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Micro-irrigation and Microsprayer Irrigation Systems
A microsprinkler has moving parts, and it sprays one or two streams of water as it rotates.
Its deflectors move as they are hit by the water being sprayed.
In contrast, microsprayers have no moving parts; the water is deflected into several discrete streams as it is sprayed out.
In the Valley, moving parts have a tendency to clog when fine, wind-blown soil particles accumulate on the emitter.
Microsprayers are connected to a polyethylene lateral line through a micro-tube, often referred to as "spaghetti tubing," and are held in place by a plastic stake.
They can apply from 3 to 30 gallons of water per hour; the higher the flow rate and pressure, the larger the wetted diameter.
However, large orchards may need to be subdivided into two or more zones and irrigated separately.
Microsprayer irrigation sprays a fan of water over the soil.
The microsprayer can wet a diameter of 12 to 18 feet depending on the tree skirt.
The spray or mist is produced by a flat spreader and a small orifice operating at high pressure.
Popular microsprinklers can apply 24 to 28 gallons per hour at a pressure of about 30 psi.
These devices contain a deflector which allows water flow to be concentrated around young trees to a diameter of about 8 feet.
Without the deflector the wetted diameter can be up to 22 feet to irrigate larger trees.
The choice of irrigation technology and scheduling method depends on economic considerations as well as the location, situation and preferences of each grower.
Producers should also seek input from their irrigation district about the feasibility of installing a particular system in their fields.
The WaterSmart initiative has 14 different grant programs.
The two that apply to water districts are the water energy efficiency grants.
The larger grant would include funds for canal lining, piping, and other applications that apply to irrigation districts.
The smaller version of the same grant includes similar applications, but funding is $250,000.
The grants are being opened up in the summer of 2023.
The plot was kept free of weeds by spraying glyphosate in early February, and handweeding thereafter.
No water or fertilizer was provided.
Emergence of both blue and valley oak species averaged over 95% for this trial.
Only the March-sown blue oak acorns had less than 90% emergence by the middle of May.
However, sowing date greatly influenced the timing of seedling emergence.
The earlier the acorns were sown, the earlier they came up and started to grow.
Blue oaks emerged over a wider interval than valley oaks.
The average emergence date of blue oaks from the November SOWing was more than two weeks earlier than for valley oaks.
For the March sowing, valley oaks came up an average of 11 days later.
Only 50% of the blue oaks sown in March germinated, compared with 90% of valley oaks.
Blue oak planting trial
In April 1987, one-year-old blue oak seedlings, raised in small plastic containers, were planted on a 5-foot spacing in a weed-free field.
Planting holes were dug 3 feet deep with a power auger, and 21-gram fertilizer tablets were placed below the roots.
Seedlings were drip-irrigated from planting time until August, at 2 gallons of water once a week for the first 2 months, and 2 gallons every other week thereafter.
Screen cages were placed over the seedlings to protect them from grasshoppers, mice, and deer.
At the time of planting, the 120 seedlings were randomly divided into four groups of 30.
Each group received one of the following treatments: shade ; mulch 3-foot square of roofing felt around the seedling); shade plus mulch; and a control.
At the end of the first growing season, 95% of the seedlings had survived.
Growth varied greatly, ranging from dieback of the initial stem to more than 2 feet.
Average height growth of all surviving seedlings was over 10 inches.
There were no significant differences in either survival or height growth among the four treatments.
Growth of all seedlings in 1988 was even more rapid and vigorous, even though no irrigation was provided.
By late August.
seedlings averaged 44 inches tall and had grown, on average, 2.5 feet during their second season.
In general, seedlings that remained small and stunted during the first season also grew slowly the second year.
There were still no significant differences among treatments.
This research demonstrated that, with proper treatment and planting of acorns and seedlings, California blue and valley oaks can be successfully propagated.
If blue oaks are to be seeded directly, acorns should be collected during September or early October while they are still on the trees.
After collection, they should be refrigerated immediately (in 1.75-mil zip-lock
Drainage reduction potential of furrow irrigation
The most practical way to dispose of irrigation drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley is to reduce the volume of the water at its source through better irrigation management.
Upgrading furrow irrigation systems and cutting run lengths in problem areas reduced drainage 60% to 80%.
storage bags) to prevent drying and kept cold until they are planted.
Both blue and valley oak acorns can be planted from early fall until midwinter.
Early sowing is favored.
In dry years, early initial growth may give seedlings a better chance to become established before soil moisture becomes limiting.
Subsurface drainage results from overirrigation and nonuniform irrigation.
Because of nonuniformity, if the least-watered areas receive enough water to replace soil moisture de-
These results have important implications for the production of native oaks in bareroot nurseries.
Early-season sowing should allow nursery operators to produce larger seedlings in a shorter time.
Blue oak seedlings can be successfully established by directly planting small container plants.
Excellent survival and vigorous growth can be achieved if seedlings are planted in deep augured holes and irrigated and fertilized during the first summer after planting, and if the area around them is kept free of competing vegetation.
Damage to seedlings from insects, mice, and deer can be prevented by caging with aluminum window screen.
Additional measures to protect seedlings from livestock may be necessary in grazed areas.
Research on the artificial regeneration of oaks is continuing.
Investigations include seedling container size, fertilization, effects of acorn size, direct-seeding acorns versus planting seedlings, and irrigation practices.
Douglas D.
McCreary is Natural Resources Specialist, Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program, University of California Sierra Footbill Range Field Station, Browns Valley.
pletion, other areas must receive more, and subsurface drainage occurs.
Keys to drainage reduction are thus to improve the uniformity of application and reduce the amount of water applied by improving application efficiency.
A source of nonuniformity in furrow irrigation is the advance time-the time it takes for water to flow from the upper end of the field to the lower.
Soil infiltration rate, length of run, furrow inflow rate, surface roughness, slope of the field, and furrow cross-sectional shape all affect advance time, but the infiltration rate has the greatest influence.
The advance time plus the time required for water to infiltrate to a desired depth at the end of the furrow is the set time.
Advance time is easily measured
and is used to assess the effect of system changes on the uniformity of infiltrated water.
A second source of nonuniformity is variability of the soil intake rate in different areas of the field.
This includes differences in soil texture, random variability of the infiltration rate within a soil texture, and variability caused by differences between wheel and nonwheel furrows.
The extent of this variability is usually unknown.
For one soil texture, however, a UC study showed distribution uniformity to be about 68%.
Nonuniformity can also result from different individual furrow inflow rates during a set, variability in the field inflow rate during
irrigation, and slope variability within a field.
Different day and night set times also contribute to field-wide nonuniform water applications.
Ways to reduce drainage
Subsurface drainage in furrow irrigation systems can be reduced by upgrading existing systems, converting to surge irrigation
or level basin irrigation where appropriate, and changing set times.
Furrow irrigation systems can be upgraded by shortening the length of run, increasing the inflow rate, improving the slope uniformity, and reducing the surface roughness and infiltration rate by furrow compaction.
These measures cut down the advance time and improve uniformity.
TABLE 1.
Subsurface drainage, surface runoff, and set times for site ST
Flow Run Subsurface Surface Set
rate length drainage runoff time
gpm mile inches inches hours
37 0.5 2.5 1.1 22
0.25 1.0 3.4 12
0.125 0.4 8.4 9
43 0,5 1.6 1,7 19
0.25 0.7 4.4 11
0.125 0.3 10.2 8
56 0.5 1.4 2.0 15

