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this invention provides an anti - blocking device for a paintball gun 1 . referring to fig1 and 2 , an infra - red receiver 71 and an infra - red emitter 72 covered by light - filtration mirrors 75 and 76 on their outer peripheries are mounted on both sides of an inner tube wall of a gun tube 2 . a bolt 3 of the gun tube 2 allocates paintballs in the paintball gun 1 . the infra - red receiver 71 and the infra - red emitter 72 are preferably installed on the position near one - third of the height of the lower portion of the inner tube wall of the gun tube 2 , as illustrated at the left of fig4 . one end of conducting wires 73 and 74 of the receiver 71 and the emitter 72 are connected onto a substrate 5 assembled inside a gun body 4 . fore and rear bundle bodies 42 and 43 are inserted into a holding cavity 41 of the gun body 4 on a position contacting with a trigger 6 for controlling the actuation of the bolt 3 inside the rear - section of the inner tube wall of the gun tube 2 . a pin body 44 is movably contained between the fore and rear bundle bodies 42 and 43 . the pin body 44 has a hole 441 penetrating through the top and the bottom of the pin body 44 on a predetermined section . an elastic element 45 is clipped between one end of the pin body 44 and the rear bundle body 43 such that the pin body 44 is elastically pushed outwardly by the elastic element 45 . the other end of the pin body 44 penetrates a hole 421 of the fore bundle body 42 . an infra - red receiver 81 and an infra - red emitter 82 connected to the substrate 5 are respectively settled above and below the hole 441 of the pin body 44 while the trigger 6 is un - pressed . for shooting the paintball gun 1 in which the gun tube 2 and the trigger 6 are respectively assembled with infra - red receivers and infra - red emitters and referring to fig3 , paintballs 9 are filled inside a loader 21 . as illustrated at the left of fig4 , the paintballs 9 in the loader 21 will fall into the normal shooting position of the gun tube 2 in sequence . thus , the infra - red receiver 71 and infra - red emitter 72 assembled on both sides of the inner tube wall of the gun tube 2 are shielded by the paintball 9 in the gun tube 2 to form the status of “ on ”. said message will be transferred onto the inner substrate 5 of the gun body 4 through the conducting wires 73 and 74 . when the trigger 6 is pressed and as illustrated at the right of fig5 , the infra - red receiver 81 and infra - red emitter 82 assembled above and below the trigger 6 are shielded by the pin body 44 to form the status of “ on ”. said message will be transferred onto the substrate 5 inside the gun body 4 through the conducting wires 83 and 84 . with the “ on ” status of receivers 71 and 82 and emitters 72 and 82 , the bolt 3 sleeved in the gun tube 2 will proceed shooting the paintball 9 in the normal shooting position . in addition , when the paintball 9 inside the loader 21 does not fall into the normal shooting position in the gun tube 2 successfully , as illustrated at the right of fig4 , the infra - red receiver 71 and infra - red emitter 72 assembled on both sides of the inner wall of the gun tube 2 are interconnected by light to form the status of “ off ”. said message will be transferred onto the substrate 5 of the gun body 4 through the conducting wires 73 and 74 . thus , even if the user presses and / or triggers the trigger 6 , it is impossible to permit the bolt 3 in the gun tube 2 to proceed shooting . the paintball gun anti - blocking device according to this invention can be provided with a third switch on the substrate 5 inside the gun body 4 so as to cut - off the function of the infra - red receiver 71 and infra - red emitter 72 on both sides of the inner wall of the gun tube 2 . thus , when the user cleans the paintball gun 1 it is possible to press and trigger the trigger 6 to drive the bolt 3 in the gun tube 2 to proceed with the motion of shooting . additionally , when the trigger 6 is pressed , the movable pin body 44 of the gun body 4 against the trigger 6 according to this invention , blocks the infra - red receiver 81 and infra - red emitter 82 to form the status of “ on ”. alternatively , when the trigger 6 is not pressed and triggered and the pin body 44 moves outwardly by the elastic member 45 , the hole 441 penetrating through the top and the bottom of the pin body 44 are aligned with and the infra - red receiver 81 and infra - red emitter 82 are interconnected by light to turn the status of “ off ”. said message will be transferred onto the inner substrate 5 of the gun body 4 as the basis of shooting by the bolt 3 in the gun tube 2 . while the invention herein disclosed has been described by means of specific embodiments , numerous modifications and variations could be made thereto by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention set forth in the claims . | 5 |
reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings . also described herein are one or more exemplary implementations of method and apparatus and for use with a multi - language user selection for system user interface that displays different languages for the customer and worker partaking in a business transaction . fig1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a credit card or debit card terminal 100 (“ terminal ”) according to the subject matter of the present invention . terminal 100 may be similar to a regular credit card terminal but may be stationary , like set up at cash register or incorporated therein , or the terminal may be portable to allow the merchant to carry the credit card terminal around the business establishment to be utilized at multiple locations in a store , building , market , restaurant or the like . the terminal 100 has similar features to most credit card terminals but may also be without any limitation , a pc , a work station , a dumb terminal or any other manner of system used to conduct a business transaction in a commercial setting . in this embodiment , the terminal 100 will be a normal credit card terminal used at the average retail business . the features of the terminal includes a card read 102 that is configured to read a portable memory medium that would include any form of credit card , debit card , atm card or the like that has a magnetic strip that stores information pertinent to the owner of the card 104 . the card reader 102 may accept the card 104 in any physical manner , for example , internally or via swiping , or may be configured to read an integrated chip ( ic ) or radio frequency ( rfid ) memory without physically having to accept the card 104 . for example , instead of physically swiping the card 104 , the card reader 104 may be able to read the rfid memory and conduct all the necessary steps to conduct the business transaction as if it was a regular credit card . in this embodiment , it is assumed that the terminal 100 is configured to internally accept a card into the terminal 100 via swiping , where the card reader 102 reads a memory strip on the card 102 . the terminal 100 also has a keyboard 108 that allows manual entry of a user inputs by the merchant or depending on the business transaction inputs from a customer . the user inputs could include telephone numbers , a customer pin number for a debit card transactions , a credit card number by the business establishment if for some reason the card reader 102 is unable to read the card 104 or user inputs that are necessary to meet the needs of the merchant . the keyboard 108 may also be used for the merchant to select the appropriate language for the user interface display 106 and the keyboard may also allow the merchant to select the language to be printed on the receipt 114 , as discussed further below . the keyboard 108 may be any form of input means including a keyboard , touch pad , actuator or similar device . the terminal 100 also has a user interface display 106 that will display or show information to the merchant that would be pertinent to the business establishment including time , date , sales price and instructions to enter data at the appropriate time along with other items that might be displayed during a business transaction by a credit card terminal or when the terminal is awaiting a business transaction . the user interface display 106 could be any manner of display including lcd , screen , television or computer screen , or a typical monochrome screen found in a credit card terminal . the terminal 100 further includes a processor 110 that will process the business transaction into the appropriate systems and displays to complete the transaction . the processor may also be utilized to process the various modules from a memory 108 and may also be used for the merchant to select the appropriate language for the user interface display 106 . the user interface display 106 may also be used to display information to the customer or be used as a customer interface and , if the user interface display 106 is used or viewed by a customer then the user interface display 106 will display the pertinent information to the customer in the customer language . as shown in fig4 , there maybe more that one user interface display 106 if , for example , the business establishment has a display configured at the business transaction location of the business establishment to have a merchant display 150 for displaying the business transaction to merchant or operator and a customer display 155 to display information to the customer . the terminal 100 further may include a printer 112 that will print a receipt 114 as a recordation of the business transaction . the printer 112 may be some other form of customer interface that will provide a record of the business transaction to the customer . such customer interface could be a printer with a receipt , a computer providing an electronic or print receipt , a touch screen or keyboard permitting customer to the terminal or any other recordation system used in the customer retail business . the printer 112 may also be able to print a receipt 114 in the single piece of paper format for the customer to sign with multiple copies printed by the printer 112 , the dual carbon copy format for the customer to sign or any other form contemplated by skilled artisan . in this embodiment , customer interface is assumed to be a printer 112 that will print a receipt 114 that is dual carbon copy format for the customer to execute . also , the printer 112 does not have to be physically and internally associated with the terminal but may be connected by electronic means including without limitation an ethernet connection , broadband , t - 1 connection , dsl , phone lines , wireless , coaxial cables or any other manner contemplated that would associate a terminal 100 with a printer 112 . for discussion purposes only the printer 112 will be assumed to be internally connected to the terminal 100 as shown in fig1 . the receipt 114 that is printed by printer 112 displays the typical writings , information and expressions that are normally found on a receipt 114 that a merchant would give to a customer for a business transaction including , but not limited , to such items as price , business establishment &# 39 ; s name , the business establishment &# 39 ; s location and phone number , time of the business transaction , customer signature line , customer account information and any other possible information that would normally be included on a credit card receipt . in the subject matter of the invention all of this information would be in the customer &# 39 ; s language for the customer &# 39 ; s comfort . the terminal 100 also contains a memory 116 that stores programs used in a typical business transaction that occurs on a credit card terminal . the memory 116 further stores an interface language program 120 that generates an operator interface that is displayed on the user interface display 106 to aid the merchant or operator with the business transaction . the interface language program 120 includes a language identification module 122 that is utilized by the interface language program 120 to identify and select the appropriate language to be displayed on the user interface 106 or receipt 114 . the language identification module 122 will select an interface language for the operator interface and select the customer interface by running one of two sub - routines depending on the task to be completed . each sub - routine may be utilized separately for conducting the business transaction . the first sub - routine is the terminal language identification module 124 that runs to identify , select and display the appropriate language for the merchant on the user interface display 106 . the terminal language identification module 124 can be read out from stored group of languages in the memory in advance of any business transaction . the terminal language identification 124 sub - routine may be run a few times , for example during the initial set - up of the terminal by the merchant or maybe when a worker that speaks one language is replaced by a worker that speaks another during a shift change . the second sub - routine is a customer language identification module 126 that runs to identify , select and display the appropriate language for the customer on the receipt 114 that is printed by the printer 112 or some other form of customer interface . the customer language identification module 126 is run in a similar manner as the terminal language identification module 124 in that it reads from a stored group of language from the memory 116 that can be displayed to the customer . the customer language identification module 126 may run when it is necessary for a receipt 114 to be printed in a customer language for a credit or debit card transaction and could be run multiple times a day , hour , or week . the methodology of these tasks will be described in greater detail below . the language identification module 122 may have an extensive array of languages to select from to be displayed as the interface language , be it an operator interface or customer interface language , for the respective merchant and customer . the terminal language identification module 124 and customer language identification module 126 are associated to run the necessary interface language to be displayed on the user interface display and / or the receipt . the plurality of languages available to the interface language would only be limited by the size of the memory necessary to store the languages and the costs associated with translating the interface language for displaying on the user interface display 106 or display on the customer interface or receipt 112 . the language identification module 122 may include a text representation of the name of the language , or it may be in code form that is reconciled by the processor 110 or computing device in the terminal 100 for the interface language to be displayed . any representation that may be used to automatically identify and display an appropriate interface language may displayed on the user interface display 106 or displayed on the receipt 112 . fig2 is a flow diagram depicting another embodiment of a method for use in a system that provides one language for the user interface display 106 and another language for displaying on the customer interface or receipt 114 that is printed by the printer 112 . in this embodiment , this is assumed to a stationary credit card terminal , as shown in fig1 , and is located in a retail business establishment and the card is assumed to be a typically credit card with a magnetic strip that stores a customer &# 39 ; s pertinent information . however , it is noted that this is no way meant to limit the application of the invention in any way . at block 200 , the merchant may select and store in the memory 116 the merchant language used on the user interface display 106 or may allow a default language to be displayed on the user interface display 106 of the terminal 100 in the details that are described below . the terminal 100 may be configured for the merchant to utilize the keyboard 108 and the user interface display 106 to search through the plurality of languages that are provided by the language identification module 122 via running the terminal language identification module 124 sub - routine to display the interface language for the language to be displayed on the user interface display 106 , otherwise know as the operator language or merchant language . the merchant utilizes the keyboard 108 to designate or select the appropriate language necessary for the user interface display 106 . other possible embodiments of selecting the interface language to be used by the merchant would be to have a default language selected for the terminal 100 prior to activating the terminal that would match the language of the merchant or possibly have the terminal 100 configured to access an internet web site and download the appropriate operator interface language into the language identification module 122 and run the terminal language identification module 124 prior to activating the terminal 100 . the interface language for customer language can be selected via the customer language identification module 126 and may be searched and selected in the same manner except for as described below . the terminal 100 may also be configured to allow the operator interface language to be displayed on the user interface display 106 to be changed from one language to another by the merchant to accommodate operators or users that work at the credit card terminal and that might speak different languages but work in the same business establishment . at block 210 , the terminal 100 is configured to accept a portable memory medium like a credit card with a magnetic strip which permits the card reader 102 to detect the card 104 when it is inserted or swiped by the terminal 100 . the terminal 100 is configured to read the card 104 and determine if a particular language has been stored on the card &# 39 ; s memory as shown in block 220 . if there is an associated language for the card 104 , then the language identification module 122 and the customer language identification module 126 will run to identify , determine and select the appropriate customer language , as shown in block 230 (“ yes ” branch 235 to block 250 ), that may displayed on the customer interface or receipt 114 . block 250 demonstrates that the customer interface is being run for a business transaction and a receipt 114 prints from a printer 112 associated with terminal 100 . further , during the business transaction , block 250 , the user interface display 106 displays a operator interface language that corresponds to the merchant language and provides instructions , pricing and other expressions and information that would normally occur during a business transaction that takes place utilizing a credit card to a merchant . the term operator language and merchant language are used interchangeably throughout and have the same meaning . the receipt 114 prints in the appropriate customer language of the customer as shown in block 260 . the receipt 114 will display the normal information that a merchant would give to a customer for a business transaction including but not limited to such items as cost , business establishment &# 39 ; s name , the business establishment &# 39 ; s location and phone number , time of the business transaction , customer account information , signature line and any other possible information that would normally be included on a credit card receipt and it all would be displayed in the customer language . if there is no associated language with the card 104 or if there is a language associated with the card 104 (“ no ” branch 236 to block 240 ) but it is not identifiable by the customer language identification module 126 sub - routine , then a default language is selected by the customer language identification terminal to be displayed on the receipt , as shown in block 240 . the default language may be sent to the processor 110 for display as the customer interface language on the receipt (“ dl ” branch 245 to block 250 ). after the business transaction has taken place 250 , then a receipt 114 is printed from the printer 112 displaying the normal information that a merchant would give to a customer as detailed above , however the receipt 114 would be printed in the default language . the default language may be selected by the merchant to be the language most commonly used by the customers of the business establishment or the merchant &# 39 ; s language or any other criteria the merchant deems acceptable that may allow the merchant to best conduct the business transaction . after the receipt 114 has been printed by the printer 112 , the system resets block 265 back to block 210 (“ reset ” branch 270 to block 210 ) in preparation for a new customer to use a card 102 that will activate the terminal unless there may be a need to change the interface language for the terminal 100 . the method can also be set to reset all the way back to block 200 if a user , operator or merchant is replaced that speaks one language with a user , operator or merchant that speaks another language as shown in branch 275 . fig3 is a flow diagram depicting another embodiment of a method for use in a system that provides one language for the user interface display 106 for the operator and another language might also be displayed on the user interface display 106 . there may be instances when a customer might need to view the user interface display 106 to complete the transaction . for example , instead of a credit card transaction , the customer elects to use a debit card to complete the transaction and the user interface display 116 needs to display information in the customer language to complete the business transaction . in this embodiment , there is a business transaction for a stationary credit card or debit card terminal , as shown in fig1 , and is located in a retail business establishment and the card is assumed to be a typically credit or debit card terminal with a printer that prints the receipt . however , it is noted that this is no way meant to limit the application of the invention in any way . the flow diagram of fig3 is very similar to the flow diagram of fig2 except the additional steps associated with providing the customer language on the user interface display 106 . at block 300 , the merchant may select and store in the memory 116 the merchant language to be used on the user interface display 106 to be shown to the merchant or may allow a default language to be displayed on the user interface display 106 of the terminal 100 . the merchant can use the keyboard 108 of terminal 100 to configure the language to be displayed to the merchant on the user interface display 106 or in a similar manner as detailed for fig2 . at block 310 , the terminal 100 is configured to accept a portable memory medium like a credit card with a magnetic strip which will allow the card reader 102 to detect the card 104 when it is inserted or swiped by the terminal 100 . the terminal 100 is configured to read the card 104 and further configured to determine if a particular language has been stored on the card as shown in block 320 . similar to fig2 , the customer language identification module 126 will run to identify , determine and select the appropriate customer language , as shown in block 330 (“ yes ” branch 336 to block 350 ), to be displayed by the user interface display 106 and / or on the receipt 114 . however , to conduct a debit card transaction or some credit card transaction , a customer may need to input a personal identification number (“ pin ”) on the keyboard 108 to verify and confirm the transaction for business transaction to be completed . the user interface display 106 , shown in block 365 , displays the words , information and expressions in a merchant language for the merchant &# 39 ; s involvement in the business transaction . in block 360 , the terminal 100 displays on the user interface display 106 the words , information and expressions in the customer language for the customer &# 39 ; s involvement in the business transaction . for example , the user interface display 106 may display in the customer language the necessary words that notify the customer to understand , confirm , approve or any other criteria that would aid in completing the transaction via the keyboard 108 . the user interface display 106 displays all normal information to a customer that would complete a debit card transaction including pin number , cash back and the like , as shown in block 360 , in the customer language . block 370 demonstrates that a business transaction has occurred and a receipt 114 may print from a printer 112 , as shown in block 380 . for the business transaction , the user interface display 106 may switch back and forth from customer language to merchant language depending on the status of the transaction and who might be viewing the user interface display 106 . the receipt 114 will prints and displays the normal information that may be included on a debit card receipt and it all would be displayed in the customer language . after the receipt 114 has been printed by the printer 112 , the system resets back to block 310 (“ reset ” branch 390 to block 310 ) in preparation for a new customer to use a card 102 ( be it credit or debit card ) for a business transaction that will activate the terminal 100 unless there is a need to change the interface language for the terminal 100 . the method can also be set to reset all the way back to block 300 if a user , operator or merchant is replaced that speaks one language with a user , operator or merchant that speaks another language as demonstrated in branch 295 . again , if there is no associated language with the card 104 or if there is a language associated with the card 104 (“ no ” branch 335 to block 340 ) but the language is not identifiable by the customer language identification module 126 sub - routine , then a default language is selected and displayed on the receipt 114 and the user interface display 106 . again similar to fig2 , the default language may be sent to the processor 110 for display on the receipt (“ dl ” branch 345 to block 350 ). at the end of the transaction , block 380 , a receipt 114 is printed from the printer 112 displaying the normal information that a merchant would give to a customer but the receipt 114 is in the default language . as detailed in fig2 , the default language may be selected by the merchant to be the language most commonly used by the customers of the business establishment or the merchant &# 39 ; s language or any other criteria that may allow the merchant to best conduct the business transaction . fig5 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of the instant method and apparatus . in fig5 , when a new terminal is installed at a merchant location , the merchant can select a preferred language which will be used by the terminal when displaying transaction related information to the merchant ( block 505 ). the merchant may also select a preferred currency . when the merchant and customer are ready to initiate a business transaction , the terminal can read a customer memory to obtain customer preference information ( block 510 ). exemplary customer memory media may include , without limitation , memory which can be read via physical connection , such as the magnetic stripe on a credit or debit card , a universal serial bus readable drive such as a thumb drive , a compact flash or other such card , or an integrated circuit or other such device implanted in or otherwise connected to a credit or debit card or similar product . a customer memory may also include , without limitation , memory which can be read via wireless connection , such as a radio frequency identification (“ rfid ”) chip embedded in or otherwise attached to a credit or debit card , cellular telephone , or the like ; and a bar code imprinted on or embedded in a credit or debit card or the like . if customer language and currency preferences are available from the customer memory ( block 515 ), the terminal can use those preferences during the business transaction ( block 520 ). if either or both of the customer language and currency preferences are not available from the customer memory , the terminal can query the customer for the missing preference information ( block 525 ). in the event the preferred customer language and / or customer currency are not supported by the terminal , a default language may be substituted therefor . similarly , an alternative language and / or currency may be substituted for the preferred language and / or currency . by way of example , without limitation , a customer from the united kingdom who is shopping in russia might prefer to have information presented in english that has been customized for the subtle differences in language between the dialects of english spoken in the united kingdom , but the terminal may not support such a language selection . in such a circumstance , english - language interfaces based on the dialect of english spoken in the united states may be substituted for the customer &# 39 ; s preferred language . similarly , although the customer may prefer to see currency - related information in pounds sterling , the terminal may display currency - related information in euros if the terminal does not support pounds sterling - based currency information . the business transaction is then initiated ( block 530 ). the terminal can display text - based or other information to the merchant in the merchant language , and similarly can present any currency - based information , such as the final transaction amount , to the merchant in the merchant &# 39 ; s preferred currency ( block 535 ). the terminal can also display text - based or other information to the customer in the customer language , and similarly can present currency - based information , such as the final transaction amount , any currency conversion related charges , or the like , to the customer in the customer &# 39 ; s preferred currency ( block 540 ). when the business transaction is complete ( block 545 ), the terminal can print a receipt for the customer in the customer &# 39 ; s preferred language and using the customer &# 39 ; s preferred currency . as described above , the instant method and apparatus can facilitate business transactions by allowing customers who speak one language and are used to conducting business in one currency to purchase goods and / or services from merchants who speak another language and are used to conducting business in another currency . fig6 is a block diagram illustrating a network architecture capable of supporting the instant system and methods . in fig6 , a customer may present one of credit / debit cards 605 for payment . credit / debit cards 605 may include a magnetic stripe or other physically - readable memory , which is read via reader 610 . reader 610 may also be capable of reading one or more wireless memories , such as , without limitation , an rfid chip embedded in credit / debit card 605 or cellular telephone 615 . reader 610 can obtain a variety of information from the memory , including , without limitation , a customer account number , a customer preferred language , and a customer preferred currency . this information can be conveyed to terminal 630 , which can implement the method described above with respect fig5 or another , similar method , to facilitate the transaction between the customer and a merchant . in some embodiments , terminal 630 may access payment processing server 665 via a high - speed or dial - up connection , such as that provided by modems 640 and 660 . exemplary modems 640 and 660 include , without limitation , modems capable of facilitating communication via standard telephone communications , modems capable of facilitating communications via a wireless connection such as cellular telephone and wimax or wifi modems , and modems capable of facilitating communications via digital subscriber line (“ dsl ”) or cable networks . in alternative embodiments , terminal 630 can utilize merchant server 635 as a conduit for communications with and information provided by one or more of payment processing server 665 and currency server 655 . in some embodiments , traditional terminal 630 may comprise a conventional credit card processing terminal , such as the verifone omni 3740 manufactured by verifone , inc . of san jose , calif . ; the hypercom optimum t4100 and hypercom t7 plus , manufactured by hypercom corporation of phoenix , ariz . ; and computer based terminals such as the surepos 500 series of terminals manufactured by ibm . in some embodiments , a terminal may comprise a wireless payment processing terminal 620 . exemplary wireless terminals include , without limitation , the nurit 8000 gprs wireless terminal manufactured by verifone , inc . wireless terminals 620 can facilitate business transactions using a variety of means , including cellular or other wireless telephone communications which enables direct communication with payment processing server 665 ; and a wifi modem or other moderate range wireless communications device , or a bluetooth modem or other short range communications device , which can allow wireless terminal 620 to communicate with wireless base station 625 , wherein wireless base station 625 comprises a corresponding communications means . in embodiments employing a wireless base station 625 , wireless base station 625 can allow wireless terminal 620 to communicate with payment processing server 665 via modem 640 . base station 625 can also allow wireless terminal 620 to communicate with and / or via server 635 . wireless terminal 620 can comprise a card reader or other device capable of reading physically readable memory . similarly , wireless terminal 620 may also comprise one or more readers capable of reading remotely readable memory , such as rfid chips embedded in or attached to a credit or debit card . both wireless terminals 620 and traditional terminals 630 can also include functionality which allows them to operate with cellular telephone 670 based payment methods , such as those created by international business machines (“ ibm ”) at the university of california , santa barbara , for payment of parking fees and the like . in some embodiments , wireless terminals 620 and traditional terminals 630 can periodically update the currency conversion information stored therein . by way of example , without limitation , the terminals may poll currency server 655 at midnight each night to obtain the latest currency conversion rates , or the terminals may poll currency server 655 at the beginning of each business transaction . a polling interval may be selected according to a variety of criteria including , without limitation , local banking or other laws , local or national business customs , merchant preferences , and the availability and / or cost of communications . in some embodiments , the terminal may obtain all available currency conversion rates from currency server 655 . in some embodiments , the terminal may request only those currency conversions that are available from currency server 655 and which are based on the merchant &# 39 ; s preferred currency or the local currency in which the terminal is installed . in some embodiments , the currency server 655 can provide conversion information for a wide variety of currencies based on a standardized currency . by way of example , without limitation , currency server 655 may elect to use the u . s . dollar as a base currency , and all other currency information can be supplied to the terminal based on the base currency . in the event the currency information provided by currency server 655 does not directly allow the terminal to convert from or to either the merchant preferred currency or the customer preferred currency , the terminal may derive an appropriate conversion rate based on the available information . while the invention has been described in detail and with reference to specific embodiments thereof , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope thereof . thus , it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents . | 6 |
nasal spray or nasal drops or eye drops with 0 . 1 % azelastine hydrochloride as active ingredient the following are dissolved , in the following order , into 9 . 00 kg of water : 10 g of azelastine hydrochloride , 5 g of edetic acid disodium salt . 2 h 2 o , 68 g of sodium chloride , 1 . 25 g of alkyl - benzyldimethylammonium chloride ( benzalkonium chloride ), 4 . 38 g of citric acid , 64 . 8 g of sodium monohydrogen - phosphate . 12 h 2 o as well as 10 g of hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose .) 1 the solution obtained is diluted to 10 . 05 kg = 10 liters with water . the solution is filtered through a membrane filter of pore size 0 . 2 μm after careful mixing , the first 500 ml of filtrate being discarded . the filtrate has a ph value of 6 . 8 ± 0 . 3 . this is filled into plastic bottles which are closed with a conventional spray insert or into plastic or glass bottles which are closed with a conventional pump sprayer . in the latter case , pumps with nasal spray inserts are , for example used , which spray about 0 . 14 ml of solution per actuation . in this manner , 0 . 14 mg of azelastine hydrochloride are sprayed into the nose per actuation in the form of the solution . if the above obtained filtrate is filled into the bottles with dropper pipettes conventionally used for nasal drops or eye drops , the solution can be dripped into the nose or eye using a dropper pipette . 5 kg of polyoxyethylene stearate 2 , 8 kg of cetylstearyl alcohol ( lanette 0 ), 20 kg of white vaseline , 15 kg of liquid paraffin and 0 . 5 kg of silicon oil are melted together in a heatable vessel . 126 g of p - hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester and 53 g of p - hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester are dissolved in the melt ( temperature of the melt 80 ° c .). subsequently , a solution heated to 70 ° c . of 0 . 1 kg of azelastine hydrochloride , 140 g of p - hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester and 60 g of p - hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester in 51 . 021 kg of purified water are emulsified with the aid of a high speed stirrer and the emulsion obtained is stirred until cold and repeatedly homogenized at regular time intervals . the ointment is filled into tubes which have a tubular extension beyond the thread and are thus particularly suitable for applying the ointment into the nose . dosage aerosol giving off 0 . 5 mg of azelastine hydrochloride per stroke about 8 . 0 kg of a mixture of 70 parts by weight of difluorodichloromethane and 30 parts by weight of 1 , 2dichlorotetrafluoroethane are cooled to about - 55 ° c . in an appropriate cooling vessel . a mixture of 0 . 086 kg of precooled sorbitantrioleate and 0 . 8600 kg of precooled trichlorofluoromethane are dissolved with stirring into this mixture at - 55 ° c . 0 . 0688 kg of micronized azelastine hydrochloride and 0 . 0688 kg of micronized lactose are then incorporated in portions into the solution thereby obtained with intensive stirring . the total weight of the suspension thereby obtained is made up to 9 . 547 kg through addition of more of the mixture of 70 parts by weight of difluorodichloromethane and 30 parts by weight of 1 , 2 - dichlorotetrafluoroethane cooled to about - 55 ° c . following closure of the cooling vessel the suspension is again cooled to about - 55 ° c . under intensive stirring . it is then ready to be filled . with continued stirring the suspension is filled into the conventional suitable aluminum monobloc tins . the monobloc tins are closed immediately after the suspension has been filled using conventional dosage valves which release 0 . 05 ml of suspension per valve actuation . actuation of the valve thus releases 0 . 5 mg of azelastine hydrochloride . presentation is effected in conjunction with a conventional applicator which permits introduction of the active substance into the nose of the patient . 140 g of polyvinylalcohol ( trade name for example : mowiol 26 - 88 / hoechst ag , frankfurt 80 ) are stirred into 4 liters of cold water for injection purposes , the suspension is heated to 90 ° c . and left at this temperature for 45 minutes . after cooling , the solution obtained is mixed with the following solutions : 5 g of azelastine hydrochloride in 1 liter of water for injection purposes , 0 . 2 g of phenyl mercuric nitrate in 2 liters of water for injection purposes , 70 g of sodium chloride in 1 liter of water for injection purposes . the mixture is adjusted to a ph value of 6 . 8 through addition of 0 . 1 n sodium hydroxide solution , mixed with a solution of 15 g of sodium dihydrogen phosphate . 2 h 2 o and 21 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate . 2 h 2 o in 1 liter of water for injection purposes and filled up to 10 liters with water for injection purposes . following careful mixing the solution is filtered through a membrane filter of pore size 0 . 2 μm with glass fiber pre - filter and filled into sterile eye drop bottles under aseptic conditions after discarding a first 500 ml of filtrate . | 0 |
fig1 illustrates a modular integrated wiring system 100 utilizing universal electrical wiring component embodiments 300 - 600 . a floor bracket component 300 , a stud bracket component 400 , a box bracket component 500 and an extended box bracket 600 are included , providing adaptability for different electrical power distribution designs . each wiring component 300 - 600 provides mounting flexibility by adjusting to various wall dimensions , stud configurations , and electrical distribution point locations . specifically , each component 300 - 600 has an adjustable depth into the wall , guaranteeing a flush finish with the wall surface at every electrical distribution point . in addition , the floor bracket component 300 provides an adjustable height . the stud bracket component 400 can be positioned at any height and provides an adjustable distance between studs . the box bracket component 500 can be positioned at any height , and the extended box bracket component 600 can be positioned at any height and at various locations between studs . further , each wiring component 300 - 600 accommodates a variety of functional modules , including various outlets , switches , gfci devices , and motion detectors to name few . advantageously , the color of the functional modules and even some functionality can be readily changed at anytime without rewiring , as described below . the resulting modular integrated wiring system 100 has the labor saving advantages of prefabrication with the design and installation flexibility of individually configured and wired components . a universal electrical wiring component combining modular electrical devices and an adjustable , modular mount is described with respect to fig2 , below . a floor bracket component 300 is described in further detail with respect to fig3 , below . a stud bracket component 400 is described in further detail with respect to fig4 , below . a box bracket component 500 is described in further detail with respect to fig5 , below , and an extended box bracket component 600 is described in further detail with respect to fig6 , below . adjustable mounts are described in detail with respect to fig7 - 11 , below . fig2 further illustrates a universal electrical wiring component 200 having an adjustable mount 205 combined with a wiring module 201 . the adjustable mount 205 includes a bracket 207 and a box assembly 700 . the bracket 207 can be , for example , a vertically adjustable floor bracket 800 ( fig8 ), a horizontally adjustable stud bracket 900 ( fig9 ), a box bracket 1000 ( fig1 ), or an extended box bracket 1100 ( fig1 ). the box assembly 700 is mounted to the bracket 207 and the wiring module 201 is mounted in the box assembly 700 . the wiring module 201 may be a regular wiring module 210 or a gfci wiring module 220 . the adjustable mount 205 is configured to position the wiring module 201 at any of various locations within a building wall . the wiring module 201 is configured to connect to a source of electrical power and to removably accept a functional module 203 . advantageously , the combination of adjustable mount and wiring module form a universal electrical wiring component that can implement a variety of electrical distribution points of an electrical system . for example , a universal electrical wiring component can accept various outlet modules 250 - 260 and can be adjusted to implement a wall outlet . as another example , a universal electrical wiring component can accept various switch modules 240 and can be adjusted to implement a switch outlet . a universal electrical wiring component 200 may be , for example , a floor bracket component 300 ( fig3 ), a stud bracket component 400 ( fig4 ), a box bracket component 500 ( fig5 ) or an extended box bracket component 600 ( fig6 ). a cover 204 may be used to protect a wiring module 201 from damage prior to functional module installation . fig3 illustrates a floor bracket component 300 having a wiring module 201 and an adjustable mount comprising a box assembly 700 and a floor bracket 800 . in this embodiment , the floor bracket 800 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable height from the floor and the box assembly 700 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable distance from the box assembly 700 for a flush position with a wall surface . fig4 illustrates a stud bracket component 400 having a wiring module 201 and an adjustable mount comprising a box assembly 700 and a stud bracket 900 . in this embodiment , the stud bracket 900 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable distance between studs and the box assembly 700 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable distance from the box assembly 700 for a flush position with a wall surface . fig5 illustrates a box bracket component 500 having a wiring module 201 and an adjustable mount comprising a box assembly 700 and a box bracket 1000 . in this embodiment , the box bracket 1000 allows positioning of the wiring module 201 along a vertical stud . also , the box assembly 700 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable distance from the box assembly 700 for a flush position with a wall surface . fig6 illustrates an extended box bracket component 600 having a wiring module 201 and an adjustable mount comprising a box assembly 700 and an extended box bracket 1100 . in this embodiment , the extended box bracket 1100 allows vertical positioning of the wiring module 201 along a stud and horizontal positioning between studs . also , the box assembly 700 provides the wiring module 201 an adjustable distance from the box assembly 700 for a flush position with a wall surface . fig7 illustrates a box assembly 700 having a junction box 1300 , an adjustable plaster ring 1200 and a support arm 1400 . the plaster ring 1200 removably attaches to the junction box 1300 and a wiring module 201 ( fig2 ) attaches to the plaster ring 1200 . the plaster ring provides the wiring module 201 ( fig2 ) with an adjustable distance from the junction box 1300 , as described in detail with respect to fig1 . the junction box 1300 advantageously has an attached ground wire that can be quickly connected to a wiring module 201 ( fig2 ). the plaster ring 1200 has slotted fastener apertures so that the plaster ring 1200 along with an attached wiring module can be removed from , and reattached to , the junction box 1300 by merely loosening and tightening , respectively , the fasteners . the support arm 1400 attaches to the back of the junction box to provide support against an inside wall surface , as described in further detail with respect to fig1 a - d , below . fig8 illustrates a floor bracket 800 having an open front 801 and ruled sides 810 . the floor bracket 800 has tabs 820 for attaching the bracket 800 to one or both of a floor joist or a wall stud . side grooves 830 allow fasteners to attach the junction box 1300 at an adjustable height from the floor . conduit supports 840 are adapted for attachment to conduits running to the junction box 1300 . the plaster ring 1200 is attached to the box 1300 through the open front 801 so that the plaster ring 1100 can be removed from the box 1130 without removing the box 1300 from the bracket 800 . fig9 illustrates a stud bracket 900 having a horizontal bar 901 and ends 903 . the ends 903 are folded perpendicularly to the bar 901 and adapted to secure the bracket 900 horizontally between wall studs . the bar 901 has grooves 910 and a slot 920 that extend horizontally to proximate both ends 903 of the bracket 900 . the grooves 910 are adapted to slideably retain corresponding box tongues 1312 ( fig1 ). the slot 920 is centered between the grooves 910 and accommodates a fastener that secures the junction box 1300 to the bracket 900 while allowing the box to slideably adjust in position along the bar 901 . the plaster ring 1200 is attached to the box 1300 and can be removed from the box 1300 without removing the box 1300 from the bracket 900 . fig1 illustrates a box bracket 1000 having a stud mounting face 1001 and a box mounting face 1003 . the stud mounting face 1001 is disposed perpendicular to the box mounting face 1003 and is adapted to fasten to a wall stud . either side of the junction box 1300 attaches to the box mounting face 1003 . the box mounting face 1003 has a keyhole slots 1011 allowing the junction box 1300 to fasten and unfasten to the bracket 1000 without removing the fasteners 1020 . the stud mounting face 1001 has a plurality of mounting holes 1110 to accommodate fasteners that allow the junction box 1300 to be positioned along a stud . fig1 illustrates an extended box bracket 1100 having an extended stud mounting face 1101 and a box mounting face 1103 . the box mounting face 1103 is disposed perpendicular to the extended stud mounting face 1101 and is adapted to fasten to the junction box 1300 . the extended stud mounting face 1101 is adapted to fasten to a wall stud . the extended stud mounting face 1101 has a plurality of mounting holes 1110 spaced along the length of the bracket 1100 to accommodate fasteners that allows the junction box 1300 to be position vertically along a stud and horizontally between studs . fig1 further illustrates an adjustable plaster ring 1200 having a base ring 1210 , an insert ring 1220 and adjusting screws 1230 . the insert ring 1220 is slideably retained by the base ring 1210 and secured to the base ring 1210 by the adjusting screws 1230 . the insert ring 1220 is adapted to mount a wiring module and to adjust the wiring module position relative to the base ring 1210 in response to turning of the screws 1230 . the base ring 1210 has keyhole slots 1214 adapted to accommodate fasteners that attach the plaster ring 1200 to a junction box . the keyhole slot 1214 allows the plaster ring 1200 to fasten and unfasten to the junction box without removing the fasteners . fig1 further illustrates a junction box 1300 having a ground wire 1310 , a tongue 1312 and knockouts 1314 . the ground wire 1310 , being pre - wired to the box , advantageously saves a fabrication step on the job site . further , the ground wire 1310 is configured to insert into a push - wire connector on a pre - wired wiring module , providing a plug - in function module with a path to ground . the tongue 1312 stabilizes the box within a groove on a stud bracket , if used . the knockouts 1314 provide attachment points for power cable conduits . fig1 a - d further illustrate a support arm 1400 adapted to attach to a back face of the junction box 1300 ( fig1 ) and provide support against an inside wall surface . in particular , the support arm 1400 has an attachment section 1401 and a support section 1402 extending generally perpendicularly from one end of the attachment section 1401 . the attachment section is generally planar having an inside face 1404 that is disposed against the junction box 1300 and an opposite outside face 1405 that is disposed distal the junction box 1300 . the support section 1402 has a support face 1407 that is disposed against an inside wall surface . the attachment section 1401 has an adjustment slot 1410 , a fastener hole 1420 , and a plurality of bending slots 1430 distributed along and extending perpendicularly across the adjustment slot 1410 . the attachment section 1401 is configured to bend along one of the bending slots 1430 so as to provide a variable length support extending generally normal to the junction box back face . the support arm 1400 is held to the box 1300 with a fastener that is slideable along the adjustment slot 1410 , providing an adjustable support arm position . a universal electrical wiring component has been disclosed in detail in connection with various embodiments . these embodiments are disclosed by way of examples only and are not to limit the scope of the claims that follow . one of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate many variations and modifications . | 8 |
a packed battery according to the present invention has a case 1 of thermoplastic resin in which a couple of battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are housed in parallel arrangement to each other and comprises a tubular body 10 , a first ( top ) lid 2 , and a second ( bottom ) lid 3 so as to have a 3 - unit construction . the battery cell ( a ) is of a column shape having at one end a disk like negative electrode ( a ) and also , a positive electrode ( b ) extending throughout its circumferential side and opposite end . more particularly , the positive electrode ( b ) is exposed of a conductive body without a coat of insulation . the two battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are housed in the case 1 with their respective negative electrodes ( a ), ( a ) facing in opposite directions . one of the battery cells ( a ) which places its negative electrode in the first lid 2 side , has an insulation ring 6 on the negative electrode ( a ) end portion thereof . the insulation ring 6 is formed in a tubular shape having an axial length considerably shorter than that of the battery a and also , provided with an inwardly extending flange at the negative electrode ( a ) end . the inwardly extending flange of the ring 6 has a radial direction length enough to cover a portion of the outer rim of the negative electrode ( a ) end , because the conductive body not only comprises the circumferential side and positive electrode ( b ) end of the battery cell ( a ) but extends to the said portion of the negative electrode ( a ) end . the tubular body 10 is of elliptical tubular shape having a relative length and an inner space for housing a couple of the battery cells , ( a ), ( a ). more specifically , the tubular body 10 has two sides along the direction parallely to the two battery cells ( a ), ( a ); i . e ., one side is flat and another side is an arcuate shape so as to correspond to the shapes of the battery cells ( a ), ( a ). the tubular body 10 incorporates also a partition 25 which is disposed intermediately of a crosswise direction of the two parallely arranged battery cells ( a ), ( a ) so as to separate the two positive - electrode uninsulated battery cells ( a ), ( a ) from each other for insulation . although the partition 25 is provided in this embodiment extending axially of and throughout the length of the battery cell ( a ), it may extend partially . the most projecting edges of the arcuate side of the tubular body 10 is provided with a couple of square notches 18 , 18 formed in the first lid 2 end thereof . on the other hand , the flat side of the tubular body 10 has a square notch 23 formed in the first lid 2 end thereof and at a location where it meets the partition 25 , as shown in fig6 and 11 . a similar notch 24 is provided in the second lid 3 end of the same as shown in fig9 and 11 . the two notches 23 and 24 have respectively slits 23a , 23a and 24a , 24a at both ends of the inside thereof and function as air relief vents after assembling . the tubular body 10 is provided at the first lid 2 end with a step portion having a bit increased inner diameter and also , at the second lid 3 end with a flange 26 projected a bit inward from the end and extending towards the center thereof . the flange 26 is arranged in length so as to hold in position the two battery cells ( a ), ( a ) inserted through the first lid 2 end opening but not to extend the negative electrode ( a ). a pair of battery housing spaces separated by the partition 25 in the tubular body 10 are arranged differently in two respects . as best shown in fig8 and 10 , a space for housing one battery cell with its negative electrode ( a ) situated in the first lid 2 end is radially enlarged in a portion for accepting the insulating ring 6 . the flange 26 is formed so that its position ( or thickness ) relative to the first lid 2 end is different between the two spaces . more specifically , a portion of the flange 26 in space for housing battery cell ( a ) with the insulation ring 6 is thinner in thickness than that in the other battery housing space while the two portions of the flange 26 are equally located at the second lid 3 end axially of the battery cells . accordingly , the battery cell ( a ) in the former space is held by the flange 26 with the position of its positive electrode ( b ) end restricted . the rim of the negative electrode ( a ) end of the battery cell ( a ) in the latter space comes into contact with the flange 26 and the negative electrode ( a ) itself projects from the first lid 2 side end of the flange 26 which is arranged in length not to extend the negative electrode ( a ) of a battery cell . the length of the flange 26 is determined so that the projected negative electrode ( a ) end of the battery cell is flush with the positive electrode ( b ) end of the other battery cell . the first lid 2 has an approximately elliptical shape corresponding to the cross sectional shape of the tubular body 10 . the first lid 2 is provided with two square notches 21 , 21 cut towards the other side end at the positions to meet the two notches 18 , 18 respectively and also , at the back side with a rib for fitting in the first lid 2 side step portion of the tubular body 10 . the second lid 3 has also an approximately elliptical shape corresponding to the cross sectional shape of the tubular body 10 and incorporates a rib for fitting in the portion between the second lid 3 end of the tubular body 10 and the flange 26 . there are provided a couple of terminal members 4 , 4 , each of which is shaped of two l &# 39 ; s in cross section . the terminal member 4 comprises an electrode connector portion 4b for seating between the first lid 2 and the battery cell ( a ) end , an upright portion corresponding to the thickness of the first lid 2 , an end contactor portion 4c formed at a right angle to the upright portion for fitting in the notch 21 so as to be flush with the upper surface of the first lid 2 , and a side contactor portion 4a formed at a right angle to the end contactor portion 4c for fitting in the notch 18 . as the battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are placed in opposite directions in the tubular body 10 , their respective positive and negative electrodes are connected to each other by a connector member 5 at the second lid 3 end for series connection . the connector member 5 includes an overheat and over - current flow protector such as a ptc element interposed between two conductive members and can be seated , at a predetermined position for adjusting the flange 26 of the tubular body 10 thereto at the second lid 3 side before the second lid 3 being closed . a procedure of assembling the packed battery according to the present invention having such an arrangement will be described . the insulation ring 6 is first fitted onto one end of the battery cell ( a ). the battery cell ( a ) is then inserted , with its insulation ring 6 end upward , into one of the inner spaces , which is radially enlarged for accepting the insulation ring 6 , of the tubular body 10 kept with its second lid 3 end downward . the other battery cell ( a ) is also inserted into the other inner space of the tubular body 10 in the opposite direction to the first battery cell ( a ). while the side contactor portions 4a , 4a of their respective terminal members 4 , 4 are fitted in the notches 18 , 18 respectively , the electrode connector portions 4b , 4b of the same are placed in contact with their respective upper ends of the battery cells ( a ), ( a ) and then , welded to the corresponding electrodes of the battery cells ( a ), ( a ) respectively . then , the first lid 2 is fitted into the tubular body 10 with its notches 21 , 21 adjusting to the end contactor portions 4c , 4c of the terminal members 4 , 4 respectively . while the tubular body 10 stands with its lower end downward on a base , it is joined with the first lid 2 by ultrasonic wave welding using an ultrasonic wave transducer directly applied to the first lid 2 . the tubular body 10 is then placed upside down and the second lid 3 is fitted into the tubular body 10 while the connector member 5 bridges between the two electrodes of their respective battery cells ( a ), ( a ) for series connection . the tubular body 10 and the second lid 3 are joined together by ultrasonic wave welding with the first lid 2 seated at the bottom . during welding , the battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are held in the tubular body 10 by the flange 26 projecting inwardly of the tubular body 10 and thus , prevented from falling downward through the lower opening of the tubular body 10 . this facilitates an assembling job and permits an automatic operation of the assembling . needless to say , the battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are kept in position by the first lid 2 when the tubular body 10 is turned upside down after welding of the first lid 2 . since both the confronting first and second lids 2 , 3 are closely fitted in with the tubular body 10 along their circumferential edges , the ultrasonic wave welding can be executed with high efficiency therealong in approximately similar conditions . the insulation ring 6 protects the terminal member 4 from short circuit between the negative electrode ( a ) and the negative electrode ( a ) end rim of the positive electrode ( b ) which results from fault positioning during welding . fig1 is a disassembled perspective view showing a second embodiment of the present invention . according to the second embodiment , each notch 21 in the first lid 2 is a cutout not only for a square shape notch 18 but also for a round shape concentrically of the upper end of the battery cell ( a ). thus , each terminal member 4 has a shape corresponding to the shapes of the notches 18 and 21 . more particularly , the terminal member 4 is l - shaped in cross and comprises a side contactor portion 4a for fitting in the notch 18 and a keyhole - shaped end contactor portion 4c for fitting in the notch 21 . the side and end contactor portions 4a , 4c are fitted in their respective notches 18 and 21 so as to be flush with the tubular body 10 and the inner surface of the first lid 2 respectively . fig1 is a disassembled perspective view showing a third embodiment of the present invention . according to the third embodiment , the first lid 2 has only openings for adjusting the terminal members 4 , 4 . as shown in this figure , the two keyhole - shaped openings 21 , 21 are formed in the first lid 2 consisting of square openings at the arcuate side end and round opening cutouts concentrically of the end of the battery cell ( a ), ( a ). the terminal member 4 thus has a shape corresponding to that keyhole shape . also , the two battery cells ( a ), ( a ) are separated without using the partition 25 . this can be realized if a battery housing space in the tubular body 10 is defined by the inner surface of the same as having at center a gap for separation . when the terminal member 4 is small in size enough to keep it away from the positive electrode ( b ) about the negative electrode ( a ) end rim , the insulation ring 6 may be omitted . according to the present invention , the battery case can be uniformly welded throughout the welding positions by ultrasonic wave welding . therefore , while the welding strength is satisfactory , no deformation in exterior shape is produced caused by pressing out resin material . also , the procedure of assembling can be facilitated as the battery cells are kept in position by the flange 26 and prevented from falling out from the tubular body 10 which opens at both ends . although the flange 26 is employed for protecting the battery cells from dropping in the embodiments , another projection of appropriate shape may also be used for the same purpose . the relation between the present packed battery and an electric apparatus loading the same will be described . in the first and second embodiments , the terminal members 4 , 4 are exposed at both end and side of the case . this allows an electric apparatus to have power terminals at any of the two corresponding locations . fig1 is a cross sectional view showing a packed battery of the second embodiment loaded in an electric apparatus ( k ). as shown , the terminal member 4 is kept in contact with a contactor ( t ) located at the top of a packed battery loading space of the apparatus ( k ). fig1 shows an arrangement of terminal members in a prior art packed battery . a plan and a side views are shown at left illustrating a packed battery ( x ) having the terminal members on the upper central areas only . at right are a plan and a side views of a packed battery ( y ) having the terminal members , each extending between the top side end and the side upper end in a similar manner to the first embodiment of the present invention . in both the plan views , the two straight lines ( l ) and ( p ) represent a back wall at a packed battery loading space in an electric apparatus and a contactor location therein for a packed battery of the type ( y ) shown in the right view respectively . it is apparent from comparison between both the left and right views that the electric apparatus for loading such a particular type packed battery ( y ) on the right cannot be loaded with a packed battery ( x ) shown in the left view . similarly , the electric apparatus for loading a packed battery ( x ) cannot be loaded with a packed battery ( y ). fig1 shows plan views of the third embodiment of the present invention ( on the left ) and a prior art packed battery ( y ) or the first embodiment ( on the right ) respectively . as shown , the notch 21 has a keyhole shape according to the third embodiment of the present invention and thus , can cross the straight line ( p ). then , the packed battery on the left can be used for loading in an electric apparatus adapted for a packed battery ( y ) shown on the right . it is also understood that the packed battery of the third embodiment can replace the battery ( x ) of fig1 . similarly , the packed battery of the second embodiment exposed both to the end and the side can replace either the battery ( x ) or ( y ). furthermore , it can replace the battery ( x ) even when the electric apparatus has its power contactors on the side . fig1 shows the positional relation between the third embodiment ( on the left ) and the packed battery ( y ) or the first embodiment ( on the right ) when the positioning in an electric apparatus is made with reference to the arcuate side of the case 1 . in this case , the third embodiment and the second embodiment not shown in the figure can be replaced with each other . particularly , a packed battery of the second embodiment can replace the battery ( y ) even when the contactors of an electric apparatus are located in the side . as this invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit of essential characteristics thereof , the present embodiment is therefore illustrative and not restrictive , since the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them , and all changes that fall within the meets and bounds of the claims , or equivalence of such meets and bounds thereof are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims . | 8 |
