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56df12853277331400b4d94f | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to anticipate the rearmament of West Germany. | Which nation was permitted rearmament by the foundation of the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"East Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56df12853277331400b4d950 | Warsaw_Pact | One of the founding members, East Germany was allowed to re-arm by the Soviet Union and the National People's Army was established as the armed forces of the country to anticipate the rearmament of West Germany. | What was the name of the East German armed forces? | {
"text": [
"the National People's Army"
],
"answer_start": [
88
]
} |
56df12ec3277331400b4d953 | Warsaw_Pact | The eight member countries of the Warsaw Pact pledged the reciprocal defense of any member who would be attacked. Relations among the treaty signatories were based upon reciprocal non-intervention in the internal affairs of the member countries, respect for national sovereignty, and political independence. However, almost all governments of those member states were indirectly controlled by the Soviet Union. | How many countries formed the initial Warsaw Pact membership? | {
"text": [
"eight"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56df13573277331400b4d957 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongol People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966. | In which year did Mongolia seek entry in the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"1963"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
56df13573277331400b4d959 | Warsaw_Pact | In July 1963 the Mongol People's Republic asked to join the Warsaw Pact under Article 9 of the treaty. For this purpose a special protocol should have been taken since the text of the treaty applied only to Europe. Due to the emerging Sino-Soviet split, Mongolia remained on observer status. Soviet stationing troops were agreed to stay in Mongolia from 1966. | In which year were Soviet forces scheduled to leave Mongolia? | {
"text": [
"1966"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3b | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategical policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. | What was the focus of both alliances' policies towards the other in lieu of direct fighting? | {
"text": [
"containment"
],
"answer_start": [
205
]
} |
56df13b6c65bf219000b3f3c | Warsaw_Pact | For 36 years, NATO and the Warsaw Pact never directly waged war against each other in Europe; the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies implemented strategical policies aimed at the containment of each other in Europe, while working and fighting for influence within the wider Cold War on the international stage. | Which continent was considered to be at the center of NATO/Warsaw Pact intrigues? | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56df14683277331400b4d95d | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Magyar citizens. | In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact? | {
"text": [
"1956"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
56df14683277331400b4d95f | Warsaw_Pact | In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Magyar citizens. | Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt? | {
"text": [
"Imre Nagy"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f49 | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | In which year was the Warsaw Pact activated in a joint action? | {
"text": [
"1968"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
56df14d0c65bf219000b3f4a | Warsaw_Pact | The multi-national Communist armed forces' sole joint action was the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968. All member countries, with the exception of the Socialist Republic of Romania and the People's Republic of Albania participated in the invasion. | Which country did the Pact conquer? | {
"text": [
"Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d981 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and strange ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. | In which country did Warsaw Pact officials meet to dissolve the alliance? | {
"text": [
"Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d982 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and strange ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. | In which year did Romania overthrow its communist government? | {
"text": [
"1989"
],
"answer_start": [
470
]
} |
56df18663277331400b4d983 | Warsaw_Pact | On 25 February 1991, the Warsaw Pact was declared disbanded at a meeting of defense and strange ministers from remaining Pact countries meeting in Hungary. On 1 July 1991, in Prague, the Czechoslovak President Václav Havel formally ended the 1955 Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance and so disestablished the Warsaw Treaty after 36 years of military alliance with the USSR. In fact, the treaty was de facto disbanded in December 1989 during the violent revolution in Romania, which toppled the communist government, without military intervention form other member states. The USSR disestablished itself in December 1991. | For how many years did the Warsaw Pact formally exist? | {
"text": [
"36"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f55 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | Which former Eastern Bloc country was the latest to join NATO? | {
"text": [
"Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f56 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Poland join NATO? | {
"text": [
"1999"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56df18c9c65bf219000b3f57 | Warsaw_Pact | On 12 March 1999, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland joined NATO; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, and Slovakia joined in March 2004; Albania joined on 1 April 2009. | In which year did Slovakia join NATO? | {
"text": [
"2004"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5b | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's atomic war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using atomic weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a atomic weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | In which year did Poland declassify most of its Warsaw Pact-era archives? | {
"text": [
"2005"
