"][0]
) | electronics |
def carrier_concentration(
electron_conc: float,
hole_conc: float,
intrinsic_conc: float,
) -> tuple:
if (electron_conc, hole_conc, intrinsic_conc).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("You cannot supply more or less than 2 values")
elif electron_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Electron concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif hole_conc < 0:
raise ValueError("Hole concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor")
elif intrinsic_conc < 0:
raise ValueError(
"Intrinsic concentration cannot be negative in a semiconductor"
)
elif electron_conc == 0:
return (
"electron_conc",
intrinsic_conc**2 / hole_conc,
)
elif hole_conc == 0:
return (
"hole_conc",
intrinsic_conc**2 / electron_conc,
)
elif intrinsic_conc == 0:
return (
"intrinsic_conc",
(electron_conc * hole_conc) ** 0.5,
)
else:
return (-1, -1) | electronics |
def resistor_parallel(resistors: list[float]) -> float:
first_sum = 0.00
index = 0
for resistor in resistors:
if resistor <= 0:
raise ValueError(f"Resistor at index {index} has a negative or zero value!")
first_sum += 1 / float(resistor)
index += 1
return 1 / first_sum | electronics |
def resistor_series(resistors: list[float]) -> float:
sum_r = 0.00
index = 0
for resistor in resistors:
sum_r += resistor
if resistor < 0:
raise ValueError(f"Resistor at index {index} has a negative value!")
index += 1
return sum_r | electronics |
def resonant_frequency(inductance: float, capacitance: float) -> tuple:
if inductance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Inductance cannot be 0 or negative")
elif capacitance <= 0:
raise ValueError("Capacitance cannot be 0 or negative")
else:
return (
"Resonant frequency",
float(1 / (2 * pi * (sqrt(inductance * capacitance)))),
) | electronics |
def ind_reactance(
inductance: float, frequency: float, reactance: float
) -> dict[str, float]:
if (inductance, frequency, reactance).count(0) != 1:
raise ValueError("One and only one argument must be 0")
if inductance < 0:
raise ValueError("Inductance cannot be negative")
if frequency < 0:
raise ValueError("Frequency cannot be negative")
if reactance < 0:
raise ValueError("Inductive reactance cannot be negative")
if inductance == 0:
return {"inductance": reactance / (2 * pi * frequency)}
elif frequency == 0:
return {"frequency": reactance / (2 * pi * inductance)}
elif reactance == 0:
return {"reactance": 2 * pi * frequency * inductance}
else:
raise ValueError("Exactly one argument must be 0") | electronics |
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.first_signal = [2, 1, 2, -1]
self.second_signal = [1, 2, 3, 4] | electronics |
def circular_convolution(self) -> list[float]:
length_first_signal = len(self.first_signal)
length_second_signal = len(self.second_signal)
max_length = max(length_first_signal, length_second_signal)
# create a zero matrix of max_length x max_length
matrix = [[0] * max_length for i in range(max_length)]
# fills the smaller signal with zeros to make both signals of same length
if length_first_signal < length_second_signal:
self.first_signal += [0] * (max_length - length_first_signal)
elif length_first_signal > length_second_signal:
self.second_signal += [0] * (max_length - length_second_signal)
for i in range(max_length):
rotated_signal = deque(self.second_signal)
rotated_signal.rotate(i)
for j, item in enumerate(rotated_signal):
matrix[i][j] += item
# multiply the matrix with the first signal
final_signal = np.matmul(np.transpose(matrix), np.transpose(self.first_signal))
# rounding-off to two decimal places
return [round(i, 2) for i in final_signal] | electronics |
def mae(predict, actual):
predict = np.array(predict)
actual = np.array(actual)
difference = abs(predict - actual)
score = difference.mean()
return score | machine_learning |
def mse(predict, actual):
predict = np.array(predict)
actual = np.array(actual)
difference = predict - actual
square_diff = np.square(difference)
score = square_diff.mean()
return score | machine_learning |
def rmse(predict, actual):
predict = np.array(predict)
actual = np.array(actual)
difference = predict - actual
square_diff = np.square(difference)
mean_square_diff = square_diff.mean()
score = np.sqrt(mean_square_diff)
return score | machine_learning |
