msu-ceco/aec_v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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If the pump or other equipment, such as casing, screens, or liners, is stuck in the well and cannot be removed, the certified driller should push the material to the bottom of the well.
Closing out a well requires that it must be disinfected in accordance with administrative regulation.
To disinfect a well, determine the correct amount of chlorine or hypochlorite granules to be used and pour it into the well.
Circulate the chlorine solution throughout the well for at least 30 minutes, ensuring that the chlorinated water contacts all parts of the well casing, borehole, discharge pipes, and all internal well components.
Allow
Table 1.
Guidelines used to determine the amount of disinfectant that would provide a minimum chlorine concentration of 100 parts per million in the well.
of water) of water)
the chlorinated water to stand in the well for at least 30 minutes, then purge the well of all chlorinated water.
Make sure the chlorinated water is discharged to the ground and not to a drainage ditch, stream, pond, lake, or wetland.
Well Casing, Screen, and Liner Removal
Well casing, screens, and liners must be removed from the well before sealing it.
If the well casing has been grouted in place and the certified well driller is unable to remove the casing, the certified well driller may cut off the casing a minimum of 5 feet below the ground surface.
For wells with multiple casings, the certified well driller should first remove the innermost well casing, screen, or liner.
The well should then be filled up to the bottom of the next outer casing before removing that casing, and SO on with any other casings.
If necessary to avoid borehole collapse, the well casing, screens, and liners may be removed at the same time sealing material is introduced.
The filling of the well is designed to prevent migration of surface water or contaminants to the subsurface and to prevent migration of contaminants along water-bearing zones.
Use Table 2 to determine what sealing material should be used to fill any type of well at a given depth.
These materials can be used singularly or in various combinations to properly abandon the well.
Under no circumstances should waste materials , or biodegradable wastes be used to seal a well.
If you have questions concerning proper sealing material, please contact the Kentucky Division of Water.
If the well has a void, the certified well driller should fill the well with sealing materials or other inert materials from the bottom of the well to at least five feet below the void.
A packer, expansion bridge, or other support should then be placed at the top of the void, and a permanent bridge of at least 10 feet of sealing material should be placed above the expansion bridge.
After dealing with the void, filling can proceed as indicated in Table 2, using the top of the void as the new bottom of the well.
Flowing artesian wells are wells in which there is upward movement of water between aquifers.
Plug these wells with neat cement grout, which is generally formulated using a ratio of one 94-lb bag of portland cement to no more than gallons of water.
Pump the neat cement ground under pressure and mix with the
Table 2.
Sealing materials recommended based on well type and depth.
From Bottom of Well From 20 Feet Below Ground Surface
Well Type to 20 Feet Below Ground Surface to 5 Feet Below Ground Surface Top 5 Feet
Drilled Sealing materials, inert materials Sealing materials Sealing materials, clay, inert materials
Multiple casings suitable to proposed land use
Bored and hand-dug Sealing materials, dense grade aggregate limestone, sand, or native clay Clay, impermeable materials suitable
to proposed land use
Note: Sealing materials commonly consist of natural rock fragments, sand, gravel, cement, bentonite, cement/bentonite mixtures, and in some cases, clean soils.
minimum quantity of water to facilitate handling.
The driller may restrict artesian flow if necessary.
After plugging the well with grout, the driller should place a well packer, cast-iron plug, or temporary bridge made of wood or neoprene at the bottom of the confining formation immediately over the artesian water-bearing horizon to seal off the flow.
Within 60 days of closing a well, the certified well driller must complete and submit a Uniform Kentucky Well Maintenance and Plugging Record to the well owner and to DOW.
in the Lower Rio Grande Valley
Citrus is an important irrigated crop for South Texas.
Grown on 27,000 acres primarily in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, the citrus crop has been subject to freezes, market conditions and urbanization since 1950.
About 71 percent of the citrus area is planted with grapefruit and 29 percent with oranges.