the present invention relates to 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives represented by the following formula ( i ) and it further relates to a substance p antagonist containing the compound as an effective component : wherein each of x 1 and x 3 is oxygen or two hydrogen atoms , x 2 is o , nh , nch 3 or ch 2 , n is an integer of 0 or 1 , r 1 is hydrogen or lower alkyl and r 2 is hydrogen , cyano , tetrazolyl , aminotriazolyl , mesyl , t - butoxycarbonyl , or lower alkyl , wherein when r 2 is lower alkyl , the lower alkyl may be unsubstituted , substituted with any one of the following substituents ( a ) to ( j ), substituted with only oxo , or substituted with both oxo and any one of the following substituents ( a ) to ( j ), ( a ) triazolonyl , ( b ) tetrazolyl , ( c ) dimethylaminomethyltriazolyl ; ( d ) phosphotriazolonyl , ( e ) pyridyl , ( f ) dimethylamino , ( g ) cyano , ( h ) pyrrolidino , ( i ) amino , ( j ) phenyl , r 3 is hydrogen , halogen , lower alkyl or lower alkoxy , each of r 4 and r 5 is hydrogen , lower alkoxy or trifluoromethyl and a broken line indicates a single or double bond . when the broken line represents a single bond , there is an h at each carbon atom . in the above - mentioned formula ( i ), “ lower alkyl ” is preferably a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , butyl , isobutyl , sec - butyl or t - butyl , pentyl , isopentyl , neopentyl , t - pentyl , hexyl , isohexyl , dimethylbutyl , and more preferably is a linear or branched alkyl having 1 to 4 carbon atoms . also , “ lower alkoxy ” is preferably a linear or branched alkoxy having 1 to 6 carbon atoms such as methoxy , ethoxy , propoxy , isopropoxy , butoxy , much more preferably a linear or branched alkoxy having 1 to 4 carbon atoms . ( 1 ) a piperazine derivative represented by the above formula ( i ) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and hydrates thereof . ( 2 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 1 ) wherein x 1 is oxygen . ( 3 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 2 ) wherein x 2 is oxygen . ( 4 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 3 ) wherein x 3 is two hydrogen atoms . ( 5 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 4 ) wherein n is an integer of 1 . ( 6 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 5 ) wherein r 1 is methyl . ( 7 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 6 ) wherein r 2 is triazolonylmethyl . ( 8 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 7 ) wherein r 3 is hydrogen . ( 9 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 8 ) wherein r 4 is substituted at the m - position . ( 10 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 9 ) wherein r 4 is trifluoromethyl . ( 11 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 10 ) wherein r 5 is substituted at the m - position . ( 12 ) a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 11 ) wherein r 5 is trifluoromethyl . ( 13 ) a medicine containing a piperazine derivative according to subparagraph ( 1 ) as an effective component . ( 14 ) a medicine according to subparagraph ( 13 ), which is an anti - inflammatory agent , an anti - allergic agent , an analgesic , an antiemetic , an agent for irritable colon syndrome , an agent for dermal disease , an agent for vasospastic disease , an agent for cerebral ischemic disease , an antidepressant , an antianxiety agent , an agent for autoimmune disease , a muscle relaxant or an antispasmodic . of the above compounds of the present invention , the most preferred compound having the strongest action is compound 26 : ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 1 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one . the compounds of the present invention represented by the formula ( i ) may be generally produced in the following manner wherein the substituents are defined as in formula ( i ) above unless indicated to the contrary : the compounds of formula ( i ) may be obtained by alkylation , amidation or cross - coupling reaction of the compounds of formula ( ii ). for example , the alkylation is carried out by using halogenated or mesylated compounds in the presence of a base , for example , a salt of an alkali metal or alkaline - earth metal such as potassium carbonate . it is possible to perform the condensing reaction by a general amidation method . for example , a method using a condensing agent such as 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or wsc — hcl , mixed anhydride method or activated ester method may be employed . the reactions may be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as dmf , water , acetone or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent : the compounds of formula ( ii ) may be synthesized by an alkylation of the compounds of formula ( iii ). to obtain the objective compound more selectively , it is preferred to protect an amino group by a protecting group such as a t - butoxycarbonyl group , and then an amido portion may be alkylated . the alkylating reaction may be carried out in the presence of a base such as sodium hydride in an appropriate solvent such as dmf , thf or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from − 20 ° c . to the boiling temperature of the solvent : the compounds of formula ( iii ) may be synthesized by catalytic reduction of the compounds of formula ( iv ), preferably , in the presence of a reduction catalyst such as palladium , palladium hydroxide or platinum oxide under an atmosphere of hydrogen . this reaction may be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as acetic acid , methanol , ethanol or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent : the compounds of formula ( iv ) may be synthesized by a dehydrating - condensation reaction between the benzoylamino compounds of formula ( v ) and benzyloxycarbonyl ( z )- glycine . it is possible to do the condensing reaction by a general amidation method , for example , a method using a condensing agent such as 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or wsc — hcl , mixed anhydride method or activated ester method . the reactions may be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as acetic acid , thf , ether , dmf , dichloromethane , chloroform , dichloroethane or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent : the compounds of formula ( v ) may be synthesized by a reaction between a weinreb - amido compound of formula ( vi ) and a nucleophilic reagent . to obtain the objective compound more selectively , it is preferred to protect an amino group by a protecting group such as a t - butoxycarbonyl group , and then an amido portion may be phenylated , preferably , reacted with phenyl - lithium reagent or grignard reagent such as functionalized - phenylmagnesium bromide . the phenylating reaction may be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as thf , ether or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from − 78 ° c . to the boiling temperature of the solvent : the weinreb - amido compound of formula ( vi ) may be synthesized by a dehydrating - condensation reaction between a serine derivative of formula ( vii ) and methoxymethylamine . to obtain the objective compound more selectively , it is preferred to protect an amino group by a protecting group such as a t - butoxycarbonyl group , and then the reaction of the carboxy group portion may be performed . the condensing reaction may be carried out by a general amidation method , for example , a method using a condensing agent such as 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or wsc — hcl , mixed anhydride method or activated ester method , preferably , in an appropriate solvent such as ethyl acetate , thf , ether , dmf , dichloromethane , chloroform , dichloroethane or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent : the serine derivative of formula ( vii ) may be synthesized by an alkylation , dehydrating - condensation reaction or cross - coupling reaction between a serine derivative of formula ( viii ) and a functionalized - benzene derivative . to obtain the objective compound more selectively , it is preferred to protect an amino group by a protecting group such as a t - butoxycarbonyl group , and then the reaction may be performed . the alkylating reaction may be carried out by using halogenated or mesylated compounds in the presence of a base , for example , a salt of an alkali metal or alkaline - earth metal such as potassium carbonate . the condensing reaction may be carried out by a general amidation method , for example , a method using a condensing agent such as 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or wsc — hcl , mixed anhydride method or activated ester method . preferably , the reactions may be carried out in an appropriate solvent such as ethyl acetate , thf , ether , dmf , dichloromethane , chloroform , dichloroethane or mixture thereof at a preferred temperature from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent : as to the serine derivative of formula ( viii ), it is serine when x 2 = o and x 3 = h 2 , or it is aminomalonic acid when x 2 = o and x 3 = o . the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives of the present invention include the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds represented by the above - given formula ( i ). exemplary salts of the present invention are acid addition salts of the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives of formula ( i ) with hydrochloric acid , sulfuric acid , nitric acid , hydrobromic acid , phosphoric acid , perchloric acid , thiocyanic acid , boric acid , formic acid , acetic acid , haloacetic acid , propionic acid , glycolic acid , citric acid , tartaric acid , succinic acid , gluconic acid , lactic acid , malonic acid , fumaric acid , anthranilic acid , benzoic acid , cinnamic acid , p - toluenesulfonic acid , naphthalenesulfonic acid or sulfanilic acid . other salts of the present invention include salts of the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives of formula ( i ) with : a ) an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium , b ) an alkaline - earth metal such as calcium or magnesium , c ) other metals such as aluminum , or d ) bases such as ammonia or organic amines . the pharmaceutically acceptable salts may be manufactured by conventional methods starting from the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives of formula ( i ) in a free state or free form , or by conversion from one salt to another salt . when there are steric isomers or stereoisomers such as cis - trans isomers , optical isomers and conformational isomers , hydrates or metal complexes for the derivatives of the present invention , the present invention includes any and all of such isomers , hydrates , and complexes . the compounds of the present invention , which include the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts , hydrates , isomers , and complexes , can be made into pharmaceutical preparations by combining one or more of the compounds with at least one pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent . any of the known methods for providing preparations , such as for oral or parenteral administrations ( e . g . solids , semi - solids , liquids , gases , etc .) may be used to produce the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention . for example , for oral administrations tablets , capsules , powders , liquids , etc . may be employed . parenteral administrations may be subcutaneous , intravenous , intramuscular , intrarectal and intranasal administrations . in preparing the preparations , the 2 - phenylpiperazine derivatives of the present invention may be used in the form of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts . the compounds of the present invention may be used either solely or jointly in pharmaceutically effective amounts for treating animals or humans . the compounds of the invention can be used either solely or jointly together in pharmaceutically acceptable amounts with pharmaceutically effective amounts of other pharmaceutically active components in pharmaceutical compositions or preparations . in the case of preparations for oral administration , one or more of the compounds of the present invention either alone or in combination with commonly - used pharmaceutically acceptable excipients in pharmaceutically acceptable amounts such as at least one suitable pharmaceutically acceptable additive or carrier ( e . g . lactose , mannitol , corn starch , potato starch , potassium citrate , etc .) may be mixed with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable : ( 1 ) binders such as cellulose derivatives ( e . g . crystalline cellulose , hydroxypropylcellulose , etc . ), gum arabicum , corn starch , gelatin , etc ., ( 2 ) disintegrating agents such as corn starch , potato starch , calcium carboxymethylcellulose , etc ., ( 3 ) lubricating agents such as talc , magnesium stearate , etc . and ( 4 ) other pharmaceutically acceptable excipients including pharmaceutically acceptable bulking agents , moisturizing agents , buffers , preservatives , perfumes and the like to obtain tablets , diluted powders , granules or capsules . in embodiments of the invention , suppositories may be prepared by admixing one or more of the compounds of the present invention with pharmaceutically acceptable amounts of one or more pharmaceutically acceptable fatty / oily bases ( e . g . cacao butter ), emulsified bases , water - soluble bases ( e . g . macrogol ), hydrophilic bases , etc . in the case of injections , it is possible to prepare solutions or suspensions of one or more compounds of the present invention in pharmaceutically acceptable carriers such as an aqueous or nonaqueous solvent . examples of solvents which may be used are distilled water for injection , physiological saline solution , ringer &# 39 ; s solution , plant oil , synthetic fatty acid glycerides , higher fatty acid esters , propylene glycol , etc . when the compounds of the present invention are used as inhalations or aerosol preparations , at least one compound of the present invention in the form of a liquid or minute powder can be filled up in an aerosol container with a gas or liquid spraying agent , and if desired , with conventional adjuvants such as one or more pharmaceutically acceptable humidifying agents or dispersing agents . they can also be used as pharmaceuticals for a non - pressurized preparation such as in a nebulizer or an atomizer . it is also possible , depending upon the type of the disease , to prepare pharmaceutical preparations other than the above - mentioned ones which are suitable for therapy depending upon the state of the patient . exemplary of other pharmaceutical preparations are collyriums , ointments , poultices , etc . the preferred dosage of the compound of the present invention may vary depending upon the subject to be administered ( age , body weight , symptons , etc . of the patient ), form of the preparation , method for the administration , term for the administration , etc . to achieve a desired effect , 0 . 5 - 1000 mg per day , preferably 1 - 500 mg per day may be usually given to common adults by the oral route either once daily or several times a day . in the case of a parenteral administration such as by injection , the preferred dosage may be at a level of from ⅓ to { fraction ( 1 / 10 )} of the above - mentioned oral dosages because of the effects of absorption , etc . in the oral route . the present invention is illustrated by the following non - limiting examples wherein all parts , percentages and ratios are by weight , all temperatures are at room temperature or in ° c ., and all pressures are atmospheric unless indicated to the contrary : the starting materials may be purchased from aldrich chemical co ., inc . or tokyo kasei k . k . etc . the sample was placed in a glass capillary and the melting point was measured by a yamato mp - 21 melting point apparatus . 1 h - nmr spectra were recorded on a burker arx - 500 spectrometer and chemical shifts were reported as δ values ( ppm ) relative to tms ( δ = 0 ppm ) added as an internal standard . silica gel column chromatography was carried out on bw - 127zh ( fuji - silysia chemical co ., ltd .). thin - layer chromatography ( tlc ) was performed on silica gel f254 plates ( merck , no . 5715 ) visualized with uv light and 5 % phosphomolybdic acid — etoh reagent . reagents and solvents were used in the commercially available grade without further purification . d - serine ( 25 g , 238 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 35 ml , 250 mmol ) were dissolved in water ( 400 ml ), and boc 2 o ( 50 g , 230 mmol ) was added thereto and stirred at room temperature for 20 hours . the reaction mixture was washed with ethyl acetate ( 200 ml × 2 ). the aqueous layer was acidified with 2 mol / l hcl to ph 2 and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 200 ml × 5 ). the organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to give boc - d - ser ( 44 . 4 g , 91 %) as a colorless oil . resulting boc - d - ser ( 44 . 4 g , 216 mmol ) was dissolved in dmf ( 500 ml ) and the mixture was cooled in an ice bath to 0 ° c . and then , nah ( 18 . 4 g , 460 mmol ) was added thereto in several portions . the mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for 2 hours , and a solution of 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide ( 42 ml , 230 mmol ) in dmf ( 100 ml ) was added dropwise thereto for a period of 30 min . after stirring at 0 ° c . for 2 hours and at room temperature for 20 hours , the reaction was stopped by adding water ( 1 l ) thereto . the mixture was washed with hexane ( 250 ml × 2 ) and acidified with 2 mol / l hcl to ph 2 . after extracting with ethyl acetate ( 250 ml × 4 ), the organic extract was washed with water and saturated brine in order and dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to give ( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 2 - tert - butoxycarbonylaminopropionic acid ( 76 . 6 g , 82 %) as a pale brown oil . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 39 ( s , 9h ), 3 . 73 - 3 . 79 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 25 - 4 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 65 - 4 . 73 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( d , j = 8 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 96 - 8 . 03 ( m , 3h ), 12 . 65 ( brs , 1h ). to a solution of ( 2r )- 3 -{ 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy }- 2 - tert - butoxycarbonylaminopropionic acid ( 76 . 6 g , 176 mmol ), n - methoxy - n - methylamine hydrochloride ( 18 . 53 g , 190 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 25 . 6 ml , 190 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 400 ml ) was added wsc . hcl ( 36 . 4 g , 190 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours , washed with water and saturated brine in order . the organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure to give ( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 2 - tert - butoxycarbonylamino - n - methoxy - n - methylpropionamide ( 76 . 4 g , 92 %) as a pale brown oil . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 37 ( s , 9h ), 3 . 11 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 60 - 3 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 73 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 68 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 79 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 13 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 01 ( s , 3h ). to a solution of ( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 2 - tert - butoxycarbonylamino )- n - methoxy - n - methylpropionamide ( 76 . 4 g , 161 mmol ) in 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 200 ml ) was added 4 mol / l hcl - 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 200 ml , 800 mmol ). after stirring the mixture at room temperature for 2 hours , the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure . the oil residue was dissolved in ch 2 cl 2 ( 400 ml ) and then , n - benzyloxycarbonylglycine ( 35 . 56 g , 170 mmol ), triethylamine ( 24 . 0 ml , 170 mmol ) and wsc . hcl ( 32 . 58 g , 170 mmol ) were added thereto . the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 20 hours , washed with saturated nh 4 cl and saturated brine in order . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure . the residue was purified on a silica gel column chromatography ( chcl 3 : meoh = 49 : 1 ) to give ( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 2 - tert - butoxycarbonylamino )- n - methoxy - n - methylpropionamide ( 74 . 5 g , 82 %) as a yellow brown oil . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 13 ( brs , 3h ), 3 . 62 - 3 . 73 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 71 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 03 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 14 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 43 ( m , 6h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 30 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ). to an ice cooled solution of grignard reagent in thf ( 200 ml ) prepared from magnesium ( 13 . 1 g , 540 mmol ) and bromobenzene ( 57 ml , 540 mmol ) was added dropwise a solution of ( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 2 -(( 2 -( benzyloxycarbonyl ) aminoacetyl ) amino )- nmethoxy - n - methylpropionamide ( 76 . 34 g , 135 mmol ) in thf ( 150 ml ). after finishing the dropping , the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours and poured into saturated nh 4 cl solution ( 500 ml ). the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate ( 200 ml × 3 ) and then , the organic extract was washed with water and saturated brine in order and dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure . the crude residue was recrystalized from ethyl acetate - ether - petroleum to give 2 - benzyloxycarbonylamino - n -(( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 1 - phenyl - 1 - propanon - 2 - yl ) acetamide ( 33 . 83 g , 43 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 66 - 3 . 71 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 84 ( d , j = 5 . 3 hz , 2h ), 4 . 62 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 67 ( d , j = 13 . 2 hz , 1h ), 5 . 02 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 63 - 5 . 66 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 36 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 53 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 64 - 7 . 67 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 86 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 - 8 . 00 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 48 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ). a mixture of 2 - benzyloxycarbonylamino - n -(( 2r )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxy )- 1 - phenyl - 1 - propanon - 2 - yl ) acetamide ( 22 g , 49 mmol ) and 5 % palladium on carbon catalyst ( 2 g ) in etoh ( 400 ml ) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 8 hours . the catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was purified on a silica gel column chromatograph ( chcl 3 : meoh = 10 : 1 ) and crystalized as a hydrochloride by adding 4 mol / l hcl - 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 1 . 5 ml ). the crystals were filtered and dried to give ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one hydrochloride ( compound 5 ) ( 13 g , 88 %) as white crystals . mp . 219 - 221 ° c . ( α ) d = 99 . 7 °( c1 , meoh ). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 36 - 3 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 71 ( d , j = 16 . 7 hz , 1h ), 3 . 90 - 3 . 99 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 41 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 48 - 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 77 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 74 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 76 ( brs , 1h ). to a solution of ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one hydrochloride ( compound 5 ) ( 3 g , 7 . 3 mmol ) in acetonitrile ( 10 ml ) were added diisopropylethylamine ( 2 . 5 ml , 14 . 6 mmol ) and methyl n ′-( 2 - chloro - 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate ( 1 . 8 g , 11 . 0 mmol ). the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 8 hours and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure . the residue was dissolved in ether and washed with saturated nh 4 cl solution and saturated brine in order . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure . the residue was purified on a silica gel column chromatograph ( chcl 3 : meoh = 10 : 1 ) to give methyl ( 5s , 6s )- n ′-( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - yl - 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate ( 3 . 5 g , 86 %) as white crystals . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 71 ( d , j = 13 . 4 hz , 1h ), 2 . 85 - 2 . 89 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 10 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 34 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 45 - 3 . 48 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 56 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 01 - 4 . 07 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 42 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 52 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 6 . 00 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 28 - 7 . 36 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 91 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 04 ( s , 1h ). a solution of methyl ( 5s , 6s )- n ′-( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - yl - 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate ( 5 . 2 g , 9 . 3 mmol ) in dmf ( 100 ml ) was stirred at 140 ° c . for 2 hours . the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature , diluted with water ( 300 ml ) and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 200 l ). the organic layer was separated and dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure . the residue was purified on a silica gel column chromatography ( chcl 3 : meoh = 10 : 1 ) to give ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 ( 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one ( compound 12 ) ( 2 . 5 g , 51 %) as white crystals . mp . 138 - 140 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 97 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 15 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 20 ( brs , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 42 - 3 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 28 - 7 . 37 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( s ., 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 39 ( s , 1h ) . ( α ] d = 52 . 3 °( c1 , meoh ). a solution of ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 -( 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one ( compound 12 ) ( 0 . 74 g , 1 . 4 mmol ) and tetrabenzylpyrophosphate ( tbpp ) ( 0 . 92 g , 1 . 7 mmol ) in thf ( 20 ml ) was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of nahmds ( 0 . 64 g , 3 . 5 mmol ) in thf ( 5 ml ) was added dropwise thereto . after stirring at room temperature for 2 hours , the reaction was stopped with saturated nahco 3 aqueous solution . the resulting product was extracted with ether and purified by washing with 0 . 5 mol / l khso 4 solution , saturated nahco 3 solution and brine in order . the organic extract was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure to give benzyl ( 5s , 6s )- 3 -( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - ylmethyl - 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 1 - yl ) phosphonate ( 1 . 11 g , 99 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 99 - 3 . 40 ( m , 6h ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 - 4 . 51 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 13 - 5 . 23 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 37 ( m , 15h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( s , 1h ). a mixture of dibenzyl ( 5s , 6s )- 3 -( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - ylmethyl - 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 1 - yl ) phosphonate ( 1 . 11 g , 1 . 4 mmol ), 20 % palladium hydroxide on carbon catalyst ( 0 . 12 g ) and n - methyl - d - glucamine ( 0 . 49 g , 25 mmol ) in meoh ( 25 ml ) and water ( 5 ml ) was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere for 1 hour . the catalyst was filtered off and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure . the residue was crystallized by adding meoh ( 8 ml ) and isopropanol ( 40 ml ). the crystals obtained by filtration were dissolved in ether ( 50 ml ) and water ( 50 ml ), and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 15 minutes . the aqueous layer was separated and further centrifuged after adding ether ( 50 ml ). the collected aqueous layer was lyophilized to give ( 5s , 6s )- 3 -( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - ylmethyl - 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 1 - yl ) phosphoric acid , bis ( n - methyl - d - glucamine ) ( compound 42 ) ( 0 . 9 g , 64 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 68 ( brs , 9h ), 3 . 08 - 3 . 22 ( m , 7h ), 3 . 33 - 3 . 47 ( m , 6h ), 3 . 62 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 77 - 3 . 80 ( m , 7h ), 4 . 11 - 4 . 20 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 47 - 4 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 37 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 83 ( s , 3h ). to a solution of ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one hydrochloride ( compound 5 ) ( 10 . 0 g , 24 . 3 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 3 . 7 ml , 26 . 7 mmol ) in ch 2 cl 2 was added boc 2 o ( 5 . 8 g , 26 . 7 mmol ). after stirring overnight at room temperature , the reaction mixture was washed with diluted hcl solution . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure to give ( 2s , 3s )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperizine - 1 - carboxylate 11 . 6 g ( 90 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 11 - 1 . 37 ( br , 9h ), 3 . 17 - 3 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 29 - 3 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 19 ( br , 3h ), 4 . 58 ( abq , j = 12 . 8 hz , 2h ), 5 . 01 - 5 . 28 ( br , 1 h ), 7 . 11 ( brs , 2h , 7 . 27 - 7 . 33 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 3h ), 8 . 19 ( brs , 1h ). to a solution of tert - butyl ( 2s , 3s )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperizine - 1 - carboxylate ( 6 . 6 g , 12 . 4 mmol ) and iodomethane ( 1 . 0 ml , 16 . 1 mmol ) in thf ( 50 ml ) was added nah ( 0 . 55 g , 13 . 6 mmol ) at 0 ° c . after stirring overnight , the reaction was stopped with water ( 50 ml ). the product was extracted with ether , and purified by washing with 0 . 5 mol / l khso 4 solution , saturated nahco 3 solution and saturated brine in order . the organic layer was dried over sodium sulfate anhydride . sodium sulfate was filtered off and the solvent was removed by evaporation from the filtrate under reduced pressure to give tert - butyl ( 2s , 3s )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperizine - 1 - carboxylate 6 . 5 g ( 96 %) was obtained . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 0 . 92 - 1 . 43 ( br , 9h ), 2 . 83 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 45 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 06 - 4 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 28 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 55 ( abq , j = 12 . 8 hz , 2h ), 5 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 15 - 7 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 32 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 91 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 02 ( s , 1h ). to a solution of tert - butyl ( 2s , 3s )- 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperizine - 1 - carboxylate ( 6 . 5 g , 11 . 9 mmol ) in 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 100 ml ) was added 4 mol / l hcl - 1 , 4 - dioxane ( 15 ml , 59 . 5 mmol ). after stirring at room temperature for 2 hours , the solvent was removed by evaporation under reduced pressure to give ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 1 - methyl - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one hydrochloride ( compound 24 ) ( 5 . 5 g , 96 %). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 93 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 93 - 3 . 17 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 - 3 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 95 - 4 . 02 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 66 ( abq , j = 13 . 2 hz , 2h ), 5 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 38 - 7 . 41 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 49 - 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 99 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 04 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 40 ( brs , 1h ), 11 . 0 ( brs , 1h ). in the same manner as described for the manufacture of methyl ( 5s , 6s )- n ′-( 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 2 - oxo - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 4 - yl - 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate , methyl ( 2s , 3s )- n ′-( 2 -( 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate 6 . 4 g ( 97 %) was prepared as white crystals from ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 1methyl - 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one hydrochloride ( compound 24 ) ( 5 . 5 g , 11 . 4 mmol ), acetonitrile ( 50 ml ), diisopropylethylamine ( 6 . 0 ml , 34 . 2 mmol ) and methyl n ′-( 2 - chloro - 1 - iminoethyl ) hydrazinocarboxylate ( 2 . 8 g , 17 . 1 mmol ). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 76 ( d , j = 14 . 3 hz , 1h ), 3 . 09 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 21 ( d , j = 17 . 3 hz , 1h ), 3 . 46 ( d , j = 14 . 3 hz , 1h ), 3 . 62 ( d , j = 17 . 3 hz , 1h ), 3 . 68 - 3 . 76 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 10 - 4 . 11 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 42 ( abq , j = 12 . 4 , 2h ), 5 . 51 - 5 . 58 ( br , 2h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 36 ( m , 6h ), 7 . 56 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( s , 1h ). in the same manner as described for the manufacture of ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 -( 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one ( compound 12 ), ( 5s , 6s )- 6 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 1 - methyl - 4 -( 5 - oxo - 4 , 5 - dihydro - 1h -( 1 , 2 , 4 ) triazol - 3 - ylmethyl )- 5 - phenylpiperazin - 2 - one ( compound 26 ) ( 4 . 5 g , 69 %) was prepared as white crystals from methyl ( 2s , 3s )- n ′-( 2 -( 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyloxymethyl )- 4 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpiperazin - 1 - yl )- 1 - imino - ethyl )- hydrazinocarboxylate ( 6 . 4 g , 11 . 1 mmol ) and dmf ( 50 ml ). mp 108 - 111 ° c . ( α ) d = 38 . 3 °( c1 , meoh ). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 51 - 2 . 96 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 94 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 11 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 35 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 57 ( d , j = 14 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 67 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 71 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 77 - 3 . 79 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 13 ( d , j = 3 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 44 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 28 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 36 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 45 - 7 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 29 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 44 ( s , 1h ). in place of d - serine , the starting material in the above example 1 , appropriate starting materials corresponding to each objective product were used and subjected to a similar method employed in example 1 to prepare other compounds than the above mentioned ones . the manufacturing materials or reagents used and the values of properties of the compounds of the present invention which were obtained were measured and given as follows : compound 1 : l - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride . compound 2 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) propylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride . compound 3 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) propylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate , sodium methoxide . compound 4 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 3 -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl ) propylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , chloroacetonitrile , formic hydrazide , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate , sodium methoxide . compound 5 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride . compound 6 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 2 -( 2 - methoxyphenyl ) ethylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate . compound 7 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 2 -( 2 - methoxyphenyl ) ethylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate . compound 8 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , lithium aluminum hydride . compound 9 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 2 - phenylethylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate , lithium aluminum hydride . compound 10 : d - phenylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 2 -( 2 - methoxyphenyl ) ethylmagnesium bromide , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium azide , chloroacetic chloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate , lithium aluminum hydride . compound 11 : d - serine , 2 - methoxyphenol , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , potassium carbonate , triphenylphosphine , diethylazacarbodiimide . compound 12 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , sodium methoxide , diisopropylethylamine . compound 13 : serine , n -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl )- n - methylamine , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , tetrapropylammonium perruthenate , n - methylmorpholine - n - oxide . compound 14 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , diphenyl cyanocarbonimidate , hydrazine , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 15 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , pyrrolidineacetic acid hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 16 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetamide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 17 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 18 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , cyanogens bromide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 19 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , cyanogens bromide , sodium azide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine , ammonium chloride . compound 20 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , dimethyl aminoacetate hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 21 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , formic hydrazide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 22 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 4 - pyridylacetic acid hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 23 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methanesulfonyl chloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 24 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 25 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 1 , 4 - dichloro - 2 - butyne , sodium azide , dimethylamine , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 26 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 27 : l - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 28 : serine , n -( 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl )- n - methylamine , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , tetrapropylammonium perruthenate , n - methylmorpholine - n - oxide . compound 29 : l - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , benzyl bromide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 30 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 31 : l - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , benzyl bromide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine , lithium aluminum hydride . compound 32 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 33 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , triethylamine . compound 34 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 35 : serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , benzyl bromide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide , lithium aluminum hydride . compound 36 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride . compound 37 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride . compound 38 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 39 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , 1 , 4 - dichloro - 2 - butyne , sodium azide , dimethylamine , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine . compound 40 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 41 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , 1 , 4 - dichloro - 2 - butyne , sodium azide , dimethylamine , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine . compound 42 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , tetrabenzyl pyrophosphate , n - methyl - d - glucan , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 43 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 44 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , ethyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 45 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , ethyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 46 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - fluorophenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , propyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 47 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - isopropylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 48 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 49 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , phenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , ethyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 50 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 3 - methylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 51 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - ethylphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , methyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 52 : d - serine , 3 , 5 - bis ( trifluoromethyl ) benzyl bromide , 4 - methoxyphenylmagnesium bromide , benzyloxycarbonylglycine , di - t - butyldicarbonate , methoxymethylamine hydrochloride , ethyl iodide , chloroacetonitrile , methylcarbamate , sodium hydride , wsc — hcl , palladium catalyst , hydrogen chloride , diisopropylethylamine , sodium methoxide . compound 1 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 28 - 3 . 41 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 81 ( abq , j = 16 . 7 hz , 2h ), 3 . 95 - 3 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 35 - 7 . 41 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 48 - 7 . 49 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 80 ( d , j = 3 . 8 hz , 1h ), 9 . 76 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 76 ( brs , 1h ). compound 2 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 37 - 1 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 62 - 1 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 43 - 2 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 60 - 2 . 66 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 68 ( d , j = 16 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 91 ( d , j = 16 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 06 ( d , j = 10 . 4 hz , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 00 ( d , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 12 - 7 . 23 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 51 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 65 - 7 . 67 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 64 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 02 ( s , 1h ). compound 3 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 16 - 1 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 45 - 1 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 42 - 2 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 61 - 2 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 94 ( d , j = 14 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 02 ( d , j = 16 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 08 ( d , j = 16 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 22 ( d , j = 14 . 2 hz , 1h ), 3 . 47 - 3 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 03 ( d , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 11 - 7 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 19 - 7 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 42 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 24 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 30 ( s , 1h ). compound 4 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 39 - 1 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 61 - 1 . 63 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 40 - 2 . 43 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 50 - 2 . 63 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 10 - 3 . 27 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 34 - 3 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 48 - 3 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 63 - 3 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 02 ( brs , 2h ), 7 . 12 - 7 . 22 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 34 - 7 . 43 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 04 - 8 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 13 . 79 ( d , j = 32 . 1 hz , 1h ). compound 6 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 37 - 1 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 56 - 1 . 59 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 38 - 2 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 2 , 65 - 2 . 68 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 66 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 92 ( d , j = 16 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 05 - 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 - 4 . 53 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 79 - 6 . 85 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 11 - 7 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 47 - 7 . 50 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 65 - 7 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 59 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 02 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 24 ( s , 1h ). compound 7 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 35 - 1 . 38 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 54 - 1 . 59 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 40 - 2 . 43 ( m , 1h ), 2 , 65 - 2 . 71 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 55 - 3 . 67 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 89 ( d , j = 15 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 01 - 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 - 4 . 55 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 79 - 6 . 85 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 89 - 7 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 11 - 7 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 49 - 7 . 50 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 63 - 7 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 8 . 57 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 20 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 44 ( s , 1h ). compound 8 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 40 - 3 . 59 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 14 - 4 . 18 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 30 - 4 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 60 ( s , 2h ), 5 . 03 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 52 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 3h ), 10 . 70 ( brs , 4h ). compound 9 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 55 - 1 . 58 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 78 - 1 . 81 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 37 - 2 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 60 - 2 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 55 - 3 . 58 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 72 - 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 57 ( d , j = 11 . 1 hz , 1h ), 6 . 94 ( d , j = 7 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 23 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 49 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 68 - 7 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 10 . 26 ( brs , 4h ). compound 10 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 53 - 1 . 54 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 75 - 1 . 79 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 37 - 2 . 40 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 55 - 2 . 60 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 55 - 3 . 58 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 59 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 71 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 84 - 3 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 11 . 5 hz , 1h ), 6 . 91 ( d , j = 7 . 1 hz , 2h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 51 - 7 . 56 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 68 - 7 . 75 ( m , 2h ), 10 . 29 ( brs , 4h ). compound 11 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 78 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 80 - 3 . 90 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 95 - 4 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 15 - 4 . 16 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 6 . 82 - 7 . 01 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 53 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 81 ( d , j = 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 9 . 51 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 99 ( s , 1h ). compound 13 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 0 . 97 ( s , 9h ), 2 . 73 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 99 - 3 . 03 ( s , 3h ), 4 . 18 ( d , j = 16 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 43 - 4 . 74 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 19 - 7 . 32 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 75 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 91 - 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ). compound 14 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 25 - 3 . 28 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 70 ( d , j = 18 . 9 hz , 1h ), 4 . 01 ( d , j = 17 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( abq , j = 12 . 6 hz , 2h ), 5 . 16 ( d , j = 4 . 2 hz , 2h ), 5 . 76 ( brs , 2h ), 7 . 18 - 7 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 29 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 03 ( s , 3h ), 8 . 13 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 93 ( brs , 1h ). compound 15 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 84 - 1 . 98 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 01 - 3 . 14 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 26 - 3 . 57 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 14 - 4 . 63 ( m , 7h ), 5 . 48 ( d , j = 3 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 18 - 7 . 20 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 39 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 05 - 8 . 07 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 40 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 04 ( brs , 1h ). compound 16 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 26 - 3 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 48 - 3 . 51 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 62 ( abq , j = 16 . 0 hz , 2h ), 4 . 30 ( brs , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( abq , j = 12 . 7 hz , 2h ), 4 . 76 ( brs , 1h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 43 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 47 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 71 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 93 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 61 ( s , 1h ). compound 17 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 34 - 3 . 61 ( m , 6h ), 3 . 71 - 3 . 74 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 03 ( d , j = 4 . 3 hz , 1h ), 4 . 48 ( abq , j = 12 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 32 - 7 . 39 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 90 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 35 ( s , 1h ). compound 18 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 26 - 3 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 39 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 04 - 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 12 ( abq , j = 16 . 0 hz , 2h ), 4 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 91 ( d , j = 4 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 42 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 01 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 49 ( d , j = 2 . 0 hz , 1h ). compound 19 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 24 - 3 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 16 ( abq , j = 16 . 5 hz , 2h ), 4 . 36 - 4 . 38 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 58 - 4 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 19 ( d , j = 3 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 22 - 7 . 33 ( m , 5h ), 8 . 06 ( s , 3h ), 8 . 35 ( s , 1h ), 15 . 07 ( brs , 1h ). compound 20 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 09 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 12 ( s , 4h ), 2 . 92 - 3 . 40 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 06 - 4 . 46 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 60 - 4 . 63 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 53 ( abq , j = 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 14 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 27 - 7 . 38 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 04 - 8 . 07 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 23 ( s , 1h ). compound 21 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 96 - 3 . 08 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 19 - 3 . 25 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 31 - 3 . 36 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 41 - 3 . 44 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 52 ( t , j = 9 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 12 - 4 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 46 ( d , j = 12 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 56 ( d , j = 12 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 38 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 83 - 7 . 84 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 92 - 8 . 32 ( s , 1h ). compound 22 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 17 - 3 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 82 ( abq , j = 3 . 4 hz , 2h ), 4 . 13 - 4 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 35 ( abq , j = 16 . 7 hz , 2h ), 4 . 60 - 4 . 62 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 34 - 5 . 52 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 95 - 7 . 38 ( m , 7h ), 8 . 04 - 8 . 08 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 30 - 8 . 45 ( m , 3h ). compound 23 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 78 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 12 - 3 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 31 - 3 . 37 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 02 ( abq , j = 16 . 3 hz , 2h ), 4 . 19 - 4 . 22 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 55 ( abq , j = 12 . 6 hz , 2h ), 5 . 04 ( d , j = 4 . 1 hz , 1h ), 7 . 20 - 7 . 21 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 32 - 7 . 38 ( m , 3h ), 8 . 02 ( s , 3h ), 8 . 37 ( s , 1h ). compound 25 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 25 ( s , 6h ), 3 . 30 - 3 . 59 ( m , 8h ), 3 . 99 ( d , j = 4 . 7 hz , 1h ), 4 . 13 - 4 . 14 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 46 ( abq , j = 12 . 4 hz , 2h ), 6 . 71 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 27 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 32 - 7 . 40 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 67 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 1h ). compound 27 : mp . 138 - 140 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 97 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 15 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 20 ( brs , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 42 - 3 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 28 - 7 . 37 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( s ., 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 39 ( s , 1h ). ( α ) d =− 52 . 3 ° ( c1 , meoh ). compound 28 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 68 - 2 . 84 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 32 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 40 - 4 . 