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Operating pressures of microirrigation or low volume systems can be measured using a portable pressure gauge equipped with a flexible tube and a fitting, which allows replacement of an emitter with the pressure gauge.
The pressure distribution in a lateral line with more than 10 emitters will not be significantly affected by blocking one emitter while others continue to flow.
Portable gauges can be purchased that are equipped with a needle on a flexible tube; for lateral lines constructed of flexible material at least 0.04 inch thick, the needle can be inserted directly into the lateral line.
The opening caused by the needle should close when the needle is removed.
Pressure should be measured at both ends of a lateral line to determine pressure losses along the line.
For most emitters, it is recommended that the pressure variation
not exceed 20% of the design pressure.
This also means that deviation from recommended pressure should be no more that 10% throughout the irrigated zone.
The exact percentage depends on the type of the emitter used.
Some emitters are more sensitive to pressure changes than others.
For example, pressure compensating emitter outputs are less sensitive to pressure changes, and are characterized by a constant flow rate at large pressure ranges.
The pressure changes in these systems are less critical as long as they are within the range specified by manufacturer.
Water Rights in Utah
Chad R.
Reid, Agricultural Agent Iron County Keith H.
Christensen, Engineering Technician Division of Water Rights, Cedar City Robert W.
Hill, Extension Specialist Irrigation
If you are connected to a municipal system, your water is probably categorized as "culinary or municipal water" and is used for everything from drinking and bathing to washing the car to watering tomatoes.
However the Utah Division of Water Rights takes a more itemized approach to water use when applied outside of a municipal system.
Water rights in Utah, as in other Western states are founded on the doctrine of "prior appropriation" and are administered by the State Engineer.
All waters are public property in Utah.
The State Engineer's office also directs the adjudication or re-adjudication of water rights, along with licensing of well drillers, dam safety, stream alteration, and water rights enforcement.
The "right" to use water is obtained through an application and permit issue process through the State Engineers office, if the basin in which your property is located is open to appropriation.
In brief, the steps are :
Apply to appropriate water with the State Engineer.
Application is advertised, protests and rebuttals are heard if any are filed.
State Engineer evaluates application, protests, and other pertinent information and renders a decision on the application based upon principles established in State statute.
If approved the applicant begins developing water.
When fully developed the applicant files proof with the state engineer stating the details of development.
The State Engineer after reviewing proof issues a Certificate of Appropriation.
Most of the state is closed to new appropriations of
water.
In closed areas, new development must be accomplished by securing an existing right and filing for a change application to accommodate the proposed development.
The three most basic beneficial uses of water are domestic, stockwatering and irrigation each with a specific annual requirement or "Duty." Other beneficial uses include municipal and industrial.
Domestic use is any use of water inside the home, and requires 0.45 acre foot of water right.
Stockwatering is quantified as 0.028 AF per ELU.
An ELU is one horse and foal or cow and calf, or equivalent number of sheep, goats, pigs, chickens etc.
The beneficial use period for these uses is generally year round, but can vary with specific needs.
Irrigation is the act of applying water to any plant to obtain optimal growth and maintenance of that plant.
Lawns, gardens, shrubs, pastures and non-native trees and plants are all considered as irrigation, even though not all are harvested as crops.
The duty for irrigation ranges from 6.0 AF per irrigated acre in parts of the Virgin River drainage to 3.0 AF per irrigated acre in high mountain areas.
The average diversion duty is 4.0 AF per acre.
This "duty" is based on the highest water consuming crop, which is alfalfa, during the growing season of the region and surface irrigation practices.
Canal or Irrigation Company Water Rights
The right to use water from a surface source, which is delivered through a canal, ditch, or pipeline by an irrigation company, is held by the company.
Some irrigation companies also own water rights in ground water wells in order to augment surface water supplies in times of shortage.
The individual "shareholders" in an irrigation company do not own the water right in a legal sense.
This right is allocated to the shareholders proportional to the number of shares owned by the individual shareholder.
The value or quantity of water allocated to a "share" of water is not constant through out the state and varies considerably from one irrigation company to another.