Micro-irrigation and Microsprayer Irrigation Systems

A microsprinkler has moving parts, and it sprays one or two streams of water as it rotates.

Its deflectors move as they are hit by the water being sprayed.

In contrast, microsprayers have no moving parts; the water is deflected into several discrete streams as it is sprayed out.

In the Valley, moving parts have a tendency to clog when fine, wind-blown soil particles accumulate on the emitter.

Microsprayers are connected to a polyethylene lateral line through a micro-tube, often referred to as "spaghetti tubing," and are held in place by a plastic stake.

They can apply from 3 to 30 gallons of water per hour; the higher the flow rate and pressure, the larger the wetted diameter.

However, large orchards may need to be subdivided into two or more zones and irrigated separately.

Microsprayer irrigation sprays a fan of water over the soil.

The microsprayer can wet a diameter of 12 to 18 feet depending on the tree skirt.

The spray or mist is produced by a flat spreader and a small orifice operating at high pressure.

Popular microsprinklers can apply 24 to 28 gallons per hour at a pressure of about 30 psi.

These devices contain a deflector which allows water flow to be concentrated around young trees to a diameter of about 8 feet.

Without the deflector the wetted diameter can be up to 22 feet to irrigate larger trees.

The choice of irrigation technology and scheduling method depends on economic considerations as well as the location, situation and preferences of each grower.

Producers should also seek input from their irrigation district about the feasibility of installing a particular system in their fields.

The WaterSmart initiative has 14 different grant programs.

The two that apply to water districts are the water energy efficiency grants.

The larger grant would include funds for canal lining, piping, and other applications that apply to irrigation districts.

The smaller version of the same grant includes similar applications, but funding is $250,000.

The grants are being opened up in the summer of 2023.

The plot was kept free of weeds by spraying glyphosate in early February, and handweeding thereafter.

No water or fertilizer was provided.

Emergence of both blue and valley oak species averaged over 95% for this trial.

Only the March-sown blue oak acorns had less than 90% emergence by the middle of May.

However, sowing date greatly influenced the timing of seedling emergence.

The earlier the acorns were sown, the earlier they came up and started to grow.

Blue oaks emerged over a wider interval than valley oaks.

The average emergence date of blue oaks from the November SOWing was more than two weeks earlier than for valley oaks.

For the March sowing, valley oaks came up an average of 11 days later.

Only 50% of the blue oaks sown in March germinated, compared with 90% of valley oaks.

Blue oak planting trial

In April 1987, one-year-old blue oak seedlings, raised in small plastic containers, were planted on a 5-foot spacing in a weed-free field.