74 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 64 ( m , 6h ), 7 . 96 - 8 . 09 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 26 ( s , 1h ), 12 . 25 ( brs , 1h ). compound 29 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 3 . 00 ( abq , j = 17 . 1 hz , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 33 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 42 - 4 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 00 - 4 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 05 - 4 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 46 ( abq , j = 12 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 17 - 7 . 37 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 16 ( s , 1h ). compound 30 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 98 - 3 . 00 ( br , 1h ), 3 . 30 - 4 . 42 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 68 - 3 . 72 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 24 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 41 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 07 - 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 42 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( d , j = 3 . 8 hz , 1h ). compound 31 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 46 - 1 . 48 ( br , 1h ), 2 . 02 - 2 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 81 - 3 . 07 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 29 - 3 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 57 - 3 . 58 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 79 - 3 . 86 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 05 - 4 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 29 - 4 . 50 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 40 ( m , 10h ), 7 . 82 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ). compound 32 : mp 129 - 132 ° c . ( α ) d = 50 . 1 °( c1 , meoh ). 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 97 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 15 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 20 ( bs , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 39 - 3 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 97 - 3 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 05 - 4 . 06 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 15 - 7 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 31 - 7 . 34 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 87 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 31 ( s ., 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 38 ( s , 1h ). compound 33 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 22 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 92 - 3 . 44 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 68 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 19 - 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 42 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 08 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 2h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 2h ), 7 . 86 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( d , j = 3 . 8 hz , 1h ). compound 34 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 99 ( abq , j = 17 . 0 hz , 2h ), 3 . 17 - 3 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 27 - 3 . 28 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 40 - 3 . 43 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 98 ( s , 2h ), 4 . 46 ( abq , j = 12 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 15 ( 4 , 4h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 26 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 35 ( s , 1h ). compound 35 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 61 - 2 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 00 ( d , j = 12 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 20 - 3 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 21 ( abq , j = 14 , 5 hz , 2h ), 3 . 38 - 3 . 45 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 81 - 3 . 83 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 01 - 4 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 59 ( abq , j = 12 . 7 hz , 2h ), 7 . 32 - 7 . 42 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 00 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 82 ( brs , 1h ), 9 . 98 ( brs , 1h ), 11 . 34 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 49 ( s , 1h ). compound 36 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 63 ( d , j = 6 . 8 hz , 3h ), 2 . 90 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 43 ( abq , j = 11 . 2 hz , 2h ), 3 . 91 - 3 . 95 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 15 - 3 . 18 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 65 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 5 . 27 - 5 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 57 - 7 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 68 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 33 ( brs , 1h ). compound 37 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 92 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 16 - 3 . 18 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 63 - 3 . 64 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 - 3 . 83 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 95 - 4 . 01 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 65 ( abq , j = 13 . 5 hz , 2h ), 5 . 09 - 5 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 54 - 7 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 95 ( s , 2h ), 8 . 05 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 33 ( brs , 1h ), 10 . 91 ( brs , 1h ). compound 38 : mp 212 - 213 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 95 - 2 . 97 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 12 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 31 - 3 . 36 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 53 ( d , j = 23 . 7 hz , 1h ), 3 . 59 - 3 . 62 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 67 - 3 . 69 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 78 - 3 . 82 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 15 ( d , j = 3 . 3 hz , 1h ), 4 . 44 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 12 - 7 . 15 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 50 - 7 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 42 ( s , 1h ). compound 39 : mp 213 - 216 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 76 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 77 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 17 - 3 . 25 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 46 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 69 - 3 . 72 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 04 - 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 25 - 4 . 26 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 43 ( d , j = 12 . 7 hz , 3h ), 4 . 54 ( d , j = 12 . 7 hz , 1h ), 4 . 82 - 5 . 79 ( br , 2h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 15 - 8 . 46 ( br , 1h ), 10 . 69 ( brs , 1h ). compound 40 : mp . 138 - 140 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 97 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 15 ( d , j = 17 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 20 ( brs , 2h ), 3 . 28 - 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 42 - 3 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 99 - 4 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( d , j = 12 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 28 - 7 . 37 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 89 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 19 ( s ., 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 39 ( s , 1h ). ( α ) d =− 52 . 3 ° ( c1 , meoh ). compound 41 : mp 142 - 145 ° c . 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 70 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 71 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 95 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 41 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 62 - 3 . 65 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 76 - 3 . 88 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 21 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 30 - 4 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 3h ), 4 . 59 ( d , j = 13 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 89 - 5 . 79 ( br , 2h ), 7 . 20 - 7 . 23 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 51 - 7 . 53 ( br , 2h ), 7 . 77 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 99 ( s , 1h ), 10 . 77 ( brs , 1h ). compound 43 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 23 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 95 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 03 ( abq , j = 16 . 9 hz , 2h ), 3 . 53 ( d , j = 14 . 3 hz , 1h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 76 - 3 . 77 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 0 - 4 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 08 ( s , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 13 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 34 ( d , j = 8 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 27 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 41 ( s , 1h ). compound 44 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 10 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 3h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 94 - 3 . 11 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 30 - 3 . 32 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 51 - 4 . 43 ( m , 6h ), 4 . 48 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 13 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 35 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 75 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 2h ), 11 . 42 ( s , 1h ). compound 45 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 10 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 3h ), 2 . 96 - 3 . 13 ( m , 3h ), 3 . 30 - 3 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 50 - 4 . 07 ( m , 5h ), 4 . 09 - 4 . 10 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 12 - 7 . 15 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 52 - 7 . 54 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 71 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 43 ( s , 1h ). compound 46 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 0 . 83 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 3h ), 1 . 49 - 1 . 62 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 97 - 3 . 83 ( m , 9h ), 4 . 10 - 4 . 11 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 14 - 7 . 16 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 51 - 7 . 54 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 29 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 43 ( s , 1h ). compound 47 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 11 - 1 . 15 ( m , 6h ), 2 . 81 - 3 . 72 ( m , 11h ), 4 . 08 - 4 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 49 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 19 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 81 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 2h ), 11 . 42 ( s , 1h ). compound 48 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 92 - 3 . 77 ( m , 13h ), 4 . 06 - 4 . 07 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 50 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 6 . 88 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 27 ( s , 2h ), 11 . 40 ( s , 1h ). compound 49 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 10 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 3h ), 2 . 96 - 3 . 81 ( m , 9h ), 4 . 07 - 4 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 47 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 25 - 7 . 36 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 48 - 7 . 50 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 73 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 43 ( s , 1h ). compound 50 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 2 . 25 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 91 - 3 . 10 ( m , 5h ), 3 . 58 - 3 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 07 - 4 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 48 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 29 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 72 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 45 ( s , 1h ). compound 51 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 08 - 1 . 13 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 50 - 3 . 75 ( m , 12h ), 4 . 08 - 4 . 09 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 48 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 36 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 78 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 28 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 43 ( s , 1h ). compound 52 : 1 h - nmr ( dmso - d 6 ) δ : 1 . 09 ( t , j = 7 . 0 hz , 3h ), 2 . 94 - 3 . 78 ( m , 12h ), 4 . 01 - 4 . 02 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 51 ( abq , j = 13 . 0 hz , 2h ), 6 . 88 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( d , j = 8 . 0 , 2h ), 7 . 79 ( s , 2h ), 7 . 97 ( s , 1h ), 11 . 25 ( s , 2h ), 11 . 38 ( s , 1h ). a supernatant solution was removed from a culture flask of human nk1 - cho confluent cells , and the cells were detached and collected with a trypsin ( 0 . 25 %)- edta ( 1 mmol / l ) solution ( gibco ). the collected cells were washed once with buffer a ( ph 7 . 5 , 50 mmol / l tris - hcl buffer containing 150 mmol / l nacl and 0 . 02 % bsa ) by centrifugation ( 1000 rpm , 5 minutes ). the number of cells was adjusted and the cells were then resuspended in an assay buffer ( buffer a containing 0 . 04 mg / ml bacitracin ( sigma ), 4 microgram / ml leupeptin ( sigma ), 4 microgram / ml chymostatin ( sigma ) and 4 microgram / ml phosphoramidon ( sigma )). human nk1 - cho cells ( 10 6 cells / tube , 0 . 1 ml ) were placed in a tube ( tpx - 12 , maruemu ) containing 0 . 3 ml of assay buffer ( system of 0 . 5 ml ). to the tube , 0 . 05 ml hot solution of ( 3 h )- sar 9 - sp ( final concentration 0 . 3 nmol / l ) and 0 . 05 ml of a tested compound were added . the mixture was stirred and then incubated for 60 minutes at room temperature . after the reactions were terminated , the mixtures were filtered through a gf / b filter ( 25 mm diameter , whatman ) presoaked in 0 . 1 % polyethyleneimine p - 70 ( wako ) in advance . the filter was washed with buffer a ( 4 ml × 3 ) and dried overnight at 60 ° c . in a vial . then 10 ml of scintillator solution ( al - 1 , toluene base , dojindo ) were added to each vial and the radioactivity ( dpm ) retained on the filters was measured by a liquid scintillation counter ( 5 minutes / vial ). nonspecific binding was estimated by the radioactivity ( dpm ) in the presence of 0 . 01 mmol / l concentration of the substance p instead of the tested compound . all determinations were carried out at least 3 times in duplicate . ic 50 values were calculated by probit methods ( statistical library ii , yukms ), of which an example of the result is shown in table 1 . the compounds of the present invention showed very strong antagonistic activity in the binding assay on cho cells expressing human nk1 receptors : the compounds of the present invention and synthesized ly - 303870 were suspended or dissolved in 0 . 5 % sodium carboxymethylcellulose solution , and orally administered at the dose of 5 ml / kg . to male hartley spf guinea pigs of 6 week age . guinea pigs , sheared of fur , were anesthetized with ether and 1 % evan blue dye in physiological saline ( 1 ml / 500 g b . w .) was injected into their fore - leg intravenously . immediately after the dye injection , sp ( 1 pmol / site ), nka ( 100 pmol / site ) and nkb ( 100 pmol / site ) in physiological saline were injected dorsal intradermally ( 0 . 05 ml / site ) whereby the reaction of increase of vascular permeability was induced . half an hour after tachykinin challenge , the animals were sacrificed by decapitation and bloodletting , and the dorsal skin was removed and the amount of transuded blue dye thereof was measured . namely , the blue dyed sites were punched out using a punch for leather ( 16 mm diameter ), of which 2 pieces were allowed to stand at 37 ° c . overnight in a covered tube with addition of 1 ml of 2 mol / l koh solution . after stirring well , 6 ml of a mixture of 2 mol / l h 3 po 4 solution and acetone ( 1 : 3 ) were added thereto and evans blue dye was extracted by vigorous shaking for 10 minutes . after the precipitate was filtered off , the absorbance of the filtrate was measured at 620 nm with a spectrophotometer and the amount of dye was determined from the calibration curve . nonspecific reaction was estimated from the amount of transuded dye by the injection of physiological saline . the significant difference in the average values between the control group and the test compound - treated group was calculated by means of a student &# 39 ; s t - test or dunnett &# 39 ; s test ( statistical library i , two - sided test , yukms ). the tested compounds were orally administered at a dose of 10 mg / kg at various points from 30 min to 8 hrs before the induction of tachykinin - induced increase of vascular permeability . an example of the results is shown in table 2 (* and ** stand for the significant difference of p & lt ; 0 . 05 and p & lt ; 0 . 01 respectively compared to control ). the inhibitory effect by compound 26 of the present invention against tachykinin - induced increase of vascular permeability was much stronger than that of ly - 303870 ( cas . rn = 170566 - 84 - 4 ) which has been reported as a tachykinin antagonist : as shown in table 1 , a piperazine derivative of the present invention exhibited an excellent activity as a tachykinin receptor antagonist , which belongs of the strongest group as ever reported until now . moreover , the compound showed a strong inhibitory action against tachykinin - induced increase of vascular permeability in an in vivo test ( table 2 ). the compound of this invention exhibited a preferred transfer into blood , and a long half - life in blood was observed in pharmacokinetic tests of oral administration to rats or guinea pigs . moreover , it was very stable in blood plasma of various animals . as above - mentioned , piperazine derivatives of the present invention having novel chemical structure exhibit an excellent tachykinin receptor antagonistic activity and a favorable behavior in vivo , therefore , the compounds have desirable properties as pharmaceuticals and their usefulness is quite high . the compounds of the present invention may be used to substantially reduce the activity of tachykinins in the blood by blocking their access to tachykinin receptors . in embodiments of the present invention , a disease or condition associated with at least one tachykinin may be treated by determining the serum tachykinin value of a patient and administering to a patient in need of such treatment a pharmaceutically effective amount of at least one 2 - phenylpiperazine derivative according to formula ( i ) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt , hydrate , or complex thereof to substantially suppress the serum tachykinin value . the tachykinin level , such as the amount of one or more of substance p ( sp ), neurokinin a ( nka ) and neurokinin b ( nkb ), can be determined using conventional tests or quantitative analyses . thus , in embodiments of the present invention , diseases or conditions associated with at least one tachykinin , such as substance p , may be treated in a patient in need of such treatment by measuring the serum tachykinin value , determining whether the serum tachykinin value or level of the patient is present at an abnormal level , and administering a 2 - phenylpiperazine derivative of the present invention to suppress the tachykinin value or level to a normal level so as to alleviate symptoms of the disease or condition . | 2 |
hereinafter , dynamic circuits according to embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings . fig1 is a circuit diagram of a dynamic circuit according to a first embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig1 , a reference numeral 1 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 1 is connected to a second clock input terminal 10 . a precharge node 12 is charged to high in the low period of a second clock signal ckb from the second clock input terminal 10 . reference numerals 2 to 4 denote n - type mos transistors . the gate terminals of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are connected to input terminals 8 and 9 and a first clock input terminal 7 , respectively . the n - type mos transistor 2 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 3 via an intermediate node 13 . an input signal a from the input terminal 8 and an input signal b from the input terminal 9 fall in the low period of the first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . the input signals a and b maintain at low or rise in the high period of the first clock signal cka . symbol “ t 1 ” represents an interval between when the first clock signal cka rises and when the input signal a rises . a reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter that uses a precharge node 12 as an input , and an inversion output thereof is connected to an output terminal 11 . a reference numeral 6 denotes a p - type mos transistor . when an output signal from the output terminal 11 is low , that is , when the precharge node 12 is high , the p - type mos transistor 6 is conducted and the precharge node 12 is thereby maintained at high . the drivability of the p - type mos transistor 6 is set lower than that of each of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 . when the n - type mos transistors 2 and 4 are conducted , the precharge node 12 falls . fig2 is a circuit that produces the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb . referring to fig2 , a reference numeral 25 denotes an original clock input terminal . the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb are produced from an original clock signal ckin from the original clock input terminal 25 , and are outputted from output terminals 26 and 27 , respectively . the output terminal 26 for the first clock signal cka is connected to the first clock input terminal 7 in fig1 . the output terminal 27 for the second clock signal ckb is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 in fig1 . in fig2 , a reference numeral 21 a denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 2 . t 2 is adjusted to satisfy the relation t 2 & gt ; t 1 . a reference numeral 22 a denotes an and gate , and the delay from input to output is t 3 . a reference numeral 21 b denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 3 , which is the same as that in the and gate 22 a . fig3 is a waveform diagram of signals of the dynamic circuit in fig1 and 2 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the first embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . in the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb from the original clock ckin , the falling time of the first clock signal cka is same as that of the second clock signal ckb . however , the rising time of the second clock signal ckb is delayed for t 2 from that of the first clock signal cka . first , the second clock signal ckb falls , the p - type mos transistor 1 is conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the first clock signal cka rises , only when the input signals a and b rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signal b maintains at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , since the second clock signal ckb rises after rise of the input signal a , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 1 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with a broken line in fig3 ). as described above , the first embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 . fig4 is a circuit diagram of a dynamic circuit according to a second embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig4 , a reference numeral 1 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 1 is connected to a first clock input terminal 7 . a precharge node 12 is charged to high in the low period of a first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . reference numerals 2 to 4 denote n - type mos transistors . the gate terminals of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are connected to input terminals 8 and 9 and the first clock input terminal 7 , respectively . the n - type mos transistor 2 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 3 via an intermediate node 13 . an input signal a from the input terminal 8 and an input signal b from the input terminal 9 fall in the low period of the first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . the input signals a and b maintain at low or rise in the high period of the first clock signal cka . symbol “ t 1 ” represents an interval between when the first clock signal cka rises and when the input signal a rises . a reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter that uses a precharge node 12 as an input , and an inversion output thereof is connected to an output terminal 11 . a reference numeral 6 denotes a p - type mos transistor . when an output signal from the output terminal 11 is low , that is , when the precharge node 12 is high , the p - type mos transistor 6 is conducted and the precharge node 12 is thereby maintained at high . the drivability of the p - type mos transistor 6 is set lower than the drivability of each of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 . when the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are conducted , the precharge node 12 falls . a reference numeral 14 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 14 is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 . in the low period of the second clock signal ckb from the second clock input terminal 10 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 . in the second embodiment , the clock - signal generation circuit is the same as that of the first embodiment . also the waveforms of the signal of the dynamic circuit are the same as those of the first embodiment in fig3 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the second embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . in the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb from the original clock ckin , the falling time of the first clock signal cka is same as that of the second clock signal ckb . however , the rising time of the second clock signal ckb is delayed for t 2 from that of the first clock signal cka . first , the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb fall , the p - type mos transistors 1 and 14 are conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the first clock signal cka rises , only when the input signals a and b rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signal b maintains at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , since the second clock signal ckb rises after the rise of the input signal a , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 14 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with the broken line in fig3 ). as described above , the second embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 . in addition , as a p - type mos transistor 1 to precharge in the low period of the first clock signal cka and another p - type mos transistor 14 to reduce noise due to charge sharing are independently provided , the size of that p - type mos transistor 14 can be optimized to reduce the noise . as such , the embodiment enables optimal charge supply effective for the noise reduction . further , in the low period of the first clock signal cka , since the second clock signal ckb is also low , the p - type mos transistor 14 can be shared as a transistor for driving the precharge node 12 to high , the size of the p - type mos transistor 1 can be reduced . fig5 is a circuit diagram of a dynamic circuit according to a third embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig5 , a reference numeral 1 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 1 is connected to a first clock input terminal 7 . a precharge node 12 is charged to high in the low period of a first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . reference numerals 2 to 4 , 32 , and 33 denote n - type mos transistors . the gate terminals of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 , 32 , and 33 are connected to input terminals 8 and 9 , the first clock input terminal 7 , and input terminals 38 and 39 , respectively . the n - type mos transistor 2 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 3 via an intermediate node 13 . the n - type mos transistor 32 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 33 via an intermediate node 43 . an input signal a from the input terminal 8 , an input signal b from the input terminal 9 , an input signal c from the input terminal 38 , and an input signal d from the input terminal 39 fall in the low period of the first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . the input signals a , b , c and d maintain at low or rise in the high period of the first clock signal cka . symbol “ t 1 ” represents an interval between when the first clock signal cka rises and when the input signal a rises , and symbol “ t 4 ” represents an interval between when the first clock signal cka rises and when the input signal c rises . a reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter that uses a precharge node 12 as an input , and an inversion output thereof is connected to an output terminal 11 . a reference numeral 6 denotes a p - type mos transistor . when an output signal from the output terminal 11 is low , that is , when the precharge node 12 is high , the p - type mos transistor 6 is conducted and the precharge node 12 is thereby maintained at high . the drivability of the p - type mos transistor 6 is set lower than that of each of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 , 32 , and 33 . when the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 by the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 , 32 , and 33 , the precharge node 12 falls . a reference numeral 14 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 14 is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 . in the low period of the second clock signal ckb from the second clock input terminal 10 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 . a reference numeral 34 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 34 is connected to a third clock input terminal 30 . in the low period of a third clock signal ckc from the third clock input terminal 30 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 . fig6 is a circuit that produces the first clock signal cka , the second clock signal ckb and the third clock signal ckc in fig5 . referring to fig6 , a reference numeral 25 denotes an original clock input terminal . the first clock signal cka , the second clock signal ckb and the third clock signal ckc are produced from an original clock signal ckin from the original clock input terminal 25 , and are outputted from output terminals 26 to 28 , respectively . the output terminal 26 for the first clock signal cka is connected to the first clock input terminal 7 in fig5 . the output terminal 27 for the second clock signal ckb is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 in fig5 . the output terminal 28 for the third clock signal ckc is connected to the third clock input terminal 30 in fig5 . in fig6 , a reference numeral 21 c denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 3 . a reference numeral 23 a denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is t 2 . a reference numeral 22 b denotes an and gate , and the delay from input to output is t 3 , which is the same as in the buffer 21 c . a reference numeral 23 b denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is adjusted to be t 1 . a reference numeral 23 c denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is t 5 . a reference numeral 22 c denotes an and gate , and the delay from input to output is t 3 , which is the same as in the buffer 21 c . a reference numeral 23 d denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is adjusted to be t 4 . fig7 is a waveform diagram of signals of the dynamic circuit shown in fig5 and 6 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the third embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . in the circuit for producing the first , second and third clock signals cka , ckb and ckc from the original clock ckin , the second clock signal ckb falls after the rise of the first clock signal cka with a time interval of t 1 , and rises thereafter with a further time interval of t 2 . the third clock signal ckc falls after the rise of the first clock signal cka with a time interval of t 4 , and rises thereafter with a further time interval of t 5 . first , the first clock signal cka falls , the p - type mos transistor 1 is conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the first clock signal cka rises , only when the input signal a and the input signal b rise or only when the input signal c and d rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signals b , c and d maintain at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , since the second clock signal ckb falls synchronized with the rise of the input signal a , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 14 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with a broken line in fig7 ). in addition , when only the input signal c rises and the input signal a , b and d maintain at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 43 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 43 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 43 . however , since the third clock signal ckc falls synchronized with the rise of the input signal c , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 43 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 34 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example . as described above , the third embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 than the dynamic circuit of the conventional example . in addition , as a p - type mos transistor 1 to precharge in the low period of the first clock signal cka and other p - type mos transistors 14 and 34 to reduce noise due to charge sharing are provided , the sizes of the p - type mos transistors 14 and 34 can be optimized to reduce the noise . as such , the embodiment enables optimal charge supply effective for the noise reduction . further , p - type mos transistors 14 and 34 are respectively provided for the intermediate nodes 13 and 43 to reduce noise due to charge sharing , and the sizes of the p - type mos transistors 14 and 34 can be optimized to reduce the noise due to the charge sharing . as such , the embodiment enables optimal charge supply effective for the noise reduction for a plurality of charge sharing . a dynamic circuit according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention is the same as that of the first embodiment . in this embodiment , however , the time interval between the rise of the first clock signal cka and the rise of the input signal a is t 1 and the time interval between the rise of the first clock signal cka and the rise of the input signal b is t 4 to satisfy the relationship t 4 & lt ; t 1 . fig8 is a circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and second clock signal ckb in fig1 . referring to fig8 , a reference numeral 25 denotes an original clock input terminal . the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb are produced from an original clock signal ckin from the original clock input terminal 25 and an input signal b from an input terminal 29 . an output terminal 26 for the first clock signal cka is connected to the first clock input terminal 7 in fig1 . an output terminal 27 for the second clock signal ckb is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 in fig1 . the input terminal 29 is connected to the input terminal 9 in fig1 . a reference numeral 21 d denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 2 . t 2 is adjusted to satisfy the relation t 2 & gt ; t 1 . a reference numeral 22 d denotes an and gate , and the delay from input to output is t 5 . a reference numeral 24 denotes an or gate 24 , and the delay from input to output is t 6 . t 6 is adjusted to satisfy the relations t 5 + t 6 = t 3 and t 4 + t 6 & lt ; t 1 . a reference numeral 21 e denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 3 . fig3 and 9 are waveform diagrams of signals of the dynamic circuits in fig1 and 8 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . in the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb from the original clock ckin , the falling time of the first clock signal cka is same as that of the second clock signal ckb . for rising , when the input signal b maintains at low after the change of the first clock signal cka , the second clock signal ckb is delayed by t 2 . when the input signal b rises after the change of the first clock signal cka , the second clock signal ckb is delayed by ( t 4 + t 6 ). first , the second clock signal ckb falls , the p - type mos transistor 1 is conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the first clock signal cka rises , only when the input signals a and b rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signal b maintains at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , since the second clock signal ckb rises after the rise of the input signal a , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 1 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with a broken line in fig3 ). when both the input signals a and b rise ( waveforms are shown in fig9 ), the second clock signal ckb rises prior to the rise of the input signal a . hence , when the ground terminal has been conducted from the precharge node 12 , the p - type mos transistor 1 is nonconductive , whereby the rise of the precharge node 12 is not impeded . as described above , the fourth embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 more than the dynamic circuit of the conventional example . in addition , in the fall of the precharge node 12 , the p - type mos transistor 1 is not conducted . therefore , the fall of the precharge node 12 is not impeded , consequently preventing delay from being increased . fig1 is a circuit diagram of a dynamic circuit according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig1 , a reference numeral 1 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 1 is connected to a clock input terminal 7 ′. a precharge node 12 is charged to high in the low period of a clock signal ck from the clock input terminal 7 ′. reference numerals 2 to 4 denote n - type mos transistors . the gate terminals of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are connected to input terminals 8 and 9 and the clock input terminal 7 ′. the n - type mos transistor 2 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 3 via an intermediate node 13 . an input signal a from the input terminal 8 and an input signal b from the input terminal 9 fall in the low period of the clock signal ck from the clock input terminal 7 ′. the input signals a and b maintain at low or rise in the high period of the clock signal ck . a reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter that uses a precharge node 12 as an input , and an inversion output thereof is connected to an output terminal 11 . a reference numeral 6 denotes a p - type mos transistor . when an output signal from the output terminal 11 is low , that is , when the precharge node 12 is high , the p - type mos transistor 6 is conducted and the precharge node 12 is thereby maintained at high . the drivability of the p - type mos transistor 6 is set lower than those of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 . when the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are conducted , the precharge node 12 falls . a reference numeral 14 denotes a p - type mos transistor that charges the precharge node 12 in the low period of the input signal b . fig1 illustrates waveforms of signals of the dynamic circuit in fig1 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the fifth embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . first , the clock signal ck falls , the p - type mos transistors 1 is conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the clock signal ck rises , only when the input signals a and b rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signal b maintains at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , when the input signal b maintains at low , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 via the p - type mos transistor 14 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with the broken line in fig1 ). as described above , the fifth embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 more than the dynamic circuit of the conventional example . further , this can be realized without an additional circuit for the clock signals of the conventional dynamic circuit . further , in the fifth embodiment , noise is generated only a time when the input signal a rises and the input signal b remains at low . however , since the precharge transistor 14 which is in on state at the time is provided in this embodiment , no noise is generated . fig1 is a circuit diagram of a dynamic circuit according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention . referring to fig1 , a reference numeral 1 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 1 is connected to a first clock input terminal 7 . a precharge node 12 is charged to high in the low period of a first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . reference numerals 2 to 4 denote n - type mos transistors . the gate terminals of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are connected to input terminals 8 and 9 and the first clock input terminal 7 . the n - type mos transistor 2 is connected to the n - type mos transistor 3 via an intermediate node 13 . an input signal a from the input terminal 8 and an input signal b from the input terminal 9 fall in the low period of the first clock signal cka from the first clock input terminal 7 . the input signals a and b maintain at low or rise in the high period of the first clock signal cka . symbol “ t 1 ” represents an interval between when the first clock signal cka rises and when the input signal a rises . a reference numeral 5 denotes an inverter that uses a precharge node 12 as an input , and an inversion output thereof is connected to an output terminal 11 . a reference numeral 6 denotes a p - type mos transistor . when an output signal from the output terminal 11 is low , that is , when the precharge node 12 is high , the p - type mos transistor 6 is conducted and the precharge node 12 is thereby maintained at high . the drivability of the p - type mos transistor 6 is set lower those of the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 . when the n - type mos transistors 2 to 4 are conducted , the precharge node 12 falls . a reference numeral 14 denotes a p - type mos transistor . the gate terminal of the p - type mos transistor 14 is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 . in the low period of the second clock signal ckb from the second clock input terminal 10 , the charge is supplied to the intermediate node 13 . fig1 is a circuit that produces the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb . referring to fig1 , a reference numeral 25 denotes an original clock input terminal . the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb are produced from an original clock signal ckin from the original clock input terminal 25 , and are outputted from output terminals 26 and 27 , respectively . the output terminal 26 for the first clock signal cka is connected to the first clock input terminal 7 in fig1 . the output terminal 27 for the second clock signal ckb is connected to the second clock input terminal 10 in fig1 . in fig1 , a reference numeral 21 f denotes a buffer , and the delay from input to output is t 3 . a reference numeral 23 e denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is t 2 . a reference numeral 22 e denotes an and gate , and the delay from input to output is t 3 , which is the same as in the buffer 21 f . a reference numeral 23 f denotes an inverter , and the delay from input to output is adjusted to t 1 . waveforms of signals of the dynamic circuit are the same as those in the waveform diagram of fig7 . operation of the above - configured dynamic circuit according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention will now be described hereinafter . in the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb from the original clock ckin , the second clock signal ckb falls after the rise of the first clock signal cka with a time interval of t 1 , and rises thereafter with a further time interval of t 2 . first , the first clock signal cka falls , the p - type mos transistor 1 is conducted , and the precharge node 12 rises . next , when the first clock signal cka rises , only when the input signals a and b rise , the ground terminal is conducted from the precharge node 12 and the precharge node 12 falls . herein , when only the input signal a rises and the input signal b maintains at low , only between the precharge node 12 and the intermediate node 13 is conducted . when no charge is accumulated in the intermediate node 13 , the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 . however , since the second clock signal ckb falls synchronized with the rise of the input signal a , even when the charge in the precharge node 12 is shared to the intermediate node 13 , the charge is supplied to the intermediate node 13 via the p - type mos transistor 14 . as such , the voltage drop of the precharge node 12 can be suppressed smaller than the conventional example ( the precharge - node waveform in the conventional example is shown with a broken line in fig7 ). as described above , the sixth embodiment can reduce noise due to charge sharing of the precharge node 12 more than the dynamic circuit of the conventional example . in addition , the embodiment can supply optimal charge effective for the noise reduction in a dynamic circuit with a plurality of intermediate nodes . this can be realized by providing independent p - type mos transistors 14 to reduce noise due to charge sharing for the respective intermediate nodes 13 . as described above , according to each of the first , second , and fourth to sixth embodiments , the dynamic circuit performs and operations for the input terminals a and b . in addition , according to the third embodiment , the dynamic circuit performs or operations for the results of and operations of the input terminals a and b and the results of and operations for the input terminals c and d . however , as long as an intermediate node is formed , the number of input terminals , and the logical operations are not limited . in each of the first to sixth embodiments , the n - type mos transistor where the gate is connected to the clock signal is located at the ground terminal . however , the transistor may be omitted . in each of the first to sixth embodiments , the inverter and the p - type mos transistor are connected to the output . however , they may be omitted , or alternatively , a different circuit may be used . in each of the first to sixth embodiments , the dynamic circuit is arranged such that the p - type mos transistor causes the precharge node to rise , and n - type mos transistors cause the precharge node to fall or to maintain at high . however , the dynamic circuit configuration may have a different arrangement . specifically , the polarities of the power supply terminal and ground terminal , and the types of the p - type mos transistor and n - type mos transistor are changed . thereby , the n - type mos transistor is used to cause the precharge node to fall , and the p - type mos transistors are used to cause the precharge node to rise or to maintain at low . a circuit employing this arrangement with respect to fig1 is shown in fig1 . in the first and second embodiments , the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb has the arrangement shown in fig2 . however , the circuit arrangement may be modified as long as the second clock signal ckb rises after the rise of the input signal a . in the third embodiment , the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb has the arrangement shown in fig6 . however , the circuit may be arranged as long as the second clock signal ckb falls at the time of the rise of the input signal a and the third clock signal ckc falls at the time of the rise of the input signal c . further , a signal different from the original clock ckin may be used to produce the second clock signal ckb and the third clock signal ckc . in the fourth embodiment , the circuit for producing the first clock signal cka and the second clock signal ckb has the arrangement shown in fig8 . however , the circuit may be arranged as long as it satisfies that when the input signal b maintains at low , the second clock signal ckb rises after the rising of the input signal a , and when the input signal b rises , the second clock signal ckb rises prior to the rise of the input signal a . in the fifth embodiment , the p - type mos transistor 14 is provided to reduce the noise due to the charge sharing to the intermediate node 13 . however , the circuit configuration may be arranged as long as charge is supplied to the precharge node 12 at least in one of the cases where charge sharing to the intermediate node 13 take place . further , in the sixth embodiment , although the p - type mos transistor 14 for supplying charge to the intermediate node 13 is provided , when a plurality of intermediate nodes 13 are provided , p - type mos transistors for supplying charge to parts or all of the intermediate nodes 13 may be provided . | 7 |
while this invention is susceptible of embodiments in many different forms , there are shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail , preferred embodiments of the invention with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the broad aspects of the invention to the embodiments illustrated . fig9 is a diagrammatic representation of a modified servo track writer 200 for writing spiral servo information in accordance with the present invention . like the conventional stw shown in fig4 , the modified servo track writer 200 includes a stw digital signal processor ( dsp ) 252 , a stw voice - coil motor ( vcm ) 254 , a stw actuator arm assembly 256 and a push - pin system 258 . however , in contrast to the conventional stw 50 shown in fig4 , the modified stw 200 of the present invention uses signals read from a clock track 260 written on the disk surface 12 to provide a series of interrupt signals to the stw dsp 252 . more specifically , a clock head 262 is used to read information stored in the clock track 260 and generates an analog clock signal that is delivered to clock head amplifier 264 . an amplified analog clock signal is then delivered to a pattern generator / pll 266 to generate a digital clock signal . the pattern generator / pll 266 preferably also includes a divide - by - m circuit 268 , which is used to divide down the digital clock signal , to provide a series of interrupt signals to the stw dsp 254 at sample times , t s , that are “ tied ” to the disk surface 12 . as shown in fig1 , the spindle speed x ( in units of revolutions per minute ), the interrupt rate y ( in units of seconds per interrupt ) and the number of interrupts per revolution z ( in units of interrupts per revolution ) are related to one another , as set forth in equation 1 . thus , by setting any two of the parameters x , y or z , one can solve for the unknown parameter . in one embodiment , the number of interrupts per revolution z is equal to the number of servo samples per revolution ( i . e ., the number of spiral crossings , or synch marks , at a particular radius ). it should be understood , however , that the number of servo samples per revolution divided by the number of interrupts per revolution z can be any natural number . in general , the servo sample rate ( i . e ., the time between adjacent and equidistant spiral crossings , or synch marks , at a particular radius ) typically should be in the 15 – 20 khz range to allow for a 600 – 700 hz bandwidth . thus , for a disk surface having 160 servo samples per revolution and which is spinning at a rate of 5700 revolutions per minute , the servo sample rate will be 15 . 2 khz . fig1 gives two examples of calculating one of parameters x , y or z given that two of the parameters are known . in both examples , the number of servo samples per revolution is equal to the number of interrupts per revolution . in example 1 , the number of interrupts per revolution z has been selected to be 160 and interrupt rate y has been selected to be 68 microseconds per interrupt . in such case , by using equation 1 , the spindle speed x can be determined to be 5514 . 705 revolutions per minute . in example 2 , spindle speed x has been selected to be 5700 revolutions per minute and the number of interrupts per revolution z has been selected to be 160 . in such case , by using equation 1 , the interrupt rate y can be calculated to be 65 . 789 microseconds per interrupt . as will be understood by those skilled in the art , if the filter coefficients associated with the compensator of the stw servo loop are fixed based upon a particular servo sample rate , then the sample rate may be maintained by slightly adjusting the stw write speed . however , if the write speed has been chosen and is fixed , the new filter coefficients associated with the compensator of the stw servo loop may be calculated “ on the fly .” as in the case of the conventional stw 50 , upon receipt of an interrupt signal , the stw dsp 252 performs an interrupt service routine ( isr ). however , in contrast to the conventional stw 50 , special profiles are generated in order to write spiral servo patterns . generation of special profiles ( or spiral profiles ) will now be discussed . as will be understood by those skilled in the art , in order to take advantage of the position - based interrupts , a position - type profile is implemented . since the interrupts are “ tied ” to the physical disk surface by the clock pll ( i . e ., digital clock signal ), the profile is placed precisely relative to the disk surface 12 . preferably , spiral patterns are written onto a disk surface by moving a transducer across the disk surface at a constant velocity ( e . g ., 10 – 20 inches per second ). furthermore , guardbands ( e . g ., locations where information is not stored ) are provided at both the inner and outer diameters of the disk surface . thus , a spiral profile includes a “ write portion ,” which is based upon the total radial distance that the transducer is required to move , as well as the constant velocity and guardband requirements . fig1 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating acceleration and velocity curves along a disk surface for one embodiment of a “ write portion ” of a spiral profile . the “ write portion ” of the spiral profile shown in fig1 is known as a constant accelerate “ bang , coast , bang ” profile . in such case , accelerate / decelerate times ( i . e ., the “ bangs ”) occur as the transducer 20 moves across the guardband portions ( referenced by brackets in the figure ) of the disk surface 12 . preferably , the accelerate / decelerate times are as small as possible . as shown in the figure , during the coast segment of the “ write portion ” of the spiral profile , the transducer 20 moves at a constant velocity . the spiral profile also includes a “ post - write pad portion ,” which allows for a settle time after the “ write portion .” the spiral profile yet further includes a “ re - trace portion ,” to specify the manner by which the transducer is to return near its starting point , so that the next spiral servo pattern may be written . preferably , the transducer returns to its starting point as quickly as possible in a manner consistent with available maximum energy and system component characteristics . finally , the special profile includes a “ post - re - trace pad portion ,” which allows for a settle time after the “ re - trace portion ” and which allows for any special processing requirements . fig1 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating acceleration and position curves relative to interrupts for one embodiment of a spiral profile . in fig1 , a one - to - one relation exists between the number of interrupts and the predetermined number of servo samples . for illustrative purposes , eight spirals are to be written ( i . e ., there are eight servo samples per revolution and , hence , eight interrupts per revolution ); however , in practice , many more spirals would be written ( e . g ., 160 spirals ). as shown in fig1 , from interrupt 1 to interrupt 4 of the first revolution , the transducer accelerates ( e . g ., over the guardband portion of the disk surface ). next , from interrupts 4 — 8 of the first revolution , the transducer moves over the disk surface at a constant velocity , so the spiral pattern is written . subsequently , from interrupt 8 of the first revolution to interrupt 3 of the second revolution , the transducer decelerates . a pad time is provided between interrupt 3 of the second revolution to interrupt 7 of the second revolution . from interrupt 7 of the second revolution to interrupt 1 of the third revolution the transducer accelerates ( in a direction opposite to the direction while writing ) as part of the re - trace . from interrupt 1 to interrupt 4 of the third revolution , the transducer moves at a constant velocity . from interrupt 4 to interrupt 6 of the third revolution , the transducer decelerates ( again , in a direction opposite to the direction while writing ). a pad time is then provided from interrupt 6 of the third revolution for a period of 12 interrupts , so that the next spiral may be written beginning at interrupt 2 of revolution 5 . this process repeats until all 8 spirals have been written . it should be noted that , instead of generating a single spiral profile that includes a “ write portion ,” “ post - write pad portion ,” “ re - trace portion ” and “ post - re - trace pad portion ,” one or more of the aforementioned portions may be considered to be separate profiles that are performed sequentially . however , the single profile approach is preferred . if no post spiral write processing is required , the single profile may be cycled repeatedly until all spirals are written ( e . g ., as in fig1 ). fig1 is a simplified diagrammatic representation of a top view of a disk surface which illustrates a sequential manner of writing spirals of servo information on a disk surface . for sake of clarity , in fig1 , twelve spirals are to be written , although many more spirals are written in practice . in fig1 , by following a “ write , post - write pad , re - trace , post - re - trace pad ” profile ( for example ), a transducer begins writing spiral 1 at the predetermined position of servo sample 1 and , after a post - write pad time and re - trace , the transducer will be located at the predetermined position of servo sample 11 . presuming a one - to - one correlation exists between the number of servo sectors and the number of interrupts , spiral 2 would be written after waiting for the occurrence of three interrupts ( e . g ., during the post - re - trace pad ). ( it should be noted that , in practice , a longer duration than three interrupts may be required .) the process would repeat until all twelve of the spirals were written . although the spirals have been described as being written from an outer diameter to the inner diameter , it should be understood that the spirals may be written from the inner diameter to the outer diameter . furthermore , it should be understood that a sequential manner of writing spirals is not necessary . instead , the spirals may be written in any order and , in an extreme opposite case to the sequential manner of writing spirals , the spirals may be written in a random order . in the case of writing spirals in a sequential manner , in one embodiment , the entire profile ( e . g ., “ write , post - write pad , re - trace , post re - trace pad ”) should be equal to the predetermined total number of spiral sectors per revolution plus one . thus , when the cycle repeats , the next spiral will begin at exactly the next predetermined servo sector location relative to the immediately previously written spiral . accordingly , once this algorithm is started , all spirals will be written sequentially from start to finish . ( it should be understood that many other algorithms are possible .) if , for example , the entire profile doesn &# 39 ; t equal an integer number of servo sectors per revolution plus 1 , it is a relatively simple matter to wait for the appropriate physical disk location by keeping track of the number of interrupts that have occurred since the spiral writing process began . it should be understood that , after the spirals of servo information have been written , it is no longer necessary to be locked to the clock . fig1 is a simplified block diagram illustrating a switch 272 , which permits the stw dsp 252 to receive interrupts based upon a clock signal 270 while writing spirals of servo information and to receive conventional fixed interrupts based upon a signal from the crystal 60 during other operations . finally , with reference again to fig9 , it should be understood that the divide - by - m circuit 268 could be physically separate from the pattern generator / pll 266 . while an effort has been made to describe some alternatives to the preferred embodiment , other alternatives will readily come to mind to those skilled in the art . therefore , it should be understood that the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or central characteristics thereof . the present examples and embodiments , therefore , are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive , and the invention is not intended to be limited to the details given herein . | 6 |