In some canal companies a share of water is allocated per acre, whereas in others, three or four shares may be needed to provide sufficient irrigation water for one acre of alfalfa.
Water is often delivered on the "turn" in most of Utah's canal systems.
This means that each shareholder is on a schedule of when they can take the water in rotation along the ditch.
The duration of the "turn" is proportional to the number of shares owned.
Thus, time of use is measured, not quantity of water.
It is essential to determine the appropriate number of shares needed to irrigate your property and to understand when the water is available.
The water rights process is a very complex part of any land development scenario and should be given early consideration when the planning process is started since the approval/rejection period for most change applications takes three to six months a substantial wait if you're out of water.
Before a parcel of property is purchased, several issues should be considered.
1.
Are the water rights currently perfected on the property?
If so, do you want to leave them as is, or will a change application be required to make them fit your desired uses?
2.
If there is no water right appurtenant to the property, are there water rights being conveyed along with the property?
Is the amount being conveyed enough to fit your desired uses?
Is the water right being purchased in good standing?
Has the right been exercised, or beneficially used, during the last five years?
3.
In some cases a change in use will result in a reduction in the diversion allowance of the water right.
It is highly recommend that prior to purchasing a new property or water right you contact the Water Rights office in your area to discuss these and other issues to make sure you understand all the ramifications of your purchase.
Utah Division of Water Rights
Utah has been subdivided into regions for water rights administration.
Also shown on the map are the watershed boundaries.
Regional offices are located in Cedar City , Logan , Price , Richfield , Salt Lake City (Weber River/Western.
Figure 1.
Utah water rights administration regions and watershed boundaries.
and Utah Lake/Jordan River), and Vernal in addition to the Salt Lake City main office Specific contact information for the Division's regional offices follows:
Northern Regional Office Will Atkin, Regional Engineer 1780 North Research Parkway, Suite 104 North Logan, UT 84341 Phone: 752-8755 Fax: 752-0062 E-mail: [email protected]
Weber River/Western Regional Office Ross Hansen, Regional Engineer 1594 West North Temple, Suite 220 P.O.
Box 146300 SLC, Utah 84114-6300 Phone: 538-7240 Fax: 538-7467 Email: [email protected]
Utah Lake/Jordan River Regional Office John Mann, Regional Engineer 1594 West North Temple, Suite 220 P.O.
Box 146300 SLC, Utah 84114-6300 Phone: 538-7240 Fax: 538-7467 Email: [email protected]
Eastern Regional Office Bob Leake, Regional Engineer State and County Building 152 East 100 North Vernal, Utah 84078-2126 Phone: 781-5327 Fax: 781-8343 E-mail: [email protected]
Southeastern Regional Office Marc Stilson, Regional Engineer 319 N.
Carbonville Road P.O.
Box 718 Price, Utah 84501-0718 Phone: 613-3750 Fax: 613-3755 E-mail: [email protected]
Sevier River/Southern Regional Office Kirk Forbush, Regional Engineer 130 North Main Street P.O.
Box 664 Richfield, Utah 84701-0563 Phone: 896-4429 Fax: 893-8114 E-mail: [email protected]
Southwestern Regional Office Kurt Vest, Regional Engineer 585 North Main Street P.O.
Box 506 Cedar City, Utah 84721-0506 Phone: 586-4231 Fax: 586-2789 E-mail: [email protected]
Precision Irrigation: Where to Start?
As we enter the warm summer months, you might consider trialing the precision irrigation model on your farm to improve tree growth in your new plantings and maximize fruit size in your mature blocks.
Irrigation can be helpful in maximizing tree growth in the first few years of orchard establishment.
This is particularly important for trees planted with multiple large feathers in tall spindle plantings, as well-branched trees will have a disproportionally large leaf area that may not be adequately supplied with water by the trees' damaged roots.
Drip irrigation ensures the leaders can continue to grow to their full potential, leading to higher yields within the first five years of establishment in irrigated trees.
Irrigation can also increase fruit size in mature plantings.
While fruit thinning is one area where growers can affect fruit size, providing sufficient water is also critical.
Water stress, even temporarily, reduces the fruit growth rate.
Once the growth rate slows, this loss in size may be difficult to overcome, even when soil moisture levels return to normal during subsequent rain events.
This will then bring up a table, showing the current day in green, the previous week in blue, and the following predicted week in tan.
From here, you will have the option to adjust the numbers under the rainfall and irrigation columns.
The rainfall column is prepopulated with NEWA data, but you can change it if you know your site received an amount differing from what NEWA recorded.

