msu-ceco/aec_v1 · Datasets at Hugging Face

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For soybeans in R7 beginning maturity stage of growth, there are approximately 0 days to maturity and 0 water use to maturity.
Application of liquid manure to growing crops is often a convenient and agronomically acceptable means of land application.
Center pivots have been adapted to apply a broad range of fertilizers and pesticides.
Development of large animal production facilities has added manure application to the list of materials that can be applied via center pivots.
Al-Kaisi, et al.
reported on the impact of using a center pivot to apply dilute swine lagoon water to cropland in Colorado.
However, some producers have learned the hard way that manure contains some good and some bad materials.
Occasionally, crop damage occurs as a result of application of concentrated manure presumably because of high salt concentrations.
Sprinkler application of animal manure to growing crops is a different issue than most of the salinity research that has been conducted across the country.
Soluble salt levels in liquid manures are often higher than in the saline water used for irrigation in the western U.S.
When irrigating with saline irrigation water the major problem is buildup of salt over time due to removal of the water by the crop leaving the salts behind.
However, application of manure occurs at relatively low rates per acre and the annual rainfall or irrigation tends to leach the undesirable salts from the profile between applications.
An additional concern with center pivot application of concentrated swine manure is the potential for plant damage due to high ammonia levels.
Crop damage due to sprinkler application of manure with high EC levels occurs because of the direct contact of the salt with plant leaves and potentially the roots.
Early research reporting the salinity thresholds for induced foliar injury concluded that since damage was caused by salt absorption into plant tissues, foliar application should be avoided in hot, dry, windy conditions that produce high potential evapotranspiration.
It was noted that species varied in the rate of foliar absorption of salts, such as: sorghum < cotton = sunflower < alfalfa = sugar beet < barley < potato.
However, the susceptibility to injury was not related to salt absorption, as injury varied as: sugar beet < cotton < barley = sorghum < alfalfa < potato.
They found that leaf absorption of salts may be affected by leaf age, with generally less permeability in older leaves, and by angle and position of the leaf, which may affect the time and amount of leaf salt exposure.
Producers need to know what the safe levels are and the effect of timing on potential plant damage for corn and soybeans.
The goal of the project was to establish the safe level of salt that could be applied to corn and soybean at different stages of growth.
To accomplish this goal, a range of swine manure concentrations was applied to a growing crop in a manner that simulated application via a center pivot.
Salt and ammonia concentration data from over 2700 manure samples were obtained from a private laboratory to determine the range in concentrations that should be evaluated in the field research.
The EC level is an indication of the salt concentration in the manure sample.
Figure 1 is a summary of the samples analyzed where the median EC level was 6.7 dS m 1 with a range from 0.1 to 70 dS m .
The median ammonia concentration was 497 ppm NH4-N with a range from 0.03 to 12646 ppm NH4-N.
The field research was conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska located near Concord, Nebraska.
The soil was a Kennebec silt loam with a pH of 7.3, and 3.5% soil organic matter.
Corn was planted on 16 May 2003 at 27,000 seeds per acre.
Soybean was planted on 28 May 2003 at 189,000 seeds per acre.
Field plots were 8-30 inch rows wide and 35 feet long randomly arranged with three replications.
The experimental area was irrigated with a lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system equipped with low-pressure spray nozzles mounted on top of the pipeline.
The EC of the irrigation water was 0.6 dS m Irrigation was applied as needed to maintain greater than 50% available water in the rootzone.
Irrigation supplied 8 inches of irrigation water to both crops, and precipitation supplied 14.4 inches between 1 May and the end of the season.
Figure 1.
Cumulative distribution of electrical conductivity of liquid manure submitted for analysis to a commercial laboratory in Nebraska.
The concentrations used in this study are also presented.