def rmsle(predict, actual):
predict = np.array(predict)
actual = np.array(actual)
log_predict = np.log(predict + 1)
log_actual = np.log(actual + 1)
difference = log_predict - log_actual
square_diff = np.square(difference)
mean_square_diff = square_diff.mean()
score = np.sqrt(mean_square_diff)
return score | machine_learning |
def mbd(predict, actual):
predict = np.array(predict)
actual = np.array(actual)
difference = predict - actual
numerator = np.sum(difference) / len(predict)
denumerator = np.sum(actual) / len(predict)
# print(numerator, denumerator)
score = float(numerator) / denumerator * 100
return score | machine_learning |
def data_handling(data: dict) -> tuple:
# Split dataset into features and target
# data is features
return (data["data"], data["target"]) | machine_learning |
def xgboost(features: np.ndarray, target: np.ndarray) -> XGBClassifier:
classifier = XGBClassifier()
classifier.fit(features, target)
return classifier | machine_learning |
def main() -> None:
# Load Iris dataset
iris = load_iris()
features, targets = data_handling(iris)
x_train, x_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
features, targets, test_size=0.25
)
names = iris["target_names"]
# Create an XGBoost Classifier from the training data
xgboost_classifier = xgboost(x_train, y_train)
# Display the confusion matrix of the classifier with both training and test sets
ConfusionMatrixDisplay.from_estimator(
xgboost_classifier,
x_test,
y_test,
display_labels=names,
cmap="Blues",
normalize="true",
)
plt.title("Normalized Confusion Matrix - IRIS Dataset")
plt.show() | machine_learning |
def gaussian_distribution(mean: float, std_dev: float, instance_count: int) -> list:
seed(1)
return [gauss(mean, std_dev) for _ in range(instance_count)] | machine_learning |
def y_generator(class_count: int, instance_count: list) -> list:
return [k for k in range(class_count) for _ in range(instance_count[k])] | machine_learning |
def calculate_mean(instance_count: int, items: list) -> float:
# the sum of all items divided by number of instances
return sum(items) / instance_count | machine_learning |
def calculate_probabilities(instance_count: int, total_count: int) -> float:
# number of instances in specific class divided by number of all instances
return instance_count / total_count | machine_learning |
def calculate_variance(items: list, means: list, total_count: int) -> float:
squared_diff = [] # An empty list to store all squared differences
# iterate over number of elements in items
for i in range(len(items)):
# for loop iterates over number of elements in inner layer of items
for j in range(len(items[i])):
# appending squared differences to 'squared_diff' list
squared_diff.append((items[i][j] - means[i]) ** 2)
# one divided by (the number of all instances - number of classes) multiplied by
# sum of all squared differences
n_classes = len(means) # Number of classes in dataset
return 1 / (total_count - n_classes) * sum(squared_diff) | machine_learning |
def predict_y_values(
x_items: list, means: list, variance: float, probabilities: list
) -> list:
# An empty list to store generated discriminant values of all items in dataset for
# each class
results = []
# for loop iterates over number of elements in list
for i in range(len(x_items)):
# for loop iterates over number of inner items of each element
for j in range(len(x_items[i])):
temp = [] # to store all discriminant values of each item as a list
# for loop iterates over number of classes we have in our dataset
for k in range(len(x_items)):
# appending values of discriminants for each class to 'temp' list
temp.append(
x_items[i][j] * (means[k] / variance)
- (means[k] ** 2 / (2 * variance))
+ log(probabilities[k])
)
# appending discriminant values of each item to 'results' list
results.append(temp)
return [result.index(max(result)) for result in results] | machine_learning |
def accuracy(actual_y: list, predicted_y: list) -> float:
# iterate over one element of each list at a time (zip mode)
# prediction is correct if actual Y value equals to predicted Y value
correct = sum(1 for i, j in zip(actual_y, predicted_y) if i == j)
# percentage of accuracy equals to number of correct predictions divided by number
# of all data and multiplied by 100
return (correct / len(actual_y)) * 100 | machine_learning |