Texas grapefruit varieties are 72 percent Rio Red, 17 percent Ruby Red, 11 percent Henderson/Ray and 1 percent other varieties.
The oranges are 59 percent Early, 28 percent Navel and 13 percent Valencias.
In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, reduced water supplies are a challenge to growers because citrus requires 35 to 48 inches of water each year and rainfall supplies only 22 to 26 inches.
Citrus growers in the Valley can increase fruit quality and production by scheduling irrigation according to soil moisture levels and crop needs and by using irrigation methods that are appropriate for local conditions.
Agronomic Characteristics of Citrus
To manage irrigation properly, growers need to have a good understanding of how the soil type affects citrus growth.
Citrus trees start bearing fruit from the third year after planting, but economic breakeven is usually delayed until the eighth year.
Citrus trees flower in February and March, but less than 6 percent of the flowers produce mature fruits.
Fruits mature in 7 to 12 months after flowering, depending on such factors as the variety and water availability.
Harvest in the Lower Rio Grande Valley starts in late September or October and ends in May or June.
During maturation, the amount of acid in the fruit decreases while sugar and aromatic substances increase, improving fruit quality.
Because low temperatures increase the concentration of sugars within the fruit, many Valley growers do not begin harvest until after the first winter cold spell.
The color of the fruit is not an indicator of fruit maturity.
Fruit is usually harvested "green," depending on market demand and price.
Postharvest treatments can enhance ripening.
Citrus trees need a period of rest or reduced growth to flower.
In the subtropics, cool winters induce flowering, but without sufficient chilling, flowering can be induced by water deficits.
In the Valley, this chilling period generally occurs from November to January when temperatures and rainfall decrease.
Juan Enciso, Julian W.
Sauls, Robert P.
Wiedenfeld and Shad D.
Nelson Associate Professor and Irrigation Engineering Specialist; Professor and Extension Horticulturist; Professor, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences; Associate Professor of Horticulture, The Texas A&M System
Citrus Yield and Water Use
Fruit yield is highly affected by the amount of water received in both current and previous growing seasons.
When the plants do not get enough water, growth is
slowed, young fruits fall and the mature fruit lacks sugar and quality.
Also, vegetative growth is reduced, limiting the number of new fruitbearing branches.
The roots and leaves do not develop properly, which affects the number and size of the fruit and accentuates alternate bearing, which is high production one year followed by lower production the next year.
Figure 1.
Average monthly evapotranspiration , evaporation and rainfall between 1995 and 2003 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
Adequate water amounts are especially important during flowering and fruit set to achieve good production.
Yield is reduced when water deficits of more than 33 percent occur during bloom, fruit set and rapid vegetative growth in the spring; deficits of 66 percent can be tolerated during the summer, fall and winter.
Therefore, water stress should be avoided from February to June but can be somewhat tolerated from June through January.
According to research in 1986 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, good yields of citrus are:
Oranges: 400 to 550 fruits per tree per year, corresponding to 10.1 to 16.1 tons per acre per year.
Grapefruit: 300 to 400 fruits per tree per year, corresponding to 16.2 to 24.3 tons per acre per year.
Lemons: 12.1 tons to 18.2 tons per acre per year.
Mandarin: 8.1 tons to 12.1 tons per acre per year.
Local conditions affect yields.
The Texas AgriLife Extension Service reported typical yields for three management levels in the Valley for an orchard density of 115 to 120 trees per acre.
Table 1.
Tons of citrus produced per acre under three levels of management in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.
Sauls, 2005.
Grapefruit Early Oranges Valencia
Age Fair Average good Very Fair Average good Very Fair Average good Very
3 1 3 6 1 2 4 1 2 3
4 3 6 10 2 5 7 2 3 4
5 5 9 14 4 7 11 3 4 7
6 7 14 19 5 10 13 4 7 10
7 8 18 23 7 13 16 5 9 13
8 10 20 26 8 15 19 6 11 15
9 11 22 27 9 17 22 7 13 17
10+ 12 23 28 10 18 24 8 14 18
Water is the most limiting factor for crop production.
A close relationship between production and water applied is called water use efficiency.
The Food and Agriculture Organization reported that water use efficiency for citrus is 428 to 1,070 pounds per acre-inch with a fruit moisture content of about 85 percent.

