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For example, Monsanto's Genuity VT Triple Pro RIB Complete contains two separate genes for protection from aboveground insects such as corn borer and earworm, and a single gene for protection from belowground insects such as rootworm in addition to providing a 10% refuge.
Many hybrids have an integrated refuge in the bag whereas others may require a separate corn borer and/or corn rootworm refuge for insect resistance management.
Insect and weed pests are becoming increasingly more resistant to chemical and genetic solutions.
To slow the development of pest resistance the control strategies should be rotated.
Tips to avoid problems include:
1.
Know the terminology.
For example: GT , LL , RR2.
2.
Understand the trait biology.
3.
Check seed bag tags to make sure what was ordered was delivered.
4.
Check herbicide traits multiple times prior to herbicide application.
5.
Save seed bag labels for your field records.
Corn hybrids have a wide variety of agronomic characteristics relating to plant structure and health.
Seed companies generally provide trait ratings for seedling vigor, stalk strength, and ear retention.
Seedling vigor refers to the ability of a corn plant to cope with stress early in the growing season.
Hybrids with good seedling vigor may perform better in cool, moist conditions.
This may be important in no-till and highresidue production systems.
Good stalk strength can decrease lodging but there are no guarantees.
All hybrids can lodge or break off if undesirable weather events or insect/disease infestations occur during periods of rapid stalk growth.
Poor stalk strength can reduce yields by increasing harvest losses.
If lodging and/or ear drop is an issue, select hybrids that provide protection against shank-boring insects, drought tolerance during pollination, and good ear retention.
Harvest problems associated with lodging may be alleviated somewhat by adjusting the combine accordingly.
Information on measuring and adjusting combines to reduce losses is available in Chapter 37.
Corn hybrids are produced by crossing inbred lines that are developed over several seasons.
Plant scientists select for specific traits by inbreeding corn plants and then discarding progeny that has undesirable characteristics.
Plant vigor is often lost during the inbreeding process but it can be recovered by crossing with other inbred lines.
Hybrids can be produced by crossing two , three , and four inbred lines.
If a single cross is used, then all plants within a field will have near uniform characteristics, whereas hybrids produced using double-crosses will have the most variability.
Generally, single-cross hybrids have the highest hybrid vigor.
Use On-farm Testing to Verify the Best Hybrids
Different hybrids have characteristics that make them better-suited for one environment over another.
An approach that can be used to examine hybrid performance is on-farm strip-trial testing.
On-farm testing can be used to match hybrids to your conditions.
Be sure to use a well-calibrated yield monitor and/or compare weights from strips using scales on grain carts for accurate harvest data when conducting onfarm strip trial testing.
Understand that replication in strip trials is very important for determining which hybrids are actually better performers.
Replicated, split-planter testing can help overcome many of the inherent variables that occur in agronomic testing.
Consider field-by-field hybrid placement to maximize yield of each hybrid.
Many seed and data-mining companies are putting a lot of effort into analyzing large amounts of yield data to determine which hybrids perform better on individual soil types.
This type of technology is still in the early stages but "prescription" hybrid selection based on soil type may become commonplace in the future.
Consult with your local seed experts to match hybrids to your soil and environmental conditions.
It is possible to purchase hybrids with specific seed-quality characteristics.
For example, high-lysine, high-amyopectin , or white corn hybrids are available.
High-lysine corn hybrids were created for feed for nonruminant animals, such as hogs, whereas waxy corn hybrids were created to increase milk production efficiency.
White corn was created specifically for the food market.
Specialty corn hybrids may have specific management requirements that should be followed.
Additional information on specialty corn hybrids are available in Dickerson.
Selecting a genetically diverse lineup of locally adapted hybrids that vary in maturity and agronomic strengths can help growers lower their risk of crop loss.
Spreading out maturities helps manage weatherrelated risk as well as spreading out the harvest interval so the crop is not all too dry or too wet at harvest.
Hybrids should be considered/selected for the following key traits: yield, maturity, drought tolerance, standability, pest resistance, dry-down time, grain quality, and harvestability.
Consulting with seed experts
in your area to understand the agronomic characteristics of locally adapted hybrids is a good starting point.
WHY DO WE NEED WATER?
Water makes up between 50 to 75 percent of our bodies.
It is an essential nutrient and our bodies can't make all that we need.
And even though water is the single most important nutrient for maintaining good health, we forget to drink it!
Drinking 48 to 64 ounces of water daily is a good idea, but the amount of water a person needs is affected by many things.
Needs are increased for persons living in a hot climate or who are very active.
Our bodies can survive only a few days without water.
Water carries nutrients throughout the body and keeps food moving through the intestines.
It helps wash out waste products and prevent constipation.
Water also cushions joints so they move smoothly and regulates our body's temperature through sweating.
If you experience dry mouth, dark urine, and dizziness or light-headedness, you may need to consume more water.
WATER CONTENT OF FOODS
Believe it or not, water is found in nearly all foods.
As you can see, fruits and vegetables typically contain the most per ounce.
If you're tempted to replace your produce with juice, be aware that not all juices are the same.
Some are packed with nutrients, while others are simply sugar water.
Read the label, and only buy juices that contain 100% fruit juice.
Lookout for words like "drink," "punch," "cocktail," "drink," or "beverage." They indicate the drink is mostly sugar, water, and additives.
Remember some fruit drinks may cost less than 100% fruit juices, but because they provide few nutrients, they really are not a better buy!
ADD WATER TO YOUR DAY
Here are 5 tips for drinking more water throughout your day:
1.
Take water breaks, not coffee breaks.
2.
Have water with your meals and/or snacks.
3.
Freeze a water bottle and take it to work each day for an ice-cold supply.
4.
Never pass up a drinking fountain.
5.
Drink water before, during and after exercise.
Write below how you like to add water to your day:
Crop Water Use and Irrigation Scheduling Guide for North Florida 1
Vivek Sharma, Charles Barrett, De Broughton, and Thomas Obreza
Crop Water Use and Irrigation
Effective irrigation scheduling enables the irrigator to apply the right amount of water at the right time to meet the crop water demand.
This guide presents information on average daily and weekly crop water use and crop growth stages for twelve north Florida crops that can be used to help schedule irrigation.
This will allow a grower to develop a realistic irrigation schedule that minimizes plant water stress, saves water, and reduces nutrient leaching potential.
The crops included in this guide are: Bermudagrass, Bean , Cabbage, Carrot, Corn , Corn , Cotton, Cucumber, Grain sorghum, Peanut, Potato, and Small grains.
Crop water use, also called crop evapotranspiration , is defined as the combined transfer of water from the land surface to the atmosphere in the form of water vapor by evaporation and plant transpiration.
Crop water use or ETc depends on many factors, which we can divide into three major categories.
Weather and climatic conditions:
Amount of sunshine
Air temperature
Amount of wind