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5c | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's atomic war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using atomic weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a atomic weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | How many documents remain classified? | {
"text": [
"70"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5d | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's atomic war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using atomic weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a atomic weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | What was the name of the Warsaw Pact's planned counteroffensive to a NATO first strike? | {
"text": [
"Seven Days to the River Rhine"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5e | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's atomic war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using atomic weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a atomic weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | How many nuclear weapons were eventually housed in Poland? | {
"text": [
"250"
],
"answer_start": [
905
]
} |
56df1961c65bf219000b3f5f | Warsaw_Pact | In November 2005, the Polish government opened its Warsaw Treaty archives to the Institute of National Remembrance, who published some 1,300 declassified documents in January 2006. Yet the Polish government reserved publication of 100 documents, pending their military declassification. Eventually, 30 of the reserved 100 documents were published; 70 remained secret, and unpublished. Among the documents published is the Warsaw Treaty's atomic war plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine – a short, swift counter-attack capturing Austria, Denmark, Germany and Netherlands east of River Rhine, using atomic weapons, in self-defense, after a NATO first strike. The plan originated as a 1979 field training exercise war game, and metamorphosed into official Warsaw Treaty battle doctrine, until the late 1980s – which is why the People's Republic of Poland was a atomic weapons base, first, to 178, then, to 250 tactical-range rockets. Doctrinally, as a Soviet-style (offensive) battle plan, Seven Days to the River Rhine gave commanders few defensive-war strategies for fighting NATO in Warsaw Treaty territory.[citation needed] | In which year was the counteroffensive strategy first conceived? | {
"text": [
"1979"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fc | Materialism | Materialism is a form of philosophic monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions. | What is materialism? | {
"text": [
"a form of philosophical monism"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
56de92c1cffd8e1900b4b9fd | Materialism | Materialism is a form of philosophic monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions. | In nature, this is an essential substance? | {
"text": [
"matter"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
56de936b4396321400ee2a30 | Materialism | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to integrate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous. | What are some examples of philosophical physicalism? | {
"text": [
"spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
56de936b4396321400ee2a31 | Materialism | Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to integrate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous. | Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what? | {
"text": [
"Materialism"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
56de94434396321400ee2a3b | Materialism | Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is unlike from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism. | What class does materialism belong to? | {
"text": [
"monist ontology"
],
"answer_start": [
36
]
} |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba02 | Materialism | Despite the big number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. | What is the first question to ask in order to define the two classes? | {
"text": [
"\"what does reality consist of?\""
],
"answer_start": [
400
]
} |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba03 | Materialism | Despite the big number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. | What is the second question to ask in order to define the two classes? | {
"text": [
"\"how does it originate?\""
],
"answer_start": [
436
]
} |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba04 | Materialism | Despite the big number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. | An idealist considers what as the most important? | {
"text": [
"spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas)"
],
"answer_start": [
475
]
} |
56de957acffd8e1900b4ba05 | Materialism | Despite the big number of philosophical schools and subtle nuances between many, all philosophies are said to fall into one of two primary categories, which are defined in contrast to each other: Idealism, and materialism.[a] The basic proposition of these two categories pertains to the nature of reality, and the primary distinction between them is the way they answer two fundamental questions: "what does reality consist of?" and "how does it originate?" To idealists, spirit or mind or the objects of mind (ideas) are primary, and matter secondary. To materialists, matter is primary, and mind or spirit or ideas are secondary, the product of matter acting upon matter. | A materialist considers what as the most important? | {
"text": [
"matter"
],
"answer_start": [
538
]
} |
56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0b | Materialism | The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of incorporeal substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another. | Was René Descartes an idealist or a materialist? | {
"text": [
"materialist"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
56de9609cffd8e1900b4ba0c | Materialism | The materialist view is perhaps best understood in its opposition to the doctrines of incorporeal substance applied to the mind historically, famously by René Descartes. However, by itself materialism says nothing about how material substance should be characterized. In practice, it is frequently assimilated to one variety of physicalism or another. | Materialism does not define what? | {
"text": [
"how material substance should be characterized."