If the pump or other equipment, such as casing, screens, or liners, is stuck in the well and cannot be removed, the certified driller should push the material to the bottom of the well.

Closing out a well requires that it must be disinfected in accordance with administrative regulation.

To disinfect a well, determine the correct amount of chlorine or hypochlorite granules to be used and pour it into the well.

Circulate the chlorine solution throughout the well for at least 30 minutes, ensuring that the chlorinated water contacts all parts of the well casing, borehole, discharge pipes, and all internal well components.

Allow

Table 1.

Guidelines used to determine the amount of disinfectant that would provide a minimum chlorine concentration of 100 parts per million in the well.

of water) of water)

the chlorinated water to stand in the well for at least 30 minutes, then purge the well of all chlorinated water.

Make sure the chlorinated water is discharged to the ground and not to a drainage ditch, stream, pond, lake, or wetland.

Well Casing, Screen, and Liner Removal

Well casing, screens, and liners must be removed from the well before sealing it.

If the well casing has been grouted in place and the certified well driller is unable to remove the casing, the certified well driller may cut off the casing a minimum of 5 feet below the ground surface.

For wells with multiple casings, the certified well driller should first remove the innermost well casing, screen, or liner.

The well should then be filled up to the bottom of the next outer casing before removing that casing, and SO on with any other casings.

If necessary to avoid borehole collapse, the well casing, screens, and liners may be removed at the same time sealing material is introduced.

The filling of the well is designed to prevent migration of surface water or contaminants to the subsurface and to prevent migration of contaminants along water-bearing zones.

Use Table 2 to determine what sealing material should be used to fill any type of well at a given depth.

These materials can be used singularly or in various combinations to properly abandon the well.

Under no circumstances should waste materials , or biodegradable wastes be used to seal a well.

If you have questions concerning proper sealing material, please contact the Kentucky Division of Water.

If the well has a void, the certified well driller should fill the well with sealing materials or other inert materials from the bottom of the well to at least five feet below the void.

A packer, expansion bridge, or other support should then be placed at the top of the void, and a permanent bridge of at least 10 feet of sealing material should be placed above the expansion bridge.

After dealing with the void, filling can proceed as indicated in Table 2, using the top of the void as the new bottom of the well.

Flowing artesian wells are wells in which there is upward movement of water between aquifers.

Plug these wells with neat cement grout, which is generally formulated using a ratio of one 94-lb bag of portland cement to no more than gallons of water.

Pump the neat cement ground under pressure and mix with the

Table 2.

Sealing materials recommended based on well type and depth.

From Bottom of Well From 20 Feet Below Ground Surface

Well Type to 20 Feet Below Ground Surface to 5 Feet Below Ground Surface Top 5 Feet

Drilled Sealing materials, inert materials Sealing materials Sealing materials, clay, inert materials

Multiple casings suitable to proposed land use

Bored and hand-dug Sealing materials, dense grade aggregate limestone, sand, or native clay Clay, impermeable materials suitable

to proposed land use

Note: Sealing materials commonly consist of natural rock fragments, sand, gravel, cement, bentonite, cement/bentonite mixtures, and in some cases, clean soils.

minimum quantity of water to facilitate handling.

The driller may restrict artesian flow if necessary.

After plugging the well with grout, the driller should place a well packer, cast-iron plug, or temporary bridge made of wood or neoprene at the bottom of the confining formation immediately over the artesian water-bearing horizon to seal off the flow.

Within 60 days of closing a well, the certified well driller must complete and submit a Uniform Kentucky Well Maintenance and Plugging Record to the well owner and to DOW.

in the Lower Rio Grande Valley

Citrus is an important irrigated crop for South Texas.

Grown on 27,000 acres primarily in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, the citrus crop has been subject to freezes, market conditions and urbanization since 1950.

About 71 percent of the citrus area is planted with grapefruit and 29 percent with oranges.

Texas grapefruit varieties are 72 percent Rio Red, 17 percent Ruby Red, 11 percent Henderson/Ray and 1 percent other varieties.

The oranges are 59 percent Early, 28 percent Navel and 13 percent Valencias.