For example, Monsanto's Genuity VT Triple Pro RIB Complete contains two separate genes for protection from aboveground insects such as corn borer and earworm, and a single gene for protection from belowground insects such as rootworm in addition to providing a 10% refuge.

Many hybrids have an integrated refuge in the bag whereas others may require a separate corn borer and/or corn rootworm refuge for insect resistance management.

Insect and weed pests are becoming increasingly more resistant to chemical and genetic solutions.

To slow the development of pest resistance the control strategies should be rotated.

Tips to avoid problems include:

1.

Know the terminology.

For example: GT , LL , RR2.

2.

Understand the trait biology.

3.

Check seed bag tags to make sure what was ordered was delivered.

4.

Check herbicide traits multiple times prior to herbicide application.

5.

Save seed bag labels for your field records.

Corn hybrids have a wide variety of agronomic characteristics relating to plant structure and health.

Seed companies generally provide trait ratings for seedling vigor, stalk strength, and ear retention.

Seedling vigor refers to the ability of a corn plant to cope with stress early in the growing season.

Hybrids with good seedling vigor may perform better in cool, moist conditions.

This may be important in no-till and highresidue production systems.

Good stalk strength can decrease lodging but there are no guarantees.

All hybrids can lodge or break off if undesirable weather events or insect/disease infestations occur during periods of rapid stalk growth.

Poor stalk strength can reduce yields by increasing harvest losses.

If lodging and/or ear drop is an issue, select hybrids that provide protection against shank-boring insects, drought tolerance during pollination, and good ear retention.

Harvest problems associated with lodging may be alleviated somewhat by adjusting the combine accordingly.

Information on measuring and adjusting combines to reduce losses is available in Chapter 37.

Corn hybrids are produced by crossing inbred lines that are developed over several seasons.

Plant scientists select for specific traits by inbreeding corn plants and then discarding progeny that has undesirable characteristics.

Plant vigor is often lost during the inbreeding process but it can be recovered by crossing with other inbred lines.

Hybrids can be produced by crossing two , three , and four inbred lines.

If a single cross is used, then all plants within a field will have near uniform characteristics, whereas hybrids produced using double-crosses will have the most variability.

Generally, single-cross hybrids have the highest hybrid vigor.

Use On-farm Testing to Verify the Best Hybrids

Different hybrids have characteristics that make them better-suited for one environment over another.