fig1 illustrates one exemplary embodiment of a system 10 utilizing this invention . the system includes a digital pillbox 12 which can communicate with a computing device 14 . the computing device can , optionally , communicate with a personal alert device 16 , a pharmacy 18 , and / or emergency services . the digital pillbox includes one or more containers ( container 1 - n ) which have one or more corresponding sensors ( sensors 1 - n ) which are adapted to determine a quantity of medication in their respective containers . in one embodiment , the sensors measure weight . in other embodiments , the sensors may measure some other characteristic such as volume , or they may be adapted for e . g . computer vision to detect the medication . the invention may be used with other than medication , but will be described with respect to medication for purposes of illustration . in some embodiments , the containers may not be an integral part of the digital pillbox . the digital pillbox may , in some embodiments , incorporate logic for performing various functions such as calibrating the sensors or for operating the communication interface to the computing device . in various embodiments , the functionalities of the digital pillbox and the computing device may be distributed between them differently than described herein , without departing from the principles of this invention . in some embodiments , the digital pillbox may further include an alarm for alerting the patient that , for example , it is time to take a medication , or that a medication is nearly gone , or the like . the logic of the digital pillbox may be constituted in hardware , software , firmware , a combination , or other suitable means . the computing device may be embodied as a personal computer , an appliance , a dedicated device , or any suitable form , and may be implemented using hardware , software , firmware , a combination , or any suitable means . the personal alert device may be , in one embodiment , an rf receiver bracelet or key chain . in other embodiments , it may be some other form . in many embodiments , the personal alert device will be suitable for wearing on or carrying by the patient , to enable the computing device to deliver alerts to the patient . in other embodiments , it may be , for example , a remote device suitable for placing on a bedside table , or the like . in many embodiments of the system , the personal alert device may be optional or omitted entirely , such as where the alerts are delivered solely through the computing device itself and / or the digital pillbox . the pharmacy 18 may constitute any sort of communication mechanism at a pharmacy . in one desirable embodiment , the pharmacy 18 represents a computing platform operated by the patient &# 39 ; s pharmacy and including therein a database of medication data pertaining to the patient and her medications . in other embodiments , the pharmacy 18 may simply represent a telephone or fax machine or other such data delivery apparatus located at the patient &# 39 ; s pharmacy . it is , of course , not strictly necessary that it be an actual pharmacy , even though it is being explained here as a pharmacy . it could alternatively be a doctor &# 39 ; s office or other such entity having or needing information about this patient and her medications . similarly , the emergency services 20 may constitute a computing platform , telephone , fax machine , or other data delivery mechanism , and may represent 9 - 1 - 1 or even a friend or relative of the patient . the computing device may communicate with each of the digital pillbox , the personal alert device , the pharmacy , and the emergency services unidirectionally in some embodiments , and bidirectionally in others . the link between them may be any mechanism suitable for the application at hand . for example , in some embodiments , the link may be wired or wireless , radio frequency , laser , optical , infrared , ethernet , usb , firewire , serial , parallel , cellular , home wiring based , and so forth . the data transmitted to and / or from the computing device and the other entities may constitute digital data , digitized or synthesized or recorded audio data , or any other suitable data delivery form . fig2 illustrates one embodiment of the system 10 utilizing this invention , with more detail shown regarding the computing device 14 . the computing device includes one or more interfaces to the various other entities with which it can communicate , including a pillbox interface 22 , a pharmacy interface 24 , an emergency services interface 26 , and a personal alert device interface 28 . in various embodiments , certain ones of these interfaces may be combined as a single interface . in various embodiments , certain ones of these interfaces may utilize the same communication technology . in one embodiment , the digital pillbox interface is a usb interface , the pharmacy and emergency services interfaces use the regular telephone system , and the personal alert device interface uses rf . the computing device further includes a controller 30 which performs many of the functionalities of the computing device . in some embodiments , the controller may comprise a microprocessor and one or more programs for it . in other embodiments , the controller may comprise hard - wired logic , or other suitable means . the computing device includes a real - time clock 32 which is coupled to the controller and which is used in performing time - based calculations . the real - time clock may be a stand - alone semiconductor device , or it may simply be software running on the controller , or it may include a radio receiver to receive a time broadcast such as from a centralized or atomic clock , or other suitable means . the computing device also includes an alert generator 34 coupled to the controller , and an alert timer 36 coupled to the alert generator . the alert generator and alert timer may be separate devices or they may be constructed as one unitary device . alternatively , they could be implemented as additional programming of the controller , or in other suitable ways . the alert timer is used in performing calculations used in generating and sending alerts . the computing device further includes a record keeper 38 which has storage for records 40 regarding the patient and medications . the record keeper may be implemented in hardware , software , or a combination . the storage may include a hard disk , optical disc , semiconductor memory device , or other suitable storage mechanism . the record keeper may be autonomous , or it may be implemented as , for example , one or more programs to be executed on the microprocessor of the controller . the computing device further includes a behavior monitor 42 which has storage for a behavioral model 44 which is used in monitoring the medication - taking behavior of the patient . the behavioral model may be implemented as a database , an expert system , using artificial intelligence techniques , or any other suitable means . fig3 illustrates one exemplary method of operation of the computing device . the reader should continue to refer also to fig1 and 2 . the skilled reader will readily appreciate that this is only one example of a multitude of suitable methods , and that various changes , omissions , modifications , and additions may be made to the illustrated method without departing from the scope of the invention . the method begins with the computing device querying ( 50 ) the pillbox to , for example , gather a starting point for initializing ( 51 ) the records of the record keeper . the controller may query the digital pillbox &# 39 ; s logic to determine the quantity of medication in each of the containers . this may , in some modes , include establishing a baseline or zero setting for each , which may later be used in determining whether the container is empty . in one mode , the computing device may prompt the patient to place the empty containers on their sensors and , for example , press a key . in other modes , the empty weight may be pre - programmed , especially in those embodiments in which the containers are an integral part of the digital pillbox . this may further include the sensors re - measuring the containers after the patient fills the containers with the respective medications . the controller can then relay this information to the record keeper for initialization of the records in storage . in some instances , such as upon first usage by a new patient , the controller may also trigger the behavior monitor to initialize the behavioral model for this patient . the computing device may receive ( 52 ) data from the pharmacy identifying the medications , in which containers they should be placed , their dosage schedule , the patient , and so forth . alternatively , the patient could manually enter this information . this information is stored in the record storage by the record keeper . in one embodiment , the pharmacy may program the records with information specifying how much each dosage weighs . in another embodiment , the patient may train the records by adding or subtracting a specified number of dosages , with the logic and / or controller doing the math on the before and after weight . other methods will be appreciated by the skilled reader who is armed with this disclosure . the computing device &# 39 ; s alert timer waits ( 53 ) for a next dosage time , and at the appointed time , the alert generator sends ( 54 ) an alert to the personal alert device if one is in use , and sends ( 55 ) an alert to the digital pillbox if the digital pillbox is equipped with an alarm device . in some embodiments , the alerts may include data such as text or synthesized speech indicating “ 3 : 30 pm , take 100 mg ( two tablets ) of thorazine from container 4 ” or the like . in other embodiments , the alerts may simply be a voltage level that activates the alarm device . any suitable alert system may be employed , independently , for the personal alert device and for the digital pillbox . the computing device queries ( 56 ) the digital pillbox to determine whether ( 57 ) the medication has been taken within a period of time specified by the record keeper . the sensors , together with the digital pillbox &# 39 ; s logic and the computing device &# 39 ; s controller and records , may combine to determine how much medication was taken from which containers . if the correct dosage of the correct medication was taken within the allotted time window , the computing device may turn off ( 58 ) the alarms of the digital pillbox and the personal alert device ( in embodiments where those need turning off ). the record keeper updates ( 59 ) the records , and the behavior monitor updates ( 60 ) the learning in the behavioral model . the behavioral model may , in one embodiment , be set up to watch for changes in behavior . for example , if the patient has , in the past , consistently taken her heart medication within ten minutes of being notified by the personal alert device , but suddenly starts waiting an hour or more before taking it , this may indicate some cognitive or other problem which may warrant intervention by emergency services , the patient &# 39 ; s friends or family , a hospice aide , or the like . the skilled reader will appreciate the variety of possibilities for such a behavioral model . the record keeper determines ( 61 ) whether any of the medications are running low . it may advantageously utilize a pre - programmed or a trained zero baseline measure for the empty containers . if a medication is running low , and if ( 62 ) the computing device has not already sent notification to the pharmacy , it now sends ( 63 ) notification . the notification may take any suitable form . in one embodiment , a text or fax message is sent , for example saying “ patient henrietta james id number 12348765 has only three days &# 39 ; worth of azt left .” as another example , the computing device could place a voice synthesized phone call to the pharmacy . the parameters controlling the sending of such an alert may vary from patient to patient , from medication to medication , and so forth . they may be pre - programmed in the computing device , or they may be downloaded from the pharmacy , or other suitable means for establishing them . the system then returns to waiting for the next medication time . if ( 57 ), however , the patient failed to take her medication within the appointed window of time , or if the patient has taken the wrong medication , or the wrong amount of medication , the computing device sends ( 64 ) an alert to the pharmacy . this alert may , again , take any suitable form . the computing device may resend ( 65 ) the alerts to the personal alert device and the digital pillbox . the behavior monitor may update ( 66 ) the behavioral model as appropriate . if ( 67 ) the behavioral model identifies a behavioral change that meets predetermined criteria in the model , the computing device sends ( 68 ) an alert to emergency services , a pre - specified friend or neighbor , a doctor , or the like . the skilled reader will appreciate that various criteria may be defined , taking into account characteristics of the medication , of the type or extent of the behavioral change , or even of the patient &# 39 ; s status such as age or infirmity . in some embodiments , the behavioral model may exhibit adaptive learning . in others , it may simply apply predetermined rules such as if ( 69 ) the medication which has been missed is of a critical nature , such as a cancer treatment or a heart medication , the alert should be sent immediately , without waiting to see if any long - term behavioral change is exhibited . the computing device then returns to wait for a next medication time . while fig3 has been explained as illustrating a method of operation of the invention , it may also be interpreted as representing a computer - accessible delivery mechanism in which is embodied instructions , routines , programs , control codes , interpretive language , firmware , or the like which , when accessed by a machine , cause the machine to perform the method as explained above . in one embodiment , this delivery mechanism may be a recordable medium such as a cd - rom , tape , flash memory device , dvd , removable hard drive , floppy disk , or the like . in another embodiment , it may be a communication means such as the internet , a lan , a cellular network , or other such means , in which such instructions etc . are represented as voltage levels , data packets , or the like . in the interest of clarity and simplicity , the invention has been described in terms of a single patient . however , the skilled reader will appreciate that the invention may readily be employed in monitoring a plurality of patients . similarly , the invention has been described in terms of a system having a single digital pillbox , a single personal alert device , a single pharmacy , and a single emergency service provider , but the skilled reader will appreciate that the invention may be implemented to support a plurality of any or all of those , either in conjunction with a single computing device or a plurality of computing devices . the skilled reader will further appreciate that various of the functionalities described herein may in some embodiments be practiced at different locations or upon different hardware than that disclosed herein . as but one example , the records database and / or the behavioral model might be implemented at the pharmacy rather than at the patient &# 39 ; s location , without departing from the scope of this invention . reference in the specification to “ an embodiment ,” “ one embodiment ,” “ some embodiments ,” or “ other embodiments ” means that a particular feature , structure , or characteristic described in connection with the embodiments is included in at least some embodiments , but not necessarily all embodiments , of the invention . the various appearances “ an embodiment ,” “ one embodiment ,” or “ some embodiments ” are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiments . if the specification states a component , feature , structure , or characteristic “ may ”, “ might ”, or “ could ” be included , that particular component , feature , structure , or characteristic is not required to be included . if the specification or claim refers to “ a ” or “ an ” element , that does not mean there is only one of the element . if the specification or claims refer to “ an additional ” element , that does not preclude there being more than one of the additional element . those skilled in the art having the benefit of this disclosure will appreciate that many other variations from the foregoing description and drawings may be made within the scope of the present invention . indeed , the invention is not limited to the details described above . rather , it is the following claims including any amendments thereto that define the scope of the invention . | 6 |
the candidates of metal and phosphor sources include lioh , li 2 co 3 , fe 2 o 3 , fe 3 o 4 , fe ( oh ) 3 , feooh , fec2o 4 , p 2 o 5 , h 3 po 4 , nh 4 h 2 po 4 , ( nh 4 ) 2 hpo 4 , etc . iron compounds are solid particles . lithium compound and phosphorous compound are pre - dissolved to form a water - solution . organic gel forming components include monomer , initiator and some additives such as dispersant , catalyst , etc . at first , the solid and solution phases can be milled for several hours . this process can be used to crush all agglomerated solid particles to form a fully dispersed slurry . at the second , gel forming agents are added into the slurry . the polymerization reaction can be immediately initiated or initiated during a subsequent heating process . then the gel mixture can be dried and calcined to form final product . the slurry with monomer can also be dried by a spraying dry process . during calcinations in a reducing atmosphere , the added organics decompose to form a carbon coating or alternatively network to increase electric conductivity of the lifepo 4 particles . acrylamide is a popular monomer for gel casting process of ceramics . it is somewhat toxic , and is only used in a basic condition . acrylic acid monomer is not toxic and can be used in an acidic condition . therefore , acrylic acid is used as the monomer for gel reaction . fe 2 + ions may be used as iron source for the products , and used as reductant in the redox reaction ( see equation 2 ). therefore , hydrogen peroxide , h 2 o 2 , and fe 2 + compound can be co - added to initiate the gel reaction without heating . in the examples , fe 2 o 3 , fe 3 o 4 , feooh , are used as iron source respectively . fec2o 4 is used as fe 2 + additive with fe 2 o 3 . li 2 co 3 and p 2 o 5 are used to make the solution of lithium and phosphorous compounds . the processing procedure is as follows : ( 1 ) p 2 o 5 is dissolved in water in a glass milling jar . ( 2 ) li 2 co 3 is added into the above solution . it will react with p 2 o 5 solution . then all reaction products must be dissolved in the solution , otherwise , it would segregate with li and / or p rich components . ( 3 ) iron compound and milling balls are added into milling jar . milling process continues overnight . ( 4 ) acrylic acid and h 2 o 2 are added into slurry . the gelation reaction can start immediately and the polymerization is completed quickly , as indicated by the fe 2 + ion consumption . ( 5 ) the slurry is milled again for 3 hours . the slurry becomes more viscous after the second milling process . ( 6 ) the slurry , which has not fully polymerized , is heated on hot plate with magnetic stirring . some more h 2 o 2 droplets are added . the gelation reaction can be gradually initiated at about 70 - 80 ° c . the viscosity of slurry can gradually be increased . finally , the slurry or gel becomes nearly “ solidified .” ( 7 ) the gel is dried at 120 ° c . ( 8 ) the dried mixture can be milled in an agate vial for 30 minutes to obtain a fine powder . ( 9 ) the powders can be calcined at a different temperature in an atmosphere of 5 % h 2 with n 2 . ( 10 ) the calcined powders can be milled again in an agate vial to get final particle size . sample 1 . reaction of lifepo 4 from fe 2 o 3 ( 50 nm ). after acrylic acid monomer and h 2 o 2 were added into the milled slurry , the slurry became more viscous , but no polymerization occurred . the mixed slurry was heated on a hot plate with stirring . the polymerization reaction occurred at about 70 ° c . the slurry became more and more viscous . it was finally dried at 120 ° c . the dried gel was calcined at 650 ° c . in an atmosphere of 5 % h 2 with n 2 . as shown in fig1 , the xrd of sample 1 reveals a well crystallized olivine type structure . based on the sem analysis the particle size is about 100 nm , see fig2 . sample 2 . reaction of lifepo 4 from fe 2 o 3 ( 50 nm ) with fec 2 o 4 additive . 2 % fec 2 o 4 was used to replace fe 2 o 3 . after acrylic acid monomer and h 2 o 2 were added into the slurry , the polymerization occurred immediately . the milling jar became much warmer . the slurry become very viscous , and lost fluidity . this means fec 2 o 4 prompted the reaction as shown in equation ( 2 ). sample 3 . reaction of lifepo 4 from fe 3 o 4 ( 300 nm ). after acrylic acid monomer and h 2 o 2 were added into the milling jar , the reaction immediately occurred as in the example 2 . this means fe 2 + ions in fe 3 o 4 partially dissolved and prompted the reaction as shown in equation ( 2 ). as shown in fig1 , the xrd of sample 2 reveals a well crystallized olivine type structure . based on the sem analysis the particle size is about 100 nm , see fig3 . feooh releases h 2 o when it decomposes . h 2 o will oxidize the carbon produced from the decomposition of acrylic acid . therefore , more acrylic acid was used than with the other iron sources . as shown in fig1 , the xrd of product reveals a well crystallized olivine type structure . | 7 |
use of an explosive primer with low - sensitivity explosives , such as affordable ammonium nitrate fuel oil mixtures ( anfo ), optimizes blasting performance while minimizing cost . the primer consists of a cartridge containing a dynamite or other highly sensitive explosive detonable by a blasting cap or other initiating device . the initiating device is connected to the primer . the primer is then suspended in a borehole loaded with anfo or other low - sensitivity blasting agent . the primer accepts initiation from the initiating device and transmits it to the main charge . a variety of methods may be used to connect the detonator to the primer , depending upon the type of primer used . one method requires punching a hole in the end or side of the primer with a powder punch and inserting the detonator through the container into direct contact with the explosive . the hole should be somewhat longer than the length of the detonator to ensure that the detonator makes contact with the explosive composition inside the primer . the fuse cord is then taped or tied to the outside of the primer . problems arise in that the detonator may not be properly positioned within the primer resulting in only partial detonation of the primer and therefore less efficient burning of the main charge . alternatively , cast primers comprise a capwell for receiving a detonator to initiate the charge . the detonator is placed in the capwell and the fuse cord secured to the primer . failure to completely position the detonator inside the capwell will result in failed or inadequate blasting performance . with both of these methods , care must be exercised to properly position the detonator within the primer to ensure the most efficient , effective and the safest blasting of the main charge . failure to properly position the detonator in the primer may result in partial detonation or in the detonator shooting through the side of the cartridge without exploding . another difficulty arises when securing the fuse cord on the outside of the primer . cords and leg wires tied or taped to the outside of the primer cartridge can become loose resulting in damaged cords and ineffective loading of the primer within the main charge . the primer of the present invention provides a pierceable port through which a detonator may be placed in direct contact with an explosive gel inside the container . the pierceable port aids in properly positioning the detonator near the center of the primer to enhance performance , thus minimizing the chance that the detonator will partially fire or will shoot out the side of the primer . the primer of the present invention also provides opposing longitudinal conduits for threading the fuse cord on the inside of the primer and securing the fuse cord to the primer . additionally , the ends of the primer form grooves communicating with the conduits to receive and protect the fuse cord on the outside of the primer . the conduits and the grooves in tandem secure the fuse cord to the primer without tying or taping , permit selective positioning of the primer in the borehole and minimize damage to the fuse cord . additionally , the primer of the present invention is water resistant to perform in high water pressures or after extended delays at the blast site . turning now to the drawings in general and to fig1 and 2 in particular , there is shown therein a primer constructed in accordance with the present invention and designated generally by the reference numeral 10 . the primer comprises a container 12 including a body 14 and a cap 16 . the body 14 of the container 12 preferably is cast by injection molding into a one - piece integrally - formed unit . a cylindrical body 14 is preferred to facilitate placement of the primer 10 in the desired position in the borehole . additionally , a cylindrical body 14 is easier to pack and ship and to handle at the blast site . the body 14 may be formed of any suitable material . plastic is a preferred material due to its affordability and ease of manufacture and use . a preferred plastic is high density polyethylene since this material is weather resistant , firm and durable and operates under extreme temperatures without becoming brittle or cracking . nylons and polypropylenes are acceptable plastic alternatives . a metal , such as aluminum , provides an acceptable albeit costly alternative to plastic . the body 14 preferably further comprises an open end 20 , illustrated in fig3 and a closed end 22 . the body 14 is filled with an explosive composition 24 through the open end 20 . the body is adaptable to contain any type of explosive , whether wet , dry , mixtures or molecular explosives . in particular , the body 14 is suited to hold blasting gelatins and other high velocity explosives , due to its integral construction and water - impervious plastic composition . however , any highly sensitive explosive is an acceptable alternative . in the preferred embodiment , the explosive composition 24 is poured into the body 14 through the open end 20 in a semiliquid or slurried form . the amount of explosive composition 24 in the primer varies depending upon the size of the primer and its purpose , but generally ranges in weight from approximately one - third to two pounds . moreover , the volume of explosive composition 24 in the body 14 should approximate the volume of the body for a purpose yet to be described . gellants and cross - linking agents in the explosive composition 24 cause the slurry to gel inside the body 14 to the desired consistency . with reference to fig2 and 3 , the body 14 further comprises opposing conduits 28 and 30 . opposing conduits 28 and 30 are laterally opposed and preferably are integrally formed with the inside wall of the body 14 . alternatively , opposing conduits 28 and 30 may comprise longitudinal grooves continuous with the exterior of the body 14 . as shown in fig3 the longitudinal axes x and y of the opposing conduits 28 and 30 are substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis z of the body 14 for a purpose yet to be described . the opposing conduits 28 and 30 intersect a lower transverse groove 32 formed in the closed end 22 of the body 14 . the lower transverse groove 32 preferably is formed in the outside surface of the closed end 22 of the body 14 , as shown in fig2 and 3 , and communicates with the lateral opposing conduits 28 and 30 for a purpose yet to be described . alternatively , and of course only when the conduits 28 and 30 are open grooves , the lower transverse groove 32 may comprise a tunnel in the interior surface of closed end 22 of the body 14 . referring again to fig1 and 2 , the cap 16 is receivable over the open end 20 of the body 14 to retain the explosive composition 24 inside the primer 10 . the cap 16 is an integral one - piece unit formed by injection molding . a plastic material such as a linear low density polyethylene is preferred for the cap 16 since these types of plastics possess the physical characteristic of flexibility . the flexible cap 16 slides over the open end 20 of the body 14 and creates a seal against the body for retaining the explosive composition 24 in the primer 10 . it will now be appreciated that the volume of explosive composition 24 in the body 14 approximates the volume of the body so that when the cap 16 is placed on the body , air in the body is forced to exit and the cap and the explosive composition interface . an initiating device should be placed into contact with the explosive composition 24 inside the primer . as used herein , &# 34 ; initiating device &# 34 ; means the device which receives the charge from the fuse ( as defined herein ) and transmits the charge to the explosive composition 24 , including without limitation blasting caps , electric and nonelectric detonators , and fuse caps . proper placement of the initiating device within the primer is essential to ensure efficient detonation of the primer and , thus , the main charge . to that end , the cap 16 further comprises a port 34 as illustrated in fig1 and 4 . the port 34 serves as a point of entry into the container 12 so that an initiating device , such as detonator 36 , may be placed in direct contact with the explosive composition 24 inside the container 12 . the port 34 preferably is formed in the top side 38 of the cap 16 . in the preferred embodiment , the port 34 defines a tunnel 40 and a base 42 , illustrated in fig2 and 5 . the tunnel 40 is adapted to guidingly receive the detonator 36 . the tunnel 40 preferably is an elongate cylinder and is open at the top side 38 of the cap 16 . the tunnel 40 is coaxially aligned with the longitudinal axis z of the body 14 for a purpose yet to be described and is sized to slideably receive the detonator 36 . when the container 12 is assembled , the tunnel 40 depends from the cap 16 a distance into the body 14 of the container 12 . the length of the tunnel 40 is less than the length of the detonator 36 for a purpose yet to be described . the base 42 of the port 34 is situated at the bottom of the tunnel 40 and is adapted to be pierced so that the detonator 36 may penetrate the cap 16 through the tunnel and be placed in direct contact with the explosive composition 24 in the container 12 . in the preferred embodiment , illustrated in fig4 through 6 , the base 42 preferably comprises a &# 34 ; punch out .&# 34 ; the punchout comprises a circular center portion 44 surrounded by a weakened periphery 46 . the weakened periphery 46 creates a bevel 48 with the center portion 44 of the base 42 . the weakened periphery 46 adjacent the bevel 48 measures approximately 0 . 085 inches thick and gradually decreases in thickness , forming a membrane at the outermost point measuring approximately 0 . 007 to 0 . 009 inches thick . thus , the base 42 in cross - section , resembles a frustum , as shown in fig5 . the weakened periphery 46 offers less resistance to pressure than the center portion 44 of the base 42 . when the detonator 36 is inserted into the tunnel 34 , the weakened periphery yields at the point of pressure from the detonator 36 , thereby permitting the detonator to be positioned in the explosive composition 24 . thus , the base 42 of the tunnel 40 is easily &# 34 ; punched out &# 34 ; by the application of gentle pressure , thereby allowing the detonator 36 to be inserted into the explosive composition 24 in the body 14 . while it may be convenient to pierce the base 42 with the detonator 36 , it will be appreciated that a punch or other approved device may be used to pierce the base , and the detonator may thereafter be inserted through the tunnel 40 into the explosive composition 24 . other techniques may be available for making the base 42 pierceable . for example , the base 42 may comprise a scored membrane 49 to permit penetration of the detonator 38 into the explosive composition 24 in the body 14 . any alternative means , such as that illustrated in fig7 permitting the initiating device 36 to penetrate the base 42 and to be positioned in the body 14 of the container 12 will suffice . it will now be appreciated that the tunnel 40 is coaxially aligned with axis z of the body 14 to guide the detonator 36 into a central position inside the container 12 . it further will be appreciated that the length of the tunnel 40 is less than the length of the detonator to permit the detonator to make contact with the explosive composition 24 inside the container . thus , the tunnel 40 and pierceable base 42 operate to ensure that the detonator is secure within the primer , makes contact with the explosive composition 24 and is positioned centrally within the primer . proper positioning enhances uniform detonation , improves fragmentation and maximizes burning of the blasting agent . with continuing reference to fig2 and 5 , cap 16 also preferably comprises a support structure 50 adapted to reinforce the structural integrity of the tunnel 40 . in the preferred embodiment , the support structure 50 comprises a longitudinal rib integrally formed with the tunnel 40 and extending the length of the tunnel . the support structure 50 strengthens the tunnel 40 to withstand pressures received during penetration of the detonator 36 into the explosive composition 24 and while loading the primer 10 at the blasting site for detonation . the cap 16 further comprises apertures 54 and 56 which are alignable with the opposing conduits 28 and 30 formed in the body 14 , as illustrated in fig2 . when properly aligned , apertures 54 and 56 are continuous with conduits 28 and 30 for a purpose yet to be described . additionally , the cap 16 comprises an upper transverse groove 60 which communicates with the apertures 54 and 56 and the port 34 in the cap for a purpose yet to be described . in use , the assembled primer 10 will be suspended in a borehole from a fuse 62 connected to the detonator 36 . as used herein , &# 34 ; fuse &# 34 ; means any device for transmitting charge to the initiating device including without limitation electric wire , nonelectric tubes and detonator cords . the type of fuse 62 selected depends upon the conditions and requirements at the blasting site . detonator cords of not less than 25 grains per foot are preferred . to suspend the primer 10 in a borehole , the fuse 62 is threaded through conduits 28 and 30 and correspondingly aligned apertures 54 and 56 formed respectively in the body 14 and the cap 16 of the primer 10 . the fuse 62 may be threaded in various ways to permit selective positioning of the primer 10 in the borehole . referring again to fig2 to suspend the assembled primer 10 with the cap 16 proximal the top of the borehole , the fuse 62 , which is connected to the detonator 36 , is first threaded through one of the apertures 54 or 56 . for purposes of example , aperture 56 is selected . the fuse 62 is then threaded through the corresponding opposing conduit 30 with which the aperture 56 is aligned . the fuse 62 is then threaded through the lower transverse groove 32 and up through the remaining opposing conduit 28 and the aligned aperture 54 . the fuse is then threaded through a portion of upper transverse groove 60 to the port 34 . the detonator 36 at the end of the fuse 62 is inserted into the tunnel 40 . by applying gentle pressure , the detonator 36 pierces the base 42 of the tunnel 40 , thereby implanting the detonator directly in the explosive composition 24 near the center of the primer 10 . most , if not all , of the surface area of the detonator 36 should be in contact with the explosive composition 24 . the primer 10 then may be suspended from the fuse 62 in the borehole with the cap 14 positioned proximal the top of the borehole . to suspend the primer 10 with the cap 14 proximal the bottom of the borehole , the fuse 62 is threaded through one of the opposing conduits 28 or 30 from the closed end 22 of the body 14 and through the corresponding aligned aperture 54 or 56 in the cap 16 . the fuse 62 is then threaded through a portion of the upper transverse groove 60 to the recess 36 . the detonator 36 is pushed through the base 42 of the tunnel 40 as described above to embed the detonator in the explosive composition 24 . the primer 10 then may be suspended in the borehole so that the cap 14 is positioned proximal the bottom of the borehole . it will now be appreciated that the opposing conduits 28 and 30 and aligned apertures 54 and 56 receive and protect the fuse 62 on the inside of the primer 10 , thus preventing crimping , abrasions and other damage . in addition , the generally parallel , opposing lateral positioning of the conduits 28 and 30 aids in selectively placing the primer 10 in a borehole . the upper and lower transverse grooves 32 and 60 are adapted to receive and protect the fuse 62 on the outside of the primer . the upper and lower transverse grooves 32 and 60 cooperate with the opposing conduits 28 and 30 and apertures 54 and 56 and the tunnel 40 to guide the fuse 62 to selectively position the primer 10 and secure the fuse in place without taping or tying the fuse to the primer . further , it will now be appreciated that the primer of the present invention aids in proper placement of the initiating device within the primer cartridge , secures the fuse cord to the primer so that it cannot be pulled off or out of the primer , minimizes damage to the fuse cord due to abrasions and pulls on the primer assembly , possesses adequate water resistance , and permits selective positioning of the primer at the blast site . changes may be made in the combination and arrangement of the various parts , elements , steps and procedures described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims . | 2 |
the present invention is a method and system for generating lists of common contacts through which people , in a business or social context , can establish relationships with one another . a system which has been configured according to the present invention can be used to promote collaboration between parties by fostering trust when they discover one or more common contacts known and trusted by each party . thus , the method and system of the present invention can be used to programmatically identify common contacts between parties thereby enhancing knowledge about each other and engendering a sense of trust . through this sense of trust , the exchange of information and collaboration can be facilitated . in the present invention , personal contact information which has been organized into contact lists can be published . by publishing contacts lists , the contacts contained therein can be publicly exposed to others who might establish contact with others in order to discover common contacts . notably , the contact lists can be in the form of electronically stored personal address books , buddy lists commonly associated with instant messenger clients , contact lists often used in e - mail programs , address books provided with personal digital assistants , cell phone contact lists and phone books used to store contacts in a cellular phone , etc . in operation , a method for generating a list of common contacts can include the steps of publishing a contact list containing contacts ; accessing the contact list of another , comparing the contacts in each of the published contact list and the accessed contact list to identify matching contacts ; and , providing an identifier for each matched contact . in the present invention , searchers can search for common contacts in accordance with the inventive method . likewise , targets can provide a publicly accessible interface to an associated contact list with which searchers can identify common contacts . the searcher , the target and the contacts can be persons . moreover , the searcher , the target and the contacts also can be businesses or business entities . finally , the searcher , the target and the contacts can be in any combination of persons and / or business entities . each contact can itself be a target with a set of contacts of its own . notably , when searching for common contacts among the contact lists of the searcher and the target , the contacts in contact lists associated with the target also can be searched in the same manner to determine whether the searcher and target share “ friends of friends ”. this process can repeat for every contact in the contact list associated with the target . alternatively , this process can repeat only for those contacts in the contact list of the target for which no match has been identified . finally , the process optionally can continue for additional layers of contacts —“ friends of friends of friends ” and so on . the contacts can be provided from any suitable source . in one aspect , the contacts of the targets are created and assembled in a dedicated database . in another aspect , the contacts are provided from existing sources such as personal address books , e - mail address books and instant messaging address books . the database of contacts of each target can be searched by the searcher by suitable methods . in one aspect , the database of the target is transmitted to the searcher . in another aspect , there is an exchange of databases between searcher and target , in which case both parties are both searchers and targets . the transmission of data can be performed by suitable methods . in one aspect , the transmission is performed by infrared port - to - port transmission . in another aspect , the transmission is performed by narrowcasting . in another aspect , the contact list of the targets is searched on a public portal server . the method and system of the invention are shown in fig1 . a searcher 10 has a database of contacts 12 . targets 14 , 16 , and 18 have respective contact databases 15 , 17 , and 19 . although three targets are shown , it will be appreciated that any number of targets can be searched by each searcher 10 . also , although the contact databases for the target are shown as individual databases , such could be combined in a single database 24 and searched through suitable means such as a public portal server . transmission of the data for searching can be by suitable methods . this transmission can be by any suitable method and , as indicated by the arrows 30 , can be an exchange of data between searcher and target such that each searcher is also a potential target and each target is a potential searcher . in some instances , a target will not have contacts in the respective target database which matches any of the contacts of the searcher 10 . in this instance , further searching can be performed . there is shown in fig2 a search method and system to perform such searching . the searcher 40 having a database of contacts 44 searches a target 48 having a database of contacts 52 . the database of contacts 52 for target 48 includes contacts 56 , 60 , and 64 . the contacts 56 , 60 , and 64 each have a respective database of contacts 57 , 61 , and 65 . each respective database of contacts 57 , 61 and 65 for the contacts 56 , 60 , and 64 are then searched to determine if there is a match with the database of contacts 44 for the searcher 40 . in this manner , the search proceeds through contacts of contacts such that the nearest contact to the searcher 40 is determined . the location of a match requires that the searcher be notified that a match has occurred . further , the searcher must receive an identifier of the target . the identifier can be suitable identification information such as name , address , email address , telephone number , and the like . it is not necessary , however , that the identity of the target be disclosed . for example , the identifier can provide only a means of communicating with the target , without the disclosure of the identity of either the searcher or the target . any suitable method of communication can be provided , such as e - mail , instant messaging , and a voice and / or video communications link , although other methods of communication could be utilized . the system can permit the parties to disclose their respective identities only when such is desired . a method for performing the invention is disclosed in fig3 . the searcher 60 provides a search query 64 . a target database of contacts is searched in step 68 . the target database of contacts is compared with the database of contacts of the searcher 60 in step 72 to determine if there is a match . if so , an identifier is sent to the searcher in step 76 . if not , it is determined if the databases of contacts for all targets have been searched in step 80 . if not , the next target database of contacts is searched in step 68 . if so , the search ends in step 84 . it is alternatively possible to search the databases of contacts for all targets , notwithstanding that a match has been made . this will provide the searcher with all matches . this invention can be embodied in other forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof ; and , accordingly , reference should be had to the following claims , rather than to the foregoing specification , as indicating the scope of the invention . | 8 |
embodiments of the present invention and its advantages are best understood by referring to fig1 through 15 of the drawings , like numerals being used for like and corresponding parts on the various drawings . fig1 illustrates a system for automated testing of telephones in accordance with the teachings of the present invention . the system 10 includes a test computer 12 having a plurality of serial port links 14 to connect to various components . test computer 12 is connected by serial links 14 to one or more base stations 20 . base station 20 ( or base station phones ), in one embodiment , is a base station for a cordless phone system which includes a plurality of mobile units 24 ( also known as mobile phones ). test computer 12 is coupled also via serial link 14 to a plurality of rs232 to i 2 c interfaces 22 which then connect to mobile units 24 . the rs232 to i 2 c interface is operable to allow test computer 12 to connect to mobile units 24 . mobile units 24 are operable to interact with base station 20 such that they share the outgoing telephone lines with base station 20 . system 10 is the programming system to be used to program and automatically test the mobile units 24 as well as base station 20 test computer 12 , in one embodiment , operates as a test recorder . while performing tests on mobile unit 24 or base station 20 coupled to test computer 12 , test computer 12 stores a record of the test . the recorded test can then be placed back to test other mobile units 24 or base stations . in another embodiment , test computer 12 can display a graphical representation of mobile units 24 or base stations 20 . manipulation of the graphical interface can then be done to generate test scripts that can later be run on test computer 12 to test mobile units 24 or base stations 20 . manipulation of the graphical interface can directly test mobile units 24 or base stations 20 . test computer 12 can also operate as a test analyzer . a prerecorded test script can be run on test computer 12 when it is attached to a to - be - tested mobile unit 24 or other device . as the script is executed , test computer 12 manipulates the to - be - tested product and compares the results with parameters stored in the script . thus , test computer 12 operates as both a test recorder and a test analyzer . although the above example was drawn to the testing of base stations ( 20 ) and mobile units ( 24 ) of phones , test computer 12 can act as a test recorder and analyzer in conjunction with other electronic products and devices . fig2 is a block diagram illustrating test computer 12 in more detail . test computer 12 may be implemented using a computer that includes a processor 25 , such as an intel or motorola microprocessor , a memory 28 , such as a random access memory (“ ram ”) and / or read only memory (“ rom ”), various i / o devices 26 ( such as serial rs232 outputs ), and a mass storage device 33 , such as a hard disk drive or optical drives used to store program files such as script files 35 . i / o devices 26 may be any peripheral that allows data to be exchanged with test computer 12 and may include such things as a keyboard , a pointing device , such as a mouse , a monitor , a graphics tablet , a modem , and the like . test computer 12 may be implemented using a personal computer operating under the control of an operating system such as windows 3 . 1 , windows 95 / 98 , windows nt , os / 2 , dos , unix , linux or other operating systems . test computer 12 includes an operating system 30 shown stored in memory 28 . operating system 30 is a master control program that manages and controls the internal functions and operations of client computer 12 . operating system 30 must also acknowledge and respond to requests from the devices of i / o devices 26 and to mass storage device 33 . operating system 30 may be implemented using virtually any operating system , such as those mentioned above . operating system 30 , a computer aided testing system program 32 ( cats ), and script files 35 may be stored in mass storage device 33 and provided to memory 28 . mass storage device 33 may be a hard disk drive commonly found and used in personal computers . operating system 30 is preferably loaded into memory 28 during initialization or boot - up of test computer 12 . a graphical user interface may then be loaded into memory 28 either automatically during initialization or after being selected by a user . the user of test computer 12 may include non - technical personnel . processor 25 , under the control of operating system 30 , is used to retrieve , process , store , and display data . processor 25 communicates control , address , and data signals with operating system 30 and with other components of test computer 12 through a system bus . processor 25 may include an arithmetic logic unit used to assist processor 25 in performing mathematical operations . processor 25 interprets and executes instructions that have been fetched or retrieved from memory 28 , such as from cats 32 , and may be implemented as a single integrated circuit or as a combination of integrated circuits . cats 32 is an application program and is shown loaded into memory 28 along with operating system 30 . the instructions of cats 32 are provided to processor 25 which is used to execute the instructions provided from memory 28 . cats 32 allows a user of client computer 12 to record , run and edit script files 35 as well as directly test base station 20 and mobile units 24 . script files 35 are saved as text documents . each line in a file is a command , with the first word being the command and any additional words interpreted as parameters of that command . these words are separated by blank spaces . a semicolon can be used to separate commands from comments . this means that after a semicolon , every word behind that semicolon simply comments upon the preceding information and its not interpreted by the interpreter as a command or parameter . the syntax for the script file 35 is dividing the two different types of commands . the first type of commands manipulates the connected phones and the second type of commands control the execution of the script file 35 . the commands that manipulate the function of the connected phones are “ press ”, “ display ”. press simulates a keystroke on a phone and display reads the display of a phone and compares this data with the reference in the script file 35 . the reference in the script file 35 would simply be the parameter for the display command . commands that control the execution of the script file 35 include “ stop ”, “ pause ”, “ wait ”, “ breakpoint ”, “ if error ”, “ manual ”, “ set path ”, “ call :”, and “ return ”. “ stop ” aborts the execution of a script file 35 “ pause ” aborts the execution of the script file 35 until a user presses a button and “ wait ” suspends the execution of the script file 35 for a certain number of time determined by the parameter for “ wait ”. “ breakpoint ” is a command that allows users to start and stop the debugger with a command in a script file 35 . it is helpful to trace errors in the program in the script file 35 itself . “ if error ” is a command that allows the script file 35 to branch to another set of instructions depending on whether or not the last command passed or failed . the “ manual ” command brings up a message box with information or instruction for the user . the “ set path ” and “ call :” command work together to create a script file 35 hierarchy . the “ set path ” command allows the user to point to a directory with subscript files , also known as script file 35 subroutines , and the “ call :” command starts the execution of a subscript file in this directory . finally , the “ return ” command starts execution of the script file 35 from the beginning . fig3 through 12 and the accompanying descriptions illustrate and describe an exemplary system for the cats program . fig3 illustrates an exemplary main menu screen in accordance with the teaching of the present invention . upon initiation of cats program 32 this screen would be the initial screen . the screen offers the user five choices : configure test system 40 , record a script file 35 on screen 42 , record script files with hardware 44 , play script file 35 46 , and exit 48 . also included are test tools . these include phone book fill 50 , caller i . d . fill 52 , caller i . d . tool 54 , field trial 56 , and set base time 58 . if a user selects configure test system 40 , that brings up a test system configuration panel . this option allows a user to configure the settings for the cats system . these settings include the performance parameters for the serial port , the hardware configuration of the cats systems , such as types of phones that are connected to each port , and pre - defined number variables . configuration test system 40 is discussed in great detail in conjunction with fig4 . selecting record script file 42 brings up an on - screen recorder panel . this option allows the user to record script files while controlling the attached phones by using the mouse to click on screen controls . this functionality is discussed further in conjunction with fig8 . selecting record script file with hardware 44 brings up a hardware record panel . this option allows the user to record script files while controlling the attached phones by pressing buttons on the actual phones . this functionality is discussed further in conjunction with fig9 . selecting play script file 46 brings up a play panel . this option allows the user to execute a pre - recorded script . this is discussed further in conjunction with fig1 . choosing phone book fill 50 brings up the phone book fill panel . this option is used to fill the mobile base phone with phone book information and is discussed further in conjunction with fig1 . selecting caller i . d . fill 52 brings up the caller i . d . fill panel . this option is used to send user defined caller i . d . information to the base station in order to test caller i . d . information capabilities . this is discussed in conjunction with fig1 . selecting caller i . d . tool 54 brings up the caller i . d . tool panel . this tool gives users control of the tls5 and the tle telephone line simulators . selecting field trial 56 brings up the field trial tool panel . this saves the current state , directories and speed dial keys of mobile units 24 and base station 20 automatically . additionally , it will reprogram mobile and base directory entries from files generated during the save . selecting set base time 58 brings up a set base time panel . this can be used to set the current date and time on each of the base phones . fig4 illustrates an exemplary test system configuration setup screen in accordance with the teachings of the present invention . test system configuration setup screen is reached by selecting - configure test system 40 from the main menu as discussed in conjunction with fig3 . once test system configuration setup screen is displayed , it offers the user five choices . these are : load and execute test system configuration file 60 , modify communication port assignments 62 , modify communication port settings 64 , modify prefixed numbers 66 , and save current test systems configuration settings to a file 68 . choosing . load and execute test system configuration file 60 allows the user to select an existing configuration file . the settings stored in the configuration files are loaded into the cats program for review or update and these settings are used by cats . selecting modify communication port assignment 62 brings up the communication port assignment panel . at the communication port assignment panel , the user can configure the communication port ( rs232 ) assignments used by cats . the assignments define what type of phone , if any , is attached to each communication port . this functionality is discussed further in conjunction with fig5 . selecting modify communication port settings 64 brings up the communication port setting panel . at the communication port settings panel , the user can configure the communication port settings used by cats . this functionality is discussed further in conjunction with fig6 . selecting modify pre - defined numbers 66 brings up the pre - defined numbers panel . at this panel , numbers can be assigned to variables for use in test scripts . this functionality is discussed in conjunction with fig7 . selecting save current test system configurations settings to file 68 saves the current system settings to a user specified configuration file . this configuration file can be loaded later to automatically set all cats configuration settings . a default configuration file , for example , a file named default cfg , in the cats root directory is automatically loaded when cats is initiated . this default configuration file can be modified as desired , or new configuration files can be created . fig5 illustrates an exemplary screen for modifying communication port assignments 62 in accordance with the teachings of the present invention . the communication port assignment screen allows the user to define what type of phone is connected to each communication port . the screen displays each communication port in a box where a user can scroll up or down to determine what type of phone is connected to that communication port . the variable phone options include rolm , base station , mobile , modem , tle phone line simulator , tls5 phone line simulator , or none , indicating no phones attached . in fig6 communication port 1 70 is assigned to a base station and communication port 2 72 is assigned to mobile unit 1 . the other communication ports are unassigned . fig6 illustrates a modify communication port settings screen in accordance with the teachings of the present invention . for each of the ten communication ports parameters such as communication port on or off , baud rate , parity , number of data bits , number of stop bits and buffer size are a variable of each communication port for the user to change . if communication port on or off is selected , that determines whether or not the communication port is on or off . baud rate determines the speed of the port . parity can be even , odd , or none . data bits determines the number of data bits . stop bits determine the number of stop bits . buffer size determines the size of temporary input buffers in terms of bites . set defaults allows the user to select the typical parameters used based on the type of phone attached to that communication port . this screen provides a way for a user to change parameters of communication ports by simply selecting and changing the settings . in fig6 line 74 shows that communication port number 1 is toggled to the on position . reading across the line shows that the baud rate is 10472 , parity is even , data bits is set to 8 , stop bits are set to one and the device attached to the port is the base unit . line 76 shows that port is on with a baud rate of 19 , 200 , no parity set , a data bit size of 8 , one stop bit and an indication that a mobile unit 1 is attached to communication port 2 . fig7 illustrates an exemplary modify pre - defined number screen . in this screen , a user can set up phone numbers that can be referred as variables in scripts . then when the variable is encountered during the playback of the script , a phone number is subject to that variable . for example , phone number 1 can be a variable and the actual phone number , such as 202 - 555 - 1757 , would be the number assigned to that variable . in this manner , pre - defined numbers can be used across different scripts in order to make it portable . fig8 illustrates an exemplary on - screen record screen in accordance with the teaching of the present invention . the on - screen record screen provides for remote control of telephone hardware and the capability to automatically record test steps to test scripts 35 for later playback and automated testing . the on - screen recorder allows for the generation of script files where the recording action is performed on the screen and saved as a file . the screen shows a graphical representation of the buttons and displays for the selected phone . thus , the display will differ depending on the type of phone selected . the selected phone is controlled by clicking a mouse on the desired buttons . when a button is selected or clicked on , a command is sent from the cats system to the selected phone telling the phone which button has been selected . thus , selecting or clicking the menu button on the screen has the same effect as pressing the menu button on the phone . in addition , when recording is activated , the key press command will automatically be appended to the script file 35 as keys are selected on the screen , automatically generating a script file 35 . this screen has numerous buttons for different functionalities . among them are select script file 90 button . this selects the file where the script will be recorded . edit script file 92 button invokes an editor viewer to edit the current test script when chosen . if a script file 35 has already been selected , the editor automatically loads that file for editing . file name 94 displays the file name and path of the current script file 35 . record button 96 starts recording test actions to the script file 35 when selected . stop button 98 stops recording test actions in the script file 35 . freeze phone button 100 freezes the telephones in the current state . save display button 102 saves the display information to the script file 35 . the display is the display on the selected phone , reproduced as screen display 149 . once the screen is updated , then it can be saved by pressing the save display button 102 . when a script file 35 is executed , the displayed information is collected and compared to the data recorded in the script file 35 to see if there are any errors . a set path button 104 defines the path for subroutines that will be used in the current script file 35 . an insert subtile button 106 inserts a call to another existing script file 35 into the current script file 35 and execute the inserted file . a