Planting holes were dug 3 feet deep with a power auger, and 21-gram fertilizer tablets were placed below the roots.

Seedlings were drip-irrigated from planting time until August, at 2 gallons of water once a week for the first 2 months, and 2 gallons every other week thereafter.

Screen cages were placed over the seedlings to protect them from grasshoppers, mice, and deer.

At the time of planting, the 120 seedlings were randomly divided into four groups of 30.

Each group received one of the following treatments: shade ; mulch 3-foot square of roofing felt around the seedling); shade plus mulch; and a control.

At the end of the first growing season, 95% of the seedlings had survived.

Growth varied greatly, ranging from dieback of the initial stem to more than 2 feet.

Average height growth of all surviving seedlings was over 10 inches.

There were no significant differences in either survival or height growth among the four treatments.

Growth of all seedlings in 1988 was even more rapid and vigorous, even though no irrigation was provided.

By late August.

seedlings averaged 44 inches tall and had grown, on average, 2.5 feet during their second season.

In general, seedlings that remained small and stunted during the first season also grew slowly the second year.

There were still no significant differences among treatments.

This research demonstrated that, with proper treatment and planting of acorns and seedlings, California blue and valley oaks can be successfully propagated.

If blue oaks are to be seeded directly, acorns should be collected during September or early October while they are still on the trees.

After collection, they should be refrigerated immediately (in 1.75-mil zip-lock

Drainage reduction potential of furrow irrigation

The most practical way to dispose of irrigation drainage water in the San Joaquin Valley is to reduce the volume of the water at its source through better irrigation management.

Upgrading furrow irrigation systems and cutting run lengths in problem areas reduced drainage 60% to 80%.

storage bags) to prevent drying and kept cold until they are planted.

Both blue and valley oak acorns can be planted from early fall until midwinter.

Early sowing is favored.

In dry years, early initial growth may give seedlings a better chance to become established before soil moisture becomes limiting.

Subsurface drainage results from overirrigation and nonuniform irrigation.

Because of nonuniformity, if the least-watered areas receive enough water to replace soil moisture de-

These results have important implications for the production of native oaks in bareroot nurseries.

Early-season sowing should allow nursery operators to produce larger seedlings in a shorter time.

Blue oak seedlings can be successfully established by directly planting small container plants.

Excellent survival and vigorous growth can be achieved if seedlings are planted in deep augured holes and irrigated and fertilized during the first summer after planting, and if the area around them is kept free of competing vegetation.

Damage to seedlings from insects, mice, and deer can be prevented by caging with aluminum window screen.

Additional measures to protect seedlings from livestock may be necessary in grazed areas.

Research on the artificial regeneration of oaks is continuing.

Investigations include seedling container size, fertilization, effects of acorn size, direct-seeding acorns versus planting seedlings, and irrigation practices.

Douglas D.

McCreary is Natural Resources Specialist, Integrated Hardwood Range Management Program, University of California Sierra Footbill Range Field Station, Browns Valley.

pletion, other areas must receive more, and subsurface drainage occurs.

Keys to drainage reduction are thus to improve the uniformity of application and reduce the amount of water applied by improving application efficiency.

A source of nonuniformity in furrow irrigation is the advance time-the time it takes for water to flow from the upper end of the field to the lower.

Soil infiltration rate, length of run, furrow inflow rate, surface roughness, slope of the field, and furrow cross-sectional shape all affect advance time, but the infiltration rate has the greatest influence.

The advance time plus the time required for water to infiltrate to a desired depth at the end of the furrow is the set time.

Advance time is easily measured

and is used to assess the effect of system changes on the uniformity of infiltrated water.

A second source of nonuniformity is variability of the soil intake rate in different areas of the field.

This includes differences in soil texture, random variability of the infiltration rate within a soil texture, and variability caused by differences between wheel and nonwheel furrows.

The extent of this variability is usually unknown.

For one soil texture, however, a UC study showed distribution uniformity to be about 68%.

Nonuniformity can also result from different individual furrow inflow rates during a set, variability in the field inflow rate during

irrigation, and slope variability within a field.

Different day and night set times also contribute to field-wide nonuniform water applications.

Ways to reduce drainage

Subsurface drainage in furrow irrigation systems can be reduced by upgrading existing systems, converting to surge irrigation

or level basin irrigation where appropriate, and changing set times.

Furrow irrigation systems can be upgraded by shortening the length of run, increasing the inflow rate, improving the slope uniformity, and reducing the surface roughness and infiltration rate by furrow compaction.

These measures cut down the advance time and improve uniformity.

TABLE 1.

Subsurface drainage, surface runoff, and set times for site ST

Flow Run Subsurface Surface Set

rate length drainage runoff time

gpm mile inches inches hours

37 0.5 2.5 1.1 22

0.25 1.0 3.4 12

0.125 0.4 8.4 9

43 0,5 1.6 1,7 19

0.25 0.7 4.4 11

0.125 0.3 10.2 8

56 0.5 1.4 2.0 15