Swine manure from a commercial confined feeding operation was pumped from an under-building storage pit through a 2 mm screen to remove large solids.
The liquid manure was passed through a 0.4 mm screen and then pumped to transfer tanks equipped to continuously agitate the liquid.
Multiple screening was necessary to prevent the applicator nozzles from plugging during application.
The EC of the solutions was determined using a conductivity meter calibrated with either a 1 or 10 dS m -1 solution.
Liquid manure samples for both applications were collected from the supply tank outlet between the tank and the applicator and sent to Ward Laboratories to determine EC and nutrient concentration.
The screened manure was diluted with fresh water to create four levels of EC in the liquid manure.
The original manure had an EC level of 20.3 dS m Fresh water was added to dilute the manure down to 6.4 and 11.7 dS m 1 Fresh water with an EC of 0.6 dS m -1 was used as a control treatment.
A portable applicator was developed and attached to the boom of a Hi-Boy sprayer.
The applicator consisted of 21 nozzles arranged in a 3nozzle wide by 7-nozzle long grid with a spacing of 3 feet between nozzles in each direction.
The liquid manure application treatments consisted of a single application of four soluble salt concentrations applied at one of two selected
Table 1.
Chemical analysis of liquid manure applied to corn and soybean at Concord, Nebraska, in 2003.
EC Level (dS m
0.6 6.4 11.7 20.3
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD
Organic N 0.04 0.04 23.8 3.1 63.6 22.0 179.2 41.0
Ammonium N 0.5 0.1 78.6 9.6 170.4 6.0 365.7 15.9
P as P2O5 0.6 0.4 33.7 4.6 112.8 61.3 301.0 72.9
K as K2O 0.9 0.1 60.7 5.6 130.6 8.8 281.5 26.3
S 3.5 0.5 12.2 1.8 25.5 4.5 53.4 7.1
Ca 8.9 1.0 19.4 1.6 57.9 36.2 131.6 33.0
Mg 2.0 0.1 8.9 0.9 23.2 10.6 57.9 13.4
Na 2.5 0.1 13.8 1.2 27.7 1.2 59.7 3.6
Soluble salts 37.0 1.3 412.4 43.6 753.5 24.2 1303.1 65.0
EC (dS m 0.60 0.00 6.4 0.67 11.7 0.38 20.3 1.01
pH 7.87 0.72 6.9 0.12 6.6 0.06 6.2 0.12
Dry matter 0.05 0.01 0.5 0.05 1.8 0.97 4.2 0.86
Mean EC levels for the fresh water used as a control treatment and liquid manure dilutions applied to corn and soybean.
growth stages of corn and soybean.
The first application was applied on July 2when corn was at the V7 growth stage and soybean was in the V3 stage.
Air temperatures during application were in the upper 80's.
The second application was applied on July 24 when corn was at the V14 stage and soybean was at the R1 stage.
Air temperatures during application were again in the upper 80's.
Approximately 0.5 inches of liquid manure was applied over a 10-minute period to corn and soybeans at each EC level.
Figure 2.
Applicator used to apply liquid swine manure to corn and soybean.
Each of the production indices was decreased by the 20.3 dS m liquid manure for both application times.
Soybean plant population at harvest was less with the V3 application of 20.3 dS m liquid manure than with the 0.6, 6.4, or 11.7 dS m treatments, but the R1 application did not affect plant population.
Leaf area was damaged by the V3 application but the plants recovered due to less inter-plant competition from a reduced plant population.
Thus, the final plant LAI was not significantly different between application dates except for the 20 dS m application.
-1
Table 2.
Effects of EC level of liquid manure and application time on soybean plant populations, leaf area, dry matter production, and grain yield for the 2003 growing season.
EC Level
0.6 6.4 11.7 20.3 Time EC Level T x R2
V33 93800 102700 92000 24300 0.001* 0.003* 0.26
R1 3 100900 106200 102700 104400
P > F 0.67 0.82 0.55 <0.0001
V3 4.6 4.5 2.2 0.3 0.85 0.0001* 0.03*
R1 3.5 4.1 2.5 1.5
P > F 0.06 0.46 0.48 0.03*
Whole-plant dry matter at maturity
V3 7447 7893 7395 1071 0.52 < 0.0001* 0.07
R1 6760 7400 7044 3909
P > F 0.50 0.63 0.73 0.01
V3 43 39 40 5 0.12 < 0.0001* 0.02*
R1 42 41 38 23
P > F 0.57 0.40 0.32 <0.0001*
1 Statistical significance of ANOVA main effects are given by the probability of the F-test ; significant differences are indicated by * *.
2 T X R is the timing X rate interaction.
3 V3 and V7 are leaf stage at the time of application.
R1 is the stage of growth, but V7 indicates that seven trifoliates were on the plant at the time of application.
When averaged over both application timings, grain yields were the same for the 0.6, 6.4, and 11.7 dS m 1 manure applications, averaging 41 bu/ac, as compared bu/ac for the 20.3 dS m -1 application.
Soybean with the 20.3 dS m to 14 -1 application at R1 had much higher grain yield than with the 20.3 dS m application at V3.