flashing indicator is displayed when the called script file 35 is executing . when the indicator disappears , the called script file 35 has finished execution and recording continues . insert configuration file button 110 inserts a call to an existing configuration file into the current script file 35 and executes that configuration file . when resulting script file 35 is executed , the configuration file will also be executed . insert wait button 112 inserts a wait statement into the current file . when script file 35 is executed , and the wait statement is encountered , the execution of script file 35 delays for a specified amount of time and then continues . the time is set in time to wait box 113 . an if error button inserts an if error statement into script file 35 . if an error is encountered in playback , then the next line of script file 35 is executed . otherwise , the next line is ignored and a subsequent line is executed . a repeat button inserts a repeat command into script file 35 . if a repeat command is encountered during playback , the current script is started over from the beginning and repeated . branch button 115 inserts a branch statement into script file 35 . when encounter during playback branch sends the execution of the test script to another part of the script . audio button 111 is selected to test the answering device and voice connection of the base units and mobile units . the answering device is tested by leaving a message id consisting of dual tone multi frequency ( dtmf ) tones and leaving a voice mail message by playing computer stored sound files . then the message can be reread and analyzed by reading back the stored id and time the length of the message to ensure it matches what was stored . the voice connection between channels can be checked by sending out a tone for a fixed length of time ( such as a 1 khz tone for 500 ms ). the test subroutine stops after the tone is detected or if the tone is not detected after a given amount of time . mobile tone recording button 120 allows tones for selected mobile units to be recorded into script file 35 . recording button 121 lights when mobile tone recording 120 is selected . base tone recording button 122 allows the tones for the selected base station to record into script file 35 . recording button 123 lights when base tone recording button 122 is selected . reset button 124 resets the serial interface of the mobile units . this needs to happen when a mobile unit is turned on or off . this can be done in script file or manually by hitting the reset button . directory fill button 126 invokes a directory fill function and records the action in the script file 35 . the directory fill function takes a text file containing a list of names and numbers . this file is an ascii text file using the format of & lt ; last name & gt ; space & lt ; first name & gt ; space & lt ; phone number & gt ; return . caller i . d . fill button 128 invokes a caller i . d . fill function when selected and records the action in the script file 35 . the caller id function calls an ascii text file containing a list of names and phone numbers using the same format as the directory fill function . the caller id function configures a telephone line simulator ( tls ) with each name and phone number one at a time . after the tls is configured with a name a call is placed to the phone under test . this call places the caller id information into the phone under test . a caller i . d . button 130 invokes the caller i . d . tool and records the action in the script file 35 . in charger button 132 , when selected , sends a command to the mobile unit instructing to act as if it was in the charger stand . this can be contrasted with out of charger button 134 , which sends a command to the mobile unit instructing it to act as if it were out of the charger stand . insert manual button 136 allows the operator to perform a manual operation when a script file 35 executes . when the insert manual button is pressed , a manual command is written into the script file 35 along with the text that was entered . when the script is executed and the manual command is encountered , the text given will be displayed to the user in a pop - up message and the script execution will pause at that point . after performing the manual operation detailed in the message , the operator acknowledges the manual message and execution of the script file 35 will continue . display record delay 138 sets the delay , in terms of microseconds , that the cats system will wait for new display data to match current data in the script . display delay action switch 140 allows the user to switch between display delay action being a maximum or absolute . the maximum setting sets the wait argument at the end of the display command line in the script file 35 . the absolute option does not set the wait argument . if absolute was selected during recording , then during playback , when a display command is encountered , cats will first delay for the recorded display delay time and then check for a display error . if the observed display matches the recorded display , there is no error and execution continues . otherwise , an error is generated . if the maximum option was used in recording , then during playback cats will monitor the phone for no more than the display record delay time . if the expected display is received before the time out , the command passes and the next command is executed . if time expires before the expected display is received from the phone , an error is generated . the display is always checked at least once , regardless of the time out period specified . exit button 142 exits record on screen panel and returns to the cats main menu . send alpha button 144 sends the alpha text that is contained in field 145 to the phone identified in field 148 . before send alpha button 144 is selected , the user would place the desired alpha characters into field 145 by selecting field 145 and typing keys on the pc &# 39 ; s keyboard send number button 146 allows the user to send keystrokes of a line of predefined numbers . phone button 148 , when selected , chooses one of the phones from the list of the phones that are attached to the cats system . when selected , all commands are sent to that phone . key press delay control 150 allows the user to enter the desired delay to be used between key presses during playback mode . during script file 35 playback , cats waits for the specified delay recorded with each key press command , and then sends a keystroke to the phone . protect button 152 is used when the phone type is mobile unit 24 . this button sends a command to mobile unit 24 to toggle the keyboard protect mode on . service button 154 is used to select a mobile unit 24 to enter its service mode . a telephone display indicator is updated to reflect the display of the selected phone . on the monitor screen , the display character data for the phone associated with the cats system is shown . for a mobile unit 24 , two displays are used . one display , the screen display 149 , on the left shows the text that a user looking at the mobile unit 24 would see . on the right side , attribute screen 151 shows the attributes for each character . attributes can be normal , inverse , blink or cursor . error marker button 158 inserts a comment into the script file 35 to note a known error . finally , comment marker button 160 is used to insert a comment into the script file 35 . keypad 164 is the displayed keypad for the type of phone ( mobile or base ) current selected . choosing keys on keypad 164 will cause the same keys to be operated on the actual phone attached to cats . if record 96 is operating , the keystrokes are recorded as script files 35 . fig9 illustrates an exemplary record with hardware screen in accordance with the teaching of the present invention . this screen is used when programming is done directly on a mobile or base phone and not done on the computer screen . select script file 35 button 180 allows the user to select the file where the script will be recorded . edit script file button 182 invokes an editor to view or edit the current test script file 35 . if a script file 35 had been selected , the editor automatically loads that file for editing . file name indicator 183 shows the filename and path for the current script file 35 . record button 184 begins recording test actions to the script file 35 . stop button 186 stops the recording of test actions to the script file 35 . freeze phones button 188 freezes the telephones in there current state . for the mobile phones , this button periodically sends the on / off key command to the mobile telephone . this has the effect of maintaining the current state of the mobile . naturally , if the mobile were in the idle state , this button has the effect of repeatedly turning the phone on and off . save display button 190 saves the display information to the script file 35 . a user would wait until the display completes its update to the screen , and then press this button . when the script file 35 is executed , the display information will be collected and compared to the data recorded in the script file 35 . set path button 192 defines the path for subroutines that will be used in the current script file 35 . insert subfile 194 button inserts a call to another existing script file 35 into the current script file 35 . the called script file 35 is then executed . while this script file 35 is executing , a flashing indicator will be displayed . when the indicator disappears , the script file 35 has finished execution , and recording can continue . the play function finds the subfile by appending the subfile name to the subfile path defined by the set path command . insert configuration file button 196 inserts a call to an existing configuration file into the current script file 35 . when the script file 35 is executed , the configuration file will also be executed . the configure system option from the cats front panel can be used to generate configuration files . insert wait button 198 inserts a wait statement in the current script file 35 . when the script file 35 is executed ( using the play function described later ) and the wait statement is encountered , the execution of the script file 35 delays for the specified amount of time and then continues . use the “ time to wait ” control to set the time you wish for the script file 35 to delay during playback . error marker button 200 inserts an if error statement into the script file 35 . if an error is encountered during playback , the next line of the script file 35 is executed . otherwise , the next line is ignored . a repeat command can be placed into the script file 35 . if a repeat command is encountered during play back , the script file 35 is started over from the beginning . since the tones for each phone are continuously collected in a buffer as cats runs , a mobile tone recording 250 button and base tone recording button 260 are provided to clear the tone buffer for the selected phone . during execution of the script file 35 , the collected tones are compared to the tones recorded in the script file 35 . reset button 210 is provided to reset the serial interface with the mobile units . this is needed because after the mobiles units are turned off and then on , the serial interface to them must be reestablished . sometimes it is necessary for the operator to perform a manual operation while a script file 35 executes . the text that is needed to be displayed to the test operator during the test is entered using the insert manual command button 214 . selecting insert manual command button 214 writes the manual command to the script file 35 along with the text that you entered . when the script file 35 is executed , and the manual command is encountered , the text entered will be displayed to the user in a pop up message and the script execution will pause at that point . after performing the manual operation , the operator acknowledges the manual pop up message , and script file 35 execution continues . audio button 193 operates as in fig8 . if a display changes while record is active , the displays are automatically written to the script file 35 . display record delay control 216 sets the delay , in milliseconds , that cats will wait before recording any new display data . to be recorded , a display on at least one connected phone must change , and then all phone displays must remain unchanged for the display record delay time . then , the display for all phones are recorded . otherwise , no displays are recorded . display delay action switch 218 selects between a display delay action of either maximum , or absolute . the maximum option sets the wait argument at the end of the display command line in the script file . the absolute option does not set the wait argument . if absolute was selected during recording , then during playback , when a display command is encountered , cats will first delay for the full display record delay time and then check for expected display . if the observed display matches the recorded display , there is no error and execution continues . otherwise and error is generated . if the maximum option was used during recording , then during playback cats will monitor the phone for no more than the display record delay time . if the expected display is received before the timeout , the command passes and the next command is executed . if timeout expires before the expected display is received from the phone , an error condition is made . the display is always checked at least once , regardless of the timeout period specified . the maximum and absolute setting can optionally be selected within a script file 35 . beep after display capture switch 220 elects whether cats will generate a tone after it has recorded new display data . ready indicator is green when cats is ready for new inputs . ready indicator 222 is red when cats has detected new display data and is waiting for the display record to expire . when the indicator turns green again , the data will be stored in the script file 35 . exit button 262 exits the record on screen panel and returns to the cats main menu , shown as fig3 . send alpha button 226 allows the user to enter alpha text to be sent to the phone in the text field . pressing send alpha button 226 sends the key stroke combinations to the phone for the text entered in text box 227 . selecting phone number button 230 chooses a phone number from a list of phone numbers represented as variables . selection send number button 231 sends the number . phone button 229 selects which of the base or mobile phones that is being used . all commands will be sent to this phone . key press delay control 232 selects the desired delay to be used between key presses during playback mode . during script file 35 playback , cats waits for the specified delay recorded with each key press command , and then sends the key stroke command to the phone . service button is displayed when the phone type is mobile . this button sends a command to the mobile units to enter service mode . mobile unit display indicator 240 shows the display character data for the mobile unit 24 associated with it since the telephone display changes to reflect the display of the selected phone . each mobile unit 24 has its own mobile unit display indicator 240 . each base phone has an associated base phone display unit 242 which is displayed on the screen . other selections on hardware screen include branch button 191 which inserts a branch command into a test script . a branch command sends execution of a script to another set of commands . cid fill button 195 is selected to fill in caller id information . in charge button 21 is an indicator light that is on if the mobile unit 24 is in its charger . out of charger button 255 is an indicator light that is on if the mobile unit 24 is out of the charger . recording button 23 is an indicator light that lights when a script is being recorded . similarly , recording button 261 is an indicator light that lights when the phonebook fill mobile button is selected to fill the phonebook with information . fig1 illustrates an exemplary play display screen in accordance with the teaching of the present invention . start button 279 plays back actions recorded in a script file 35 . errors that are encountered during playback are then recorded in a separate error file . some of the important selection options on play display screen include select script file 35 button 280 , which is used to select a script file 35 to be executed . edit script file button 282 , invokes an editor to view or edit the current script file 35 . select error file button 284 selects an error file where the errors will be recorded . edit error file button 286 , invokes an editor to view or edit the current test error file . if an error file has already been selected , the editor automatically loads that file for editing . script file name indicator 288 , shows the path and the file name for the current script file 35 while on . error file name indicator 290 shows the file name and path of a current error file . also included is new file appended to file control 292 . this is used to select whether errors are written into a new file or appended to an old file . pause control 292 is used to determine whether or not the script file 35 is to be paused . when paused a pop - up message is displayed indicating that the script is paused . clearing the pop - up message continues the execution of the script file 35 . stop button 294 terminates execution of the script file 35 . debug button 296 can be set to two choices . if debug is set to “ on ” the script is stepped through one command at a time manually by the user , selecting next button 298 to execute each successive command . when debug 296 is set to “ off ” the script file 35 executes each line automatically and continuously . stop at error command 300 when set to “ on ” causes the script to terminate at the first error encountered . when set to “ off ” the script executes to completion even if it hits errors . next command 298 steps through a script file 35 a step at a time and is associated with the debug command as discussed earlier . continue button 302 causes script to resume execution from its current position if debug command 296 is set to “ off .” error indicator 304 turns on when at least one error has been found in the current script . last command error indicator 306 is used to indicate when the previous command causes an error . this is used for debugging . exit button 308 is used to exit the play function and return to the main menu . line count indicator 310 shows the total number of lines executed . current file indicator 312 shows the path and file name of the script file 35 currently being executed . current file window 314 shows a moving window on the screen of the currently executing file . at the bottom of the screen is progress - o - meter 316 which shows the approximate indication of progress through the current script file 35 in terms of percentage . in one embodiment it is a bar graph which grows as the percentage of the script executed gets larger . fig1 is an exemplary directory fill screen in accordance to teaching the present invention . directory fill tool allows a large number of directory entries to be automatically programmed into the mobile or base unit . directory fill tool reads a list of directory information from a specified files and then performs the key strokes on the base or mobile unit to record this information as a new entry into the directory . therefore , a large number of entries can be entered automatically without a user having to step through each one . important indications and commands on this screen include file name indicator 340 which displays the current file in use . also included is select file button 342 which can be used to select a different file for use for the directory information . edit file button 344 is used to invoke an editor to edit the file . number of entries to add button 346 specifies how many entries in the file to program into the phone . the directory fill function starts at the top of the file and adds as many entries as indicated by this control . select phone button 341 selects which mobile or base phone is to be used . number of current entry indicator 348 displays the number of the current entry being programmed . a phone control indicates what phone is being programmed . current entry indicator 352 indicates what current entry is being programmed . the first name , last name and phone number of the current entry can be entered in blanks 353 . error 354 and error text indicator 356 turns on when an error is detected and the error text shows the description of the error . go button 358 starts directory fill operation and stop button 360 stops directory fill operation . also included is a percent complete indicator which indicates the progress of directory fill operation based on the percentage of the number of entries to be added . in one embodiment it is a expanding bar graph which increases in size as the percentage fill increases . fig1 illustrates a caller id fill tool screen in accordance with teaching the present invention . the caller id fill allows a large number of calls to be automatically made with different caller id information for each call . the caller id fill tool reads a list of caller id information from a user specified file , programs the telephone line simulator and then makes a call to the base or mobile unit for each call specified in the file . some pertinent indicators and buttons on this screen include a file name indicator 380 which displays the current file in use . a select file button 382 is also provided to allow you to select the file that contains the caller id information . an edit button 384 is used to invoke the editor which can be used to edit the caller id information . the calls from and to control 386 specifies which lines to make the calls from . a number of current entry indicators 388 maintains a running count of the number of caller id calls made , while the current entry indicator 390 shows the current caller id call that is being programmed into the telephone line simulator . an error 392 on error text indicator 394 is provided to light up when an error is detected and then display that error . a go button 396 starts the caller id field operation and a stop button 398 stops the caller id field information . fig1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary data flow in accordance with the teachings of the present invention . illustrated is a graphical user interface 30 of computer 12 . gui 400 cooperates with higher level functions play 402 and record 404 . script files 35 are coupled to the high level functions . the high level functions also operate on global variables 406 which can be for keystrokes ( _press - key ) or for the display ( _displays ). this is all connected to multi - manager 408 which in turns connects to be tested products 409 such as mobile units 24 , and base stations 20 . multimanager 408 can also be coupled to a model product 410 , which , in an embodiment , is also mobile unit 24 and or base station 20 . in order to design cats independent from the connected phones an independent ‘ driver ’ called multimanager 408 is running parallel to the higher level functions of the present invention . multimanager 408 consists of managers for the mobile phones 24 ( mu - manager ) and managers for the base stations . their task is to handle the data flow across the rs 232 interface and to the specific devices . a “ hardwaresetup ” subroutine defines which manager is responsible for which serial port . the communication port setup is shown in fig6 - 7 . the link between the higher level functions ‘ play ’ 402 and ‘ record ’ 404 ( play and record are the names of the interpreter and the script file 35 creating tool and are accessed as shown in fig9 - 11 ) are the global variables “ _displays ” and “ _press - key ”. “ _displays ” contains the display data which is sent from the phones . ‘ multimanager ’ 408 fills it . the display data is stored in a two - dimensional array with 10 rows and 17 columns . there is one row for every phone . the first 16 columns ( 0 - 15 ) contain display data and the last column ( 16 ) is for handshake . see table 1 . to get the actual display data the higher level functions write “ fill ” in the corresponding field of “ _displays ”. for instance ; if the display data from the telephone at communication port number 0 is requested , the higher level functions writes a “ fill ” into the field [ 0 , 16 ]. the multimanager 408 polls this field and if there is a “ fill ” in it , they request the display data from the phone and store it in the first 16 fields . when this is finished , a “ ready ” is written into the handshake field . in this way , the higher level functions know if the manager is busy or if they are allowed to request a display . “ _press - key ” contains the name of the keys that are pressed when the phone is controlled by the cats system as seen in fig9 - 10 . this global variable is one - dimensional array with 10 rows ( one for each port ). the higher level functions write the name of a key in it to simulate a keystroke . the managers poll this variable and send the corresponding command to the phone . after that , an “ empty ” is written in the corresponding field . in this case the handshake is performed in the same field which transfers the data . the key command can also be recorded into a script file 35 for playback at a future time . see table 2 . by starting the ‘ play ’ function the user triggers the data flow between script file 35 and ‘ play ’ function . when chosen , an existing script file 35 is run . thus , in this way ‘ play ’ is acting like a test analyzer . prerecorded scripts are run , manipulating to be tested products 409 to determine if they pass the test in script file 35 . ‘ play ’ function controls the global variables according to the commands in the script file 35 . for instance , if the command in the script file 35 is the ‘ play ’ function checks if the to “ mu # 1 ” corresponding comport is available (“ empty ” in “ _press - key ”) and writes “ key_menu ” in this field . if the ‘ record ’ function is activated the user controls the global variables and the script file 35 . this is used to generate script files . in this way , the system is acting like a test recorder . every keystroke on the simulated telephone causes an entry into the script file 35 and causes the phone to execute the keystroke . also the user can request the display by writing “ fill ” into the handshake field of “ _displays ”. after modifying the display data the user can store this data into the script file 35 . thus , when the script is played , the display data recorded can be compared with display data generated on a to be tested product . recording test scripts is also discussed in conjunction with fig8 and 9 . an efficient interpreter needs to have a script file 35 hierarchy ( script files can call other script files as a subroutine ) and the possibility to debug the written ( or recorded ) script files ( execute step by step ). also , the number of commands has to be updated easily . since the execution of a script file 35 is like the replay of a ‘ recorded ’ script , the interpreter in cats is called ‘ play ’ function . to generate a script file 35 hierarchy it is necessary to store the read position after calling another script file 35 on a stack . in cats this stack is a global variable called “ _scriptlist ”. this is a two - dimensional array . the first column contains the names ( physical name and path ) of the script files and the second column the read offset in this file . to verify which script in “ _scriptlist ” has to be executed the pointer “ _levelcount ” points at the current row in “ _scriptlist ” as shown in table 3a . by starting the ‘ play ’ function the name of the highest level script file 35 and a read offset of zero is written in the first row of the global variable “ _scriptlist ”. also “ levelcount ” points on the first level of “ _scriptlist ”. the subroutine “ scriptreader ” always reads one line out of the filename , which is stored in the row of “ _scriptlist ”, where “ levelcount ” points to with the according offset . this line is passed over to the ‘ play ’ function for further processing . after reading a line out of this file the new read offset is stored in the by “ _levelcount ” pointed row of “ _scriptlist ”. at this point the interpreter doesn &# 39 ; t care about the content of the lines , except a “ call :” as the first word in the read line . if this happens , the parameter after the “ call :” in combination with the variable “ path of subroutines ” ( modified by the setpath command ) gets written to the second level of “ _scriptlist ” ( with an offset zero ). also “ _levelcount ” is incremented as shown in table 3 b . from this point on “ scriptreader ” executes the filename stored in the second level of “ _scriptlist ”. it returns to the next higher level when it hits the end of file ( eof ) from the sub - script only by decrementing the global variable “ _levelcount ” as illustrated in table 3 c . now the “ scriptreader ” resumes at the higher level script with the according read offset ( offset 45 in this example ). before calling a script file 35 the “ scriptreader ” checks if the name of the sub - script isn &# 39 ; t already on the stack ( between level 1 and “ _levelcount ”). this is to prevent recursions . also “ levelcount ” can &# 39 ; t go beyond 5 to prevent a memory overflow . fig1 illustrates a block diagram of the command interpretation of the present invention . illustrated is a script file 35 comprising one or more subscript files 420 connected to a scriptreader 422 . scriptreader 422 takes commands from script file 35 one at a time and passes it to divide line 424 which is like the ‘ play ’ function . at this time the command line is paused . the command itself is first evaluated for case , which is at 426 . then , the proper subroutine 428 is executed using the argument of the command . in the case of the command press mu # 1 key_ 1 500 , the argument mu # l key_ 1 500 will be evaluated at the press subroutine 430 . after scriptreader 422 passes the read line to the divide line 424 , this line gets divided into single strings . every word separated by it blank becomes a new string and words in - between quote (“ ”) are stored in one string . the first string is interpreted as a command . it decides which branch of the following case - structure becomes executed . the other strings are parsed to the case structure as parameters for the subroutines that executes the commands . in order to extend the number of possible commands a case structure including the executing subroutine has to be added . the command may vary based on the case . fig1 is a flowchart illustrating the debugging and execution of the present invention . now that one line of the script file 35 has been read and executed the user can influence how the ‘ play ’ function continues . there are three different modes or case on how to execute a script file 35 : normal mode : the ‘ play ’ function resumes without user interaction and stops if the end of the script file 35 is reached . error mode : the ‘ play ’ function stops execution of the script file 35 if an error occurs . debug mode : the ‘ play ’ function pauses after every command and waits for an user interaction before executing the next command . thus , in fig1 a line of script file 35 is executed in step 440 . control passes to step 442 where the action depends on the mode . in normal mode , the flow would go back to step 440 to execute the next command . in debug mode , execution of script file 35 stops until “ next ” is entered in step 444 . then flow continues in step 440 . if in an error mode , it is determined if an error occurred in step 446 . if not , execution continues in step 440 . if an error occurs , execution stops in 448 . if the stop button was pressed on the cats system execution will stop . execution also stops if the script file 35 is finished . it is possible to create script files in two different ways . first an editor may be used to write the sequences of commands into a file . also , a script file 35 can be generated by recording the actual test being performed on a phone . these two ways are illustrated at fig8 and 9 . the gui simulates a telephone on test computer 12 . since different telephones may occur in the test setup , the user can choose between different telephone layouts . every layout represents the keypad of the chosen phone . by pressing a button on the simulated phone the ‘ record ’ function simulates a keystroke on the connected phone . also it creates a script file 35 and adds the command “ press ” in the correct syntax with all parameters to the script file 35 . in addition to this it is possible to capture the display of the phone and edit it . this is necessary for overwriting the time and date in a display with ‘ jokers ’ (“?”) ( a ‘ joker ’ is a character in the display - reference of the script file 35 , which isn &# 39 ; t compared with the original ) this is because when running the script at a later date . and time , an error won &# 39 ; t be produced due solely to a different time and date . this edited display information can be used as a parameter for the “ display ” command and can be added to the script file 35 . a button for the most popular commands can be placed in the gui . if the user adds a “ call :” command , the ‘ play ’ function becomes executed . in this way it &# 39 ; s possible to add commands to the script file 35 by only pressing a button . in a primary embodiment up to ten phones can be connected to test computer 12 . it is defined in the syntax that a mobile unit is addressed with “ mu # l ” through “ mu # 8 ”, the base station with “ base ” and the external phone with “ rolm ”. the “ hardwaresetup ” function is responsible for assigning a number of a serial port to these names . the user can choose which syntactical name addresses stands for which communication port . the assigning of communication port is illustrated in conjunction with fig6 . this setup - information is stored in the global variable “ _hw - setup ”. this is a one - dimensional array . the syntactical names are stored in this array . the index of this array is equal to the port number . since serial port 2 and 3 are missing on a typical personal computer , a two is added to the index if it is more than 1 , to get the resulting port number . the translation of the syntactical name to the number of a serial port is solved in the subroutine “ nametoportnumber ”. the setup - information is also stored in a file . the name of this file is stored in the file ‘ setup . txt ’. in this way it &# 39 ; s possible to ‘ save ’ and ‘ load ’ different hardware settings in different files . and the user doesn &# 39 ; t have to reconfigure the settings every time the program is initiated . every serial port needs to be initialized with settings like baud rate and parity . since the phones connected to this system may change it has to be easy to change these comport settings . the changing of these settings are illustrated in conjunction with fig7 . the ‘ comportsetup ’ function supports editing these settings and saving them in the global variable “ _cominitdata ” and into a file . the name of this file is stored in the file ‘ setup . txt ’. after quitting this function the comports are initialized with these settings . in this way it &# 39 ; s possible to ‘ save ’ and ‘ load ’ different comport settings in different files . like in the hardware setup the user doesn &# 39 ; t have to reconfigure the settings every time the program is initiated . to send a command via the rs 232 interface to a connected phone the data format of the send data must be correct . the mobile unit is connected to the serial port of the pc via an pc - converter . to send a valid command , the protocol has to be correct . the following is a list of important settings and formats : a preceding dle is added to controlling codes like stx ( start text ) and etx ( end text ). it indicates that the following byte is a data byte and no control byte . dle : $ 10 indicates that the following byte is a data byte although the present invention has been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions , and alterations can be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the following claims . indeed , while an embodiment involving testing phones has been described in detail , the use of this system to test other devices that require a man - machine interface would be obvious to one of skill in the art . | 6 |
the following description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present disclosure , application , or uses . it should be understood that throughout the drawings , corresponding reference numerals indicate like or corresponding parts and features . referring to fig1 there is shown a monitoring and alerting system 10 for use with a mobile platform 12 . for convenience the monitoring and alerting system 10 will be referred to throughout the following discussion as simply the “ system 10 ”. also , while the system 10 will be described in connection with the operation of a mobile platform , it will be appreciated that the system 10 could readily be implemented in connection with the operation of fixed machinery or the operation or monitoring of other non - mobile equipment , installations or systems . the system 10 is adaptable to virtually any application where it is desired to monitor the operation of a vehicle , machine or other form of system , or the performance of an operator responsible for operating the vehicle , machine or other form of system . also , while the following discussion may reference the mobile platform 12 as “ aircraft 12 ”, which forms a commercial transport jet aircraft , it will be appreciated that the system 10 could just as readily be employed with any form of mobile platform such as a marine vessel ( i . e ., surface ship or underwater vessel ), a rotorcraft , a land vehicle such as van , truck , car or bus , or other form of airborne vehicles such as rotorcraft and space vehicles . the system 10 may also be employed with manned or unmanned vehicles . at the present time , however , it is anticipated that a particularly desirable implementation of the system 10 will be in connection with the use of commercial transport jet aircraft to enable the number of crew members required to pilot the aircraft to be reduced without affecting the safety of the crew and / or the non - crew passengers travelling on the aircraft 12 . furthermore , for the purpose of the following discussion the “ operator ” of the aircraft 12 will be referred to as the “ pilot in command ”. the crew member that assists the pilot in command will be referred to as the “ pilot not in command ” or the “ secondary operator ”. referring further to fig1 the system 10 includes a processor 14 that communicates with a monitoring and alerting parameter database 16 . the processor 14 may include one or more specific algorithms 18 that interpret data received by the processor and which provide information back to the processor that it uses to determine if a specific aircraft performance or operator performance criterion is being met , or has not been met . the processor 14 receives information from a flight management subsystem 20 ( typically referred to as a “ flight management computer ” (“ fmc ”) in the aviation industry ) that provides information to the processor 14 concerning flight performance and route data . typical information received from the flight management subsystem 20 could be route of flight information including waypoint identifies , estimated time of arrival ( eta ) times for waypoints , current fuel and projected fuel burn estimates , and automation mode status ( i . e . lateral guidance from the flight management subsystem 20 , vertical guidance from the flight management subsystem 20 , engagement , and thrust mode from the flight management subsystem 20 engagement and sub - mode ). the processor 14 may also receive physiological data concerning the condition of the pilot in command and the pilot not in command , as indicated by subsystems 22 a and 22 b , respectively . such data may be provided to the processor 14 via a pilot in command switch 23 that allows the pilot in command ( or even the pilot not in command ) to select which one will have his / her health data monitored by the processor 14 . of course , a provision may also be made so that the processor 14 monitors the health data from both individuals simultaneously without any switching being required . the health data may relate to pulse data , respiration , blood oxygen level or any other data that may indicate a change in the physiological state of the pilot in command and / or the pilot not in command . in this regard it will be appreciated that suitable health monitoring equipment will need to be attached to the pilot in command ( i . e ., pilot ) and / or pilot not in command ( i . e ., co - pilot ) prior to the operation of the aircraft 12 commencing for such health monitoring data to be generated . the processor 14 receives this information in real time ( i . e ., virtually instantaneously ) and uses the information to monitor the physiological condition of the pilot in command and / or the pilot non in command , depending if one or both individuals are attached to suitable monitoring equipment . if the processor 14 detects a significant physiological change in the health of the person being monitored , then it may generate an alert , which will be more fully described in the following paragraphs . various reminder messages , which may not be directly related to a certified portion of the two crew duties but may still be a part of the two crew member duties imposed by an airline to comply with company procedures , may be provided to the processor 14 , as indicated by block 24 . such reminder messages may be route specific . for example , such a flight specific message may be a message that a flight is half way to its intended destination , thus requiring the pilot to reply with an acknowledgement to an airline company worker about the status of a particular passenger or some specific cargo carried on the aircraft 12 . the reminders may also be specific to a mission in a military operation . for example , such reminders may come immediately after various actions occur during a mission that each requires a response from the pilot in command . the failure of the pilot in command to respond to any one of the reminders within a predetermined time period ( e . g ., 30 seconds ) may then cause the processor 14 to generate a real time alert . the system 10 may also be integrated with a flight plan monitoring system 26 , such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 828 , 921 , assigned to the boeing company , and hereby incorporated by reference into the present disclosure . the system 26 provides comprehensive flight plan information to the processor 14 and works in cooperation with the processor 14 to ensure that the processor is apprised of any action ( or inaction ) by the pilot in command that will cause the aircraft 12 to deviate from a filed flight plan as amended by air traffic control ( atc ), which is referred to as the “ cleared flight plan ”. the system 10 may also make use of various aircraft performance information or data , as indicated at block 28 , such as air speed information , navigation data , altitude data , fuel data , and autopilot mode annunciations , etc ., that is provided to the processor 14 for monitoring and analysis . if the processor 14 determines that any received information is outside of an expected range or value , the processor 14 may signal a real time alert informing the pilot in command or the pilot not in command of the condition . finally the system 10 may calculate specific information based on the data received from the aircraft 12 as indicated at block 30 , such as fuel burn compared to the filed flight plan ; the fuel burn per waypoint ; the extended twin engine operational range performance standards ( etops ) equal time point ( etp ) calculations ; three minute out air traffic control ( atc ) reporting , etc . the processor 14 may compare this information with other data held in the database 16 , with or without the use of the algorithms 18 , to determine if any condition has arisen requiring pilot in command input or pilot not in command input , or verifying that an expected input has been received from the pilot in command or the pilot not in command . it is a principal advantage of the system 10 that the processor 14 is able to generate one or more alerts in the event that the performance of the aircraft 12 , or of the pilot in command , deviates from an expected performance . more specifically , the system 10 is able to provide a real time alert when the performance of , or operation of , the aircraft 12 deviates from an expected performance or from airline company specific operating procedures . for example , the system 10 may provide an alert if the flight path of the aircraft begins to deviate from the expected flight path , or if the pilot in command fails to provide an input or perform a periodic check that is required by standard operating procedures ( sops ) at predetermined intervals ( e . g ., starting the auxiliary power unit ( apu ) at a predetermined time prior to descent of the aircraft 12 ). the system 10 implements what may be viewed as a hierarchical alert scheme . initially , if an improper action or an inaction on the part of the pilot in command is detected by the processor 14 , the processor will provide an alert to the pilot in command , as indicated at block 32 . this alert may be provided on a separate visual alert display 35 a shown in fig1 ( e . g ., a light ) that the pilot in command can see . if the processor 14 does not detect that the appropriate response has been provided by the pilot in command within a predetermined time period , then the processor 14 may raise the level of the alert . for example , this may involve providing an audible alarm via a separate audible alarm generator 35 b ( e . g ., a speaker ) to the pilot in command in addition to the visual alert from display 35 a . the audible alarm generator 35 b is also shown in fig1 . alternatively , the processor 14 may provide a separate alert to the pilot not in command , as indicated by block 36 , that no suitable response was taken by the pilot in command . this alert may be provided on the visual alert display 35 a or through the audible alarm generator 35 b , or it may even be provided audibly through headphones that the pilot not in command is wearing . alternatively , or in addition to the alert provided to the pilot not in command , the processor 14 may provide an alert to the cabin staff of the aircraft 12 via a cabin interphone subsystem 38 . the cabin interphone subsystem 38 may provide a visual signal or an audible signal that the cabin staff recognizes as meaning that an operational procedure required to be performed by the pilot in command has not taken place , or that performance of the aircraft 12 or of the flight of the aircraft has deviated from an expected course . still further , the system 10 may provide an alert ( i . e ., wireless communication ) via a ground system alerting subsystem 40 to an air traffic control ( atc ) tower that the required response has not been received within the required time frame . the processor 14 may also provide an alert via any of the above described components if any physiological abnormalities are detected from the health data obtained from subsystems 22 a and 22 b . it will be appreciated that any alert generated by the processor 14 is preferably a real time alert . referring now to fig2 , a flowchart 100 is shown illustrating operations that may be performed by the system 10 . at operation 102 the processor 14 receives information from the aircraft 12 pertaining to the path of flight of the aircraft , the performance of the various subsystems of the aircraft , and any actions that the pilot in command needs to take or is expected to take at specific time intervals . at operation 104 the processor 14 may use information obtained from the database 16 and the stored algorithms 18 to determine if the path of travel of the aircraft 12 , the performance of various subsystems of the aircraft or the performance by the pilot in command , has given rise to a need to generate an alert along with the type of alert required . if the need for an alert has arisen , the processor 14 generates the needed alert to the pilot in command , as indicated at operation 106 , and then monitors for the expected response , as indicated at operation 108 . if the expected response is received at operation 108 , then the alert is removed , as indicated at operation 110 , and the monitoring action continues . if an alert has been generated , but the expected response from the pilot in command is not received at operation 108 , then either the level of the alert may be raised or a second alert is generated for the pilot not in command , as indicated at operation 112 . if the expected input from the pilot in command is then received after a short additional predetermined time ( e . g ., 30 seconds or less ), as indicated at operation 114 , then the alert to the pilot not in command is removed , as indicated at operation 116 . however , if no response is received by the pilot in command or the pilot not in command after the short additional predetermined time period , as indicated at operation 114 , then an additional alert directed to the cabin crew may be generated as indicated at operation 118 . optionally , at any time an alert may be wirelessly transmitted from the aircraft 12 to a remote facility , for example an air traffic control facility or an airline company dispatch center , as indicated by operation 120 . if the alert is detected as being removed at operation 122 , then the system 10 continues monitoring the received information that is received by the processor 14 . if the alert is detected as still existing at operation 122 , then the system 10 may continue checking for the expected response from the pilot in command at operation 114 . the system 10 enables a commercial transport aircraft that would normally be required by present day flight regulations for long range flights to have four flight crew members on board to operate safely with two or three flight crew members . for flights where two crew members are required , the system 10 could enable the flight to be performed with a single crew member during the cruise segment , and would also extend the number of operations that can be performed with only two crew members . the system 10 enables this reduction in manpower by essentially performing many monitoring and checking actions that would normally be performed by the pilot not in command . reducing the number of flight crew needed for a given flight can represent a significant cost savings to an airline operating the aircraft 12 . the system 10 also reduces the potential of one or more operational errors ( due to human error ) of the monitoring function . while various embodiments have been described , those skilled in the art will recognize modifications or variations which might be made without departing from the present disclosure . the examples illustrate the various embodiments and are not intended to limit the present disclosure . therefore , the description and claims should be interpreted liberally with only such limitation as is necessary in view of the pertinent prior art . | 6 |
in contrast to the prior art , the present invention is directed to rediscovering and strengthening edges in files that are first expanded using interpolation ; in a preferred embodiment this is either the bicubic interpolation algorithm or the bilinear interpolation algorithm or a combination of these . in a preferred embodiment the present invention then examines each pixel in a digital image first expanded by interpolation , comparing each of its three color values to each of the corresponding values in its eight nearest neighboring pixels and calculates the values of a function of the differences between the analyzed pixel and each of its neighbors in that color . if the value falls within a predetermined range of values the pixel is deemed to be part of an edge in that color . if the pixel is part of an edge , then each of its color values is compared to the weighted average value of the corresponding color over all nine pixels comprising the pixel and its eight nearest neighbor pixels and if the value of the color in the pixel being analyzed is less than or equal to the weighted average of the nine pixels the pixel being analyzed is deemed to be on the dark side of the edge in that color , otherwise it is deemed to be on the bright side of the edge . the next step calculates a randomizing value , which can be positive , negative or zero for each color and which is added to the original color value of the pixel being analyzed . these new values are then multiplied by predetermined factors independently for each color and dependent on whether the pixel is identified as dark edge pixel in that color or a bright edge pixel in that color . in the next step gamma is restored . in a preferred embodiment this is done by using the altered color value for the brightest color in the original pixel as a determinant of the dominant color in the new pixel and adjusting the other color values so they are in the same ratio to each other in the new color values as they were in the unaltered original pixel . this final pixel then replaces the original in a copy of the image being analyzed . the result is a simultaneous dithering and strengthening of edges that addresses all of the problems mentioned above with notable success even when images are expanded to 30 times their height and 30 times their width or more . in an aspect of the present invention geometrically defined sections of an image , defined as a pixels lying between a predetermined minimum x value and a predetermined maximum x value distinct for each y value , are to be modified according to a first set of algorithms , and pixels in regions of the image outside of the designated region are modified according to a second set of algorithms distinct from the set used to modify those pixels within the defined section of the image ; and pixels to be modified by a first set of algorithms are defined by color ratios . specifically the pixel will to be analyzed by the first set of algorithms will have a ratio of its red channel value to its blue channel value that falls between a first pair of values which are a first predetermined minimum value and a first predetermined maximum value , and will have a ratio of its red channel value to its green channel value that falls between a first pair of values which are a second predetermined minimum value and a second predetermined maximum value , and will have a ratio of its green channel value to its blue channel value falls between a first pair of values which are a third predetermined minimum value and a third predetermined maximum value ; and pixels to be modified by a first set of algorithms are defined by color channel intensity values . specifically the pixel to be analyzed by the first set of algorithms will have a red channel value that falls between a first pair of values which are a predetermined minimum value and a predetermined maximum value , and a green channel value that falls between a second pair of values which are a predetermined minimum value and a predetermined maximum value , and a blue channel value that falls between a third pair of values which are a predetermined minimum value and a predetermined maximum value , and pixels having color channel intensity values outside of the designated ranges of color intensities are modified according to a second set of algorithms distinct from the set used to modify those pixels within the defined color channel intensity values ranges of the image . an aspect of the present invention can be characterized by the following set of logical steps : numbers in the colored ellipses in fig1 represent luminance strength , i . e . color values , 0 to 255 in the rgb system , denominated here as colorvalue , of the addresses in the bit map for each of the colors of each pixel . in the rgb system the color type is either red or green or blue and the set of values of the colors of each type are here referred to as color channels . step 1 : determination of whether pixel ( x , y ) is to be analyzed as an edge pixel by : 1 . determining whether the pixel &# 39 ; s x , y position in the image falls between predetermined minimum and maximum x and predetermined minimum and maximum y values . 2 . then determining whether the red colorvalues , green colorvalues and blue colorvalues each fall between separate predetermined values for each of the three color channels . a color value is denoted as pixel ( x + i , y + j ) colorvalue , i , j =− 1 to 1 . thus pixel ( x + i , y + j ) blue is the number value in the lowest byte in memory of pixel ( x + i , y + j ), pixel ( x + i , y + j ) green is the number value in the next byte and pixel ( x + i , y + j ) red the number stored in the highest memory address representing pixel ( x + i , y + j ). 3 . then determining whether each of the three ratios : ( red colorvalue / green colorvalue ), ( red colorvalue / blue colorvalue ) and ( green colorvalue / blue colorvalue ) each fall between distinct minimum and maximum values for each of the three ratios . step 2 : determination of whether pixel ( x , y ) is an edge pixel by calculating the color ( luminosity ) for each color channel between the pixel ( x , y ) and the 8 surrounding pixels in a source bitmap . pixel ( x , y ) is classified as an edge pixel iff at least one of the three color ( luminosity ) values falls between a predetermined minimum luminosity value and a maximum luminosity . step 3 : determination of whether pixel ( x , y ) identified in step 1 as an edge pixel is on the dark side of an edge or the bright side of an edge . calculate the average value ( color ( average )) of each color channel for the 8 surrounding pixels : color ( average )= average of blue or green or red values of the designated pixels . for example , in fig1 green ( average )=( 222 + 172 + 32 + 151 + 232 + 142 + 111 + 191 )/ 8 if pixel ( x , y ) colorvalue ≧ color ( average ) then the pixel is classified as in the bright side of an edge pixel , otherwise it is classified as in the dark side of an edge . i , j = 4 to 1 , i and j not simultaneously 0 . where weight is a predetermined constant that controls the dominance of the colors of pixel ( x , y ). step 4 : calculation of the edge randomization factors . the value of each color channel in each pixel surrounding pixel ( x , y ), as shown in fig1 , plus the value of the congruent channel in pixel ( x , y ) serve as input variables to a randomization function f ( pixel ( x + i , y + j ) colorvalue , pixel ( x , y ) colorvalue ). f can be any combination of trigonometric , exponential , logarithmic , polynomial or power functions . a preferred example would be : f ( pixel ( x + i , y + j ) colorvalue , pixel ( x , y ) colorvalue )= cos [([ pixel ( x , y ) color value ]−[ pixel ( x + i , y + j ) colorvalue ]) 2 ], then a separate randomization value , r ( color ), for each color channel is calculated as : for each pixel ( x , y ) colorvalue a potential new value , pixel ( x , y ) color value_new , is calculated as : where em is a predetermined multiplier determining the strength of the randomization . a value of zero means that pixel ( x , y ) color value_new equals the weighted average of the respective color of the 9 pixels . large numbers produce large shifts in shade and hue but make more subtle edges visible . typical values are in the range 0 to 6 . maxcolor is the maximum value that can be assigned to colorvalue , 255 for all three colors in the rgb system . step 6 : brightness adjustment of edge pixels . if pixel ( x , y ) is defined as on the dark side of an edge in a color then a second new colorvalue is calculated as : where there are three predetermined dark_edge_colorvalue_multiplier values , one for each of the three color channels : red , green and blue . typical values in a preferred analysis are in the range 0 . 8 to 0 . 99 . if pixel ( x , y ) is defined as on the bright side of an edge in a color then a second new colorvalue is calculated as : where there are three predetermined light_edge_colorvalue_multiplier values , one for each of the three color channels : red , green and blue . typical values in a preferred analysis are in the range 1 . 01 to 1 . 2 . gamma is the term denoting the color relationships between the colorvalues of a pixel . preserving gamma is a method of maintaining color fidelity . in this analysis it is characterized by two ratios , r1 and r2 : r 1 =( second highest value of the pixel ( x , y ) color values )/( 1 + maximum of the pixel ( x , y ) color values ) these ratios are used to calculate a final new value for the pixel at position x , y according to : new second highest value of the pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 = r 1 *( maximum pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 ) new smallest value of the pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 = r 2 *( maximum pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 ) the maximum pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 , new second highest value of the pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 and new smallest value of the pixel ( x , y ) color value_new2 are written to the appropriate addresses of pixel ( x , y ) in a target bitmap that is initially an exact copy of the source bitmap . the process is then repeated for the next pixel in the source bitmap . if the dark - edge - colorvalues are ≧ 1 and the light - edge - colorvalues are ≦ 1 then the present invention can powerfully suppress structural noise , e . g . the tiling artifacts created by the popular jpeg compression algorithms . this is illustrated by comparison of fig2 to fig5 . fig2 shows a pixel duplicated image , expanded 32 times in both the x and y dimensions ( 32 ×), of a small piece of a fallen autumn leaf . pixel duplication preserves the visual structure of the original image . the original image displays significant tiling artifacts from the application of jpeg compression . fig5 shows the result of applying a cycle of bilinear interpolation expansion followed by edge recapture with dark - edge - colorvalues set ≧ 1 and the light - edge - colorvalues set ≦ 1 , followed by two more cycles of bilinear interpolation expansion each followed by more typical edge recapture with dark - edge - colorvalues set ≦ 1 and the light - edge - colorvalues set ≧ 1 , until the image is 32 ×. the suppression of structural noise is extremely effective . this is especially evident when fig5 is compared to fig6 . fig6 is an image expansion to 32 × by the present invention of the original image that was initially compressed with a high quality jpeg setting that avoided tile creation and provided a reasonably accurate representation of actual leaf structure . thus the accuracy of recovered textural details is verified in this latter comparison . in contrast , fig3 displays the 32 × expansion of the tiled image by bicubic expansion in adobe &# 39 ; s photoshop ™ software and fig4 shows the same 32 × expansion in onone software &# 39 ; s perfect resize 7 . 5 pro premium ™ with the jpeg optimizer switch on . not only is the tiling still prominent in both images , but they are almost identical , implying that the fourier analysis has actually been suppressed in perfect resize 7 . 5 pro premium ™ in favor of a backup bicubic algorithm . | 6 |