def valid_input(
input_type: Callable[[object], num], # Usually float or int
input_msg: str,
err_msg: str,
condition: Callable[[num], bool] = lambda x: True,
default: str | None = None,
) -> num:
while True:
try:
user_input = input_type(input(input_msg).strip() or default)
if condition(user_input):
return user_input
else:
print(f"{user_input}: {err_msg}")
continue
except ValueError:
print(
f"{user_input}: Incorrect input type, expected {input_type.__name__!r}"
) | machine_learning |
def _error(example_no, data_set="train"):
return calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set) - output(
example_no, data_set
) | machine_learning |
def _hypothesis_value(data_input_tuple):
hyp_val = 0
for i in range(len(parameter_vector) - 1):
hyp_val += data_input_tuple[i] * parameter_vector[i + 1]
hyp_val += parameter_vector[0]
return hyp_val | machine_learning |
def output(example_no, data_set):
if data_set == "train":
return train_data[example_no][1]
elif data_set == "test":
return test_data[example_no][1]
return None | machine_learning |
def calculate_hypothesis_value(example_no, data_set):
if data_set == "train":
return _hypothesis_value(train_data[example_no][0])
elif data_set == "test":
return _hypothesis_value(test_data[example_no][0])
return None | machine_learning |
def summation_of_cost_derivative(index, end=m):
summation_value = 0
for i in range(end):
if index == -1:
summation_value += _error(i)
else:
summation_value += _error(i) * train_data[i][0][index]
return summation_value | machine_learning |
def get_cost_derivative(index):
cost_derivative_value = summation_of_cost_derivative(index, m) / m
return cost_derivative_value | machine_learning |
def run_gradient_descent():
global parameter_vector
# Tune these values to set a tolerance value for predicted output
absolute_error_limit = 0.000002
relative_error_limit = 0
j = 0
while True:
j += 1
temp_parameter_vector = [0, 0, 0, 0]
for i in range(0, len(parameter_vector)):
cost_derivative = get_cost_derivative(i - 1)
temp_parameter_vector[i] = (
parameter_vector[i] - LEARNING_RATE * cost_derivative
)
if numpy.allclose(
parameter_vector,
temp_parameter_vector,
atol=absolute_error_limit,
rtol=relative_error_limit,
):
break
parameter_vector = temp_parameter_vector
print(("Number of iterations:", j)) | machine_learning |
def test_gradient_descent():
for i in range(len(test_data)):
print(("Actual output value:", output(i, "test")))
print(("Hypothesis output:", calculate_hypothesis_value(i, "test"))) | machine_learning |
def euclidean(input_a: np.ndarray, input_b: np.ndarray) -> float:
return math.sqrt(sum(pow(a - b, 2) for a, b in zip(input_a, input_b))) | machine_learning |
def similarity_search(
dataset: np.ndarray, value_array: np.ndarray
) -> list[list[list[float] | float]]:
if dataset.ndim != value_array.ndim:
raise ValueError(
f"Wrong input data's dimensions... dataset : {dataset.ndim}, "
f"value_array : {value_array.ndim}"
)
try:
if dataset.shape[1] != value_array.shape[1]:
raise ValueError(
f"Wrong input data's shape... dataset : {dataset.shape[1]}, "
f"value_array : {value_array.shape[1]}"
)
except IndexError:
if dataset.ndim != value_array.ndim:
raise TypeError("Wrong shape")
if dataset.dtype != value_array.dtype:
raise TypeError(
f"Input data have different datatype... dataset : {dataset.dtype}, "
f"value_array : {value_array.dtype}"
)
answer = []
for value in value_array:
dist = euclidean(value, dataset[0])
vector = dataset[0].tolist()
for dataset_value in dataset[1:]:
temp_dist = euclidean(value, dataset_value)
if dist > temp_dist:
dist = temp_dist
vector = dataset_value.tolist()
answer.append([vector, dist])
return answer | machine_learning |
def cosine_similarity(input_a: np.ndarray, input_b: np.ndarray) -> float:
return np.dot(input_a, input_b) / (norm(input_a) * norm(input_b)) | machine_learning |
def euclidean_distance(a, b):
return np.linalg.norm(np.array(a) - np.array(b)) | machine_learning |
def classifier(train_data, train_target, classes, point, k=5):
data = zip(train_data, train_target)
# List of distances of all points from the point to be classified
distances = []
for data_point in data:
distance = euclidean_distance(data_point[0], point)
distances.append((distance, data_point[1]))
