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Notably , all of the content text is accessible to the victim even before macros are enabled . |
However , a white font color is applied to the text to make it appear that the victim must enable macros to access the content . |
The code above changes the font color to black within the specified cell range and presents the content to the user . |
On initial inspection , the content appears to be the expected legitimate content , however , closer examination of the document shows several abnormal artifacts that would not exist in a legitimate document . |
Figure 2 below shows how the delivery document initially looks and the transformation the content undergoes as the macro runs . |
As mentioned in a recent ISC diary entry , the macro gets the contents of cells in column 170 in rows 2227 to 2248 to obtain the base64 encoded payload . |
The macro prepends the string —–BEGIN CERTIFICATE—– to the beginning of the base64 encoded payload and appends —–END CERTIFICATE—– to the end of the data . |
The macro then writes this data to a text file in the C:\Programdata folder using a random filename with the .txt extension . |
The macro then uses the command certutil -decode to decode the contents of this text file and outputs the decoded content to a randomly named file with a .exe extension in the C:\Programdata folder . |
The macro sleeps for two seconds and then executes the newly dropped executable . |
The newly dropped executable is a loader Trojan responsible for installing and running the payload of this attack . |
We performed a more detailed analysis on this loader Trojan , which readers can view in this report ’s appendix . |
Upon execution , the loader will decrypt the embedded payload ( DLL ) using a custom algorithm , decompress it and save it to the following file : %LOCALAPPDATA%\cdnver.dll . |
The loader will then create the batch file %LOCALAPPDATA%\cdnver.bat , which it will write the following :start rundll32.exe “ C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\cdnver.dll ” . |
The loader Trojan uses this batch file to run the embedded DLL payload . |
For persistence , the loader will write the path to this batch file to the following registry key . |
The cdnver.dll payload installed by the loader executable is a variant of the SofacyCarberp payload , which is used extensively by the Sofacy threat group . |
Overall , SofacyCarberp does initial reconnaissance by gathering system information and sending it to the C2 server prior to downloading additional tools to the system . |
This variant of SofacyCarberp was configured to use the following domain as its C2 server : cdnverify.net . |
The loader and the SofacyCarberp sample delivered in this attack is similar to samples we have analyzed in the past but contains marked differences . |
These differences include a new hashing algorithm to resolve API functions and to find running browser processes for injection , as well as changes to the C2 communication mechanisms . |
It appears that Sofacy may have used an open-source tool called Luckystrike to generate the delivery document and/or the macro used in this attack . |
Luckystrike , which was presented at DerbyCon 6 in September 2016 , is a Microsoft PowerShell based tool that generates malicious delivery documents by allowing a user to add a macro to an Excel or Word document to execute an embedded payload . |
We believe Sofacy used this tool , as the macro within their delivery document closely resembles the macros found within Luckystrike . |
To confirm our suspicions , we generated a malicious Excel file with Luckystrike and compared its macro to the macro found within Sofacy ’s delivery document . |
We found that there was only one difference between the macros besides the random function name and random cell values that the Luckystrike tool generates for each created payload . |
The one non-random string difference was the path to the “ .txt ” and “ .exe ” files within the command “ certutil -decode ” , as the Sofacy document used “ C:\Programdata\ ” for the path whereas the Luckystrike document used the path stored in the Application.UserLibraryPath environment variable . |
Figure 3 below shows a diff with the LuckyStrike macro on the left and Sofacy macro on the right , where everything except the file path and randomly generated values in the macro are exactly the same , including the obfuscation attempts that use concatenation to build strings . |
With much of our research , our initial direction and discovery of emerging threats is generally some combination of previously observed behavioral rulesets or relationships . |
In this case , we had observed a strange pattern emerging from the Sofacy group over the past year within their command and control infrastructure . |
Patterning such as reuse of WHOIS artifacts , IP reuse , or even domain name themes are common and regularly used to group attacks to specific campaigns . |
In this case , we had observed the Sofacy group registering new domains , then placing a default landing page which they then used repeatedly over the course of the year . |