the present invention provides a method of inhibiting dust generation and biological activity in bulk solid materials . the method of the present invention may employ the application of a so called &# 34 ; one drum treatment &# 34 ;. the treatment is composed of a foam which includes dust control agents and pesticidal agents . the bulk solids which are treated by the present invention include materials which tend to generate dust during manufacture , storage and handling and which also are desirably treated for control of biological activity . examples include dried sludge , coal , animal feed , grain and absorbants such as cat litter . the dust and pesticidal agents are applied as a foam which can be intimately mixed with the material to be treated . the use of foam as a distribution medium allows effective application of the control agents to bulk solids . the control agents of the present invention are thereby applied to essentially the entire surface of the bulk solid as opposed to surface treatments such as spraying a coal pile . the foam of the present invention may be composed of anionic , nonionic and / or cationic surfactants in aqueous solutions . the generation of the foam may be by any suitable means such as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 400 , 220 , cole , the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . the use of such foams will provide dust control most effectively when applied during manufacturing and transfer operations . exemplary surfactant foaming agents include alkyl aryl sulfonate , alkyl ether sulfate , alpha olefin sulfonate , alpha sulfo methyl ester , alkyl sulfosuccinate , alkanolamide , amine oxide , and betaines . for effective dust control during storage , water and / or oil based binders such as mineral or vegetable oils , elastomeric and water soluble polymers and lignosulfonate compositions may be desirable . such binders or extenders provide more effective residual dust control . the pesticidal agent ( s ) portion of the present invention may include water and / or oil based biocides , fungicides , and pesticides . the use of such pesticidal agents in combination with a foam dust control agent provides for effective distribution over the surface area of the bulk solid . further , the application of a pesticidal agent in a foam allows extremely efficient distribution of a relatively small amount of active material . for example , in typical prior art grain or animal feed treatment , large volumes of relatively concentrated gaseous fumigants are employed to distribute the fungicide throughout the mass of the grain . in the method of the present invention , because essentially all of the biological control agent ends up on the surface of the bulk solid , rather than escaping to the atmosphere , lower volumes and concentrations of treatment material may be employed . exemplary pesticidal agents include , but are not limited to , n - alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride ( and other quaternary ammonium biocides ), dodecyl guanidine hydrochloride , acrolein ( produced in situ from suitable precursors ), methylene bisthiocyanate , bis trichloromethyl sulfone , bromo - nitrostyrene , 2 , 2 - dibromo - 3 - nitrilopropionamide , 5 - chloro - 2 - methyl - 4 - isothiazolin - 3 - one ( with 2 - methyl - 4 - isothiazolin - 3 - one ), 2 - bromo - 2 - nitro - propane - 1 , 3 - diol , and decyl thioethyl amine , either alone or in combination . the combination of a formulation containing methylene bisthiocyanate and bromo - nitrostyrene ( slimicide c - 41 ) and an oil based binder ( betz dg - 1259f ) emulsified in water with a surfactant foaming agent ( flowpro ® 1105 ) has been found to provide effective dust control as well as odor control when applied as a foam to a coal / sludge mixture . the commercial products ( slimicide c - 41 , betz dg - 1259f , and flowpro 1105 ) are available from betz laboratories , inc ., trevose , pa . such coal / sludge mixtures are kiln dried and employed as inexpensive fuels in cement plants or similar applications . the application of a fungicide to grain in an aqueous dust control foam would be effective at inhibiting the formation and dissemination of grain dust . further , such a combination would provide effective control of insect damage . the highly efficient application of a fungicide such as acrolein generated in situ from a suitable precursor , see u . s . pat . no . 4 , 851 , 583 bockowski et al in a foam would provide effective control at reduced active treatment levels . the invention will now be further described with reference to a number of specific examples which are to be regarded solely as illustrative and not as restricting the scope of the invention . a sludge / coal mixture was dried in a kiln and treated with a foamed emulsion comprising : an untreated sludge / coal mixture exhibited a high level of dust generation and a strong odor and visible biological activity believed to be fungus or mold . the sludge / coal mixture treated with foamed emulsion exhibited a very low level of dust generation and no odor or visible evidence of biological activity . betz ® slimicide c - 41 is a broad spectrum biocide available from betz laboratories inc ., of trevose , pa . the active biocidal agents are beta - bromo - beta nitrostyrene ( bns ) at 9 . 2 % and methylene bis thiocyanate ( mbt ) at 4 . 9 %. ( see u . s . pat . no . 4 , 579 , 665 , davis et al and u . s . pat . no . 3 , 898 , 343 , swered et al ). all percentages are in weight percent . the combination of the present invention would be similarly effective at inhibiting the formation of biologically induced acid waste , such as acidic leachate called acid mine drainage . when coal or coal refuse is stored in piles , aqueous drainage or leachate often is acidic . the acidic nature of the leachate is related to biological activity within the coal pile . similar acidic waste can be found in other ore and mineral piles . surfactant based biocides such as alkyl benzene sulfonates , and alkyl sulfates sprayed onto the coal piles have been shown to reduce the bacteria and inhibit the acid mine drainage . dust dissemination is also a problem in such coal storage piles . the application of foam dust control agent ( s ) with a pesticidal control agent ( s ) and a binder during formation of such piles would provide effective dust control and inhibit biological activity throughout the pile , not just at the surface . grains and animal feed are often treated with mineral oil and / or water for dust control in a separate application from fumigation . typically , post harvest pesticides such as methyl chloride , aluminum phosphide , or certain organophosphates are employed for fumigation . the application of a foam dust control agent which includes a dust control extender and a post harvest pesticide during handling of the grain will provide more effective control than prior art treatments . the method of the present invention will effectively control grain dust as well as insect damage . in the treatment of grains and animal feed , it is desirable to limit the moisture content of the foam to avoid the undesirable addition of moisture to the material . while this invention has been described with respect to particular embodiments thereof , it is apparent that numerous other forms and modifications of this invention will be obvious to those skilled in the art . the selection of appropriate surfactants , foam extenders and biological control agents is primarily dependent upon the bulk solids to be treated and compatibility of the components . the appended claims and this invention generally should be construed to cover all such obvious forms and modifications which are within the true spirit and scope of the present invention . | 0 |
the present invention is described in more detail below with reference to preferred embodiments using drawings , but the present invention is not limited to these embodiments . fig1 is a cross - sectional view schematically showing an organic el element in accordance with preferred embodiment 1 . as shown in fig1 a , the organic el element in the present preferred embodiment has a structure in which an organic el layer 5 a including a conductive layer 3 a and a light - emitting layer 4 a is interposed between an anode ( the first electrode ) 1 and a cathode ( the second electrode ) 2 . the conductive layer 3 a has a trapezoidal cross section which widens downwardly and has a thickness of about 60 nm at the center , as shown in the profile and thickness of the coating film in fig1 b . the light - emitting layer 4 a has an h - shaped cross section and covers the upper and side surfaces of the conductive layer 3 a . as shown in the profile and thickness of the coating film in fig1 c , the light - emitting layer 4 is preferably formed to have a thickness of about 80 nm or more , for example , over the entire conductive layer 3 a . fig2 is a planar view schematically showing an organic el display device in accordance with preferred embodiment 1 . as shown in fig2 , the organic el display device in the present preferred embodiment has a structure in which organic el elements having the cross - sectional configuration shown in fig1 are partitioned by a bank 6 to be arranged in a matrix pattern . the bank 6 is arranged around the organic el layer 5 a to cover the outer edge of the anode 1 . the organic el display device in preferred embodiment 1 was produced as follows . a substrate on which the anodes 1 and the bank 6 were arranged was prepared in the following manner , first . the anodes 1 made of indium tin oxide ( ito ) were arranged in a matrix pattern . the bank 6 which included elliptical openings each having a long axis of about 180 μm and a short axis of about 60 μm , for example , was formed in a region except for the region where the anode 1 had been formed . then , as a pretreatment before forming the organic el layer 5 a in the openings of the bank 6 on the substrate , a plasma treatment was performed using a plasma treatment apparatus ( product of pva tepla america , inc ., trade name : plasma system 400 ). specifically , an oxygen plasma treatment and oxygen - cf 4 plasma treatment were successively performed for the anode 1 surface and the bank 6 surface , thereby providing the anode 1 surface with a lyophilic property and providing the bank 6 surface with a lyophobic property . after the plasma treatments , the anode 1 surface had a water contact angle of about 10 ° and the bank 6 surface had an anisole contact angle of about 75 °, for surface . the conditions for the plasma treatments are shown in the following table 1 . in table 1 , step 1 represents the oxygen plasma treatment and step 2 represents the oxygen - cf 4 plasma treatment . the coating liquid for forming the conductive layer , which included the above components at the above proportions , was applied , by an ink - jet method , to the openings of the bank 6 for which the plasma treatment had been performed . then , the coating liquid was baked at 200 ° c . for 60 minutes to form the conductive layer 3 a . the formed conductive layer 3 a had a trapezoidal cross section widening downwardly and it had a thickness of about 60 nm at the center . the substrate on which the conductive layer 3 a had been formed was immersed into anisol for about 2 minutes and then air - dried . then , the substrate was subjected to baking at 200 ° c . for 10 minutes . attributed to this solvent rinse treatment using anisol , the lyophobic property on the bank 6 surface was reduced and the anisol contact angle on the bank 6 surface was decreased from about 75 ° to about 50 °, for example . a coating liquid for forming the light - emitting layer was prepared . the coating liquid including the following components at the following proportions was prepared . a polyfluorene compound represented by the following formula ( i ) was used as a green light - emitting polymer material . according to the green light - emitting polymer material , in the above formula ( i ), each of r and r ′ to which a fluorene ring is bonded represents an alkyl chain ; each of ar and ar ′ represents an aryl compound unit ; each of 1 and m is an integer of 1 or more ; and n is an integer of 0 or 1 or more . the green light - emitting polymer material had hundreds of thousands of weight average molecular weights . the coating liquid for forming the light - emitting layer , which included the above components at the above proportions , was applied to the openings of the bank 6 where the conductive layer 3 a had been formed and for which the step of giving a lyophobic property to the bank had been performed by an ink - jet method . then , the coating liquid was baked at 200 ° c . for 60 minutes under nitrogen atmosphere . as a result , a light - emitting layer 4 a was formed . the formed light - emitting layer 4 a had an h - shaped cross section as shown in fig1 ( c ) and it had the smallest thickness of about 80 nm , for example , at the center . in the present preferred embodiment , the conductive layer 3 a had a trapezoidal cross section widening downwardly . therefore , the light - emitting layer 4 a which had a shape covering the entire conductive layer 3 a and which had a thickness of about 80 nm or more , for example , could be easily formed . as a result , the light - emitting layer 4 a having a thickness of about 80 nm or more , for example , exists between the conductive layer 3 a and the cathode 2 , and therefore the leakage current can be reduced . after the light - emitting layer 4 a was formed , calcium and silver were deposited on the light - emitting layer 4 a and the bank 6 by a vacuum deposition method . as a result , the cathode 2 was formed . then , the region where the organic el element had been formed on the substrate was sealed with a glass cap under nitrogen atmosphere . as a result , an organic el display device was completed . in preferred embodiment 2 , an organic el display device was produced in the same manner as in preferred embodiment 1 , except that a coating liquid for forming the conductive layer which contained ethylene carbitol 2 parts instead of the ethylene glycol was used in the conductive layer - forming step . fig3 is a cross - sectional view schematically showing an organic el element in preferred embodiment 2 . as shown in fig3 a , the formed conductive layer 3 b had a u - shaped cross section both ends of which had a larger thickness . the light - emitting layer 4 b had a u - shaped cross section both ends of which had a larger thickness . in the present preferred embodiment , the bank 6 was provided with the lyophobic property - reducing treatment and then the light - emitting layer 4 b was formed . therefore , an area of a region where the light - emitting layer 4 b adhered to the bank 6 was larger than an area of a region where the conductive layer 3 b adhered to the bank 6 . the conductive layer 3 b had a thickness of 60 nm at the center , as shown in fig3 b . the light - emitting layer 4 b covered only the upper surface of the conductive layer 3 b , and as shown in fig3 c , it had the smallest thickness of about 80 nm , for example , at the center . in the present preferred embodiment , the light - emitting layer 4 b which covered the entire conductive layer 3 b and preferably had a thickness of 80 nm or more , for example , could be easily formed . as a result , the light - emitting layer 4 b having a thickness of about 80 nm or more , for example , exists between the conductive layer 3 b and the cathode 2 , and therefore the leakage current can be reduced . in comparative preferred embodiment 1 , an organic el display device was produced in the same manner as in preferred embodiment 2 , except that the step of giving a lyophobic property to the bank was omitted . as shown in fig4 a , the formed conductive layer 3 c had a u - shaped cross section both ends of which had a larger thickness . in contrast , a light - emitting layer 4 c had a u - shaped cross section both ends of which had a smaller thickness and the light - emitting layer 4 c covered only the upper surface of the conductive layer 3 c because the lyophobic property - reducing treatment was not performed for the bank before forming the light - emitting layer 4 c . the conductive layer 3 c had a thickness of about 60 nm at the center , as shown in fig3 b . in contrast , the light - emitting layer 4 c covered the entire conductive layer 3 c , as shown in fig4 a , but it had the smallest thickness of about 80 nm or less at the both ends , as shown in fig3 c . at such a portion where the light - emitting layer 4 c has a small thickness , the distance between the conductive layer 3 c and the cathode 2 c is small , and therefore the leakage current tends to be generated . the organic el display devices in preferred embodiments 1 and 2 and comparative embodiment 1 were measured for a current density and a light - emitting efficiency . the current density is a value obtained when a voltage of 1 . 5 v was applied to the organic el element . the light - emitting efficiency was a value measured when the organic el element emitted light at a luminance of 300 cd / m 2 . table 2 shows the results . as clearly shown in the above table 2 , each of the organic el display devices in preferred embodiments 1 and 2 showed a smaller current density and a higher light - emitting efficiency , than those of the organic el display device in comparative example 1 . accordingly , the effect of reducing the leakage current , attributed to preferred embodiments of the present invention , could be determined . the results of the evaluation test shows that the organic el display devices in preferred embodiments 1 and 2 are equivalent in terms of light - emitting characteristics . however , if it is taken into consideration that the thickness profile of the conductive layer is changed when unintended changes of the production conditions occur , the conductive layer in preferred embodiment 1 is more suitable for suppressing a shortage in thickness of the light - emitting layer at the both ends , than the conductive layer in preferred embodiment 2 has . the conductive layer in preferred embodiment 1 is more excellent than that in preferred embodiment 2 because the thickness of the light - emitting layer can be more surely maintained to a predetermined value or more over the entire conductive layer . that is , if the organic el display device is commercially produced , the thickness profile in preferred embodiment 1 is excellent in terms of reduction in leakage current . the present application claims priority under the paris convention and the domestic law in the country to be entered into national phase on patent application no . 2006 - 104281 filed in japan on apr . 5 , 2006 , the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference . in the present description , if the term “ or more ” is used , the value described ( boundary value ) is included . while preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above , it is to be understood that variations and modifications will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing the scope and spirit of the present invention . the scope of the present invention , therefore , is to be determined solely by the following claims . | 7 |
fig1 is a schematic diagram of the system of one embodiment of the invention . an atm 100 is installed on an attachment plate 104 embedded within a platform 102 . a number of bollards 106 may also be installed in platform 102 to protect the atm 100 from unintentional damage . attachment plate 104 has an attachment surface 110 that is exposed through an upper surface of platform 102 . platform 102 includes a curb 122 which rises above the ground level and underlying concrete 120 that forms a base for the curb 122 . attachment plate 104 includes a pair of side panels 114 coupled to the attachment surface 110 . in one embodiment , this coupling is at a generally right angle . the distal end of side panels 114 couples to retention panels 116 . as can be seen in fig1 , side panels 114 effectively vertically displace retention panels 116 relative to attachment surface 110 . in some embodiments , this displacement is selected to be greater than the height of curb 122 . typically , the curb 122 will be eight inches in height . thus , side panels 114 will generally provide a vertical displacement in excess of nine inches and , in one embodiment , twelve inches has been found to be a desirable vertical displacement . generally , platform 102 will be formed from rebar reinforced concrete . in some embodiments , attachment plate 104 includes rebar tie - ins to tie into the rebar reinforcement in the concrete . additionally , because the retention panels 116 are embedded beneath a significant volume of concrete , the attachment plate is generally resistant to being pulled from the ground . as an additional measure , in some embodiments , steel set rod bolts 118 may be driven deeper into the concrete 120 and engage retention panels 116 to increase the stability of the attachment plate within platform 102 . in one embodiment , rod bolts 118 are eighteen inches long . attachment plate 104 also includes a plurality of sleeves 112 coupled below attachment surface 110 . the plurality of sleeves are arranged to align with attachment points defined by atm 100 . in some embodiments , only sleeves to accommodate a particular manufacturer &# 39 ; s atm may be provided . in alternative embodiments , sleeves are provided for configurations of all or a subset of existing commercially available atms such that for any installation only a portion of the sleeves will actually be used . in one embodiment , all the sleeves are dimensionally the same . in one embodiment , the sleeves are threaded to receive attachment bolts . typically , the sleeves are greater than eight inches in length . in one embodiment the sleeves are nine inches long . it is generally desired that the sleeves be greater than ½ inch in diameter and sleeves to receive ¾ inch grade 8 or grade 9 bolts are used in one embodiment of the invention . in one embodiment , ¾ inch grade 8 bolts 6 ″ long have been found satisfactory . such bolts resist up to 250 , 000 pounds of pressure before shearing . in one embodiment the sleeves are nine inches long . finally , attachment plate 104 includes a pull box defining a chamber 130 to retain power and ground connections for the atm 100 . chamber 130 is watertight to prevent damage to the electrical equipment contained therein . in one embodiment , attachment plate 104 is fabricated in , for example , a machine shop and shipped to the installation location . in one embodiment , a ½ inch steel plate is bent to form attachment surface 110 , side panels 114 and retention panels 116 . alternatively , the different panels may be joined by welding . in both cases the panels are deem “ coupled ” together as the term is used herein . the entire plate 104 may be powder coated to prevent corrosion . in one embodiment , the chamber 130 is formed from ⅛ ″ steal panels welded to a ½ plate . cylindrical sleeves are then welded to the underside of attachment surface 110 . the sleeves may be drilled and tapped to thread them for the receipt of appropriate bolts . the arrangement of sleeves on the underside is selected to be consistent with the attachment points defined by existing commercially available atms . the pull box defining chamber 130 may also be welded to the underside of attachment surface 104 in a location not occupied by the sleeves 112 . fig2 is a schematic diagram of an overhead view of one embodiment of the invention prior to atm installation . attachment surface 110 is exposed through platform 102 . retention panels 116 are vertically displaced by side panels 114 from attachment surface 104 and embedded within platform 102 . steel rod bolts 118 further engage retention panels 116 to hold the plate within the platform . sleeve openings 202 , which correspond to a diebold atm , are shown as one representation . other sleeve openings 200 , which correspond to other atm vender attachment point schemes , are shown as a different representation in this figure . however , this is merely for illustration as in most embodiments the opening 200 , 202 will be dimensionally identical . in this example , 21 sleeve openings in total are shown . different embodiments may have more or fewer sleeves depending on the number of atm models to be accommodated by the particular embodiments . in some embodiments , a pressure sensitive alarm switch 230 may be exposed on the attachment surface . the switch 230 will trigger a security alert or alarm responsive to pressure changes such as the removal or attempted removal of the atm once the alarm is armed . also represented schematically is a conduit 232 for power , a conduit 234 for data and a conduit 236 for the security system are shown running to chamber 130 . in one embodiment , the power conduit 232 is 2 ″ in diameter and the other two conduits 234 , 236 are 1 ″ in diameter . once attachment plate 104 is embedded in platform 102 , the installation of an atm thereon is relatively simple . by way of example , installing a diebold atm on attachment plate , one would align the attachment points of the diebold machine with the sleeve openings 202 and drive four bolts , one into each sleeve to secure the machine 100 to the plate 104 . thereafter , it is a matter of connecting power , data and security . optionally , the atm may also be welded to expose metal of the attachment surface 110 . fig3 is a schematic diagram of a bottom view of an attachment plate of one embodiment of the invention . the box defining chamber 130 defines an opening 332 for attachment of a power conduit and opening 334 for attachment of a data conduit . internally , the chamber may be divided to separate the power and data components such that noise on the power line does not interfere with data interchange . in one embodiment , side panels 114 define rebar tie - ins 312 , such as through perforations in the side panel 114 such that rebar 310 can pass there through in its integration with the concrete . additionally , the rebar 310 may be tied 314 in to one or more of the sleeves 112 , such as by welding thereto . alternatively , in some embodiments , the sleeves may be manufactured to include an eyelet to receive the rebar . by tying into the rebar embedded within the concrete , the attachment plate is further secured therein . generally , for a particular site , the platform is formed and the attachment plate embedded prior to cure of the concrete . then the atm may be bolted and optionally welded thereto . should it become desirable to switch out the atm , no reinstallation of the plate is required . the old atm is merely unbolted , and the new one aligned and bolted in place . in some embodiments , the plate can be retrofitted for anew atm configuration . in such embodiment , a 2 ″× 2 ″ square is cure in the installed plate at the location of the attachment points . then after coring the concrete with a 3 ″ drill bit a new threaded shaft is inserted and welded in place . the shaft may then be back filled with epoxy to complete the retrofit . once installed as described it has been found that dislodging the atm is nearly impossible using the tactic that have been employ in the rash of atm thefts in recent years . in the foregoing specification , the invention has been described with reference to the specific embodiments thereof . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes can be made thereto without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims . the specification and drawings are , accordingly , to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense . | 6 |
referring to fig1 a and 1b , illustrative embodiments of thermal spray system 1 are presented . in this embodiment , thermal spray system 1 includes cart 2 , spray gun applicator 4 and umbilical 3 connecting spray gun applicator 4 to cart 2 . fluidized bed hopper 6 and propane tank 17 are mounted on cart 2 . spray gun applicator 4 is preferably portable and has a handle grip . in this embodiment , spray gun applicator 4 has conduits for passing powdered coating materials , combustible fuel gas , oxidant gas , excess and cooling gas and compressed air through spray gun applicator along a path or a plurality of paths . spray gun applicator 4 also includes an assembly mounted on a distal end portion of the gun body including a nozzle for directing and controlling the hot gas flow and a channel or plurality of channels for ejecting powdered materials into the hot gas flow and a means for supplying coating material to spray gun applicator 4 . in this embodiment , material is supplied to spray gun applicator 4 by means of a fluidized bed hopper 6 . the rate of supply is controlled by two venturis ( not shown ). the first venturi transports a stream of the powder material particles in compressed gas from fluidized bed hopper to umbilical 3 . the second venturi adds additional transport air to the umbilical 3 and ejects the stream of powder material particles into spray gun 4 . each of the first venturi and second venturi is independently controlled by a different individual stream of compressed gas . fluidized bed hopper 6 is commercially available in several hopper sizes from a number of manufacturers , such as powder parts inc ., elgin , ill . 60123 . referring to fig1 c , a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the invention is presented . in this embodiment , fluidized bed hopper 6 is mounted to a suspended plate to which a vibrator 16 is attached in order to vibrate the fluidized bed hopper assembly . the vibrator is added to fluidized bed hopper 6 to assist in de - agglomerating powdered materials within hopper 6 and to assist in fluidizing the powdered material . vibrators are commonly added to powder transport systems to shake boxed powdered materials and such box shakers may be purchased from several manufacturers , such as powder parts inc ., elgin , ill . 60123 . vibrators are not added to background art fluidized bed hopper systems because the types of powder used with typical commercial powder spray equipment only requires one fluidization technique , that is , use of a box shaker to vibrate a box of powder or a fluidized bed hopper , but not both fluidization techniques . in a preferred embodiment , a combination of vibrator 16 and fluidized bed hopper 6 provides superior powder transport capabilities . the combination is effective at de - agglomerating and fluidizing powders for transport between fluidized bed hopper 6 and spray gun applicator 4 through a powder hose within umbilical 3 , with the types of thermoplastic powders used to create thermoplastic fusible coatings . the thermal spray system described herein may be used for depositing a variety of coating materials , including zinc , aluminum , zinc - aluminum alloy , ferrous metal alloys , copper , copper alloys , ceramics , carbon , graphite and combinations thereof . they may also be used for depositing other materials , such as colorants , electrically conductive materials , fluorescent materials , phosphorescent materials , anti - fouling agents , reflective materials , radar absorbent materials , anti - microbials , microballoons , foaming agents , leveling agents , lubricants , ultraviolet ( uv ) protectors and combinations thereof . still other materials suitable for deposition using thermal spray system 4 include thermoplastic or thermoset polymeric materials , such as epoxy resins , polyurethanes , polyethers , nylons , polyesters , polycarbonates , polyethylene , polypropylene , acrylic polymers , polyvinylchloride ( pvc ) resins , fluorocarbon polymers , ethylenevinylacetate ( eva ), ethyleneacrylicacid ( eaa ), acrylonitrilebutadienestyrene ( abs ), polyetheretherketone ( peek ), polyvinylidenfloride ( pvdf ), silicones and chemical or physical combinations thereof . coating materials may be combined with other materials . particle sizes for the coating materials may range from about 5 microns to about 5 , 000 microns . referring to fig2 , a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the invention is presented . in this embodiment , combustible fuel 8 , typically a gas , for example , propane , and oxidant 9 , typically air , are mixed prior to combustion chamber 11 ( e . g ., in mixing chamber 10 ) or within combustion chamber 11 , at near ( approximately ) stoichiometric ratios . as used herein , the stoichiometric ratio is the exact ratio of fuel molecules that will combine with oxidant molecules to yield a complete combustion reaction . combustible fuel 8 and oxidant 9 may also be mixed at sub - stoichiometric ratios ( rich in combustion fuel 8 ) with additional oxidant 9 brought in later in order to complete the combustion reaction . combustion occurs within combustion chamber 11 and produces combustion products . excess air or other gas 12 is next introduced to the combustion process in order to complete combustion and begin the ’ cooling of the combustion products . cooling or dilution gas 13 , typically air , is finally introduced near the forward end of combustion chamber 11 to reduce the gas temperature to the final desired process temperature and to produce hot carrier gas stream 14 . here , “ near ” means located closely in space to the object it precedes . in addition to propane , other gaseous fuels , such as acetylene , butane , isobutane , hydrogen , or natural gas may be used as the combustible fuel , as well as atomized , or vaporized liquid fuels such as kerosene , white gasoline or diesel fuel . referring to fig3 , a process flow diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the invention is presented . in this embodiment , there are five steps involved in creating a flameless heat suitable for processing polymer powders using a combustion process . first , in mixing and combustion step 100 , fuel 8 and oxidant 9 are mixed within an appropriate range of ratios ( fuel / oxidant ) and exposed to a critical ignition temperature which causes combustion to occur . second , in flame anchoring step 102 , the flame from combustion is “ anchored ” in order to provide a stable ignition temperature for the combusting mixture . third , in combustion containment step 104 , combustion products are contained within an enclosed or partially enclosed volume . fourth , in temperature reduction step 106 , the temperature of the combustion products is reduced to the desired process temperature . fifth , in create and project carrier gas stream step 108 , a carrier gas stream having the appropriate process temperature is created and projected from the outlet of the heater unit , preferably toward a target . in the embodiment of fig3 , in order to achieve appropriate process temperature conditions , the flame is anchored within the combustion chamber . otherwise , the flame would exit the nozzle and either extinguish due to overly lean conditions , or burn outside of the nozzle , causing the fusible particles to degrade as explained above . in order to anchor a flame , the velocity of fuel / oxidant gas mixture is reduced to a level at which the combustion reaction can occur and a proper residence time is provided for the combustion reaction to complete . velocity reduction is achieved in certain embodiments disclosed herein by influencing back flowing eddies in the gas stream through the use of a burner nozzle . the burner nozzle may be of the form of a blast nozzle or that of a perforated flame anchoring plate within an enclosed or partially enclosed volume . a person having ordinary skill in the art would know that a variety of other flame anchoring means are used in flame systems , such as stoves and fueled jets . these flame anchoring means may also be incorporated into embodiments of the invention . thus , the foregoing examples provide a basic insight into the process of flame anchoring and should not be construed as limitations on the invention . the heat of combustion at stoichiometric conditions for burning propane in air is 1 , 980 ° c . this temperature is too high to be contained by most common refractory materials . for example , high temperature steel alloys have a service temperature of 537 ° c . nickel - chromium - iron alloys are used up to 677 ° c . even ceramic coated jet engine parts only operate at a maximum temperature of 1 , 371 ° c . therefore , background art flame generating devices are configured so that the flame burns outside the device architecture in free air . for these reasons , in certain embodiments of the invention , in order to contain combustion , film cooling on the flame containment surfaces and heat transfer management are employed . the desired process temperature for a thermoplastic sprayer device is a hot gas temperature that exits the device in the neighborhood of 700 ° c ., but could range from 100 ° c . to around 1 , 000 ° c . here , “ around ” means “ approximately ” as it is defined above . most fusible materials are processed in this temperature range . because combustion temperatures are much higher than preferred fusible material processing temperatures , and to provide a stream of heated carrier gas , in illustrative embodiments of this invention , excess air 12 and cooling gas 13 are introduced to the process during combustion and after combustion is completed . referring to fig4 , a schematic diagram of burner nozzle 15 contained within combustion chamber 11 shows how excess air 12 and cooling air 13 may be supplied by fluid amplifier 30 . in this embodiment , fuel gas 8 and oxidant 9 enter burner 15 from the left . compressed air 31 enters via annular manifold 32 . compressed air 31 is throttled through an annular nozzle 33 at a high velocity to create a primary airstream . this primary air stream adheres to a coanda profile 34 , which is an annular convex curve in this case . a low pressure area is created at the center 35 which induces ( draws ) a high volume of surrounding excess air 12 and cooling air 13 , into the air stream , thus amplifying the primary air flow rate typically by an order of magnitude . the compressed air along with the induced air supplies the total excess air 12 and cooling air 13 required to produce flameless hot carrier gas 14 without requiring a high volume blower , i . e ., a relatively small amount of compressed air becomes adequate for supplying much larger amounts of excess combustion and cooling air . coanda or attached flow fluid amplifiers are known in the art of fluidics . it is the coupling of a fluid amplifier to a burner or flame tube located within combustion chamber 11 that provides at least two functions . first , excess air 12 serves to complete combustion and begin cooling the flame . second , the cooling or dilution air 13 serves to further reduce the temperature of the combustion products to achieve the desired flameless hot carrier gas for processing of polymer powders or other materials . both described functions are accomplished using relatively low quantities of compressed air by means of a coanda fluid amplifier . referring to fig5 , a schematic diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the invention is presented showing how a coanda pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 may serve to pre - mix fuel gas 8 and oxidant 9 . fuel gas 8 , such as propane , is metered through propane fuel gas nozzle 208 to pre mix fluid amplifier 36 acting as a pre - mixer . motive air 9 is introduced to pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 and as previously described , the geometry of the pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 draws in additional fluid , in this case additional oxidant 209 , e . g ., air . pre - mixed fuel / oxidant 8 , 9 is then delivered via a first fluid path to a flame source , e . g ., burner 15 , located inside a combustion chamber 11 , said combustion chamber being located within an exterior surface . a second fluid amplifier 30 , previously discussed , may then be used to reduce the temperature of the combustion products ( e . g ., a combustion gas ) in order to produce hot carrier gas 14 . background art venturi style eductors generally do not provide enough primary air to create a stoichiometric mixture and therefore tend to burn rich and require additional oxidant air at the burner . this problem is solved by the applicants by de - coupling the propane gas flow 8 , which is typically the motive flow in a pre - mix venturi eductor , from the air venturi and instead using an independent coanda pre - mix fluid flow amplifier 36 , run by primary air 9 and educting additional air 209 , in combination with propane fuel gas nozzle 208 , e . g ., a propane jet orifice , that discharges into the entrance of pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 . referring to fig6 , an illustrative embodiment is presented that incorporates many of the features discussed previously into hand held spray gun applicator 4 . in this embodiment , propane 8 is throttled through a propane fuel gas nozzle 208 into pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 . primary air 9 is introduced to the pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 and , through fluid amplification , additional primary air 209 is educted into pre - mix fluid amplifier 36 where the gases are mixed to create a stoichiometric combustible gas mixture 210 . combustible gas mixture 210 is introduced to mixing chamber 10 which functions as a plenum to uniformly distribute combustible gas mixture 210 across burner plate 15 via a first fluid path . a flame , flame front , or series of smaller flames 52 is created and is anchored by the burner plate 15 , burner plate 15 thereby acting as a flame source . motive excess air 12 is used with second fluid amplifier 30 to educt additional excess air 212 into and through the center of spray gun applicator 4 via a second fluid path . excess air 12 , 212 is drawn around powder transport tube 228 and flows to deflector 211 . here , “ around ” means on all or various sides . deflector 211 diverts excess air 12 , 212 into flame 52 . excess air 12 , 212 is mixed with flame 52 which insures complete combustion and begins to cool the combustion gas . deflector 211 also diverts excess air 12 , 212 across powder injection nozzle 28 and keeps the nozzle 28 cool so that powdered coating materials do not stick to and foul the nozzle 28 . cooling or dilution air 13 is emitted through an annular orifice via a third fluid path , which serves to keep the walls of combustion chamber 11 and the exterior surface of thermal spray gun 4 from overheating and to further cool the combustion products / combustion gas and create hot carrier gas 14 . referring to fig7 , a diagram is presented that illustrates how a gas - particle mixture , e . g ., fusible powder 229 , is entrained in hot carrier gas 14 in the embodiment of the spray gas applicator presented in fig6 . fusible powder 229 is transported though powder transport tube 228 to powder injection nozzle 28 . fusible powder 229 then mixes with hot carrier gas 14 and becomes fusible powder entrained in hot gas 29 . referring to fig8 a , an exploded isometric view of a preferred embodiment of air deflector 211 , powder nozzle 28 and powder transport tube 228 is presented . air deflector 211 serves to mix excess air 12 , 212 with the flame in order to rapidly complete combustion and allow the flame to remain within combustion chamber 11 . referring to fig8 b a perspective view of a preferred embodiment of a subassembly comprising powder nozzle 28 , powder tube 228 , deflector 211 and burner plate 15 is presented . fig8 c presents a cross sectional view of the subassembly shown in fig8 b . in this embodiment , powder nozzle 28 is disposed concentric to and attached to powder tube 228 . deflector 211 is disposed concentric to powder nozzle 28 . there is an annular space between deflector 211 and powder nozzle 28 to allow for gas flow . burner plate 15 is disposed concentric to deflector 211 . there is also an annular space between burner plate 15 and deflector 211 to allow for gas flow . there is also a standoff space between burner plate 15 and deflector 211 to allow for gas flow . referring to fig9 a and 9b , schematic diagrams are presented that show that without air deflector 211 , the flame is 8 inches to 10 inches long when operating at 120 , 000 btu per hour . with the air deflector 211 the flame is reduced to approximately 1 inch long when operating at 120 , 000 btu per hour . referring to fig1 , a front elevation view of an embodiment of spray gun applicator comprising burner plate 15 , deflector 211 and powder injection nozzle 28 is presented . fig1 a and 11b show burner plate designs that mitigate burner noise . burner noise is problematic with many burner designs and becomes evident as loud screech noises . the applicants discovered that burner plate geometries that served to “ break - up ” the flat face of burner plate 15 were effective at mitigating noise . fig1 b illustrates a preferred embodiment . in this view , burner plate 15 is a combination of perforated round hole mesh 231 in combination with an annular ring of square hole mesh 233 around the perimeter . fig1 a shows a geometric configuration that works to some extent but not as well as the preferred embodiment shown in fig1 b . referring to fig1 a - 12d , the applicants discovered that the shape of the semi - enclosed combustion chamber 11 was important in keeping the flame from exiting the chamber and in preventing the powder injection nozzle 28 from heating up . a preferred embodiment of combustion chamber 11 has the shape of a diverging frustum of a cone as illustrated in fig1 d . this shape was determined through experimentation with converging , straight , and diverging shapes of different lengths . the shape of the diverging cone enables the hot gases from combustion chamber 11 to expand . hence , the flame is not propelled out of combustion chamber 11 but stays anchored to burner plate 15 . the applicants also discovered that the diverging shape also discouraged the heating up of powder nozzle 28 . in contrast , straight walled and converging shapes for combustion chamber 11 caused powder nozzle 28 to heat up and foul with fusible powder . many variations of the invention will occur to those skilled in the art . some variations include trip plates , trip lips and / or bluff bodies . other variations call for flame tubes holes or perforated walls , serpentine paths and / or fluid amplifiers with annular nozzles and / or air knives . all such variations are intended to be within the scope and spirit of the invention . although some embodiments are shown to include certain features , the applicants specifically contemplate that any feature disclosed herein may be used together or in combination with any other feature on any embodiment of the invention . it is also contemplated that any feature may be specifically excluded from any embodiment of the invention . | 2 |
fig1 illustrates a micro - electro - mechanical system ( mems ) mirror device 100 in one embodiment of the invention . device 100 includes a mirror 102 , anchors 104 and 106 , a serpentine spring 108 coupling mirror 102 to anchor 104 , and a serpentine spring 110 coupling mirror 102 to anchor 106 . typically anchors 104 and 106 suspend mirror 102 to allow mirror 102 to rotate along the rotational axis of springs 108 and 110 . mirror 102 can include rotational fingers 111 a that are interdigitated with in - plane or out - of - plane stationary fingers 111 b . rotational fingers 111 a and stationary fingers 111 b can be driven in a variety of fashion to oscillate mirror 102 . on the left side of device 100 , anchor 104 has a row 112 of holes 114 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of anchor 104 to spring 108 . row 112 is parallel to the rotational axis of spring 108 . mirror 102 also has a row 116 of holes 118 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of mirror 102 to spring 108 . row 116 is also parallel to the rotational axis of spring 108 . on the right side of device 100 , anchor 106 has a row 122 of holes 124 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of anchor 106 to spring 110 . row 122 is parallel to the rotational axis of spring 110 . mirror 102 also has a row 126 of holes 128 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of mirror 102 to spring 110 . row 126 is also parallel to the rotational axis of spring 110 . mirror 102 has a slot 130 near its upper perimeter and a slot 132 near its bottom perimeter . slots 130 and 132 divide mirror 102 into a reflective region 134 and sacrificial portions 136 and 138 . each sacrificial portion can include alignment marks for the trimming process . when the material between two neighboring alignment marks is removed , then the natural frequency of the device changes by a known amount . the natural frequency of device 100 can be reduced by increasing the lengths of springs 108 and 110 . the natural frequency of device 100 can be increased by reducing the inertia of mirror 102 . thus , any combination of mirror 102 , anchor 104 , and anchor 106 can be trimmed to physically adjust the natural frequency of device 100 . referring to fig1 and 2 , the lengths of springs 108 and 110 can be increased in multiple ways . material 140 between the perimeter of anchor 104 and the outermost hole 114 in row 112 can be removed to lengthen spring 108 . material 142 between adjacent holes 114 in row 112 can be removed to further lengthen spring 108 . material 144 between the perimeter of mirror 102 and the outermost hole 118 in row 116 can be removed to length spring 108 . material 146 between adjacent holes 118 in row 116 can be removed to further lengthen spring 108 . similarly , material 150 between the perimeter of anchor 106 and the outermost hole 124 in row 122 can be removed to lengthen spring 110 . material 152 between adjacent holes 124 in row 122 can be removed to further lengthen spring 110 . material 154 between the perimeter of mirror 102 and the outermost hole 128 in row 126 can be removed to length spring 110 . material 156 between adjacent holes 128 in row 126 can be removed to further lengthen spring 110 . materials from mirror 102 and anchors 104 and 106 can be removed by a laser beam or an ion beam . referring to fig3 , the inertia of mirror 102 can be reduced by trimming sacrificial portions 136 and 138 of mirror 102 . sacrificial portions 136 and 138 can be trimmed by a laser beam or an ion beam . in one embodiment , each sacrificial portion can consist of two smaller individual pieces when a large range of adjustment is not necessary . fig4 illustrates a mems mirror device 400 in one embodiment of the invention . device 400 includes a mirror 402 , anchors 404 and 406 , a linear spring 408 coupling mirror 402 to anchor 404 , and a linear spring 410 coupling mirror 402 to anchor 406 . typically anchors 404 and 406 suspend mirror 402 to allow mirror 402 to rotate along the rotational axis of springs 408 and 410 . mirror 402 include rotational fingers 411 a that are interdigitated with in - plane or out - of - plane stationary fingers 411 b . rotational fingers 411 a and stationary fingers 411 b can be driven in a variety of fashion to oscillate mirror 102 . on the left side of device 400 , anchor 404 has two rows 412 a and 412 b of holes 414 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of anchor 404 to spring 408 . rows 412 a and 412 b are parallel to the rotational axis of spring 408 . mirror 402 also has two rows 416 a and 416 b of holes 418 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of mirror 402 to spring 408 . rows 416 a and 416 b are also parallel to the rotational axis of spring 408 . on the right side of device 400 , anchor 406 has two rows 422 a and 422 b of holes 424 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of anchor 406 to spring 410 . rows 422 a and 422 b are parallel to the rotational axis of spring 410 . mirror 402 also has two rows 426 a and 426 b of holes 428 ( only one is labeled for clarity ) located adjacent to the attachment location of mirror 402 to spring 410 . rows 426 a and 426 b are also parallel to the rotational axis of spring 410 . mirror 402 has a slot 430 near its upper perimeter and a slot 432 near its bottom perimeter . slots 430 and 432 divide mirror 402 into a reflective region 434 and sacrificial portions 436 and 438 . alternatively , each sacrificial portion can consist of two smaller individual pieces . each sacrificial portion can include alignment marks 439 for the trimming process . the natural frequency of device 400 can be reduced by increasing the lengths of springs 408 and 410 . the natural frequency of device 400 can be increased by reducing the inertia of mirror 402 . thus , any combination of mirror 402 , anchor 404 , and anchor 406 can be trimmed to physically adjust the natural frequency of device 400 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the lengths of springs 408 and 410 can be increased in multiple ways . materials 440 between the perimeter of anchor 404 and the outermost holes 414 in rows 412 a and 412 b can be removed to lengthen spring 408 . materials 442 between adjacent holes 414 in each row can be removed to further lengthen spring 408 . materials 444 between the perimeter of mirror 402 and the outermost holes 418 in rows 416 a and 416 b can be removed to length spring 408 . materials 446 between adjacent holes 418 in each row can be removed to further lengthen spring 408 . similarly , materials 450 between the perimeter of anchor 406 and the outermost holes 424 in rows 422 a and 422 b can be removed to lengthen spring 410 . materials 452 between adjacent holes 424 in each row can be removed to further lengthen spring 410 . materials 454 between the perimeter of mirror 402 and the outermost holes 428 in rows 426 a and 426 b can be removed to length spring 410 . materials 456 between adjacent holes 428 in each row can be removed to further lengthen spring 410 . material from mirror 402 and anchors 404 and 406 can be removed by a laser beam or an ion beam . referring to fig6 , the inertia of mirror 402 can be reduced by trimming sacrificial portions 436 and 438 of mirror 402 . sacrificial portions 436 and 438 can be trimmed by a laser beam or an ion beam . as described before , each sacrificial portion can consist of two smaller individual pieces when a large range of adjustment is not necessary . as described before , the natural frequency of the device changes by a known amount when the material between two neighboring alignment marks 439 is removed . fig7 illustrates a mems mirror device 700 in one embodiment of the invention . a mirror 702 has beam structures 703 and 705 with rotational fingers 709 . rotational fingers 709 a are interdigitated with in - plane or out - of - plane stationary fingers 709 b . the rotational and stationary fingers can be driven in a variety of fashion to oscillate mirror 702 . anchors 704 a and 704 b are located within openings in beam structure 703 . an anchor 704 c is located at the end of beam structure 703 . serpentine springs 708 couple beam structure 703 to anchors 704 a , 704 b , and 704 c . anchors 706 a and 706 b are located within openings in beam structure 705 . an anchor 706 c is located at the end of beam structure 705 . serpentine springs 710 couple beam structure 705 to anchors 706 a , 706 b , and 706 c . typically anchors 704 a , 704 b , 704 c , 706 a , 706 b , and 706 c suspend mirror 702 to allow mirror 702 to rotate along the rotational axis of springs 708 and 710 . mirror 702 has a slot 730 near its upper perimeter and a slot 732 near its bottom perimeter . slots 730 and 732 divide mirror 702 into a reflective region 734 and sacrificial portions 736 and 738 . alternatively , each sacrificial portion can consist of two individual pieces extending from reflective region 734 . each sacrificial portion can include alignment marks for the trimming process . the natural frequency of device 700 can be reduced by decoupling one or more of springs 708 and 710 . the natural frequency of device 700 can be increased by reducing the inertia of mirror 702 . thus , any combination of mirror 702 and springs 708 and 710 can be trimmed to physically adjust the natural frequency of device 700 . referring to fig8 , any of springs 708 and 710 can be decoupled . springs 708 and 710 can be decoupled by severing the spring . springs 708 and 710 can be severed by a laser beam or an ion beam . in addition , the previously described rows of holes can be placed adjacent to the mounting locations of springs 708 and 710 so that they can be connected to lengthen springs 708 and 710 . the inertia of mirror 702 can be reduced by trimming sacrificial portions 736 and 738 of mirror 702 . sacrificial portions 736 and 738 can be trimmed by a laser beam or an ion beam . as described before , each sacrificial portion can consist of two smaller individual pieces when a large range of adjustment is not necessary . as described before , the natural frequency of the device changes by a known amount when the material between two neighboring alignment marks 439 is removed . various other adaptations and combinations of features of the embodiments disclosed are within the scope of the invention . for example , the design of the mirrors and the trimming / tuning method can be applied to electromagnetic scanning mirror , parallel plate electrostatic scanning mirror , thermally actuated scanning mirror , and piezoelectric scanning mirror . numerous embodiments are encompassed by the following claims . | 6 |