# Choosing 'k' points with the least distances.
votes = [i[1] for i in sorted(distances)[:k]]
# Most commonly occurring class among them
# is the class into which the point is classified
result = Counter(votes).most_common(1)[0][0]
return classes[result] | machine_learning |
def __init__(self, depth=5, min_leaf_size=5):
self.depth = depth
self.decision_boundary = 0
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.min_leaf_size = min_leaf_size
self.prediction = None | machine_learning |
def mean_squared_error(self, labels, prediction):
if labels.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input labels must be one dimensional")
return np.mean((labels - prediction) ** 2) | machine_learning |
def train(self, x, y):
if x.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Input data set must be one dimensional")
return
if len(x) != len(y):
print("Error: X and y have different lengths")
return
if y.ndim != 1:
print("Error: Data set labels must be one dimensional")
return
if len(x) < 2 * self.min_leaf_size:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
if self.depth == 1:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return
best_split = 0
min_error = self.mean_squared_error(x, np.mean(y)) * 2
for i in range(len(x)):
if len(x[:i]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
elif len(x[i:]) < self.min_leaf_size:
continue
else:
error_left = self.mean_squared_error(x[:i], np.mean(y[:i]))
error_right = self.mean_squared_error(x[i:], np.mean(y[i:]))
error = error_left + error_right
if error < min_error:
best_split = i
min_error = error
if best_split != 0:
left_x = x[:best_split]
left_y = y[:best_split]
right_x = x[best_split:]
right_y = y[best_split:]
self.decision_boundary = x[best_split]
self.left = DecisionTree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.right = DecisionTree(
depth=self.depth - 1, min_leaf_size=self.min_leaf_size
)
self.left.train(left_x, left_y)
self.right.train(right_x, right_y)
else:
self.prediction = np.mean(y)
return | machine_learning |
def predict(self, x):
if self.prediction is not None:
return self.prediction
elif self.left or self.right is not None:
if x >= self.decision_boundary:
return self.right.predict(x)
else:
return self.left.predict(x)
else:
print("Error: Decision tree not yet trained")
return None | machine_learning |
def __init__(self):
self.position = (0, 0)
self.parent = None
self.g = 0
self.h = 0
self.f = 0 | machine_learning |
def __eq__(self, cell):
return self.position == cell.position | machine_learning |
def showcell(self):
print(self.position) | machine_learning |
def __init__(self, world_size=(5, 5)):
self.w = np.zeros(world_size)
self.world_x_limit = world_size[0]
self.world_y_limit = world_size[1] | machine_learning |
def show(self):
print(self.w) | machine_learning |
def get_neigbours(self, cell):
neughbour_cord = [
(-1, -1),
(-1, 0),
(-1, 1),
(0, -1),
(0, 1),
(1, -1),
(1, 0),
(1, 1),
]
current_x = cell.position[0]
current_y = cell.position[1]
neighbours = []
for n in neughbour_cord:
x = current_x + n[0]
y = current_y + n[1]
if 0 <= x < self.world_x_limit and 0 <= y < self.world_y_limit:
c = Cell()
c.position = (x, y)
c.parent = cell
neighbours.append(c)
return neighbours | machine_learning |
def astar(world, start, goal):
_open = []
_closed = []
_open.append(start)
while _open:
min_f = np.argmin([n.f for n in _open])
current = _open[min_f]
_closed.append(_open.pop(min_f))
if current == goal:
break
for n in world.get_neigbours(current):
for c in _closed:
if c == n:
continue
n.g = current.g + 1
x1, y1 = n.position
x2, y2 = goal.position
n.h = (y2 - y1) ** 2 + (x2 - x1) ** 2
n.f = n.h + n.g