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
56de997dcffd8e1900b4ba22 | Materialism | During the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels extended the concept of materialism to lucubrate a materialist conception of history centered on the roughly empirical world of human activity (practice, including labor) and the institutions created, reproduced, or destroyed by that activity (see materialist conception of history). Later Marxists developed the notion of dialectical materialism which characterized later Marxist philosophy and method. | What type of materialism defined the Marxist philosophy? | {
"text": [
"dialectical materialism"
],
"answer_start": [
379
]
} |
56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba26 | Materialism | Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC). | Who coined the Axial Age? | {
"text": [
"Karl Jaspers"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
56de99cfcffd8e1900b4ba27 | Materialism | Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC). | In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age? | {
"text": [
"Eurasia"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2b | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not corporeal precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. | Around what time did materialism become part of Ancient Indian philosophy? | {
"text": [
"600 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2c | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not corporeal precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. | At that time, who helped develop materialism? | {
"text": [
"Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2d | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not corporeal precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. | What school advanced atomism? | {
"text": [
"Nyaya–Vaisesika school"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
56de9b07cffd8e1900b4ba2e | Materialism | In Ancient Indian philosophy, materialism developed around 600 BC with the works of Ajita Kesakambali, Payasi, Kanada, and the proponents of the Cārvāka school of philosophy. Kanada became one of the early proponents of atomism. The Nyaya–Vaisesika school (600 BC - 100 BC) developed one of the earliest forms of atomism, though their proofs of God and their positing that the consciousness was not corporeal precludes labelling them as materialists. Buddhist atomism and the Jaina school continued the atomic tradition. | Between what years did the school advance atomism? | {
"text": [
"600 BC - 100 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
56de9c91cffd8e1900b4ba33 | Materialism | Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views. | Materialism is linked to what? | {
"text": [
"reductionism"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
56dede143277331400b4d77c | Materialism | Ancient Grecian philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article. | De Rerum Natura is a poem by who? | {
"text": [
"Lucretius"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
56dede143277331400b4d77d | Materialism | Ancient Grecian philosophers like Thales, Anaxagoras (ca. 500 BC – 428 BC), Epicurus and Democritus prefigure later materialists. The Latin poem De Rerum Natura by Lucretius (ca. 99 BC – ca. 55 BC) reflects the mechanistic philosophy of Democritus and Epicurus. According to this view, all that exists is matter and void, and all phenomena result from different motions and conglomerations of base material particles called "atoms" (literally: "indivisibles"). De Rerum Natura provides mechanistic explanations for phenomena such as erosion, evaporation, wind, and sound. Famous principles like "nothing can touch body but body" first appeared in the works of Lucretius. Democritus and Epicurus however did not hold to a monist ontology since they held to the ontological separation of matter and space i.e. space being "another kind" of being, indicating that the definition of "materialism" is wider than given scope for in this article. | What kinf of explanation does De Rerum Natura provide for phenomena? | {
"text": [
"mechanistic explanations"
],
"answer_start": [
484
]
} |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8b | Materialism | Later Amerind materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta. | {
"text": [
"Tattvopaplavasimha (\"The upsetting of all principles\")"
],
"answer_start": [
69
]
} |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8c | Materialism | Later Amerind materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400? | {
"text": [
"materialistic Cārvāka philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8d | Materialism | Later Amerind materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"text": [
"a digest of all philosophies"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
56dedeeac65bf219000b3d8e | Materialism | Later Amerind materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to. | Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha? | {
"text": [
"Madhavacharya"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
56dedf32c65bf219000b3d99 | Materialism | In early 12th-century al-Andalus, the Arabian philosopher, Ibn Tufail (Abubacer), wrote discussions on materialism in his philosophic novel, Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus), while vaguely foreshadowing the idea of a historical materialism. | What is the name of the novel written by Ibn Tufail? | {
"text": [
"Hayy ibn Yaqdhan (Philosophus Autodidactus)"
],
"answer_start": [
143
]
} |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a1 | Materialism | The Gallic cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other Gallic Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | Pierre Gassendi lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1592-1665"
],
"answer_start": [
35
]
} |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a2 | Materialism | The Gallic cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other Gallic Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | René Descartes lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1596-1650"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a3 | Materialism | The Gallic cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other Gallic Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | abbé Jean Meslier lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1664-1729"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a4 | Materialism | The Gallic cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other Gallic Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | Denis Diderot lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1713-1784"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