the following examples are given to further illustrate the present invention . the scope of the invention is not , however , meant to be limited to the specific details of the examples : in most cases one isomer ( probably cis ) could be isolated by direct crystallization : a solution of 100 gm . of 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde . 78 . 7 gm . of benzylamine , and 800 ml . of anhydrous ether was refluxed for 14 hours and then concentrated in vacuo to an oil . distillation provided 144 . 3 gm . of clear oil , b . p . 152 °- 154 ° ( 1 . 2 torr ). to 450 ml . of xylene was added 143 . 3 gm of 3 - methoxyphenylbenzylidenebenzylamine and 63 . 9 gm . of succinic anhydride . the solution was refluxed for 15 hours , cooled and extracted with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . after washing the basic solution with ether , the aqueous phase was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to provide a white gum . the gum was dissolved in ether , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a semi - solid which was titurated with anhydrous ethyl ether and the resultant solid removed by filtration and discarded . concentration in vacuo provided 18 . 5 g of the desired product as a gum . a solution of 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 3methoxyphenyl )- 5 - oxopyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylic acid in 647 ml . of 10 - 15 % boron fluoride - methanol was refluxed for 4 hours . concentration in vacuo provided an orange oil which was dissolved in chloroform , washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , and dried ( na 2 so 4 ). filtration and concentration in vacuo provided 42 . 1 gm . of the product as an orange oil . to 42 . 1 gm . of methyl 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 5 - oxopyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylate in 436 ml . of absolute methanol was slowly added at - 10 ° to - 5 °, 37 . 9 gm . of sodium borohydride . the reaction mixture was left in the ice bath until it came to ambient temperature . concentration in vacuo provided a white gum which was suspended in water and heated to 50 ° c . the gum was extracted with chloroform , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 22 . 8 gm . of yellow oil . to 21 . 4 gm . of 1 - benzyl - 4 - hydroxymethyl - 5 -( 3methoxyphenyl ) pyrrolidin - 2 - one in 40 ml . of potassium dried pyridine was slowly added at - 4 ° to - 7 °, 14 . 4 gm of p - toluenesulfonyl chloride . the reaction mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 15 ° and then diluted with 180 ml of 10 % hydrochloric acid . the gum was extracted with chloroform , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to provide 24 . 6 gm . of the desired products as an oil . ir ( chcl 3 ): 1165 - 1195 cm - 1 ; 1335 - 1375 cm - 1 a solution of 3 . 0 gm . of 1 - benzyl - 4 -( p - toluenesulfonyloxymethyl - 5 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl ) pyrrolidin - 2 - one , 60 ml . of dimethylformamide , and 6 . 0 gm . of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine was refluxed for 4 hours . the reaction was poured into 300 ml . of ice and set overnight . the aqueous solution was acidified with 10 % hydrochloric acid and extracted with ether ; basification of the acid phase with potassium carbonate followed by extraction with ether which was then dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and concentration in vacuo gave yellow oil . after dissolving the oil in anhydrous ether , dry hydrogen chloride gas was bubbled in to form the hydrochloride . the solid was collected by filtration and washed twice with anhydrous ether . recrystallization from acetonitrile provided 0 . 8 gm . of colorless crystals , mp 207 °- 210 °. analysis : calculated for c 21 h 27 cln 2 o 2 : c , 67 . 27 ; h , 7 . 26 ; cl , 9 . 46 ; n , 7 . 47 . found : c , 67 . 03 ; h , 7 . 47 ; cl , 9 . 68 ; n , 7 . 47 . a solution of 85 . 4 gm . of 3 - methoxybenzaldhyde , 58 . 7 gm . of aniline , and 185 gm . of 3a molecular sieves in 700 ml . of anhydrous ether was refluxed for 16 hours . the ether was dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to an oil which upon distillation provided 93 . 2 gm of oil . b . p . 141 °- 143 °/ 0 . 5 torr . a solution of 42 . 3 gm . of 3 - methoxybenzylidenaniline , 20 gm . of succinic anhydride and 200 ml . of xylene was refluxed for 16 hours . the crude product was obtained as a solid via the same workup used for example 1b . recrystallization from ethyl acetate followed by a second recrystallization from acetonitrile provided 21 . 0 gm . of colorless crystals , m . p . 145 °- 149 °. analysis : calculated for c 18 h 17 no 4 : c , 69 . 44 %; h , 5 . 51 %; n , 4 . 50 %. found : c , 69 . 11 %; h , 5 . 41 %; n , 4 . 35 %. a solution of 25 . 0 gm . of 2 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 5 - oxo - 1 - phenylpyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylic acid in 200 ml 10 - 15 % boron fluoride - methanol was refluxed for 8 hours and upon following the workup for example 1c the product was obtained as an oil . to 26 . 7 gm . of methyl 2 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 5 - oxo - 1 - phenylpyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylate in 200 ml of absolute methanol was added slowly at 0 °- 10 ° 24 . 8 gm . of sodium borohydride . the reaction was run and worked up following the procedure of example 1d . drying ( na 2 so 4 ), filtration , and concentration in vacuo provided 17 . 2 gm . of colorless crystals , m . p . 123 °- 126 °. to 17 . 2 gm . of 4 - hydroxymethyl - 5 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 - phenylpyrrolidin - 2 - one in 35 ml . of dry pyridine was added at 5 °- 10 ° 12 . 2 gm of p toluenesulfonyl chloride over one hour . workup of the reaction following the procedure given in example 1e provided 17 . 6 gm of product as a crude oil . to . 22 . 0 gm of 5 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 1 - phenyl - 4 -( p - toluenesulfonyloxymethyl ) pyrrolidin - 2 - one in 150 ml . of dimethylformamide was added 21 ml . of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine , the solution refluxed for 3 hours and then 21 ml . more of 40 % aqueous dimethylamine added and reflux continued for an additional 3 hours . after cooling the reaction was decanted into ice water and acidified . extraction with ether following by basification of the aqueous phase with potassium carbonate yielded a semi - solid which was extracted with chloroform , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to a solid . recrystallization from acetonitrile provided 7 . 0 gm . of beige crystals , m . p . 88 °- 92 °. analysis : calculated for c 20 h 24 n 2 o 2 : c , 74 . 04 %; h , 7 . 46 %; n , 8 . 64 %. found : c , 74 . 71 %; h , 7 . 32 %; n , 8 . 43 %. a mixture of 40 . 5 gm . of 1 - n - benzyl - 5 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl - 4 -( p - toluenesulfonyloxymethyl ) pyrrolidin - 2 - one , 160 ml . of acetic acid , and 100 ml . of 48 % hydrobromic acid was added and refluxed for 6 hours ; an additional 100 ml . of 48 % hydrobromic acid was added and reflux continued for an additional 3 hours . the reaction mixture was cooled and poured into 2 . 0 l . of ice water ; the resulting gum was extracted with chloroform , washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to 24 . 3 g . of a semi - solid . a solution of 24 . 3 gm . of 1 - n - benzyl - 4 - bromomethyl - 5 -( 3 - hydroxyphenyl ) pyrrolidin - 2 - one , 300 ml . of dimethylformamide , and 0 . 10 gm . of sodium bromide was brought to reflux and n , n - dimethylamine gas was bubbled into the reaction during the 6 hour reflux period . upon cooling , the reaction mixture was poured into 1 . 0 l . of water and extracted with a 2 : 1 mixture of ether - chloroform . the aqueous layer was basified with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and extracted with a 1 : 1 ether - chloroform solution . drying ( na 2 so 4 ), filtration , and concentration in vacuo provided an oil . trituration of the oil with acetonitrile gave a light tan product which was then dissolved in a minimal amount of dilute hydrochloric acid and filtered . basification with potassium carbonate provided a gum which was extracted with chloroform , dried ( na 2 so 4 ), filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to a brittle oil which upon trituration with a small amount of acetonitrile provided 1 . 68 g of colorless crystals , m . p . 159 °- 160 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 20 h 24 n 2 o 2 . 1 / 2h 2 o : c , 72 . 08 %; h , 7 . 50 %; n , 8 . 40 %. found : c , 72 . 29 %; h , 7 . 23 %; n , 8 . 16 %. 8 . 3 g ( 0 . 0436 mole ) of 2 - phenylglutaric anhydride and 5 . 2 g ( 0 . 0436 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and methylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° in 50 ml of xylene for 12 hr . after cooling the solid is collected and washed with xylene and ether : 7 . 6 g of 2 , 3 - diphenyl - 1 - methyl - piperidin - 6 - one - 3 - carboxylic acid , mp 268 °- 72 ° ( diastereomeric mixture ). a solution of 7 . 3 g ( 0 . 0263 mole ) of the above compound in 10 ml of thf is treated with diborane generated from 7 . 5 g of nabh 4 in 150 ml of diglyme and 50 . 6 ml of bf 3 - etherate in 150 ml of diglyme . after completion of the reaction 30 ml of 6n hcl are added very slowly at first . 100 ml of water are added and the thf removed in vacuo . the water solution is adjusted to ph 8 - 9 with 6n naoh and extracted with methylenechloride . the gummy residue ( 6 . 3 g ) is crystallized from ether : 4 . 2 g ( 62 %) of title compound mp 138 °- 44 ° ( very likely diastereomeric mixture ). 57 . 5 g ( 0 . 327 mole ) of phenylsuccinic anhydride and 39 g ( 0 . 327 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from benzyldehyde and methylamine according to the general procedure , are refluxed at 140 ° in 400 ml of xylene for 12 hr . after cooling to 0 c . the solid is collected and washed with xylene and ether : 83 . 2 g ( 86 % yield ) of 2 , 3 - diphenyl - 1 - methyl - pyrrolidin - 5 - one - 3 carboxylic acid mp 247 °- 52 ° ( diastereomeric mixture ), less polar minor isomer mp 290 °- 3 °, more polar major isomer mp 295 °- 61 ° c . 14 . 7 g of the above acid ( 0 . 03 mole ) are dissolved in 300 ml of thf and treated at 5 °- 10 ° with diborane , generated from 15 g of nabh 4 in 350 ml of diglyme and 101 ml of bf 3 - etherate in 200 ml of diglyme . after completion of the reaction 250 ml of 6n hcl are added at first very slowly . after the addition of 300 ml of water the thf is removed in vacuo . the water solution is adjusted to ph 8 - 9 with 6n naoh . after cooling to 0 the crystals are collected and dried : 9 . 7 g ( 74 %) of title compound , mp 99 °- 102 ° ( diastereomeric mixture ). 8 . 8 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of phenylsuccinic anhydride and 10 . 5 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and 2 - phenylethylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° in 150 ml of xylene for 5 hr . after cooling the solid is collected and washed with xylene and ether : 11 . 4 g ( 59 %) of 2 , 3 - diphenyl - 1 -( 2phenylethyl )- pyrrolidin - 5 - one - 3 - carboxylic acid mp 207 °- 9 ° ( one isomer ). concentration of the ml gave additional 3 . 8 g ( 20 %) of 14b ( second isomer contaminated with major isomer , mp 169 °- 76 °. a solution of 10 . 8 g ( 0 . 028 mole ) of major isomer in 150 ml of thf is treated with diborane and worked the same as for 32 . 10 . 2 g ( 100 %) of the gummy amine are dissolved in 50 ml of methanol and 2 . 7 ml of 10n hcl . the solvents are evaporated in vacuo and the residue treated with 100 ml of 2 - propanol . after cooling the crystals are collected : 8 . 7 g ( 79 %) of title compound mp 171 °- 3 °. 8 . 9 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of phenylsuccinic anhydride and 12 . 7 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde and 2 - phenylethylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° in 150 ml of xylene for 5 hr . after cooling the crystals are collected : 12 . 5 g ( 60 %) of 2 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 3 - phenyl - 1 -( 2 - phenylethyl ) pyrrolidine - 5 - one - 3 - carboxylic acid ( isomer ) mp 182 - 4 . concentration of the ml gave additional 4 . 2 g ( 20 %) of acid ( contaminated with major isomer , mp 71 °- 8 °. a solution of 12 . 5 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of major acid in 150 ml of thf is treated with diborane and worked up same as for example 4 11 . 5 g ( 99 %) of gummy amine are dissolved in 50 ml of methanol and 3 . 5 ml ion hcl . evaporation and crystallization from 120 ml of 2 - propanol gave 9 . 6 g ( 76 %) of title compound , mp 143 ° - 5 °. 10 . 3 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of ( 3 - methoxyphenyl ) succinic anhydride and 10 . 5 g of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and 2 - phenylethylamine , are refluxed aet 140 ° in 100 ml of xylene for 5 hr . after cooling 10 . 4 g ( 50 %) of 3 -( 3 - methoxyphenyl )- 2 - phenyl - 1 -( 2 - phenylethyl )- pyrrolidin - 5 - one - 3 - carboxylic acid ( one isomer ) mp 203 °- 5 °, are collected . a solution of 10 . 0 g ( 0 . 0243 mole ) of above acid in 170 ml of thf are treated with diborane and worked up same as for example 4 . the 9 . 2 g ( 98 %) of gummy amine are dissolved in 100 ml of methanol and 3 ml of ion hcl . evaporation and crystallization from 2 - propanol - acetone - ether / 1 : 2 : 10 gave 6 . 8 g ( 68 %) of title compound mp 153 °- 5 ° c . 5 . 2 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of diglycolic anhydride and 10 . 5 g ( 0 . 05 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and 2 - phenylethylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° in 70 ml of xylene for 5 hr . after cooling the solid is collected : 1 . 07 g ( 66 %) of 3 - phenyl - 4 -( 2 - phenylethyl )- morpholin - 5 - one - 2 - carboxylic acid mp 138 °- 44 ° c . a solution of 10 . 5 g ( 0 . 032 mole ) of the above acid in 150 ml of thf is treated with diborane and worked up same as for example 4 . the 9 . 0 g ( 95 %) of gummy amine are dissolved in 100 ml of methanol and 4 ml of ion hcl . after evaporation and suspension in ether 10 . 0 g ( 94 %) of title compound with 3 / 4 h 2 o , mp 88 - 94 ( probably amorphous ), are collected . 1 - n - phenyl - 4 - carboxy - 5 -[ 2 - methoxy - 1 - naphthyl ] pyrrolidin - 2 - one [ 32 . 0 gm 0 . 089 mole ] was treated with methanol [ 225 ml ], boron trifluoride [ 10 . 15 % in methanol , 75 ml ], and refluxed for 3 hours . the solution was cooled to room temperature , the solid filtered and air dried to give a white solid of the methyl ester [ 29 . 5 gm 89 % yield ] having melting point of 168 °- 169 ° c . the above methyl ester [ 28 . 0 gm , 0 . 075 mole ] in methanol [ 300 ml ] was cooled in an ice - bath to 0 ° c . sodium borohydride [ 35 . 0 gm ] was added portion wise with vigorous stirring . the reaction mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature overnight . then poured into water [ 1 liter ] to give a white emulsion , which was extracted with chloroform , the chloroform dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and evaporated to dryness to give a white solid [ 22 . 6 gm , 87 . 3 % yield .] the previous hydroxymethylene compound [ 21 . 0 gm , 0 . 06 mole ] was treated with pyridine [ 200 ml ] and cooled in an ice - bath . paratoluene sulfonyl chloride [ 25 . 0 gm 0 . 13 mole ] was added and the reaction mixture kept at 0 ° c . for 1 hour , then placed in refrigerator overnight . the yellowish liquid was added dropwise , with vigorous stirring , to ice - cold water [ 1600 ml ], the white flocculent precipitate was filtered , washed with ethanol and air dried to give a white solid [ 27 . 2 gm , 90 % yield ]. the above tosylate compound [ 25 . 0 gm 0 . 05 mole ] was dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide [ 175 ml ]. sodium cyanide [ 5 . 3 gm 0 . 11 mole ] was added and the reaction mixture heated on a steam bath for 5 hours . the reddish solution was added dropwise with vigorous stirring to ice - cold water [ 1500 ml ]. the flocculent precipitate was filtered , washed with ethanol and air dried to give the cyano compound as a beige solid [ 14 . 7 gm , 83 % yield ]. the above cyano compound [ 7 . 0 gm , 0 . 02 mole ] was refluxed with 10 % aqueous sodium hydroxide [ 250 ml ] for 5 hours . the clear solution was cooled to room temperature , diluted with water [ 100 ml ] and extracted with chloroform . the aqueous layer was acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid to give a being solid which was filtered , washed with water and air dried to give the title compound [ 7 . 8 gm ]. this was recrystallized from ethanol to give a white solid as a mixture of the cis - and trans - 4 - carboxymethyl - 5 -( 2 - methoxy - 1 - naphthyl )- n - phenyl - pyrrolidin - 2 - one having a melting point of 198 °- 203 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 21 no 4 : c , 73 . 60 ; h , 5 . 60 ; n , 3 . 70 . found : c , 73 . 80 ; h , 5 . 60 ; n , 3 . 59 . 4 - biphenylcarboxaldehyde [ 45 . 5 gm ., 0 . 25 mole ] and aniline [ 23 . 3 gm ., 0 . 25 mole ] were stirred rapidly for one hour at room temperature . the solid reaction mixture was treated with ether [ 50 ml ], filtered and the solid air dried . the white solid was dissolved in chloroform [ 800 ml ], decolorized with charcoal , dried over sodium sulfate , filtered and the chloroform evaporated to dryness to give a white crystalline solid . the white solid of ( 4 - phenyl - benzylidene )- phenylamine , [ 61 . 0 gm ., 95 % yield ] after drying under vacuum , had a melting point of 154 °- 155 ° c . ( 4 - phenyl - benzylidene )- phenylamine [ 60 . 0 gm ., 0 . 234 mole ] and succinic anhydride [ 23 . 4 gm ., 0 . 234 mole ] were refluxed with o - xylene [ 150 ml ] for 24 hours . on cooling , the precipitated solid was filtered , washed with acetone and air dried . the crude solid [ 53 . 5 gm ., 64 % yield ], could be recrystallized from ethyl acetate to give white needles of the title compound having melting point 218 °- 221 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 23 h 19 no 3 : c , 77 . 31 %; h , 5 . 32 %; n , 3 . 92 %. found : c , 77 . 30 %; h , 5 . 25 %; n , 4 . 14 %. benzaldehyde [ 212 gm ., 2 mole ] and benzylamine [ 214 gm ., 2 . 0 mole ] were stirred rapidly at room temperature for one hour . ether [ 400 ml ] was added to breakup the yellow emulsion . the ether extracts were dried over sodium sulfate , filtered , and evaporated to dryness to give a yellow oil . the oil was distilled under vacuum [ 0 . 6 mm .- 1 . 5 mm .] at 115 °- 135 ° c . to give a slightly yellow oil [ 360 gm ., 93 % yield ]. benzylidene - benzylamine [ 145 . 5 gm ., 0 . 75 mole ] and succinic anhydride [ 74 . 5 gm ., 0 . 745 mole ] were refluxed with o - xylene [ 750 ml .] for 12 hours . the solid , formed upon cooling to room temperature , was filtered , washed with ethanol and air dried . the solid was recrystallized from ethanol to give white needles of the title compound [ 76 . 0 gm ., 34 % yield ]. after drying under vacuum and over boiling xylene the solid had a melting point of 169 °- 171 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 17 no 3 : c , 73 . 22 %; h , 5 . 76 %; n , 4 . 74 %. found : c , 72 . 98 ; h , 5 . 88 %; n , 4 . 53 %. 2 . 6 - dichlorobenzaldehyde [ 87 . 5 gm ., 0 . 5mole ] and benzylamine [ 53 . 0 gm . 0 . 5 mole ] were strongly agitated with ether for one hour at room temperature . the reaction mixture was dried over sodium sulfate and the etherial solution evaporated to dryness to give a yellow oil . the oil was distilled under vacuum [ 0 . 6 - 1 . 0 mm .] at a temperature of 145 °- 165 ° c . to give a clear oil [ 104 . 6 gm . 85 % yield ] 2 , 6 - dichlorobenzilidene - benzylamine [ 100 gm . 0 . 39 mole ] and succinic anhydride [ 39 . 0 gm . 0 . 39 mole ] were refluxed with o - xylene [ 500 ml ] for 12 hours . on cooling , the precipitate was filtered and washed with a little ethanol . the solid was recrystallized from ethanol to give white needles . after drying over boiling isobutyl methyl ketone and under vacuum for 5 hours , the title compound had a melting point of 179 °- 181 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 18 h 15 no 3 cl 2 : c , 59 . 34 ; h , 4 . 12 ; cl , 19 . 51 ; n , 3 . 85 . found : c , 60 . 23 ; h , 4 . 35 ; cl , 19 . 47 ; n , 3 . 77 . 2 - methoxy - 1 - naphthaldehyde [ 50 . 0 gm . 0 . 27 mole ] and phenylamine [ 25 gm ., 0 . 27 mole ] were refluxed with benzene [ 100 ml ] for 4 hours . the benzene was evaporated to an oil , dissolved in chloroform , the chloroform dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to a green semi - solid of the 2 - methoxy - 1 - naphthylidene - phenylamine [ 68 . 8 gm ., 97 % yield ] 2 - methoxy - 1 - naphthylidene - phenylamine [ 30 . 6 gm ., 0 . 117 mole ] and succinic anhydride [ 11 . 7 gm ., 0 . 117 mole ] were refluxed with xylene [ 150 ml ] for 24 hours . on cooling the yellow solid was filtered , washed with ethanol and recrystallized from acetone to give a mixture of the cis and trans forms of the title compound , having a melting point of 190 °- 197 ° c . analysis : calculated for c 22 h 19 no 4 : c , 73 . 13 %; h , 5 . 26 %; n , 3 . 88 %. found : c , 72 . 84 ; h , 5 . 45 %; n , 3 . 71 %. 11 . 4 g ( 0 . 10 mole ) of glutaric anhydride and 19 . 5 g ( 0 . 10 mole of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and benzylamine , are refluxed in 300 ml of xylene at 140 ° c . for 10 hr . after cooling to 0 ° c . the solid is collected , washed with xylene and ether : 24 . 7 g ( 80 %) of acid . recrystallization from acetone - ether gave 21 . 3 g ( 69 %) of title compound mp 171 °- 4 ° c . example 16 8 . 13 g of ( 4 - chlorophenyl )- succinic anhydride ( 0 . 0386 mole ) and 6 . 3 g ( 0 . 0386 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde and ethylamine , are refluxed in 100 ml of xylene at 140 ° c . for 12 hr . after cooling to 0 ° c . the solid is collected and washed with xylene and ether : 11 . 5 g ( 84 %) of title compound mp 153 °- 6 ° c . ( diastereoisomeric mixture ). 6 . 3 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of ( 4 - chlorophenyl )- succinic anhydride and 6 . 75 g ( 0 . 03 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde and benzylamine , according to the general procedure , are refluxed at 140 ° c . in 90 ml of xylene for 12 hr . after cooling to 0 ° c . the solid is collected , washed with xylene and ether : 9 . 15 g ( 70 %) of title compound mp 76 °- 8 ° c . 9 . 86 g ( 0 . 085 mole ) of diglycolic anhydride and 16 . 5 g of schiff base ( 0 . 085 mole ), prepared from benzyldehyde and benzylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° c . in 220 ml of xylene for 6 hr . after cooling to 0 ° c . the solid is collected and washed with ether : 14 . 5 g ( 54 %) mp 170 °- 9 ° c . recrystallization from methylenechloride ( little ) and ether gave 11 . 3 g ( 43 %) of title compound mp 177 °- 81 ° c . 9 . 1 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of thiodiglycolic anhydride and 13 . 2 g ( 0 . 07 mole ) of schiff base , prepared from benzaldehyde and benzylamine , are refluxed at 140 ° c . in 120 ml of xylene for 6 hr . after cooling to 0 ° the solid is collected and washed with ether : 7 . 3 g ( 32 %) of title compound mp 132 °- 4 ° c . to 400 ml . of methanol containing 25 ml . of boron trifluoride etherate was added 60 g of 1 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylic acid and the solution refluxed for 8 hours . concentration in vacuo provided an oil which was dissolved in chloroform . the chloroform solution was washed with a saturated sodium carbonate solution , a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution , water , a saturated sodium chloride solution and dried ( na 2 so 4 ). titration and concentraion in vacuo provided 63 g . of an oil . to 82 . 6 g . of sodium borohydride in 950 ml . of methanol at - 5 ° to 0 ° c . was slowly added in portions 63 g . of methyl 1 - methyl - 5 - oxo - 2 - phenylpyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylate . after the addition , the reaction mixture was then allowed to come to ambient temperature over 2 hours . concentration in vacuo gave a semisolid which was suspended in water at 50 ° c . and stirred for 30 minutes . the solid was then dissolved in 3 : 1 chloroform - ether , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to yield 40 g . of an oil . to 27 . 8 g . of 3 - hydroxymethyl - 1 - methyl - 2 - phenyl - pyrrolidin - 5 - one in 40 ml . of potassium hydroxide dried pyridine was added in portions at 0 °- 5 ° 29 . 4 g . of p - toluenesulfonyl chloride . the orange solution was then stirred at 15 ° c . for 4 hours and then decanted into 180 ml . of ice cold 10 % hydrochloric acid . the resulting solid was collected by filtration and washed with water and air dried . washing with ether provided 37 g . of crude product . to 42 g . of 1 - methyl - 2 - phenyl - 3 - tosyloxymethyl - pyrrolidin - 5 - one in 72 . 5 ml . of dimethylsulfoxide was slowly added 5 . 7 g of sodium cyanide at 45 ° c . the reaction was stirred for 3 hours at 100 ° c . and then set at ambient temperature for 18 hours . after decanting into 1500 ml . of ice water , the product was extracted with 2 : 1 chloroform - ether , dried ( na 2 so 4 ) filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to provide 19 . 0 g . of light yellow crystals . a mixture of 19 . 0 g . of 3 - cyanomethyl - 1 - methyl - 2 - phenyl - pyrrolidin - 5 - one , 64 . 0 g . of sodium hydroxide , and 567 ml . of water was refluxed for 8 hours and then set for 16 hours at ambient temperature . the solution was diluted with 300 ml . of water and filtered to remove some insoluble material . acidification of the ice cooled aqueous phase with concentrated hydrochloric acid provided a solid . the solid was collected by filtration , washed with water , and dissolved in chloroform . drying ( na 2 so 3 ), filtration , and concentration in vacuo gave a yellow solid which upon recrystallization from acetonitrile provided 12 . 0 g . of off - white crytsals , mp 166 °- 170 °. analysis : calculated for c 13 h 15 no 3 : % c , 66 . 93 ; % h , 6 . 48 ; % n , 6 . 01 . found : % c , 66 . 70 ; % h , 6 . 70 ; % n , 5 . 92 . a solution of 25 g of 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 , 6 - dichlorophenyl )- 5 - oxopyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylic acid in 247 ml of boron trifluoride methanol was refluxed for 7 hours and then concentrated in vacuo to a solid . the solid was dissolved in chloroform and the chloroform washed with a saturated sodium carbonate solution and then with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . drying ( na 2 so 4 ), filtration , and concentration in vacuo provided 18 g of off - white crystals , m . p . 97 °- 102 °. to 580 ml of methanol was added 72 g . of sodium borohydride at 0 °- 5 °. after the addition , 40 g of methyl 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 , 6 - dichlorophenyl )- 5 - oxopyrrolidin - 3 - carboxylate was then added in portions at 0 °- 5 °. the reaction was stirred at 10 °- 15 ° and then left standing overnight at ambient temperature . after concentrating the mixture in vacuo to a solid , the crude product was suspended in water at 50 ° and stirred for 30 minutes . the resulting solid was collected by filtration and dissolved in chloroform . drying ( na 2 so 4 ), filtration , and concentration in vacuo provided 48 g of off - white crystals , m . p . 122 °- 126 °. to 40 g of 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 , 6 - dichlorophenyl )- 3 - hydroxymethyl - pyrrolidine - 5 - one in 67 ml of potassium dried pyridine at 5 °- 10 ° was added 23 . 3 g of tosyl chloride over 30 minutes . after the addition , the mixture was stirred for 3 hours at 15 ° and then for 13 hours ambient temperature . the reaction mixture was added dropwise to a stirred ice - water solution and then set at ambient temperature for 72 hours . the light yellow solid was collected by filtration and then air dried . trituration with ether followed by filtration provided 44 . 5 g of colorless crystals , m . p . 110 °- 114 °. to 40 g . of 1 - benzyl - 2 -( 2 , 6 - dichlorophenyl )- 3 - tosyloxymethyl - pyrrolidin - 5 - one in 50 ml of dimethylsulfoxide was slowly added 3 . 92 g sodium cyanide at 45 °. the reaction was then stirred for 48 hours at ambient temperature and then at 100 ° c . for 2 hours . the cooled reaction mixture was slowly added to 1500 ml of ice water with stirring to yield a gummy material which upon further stirring and setting overnight at ambient temperature provided 25 g of crude product after vacuum drying for 18 hours . to 90 ml of water containing 10 g of sodium hydroxide was added 5 . 0 g of 1 - benzyl - 3 - cyanomethyl - 2 -( 2 , 6 - dichlorophenyl ) pyrrolidin - 5 - one . the reaction was refluxed 5 hours , cooled , and filtered . extraction of the aqueous phase with ether followed by addition of ice and acidification with concentrated hydrochloric acid gave a solid which was then triturated with ether to yield beige crystals . vacuum drying ( 0 . 1 torr ) under refluxing toluene for 15 hours followed by recrystallization from ethanol provided upon drying 1 . 50 g of colorless crystals , m . p . 186 °- 188 °. analysis : calculated for c 19 h 17 cl 2 no 3 : % c , 60 . 33 ; % h , 4 . 53 ; % n , 3 . 70 ; % cl , 18 . 75 . found : % c , 59 . 90 ; % h , 4 . 40 ; % n , 3 . 53 ; % cl , 18 . 71 . a mixture of 42 g of schiff base ( prepared from 42 . 4 g of benzaldehyde and 23 . 5 g of 70 % aqueous ethylamine ), 32 g of succinic anhydride , and 200 ml of xylene was refluxed for 24 hours . the reaction was cooled and the precipitate collected by filtration . the crude product was then recrystallized once from ethyl acetate and then from ethanol to yield the product as the first crop of crystals , 5 . 3 g , m . p . 151 °- 156 °. analysis : calculated for c 13 h 15 no 3 : % c , 66 . 93 ; % h , 6 . 48 ; % n , 6 . 01 . found : % c , 66 . 95 ; % h , 6 . 31 ; % n , 6 . 18 . cl example 23 ## str30 ## a mixture of 41 . 9 g of schiff base ( prepared from 25 g of 3 - pyridinecarboxaldehyde and 22 . 3 g of aniline ), 23 g of succinic anhydride and 50 ml of xylene was refluxed for 24 hours . upon cooling , a solid precipitated ; this was collected by filtration and recrystallized once from ethyl acetate and once from ethanol to provide 3 . 9 g of off - white crystals , m . p . 229 °- 232 °. analysis : calculated for c 16 h 14 n 2 o 3 : % c , 68 . 07 ; % h , 5 . 00 ; % n , 9 . 93 . found : % c , 68 . 09 ; % h , 4 . 98 ; % n , 9 . 76 . a mixture of 29 . 4 g of schiff base ( prepared from 21 . 2 g of benzaldehyde and 12 . 0 g of isopropylamine ), 20 g of succininc anhydride , and 50 ml of xylene was refluxed for 24 hours . the reaction was diluted with ether and extracted with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . ice as added to the basic phase followed by acidification with concentrated hydrochloric acid . the precipitate was dried and then recrystallized from ethyl acetate to provide 6 . 0 g of colorless crystals , m . p . 126 °- 134 °. analysis : calculated for c 14 h 17 no 3 : % c , 67 . 99 ; % h , 6 . 93 ; % n , 5 . 67 . found : % c , 67 . 93 ; % h , 7 . 08 % n , 5 . 54 . a mixture of 42 . 3 g of schiff base ( prepared from 85 . 4 g of 3 - methoxybenzaldehyde and 58 . 7 g of aniline ), 20 . 0 g of succinic anhydride , and 200 ml of xylene was refluxed for 16 hours . the reaction was then cooled and extracted with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . ice as added to the basic solution followed by acidification with concentrated hydrochloric acid . the gummy precipitate was collected by filtration ; treatment with ether gave a solid . recrystallization from ethyl acetate followed by a second recrystallization from acetonitrile provided 21 . 0 g of off - white crystals , m . p . 145 °- 149 °. analysis : calculated for c 18 h 17 no 4 : % c , 69 . 44 ; % h , 5 . 51 ; % n , 4 . 50 . found : % c , 69 . 11 ; % h , 5 . 41 ; % n , 4 . 35 . a mixture of 65 . 0 g of schiff base ( prepared from 70 g of 2 , 6 - dichlorobenzaldehyde and 23 . 5 g of 70 % aqueous ethylamine ), 32 . 2 g of succininc anhydride , and 200 ml of xylene was refluxed for 24 hours . the reaction was cooled , diluted with ether , and extracted with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution . ice was added to the basic phase which upon acidification with concentrated hydrochloric acid provided a solid . recrystallization from ethyl acetate gave 6 . 9 g of colorless crystals , m . p . 195 °- 197 °. analysis : calculated for c 13 h 13 cl 2 no 3 : % c , 51 . 67 ; % h , 4 . 34 ; % cl , 23 . 47 ; % n , 4 . 64 . found : % c , 51 . 67 ; % h , 4 . 44 ; % cl , 23 . 60 ; % n , 4 . 59 . in all of the above examples , the temperature degrees are in centigrade . while the invention has been illustrated in particular with respect to specific compounds of the above general formula , it is apparent that variations and modifications of the invention can be made . | 2 |
the salts of the present invention include ursolic acid salt of metformin , corosolic acid salt of metformin , ursolic acid salt of arginine , ursolic acid salt of lysine , ursolic acid salt of meglumine , corosolic acid salt of metformin , corosolic acid salt of arginine , corosolic acid salt of lysine , and corosolic acid salt of meglumine . one equivalent of metformin free base , prepared according the method of u . s . pat . no . 3 , 957 , 853 ( hereby incorporated herein by reference ) may be dissolved in an appropriate reaction inert solvent . the solvent may be a polar solvent such as water . as used herein , the expression “ reaction inert solvent ” refers to a solvent or a mixture of solvents which do not interact with starting materials , reagents , intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product . preferred solvents include methanol , ethanol , n - propanol , isopropanol , acetone , ethyl methyl ketone , diethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone . a particularly preferred solvent for this reaction is acetone . to this solution may be added a solution of one equivalent of ursolic acid or corosolic acid . one equivalent of metformin free base may be dissolved in an appropriate reaction inert solvent . the solvent may be a polar solvent such as water . as used herein , the expression “ reaction inert solvent ” refers to a solvent or a mixture of solvents which doesn &# 39 ; t interact with starting materials , reagents , intermediates or products in a manner which adversely affects the yield of the desired product . preferred solvents include methanol , ethanol , n - propanol , isopropanol , acetone , ethyl methyl ketone , diethyl ketone and methyl isobutyl ketone . a particularly preferred solvent for this reaction is acetone . to this solution may be added a solution of one equivalent of arginine , lysine or meglumine . the ursolic acid and corosolic acid salts of this invention can be isolated from the reaction mixture by methods well known to those skilled in the art , including according to the method set forth in u . s . pat . no . 3 , 957 , 853 , which is incorporated herein by reference , as are all of the other references cited herein . the compounds of the present invention intended for pharmaceutical use may be administered alone or in combination with one or more other compounds of the invention or in combination with one or more other drugs ( or as any combination thereof ). examples of such other drugs are antidiabetics ( e . g ., sulfonylureas , dppiv inhibitors , sglt 2 inhibitors ) antihypertensives ( e . g ., ace inhibitors , ar blockers , diuretics such as hydrochlorothiazide ) and antihyperlipidemics ( e . g ., statins , fibrates , polyunsaturated acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid ). generally , the compounds of the present invention they will be administered as a formulation in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprising one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients . the term “ excipient ” is used herein to describe any ingredient other than the compound ( s ) of the invention . the choice of excipient will to a large extent depend on factors such as the particular mode of administration , the effect of the excipient on solubility and stability , and the nature of the dosage form . pharmaceutical compositions suitable for the delivery of compounds of the present invention and methods for their preparation will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art . such compositions and methods for their preparation may be found , for example , in remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , 19th edition ( mack publishing company , 1995 ), which s incorporated herein by reference . the compounds of the invention may be administered orally . formulations suitable for oral administration include solid formulations , such as tablets , capsules containing particulates , liquids , or powders ; lozenges ( including liquid - filled ), chews ; multi - and nano - particulates ; gels , solid solution , liposome , films ( including muco - adhesive ), ovules , sprays and liquid formulations . for administration to human patients , the total daily dose of the compounds of the invention is typically in the range 1 g to 12 g depending , of course , on the mode of administration . the condition being treated , and the age , sex and weight of the patient . in one embodiment the total daily dose is in the range 1 g to 10 g and in another embodiment the total daily dose is in the range 4 g to 8 g . the total daily dose may be administered in single or divided doses . these dosages are based on an average human subject having a weight of about 65 kg to 70 kg . the physician will readily be able to determine doses for subjects whose weight falls outside this range , such as infants and the elderly . the pharmaceutical composition may , for example , be in a form suitable for oral administration as a tablet , capsule , pill , powder , sustained release formulations , solution , or suspension , for parenteral injection as a sterile solution , suspension or emulsion , for topical administration as an ointment or cream or for rectal administration as a suppository . the pharmaceutical composition may be in unit dosage forms suitable for single administration of precise dosages . the pharmaceutical composition will include a conventional pharmaceutical carrier and a compound according to the invention as an active ingredient . in addition , it may include other medicinal or pharmaceutical agents , carriers , adjuvants , etc . suitable pharmaceutical carriers include inert diluents or fillers , water and various organic solvents . the pharmaceutical compositions may , if desired , contain additional ingredients such as flavorings and binders . methods of preparing various pharmaceutical compositions with a specific amount of active compound are known , or will be apparent , to those skilled in this art . for examples , see remington &# 39 ; s pharmaceutical sciences , mack publishing company , easter , pa ., 15th edition ( 1975 ). a pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be prepared , packaged , or sold in bulk , as a single unit dose , or as a plurality of single unit doses . as used herein , a “ unit dose ” is a discrete amount of the pharmaceutical composition comprising a predetermined amount of the active ingredient . the amount of the active ingredient is generally equal to the dosage of the active ingredient which would be administered to a subject or a convenient fraction of such a dosage such as , for example , one - half or one - third of such a dosage . the relative amounts of the active ingredient , the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier , and any additional ingredients in a pharmaceutical composition of the invention will vary , depending upon the identity , size , and condition of the subject treated and further depending upon the route by which the composition is to be administered . by way of example , the composition may comprise between 0 . 1 % and 100 % ( w / w ) active ingredient . compounds of the formula iii , iv , v and the formula vi can be tested for anti - diabetes activity as follows . male wistar rats , 8 - 10 weeks of age , 210 - 230 g . of body weight ( bw ) are used . the rats are housed at temperature of 18 - 21 ° c . on a 12 hour light - dark cycle . rats are fed on a stock laboratory diet ( 59 % carbohydrates , 17 % protein , 3 % fat , 21 % minerals , water , and cellulose ) and are allowed water ad libitum . diabetes mellitus is induced in wistar male rats by to intravenous injections of alloxan ( 40 mg / kg bw ) in the tail vein . the rats are used in experiments 6 days after the first alloxan injection . fasting glucose , insulin , total cholesterol , and triglycerides levels of these animals are recorded . then rats are treated with metformin hydrochloride ( 100 - 300 mg / kg bw ) for the next 5 days . on the sixth day . fasting glucose , insulin , total cholesterol , and triglycerides levels of these animals are recorded . compounds of the formula iii , iv , v and the formula vi can be tested for antiobesity activity and skeletal muscle strength activity in animal model , according the procedure described by kunkel et al in cell metab . 2011 , 13 ( 6 ), 627 - 638 . the following examples are meant to be illustrative of the practice of the invention , and not limiting in any way . ursolic acid salts metformin was prepared according to the scheme shown below : metformin free base . n , n - dimethylimidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride ( metformin hydrochloride , 4 . 01 g , 24 . 3 mmol ) was dissolved in 1n sodium hydroxide in water ( 24 . 2 ml , 24 . 2 mmol ) and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes . the solution was concentrated in vacuum and the white residue was taken up in 80 ml ethanol . the mixture was carefully concentrated to yield a white solid . the material was taken up in 60 ml ethanol and the solution was filtered to remove precipitated sodium chloride . the filtrate was concentrated to a white solid that was placed on high vacuum overnight to yield metformin free base ( 3 . 18 g , 102 %) as a white solid . ursolic acid metformin salt . metformin free base ( 0 . 80 g , 6 . 2 mmol ) was stirred in acetonitrile ( 30 ml ) for 10 min . in a separate 200 ml round - bottom flask , ursolic acid ( 2 . 00 g , 4 . 38 mmol ) was suspended in acetonitrile ( 100 ml ). the metformin free base solution contained some precipitate ( nacl ), so it was filtered through fluted filter paper into the ursolic acid suspension . the mixture was red stir 16 h . the white solid that formed was isolated by filtration and washed with acetonitrile ( 100 ml ). the solid was dried via suction and placed under high vacuum at 50 ° c . for 4 h to remove any residual solvent . ursolic acid metformin salt ( 2 . 42 g ; yield , 94 %) was isolated as a white powder . melting point ( uncorrected ): 228 - 230 ° c . ( decomposition ). elemental analysis : calculated : c , 69 . 70 %; h , 10 . 15 %; n , 11 . 95 %. found : c , 69 . 52 %; h . 10 . 25 %; n , 11 . 86 %. water : 0 . 11 % ( karl fischer ). 1 h nmr ( 300 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ ppm 0 . 57 - 0 . 72 ( m , 4h ) 0 . 74 - 0 . 93 ( m , 19h ) 0 . 99 ( s , 3h ) 1 . 06 - 1 . 58 ( m , 13h ) 1 . 60 - 1 . 86 ( m , 3h ) 1 . 92 - 2 . 09 ( m , 1h ) 2 . 17 ( d , j = 11 . 46 hz , 1h ) 2 . 90 ( s , 6h ) 2 . 95 - 3 . 04 ( m , 1h ) 4 . 26 ( br . s ., 1h ) 4 . 98 ( bf . s ., 1h ) 6 . 50 - 9 . 00 ( br . s ., 6h ). 13 c nmr ( 101 mhz , dmso - d 6 ) δ ppm 15 . 26 , 16 . 13 , 17 . 24 , 17 . 48 , 18 . 09 , 21 . 55 , 22 . 87 , 23 . 38 , 24 . 77 , 27 . 04 , 28 . 07 , 28 . 31 , 31 . 15 , 32 . 99 , 36 . 59 , 37 . 29 , 38 . 28 , 38 . 40 , 41 . 76 , 47 . 06 , 47 . 29 , 53 . 27 , 54 . 89 , 76 . 88 , 122 . 79 , 140 . 02 , 158 . 21 , 160 . 48 , 180 . 59 . ms ( esi +) for metformin c 4 h 11 n 5 m / z 130 . 1 ( m + h ) + , ms ( esi −) for ursolic acid c 30 h 48 o 3 m / z 455 . 3 ( m − h ) − . hplc retention time : 5 . 868 min . hplc conditions : agilent 1100 hplc ; eclipse xdb - c18 50 × 4 . 6 mm 1 . 8 micron column ; gradient — 5 min 95 % water ( 0 . 10 % tfa ) to 95 % acetonitrile ( 0 . 07 % tfa ); 1 . 5 ml / min ; uv detection at 210 nm . the solubility of metformin ursolate in water was determined by an hplc assay ( conditions given below ). four known concentrations of metformin ursolate dissolved in acetonitrile were assayed by hplc assay and standard linear regression was used to determine the equation for line of best fit . a saturated solution of metformin ursolate in water was assayed in triplicate by hplc . the average auc of the three runs was used to determine the concentration . agilent 1100 hplc ; eclipse xdb - c18 50 × 4 . 6 mm 1 . 8 micron column ; gradient - 5 min 95 % water ( 0 . 10 % tfa ) to 95 % acetonitrile ( 0 . 07 % tfa ); 1 . 5 ml / min ; uv detection @ 210 nm . the solubilty of meltform ursolate in water was found to be 74 μg / ml . ursolic acid was not detected by hplc assay when water saturated with ursolic acid was filtered and the filtrate was assayed as described above , confirming the literature citation that ursolic acid is insoluble in water ( merck index , 11 th edition , page 1556 ). so , metformin ursolate is much more soluble in water than is ursolic acid . | 2 |
to the mixture of 5 g of 5 - hexenol and 17 . 4 g of perfluoro iodobutane , was added 110 mg of aibn at rt under n 2 atmosphere . after 15 mins , another 110 mg of aibn was added . the resulting solution was then refluxed at 70 ° c . for 4 hrs . the reaction mixture was cooled down and used for the next reaction without further purification . to the solution of 2 g of lah in 120 ml of abs . ether , was added slowly ca . 22 g of 7 , 7 , 8 , 8 , 9 , 9 , 10 , 10 , 10 - nonafluoro - 5 - iodo - decanol derivative in 30 ml abs . ether . after addition , the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for two days and then cooled down to 5 ° c . in the ice water . water was added slowly until no gas evolved . the solid was filtered through short column of silica gel , washed with ether and ethyl acetate . the filtrate was combined and the solvent was evaporated . the residue was distilled under vacuum to give 13 g ( 81 % yield ) of the partial - fluoro alcohol . the solution of 9 . 8 g of partial - fluoro alcohol in 40 ml of pyridine was cooled down to 0 ° c . in ice - salt water and 6 g of tscl was added in small portion . after addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for two hours and then placed in freezer (− 20 ° c .) for two days . the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate twice . the combined organic phase was washed with brine , 10 % hcl and again brine three times , and then dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , pure partial - fluoro tosylate was obtained in yield of 98 %. 25 mmol of alkyltosylate or bromide , 25 mmol of pyrimidylphenol derivative , 30 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 50 ml of dmf were mixed together and stirred at rt over night . the reaction mixture was then poured into water . the solid was filtered and washed with water . the crude product was dissolved in ethyl acetate , washed with water and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography . the yield is 65 %. 25 mmol of tosylate or bromide , 25 mmol of 4 - bromophenol , 30 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 50 ml of dmf were mixed together and stirred at rt over night . the reaction mixture was then poured into water and the solid was collected by extraction with ethyl acetate . the organic phase was washed with water and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , pure product was obtained in yield of 100 %. to the dry flask containing 37 mmol of 4 - alkoxy - 1 - bromobenzene and 80 ml of thf , cooled to − 78 ° c ., 21 ml of buli ( 2 . 2m in hexane ) was added slowly . after addition the reaction mixture was stirred at − 70 ° c . for 1 hour and then 17 . 6 ml of triisopropylborate was added slowly . reaction solution was allowed to warm up to rt and stirred at rt over night . then 70 ml of water was added slowly and stirred at rt for two hours . the product was collected by extraction with hexane . the extract was washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by short column chromatography to give pure product in yield of 92 %. to the solution of 1 . 2 g of ethyl 4 - bromobenzoate in 12 . 5 ml of toluene , was added 6 ml of na 2 co 3 ( 2m aqueous solution ), followed by 6 mmol of boronic acid in 3 ml of methanol and 200 mg of pd ( pph 3 ) 4 . the resulting mixture was heated up to 80 ° c . and stirred at this temperature vigorously for 48 hrs . it was then cooled down and partitioned between 30 ml methylene chloride and 25 ml of 2m aqueous na 2 co 3 . the organic phase was separated , washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography . the yield is 86 %. 4 - alkoxyphenylbenzoic acid is prepared by conventional methods as illustrated above . 2 . 2 mmol of benzoate derivative , 3 g of koh and 60 meoh were stirred at 70 ° c . over night . then meoh was removed and the residue is mixed with water and neutralized with conc . hcl . the solid was collected , washed with water and dried under vacuum . the yield is 95 %. 10 g of l - ethyl lactate , 8 . 5 g of 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - pyran , 0 . 5 g ppts and 150 ml of methylene chloride were put together and stirred at rt for two days . the excess solvent was removed and the residue was mixed with 80 / 20 hexane and ethyl acetate . the solid was filtered and the solution was concentrated . the residue was further purified by flash chromatography to give pure product . the yield was 88 %. 4 . 1 g of thp protected lactate in 80 ml of dry ether was added to a mixture of 2 g of lialh4 in 120 ml of dry ether . the addition was controlled to keep a gentle reflux . after addition , the reaction mixture was stirred at rt for 3 hrs and 10 ml of water was added with great care . the mixture was then filtered through a short column of silica gel and washed with ether . the solvent was evaporated to give pure product ( yield ˜ 100 %). the solution of 3 . 2 g of [ s ]- 2 - tetrahydropyranyloxy - 1 - propanol in 30 ml of pyridine was cooled down to 0 ° c . in ice - salt water and 3 . 5 g of tscl was added in small portion . after addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for two hours and then placed in freezer (− 20 ° c .) for two days . the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate twice . the organic phase was washed with brine , 10 % hcl , diluted na 2 co 3 and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 6 g of tosylate ( yield 95 %). 2 . 1 mmol of tosylate , 2 mmol of phenol , 2 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 20 ml of dmf were put together and stirred at rt over night . then the reaction mixture was poured into water and the product was collected by extraction . the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield of over 95 %. 0 . 6 g of [ s ]- 2 - tetrahydropyranyloxy - 1 - propoxyphenyl derivative , 0 . 1 g of ppts and 20 ml of ethanol were stirred at 95 ° c . for 3 hrs and then the ethanol was removed . the residue was mixed with ethyl acetate and filtered through short column silica gel , washed with ethyl acetate . the combined filtrate was evaporated to dryness to give pure product ( yield 82 %). 1 . 5 g of l - ethyl lactate , 4 . 5 g of ag2o and 15 ml of iodobutane were mixed together and stirred at 40 ° over night . the black solid was filtered out and the filtrate was distilled to give 1 . 4 g of product ( yield 65 %). 1 g of ethyl [ s ]- 2 - methyl - 3 - oxo - heptanoate , 0 . 5 g of koh and 15 meoh were stirred at 50 ° c . for 4 hrs . then meoh was removed and the residue is mixed with water , neutralized with conc . hcl and extracted with methylene chloride . the combined organic phase was washed with water for 3 – 4 times and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , 0 . 8 g of product was obtained ( yield 95 %). 80 mg of [ s ]- 2 - methyl - 3 - oxo - heptanoic acid , 150 mg of [ s ]- 2 - hydroxy - 1 - propoxyphenyl derivative , 160 mg of dcc , 10 mg of dmap and 20 ml of methylene chloride were put together and stirred at rt over night . the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated . the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield over 80 %. to the mixture of 210 ml methylene chloride and 4 g of activated 4 å powder sieves , cooled to − 20 ° c ., 1 . 5 g of l -(+) diethyl tartrate and 1 . 5 g of ti ( o — i — pr ) 4 was added with stirring . then 20 ml of tbhp in methylene chloride ( ca . 5 – 6 m ) was added through addition funnel at a moderate rate ( ca . 5 minutes ). the resulting mixture was stirred at − 20 ° c . for 30 minutes and 5 g of cis - 3 - hexene - 1 - ol in 25 ml of methylene chloride was added dropwise over period of 20 mins . the temperature was kept between − 15 to − 20 ° c . the stirring was continued for another hour and then stored in freezer (− 20 ° c .) for two days . after warmed up to 0 ° c ., 30 ml of water was added and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour , while allowing it to warm up to rt . 6 ml of 30 % aqueous solution of naoh saturated with nacl was added and stirred vigorously . after 20 mins , there was a phase separation . the bottom organic phase was removed and top aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride . the combined organic phase was then dried and the solvent was removed . the residue is further purified by distillation to give pure product with yield of 75 %. the solution of 1 g of ( 2s , cis )- 3 - propyloxiranemethanol in 10 ml of pyridine was cooled down to 0 ° c . in ice - salt water and 4 . 5 g of tscl was added in small portion . after addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for one hours and then placed in refrigerator ( 5 ° c .) for three days . the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted with ether . the combined organic phase was washed with 15 % hcl cold solution , saturated nahco 3 and brine , and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was further purified by flash chromatography to give 2 . 4 g of tosylate ( yield 97 %). to the solution of 18 . 5 mmol of tosylate in 180 ml methylene chloride , cooled in dry ice - acetone , was added 5 . 7 ml of hf / py . after addition the reaction solution was allowed to warm up slowly to − 50 ° c . ( it took about 2 hrs ) and placed in freezer (− 25 ° c .) over night . then it was poured into water . separated the organic phase , followed by washed with nahco3 and water . dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , an oil product was obtained , which was used directly for the next reaction ( yield 110 %). to the solution of 0 . 71 mmol of monohydroxy derivative in 30 ml of methlyene chloride , cooled down to − 78 ° c ., was added 0 . 4 ml of dast . after addition , the reaction solution was allowed to warm up to rt slowly and stirred at rt over night . then it was poured into water , extracted with ethyl acetate , washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography . yield is 50 %. 2 . 1 mmol of tosylate , 2 mmol of phenol , 2 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 20 ml of dmf were put together and stirred at rt over night . then the reaction mixture was poured into water and the product was collected by extraction . the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield over 95 %. to the mixture of 210 ml methylene chloride and 4 g of activated 4 å powder sieves , cooled to − 20 ° c ., 1 . 5 g of l -(+) diethyl tartrate and 1 . 5 g of ti ( o — i — pr ) 4 was added with stirring . then 20 ml of tbhp in methylene chloride ( ca . 5 – 6 m ) was added through addition funnel at a moderate rate ( ca . 5 minutes ). the resulting mixture was stirred at − 20 ° c . for 30 minutes and 5 g of cis - 3 - hexene - 1 - ol in 25 ml of methylene chloride was added dropwise over period of 20 mins . the temperature was kept between − 15 to − 20 ° c . the stirring was continued for another hour and then stored in freezer (− 20 ° c .) for two days . after warmed up to 0 ° c ., 30 ml of water was added and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour , while allowing it to warm up to rt . 6 ml of 30 % aqueous solution of naoh saturated with nacl was added and stirred vigorously . after 20 mins , there was a phase separation . the bottom organic phase was removed and top aqueous phase was extracted with methylene chloride . the combined organic phase was then dried and the solvent was removed . the residue is further purified by distillation to give pure product with yield of 75 %. a flask was charged with 34 ml of ccl 4 , 34 ml of acetonitrle and 2 g of ( 2s , cis )- 3 - propyloxiranemethanol . then 11 g of naio4 in 51 ml of water were added , followed by 86 mg of rucl3 to this biphasic solution . the mixture was stirred vigorously for 3 hrs at rt and 100 ml of methylene chloride was added . the organic phase was separated and water phase was extracted with methylene chloride . the combined black organic phase was dried over mgso 4 and concentrated . the residue was diluted with ether and filtered through celite to give colorless solution . after evaporation of solvent a pure product was obtained ( yield 67 %). the solution of 1 g of ( 2s , cis )- 3 - propyloxiranemethanol in 10 ml of pyridine was cooled down to 0 ° c . in ice - salt water and 4 . 5 g of tscl was added in small portion . after addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for one hours and then placed in refrigerator ( 5 ° c .) for three days . the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted with ether . the combined organic phase was washed with 15 % hcl cold solution , saturated nahco 3 and brine , and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was further purified by flash chromatography to give 2 . 4 g of tosylate ( yield 97 %). 200 mg of ( 2s , cis )- 3 - propyloxiranecarboxylic acid , 0 . 9 equivalent of phenol derivatives , 300 mg of dcc , 15 mg of dmap and 20 ml of methylene chloride were put together and stirred at rt over night . the solid was filtered out and the filtrate was concentrated . the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield over 80 %. 2 . 1 mmol of tosylate , 2 mmol of phenol , 2 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 20 ml of dmf were put together and stirred at rt over night . then the reaction mixture was poured into water and the product was collected by extraction . the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield over 95 %. to the mixture of 1 . 65 g of nah in 150 ml of thf , 5 g of [ r ]- glycidol in 5 ml of thf was added . after stirring at rt for 10 mins , 12 g of benzyl bromide was added and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt for 3 hours . it was then hydrolyzed carefully with water and most of thf was removed . the rest was mixed with water and extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent the residue was purified by flash chromatography . yield is 54 % to the solution of 11 g of potassium t - butoxide in 60 ml of t - butanol , was added 2 g of [ r ]- 3 - benzyloxy propylene oxide , followed by 20 g of diethyl isobutyl malonate . the resulting mixture was refluxed for 15 hrs . the t - butanol was removed by distillation and the residue was poured into water . the crude product was collected by extraction with ethyl acetate . the organic phase was washed with brine and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was distillated to remove excess diethyl isobutyl malonate and the rest was further purified by flash chromatography . yield is 72 %. 2 . 3 g of [ r ]- 5 - benzyloxymethyl - 3 - isobutyl - 2 ( 5h )- furanone , 150 mg of pdoh / c in 50 ml of ethanol was stirred at rt over night under h 2 atmosphere . then the catalyst was filtered out and filtrate was evaporated to dryness to give the pure compound in yield of 99 %. the solution of 1 . 5 g of [ r ]- 5 - hydroxymethyl - 3 - isobutyl - 2 ( 5h )- furanone in 10 ml of pyridine was cooled down to 0 ° c . in ice - salt water and 1 . 7 g of tscl was added in small portion . after addition the resulting mixture was stirred at 0 ° c . for two hours and then placed in freezer (− 20 ° c .) for two days . the reaction mixture was poured into ice water and the product was extracted with ethyl acetate twice . the organic phase was washed with brine , 10 % hcl , diluted na 2 co 3 and dried over mgso4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give 6 g of tosylate ( yield 95 %). 2 . 1 mmol of [ r ]- 5 - tosylmethyl - 3 - isobutyl - 2 ( 5h )- furanone , 2 mmol of phenol derivative , 2 mmol of cs 2 co 3 and 20 ml of dmf were put together and stirred at rt over night . then the reaction mixture was poured into water and the product was collected by extraction . the organic solution was washed with brine and dried over mgso 4 . after evaporation of solvent , the residue was purified by flash chromatography to give pure product with yield over 95 %. | 2 |