for c in _open:
if c == n and c.f < n.f:
continue
_open.append(n)
path = []
while current.parent is not None:
path.append(current.position)
current = current.parent
path.append(current.position)
return path[::-1] | machine_learning |
def sigmoid_function(z):
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z)) | machine_learning |
def cost_function(h, y):
return (-y * np.log(h) - (1 - y) * np.log(1 - h)).mean() | machine_learning |
def log_likelihood(x, y, weights):
scores = np.dot(x, weights)
return np.sum(y * scores - np.log(1 + np.exp(scores))) | machine_learning |
def logistic_reg(alpha, x, y, max_iterations=70000):
theta = np.zeros(x.shape[1])
for iterations in range(max_iterations):
z = np.dot(x, theta)
h = sigmoid_function(z)
gradient = np.dot(x.T, h - y) / y.size
theta = theta - alpha * gradient # updating the weights
z = np.dot(x, theta)
h = sigmoid_function(z)
j = cost_function(h, y)
if iterations % 100 == 0:
print(f"loss: {j} \t") # printing the loss after every 100 iterations
return theta | machine_learning |
def predict_prob(x):
return sigmoid_function(
np.dot(x, theta)
) # predicting the value of probability from the logistic regression algorithm | machine_learning |
def get_winner(self, weights: list[list[float]], sample: list[int]) -> int:
d0 = 0.0
d1 = 0.0
for i in range(len(sample)):
d0 += math.pow((sample[i] - weights[0][i]), 2)
d1 += math.pow((sample[i] - weights[1][i]), 2)
return 0 if d0 > d1 else 1
return 0 | machine_learning |
def update(
self, weights: list[list[int | float]], sample: list[int], j: int, alpha: float
) -> list[list[int | float]]:
for i in range(len(weights)):
weights[j][i] += alpha * (sample[i] - weights[j][i])
return weights | machine_learning |
def main() -> None:
# Training Examples ( m, n )
training_samples = [[1, 1, 0, 0], [0, 0, 0, 1], [1, 0, 0, 0], [0, 0, 1, 1]]
# weight initialization ( n, C )
weights = [[0.2, 0.6, 0.5, 0.9], [0.8, 0.4, 0.7, 0.3]]
# training
self_organizing_map = SelfOrganizingMap()
epochs = 3
alpha = 0.5
for _ in range(epochs):
for j in range(len(training_samples)):
# training sample
sample = training_samples[j]
# Compute the winning vector
winner = self_organizing_map.get_winner(weights, sample)
# Update the winning vector
weights = self_organizing_map.update(weights, sample, winner, alpha)
# classify test sample
sample = [0, 0, 0, 1]
winner = self_organizing_map.get_winner(weights, sample)
# results
print(f"Clusters that the test sample belongs to : {winner}")
print(f"Weights that have been trained : {weights}") | machine_learning |
def term_frequency(term: str, document: str) -> int:
# strip all punctuation and newlines and replace it with ''
document_without_punctuation = document.translate(
str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation)
).replace("\n", "")
tokenize_document = document_without_punctuation.split(" ") # word tokenization
return len([word for word in tokenize_document if word.lower() == term.lower()]) | machine_learning |
def document_frequency(term: str, corpus: str) -> tuple[int, int]:
corpus_without_punctuation = corpus.lower().translate(
str.maketrans("", "", string.punctuation)
) # strip all punctuation and replace it with ''
docs = corpus_without_punctuation.split("\n")
term = term.lower()
return (len([doc for doc in docs if term in doc]), len(docs)) | machine_learning |
def inverse_document_frequency(df: int, n: int, smoothing=False) -> float:
if smoothing:
if n == 0:
raise ValueError("log10(0) is undefined.")
return round(1 + log10(n / (1 + df)), 3)
if df == 0:
raise ZeroDivisionError("df must be > 0")
elif n == 0:
raise ValueError("log10(0) is undefined.")