56dee0713277331400b4d7a5 | Materialism | The Gallic cleric Pierre Gassendi (1592-1665) represented the materialist tradition in opposition to the attempts of René Descartes (1596-1650) to provide the natural sciences with dualist foundations. There followed the materialist and atheist abbé Jean Meslier (1664-1729), Julien Offray de La Mettrie, the German-French Paul-Henri Thiry Baron d'Holbach (1723-1789), the Encyclopedist Denis Diderot (1713-1784), and other Gallic Enlightenment thinkers; as well as (in England) John "Walking" Stewart (1747-1822), whose insistence in seeing matter as endowed with a moral dimension had a major impact on the philosophical poetry of William Wordsworth (1770-1850). | William Wordsworth lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1770-1850"
],
"answer_start": [
653
]
} |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ab | Materialism | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to occupy account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived: | Arthur Schopenhauer lived from what year to what year? | {
"text": [
"1788-1860"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
56dee0f43277331400b4d7ac | Materialism | Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860) wrote that "...materialism is the philosophy of the subject who forgets to occupy account of himself". He claimed that an observing subject can only know material objects through the mediation of the brain and its particular organization. That is, the brain itself is the "determiner" of how material objects will be experienced or perceived: | What did he say that the brain would decide? | {
"text": [
"how material objects will be experienced or perceived"
],
"answer_start": [
318
]
} |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dbf | Materialism | The German materialist and atheistic anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | Who wrote "The Essence of Christianity"? | {
"text": [
"Ludwig Feuerbach"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc0 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheistic anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | In what year was "The Essence of Christianity" written? | {
"text": [
"1841"
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc1 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheistic anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | What did the author of "The Essence of Christianity" consider religion to be? | {
"text": [
"the outward projection of man's inward nature"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
56dee1f3c65bf219000b3dc2 | Materialism | The German materialist and atheistic anthropologist Ludwig Feuerbach would signal a new turn in materialism through his book, The Essence of Christianity (1841), which provided a humanist account of religion as the outward projection of man's inward nature. Feuerbach's materialism would later heavily influence Karl Marx. | The author's ideas would later influence what well known philosopher? | {
"text": [
"Karl Marx"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
56dee346c65bf219000b3ddf | Materialism | many current and recent philosophers—e.g., Daniel Dennett, Willard Van Orman Quine, Donald Davidson, and Jerry Fodor—operate within a broadly physicalist or materialist framework, producing rival accounts of how best to accommodate mind, including functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory, and so on. | In regards to the mind, what are 3 theories that modern day philosophers try to harmonize? | {
"text": [
"functionalism, anomalous monism, identity theory"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
56dee668c65bf219000b3e01 | Materialism | The nature and definition of matter - like other key concepts in science and philosophy - have occasioned much debate. Is there a individual kind of matter (hyle) which everything is made of, or multiple kinds? Is matter a continuous substance capable of expressing multiple forms (hylomorphism), or a number of discrete, unchanging constituents (atomism)? Does it have intrinsic properties (substance theory), or is it lacking them (prima materia)? | What is hyle? | {
"text": [
"matter"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e3 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as touchable "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | Relativity illustrates that what is interchangeable? | {
"text": [
"matter and energy"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e4 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as touchable "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | Ontological theory suggests that what is the main substance? | {
"text": [
"energy"
],
"answer_start": [
161
]
} |
56dee7883277331400b4d7e5 | Materialism | One challenge to the traditional concept of matter as touchable "stuff" came with the rise of field physics in the 19th century. Relativity shows that matter and energy (including the spatially distributed energy of fields) are interchangeable. This enables the ontological view that energy is prima materia and matter is one of its forms. On the other hand, the Standard Model of Particle physics uses quantum field theory to describe all interactions. On this view it could be said that fields are prima materia and the energy is a property of the field. | Quantum field theory suggest what is the main substance? | {
"text": [
"fields"
],
"answer_start": [
215
]
} |
56dee82a3277331400b4d7f3 | Materialism | According to the dominant cosmologic model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. | Which model suggests that matter is 5% of the universe? | {
"text": [
"Lambda-CDM model"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
56dee82a3277331400b4d7f4 | Materialism | According to the dominant cosmologic model, the Lambda-CDM model, less than 5% of the universe's energy density is made up of the "matter" described by the Standard Model of Particle Physics, and the majority of the universe is composed of dark matter and dark energy - with little agreement amongst scientists about what these are made of. | What type of matter does the model consider it to be? | {
"text": [
"dark matter"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
56dee9483277331400b4d7f7 | Materialism | With the advent of quantum physics, some scientists believed the concept of matter had merely changed, while others believed the conventional position could no longer exist maintained. For instance Werner Heisenberg said "The ontology of materialism rested upon the illusion that the kind of existence, the direct 'actuality' of the world around us, can exist extrapolated into the atomic range. This extrapolation, however, is impossible... atoms are not things." Likewise, some philosophers[which?] feel that these dichotomies necessitate a switch from materialism to physicalism. Others use the terms "materialism" and "physicalism" interchangeably. | Werner Heisenberg suggested that atoms are not what? | {
"text": [
"things"
],
"answer_start": [
450
]
} |
56deea683277331400b4d80a | Materialism | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by sure scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage: | What are some of the findings that support their argument? | {
"text": [
"quantum mechanics and chaos theory."
