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BACKGROUND	The emergence of HIV as a chronic condition means that people living with HIV are required to take more responsibility for the self-management of their condition , including making physical , emotional and social adjustments .	The emergence of HIV as a chronic condition means that people living with HIV are required to take more responsibility for the self-management of their condition, including making physical, emotional and social adjustments.
BACKGROUND	This paper describes the design and evaluation of Positive Outlook , an online program aiming to enhance the self-management skills of gay men living with HIV .	This paper describes the design and evaluation of Positive Outlook, an online program aiming to enhance the self-management skills of gay men living with HIV.
METHODS	This study is designed as a randomised controlled trial in which men living with HIV in Australia will be assigned to either an intervention group or usual care control group .	This study is designed as a randomised controlled trial in which men living with HIV in Australia will be assigned to either an intervention group or usual care control group.
METHODS	The intervention group will participate in the online group program ` Positive Outlook ' .	The intervention group will participate in the online group program'Positive Outlook '.
METHODS	The program is based on self-efficacy theory and uses a self-management approach to enhance skills , confidence and abilities to manage the psychosocial issues associated with HIV in daily life .	The program is based on self-efficacy theory and uses a self-management approach to enhance skills, confidence and abilities to manage the psychosocial issues associated with HIV in daily life.
METHODS	Participants will access the program for a minimum of 90 minutes per week over seven weeks .	Participants will access the program for a minimum of 90 minutes per week over seven weeks.
METHODS	Primary outcomes are domain specific self-efficacy , HIV related quality of life , and outcomes of health education .	Primary outcomes are domain specific self-efficacy, HIV related quality of life, and outcomes of health education.
METHODS	Secondary outcomes include : depression , anxiety and stress ; general health and quality of life ; adjustment to HIV ; and social support .	Secondary outcomes include : depression, anxiety and stress ; general health and quality of life ; adjustment to HIV ; and social support.
METHODS	Data collection will take place at baseline , completion of the intervention ( or eight weeks post randomisation ) and at 12 week follow-up .	Data collection will take place at baseline, completion of the intervention (or eight weeks post randomisation) and at 12 week follow-up.
CONCLUSIONS	Results of the Positive Outlook study will provide information regarding the effectiveness of online group programs improving health related outcomes for men living with HIV .	Results of the Positive Outlook study will provide information regarding the effectiveness of online group programs improving health related outcomes for men living with HIV.
BACKGROUND	ACTRN12612000642886 .	ACTRN12612000642886.
BACKGROUND	The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy , safety and complications of orbital steroid injection versus oral steroid therapy in the management of thyroid-related ophthalmopathy .	The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy, safety and complications of orbital steroid injection versus oral steroid therapy in the management of thyroid-related ophthalmopathy.
METHODS	A total of 29 patients suffering from thyroid ophthalmopathy were included in this study .	A total of 29 patients suffering from thyroid ophthalmopathy were included in this study.
METHODS	Patients were randomized into two groups : group I included 15 patients treated with oral prednisolone and group II included 14 patients treated with peribulbar triamcinolone orbital injection .	Patients were randomized into two groups : group I included 15 patients treated with oral prednisolone and group II included 14 patients treated with peribulbar triamcinolone orbital injection.
METHODS	Only 12 patients in both groups ( 16 female and 8 male ) completed the study .	Only 12 patients in both groups (16 female and 8 male) completed the study.
RESULTS	Both groups showed improvement in symptoms and in clinical evidence of inflammation with improvement of eye movement and proptosis in most cases .	Both groups showed improvement in symptoms and in clinical evidence of inflammation with improvement of eye movement and proptosis in most cases.
RESULTS	Mean exophthalmometry value before treatment was 22.6 1.98 mm that decreased to 18.6 0.996 mm in group I , compared with 23 1.86 mm that decreased to 19.08 1.16 mm in group II .	Mean exophthalmometry value before treatment was 22. 6 1. 98 mm that decreased to 18. 6 0. 996 mm in group I, compared with 23 1. 86 mm that decreased to 19. 08 1. 16 mm in group II.
RESULTS	Mean initial clinical activity score was 4.75 1.2 and 5 1.3 for group I and group II before treatment , respectively , which dropped to 0.83 1.2 and 0.83 1.02 , 6 months after treatment , respectively .	Mean initial clinical activity score was 4. 75 1. 2 and 5 1. 3 for group I and group II before treatment, respectively, which dropped to 0. 83 1. 2 and 0. 83 1. 02, 6 months after treatment, respectively.
RESULTS	There was no change in the best-corrected visual acuity in both groups .	There was no change in the best-corrected visual acuity in both groups.