In the Lower Rio Grande Valley, reduced water supplies are a challenge to growers because citrus requires 35 to 48 inches of water each year and rainfall supplies only 22 to 26 inches.

Citrus growers in the Valley can increase fruit quality and production by scheduling irrigation according to soil moisture levels and crop needs and by using irrigation methods that are appropriate for local conditions.

Agronomic Characteristics of Citrus

To manage irrigation properly, growers need to have a good understanding of how the soil type affects citrus growth.

Citrus trees start bearing fruit from the third year after planting, but economic breakeven is usually delayed until the eighth year.

Citrus trees flower in February and March, but less than 6 percent of the flowers produce mature fruits.

Fruits mature in 7 to 12 months after flowering, depending on such factors as the variety and water availability.

Harvest in the Lower Rio Grande Valley starts in late September or October and ends in May or June.

During maturation, the amount of acid in the fruit decreases while sugar and aromatic substances increase, improving fruit quality.

Because low temperatures increase the concentration of sugars within the fruit, many Valley growers do not begin harvest until after the first winter cold spell.

The color of the fruit is not an indicator of fruit maturity.

Fruit is usually harvested "green," depending on market demand and price.

Postharvest treatments can enhance ripening.

Citrus trees need a period of rest or reduced growth to flower.

In the subtropics, cool winters induce flowering, but without sufficient chilling, flowering can be induced by water deficits.

In the Valley, this chilling period generally occurs from November to January when temperatures and rainfall decrease.

Juan Enciso, Julian W.

Sauls, Robert P.

Wiedenfeld and Shad D.

Nelson Associate Professor and Irrigation Engineering Specialist; Professor and Extension Horticulturist; Professor, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences; Associate Professor of Horticulture, The Texas A&M System

Citrus Yield and Water Use

Fruit yield is highly affected by the amount of water received in both current and previous growing seasons.

When the plants do not get enough water, growth is

slowed, young fruits fall and the mature fruit lacks sugar and quality.

Also, vegetative growth is reduced, limiting the number of new fruitbearing branches.

The roots and leaves do not develop properly, which affects the number and size of the fruit and accentuates alternate bearing, which is high production one year followed by lower production the next year.

Figure 1.

Average monthly evapotranspiration , evaporation and rainfall between 1995 and 2003 in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

Adequate water amounts are especially important during flowering and fruit set to achieve good production.

Yield is reduced when water deficits of more than 33 percent occur during bloom, fruit set and rapid vegetative growth in the spring; deficits of 66 percent can be tolerated during the summer, fall and winter.

Therefore, water stress should be avoided from February to June but can be somewhat tolerated from June through January.

According to research in 1986 by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, good yields of citrus are:

Oranges: 400 to 550 fruits per tree per year, corresponding to 10.1 to 16.1 tons per acre per year.

Grapefruit: 300 to 400 fruits per tree per year, corresponding to 16.2 to 24.3 tons per acre per year.

Lemons: 12.1 tons to 18.2 tons per acre per year.

Mandarin: 8.1 tons to 12.1 tons per acre per year.

Local conditions affect yields.

The Texas AgriLife Extension Service reported typical yields for three management levels in the Valley for an orchard density of 115 to 120 trees per acre.

Table 1.

Tons of citrus produced per acre under three levels of management in the Lower Rio Grande Valley.

Sauls, 2005.

Grapefruit Early Oranges Valencia

Age Fair Average good Very Fair Average good Very Fair Average good Very

3 1 3 6 1 2 4 1 2 3

4 3 6 10 2 5 7 2 3 4

5 5 9 14 4 7 11 3 4 7

6 7 14 19 5 10 13 4 7 10

7 8 18 23 7 13 16 5 9 13

8 10 20 26 8 15 19 6 11 15

9 11 22 27 9 17 22 7 13 17

10+ 12 23 28 10 18 24 8 14 18

Water is the most limiting factor for crop production.

A close relationship between production and water applied is called water use efficiency.

The Food and Agriculture Organization reported that water use efficiency for citrus is 428 to 1,070 pounds per acre-inch with a fruit moisture content of about 85 percent.