No other parts of the C2 infrastructure amongst these domains contained any overlapping artifacts . |
Instead , the actual content within the body of the websites was an exact match in each instance . |
Specifically , the strings 866-593-54352 ( notice it is one digit too long ) , 403-965-2341 , or the address 522 Clematis . |
Suite 3000 was repeatedly found in each instance . |
ThreatConnect had made the same observation regarding this patterning in September 2017 . |
Hotfixmsupload.com is particularly interesting as it has been identified as a Sofacy C2 domain repeatedly , and was also brought forth by Microsoft in a legal complaint against STRONTIUM ( Sofacy ) as documented here . |
Leveraging this intelligence allowed us to begin predicting potential C2 domains that would eventually be used by the Sofacy group . |
In this scenario , the domain cdnverify.net was registered on January 30 , 2018 and just two days later , an attack was launched using this domain as a C2 . |
The Sofacy group should no longer be an unfamiliar threat at this stage . |
They have been well documented and well researched with much of their attack methodologies exposed . |
They continue to be persistent in their attack campaigns and continue to use similar tooling as in the past . |
This leads us to believe that their attack attempts are likely still succeeding , even with the wealth of threat intelligence available in the public domain . |
Application of the data remains challenging , and so to continue our initiative of establishing playbooks for adversary groups , we have added this attack campaign as the next playbook in our dataset . |
Palo Alto Networks customers are protected from this threat by :WildFire detects all SofacyCarberp payloads with malicious verdicts . |
AutoFocus customers can track these tools with the Sofacy , SofacyMacro and SofacyCarberp . |
Traps blocks the Sofacy delivery documents and the SofacyCarberp payload . |
SHA256 : ff808d0a12676bfac88fd26f955154f8884f2bb7c534b9936510fd6296c543e8 SHA256 : 12e6642cf6413bdf5388bee663080fa299591b2ba023d069286f3be9647547c8 SHA256 : cb85072e6ca66a29cb0b73659a0fe5ba2456d9ba0b52e3a4c89e86549bc6e2c7 SHA256 : 23411bb30042c9357ac4928dc6fca6955390361e660fec7ac238bbdcc8b83701 Sofacy : Cdnverify.net Sofacy Filename : Upcoming_Events_February_2018.xls . |
APT28 Targets Hospitality Sector , Presents Threat to Travelers . |
Release_Time : 2017-08-11 Report_URL : https://www.fireeye.com/blog/threat-research/2017/08/apt28-targets-hospitality-sector.htmlFireEye has moderate confidence that a campaign targeting the hospitality sector is attributed to Russian actor APT28 . |
We believe this activity , which dates back to at least July 2017 , was intended to target travelers to hotels throughout Europe and the Middle East . |
The actor has used several notable techniques in these incidents such as sniffing passwords from Wi-Fi traffic , poisoning the NetBIOS Name Service , and spreading laterally via the EternalBlue exploit . |
FireEye has uncovered a malicious document sent in spear phishing emails to multiple companies in the hospitality industry , including hotels in at least seven European countries and one Middle Eastern country in early July . |
Successful execution of the macro within the malicious document results in the installation of APT28 ’s signature GAMEFISH malware . |
The malicious document – Hotel_Reservation_Form.doc ( MD5 : 9b10685b774a783eabfecdb6119a8aa3 ) , contains a macro that base64 decodes a dropper that then deploys APT28 ’s signature GAMEFISH malware ( MD5 : 1421419d1be31f1f9ea60e8ed87277db ) , which uses mvband.net and mvtband.net as command and control ( C2 ) domains . |
APT28 is using novel techniques involving the EternalBlue exploit and the open source tool Responder to spread laterally through networks and likely target travelers . |
Once inside the network of a hospitality company , APT28 sought out machines that controlled both guest and internal Wi-Fi networks . |
No guest credentials were observed being stolen at the compromised hotels ; however , in a separate incident that occurred in Fall 2016 , APT28 gained initial access to a victim ’s network via credentials likely stolen from a hotel Wi-Fi network . |
Upon gaining access to the machines connected to corporate and guest Wi-Fi networks , APT28 deployed Responder . |
Responder facilitates NetBIOS Name Service ( NBT-NS ) poisoning . |
This technique listens for NBT-NS ( UDP ) broadcasts from victim computers attempting to connect to network resources . |
Once received , Responder masquerades as the sought-out resource and causes the victim computer to send the username and hashed password to the attacker-controlled machine . |
APT28 used this technique to steal usernames and hashed passwords that allowed escalation of privileges in the victim network . |
To spread through the hospitality company ’s network , APT28 used a version of the EternalBlue SMB exploit . |
This was combined with the heavy use of py2exe to compile Python scripts . |
This is the first time we have seen APT28 incorporate this exploit into their intrusions . |