Operating pressures of microirrigation or low volume systems can be measured using a portable pressure gauge equipped with a flexible tube and a fitting, which allows replacement of an emitter with the pressure gauge.

The pressure distribution in a lateral line with more than 10 emitters will not be significantly affected by blocking one emitter while others continue to flow.

Portable gauges can be purchased that are equipped with a needle on a flexible tube; for lateral lines constructed of flexible material at least 0.04 inch thick, the needle can be inserted directly into the lateral line.

The opening caused by the needle should close when the needle is removed.

Pressure should be measured at both ends of a lateral line to determine pressure losses along the line.

For most emitters, it is recommended that the pressure variation

not exceed 20% of the design pressure.

This also means that deviation from recommended pressure should be no more that 10% throughout the irrigated zone.

The exact percentage depends on the type of the emitter used.

Some emitters are more sensitive to pressure changes than others.

For example, pressure compensating emitter outputs are less sensitive to pressure changes, and are characterized by a constant flow rate at large pressure ranges.

The pressure changes in these systems are less critical as long as they are within the range specified by manufacturer.

Water Rights in Utah

Chad R.

Reid, Agricultural Agent Iron County Keith H.

Christensen, Engineering Technician Division of Water Rights, Cedar City Robert W.

Hill, Extension Specialist Irrigation

If you are connected to a municipal system, your water is probably categorized as "culinary or municipal water" and is used for everything from drinking and bathing to washing the car to watering tomatoes.

However the Utah Division of Water Rights takes a more itemized approach to water use when applied outside of a municipal system.

Water rights in Utah, as in other Western states are founded on the doctrine of "prior appropriation" and are administered by the State Engineer.

All waters are public property in Utah.

The State Engineer's office also directs the adjudication or re-adjudication of water rights, along with licensing of well drillers, dam safety, stream alteration, and water rights enforcement.

The "right" to use water is obtained through an application and permit issue process through the State Engineers office, if the basin in which your property is located is open to appropriation.

In brief, the steps are :

Apply to appropriate water with the State Engineer.

Application is advertised, protests and rebuttals are heard if any are filed.

State Engineer evaluates application, protests, and other pertinent information and renders a decision on the application based upon principles established in State statute.

If approved the applicant begins developing water.

When fully developed the applicant files proof with the state engineer stating the details of development.

The State Engineer after reviewing proof issues a Certificate of Appropriation.

Most of the state is closed to new appropriations of

water.

In closed areas, new development must be accomplished by securing an existing right and filing for a change application to accommodate the proposed development.

The three most basic beneficial uses of water are domestic, stockwatering and irrigation each with a specific annual requirement or "Duty." Other beneficial uses include municipal and industrial.

Domestic use is any use of water inside the home, and requires 0.45 acre foot of water right.

Stockwatering is quantified as 0.028 AF per ELU.

An ELU is one horse and foal or cow and calf, or equivalent number of sheep, goats, pigs, chickens etc.

The beneficial use period for these uses is generally year round, but can vary with specific needs.

Irrigation is the act of applying water to any plant to obtain optimal growth and maintenance of that plant.

Lawns, gardens, shrubs, pastures and non-native trees and plants are all considered as irrigation, even though not all are harvested as crops.

The duty for irrigation ranges from 6.0 AF per irrigated acre in parts of the Virgin River drainage to 3.0 AF per irrigated acre in high mountain areas.

The average diversion duty is 4.0 AF per acre.

This "duty" is based on the highest water consuming crop, which is alfalfa, during the growing season of the region and surface irrigation practices.

Canal or Irrigation Company Water Rights

The right to use water from a surface source, which is delivered through a canal, ditch, or pipeline by an irrigation company, is held by the company.

Some irrigation companies also own water rights in ground water wells in order to augment surface water supplies in times of shortage.

The individual "shareholders" in an irrigation company do not own the water right in a legal sense.

This right is allocated to the shareholders proportional to the number of shares owned by the individual shareholder.

The value or quantity of water allocated to a "share" of water is not constant through out the state and varies considerably from one irrigation company to another.

In some canal companies a share of water is allocated per acre, whereas in others, three or four shares may be needed to provide sufficient irrigation water for one acre of alfalfa.

Water is often delivered on the "turn" in most of Utah's canal systems.