return round(log10(n / df), 3) | machine_learning |
def norm_squared(vector: ndarray) -> float:
return np.dot(vector, vector) | machine_learning |
def __init__(
self,
*,
regularization: float = np.inf,
kernel: str = "linear",
gamma: float = 0,
) -> None:
self.regularization = regularization
self.gamma = gamma
if kernel == "linear":
self.kernel = self.__linear
elif kernel == "rbf":
if self.gamma == 0:
raise ValueError("rbf kernel requires gamma")
if not (isinstance(self.gamma, float) or isinstance(self.gamma, int)):
raise ValueError("gamma must be float or int")
if not self.gamma > 0:
raise ValueError("gamma must be > 0")
self.kernel = self.__rbf
# in the future, there could be a default value like in sklearn
# sklear: def_gamma = 1/(n_features * X.var()) (wiki)
# previously it was 1/(n_features)
else:
raise ValueError(f"Unknown kernel: {kernel}") | machine_learning |
def normalization(data: list, ndigits: int = 3) -> list:
# variables for calculation
x_min = min(data)
x_max = max(data)
# normalize data
return [round((x - x_min) / (x_max - x_min), ndigits) for x in data] | machine_learning |
def __init__(
self,
train,
kernel_func,
alpha_list=None,
cost=0.4,
b=0.0,
tolerance=0.001,
auto_norm=True,
):
self._init = True
self._auto_norm = auto_norm
self._c = np.float64(cost)
self._b = np.float64(b)
self._tol = np.float64(tolerance) if tolerance > 0.0001 else np.float64(0.001)
self.tags = train[:, 0]
self.samples = self._norm(train[:, 1:]) if self._auto_norm else train[:, 1:]
self.alphas = alpha_list if alpha_list is not None else np.zeros(train.shape[0])
self.Kernel = kernel_func
self._eps = 0.001
self._all_samples = list(range(self.length))
self._K_matrix = self._calculate_k_matrix()
self._error = np.zeros(self.length)
self._unbound = []
self.choose_alpha = self._choose_alphas() | machine_learning |
def fit(self):
k = self._k
state = None
while True:
# 1: Find alpha1, alpha2
try:
i1, i2 = self.choose_alpha.send(state)
state = None
except StopIteration:
print("Optimization done!\nEvery sample satisfy the KKT condition!")
break
# 2: calculate new alpha2 and new alpha1
y1, y2 = self.tags[i1], self.tags[i2]
a1, a2 = self.alphas[i1].copy(), self.alphas[i2].copy()
e1, e2 = self._e(i1), self._e(i2)
args = (i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2)
a1_new, a2_new = self._get_new_alpha(*args)
if not a1_new and not a2_new:
state = False
continue
self.alphas[i1], self.alphas[i2] = a1_new, a2_new
# 3: update threshold(b)
b1_new = np.float64(
-e1
- y1 * k(i1, i1) * (a1_new - a1)
- y2 * k(i2, i1) * (a2_new - a2)
+ self._b
)
b2_new = np.float64(
-e2
- y2 * k(i2, i2) * (a2_new - a2)
- y1 * k(i1, i2) * (a1_new - a1)
+ self._b
)
if 0.0 < a1_new < self._c:
b = b1_new
if 0.0 < a2_new < self._c:
b = b2_new
if not (np.float64(0) < a2_new < self._c) and not (
np.float64(0) < a1_new < self._c
):
b = (b1_new + b2_new) / 2.0
b_old = self._b
self._b = b
# 4: update error value,here we only calculate those non-bound samples'
# error
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
for s in self.unbound:
if s in (i1, i2):
continue
self._error[s] += (
y1 * (a1_new - a1) * k(i1, s)
+ y2 * (a2_new - a2) * k(i2, s)
+ (self._b - b_old)
)
# if i1 or i2 is non-bound,update there error value to zero
if self._is_unbound(i1):
self._error[i1] = 0
if self._is_unbound(i2):
self._error[i2] = 0 | machine_learning |
def predict(self, test_samples, classify=True):
if test_samples.shape[1] > self.samples.shape[1]:
raise ValueError(
"Test samples' feature length does not equal to that of train samples"
)
if self._auto_norm:
test_samples = self._norm(test_samples)
results = []
for test_sample in test_samples:
result = self._predict(test_sample)
if classify:
results.append(1 if result > 0 else -1)
else:
results.append(result)
return np.array(results) | machine_learning |
def _check_obey_kkt(self, index):
alphas = self.alphas
tol = self._tol
r = self._e(index) * self.tags[index]
c = self._c
return (r < -tol and alphas[index] < c) or (r > tol and alphas[index] > 0.0) | machine_learning |
def _k(self, i1, i2):
# for test samples,use Kernel function
if isinstance(i2, np.ndarray):
return self.Kernel(self.samples[i1], i2)
# for train samples,Kernel values have been saved in matrix
else:
return self._K_matrix[i1, i2] | machine_learning |
def _e(self, index):
# get from error data
if self._is_unbound(index):
return self._error[index]
# get by g(xi) - yi
else:
gx = np.dot(self.alphas * self.tags, self._K_matrix[:, index]) + self._b
yi = self.tags[index]
return gx - yi | machine_learning |
def _calculate_k_matrix(self):
k_matrix = np.zeros([self.length, self.length])
for i in self._all_samples:
for j in self._all_samples:
k_matrix[i, j] = np.float64(
self.Kernel(self.samples[i, :], self.samples[j, :])
)
return k_matrix | machine_learning |
def _predict(self, sample):
k = self._k
predicted_value = (
np.sum(
[
self.alphas[i1] * self.tags[i1] * k(i1, sample)
for i1 in self._all_samples
]
)
+ self._b
)
return predicted_value | machine_learning |
def _choose_alphas(self):
locis = yield from self._choose_a1()
if not locis:
return None
return locis | machine_learning |
def _choose_a1(self):
while True:
all_not_obey = True
# all sample
print("scanning all sample!")