],
"answer_start": [
183
]
} |
56deea683277331400b4d80b | Materialism | Some modern day physicists and science writers—such as Paul Davies and John Gribbin—have argued that materialism has been disproven by sure scientific findings in physics, such as quantum mechanics and chaos theory. In 1991, Gribbin and Davies released their book The Matter Myth, the first chapter of which, "The Death of Materialism", contained the following passage: | What is the name of the 1991 book by Paul Davies and John Gribbins? | {
"text": [
"The Matter Myth"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
56deeaae3277331400b4d811 | Materialism | Davies' and Gribbin's objections are shared by proponents of digital physics who view information rather than matter to exist fundamental. Their objections were also shared by some founders of quantum theory, such as Max Planck, who wrote: | Digital physicists consider what to be more important than matter? | {
"text": [
"information"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
56deebf2c65bf219000b3e32 | Materialism | According to the Catholic Encyclopedia of 1907-1912, materialism, defined as "a philosophic system which regards matter as the only reality in the world [...] denies the existence of God and the soul". Materialism, in this view, therefore becomes incompatible with most world religions, including Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. In such a context one can conflate materialism with atheism. Most of Hinduism and transcendentalism regards all matter as an illusion called Maya, blinding humans from knowing "the truth". Maya is the limited, purely physical and mental reality in which our everyday consciousness has become entangled. Maya gets destroyed for a person when s/he perceives Brahman with transcendental knowledge. | Based on the above definition, materialism is not consistent with what? | {
"text": [
"religions"
],
"answer_start": [
278
]
} |
56deed163277331400b4d827 | Materialism | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as incorporeal matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness. | Neoplatonism describes divinity as what? | {
"text": [
"simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical"
],
"answer_start": [
933
]
} |
56deed163277331400b4d828 | Materialism | In contrast, Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, taught: "There is no such thing as incorporeal matter. All spirit is matter, but it is more fine or pure, and can only be discerned by purer eyes; We cannot see it; but when our bodies are purified we shall see that it is all matter." This spirit element has always existed; it is co-eternal with God. It is also called "intelligence" or "the light of truth", which like all observable matter "was not created or made, neither indeed can be". Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints view the revelations of Joseph Smith as a restoration of original Christian doctrine, which they believe post-apostolic theologians began to corrupt in the centuries after Christ. The writings of many[quantify] of these theologians indicate a clear influence of Greek metaphysical philosophies such as Neoplatonism, which characterized divinity as an utterly simple, immaterial, formless, substance/essence (ousia) that transcended all that was physical. Despite strong opposition from many Christians, this metaphysical depiction of God eventually became incorporated into the doctrine of the Christian church, displacing the original Judeo-Christian concept of a physical, corporeal God who created humans in His image and likeness. | Which religious group strongly opposed the idea of Neoplatonism? | {
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
1065
]
} |
56deee36c65bf219000b3e37 | Materialism | An argument for idealism, such as those of Hegel and Berkeley, is ipso facto an argument against materialism. Matter can exist argued to exist redundant, as in bundle theory, and mind-independent properties can in turn exist reduced to subjective percepts. Berkeley presents an example of the latter by pointing out that it is impossible to gather direct evidence of matter, as there is no direct experience of matter; all that is experienced is perception, whether internal or external. As such, the existence of matter can only exist assumed from the apparent (perceived) stability of perceptions; it finds absolutely no evidence in direct experience. | If you believe in idealism, you are disbeliving in what? | {
"text": [
"materialism"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
56deef443277331400b4d82e | Materialism | If matter and energy are seen as necessary to explicate the physical world, but incapable of explaining mind, dualism results. Emergence, holism, and process philosophy seek to ameliorate the perceived shortcomings of traditional (especially mechanistic) materialism without abandoning materialism entirely. | What 3 types of philosophies attempt to correct the problem with matter and energy without removing every belief about materialism? | {
"text": [
"Emergence, holism, and process philosophy"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
56def0c53277331400b4d83a | Materialism | Some critics object to materialism as part of an overly skeptical, narrow or reductivist approach to theorizing, rather than to the ontological claim that matter is the only substance. Particle physicist and Anglican theologian John Polkinghorne objects to what he calls promissory materialism — claims that materialistic science will eventually win in explaining phenomena it has not so far been able to explain. Polkinghorne prefers "dual-aspect monism" to faith in materialism. | Instead of faith, John Polkinghorne relies on what when it comes to the theory of materialism? | {