An approach that can be used to examine hybrid performance is on-farm strip-trial testing.

On-farm testing can be used to match hybrids to your conditions.

Be sure to use a well-calibrated yield monitor and/or compare weights from strips using scales on grain carts for accurate harvest data when conducting onfarm strip trial testing.

Understand that replication in strip trials is very important for determining which hybrids are actually better performers.

Replicated, split-planter testing can help overcome many of the inherent variables that occur in agronomic testing.

Consider field-by-field hybrid placement to maximize yield of each hybrid.

Many seed and data-mining companies are putting a lot of effort into analyzing large amounts of yield data to determine which hybrids perform better on individual soil types.

This type of technology is still in the early stages but "prescription" hybrid selection based on soil type may become commonplace in the future.

Consult with your local seed experts to match hybrids to your soil and environmental conditions.

It is possible to purchase hybrids with specific seed-quality characteristics.

For example, high-lysine, high-amyopectin , or white corn hybrids are available.

High-lysine corn hybrids were created for feed for nonruminant animals, such as hogs, whereas waxy corn hybrids were created to increase milk production efficiency.

White corn was created specifically for the food market.

Specialty corn hybrids may have specific management requirements that should be followed.

Additional information on specialty corn hybrids are available in Dickerson.

Selecting a genetically diverse lineup of locally adapted hybrids that vary in maturity and agronomic strengths can help growers lower their risk of crop loss.

Spreading out maturities helps manage weatherrelated risk as well as spreading out the harvest interval so the crop is not all too dry or too wet at harvest.

Hybrids should be considered/selected for the following key traits: yield, maturity, drought tolerance, standability, pest resistance, dry-down time, grain quality, and harvestability.

Consulting with seed experts

in your area to understand the agronomic characteristics of locally adapted hybrids is a good starting point.

WHY DO WE NEED WATER?

Water makes up between 50 to 75 percent of our bodies.

It is an essential nutrient and our bodies can't make all that we need.

And even though water is the single most important nutrient for maintaining good health, we forget to drink it!

Drinking 48 to 64 ounces of water daily is a good idea, but the amount of water a person needs is affected by many things.

Needs are increased for persons living in a hot climate or who are very active.

Our bodies can survive only a few days without water.

Water carries nutrients throughout the body and keeps food moving through the intestines.

It helps wash out waste products and prevent constipation.

Water also cushions joints so they move smoothly and regulates our body's temperature through sweating.

If you experience dry mouth, dark urine, and dizziness or light-headedness, you may need to consume more water.

WATER CONTENT OF FOODS

Believe it or not, water is found in nearly all foods.

As you can see, fruits and vegetables typically contain the most per ounce.

If you're tempted to replace your produce with juice, be aware that not all juices are the same.

Some are packed with nutrients, while others are simply sugar water.

Read the label, and only buy juices that contain 100% fruit juice.

Lookout for words like "drink," "punch," "cocktail," "drink," or "beverage." They indicate the drink is mostly sugar, water, and additives.

Remember some fruit drinks may cost less than 100% fruit juices, but because they provide few nutrients, they really are not a better buy!

ADD WATER TO YOUR DAY

Here are 5 tips for drinking more water throughout your day:

1.

Take water breaks, not coffee breaks.

2.

Have water with your meals and/or snacks.

3.

Freeze a water bottle and take it to work each day for an ice-cold supply.

4.

Never pass up a drinking fountain.

5.

Drink water before, during and after exercise.

Write below how you like to add water to your day:

Crop Water Use and Irrigation Scheduling Guide for North Florida 1

Vivek Sharma, Charles Barrett, De Broughton, and Thomas Obreza

Crop Water Use and Irrigation

Effective irrigation scheduling enables the irrigator to apply the right amount of water at the right time to meet the crop water demand.

This guide presents information on average daily and weekly crop water use and crop growth stages for twelve north Florida crops that can be used to help schedule irrigation.

This will allow a grower to develop a realistic irrigation schedule that minimizes plant water stress, saves water, and reduces nutrient leaching potential.

The crops included in this guide are: Bermudagrass, Bean , Cabbage, Carrot, Corn , Corn , Cotton, Cucumber, Grain sorghum, Peanut, Potato, and Small grains.

Crop water use, also called crop evapotranspiration , is defined as the combined transfer of water from the land surface to the atmosphere in the form of water vapor by evaporation and plant transpiration.

Crop water use or ETc depends on many factors, which we can divide into three major categories.

Weather and climatic conditions:

Amount of sunshine

Air temperature

Amount of wind