for i1 in [i for i in self._all_samples if self._check_obey_kkt(i)]:
all_not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
# non-bound sample
print("scanning non-bound sample!")
while True:
not_obey = True
for i1 in [
i
for i in self._all_samples
if self._check_obey_kkt(i) and self._is_unbound(i)
]:
not_obey = False
yield from self._choose_a2(i1)
if not_obey:
print("all non-bound samples fit the KKT condition!")
break
if all_not_obey:
print("all samples fit the KKT condition! Optimization done!")
break
return False | machine_learning |
def _choose_a2(self, i1):
self._unbound = [i for i in self._all_samples if self._is_unbound(i)]
if len(self.unbound) > 0:
tmp_error = self._error.copy().tolist()
tmp_error_dict = {
index: value
for index, value in enumerate(tmp_error)
if self._is_unbound(index)
}
if self._e(i1) >= 0:
i2 = min(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
else:
i2 = max(tmp_error_dict, key=lambda index: tmp_error_dict[index])
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self.unbound, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return
for i2 in np.roll(self._all_samples, np.random.choice(self.length)):
cmd = yield i1, i2
if cmd is None:
return | machine_learning |
def _get_new_alpha(self, i1, i2, a1, a2, e1, e2, y1, y2):
k = self._k
if i1 == i2:
return None, None
# calculate L and H which bound the new alpha2
s = y1 * y2
if s == -1:
l, h = max(0.0, a2 - a1), min(self._c, self._c + a2 - a1)
else:
l, h = max(0.0, a2 + a1 - self._c), min(self._c, a2 + a1)
if l == h:
return None, None
# calculate eta
k11 = k(i1, i1)
k22 = k(i2, i2)
k12 = k(i1, i2)
# select the new alpha2 which could get the minimal objectives
if (eta := k11 + k22 - 2.0 * k12) > 0.0:
a2_new_unc = a2 + (y2 * (e1 - e2)) / eta
# a2_new has a boundary
if a2_new_unc >= h:
a2_new = h
elif a2_new_unc <= l:
a2_new = l
else:
a2_new = a2_new_unc
else:
b = self._b
l1 = a1 + s * (a2 - l)
h1 = a1 + s * (a2 - h)
# way 1
f1 = y1 * (e1 + b) - a1 * k(i1, i1) - s * a2 * k(i1, i2)
f2 = y2 * (e2 + b) - a2 * k(i2, i2) - s * a1 * k(i1, i2)
ol = (
l1 * f1
+ l * f2
+ 1 / 2 * l1**2 * k(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * l**2 * k(i2, i2)
+ s * l * l1 * k(i1, i2)
)
oh = (
h1 * f1
+ h * f2
+ 1 / 2 * h1**2 * k(i1, i1)
+ 1 / 2 * h**2 * k(i2, i2)
+ s * h * h1 * k(i1, i2)
)
if ol < (oh - self._eps):
a2_new = l
elif ol > oh + self._eps:
a2_new = h
else:
a2_new = a2
# a1_new has a boundary too
a1_new = a1 + s * (a2 - a2_new)
if a1_new < 0:
a2_new += s * a1_new
a1_new = 0
if a1_new > self._c:
a2_new += s * (a1_new - self._c)
a1_new = self._c
return a1_new, a2_new | machine_learning |
def _norm(self, data):
if self._init:
self._min = np.min(data, axis=0)
self._max = np.max(data, axis=0)
self._init = False
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min)
else:
return (data - self._min) / (self._max - self._min) | machine_learning |
Subsets and Splits