"text": [
"dual-aspect monism"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba37 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | Whose technology enabled the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the united States? | {
"text": [
"German rocket technology"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba38 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | Who was able to launch the first orbiting satellite? | {
"text": [
"the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba39 | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | Who was the first human in space? | {
"text": [
"Yuri Gagarin"
],
"answer_start": [
1080
]
} |
56de9ed2cffd8e1900b4ba3a | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | When did Apollo 11 land on the moon? | {
"text": [
"July 20, 1969"
],
"answer_start": [
1144
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ea | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | On what date did the Space Race begin? | {
"text": [
"August 2, 1955"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4eb | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | Sputnik 1 started orbiting on what date? | {
"text": [
"October 4, 1957"
],
"answer_start": [
990
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ec | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | Who was the first person in space? | {
"text": [
"Yuri Gagarin"
],
"answer_start": [
1080
]
} |
56e073cb7aa994140058e4ed | Space_Race | The Space Race was a 20th-century competition between two Cold War rivals, the Soviet Union (USSR) and the United States (US), for supremacy in spaceflight capability. It had its origins in the missile-based atomic arms race between the two nations that occurred following World War II, enabled by captured German rocket technology and personnel. The technological superiority required for such supremacy was seen as necessary for national security, and symbolic of ideological superiority. The Space Race spawned pioneering efforts to launch artificial satellites, unmanned space probes of the Moon, Venus, and Mars, and human spaceflight in low Earth orbit and to the Moon. The competition began on August 2, 1955, when the Soviet Union responded to the US announcement four days earlier of intent to launch artificial satellites for the International Geophysical Year, by declaring they would also launch a satellite "in the near future". The Soviet Union beat the US to this, with the October 4, 1957 orbiting of Sputnik 1, and later beat the US to the first human in space, Yuri Gagarin, on April 12, 1961. The Space Race peaked with the July 20, 1969 US landing of the first humans on the Moon with Apollo 11. The USSR tried but failed manned lunar missions, and eventually cancelled them and concentrated on Earth orbital space stations. A period of détente followed with the April 1972 agreement on a co-operative Apollo–Soyuz Test Project, resulting in the July 1975 rendezvous in Earth orbit of a US astronaut crew with a Soviet cosmonaut crew. | What was the date that the first human reached space? | {
"text": [
"April 12, 1961"
],
"answer_start": [
1097
]
} |
56dea15d4396321400ee2a53 | Space_Race | The Space Race can follow its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. | Where were the actual origin of the Space Race? | {
"text": [
"Germany"
],
"answer_start": [
40
]
} |
56dea15d4396321400ee2a54 | Space_Race | The Space Race can follow its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. | What were German aerospace engineers experimenting with in the 1930's? | {
"text": [
"liquid-fueled rockets"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
56dea15d4396321400ee2a56 | Space_Race | The Space Race can follow its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. | What engineer was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret program? | {
"text": [
"Wernher von Braun"
],
"answer_start": [
774
]
} |
56e0796b231d4119001ac197 | Space_Race | The Space Race can follow its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. | Which war in history did the Space Race begin to take root? | {
"text": [
"World War II"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e0796b231d4119001ac199 | Space_Race | The Space Race can follow its origins to Germany, beginning in the 1930s and continuing during World War II when Nazi Germany researched and built operational ballistic missiles. Starting in the early 1930s, during the last stages of the Weimar Republic, German aerospace engineers experimented with liquid-fueled rockets, with the goal that one day they would be capable of reaching high altitudes and traversing long distances. The head of the German Army's Ballistics and Munitions Branch, Lieutenant Colonel Karl Emil Becker, gathered a small team of engineers that included Walter Dornberger and Leo Zanssen, to figure out how to use rockets as long-range artillery in order to get around the Treaty of Versailles' ban on research and development of long-range cannons. Wernher von Braun, a young engineering prodigy, was recruited by Becker and Dornberger to join their secret army program at Kummersdorf-West in 1932. Von Braun had dreams about conquering outer space with rockets, and did not initially see the military value in missile technology. | A secretive army installation began in Kummersdorf-West in what year? | {