For soybeans in R7 beginning maturity stage of growth, there are approximately 0 days to maturity and 0 water use to maturity.

Application of liquid manure to growing crops is often a convenient and agronomically acceptable means of land application.

Center pivots have been adapted to apply a broad range of fertilizers and pesticides.

Development of large animal production facilities has added manure application to the list of materials that can be applied via center pivots.

Al-Kaisi, et al.

reported on the impact of using a center pivot to apply dilute swine lagoon water to cropland in Colorado.

However, some producers have learned the hard way that manure contains some good and some bad materials.

Occasionally, crop damage occurs as a result of application of concentrated manure presumably because of high salt concentrations.

Sprinkler application of animal manure to growing crops is a different issue than most of the salinity research that has been conducted across the country.

Soluble salt levels in liquid manures are often higher than in the saline water used for irrigation in the western U.S.

When irrigating with saline irrigation water the major problem is buildup of salt over time due to removal of the water by the crop leaving the salts behind.

However, application of manure occurs at relatively low rates per acre and the annual rainfall or irrigation tends to leach the undesirable salts from the profile between applications.

An additional concern with center pivot application of concentrated swine manure is the potential for plant damage due to high ammonia levels.

Crop damage due to sprinkler application of manure with high EC levels occurs because of the direct contact of the salt with plant leaves and potentially the roots.

Early research reporting the salinity thresholds for induced foliar injury concluded that since damage was caused by salt absorption into plant tissues, foliar application should be avoided in hot, dry, windy conditions that produce high potential evapotranspiration.

It was noted that species varied in the rate of foliar absorption of salts, such as: sorghum < cotton = sunflower < alfalfa = sugar beet < barley < potato.

However, the susceptibility to injury was not related to salt absorption, as injury varied as: sugar beet < cotton < barley = sorghum < alfalfa < potato.

They found that leaf absorption of salts may be affected by leaf age, with generally less permeability in older leaves, and by angle and position of the leaf, which may affect the time and amount of leaf salt exposure.

Producers need to know what the safe levels are and the effect of timing on potential plant damage for corn and soybeans.

The goal of the project was to establish the safe level of salt that could be applied to corn and soybean at different stages of growth.

To accomplish this goal, a range of swine manure concentrations was applied to a growing crop in a manner that simulated application via a center pivot.

Salt and ammonia concentration data from over 2700 manure samples were obtained from a private laboratory to determine the range in concentrations that should be evaluated in the field research.

The EC level is an indication of the salt concentration in the manure sample.

Figure 1 is a summary of the samples analyzed where the median EC level was 6.7 dS m 1 with a range from 0.1 to 70 dS m .

The median ammonia concentration was 497 ppm NH4-N with a range from 0.03 to 12646 ppm NH4-N.

The field research was conducted at the Haskell Agricultural Laboratory of the University of Nebraska located near Concord, Nebraska.

The soil was a Kennebec silt loam with a pH of 7.3, and 3.5% soil organic matter.

Corn was planted on 16 May 2003 at 27,000 seeds per acre.

Soybean was planted on 28 May 2003 at 189,000 seeds per acre.

Field plots were 8-30 inch rows wide and 35 feet long randomly arranged with three replications.

The experimental area was irrigated with a lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system equipped with low-pressure spray nozzles mounted on top of the pipeline.

The EC of the irrigation water was 0.6 dS m Irrigation was applied as needed to maintain greater than 50% available water in the rootzone.

Irrigation supplied 8 inches of irrigation water to both crops, and precipitation supplied 14.4 inches between 1 May and the end of the season.

Figure 1.

Cumulative distribution of electrical conductivity of liquid manure submitted for analysis to a commercial laboratory in Nebraska.

The concentrations used in this study are also presented.

Swine manure from a commercial confined feeding operation was pumped from an under-building storage pit through a 2 mm screen to remove large solids.

The liquid manure was passed through a 0.4 mm screen and then pumped to transfer tanks equipped to continuously agitate the liquid.

Multiple screening was necessary to prevent the applicator nozzles from plugging during application.

The EC of the solutions was determined using a conductivity meter calibrated with either a 1 or 10 dS m -1 solution.

Liquid manure samples for both applications were collected from the supply tank outlet between the tank and the applicator and sent to Ward Laboratories to determine EC and nutrient concentration.

The screened manure was diluted with fresh water to create four levels of EC in the liquid manure.