This means that each shareholder is on a schedule of when they can take the water in rotation along the ditch.

The duration of the "turn" is proportional to the number of shares owned.

Thus, time of use is measured, not quantity of water.

It is essential to determine the appropriate number of shares needed to irrigate your property and to understand when the water is available.

The water rights process is a very complex part of any land development scenario and should be given early consideration when the planning process is started since the approval/rejection period for most change applications takes three to six months a substantial wait if you're out of water.

Before a parcel of property is purchased, several issues should be considered.

1.

Are the water rights currently perfected on the property?

If so, do you want to leave them as is, or will a change application be required to make them fit your desired uses?

2.

If there is no water right appurtenant to the property, are there water rights being conveyed along with the property?

Is the amount being conveyed enough to fit your desired uses?

Is the water right being purchased in good standing?

Has the right been exercised, or beneficially used, during the last five years?

3.

In some cases a change in use will result in a reduction in the diversion allowance of the water right.

It is highly recommend that prior to purchasing a new property or water right you contact the Water Rights office in your area to discuss these and other issues to make sure you understand all the ramifications of your purchase.

Utah Division of Water Rights

Utah has been subdivided into regions for water rights administration.

Also shown on the map are the watershed boundaries.

Regional offices are located in Cedar City , Logan , Price , Richfield , Salt Lake City (Weber River/Western.

Figure 1.

Utah water rights administration regions and watershed boundaries.

and Utah Lake/Jordan River), and Vernal in addition to the Salt Lake City main office Specific contact information for the Division's regional offices follows:

Northern Regional Office Will Atkin, Regional Engineer 1780 North Research Parkway, Suite 104 North Logan, UT 84341 Phone: 752-8755 Fax: 752-0062 E-mail: [email protected]

Weber River/Western Regional Office Ross Hansen, Regional Engineer 1594 West North Temple, Suite 220 P.O.

Box 146300 SLC, Utah 84114-6300 Phone: 538-7240 Fax: 538-7467 Email: [email protected]

Utah Lake/Jordan River Regional Office John Mann, Regional Engineer 1594 West North Temple, Suite 220 P.O.

Box 146300 SLC, Utah 84114-6300 Phone: 538-7240 Fax: 538-7467 Email: [email protected]

Eastern Regional Office Bob Leake, Regional Engineer State and County Building 152 East 100 North Vernal, Utah 84078-2126 Phone: 781-5327 Fax: 781-8343 E-mail: [email protected]

Southeastern Regional Office Marc Stilson, Regional Engineer 319 N.

Carbonville Road P.O.

Box 718 Price, Utah 84501-0718 Phone: 613-3750 Fax: 613-3755 E-mail: [email protected]

Sevier River/Southern Regional Office Kirk Forbush, Regional Engineer 130 North Main Street P.O.

Box 664 Richfield, Utah 84701-0563 Phone: 896-4429 Fax: 893-8114 E-mail: [email protected]

Southwestern Regional Office Kurt Vest, Regional Engineer 585 North Main Street P.O.

Box 506 Cedar City, Utah 84721-0506 Phone: 586-4231 Fax: 586-2789 E-mail: [email protected]

Precision Irrigation: Where to Start?

As we enter the warm summer months, you might consider trialing the precision irrigation model on your farm to improve tree growth in your new plantings and maximize fruit size in your mature blocks.

Irrigation can be helpful in maximizing tree growth in the first few years of orchard establishment.

This is particularly important for trees planted with multiple large feathers in tall spindle plantings, as well-branched trees will have a disproportionally large leaf area that may not be adequately supplied with water by the trees' damaged roots.

Drip irrigation ensures the leaders can continue to grow to their full potential, leading to higher yields within the first five years of establishment in irrigated trees.

Irrigation can also increase fruit size in mature plantings.

While fruit thinning is one area where growers can affect fruit size, providing sufficient water is also critical.

Water stress, even temporarily, reduces the fruit growth rate.

Once the growth rate slows, this loss in size may be difficult to overcome, even when soil moisture levels return to normal during subsequent rain events.

This will then bring up a table, showing the current day in green, the previous week in blue, and the following predicted week in tan.

From here, you will have the option to adjust the numbers under the rainfall and irrigation columns.

The rainfall column is prepopulated with NEWA data, but you can change it if you know your site received an amount differing from what NEWA recorded.