In the 2016 incident , the victim was compromised after connecting to a hotel Wi-Fi network . |
Twelve hours after the victim initially connected to the publicly available Wi-Fi network , APT28 logged into the machine with stolen credentials . |
These 12 hours could have been used to crack a hashed password offline . |
After successfully accessing the machine , the attacker deployed tools on the machine , spread laterally through the victim's network , and accessed the victim's OWA account . |
The login originated from a computer on the same subnet , indicating that the attacker machine was physically close to the victim and on the same Wi-Fi network . |
We cannot confirm how the initial credentials were stolen in the 2016 incident ; however , later in the intrusion , Responder was deployed . |
Since this tool allows an attacker to sniff passwords from network traffic , it could have been used on the hotel Wi-Fi network to obtain a user ’s credentials . |
Cyber espionage activity against the hospitality industry is typically focused on collecting information on or from hotel guests of interest rather than on the hotel industry itself , though actors may also collect information on the hotel as a means of facilitating operations . |
Business and government personnel who are traveling , especially in a foreign country , often rely on systems to conduct business other than those at their home office , and may be unfamiliar with threats posed while abroad . |
APT28 isn’t the only group targeting travelers . |
South Korea nexus Fallout Team ( aka Darkhotel ) has used spoofed software updates on infected Wi-Fi networks in Asian hotels , and Duqu 2.0 malware has been found on the networks of European hotels used by participants in the Iranian nuclear negotiations . |
Additionally , open sources have reported for several years that in Russia and China , high-profile hotel guests may expect their hotel rooms to be accessed and their laptops and other electronic devices accessed . |
These incidents show a novel infection vector being used by APT28 . |
The group is leveraging less secure hotel Wi-Fi networks to steal credentials and a NetBIOS Name Service poisoning utility to escalate privileges . |
APT28 ’s already wide-ranging capabilities and tactics are continuing to grow and refine as the group expands its infection vectors . |
Travelers must be aware of the threats posed when traveling – especially to foreign countries – and take extra precautions to secure their systems and data . |
Publicly accessible Wi-Fi networks present a significant threat and should be avoided whenever possible . |
Sofacy Continues Global Attacks and Wheels Out New Cannon Trojan . |
Release_Time : 2018-11-20Report_URL : https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/unit42-sofacy-continues-global-attacks-wheels-new-cannon-trojan/In late October and early November 2018 , Unit 42 intercepted a series of weaponized documents that use a technique to load remote templates containing a malicious macro . |
These types of weaponized documents are not uncommon but are more difficult to identify as malicious by automated analysis systems due to their modular nature . |
Specific to this technique , if the C2 server is not available at the time of execution , the malicious code cannot be retrieved , rendering the delivery document largely benign . |
The weaponized documents targeted several government entities around the globe , including North America , Europe , and a former USSR state . |
Fortunately for us , the C2 servers for several of these documents were still operational allowing for retrieval of the malicious macro and the subsequent payloads . |
Analysis revealed a consistent first-stage payload of the well-documented Zebrocy Trojan . |
Additional collection of related documents revealed a second first-stage payload that we have named ‘ Cannon ’ . |
Cannon has not been previously observed in use by the Sofacy group and contains a novel email-based C2 communication channel . |
email as a C2 channel is not a new tactic , but it is generally not observed in the wild as often as HTTP or HTTPS . |
Using email as a C2 channel may also decrease the chance of detection , as sending email via non-sanctioned email providers may not necessarily construe suspicious or even malicious activity in many enterprises . |
The activity discussed in this blog revolves around two of the multitude of weaponized documents that we collected . |
These two documents shared multiple data artifacts , such as a shared C2 IP , shared author name , and shared tactics . |
Details of the extended attack campaign associated with the Cannon Trojan will be discussed in a later blog . |
A particularly interesting aspect of one of the two documents we analyzed was the filename used , crash list ( Lion Air Boeing 737 ).docx . |
This is not the first instance of an adversary group using recent current events as a lure , but it is interesting to see this group attempt to capitalize on the attention of a catastrophic event to execute their attack . |
Subsets and Splits