"text": [
"1932"
],
"answer_start": [
918
]
} |
56dea3774396321400ee2a5d | Space_Race | During the second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | What was von Braun's role in the army's rocket program during during World War II? | {
"text": [
"technical director of the ballistic missile program"
],
"answer_start": [
190
]
} |
56dea3774396321400ee2a5e | Space_Race | During the second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | What was the name of the first vehicle to reach outer space? | {
"text": [
"the Aggregate-4"
],
"answer_start": [
279
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e541 | Space_Race | During the second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | During WWII, who was in charge of the German army's rocket program? | {
"text": [
"General Dornberger"
],
"answer_start": [
29
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e542 | Space_Race | During the second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | What was the first object to enter space? | {
"text": [
"Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
56e079e87aa994140058e543 | Space_Race | During the second World War, General Dornberger was the military head of the army's rocket program, Zanssen became the commandant of the Peenemünde army rocket centre, and von Braun was the technical director of the ballistic missile program. They would lead the team that built the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket, which became the first vehicle to reach outer space during its test flight program in 1942 and 1943. By 1943, Germany began mass-producing the A-4 as the Vergeltungswaffe 2 ("Vengeance Weapon" 2, or more commonly, V2), a ballistic missile with a 320 kilometers (200 mi) range carrying a 1,130 kilograms (2,490 lb) warhead at 4,000 kilometers per hour (2,500 mph). Its supersonic speed meant there was no defense against it, and radar detection provided little warning. Germany used the weapon to bombard southern England and parts of Allied-liberated western Europe from 1944 until 1945. After the war, the V-2 became the basis of early American and Soviet rocket designs. | When did the Aggregate-4 (A-4) rocket reach space? | {
"text": [
"1942 and 1943"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
56dea480cffd8e1900b4ba41 | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to enamour Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | After World War II what did the American, English and Soviet allies want to capture? | {
"text": [
"Germany's rocket engineers"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
56e07a467aa994140058e549 | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to enamour Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | What military operation allowed the US to recruit the German engineer, Von Braun? | {
"text": [
"Operation Paperclip"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
56e07a467aa994140058e54a | Space_Race | At war's end, American, British, and Soviet scientific intelligence teams competed to enamour Germany's rocket engineers along with the German rockets themselves and the designs on which they were based. Each of the Allies captured a share of the available members of the German rocket team, but the United States benefited the most with Operation Paperclip, recruiting von Braun and most of his engineering team, who later helped develop the American missile and space exploration programs. The United States also acquired a large number of complete V2 rockets. | The US had captured what type of missiles during Operation Paperclip? | {
"text": [
"V2 rockets"
],
"answer_start": [
551
]
} |
56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba48 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to understand what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | Who led the Soviet rocket engineers | {
"text": [
"Sergei Korolev"
],
"answer_start": [
309
]
} |
56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba49 | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to understand what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | Where was Sergei Korolev imprisoned for six years? | {
"text": [
"Siberia"
],
"answer_start": [
498
]
} |
56dea63ccffd8e1900b4ba4a | Space_Race | The German rocket center in Peenemünde was located in the eastern part of Germany, which became the Soviet zone of occupation. On Stalin's orders, the Soviet Union sent its best rocket engineers to this region to understand what they could salvage for future weapons systems. The Soviet rocket engineers were led by Sergei Korolev. He had been involved in space clubs and early Soviet rocket design in the 1930s, but was arrested in 1938 during Joseph Stalin's Great Purge and imprisoned for six years in Siberia. After the war, he became the USSR's chief rocket and spacecraft engineer, essentially the Soviet counterpart to von Braun. His identity was kept a state secret throughout the Cold War, and he was identified publicly only as "the Chief Designer." In the West, his name was only officially revealed when he died in 1966. | What was his "secret" title after World War II? | {
"text": [
"the Chief Designer"
],
"answer_start": [
732
]
} |
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