The original manure had an EC level of 20.3 dS m Fresh water was added to dilute the manure down to 6.4 and 11.7 dS m 1 Fresh water with an EC of 0.6 dS m -1 was used as a control treatment.

A portable applicator was developed and attached to the boom of a Hi-Boy sprayer.

The applicator consisted of 21 nozzles arranged in a 3nozzle wide by 7-nozzle long grid with a spacing of 3 feet between nozzles in each direction.

The liquid manure application treatments consisted of a single application of four soluble salt concentrations applied at one of two selected

Table 1.

Chemical analysis of liquid manure applied to corn and soybean at Concord, Nebraska, in 2003.

EC Level (dS m

0.6 6.4 11.7 20.3

Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD

Organic N 0.04 0.04 23.8 3.1 63.6 22.0 179.2 41.0

Ammonium N 0.5 0.1 78.6 9.6 170.4 6.0 365.7 15.9

P as P2O5 0.6 0.4 33.7 4.6 112.8 61.3 301.0 72.9

K as K2O 0.9 0.1 60.7 5.6 130.6 8.8 281.5 26.3

S 3.5 0.5 12.2 1.8 25.5 4.5 53.4 7.1

Ca 8.9 1.0 19.4 1.6 57.9 36.2 131.6 33.0

Mg 2.0 0.1 8.9 0.9 23.2 10.6 57.9 13.4

Na 2.5 0.1 13.8 1.2 27.7 1.2 59.7 3.6

Soluble salts 37.0 1.3 412.4 43.6 753.5 24.2 1303.1 65.0

EC (dS m 0.60 0.00 6.4 0.67 11.7 0.38 20.3 1.01

pH 7.87 0.72 6.9 0.12 6.6 0.06 6.2 0.12

Dry matter 0.05 0.01 0.5 0.05 1.8 0.97 4.2 0.86

Mean EC levels for the fresh water used as a control treatment and liquid manure dilutions applied to corn and soybean.

growth stages of corn and soybean.

The first application was applied on July 2when corn was at the V7 growth stage and soybean was in the V3 stage.

Air temperatures during application were in the upper 80's.

The second application was applied on July 24 when corn was at the V14 stage and soybean was at the R1 stage.

Air temperatures during application were again in the upper 80's.

Approximately 0.5 inches of liquid manure was applied over a 10-minute period to corn and soybeans at each EC level.

Figure 2.

Applicator used to apply liquid swine manure to corn and soybean.

Each of the production indices was decreased by the 20.3 dS m liquid manure for both application times.

Soybean plant population at harvest was less with the V3 application of 20.3 dS m liquid manure than with the 0.6, 6.4, or 11.7 dS m treatments, but the R1 application did not affect plant population.

Leaf area was damaged by the V3 application but the plants recovered due to less inter-plant competition from a reduced plant population.

Thus, the final plant LAI was not significantly different between application dates except for the 20 dS m application.

-1

Table 2.

Effects of EC level of liquid manure and application time on soybean plant populations, leaf area, dry matter production, and grain yield for the 2003 growing season.

EC Level

0.6 6.4 11.7 20.3 Time EC Level T x R2

V33 93800 102700 92000 24300 0.001* 0.003* 0.26

R1 3 100900 106200 102700 104400

P > F 0.67 0.82 0.55 <0.0001

V3 4.6 4.5 2.2 0.3 0.85 0.0001* 0.03*

R1 3.5 4.1 2.5 1.5

P > F 0.06 0.46 0.48 0.03*

Whole-plant dry matter at maturity

V3 7447 7893 7395 1071 0.52 < 0.0001* 0.07

R1 6760 7400 7044 3909

P > F 0.50 0.63 0.73 0.01

V3 43 39 40 5 0.12 < 0.0001* 0.02*

R1 42 41 38 23

P > F 0.57 0.40 0.32 <0.0001*

1 Statistical significance of ANOVA main effects are given by the probability of the F-test ; significant differences are indicated by * *.

2 T X R is the timing X rate interaction.

3 V3 and V7 are leaf stage at the time of application.

R1 is the stage of growth, but V7 indicates that seven trifoliates were on the plant at the time of application.

When averaged over both application timings, grain yields were the same for the 0.6, 6.4, and 11.7 dS m 1 manure applications, averaging 41 bu/ac, as compared bu/ac for the 20.3 dS m -1 application.

Soybean with the 20.3 dS m to 14 -1 application at R1 had much higher grain yield than with the 20.3 dS m application at V3.