RESULTS	There was an increase in body weight , blood sugar , blood pressure and gastritis in group I in 66.7 % , 33.3 % , 50 % and 75 % , respectively , compared with 0 % , 0 % , 8.3 % and 8.3 % in group II .	There was an increase in body weight, blood sugar, blood pressure and gastritis in group I in 66. 7 %, 33. 3 %, 50 % and 75 %, respectively, compared with 0 %, 0 %, 8. 3 % and 8. 3 % in group II.
RESULTS	No adverse local side effects were observed in group II .	No adverse local side effects were observed in group II.
CONCLUSIONS	Orbital steroid injection for thyroid-related ophthalmopathy is effective and safe .	Orbital steroid injection for thyroid-related ophthalmopathy is effective and safe.
CONCLUSIONS	It eliminates the adverse reactions associated with oral corticosteroid use .	It eliminates the adverse reactions associated with oral corticosteroid use.
OBJECTIVE	The aim of this prospective randomized study was to examine whether active counseling and more liberal oral fluid intake decrease postoperative pain , nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory tonsillectomy .	The aim of this prospective randomized study was to examine whether active counseling and more liberal oral fluid intake decrease postoperative pain, nausea and vomiting in pediatric ambulatory tonsillectomy.
METHODS	Families , whose child was admitted for ambulatory tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy , were randomly assigned to the study groups ( n = 116 ; 58 families in each group ) .	Families, whose child was admitted for ambulatory tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to the study groups (n = 116 ; 58 families in each group).
METHODS	The intervention group received the fasting instructions with face-to-face counseling for the child 's active preoperative nutrition , and the control group the fasting instructions according to the hospital 's standard procedure .	The intervention group received the fasting instructions with face-to-face counseling for the child 's active preoperative nutrition, and the control group the fasting instructions according to the hospital 's standard procedure.
METHODS	The level of postoperative pain and nausea was scored in the postanesthesia care unit ( PACU ) during the first postoperative hour , as well as at 2 , 4 , 8 and 24h postoperatively .	The level of postoperative pain and nausea was scored in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU) during the first postoperative hour, as well as at 2, 4, 8 and 24h postoperatively.
METHODS	The first scoring in PACU was performed by the attending nurse with a 0-10 scale .	The first scoring in PACU was performed by the attending nurse with a 0-10 scale.
METHODS	The rest of the estimations were made independently and simultaneously by the children using a VAS scale , and by the parents using a 0-10 scale .	The rest of the estimations were made independently and simultaneously by the children using a VAS scale, and by the parents using a 0-10 scale.
RESULTS	The children in the control group were in more pain in the PACU than the children in the intervention group , and the difference between the groups was statistically significant ( p = 0.0002 ) .	The children in the control group were in more pain in the PACU than the children in the intervention group, and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (p = 0. 0002).
RESULTS	All pain scores , according to the children and the parents , increased after the surgery .	All pain scores, according to the children and the parents, increased after the surgery.
RESULTS	In both groups the highest score values were found at home 8h after surgery , and no significant difference was found between the study groups .	In both groups the highest score values were found at home 8h after surgery, and no significant difference was found between the study groups.
RESULTS	On the first postoperative morning , the children in the control group were in pain ( p = 0.047 ) .	On the first postoperative morning, the children in the control group were in pain (p = 0. 047).
RESULTS	The children did not have significant nausea in the PACU , but the nausea increased postoperatively .	The children did not have significant nausea in the PACU, but the nausea increased postoperatively.
RESULTS	Four hours after surgery the children were most nauseous according to all estimations ( 60 % , n = 116 ) .	Four hours after surgery the children were most nauseous according to all estimations (60 %, n = 116).
RESULTS	More than half of the children vomited and most vomited clotted blood .	More than half of the children vomited and most vomited clotted blood.
RESULTS	Nausea and vomiting decreased during the evening of the surgery , but six children vomited the next morning , four of them vomited blood .	Nausea and vomiting decreased during the evening of the surgery, but six children vomited the next morning, four of them vomited blood.
RESULTS	The incidence and intensity of postoperative nausea and vomiting between the intervention and control groups were not statistically significant .	The incidence and intensity of postoperative nausea and vomiting between the intervention and control groups were not statistically significant.
RESULTS	However , preoperative nutritional counseling and more liberal per oral fluid intake appeared to have a positive effect on the children 's well-being and helped them to better tolerate postoperative nausea and vomiting .	However, preoperative nutritional counseling and more liberal per oral fluid intake appeared to have a positive effect on the children 's well-being and helped them to better tolerate postoperative nausea and vomiting.
CONCLUSIONS	The preoperative counseling about active preoperative nutrition significantly reduces the child 's pain during the first posttonsillectomy hours and might prepare the child to better tolerate the stress of potential postoperative nausea and vomiting .	The preoperative counseling about active preoperative nutrition significantly reduces the child 's pain during the first posttonsillectomy hours and might prepare the child to better tolerate the stress of potential postoperative nausea and vomiting.