referring to the drawings , there is shown a hybrid inflator assembly 10 for inflating a vehicle occupant restraint such as an air bag ( not shown ). the inflator assembly 10 comprises a pressure vessel 12 including a storage chamber 14 that is filled and pressurized with an inert gas such as argon or nitrogen to a pressure typically in the range of 2000 - 4000 psi . the chamber 14 is defined by an elongated cylindrical sleeve 16 . a fill plug 18 is attached by a circumferential weld 20 in sealing relation to a first end 22 of sleeve 16 . an initiator / monitor device 24 according to the invention is recessed in sealing relation into chamber 14 from a second end 26 of sleeve 16 . a diffuser 28 extends at substantially a 90 ° angle from the exterior surface 30 of sleeve 16 at a location intermediate the ends 22 and 26 thereof . diffuser 28 is arranged in sealing relation with sleeve 16 and provides a passage for the flow of gas from pressure chamber 14 through one or more normally closed constricting orifices 32 that are provided in the wall of sleeve 16 . the initiator / monitor device 24 includes a chamber 34 which is pressurized to a predetermined reference or control level . the chamber 34 , which is hermetically sealed , is defined by two mirror symmetrical electrically conductive flexible diaphragms 36 and 38 . each of the diaphragms 36 and 38 may have a raised surface 40 and 42 , respectively , as shown , in the central region thereof . adapted for electrical connection between the raised surfaces 40 and 42 is a resistor 44 which may have a value of 100 ohms and serves a low pressure switch monitoring function . resistor 44 is adapted to make and break contact with the diaphragm raised surfaces 40 and / or 42 as the diaphragms 36 and 38 move toward and away from each other from a predetermined spaced relation . when the pressure inside the chamber 34 defined by the diaphragms 36 and 38 , as illustrated in fig7 is set such that it forces the diaphragms 36 and 38 toward each other completing a circuit through the resistor 44 , there is sufficient pressure of stored gas in the vessel 12 for proper inflatable bag inflation . a pressure drop of the stored gas in the vessel 12 forces the diaphragms 36 and 38 apart , opening the circuit through the resistor 44 . the diaphragms 36 and 38 which , typically , may be made out of stainless steel or other suitable material including inconel and carbon steel , are physically positioned in parallel relation to each other . each of the diaphragms 36 and 38 , termed first and second diaphragms , respectively hereinafter , is attached in a symmetrical manner , as by brazing , in sealing relation to a respectively associated electrically conductive protective ring or washer 46 and 48 . the protective rings 46 and 48 , in turn , are mounted in spaced relation to each other on the opposite sides of an electrically non - conductive spacer ring or washer 50 , being hermetically sealed thereto by suitable sealing means indicated at 52 and 54 , respectively . alternatively , the diaphragms 36 and 38 may be attached directly to the electrically non - conductive spacer ring 50 and backed up with the protective rings 46 and 48 or another suitable backing method . more specifically , each of the protective rings 46 and 48 has a first side 56 and 58 , respectively , and a second side 60 and 62 , respectively . the first diaphragm 36 is attached in sealing relationship to the first side 56 of the first protective ring 46 , symmetrically with respect to an aperture 64 in the ring 46 . the second diaphragm 38 is attached in sealing relationship to the second side 62 of the second protective ring 48 , symmetrically with respect to an aperture 66 in the ring 48 . the first side 56 of the first protective ring 46 is disposed in sealing relationship with a first side 68 of the spacer ring 50 . the second side 62 of the second protective ring 48 is disposed in sealing relationship with the second side 70 of the spacer ring 50 . the arrangement is such that the diaphragms 36 and 38 are positioned so that the surfaces 40 and 42 , which may or may not be raised , are directly opposed . apertures or openings 64 and 66 in the protective rings 46 and 48 , respectively , allow external pressure , that is , the pressure outside of the chamber 34 , specifically the pressure of the pressurized or compressed gas that is stored in the pressure vessel 12 , to act on the diaphragms 36 and 38 . electrical leads from the protective rings 46 and 48 are attached to pins or lead wires 72 and 73 , respectively , through a header 76 . to that end , each of the pins 72 and 73 may be welded to a respectively associated one of the protective rings 46 and 48 . positioned in the chamber 34 adjacent the connection of the pins 72 and 73 to the protective rings 46 and 48 , respectively , and extending between the protective rings 46 and 48 , to each of which is permanently connected , is a bridgewire initiator resistor 74 . the value of resistor 74 may be 50 ohms . a suitable housing 78 may be provided to protect the initiator / monitor device 24 . the housing 78 includes a base 80 and parallel vertical walls 82 and 84 that are spaced to receive the assembled diaphragms 36 and 38 , the protective rings 46 and 48 and the spacing ring 50 in a snug fit . cutouts 86 and 88 in the housing 78 expose a substantial portion of each of the protective rings 46 and 48 including the apertures 64 and 66 therein , respectively . the header 76 , as best seen in fig4 mates with the second end 26 of the cylindrical sleeve 16 of the pressure vessel 12 . the sleeve 16 and the adjacent outer region of the header 76 are joined in sealing relation by a circumferential weld 92 . pressurization of the chamber 34 of the initiator / monitor 24 may be effected in a pressurized atmosphere of a combination of combustible gases whose pressure / temperature curve substantially matches that of the compressed gas in the storage chamber 14 during assembly of the diaphragms 36 and 38 to protective rings 46 and 48 , respectively associated therewith , and to the spacer ring 50 . no fill ports are required when the chamber 34 is pressurized during the assembly process . optionally , pressurization may be effected through a fill port 90 provided in protective ring 48 . upon charging or pressurizing the chamber 34 to the desired pressure level through the fill port 90 , the latter may be closed off in any suitable manner . pressurizing the chamber 34 does not involve penetration of the wall of the diaphragms 36 and 38 . this is for the reason that the diameter of the protective rings 46 and 48 , as shown , is sufficiently greater than that of the diaphragms 36 and 38 to allow access to the chamber 34 from the outside through the protective rings 46 and 48 alone . alternatively , the chamber could be pressurized through a hole in the diaphragm and closed off using any suitable method . when the diaphragms 36 and 38 are pressurized internally , as herein disclosed , with low pressure on the outside , that is , externally of the chamber 34 , the diaphragms 36 and 38 are forced apart by the internal pressure in chamber 34 . when the diaphragms 36 and 38 are pressurized externally , the diaphragms are caused to move closer together . in accordance with the invention , the reference or control pressure level to which the chamber 34 is selected to be pressurized typically is lower by about 200 - 300 psi than that of the stored gas in the pressure vessel 12 which is to be monitored by the initiator / monitor device 24 . diffuser 28 comprises a generally cylindrical sleeve 94 that is joined at one end to the sleeve 16 , at a depressed portion 96 of the surface 30 thereof in which the orifice 32 is provided , by a circumferential weld 98 . the other end of sleeve 94 is joined to and sealed by a gas impervious closure plate 100 . a thin metal diaphragm 102 , referred to hereinafter as a third diaphragm , provides a seal for orifice 32 in the wall of sleeve 16 which defines storage chamber 14 . provided in sleeve 94 of diffuser 28 are a plurality of orifices 104 for dispensing inflating gas uniformly from chamber 14 into an air bag assembly ( not shown ). a coarse screen or perforated metal sheet indicated at 106 is provided in the diffuser 28 to cover the diffuser orifices 104 to prevent fragments of the diaphragms from entering the air bag assembly . if filtering is desired , the coarse screen 106 could be replaced with a filter assembly of wraps of metal and / or ceramic fiber materials which are common in the art . further filtering may be achieved by placing impingement filter material indicated at 108 on the inside surface of the fill port and plug 18 opposite the initiator / monitor 24 . filter 108 would be made with woven or matted metal and / or ceramic fibers which functions by providing a large surface area upon which liquid phased particulates entrained in the impinging gases may condense . in the operation of the hybrid gas generator , upon the receipt of an electric signal indicative of the onset of a crash and a need for inflation of an air bag ( not shown ), a diagnostic unit ( not shown ) supplies a large current through the pins 72 and 73 , causing the bridgewire resistor 74 to ignite the gas in the chamber 34 of the initiator / monitor device 24 . when ignited the gas in chamber 34 explodes and ruptures pressure discs 110 in the wall members 46 and 48 of the initiator / monitor device 24 , allowing the hot gas to mix with the stored gas in chamber 14 of the pressure vessel 12 . this heats the stored gas in vessel 12 causing a rapid pressure rise in the chamber 14 . when the pressure of the stored gas exceeds the structural capability of the thin metal diaphragm 102 in the diffuser 28 , the diaphragm 102 ruptures allowing the heated stored gas to vent through the orifice 32 and the diffuser orifices 104 into the inflatable bag assembly . between the diffuser diaphragm 102 and the storage chamber 14 are one or more constricting orifices 32 which throttle the flow of gas from the storage chamber 14 , providing the proper fill rate to the air bag . the coarse screen or perforated metal sheet 106 prevents fragments of the initiator / monitor 24 and diaphragm 102 from entering the air bag assembly . impingement filter 108 on the fill port and plug 18 provides further filtering by condensing thereon liquid phase particles entrained in the impinging gases . in a first embodiment of the invention , the initiator / monitor device 24 acts as an ignition train monitor by the incorporation of an oxidizer gas and a fuel gas , for example , methane , within the internal chamber 34 and with an inert stored gas such as argon or nitrogen contained in the outer chamber 14 within the pressure vessel 12 . in a second embodiment of the invention , it is contemplated that the outer chamber 14 may contain a combustible gas depending upon the energy release needed . in a third embodiment of the invention , as illustrated in fig9 the oxidizer in the internal chamber 34 of the device 24 is in the form of a solid disc . in a fourth embodiment of the invention , as illustrated in fig1 , the pyrotechnic fuel in the internal chamber 34 of the device 24 is in the form of a solid disc . as shown in fig9 the initiator / monitor device 24 &# 39 ; differs from the device 24 shown in fig6 and 7 by the inclusion of a perforated oxidizer disc 112 that is supported between the diaphragms 36 and 38 internally of a non - conductive spacer ring 50 &# 39 ; in the inner chamber 34 with the low pressure switch resistor 44 extending through an aperture 114 in the disc 112 . the device 24 &# 39 ; has combustible gas in the inner chamber 34 . the outer chamber 14 has a gas which may or may not be combustible . the monitor current flows through the pressure monitoring resistor 44 and the bridgewire resistor 74 , monitoring continuity . when and if the pressure in the outer chamber 14 decreases below a threshold value , the resistor 44 breaks continuity and there is a resistance change . if the air bag is to deploy , the bridgewire resistor 74 heats up to a point that the combustible gas and the oxidizer disc 112 combust . this ruptures the pressure discs 110 and heats the gas in the outer chamber 14 . the outer chamber ruptures and gas flows through diffuser 28 into the air bag ( not shown ). the initiator / monitor device 24 &# 34 ; shown in fig1 differs from the device 24 shown in fig7 by the inclusion in the inner chamber 34 of a perforated fuel disc 116 . the disc 116 is supported between the diaphragms 36 and 38 internally of the non - conductive spacer ring 50 &# 39 ; with the low pressure switch resistor 44 extending through an aperture 118 in the disc 116 . thus , the switch / initiator or igniter / generator 24 &# 34 ; need not use a combustible gas . for the function of the switch , it is preferred to use the same gas in the inner chamber 34 , that is , internally of the device 24 &# 34 ;, as is used in the external chamber 14 in order that the detection of whether any of the pressurized gas in the inflator has leaked therefrom may be temperature compensated . thus , in accordance with the four embodiments of the invention disclosed in fig1 - 10 , there has been provided in a single size , weight and cost effective device a low pressure switch / initiator / gas generator for a compressed gas air bag inflator , with the pressure monitoring function being added to the initiation train at little cost . incorporating the initiator and gas generator functions into the differential pressure low pressure switch reduces the cost and complexity of the inflator assembly . in fig1 there is shown another configuration of the hybrid inflator assembly , designated 120 , that includes an initiator / monitor comprising a single liquid filled device 122 that incorporates the squib ( pyrotechnic ) initiator and gas generator functions into a low pressure switch . the inflator assembly 120 comprises a pressure vessel including an inert gas storage chamber 124 that is filled and pressurized with an inert gas such as argon , usually at a pressure of about 3200 psi . chamber 124 is defined by an elongated cylindrical sleeve 126 . an outlet member or diffuser 128 is attached by a circumferential weld 130 to one end 131 of sleeve 126 . at the other end 133 thereof , the sleeve 126 is suitably closed by an end plug 132 . the single liquid filled device 122 is attached , internally of chamber 124 , to the end plug 132 by a suitable support post 134 and a header 135 . the diffuser 128 includes an axial bore 136 that is closed at both ends . being normally arranged in sealing relation of chamber 124 with sleeve 126 , the diffuser 128 provides , upon initiation of the hybrid inflator assembly 120 , a fluid flow passage to an air bag ( not shown ) to be inflated from the chamber 124 through a plurality of constricting orifices . communication between the bore 136 and the chamber 124 interiorly of sleeve 126 is by way of a plurality of orifices 138 that are provided in the wall of the portion of the diffuser 128 that is located within the chamber 124 . a plurality of orifices 140 in the portion of the wall of the diffuser 128 that is located exteriorly of the chamber 124 provide communication between the bore 136 and the air bag ( not shown ). communication in the bore 136 between the plurality of orifices 138 and 140 is normally prevented by means of a rupturable disc 142 . the single liquid filled device 122 includes a combustion chamber 144 which is pressurized to a predetermined reference or control level . the combustion chamber 144 which is hermetically sealed is defined by two mirror symmetrical electrically conductive diaphragms 146 and 148 . similarly to the diaphragms 36 and 38 shown in fig7 , 9 and 10 , each of the diaphragms 146 and 148 , as shown in fig1 and 13 , may have a raised surface 150 and 152 , respectively , as shown in fig1 , in the central region thereof . adapted for electrical connection between the raised surfaces 150 and 152 is a monitoring resistor 154 . resistor 154 may have a value of 50 ohms and serves a low pressure switch monitoring function . resistor 154 is adapted to make and break contact with the diaphragms 146 and 148 as the diaphragms 146 and 148 move toward and away from each other from a predetermined relation . when the pressure in the combustion chamber 144 defined by the diaphragms 146 and 148 is set such that it forces the diaphragms 146 and 148 toward each other completing a circuit through the resistor 154 , there is sufficient pressure for the stored gas in the chamber 124 for proper inflation of the inflatable bag . a pressure drop in the stored inert gas in the vessel 126 forces the diaphragms 146 and 148 apart and opens the circuit through the resistor 154 . the diaphragms 146 and 148 which , typically , may be made out of stainless steel or other suitable material including inconel and carbon steel , are positioned in parallel relation to each other . each of the diaphragms 146 and 148 , termed first and second diaphragms , respectively , is attached in a symmetrical manner , as by brazing , in sealing relation to a respectively associated electrically conductive protective plate , ring or washer 156 and 158 . the protective plates or rings 156 and 158 , in turn , are mounted in spaced relation to each other on the opposite sides of an electrically non - conductive spacer ring 160 , being hermetically sealed thereto by suitable sealing means indicated at 162 and 164 , respectively . alternatively , the diaphragms 146 and 148 may be attached directly to the electrically non - conductive spacer ring 160 and backed up with the protective rings 156 and 158 or another suitable backing method . more specifically , each of the protective rings 156 and 158 has a first side 166 and 168 , respectively , and a second side 170 and 172 , respectively . the first diaphragm 146 is attached in sealing relationship to the first side 166 of the first protective ring 156 , symmetrically with respect to an aperture 174 in the ring 156 . the second diaphragm 148 is attached in sealing relationship to the second side 172 of the second protective ring 158 , symmetrically with respect to an aperture 176 in the ring 158 . the first side 166 of the first protective ring 156 is disposed in sealing relationship with a first side 178 of the spacer ring 160 . the second side 172 of the second protective ring 168 is disposed in sealing relationship with the second side 179 of the spacer ring 160 . the arrangement is such that the diaphragms 146 and 148 are positioned so that the surfaces 150 and 152 , which may or may not be raised , are directly opposed . apertures or openings 174 and 176 in the protective rings 156 and 158 , respectively , allow external pressure , that is , the pressure outside of the combustion chamber 144 , specifically the pressure of the pressurized or compressed gas that is stored in the inert gas chamber 124 to act on the diaphragms 156 and 158 . electrical leads 180 and 182 from the protective rings 156 and 158 are attached to pins or lead wires 184 and 186 , respectively , through the header 135 and the end plug 132 . the pins 184 and 186 are welded to a respectively associated one of the protective rings 156 and 158 . pins 184 and 186 extend through header 135 and end plug 132 through respectively associated glass metal seals 188 and 190 . the initiator / monitor designated 122 , comprising a single liquid filled device , is similar to the initiator / monitor devices 24 , 24 &# 39 ; and 24 &# 34 ; that are illustrated in fig6 - 10 , but incorporates a liquid rather than a gaseous fuel and a pyrotechnic initiator rather than a hot wire or spark discharge system . the device 122 is filled with a liquid hydrocarbon or hydrocarbon - derivative fuel ( such as ethyl alcohol ) stored under a high - pressure , oxidizing environment . the pressure and composition of the oxidant is controlled so that its thermal expansion characteristics closely resemble those of the stored , inert gas that is used to inflate the air bag ( not shown ). by way of example and not limitation , a mixture of oxygen and argon ( with trace quantities of other diluents ) stored in the initiator / monitor 122 at 2500 psi may be used as the oxidant . trace species are included so that the thermal expansion characteristics of the oxidant can be tailored to be similar to those of the stored inert gas in the inert gas chamber 124 . incorporated in the device 122 is a small pyrotechnic charge or a squib 192 that is operative in response to a predetermined high current input through the initiator pins 184 and 186 to cause the stored mixture in device 122 to ignite . pins 184 and 186 extend through end plug 132 and header 135 through respectively associated glassmetal seals 188 and 190 and also are connected in circuit with the monitoring resistor 154 . resistor 154 is used in conjunction with the two flexible diaphragms 145 and 158 and a diagnostic circuit such as shown in fig8 to indicate when the stored gas pressure in chamber 124 of inflator 120 is insufficient to properly inflate an air bag ( not shown ). the electrically non - conductive spacer ring 160 of the external wall of the device 122 ideally would be manufactured from a brittle material such as a suitable ceramic . the spacer ring 160 is required to offer adequate tensile strength to withstand the internal pressure of the flammable mixture stored therein , and enough compressive strength that it can withstand the differential pressure created by the difference in storage pressure between the external , inert gas in chamber 124 and the flammable gas internally thereof , usually 3200 psi and 2500 psi , respectively . upon combustion of the flammable mixture in device 122 , the high internal pressures generated immediately causes brittle fracture of the ceramic body 160 with subsequent escape or venting of the combustion products into the stored , inert gas in chamber 124 . the external wall of the device 122 features a fill port 194 that may be similar to the fill port 90 shown in fig7 and 10 so that liquid fuel can be added to the device 122 before it is filled with oxidant . the fill port 194 , as shown in fig1 , may be provided in the electrically conductive spacer ring 156 . the body of the device 122 can , if desired , incorporate a rupture disc 196 , as shown in fig1 , or a scored surface area ( not shown ) such that the external wall of the device 122 fails in a specific location . with these arrangements , the combustion products flow into the stored inert gas in the chamber 124 through , effectively , an orifice . thus , the invention embodiment illustrated in fig1 , 12 and 13 is similar to the invention embodiments illustrated in fig6 , 8 , 9 and 10 , but it embodies a liquid ( rather than gaseous ) fuel and a pyrotechnic initiator rather than a hot wire or spark - discharge system . the function of the embodiment of fig1 , 12 and 13 of the invention is twofold in that it senses when the stored , inert gas in the chamber 124 of the inflator 120 falls below a predetermined value that is deemed to be acceptable , and additionally , upon initiation of the pyrotechnic initiator , the flammable mixture stored within the device 122 ignites and causes the external wall 160 thereof to rupture violently . since the external wall 160 of the device 122 is in direct contact with the inert gas storage chamber 124 of the inflator 120 , the hot high - pressure gases produced by combustion of the stored mixture immediately mix with the stored inert gas . in this manner the pressure of the inert gas in the inert gas chamber 124 is raised such that the thin rupture disc 142 used to contain the mixture ruptures . this allows the gas mixture to vent into an air bag assembly ( not shown ). the single liquid filled device 122 is physically sized such that sufficient energy is transferred to the stored inert gas to cause its pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture disc 142 to fail . as envisioned and disclosed in the embodiment of the invention illustrated in fig1 - 13 , the liquid fuel in the single liquid filled device 122 lies within the hermetically sealed combustion chamber 144 . depending upon the electrical resistance of the liquid fuel , there could be a possible liquid connection between the electrically energized support plates 156 and 158 . if this was true , the liquid fuel would have to be substantially non - conductive or have a low electrical conductivity , that is , a high resistance . this may also be true of vaporous fuels . if the electrical conduction of the fluid was problematic the construction could be changed so that the liquid fuel is not in electrical contact with the electrically energized pins 184 and 186 . in this connection , as those skilled in the art will understand , the single liquid filled device 122 can make advantageous use of a hybrid squib disclosed in u . s . application for patent bearing ser . no . 08 / 339 , 603 , filed on nov . 15 , 1994 by karl k . rink et al ., which application is assigned to the assignee of the present application . this hybrid squib , designated 198 , as shown in fig1 , includes a squib housing 200 which is suitably sealed to the spacer 160 of the device 122 . a pyrotechnic charge 202 is contained in a pyrotechnic charge holder 204 that is sealed or welded to the squib housing 200 . surrounding the pyrotechnic charge holder 204 is a thin walled output can 206 that is sealed or welded to the squib housing 200 and which contains a liquid fuel charge 208 . a suitable thin sealing separation 210 is provided to separate the pyrotechnic charge 202 and the liquid fuel charge 208 . the material used for the output can 206 is chosen primarily by its resistance to chemical attack by the liquid fuel charge 208 . to provide extra durability and protection , the cover 212 of the output can 206 can be covered by a suitable second substance 214 . a number of materials , such as plastics and metals , can be used for constructing the output can 206 and cover 212 . initiation of the hybrid squib is effected by applying an electric signal to an electrical pin 216 that extends through the squib housing 200 into the core pyrotechnic charge 202 that typically is found in conventional squib designs . the hybrid squib 198 serves several purposes in the fluid - filled inflator . first , it keeps the liquid fuel out of contact with the electrically energized pins 184 and 186 . second , it provides a means for long - term storage of the liquid fuel used to drive the inflation process . the physical size of the liquid fuel output can 206 is chosen by the amount of energy needed to drive the inflation process through combustion of the liquid fuel . third , it provides both an ignition source and a means of delivering atomized fuel into the combustion chamber 144 of the device 122 . in more detail , the function of the hybrid squib 198 is described as follows : upon receiving an electrical signal , the small core pyrotechnic charge 202 ignites and burns violently . the intense heat generated by this reaction is quickly transferred to the liquid fuel charge 208 along with the discharged mass emanating from the charge holder 204 . the combination of these two effects quickly causes the internal pressure and temperature of the liquid fuel held within the output can 206 to rise dramatically such that the output can 206 and cover 212 rupture violently . as a result , the liquid fuel 208 is discharged into the combustion chamber 144 of the device 122 . ignition of the atomized liquid and oxidant mixture immediately occurs due to the presence of residual hot gas and particles created from combustion of the pyrotechnic charge . after this point , the inflation process occurs as previously described herein . with this modification , the quantity of fuel ( liquid or gaseous ) stored in contact with the oxidant would be insufficient to allow combustion of the mixture under any ambient condition . upon receiving an electrical signal , however , the hybrid squib 198 would ignite , discharging hot fuel and radiant particles into the body of the device 122 . this fuel , in combination with any liquid fuel that is stored within the external wall or body of the device 122 , would produce a mixture ideally suited for rapid combustion of the reactants . another variant of this invention is one which incorporates such a hybrid squib 198 entirely in that only an oxidant / inert gas mixture is stored within the body or external wall of the device 122 . the advantage of this concept is that , since all of the fuel is contained in the initiator , specifically , the hybrid squib , the thermal expansion characteristics of the stored oxidant can be easily tailored to be similar to those of the inert gas stored in the inflator inert gas chamber 124 . this is important for proper operation of the low pressure switch . thus , in accordance with the invention , there has been provided a liquid - fueled device to combine , in a single size , weight and cost effective device the functions of a low pressure switch , squib ( pyrometer ) and gas generator , with the pressure monitoring function being added to the initiation train at little cost . incorporating the initiator and gas generator functions into the differential pressure switch reduces the cost and complexity of the inflator assembly . with this description of the invention in detail , those skilled in the art will appreciate that modifications may be made to the invention without departing from the spirit thereof . therefore , it is not intended that the scope of the invention be limited to the specific embodiments that have been illustrated and described . rather , it is intended that the scope of the invention be determined by the scope of the appended claims . | 1 |
referring to fig1 an antenna 1 is connected to a receiver section 2 , signals from which are led to a waveform shaping circuit 3 . the waveform shaping circuit 3 supplies the waveform - shaped output to signal detecting section 6 , a bit synchronizing circuit 7 and a 31 - bit shift register 8 , all in a decoder 5 . the signal detecting section 6 is connected to a programmable read only memory ( prom ) 9 and supplies its output to an alert tone generating circuit 10 , which , with its output , drives a speaker 11 . the bit synchronizing circuit 7 supplies its output to the clock terminals of the signal detecting section 6 and the shift register 8 for their bit synchronization . the outputs # 1 to # 31 of the shift register 8 are supplied to the input terminals of an and gate 16 either through inverters 12 to 15 or directly . the output of the and gate 16 is led to the set terminal of a flipflop 17 whose q terminal output is led to one of the input terminals of a nor gate 18 . to the other input terminals of the nor gate 18 are supplied the outputs of the signal detecting section 6 and an oscillation circuit 20 . the output of the nor gate 18 is led to the base terminal of a switching transistor 21 to control its switching . the switching transistor 21 receives power supply at its emitter from a battery 22 through a switch 23 , and to its collector are connected the receiver section 2 and the waveform shaping circuit 3 . that is , whether or not the power is supplied depends on the switching control of the transistor 21 . the battery 22 also supplies power to the detector 5 and the alert tone generating circuit 10 through the switch 23 , and to the reset terminal of the flipflop 17 by way of the switch 23 and a differentiating circuit consisting of a capacitor 24 and a resistor 25 . referring now to fig2 a , a paging signal includes a preamble signal p , and a call signal including an address signal a and an end - mark signal e . in this particular example , the preamble signal p comprises 38 words ( 5 . 89 sec ); the address signal a , a maximum of 80 words ( 12 . 4 sec ); and the end - mark signal e , 6 words ( 0 . 93 sec ). in fig2 b , for each of the unique words constituting the preamble signal p are assigned 31 bits of 155 msec . the preamble signal p is intended for temporarily suspending the battery saving operation so that the signals following the preamble signal can be received . in fig2 c , for each of the address words constituting the address signal a are also assigned 31 bits of 155 msec . in fig2 d , for each word of the end - mark signal e are assigned 31 bits of 155 msec . and the end - mark signal e itself is made up of the repetition of alternating all &# 34 ; 0 &# 34 ; and all &# 34 ; 1 &# 34 ; words . the specified digital - pattern signal for test , which is a feature of the present invention , has 31 bits per word , as shown in fig2 e . as will be described in detail below , the receiver will suspend or mute its battery saving function upon receipt of this specified digital - pattern signal , thereby placing the receiver in condition for test operation . in such test operation condition , the receiver can be tested and readjusted . fig3 a to 3f are time charts showing waveforms at various points of fig1 when the receiver is in a normal receiving operation . referring to fig1 and 3a to 3f , the antenna 1 receives a carrier wave modulated with a paging signal having the format of fig3 a and supplies the carrier to the receiver section 2 , which demodulates it to provide a demodulated paging signal . the demodulated signal is supplied via the waveform shaping circuit 3 to the signal detecting section 6 , the bit synchronizing circuit 7 and the 31 - bit shift register 8 , all in the decoder 5 . during the normal operation of the receiver , the decoder 5 intermittently supplies power to both the receiver section 2 and the waveform shaping circuit 3 by controlling the switching transistor 21 . the switching transistor is turned on by a signal provided from the oscillation circuit 20 via the nor gate 18 in the cycle shown in fig2 b . if the preamble signal p is detected while power is supplied , the decoder 5 will continue to supply power to the receiver section 2 and the waveform shaping circuit 3 through the nor gate 18 for a duration needed for the detection of the following call signal ( usually about 20 sec ), irrespective of the cycle of fig3 b , as shown in fig3 c , thereby enabling the reception of the address signal a coming in next . in this paging receiver , the source of clock pulses needed for processing digital signals at the decoder 5 consists of the bit synchronizing circuit 7 adapted to receive signals from the waveform shaping circuit 3 . the preamble signal p serves as the frame synchronization signal of the address signal a . when receiving the call signal , the decoder 5 sequentially reads out the contents of the prom 9 in which the paging number of the receiver is written . the signal detecting section 6 compares the demodulated call signal ( fig3 a ) with the read - out contents and , upon detection of coincidence , provides a pulse as shown in fig3 f representing the detection of a desired signal d . the pulse so generated actuates the alert tone generating circuit 10 . the speaker 11 is thereby sounded to let the holder of the receiver know that a desired signal has been received . then , the receiver under power supply again shifts to the battery saving operation upon detection of the end - mark signal e , as shown in fig3 c . fig4 a to 4f are time charts showing waveforms at the points of fig1 like fig3 a to 3f , but these charts in particular refer to the reception of the specified digital - pattern signal for test shown in fig2 e . the specified digital - pattern signal may be given from a code generator which is also able to generate codes for the preamble , address and end - mark signals . reception of this specified digital - pattern signal results in suspension of the battery saving function to permit , for instance , the readjustment of the high frequency section or the measurement of the local oscillation frequency by temperature test or otherwise . the receiver intermittently receives signals in the cycle of fig4 b and , upon receipt of the preamble signal p of fig4 a , suspends the battery saving function for a long enough period to receive the ensuing call signals . the address number of the received call signal is compared with an identification number assigned to the receiver and stored in the prom 9 . at the same time , the specified digital - pattern signal sp of fig4 a is monitored by the shift register 8 , the inverters 12 to 15 and the and gate 16 . if the specified signal is detected , the flipflop 17 is set and , irrespective of the control signals shown in fig4 b and 4c , the output of the flip - flop 17 shown in fig4 d causes power from the battery 22 to be indefinitely supplied through the nor gate 18 and the switching transistor 21 to the receiver section 2 and the waveform shaping circuit 3 , as shown in fig4 d . this power supply enables the pertinent parts of the receiver to be subjected to readjustment , measurement or the like . incidentally , return to the battery saving operation may be achieved by the presetting of the switch 23 . if there is provided a timer having a prescribed length of time in which to respond to the output of the flipflop 17 and its output is connected to the reset terminal of the flipflop 17 , the battery saving function can be automatically restored after the prescribed length of time . the oscillation circuit 20 can be composed of an astable multivibrator using a transistor or an rc oscillation circuit . the switching transistor 21 may be a bipolar type transistor , an fet , an scr or the like . further , the prom 9 can consist of a diode matrix or a transistor matrix , such as μpb - 487r manufactured and marketed by nippon electric co ., ltd . the decoder 5 may be a low voltage single - chip cpu ( for instance , μpd 7502g manufactured and marketed by nec ). the operation of a receiver wherein this single - chip cpu is used will be described hereinafter . referring to fig5 a sequence of instructions to be executed ; is stored in a program memory 31 from which contents at an address designated by a program counter 32 are delivered to an instruction decoder 33 . the instruction decoder decodes the instructions so delivered to supply corresponding control signals to various sections in the decoder 5 . the program counter 32 is usually set to &# 34 ;+ 1 &# 34 ; after an instruction is delivered from the program memory 31 to the instruction decoder 33 , but its count contents are altered by a branching command , a jumping command or the like , so that instructions according to these commands are successively executed . an arithmetic - logic unit ( alu ) 34 is a circuit for effecting various operations including arithmetic operations and logic operations ; a random access memory ( ram ) 42 is used for the storage of processed data ; the standby or program counter or the program status during a subroutine or an interruption ; and an accumulator 35 is employed for storing the results of operation by the alu 34 of the data exchanged between the ram 42 and ports 36 to 41 . a data bus 43 is a signal line for the exchange of data between different sections . the ports 37 , 39 and 40 are output ports for providing signals from the data bus 43 to circuits exterior to the decoder 5 , and have a latching function . the ports 36 , 38 and 41 are input ports for delivering signals from circuits exterior to the decoder 5 to the data bus 43 . an interruption control circuit 44 has a function to deliver internal interruption signals to the data bus 43 . the operation of the circuit illustrated in fig5 will be described with reference to fig4 a to 4f . when a battery saving control signal is supplied from the output port 37 in the stroke shown in fig4 b , the decoder 5 waits for the reception of the preamble signal p . when a paging signal of fig4 a is provided through the input port 36 , the decoder 5 will be judging with its alu 34 whether or not the paging signal is a preamble signal . upon reception of the preamble signal , the output port 37 is kept in the &# 34 ; l &# 34 ; state so that power is continuously supplied to the receiver for a first predetermined period of time ( about 20 sec in this embodiment ). this first time period is necessary and sufficient for receiving the call signal which is to come in following the preamble signal p . with the alu 34 , the received call signal is compared with the receiver &# 39 ; s identification number signal stored in the prom 9 which is addressed through the output port 40 and provides its contents through the input port 41 . at the same time , the received call signal is also compared with a specified digital - pattern signal for test which relieves the battery saving function and , with an end - mark signal , both are written into the ram 42 . thus , if the specified digital - pattern signal sp ( fig4 a ) for test is detected within the first predetermined time period , no return to the battery saving operation will take place even after the lapse of the first predetermined time period . it will only take place after the lapse of a second predetermined time period ( about 5 minutes in this embodiment ) started by the detection of the specified digital - pattern for test . thus , after the lapse of five minutes , a control signal from the interruption control circuit 44 restores the battery saving function . if desired address signal ( d ) is detected within the first predetermined time period , the decoder 5 will drive the alert tone generating circuit 10 via the output port 39 to sound the speaker 11 to let the receiver holder know that he or she is being paged . then the detection of the end - mark signal e will restore the battery saving function . obviously , the use of a switch is also conceivable to return the receiver , which is kept receiving continuous power supply by the detection of the specified digital - pattern for test , to the battery saving operation . the switch for this purpose can primarily comprise , as shown by broken block 50 in fig5 a resistor 51 and a push switch 52 which are coupled to the interruption control circuit 44 . the operation of the single - chip cpu hitherto described can be represented by the flow chart of fig6 . first , when the power supply of the receiver is turned on at step 100 , the cpu is initialized at step 101 . at the same time , the normal mode battery saving operation is started , and as long as power is supplied to the receiver section at step 102 , the preamble signal is sought ( step 103 ). if 0 . 62 seconds have lapsed without the preamble signal being detected , as shown at steps 104 to 106 , power supply to the receiver section and the waveform shaping circuit is interrupted and , after the lapse of another time period of 4 . 96 seconds , a return to step 102 takes place to restore power supply . meanwhile , if the detection of the preamble signal is confirmed while power is being supplied , the process shifts to step 107 and further to step 108 to acutate the 20 - sec timer and to synchronize the frame phase in preparation for the detection of the desired address signal and the end - mark signal or the specified digital - signal , which follows the preamble signal . upon reception of the desired address signal at step 109 , the process moves to step 110 to give a positive pulse via the output port 39 to the alert tone generating circuit 10 to activate it . as a result of this activation , the holder of the receiver can hear an alert tone from the speaker 11 . if , after the detection of the desired address signal , either the 20 - sec timer counts out or the end - mark signal is detected , power supply is interrupted for a return to the battery saving operation ( see steps 111 and 113 ). if , at step 113 , the specified digital - signal for suspending the battery saving function is detected before the 20 - sec timer counts out , the process shifts from step 112 to a test mode of either route a or route b . if route a is taken a 5 - min timer is started at step 114 , and power is continuously supplied until this timer counts out . if , on the other hand , route b is followed , power is continuously supplied until a control signal is provided from the external switch 50 shown in fig5 ( step 116 ). after the execution of step 115 or 116 , the receiver will resume its normal battery saving operation . as hitherto described , according to the present invention , the paging receiver is supplied with a specified digital - pattern signal for test as required and with a circuit to detect this specified digital - pattern signal . with detection of the specified digital - pattern signal , the receiver of the present invention makes it possible to automatically suspend the battery saving function . therefore , if the receiver is mounted in a case or the like , there is no need to remove it from the case and connect or disconnect its strap or the like every time its electrical characteristics or the like are to be tested . it is easily understood from the foregoing that the feature of the present invention can be also adapted to a paging receiver capable of receiving a tone signal and a specified tone - pattern signal . | 8 |
the problem of differentiating an original document from a copy is made more difficult in situations where the original document is subject to being handled , worn , folded and otherwise damaged . many original documents such as identification documents and currency are extensively handled . the wear to which such documents is subjected reduces the quality of images on the document and therefore reduces the quality of any information embedded in the document using conventional steganographic techniques . with the present invention , a number of different watermarks are embedded in a document . each of the watermarks embedded in the document has a different character . all watermarks are somewhat affected when a document is subjected to wear , and all watermarks are somewhat affected when a document is duplicated by being scanned and reprinted . however , the magnitude of the effect caused by being scanned and reprinted on watermarks with certain characteristics is much greater than the effect on watermarks with different characteristics . likewise , wear and handling of a document affects watermarks with certain characteristics much more than it affects watermarks with different characteristics . thus , if multiple watermarks with different characteristics are inserted into a document , it is possible to differentiate a copy from an original document that has been subjected to wear by examining the ratios of characteristics of the watermarks in the image being examined . in order to print a document on a color printer , the document is put through a transformation from a color space such as the rgb color space to a different color space such as the cmyk ( cyan , magenta , yellow , black ) color space . such transformations are well known . for example see chapter 3 entitled “ color spaces ” in a book entitled “ video demystified , a handbook for the digital engineer ,” second edition , by keith jack , published by harris semiconductor / hightext publications of san diego , calif ., and “ the color pc ” by marc miller and published by the hayden press . when an image is transformed from one color space to another color space , noise is introduced into the image . among the reasons for this is the fact that each color space has its own distinctive gamut ( or range ) of colors . where the gamut of two color spaces overlap , the conversion from one color space to another color space can in theory be precise . however , there will be some areas that are in the gamut of one color space but not in the gamut of another color space . such situations definitely introduce noise into the conversion process . even in areas that are in the gamut of two color spaces , conversion from one color space to another color space introduces noise because of such things as round off errors . the present invention takes advantage of the fact that if an original is copied and then a copy is printed , the image on the printed copy will have gone through several conversions to which the original will not have been subjected . for example , the conversions to which a copy may be subjected are : 1 ) a document to rgb conversion ( i . e . scanning the document into the computer ), 2 ) a rgb to cmyk conversion , 3 ) a cmyk to copy conversion ( i . e . printing the document ). any characteristics of the two digital watermarks that will be affected differently by the additional conversion process to which copies are subjected can be used to differentiate copies from an original . since the two watermarks with different characteristics are affected in a different manner by the additional conversion step , a comparison of the characteristics of the two watermarks in a document being examined will indicate if the document is an original ( which has not gone through the additional conversions ) or a copy which has gone through the additional conversions . while the characteristics of each watermark will have been changed by wear and by the copying process , the comparison between the characteristics of the two watermarks will still be able to differential a copy from an original . four embodiments of the invention are described below . each of the embodiments utilizes two watermarks in a document . the differences between the two watermarks in the document are as follows : second watermark is biased before being transformed from hsi to rgb . fig1 shows the steps to which documents and copies are typically subjected . in the normal course , a document 10 may be subjected to handling and wear 11 resulting in a worn document 10 a . document 10 may also be scanned as illustrated by box 12 . the scanning produces a digital image that can be printed , as illustrated by box 13 . the printed image may be subjected to handling and wear 14 resulting in a copy 10 b . it is noted that the document 10 may also be subject to handling and wear prior to the scanning operation 12 . the task to which this invention is directed is the task of differentiating the worn document 10 a from the copy 10 b . the document 10 includes an image ( not explicitly shown ) that has two digital watermarks inserted therein . in the first embodiment of the invention , the first watermark has a fine grain and the second watermark has a course grain . the grain of the two watermarks is illustrated in fig2 . fig2 a shows the grain of the first watermark and fig2 b shows the grain of the second watermark . the first watermark uses blocks of 9 pixels ( a 3 by 3 block ). each of the pixels in each 9 pixel block has its gray value changed by the same amount . for example fig2 a shows that the first 9 pixel block has its gray value increase and the second 9 pixel block has its gray value decreased . the amount of increase and the selection of blocks that is increased and decreased is conventional . as shown in fig2 b , the grain of the second watermark is in blocks that are 6 pixels by 6 pixels or 36 pixels . all of the pixels in each 36 pixel block are changed by the same amount . in the original document 10 , the two watermarks have power ratios of 1 to 1 . after wear and handling , the power of the first watermark will be degraded somewhat more than the power of the second watermark . for example , as illustrated in fig1 , after document 10 is subjected to handling and wear , a detector which reads the watermarks might find that the power ratio of the water marks is 1 to 2 . if the document 10 is scanned and the resulting digital image is printed to make a copy of the document 10 , the ratio of the power of the watermarks will be affected much more than the effect of handling and wear . for example as illustrated in fig1 , the power ratio of the watermarks may be 1 to 10 , thereby allowing one to differentiate the worn original document 10 a from the copy 10 b . it is noted that the mechanism for inserting watermarks into an image is well known , as is the technique for reading a watermark and using correlation techniques to determine the signal to noise ratio ( i . e . the power ) of a watermark . fig3 a and 3b show an alternative technique for implementing the present invention . in the second embodiment of the invention , the two watermarks inserted into the image on a document have different patterns of assigning pixels to the bits of the payload represented by the watermark . the first watermark utilizes a geometrically linear assignment of pixels to each bit . for example fig3 a shows an image that has 500 by 500 pixels . considering a watermark payload with 50 bits , each bit of the watermark would have 5000 pixels assigned to represent that bit . a linear assignment could have each fifth bit in each row ( 100 bits per row ) and each fifth row ( 50 rows ) assigned to each bit of the watermark . thus 5000 pixels would be assigned to each bit in a very orderly or linear manner . in the second watermark the pixels would be assigned to each bit in a random manner as shown in fig3 b . each bit in the watermark would still have 5000 assigned bits ; however , the pixels would be a random location over the image . naturally it should be understood that fig3 a and 3b illustrate how pixels are assigned to one bit of the watermark . the other bits of the watermarks would have pixels assigned in a similar manner . similar to the first embodiment of the invention , the watermark with a linear assignment of pixels and the watermark with a random assignment of pixels would be affected differently by handling and wear on the original document than they would be by being scanned and reprinted . the third embodiment of the invention described herein utilizes watermarks that have different power levels . handling and wear as contrasted to scanning and printing would affect a watermark with a low power level differently than a watermark with a high power level . watermarks with different power levels can be inserted into a document in order to practice the present invention utilizing commercially available programs such as adobe photoshop or corel draw . in the adobe photoshop and corel draw programs , the power or intensity of the watermark can be adjusted by setting a simple control setting in the program . the fourth embodiment of the invention introduces different characteristics into two watermarks by modifications made to one of the watermarks during the initial step during which the watermarks are introduced into an image . the operation of the fourth embodiment can be explained as shown in fig4 . first as illustrated by equation 1 there is a conversion from rgb to hsi as is conventional . this is illustrated by equation 1 . as illustrated by equation 2 , the first watermark is inserted into the image in a conventional manner by modifying the i value in the hsi representation of the image using the first watermark values ( designated as wm 1 δ ). a first rgb value designated rgb ( 1 ) is then calculated using a conventional transformation designated t . as indicated by equation 3 , the second watermark wm 2 is then biased toward a particular color and the biased watermark is then combined with the hsi values and transformed to a second set of rgb values designated rgb ( 2 ). finally as indicated by equation 4 , the values rgb ( 1 ) and rgb ( 2 ) are combined to form the watermarked image designated rgb ( f ). the transform used to go from rgb to hsi color space ( indicated in equation 1 in fig4 ) can be anyone of a variety of known other techniques . for example , the rgb to hsi conversion can be one of the techniques explained in the above referenced text book such as the following : ( which assumes that rgb and intensity have a value range of 0 to i and that red equals 0 °): if g = m then h = 60 ( 2 + r − b ) if b = m then h = 60 ( 4 + g − r ) if h & gt ; or = 360 then h = h − 360 if h & lt ; o then h = h + 360 the first watermark in inserted into the rgb values in a conventional manner by modifying the i value of appropriate pixels so as to combine the watermark δ values with hsi values . this is indicated by equation 2 in fig4 . next as indicated by equation 3 in fig4 , the hsi values are converted to rgb values using a transform “ t ”. the transform “ t ” can be conventional and it can for example be done as follows : if h & lt ; 120 then r = m +(( m − m )/(( 120 − h )/ 60 )) if h & lt ; 240 then r = m if h & lt ; 300 then r = m +(( m − m )/(( h − 240 / 60 )) otherwise r = m if h & lt ; 180 then g = m if h & lt ; 240 then g = m +(( m − m )/(( 240 − h — / 60 )) otherwise g = m if h & lt ; 180 then b = m +(( m − m )/(( h - 120 / 60 )) if h & lt ; 300 then b = m otherwise b = m +(( m − m )/(( 360 − h )/ 60 )) next the values which represent a second watermark are used to calculate a second set of rgb values designated rgb2 . in order to calculate rgb2 , the values of h and s are modified so that they are slightly biased toward a particular color designated h 1 and s 1 new values for h and s are calculated as follows : [ heading - 0083 ] ( note , h 1 must be between 0 and 360 , s 1 must be non - negative and can be between 0 and 1 and x is a value between 0 and 1 ) if h & gt ; h1 then h = h - ( h - h1 ) x else h = h + ( h1 - h ) x if s & gt ; s1 then s = s - ( s - s1 ) x else s = s + ( s1 - s ) x ⋮ next add the second watermark to the values of hsi and transform these values to the rgb color space as indicated by equation 3 the transformation from hsi color space to rgb color space is done as previously indicated . finally as indicated by equation 4 in fig4 , the final rgb value ( designated rgbf ) is calculated by combining the values of rgb1 and rgb2 . this combination can be done in a variety of known ways . it is noted that in the above example the difference between the transformation used for the first and the second watermarks involves biasing the values of h and s . alternatively a wide variety of different changes could also be made . the key to this fourth embodiment of the invention is that in effect a different transformation is used for the first and the second watermarks . in more sophisticated embodiments , the wear of the document can be independently assessed and used to aid in distinguishing an original from a copy . there may be cases in which the wear - based degradation to the watermarks in a worn but original document can yield results similar to the scan / print degradation to the watermarks in a crisp copy . for example , consider the case of an original document having watermarks a and b of equal energy , but tailored so that watermark b is more frail and falls - off rapidly in energy when photocopied . on finding a suspect document with a ratio of energy between the two documents in excess of 2 : 1 ( or a commensurate difference in signal - to - noise ratios ), a counterfeit may be presumed . however , this ratio may also result from extreme wear of an original document . see , e . g ., the watermark strength v . wear chart of fig5 a and 5b for an original document , and the same document after scanning on a 600 dpi scanner and printing on a 720 dpi printer . the original document degrades to a watermark energy ratio of 2 : 1 at point x . a crisp copy has the same ratio , resulting in a potential ambiguity . to distinguish these two cases , the wear of the document can be assessed . various means can be used to distinguish document wear . one is high frequency content , as can be determined by high pass filtering the document image data , or performing an fft , dct , etc . a worn document typically loses some high frequency energy . another is contrast — a worn document typically loses contrast . still another is color gamut — a worn document may fade to a less varied gamut . still another is luminance — the soiling of a document can decrease the overall document brightness . yet another is physical integrity — a worn document droops when only partially supported . yet another means is a quick human assessment of wear , with human entry of a corresponding datum into a system ( e . g ., on a wear scale of 0 to 10 , or simply “ crisp ,” “ used ,” or “ very worn ”). still other means can similarly be employed . the wear can be graded on an arbitrary scale , depending on the particular measurement means used . in an illustrative case , wear may range from 0 (“ crisp ”) to 7 ( extreme ). in 10 the fig5 example , the x point may be at wear value 5 . in distinguishing the documents , a look - up table , microprocessor - implemented algorithm , or other arrangement can be provided that takes as its input the ratio and wear values , and produces outputs , e . g ., as follows : wear = 0 wear = 1 wear = 2 wear = 3 wear = 4 wear = 5 wear = 6 wear = 7 ratio = 1 . 0 original original original original error ? error ? error ? error ? ratio = 1 . 25 original original original original original error ? error ? error ? ratio = 1 . 5 original original original original original original error ? error ? ratio = 1 . 75 copy copy original original original original original error ? ratio = 2 . 0 copy copy copy copy original original original original ratio = 2 . 25 copy copy copy copy copy original original original ratio = 2 . 5 copy copy copy copy copy copy original original ratio = 2 . 75 copy copy copy copy copy copy original original ratio = 3 . 0 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy original ratio =& gt ; 3 . 25 copy copy copy copy copy copy copy copy ( the “ error ?” outputs corresponds to cases that should not occur in actual practice , e . g ., a very worn document in which the ratio of watermarks is 1 . 0 .) while four embodiments and a further enhancement of the invention have been shown herein , it should be understood that many other characteristics and attributes of a digital watermark could be used to practice the present invention in addition to the characteristics and attributes described herein . furthermore other known digital watermarking techniques can be used together with and applied to the digital watermarks used for the present invention . it is also noted that while in the above examples only two watermarks were used ; in some situations one could use three , four five or more watermarks . that is , the embodiments of the invention specifically described herein utilize two watermarks . it should be understood that any number of watermarks could be utilized in like manner . furthermore while the embodiments shown herein utilize two separate watermarks , the two watermarks used to practice the present invention could be combined into one watermark which has a plurality of separate identifiable and measurable characteristics . still further , while the invention was particularly illustrated with reference to watermarking that is effected in the pixel domain , the same techniques are likewise applicable to watermarking effected in the dct , wavelet , or other domain ( e . g ., as shown in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 930 , 369 ). moreover , some documents may include watermarks effected in two different domains ( e . g ., pixel and dct ). still further , the different watermarks can be of entirely different types . for example , one watermark can comprise slight alterations to the image normally printed on a document , and the second can comprise a texture formed on the document substrate , or a background weave or tint pattern — both of which convey watermark data . ( examples of texture -, weave - and tint - based watermarks are shown , e . g ., in copending application ser . nos . 09 / 074 , 034 ( filed may 6 , 1998 ), 09 / 127 , 502 ( filed jul . 31 , 1998 ), 09 / 151 , 492 ( filed sep . 11 , 1998 ), patent 5 , 850 , 481 , and laid - open pct publication wo 99 / 53428 . it is noted that while the present invention utilizes multiple watermarks with different characteristics to differentiate original documents from copies of the original , one can also utilizes multiple watermarks with different characteristics for other reasons . documents may include multiple similar watermarks in addition to the watermarks having different characteristics according to the present invention . as used herein , the term “ document ” generally refers to a physical entity . however , the same methodologies can also be applied to purely digital images — e . g ., to detect losses that an image has suffered through a lossy compression / decompression process such as jpeg or mpeg , color re - balancing , etc ., and thereby discern something about the history of a digital image . it will be recognized that the principles of the invention can be incorporated into an apparatus used at cash registers and other points of sale to assess the genuineness of banknotes , food stamps , coupons , and other documents . such an apparatus can include a scanning 1d , or stationary 2d image sensor ( e . g ., cmos or ccd ), and a microprocessor suitably programmed to discern first and second watermarks in image data provided by the sensor ( as well as wear , if desired ). ( in some cases , a stationary 1d sensor may be employed .) such apparatus further includes an output device — such as a display screen , indicator light , audible tone , voice synthesizer , or equivalent device — to provide an appraisal of the document &# 39 ; s validity based on the sensed information . a similar apparatus can be provided for use by customs officials at ports of entry to check merchandise tags , packaging , labels , and other printed indicia associated with clothing , purses , electronic components , software , and other readily - counterfeitable goods , to determine whether the sensed tag / package / label is an original , or a copy . while such a determination may not provide the confidence needed to seize a shipment as counterfeit , it could flag the goods as suspect and needing further inspection and / or forensic analysis . the idea in each of the foregoing apparatuses is , of course , to provide an indication of possible non - genuineness more reliable than the typical casual and semi - casual human inspection during very fast point - of - sale transactions and other similar high traffic volume situations , where it is unrealistic to expect human observation to be efficient “ flaggers ” of suspect product and documents . to provide a comprehensive disclosure without unduly lengthening this specification , applicants incorporate by reference the documents ( including applications ) cited above . while the present invention has been described with respect to four specific embodiments of the invention , it should be understood that various changes in form a and detail could be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . the scope of the present invention is limited only by the appended claims . | 7 |
[ 0028 ] fig1 is a perspective view of a package 10 for a prosthetic device such as heart valve 12 , shown in phantom lines . heart valve 12 is a mechanical heart valve and is representative of the set of implantable medical devices such as bioprosthetic and polymer heart valves , suitable for use in the present invention . more particularly , package 10 may also be used with other implantable prosthetic devices such as mechanical heart valves with flexible polymeric or silicone rubber leaflets , such as the heart valve of purdy et al ., u . s . pat . no . 5 , 562 , 729 , or vascular grafts , such as the grafts of lauterjung u . s . pat . no . 5 , 824 , 036 or lauterjung wo97 / 48350 ( both incorporated herein by reference ) or angioplasty rings , such as the rings of campbell , u . s . pat . no . 6 , 102 , 945 ( incorporated herein by reference ), or other implantable devices . in the illustrated embodiment , the package 10 comprises ajar 14 , a lid 16 , and an overcap 18 . in fig1 a plan through section of these elements is shown in phantom lines . a portion of the plan through section , taken along line 3 - 3 , is also illustrated in fig3 . as shown more fully in fig1 and 2 , the jar 14 comprises two parts , a container 20 and a seal 22 . the container has a circumferential wall 24 and a bottom 26 which define an interior 28 that contains the heart valve 12 or other implantable prosthetic device in liquid 30 . an upper circumferential edge 32 of the wall 24 abuts the lid 16 . a lip 34 , generally perpendicular to the wall 24 , extends radially outward from the edge 32 and forms an upper surface 36 . a circumferential groove 38 in the upper surface 36 receives the seal 22 , as will be described more particularly below . a rim 40 at an outer edge 42 of the lip 34 guides the lid 16 into position above the seal 22 . a cylindrical flange 43 extends downwardly from the outer edge 42 and supports a set of male threads 44 . a plurality of ribs 46 may be provided at periodic intervals between the wall 24 and the cylindrical flange 42 . the ribs 46 extend from the wall 24 to the cylindrical flange 43 and provide additional structural support for the cylindrical flange 43 and the lip 34 without significantly increasing the weight of the jar 14 . in a preferred embodiment , the container 20 is cast from a rigid material such as polypropylene , for example himont 6323 polypropylene homopolymer in a particularly preferred embodiment . the elastometic seal 22 is then placed in the groove 38 . alternatively , the seal 22 can be coupled to the container 20 by casting or another suitable method , and the jar 14 can be manipulated as a single piece , making it easier to assemble the package 10 in a sterile environment such as a glove box . the seal 22 may be comprised of an elastomeric polymer such as kraton g2705 ™, available from advanced elastomer systems , inc ., akron , ohio . the seal 22 should have a sufficient radial width to accommodate some variation in the placement of the lid 16 , as will be explained below . alternatively , a separate , generally toroidal seal may be placed on the lip 34 . the lid 16 provides a leakproof interior 28 for the jar 14 by engaging the seal 22 . the lid 16 comprises a generally circular disc 50 that may be slightly convex . at an outer edge 52 of the disc 50 , a seal contact structure 53 extends around the entire periphery of the disc 50 . the seal contact structure 53 comprises a ring 56 having an inner edge 58 , an outer edge 60 , a top surface 62 and a bottom surface 64 . at a junction 66 between the top surface 62 and the outer edge 60 there is a circumferential snap hook 68 . in the preferred embodiment , the snap hook 68 comprises a cylindrical segment 69 that joins the ring 56 at a lower end of the cylindrical segment to a radially outwardly facing circumferential hook 70 . the snap hook 68 extends completely along the outer edge 60 of the lid 16 . the snap hook 68 could also be interrupted at selected intervals . interruptions or breaks in the snap hook 68 would make it easier for the snap hook to be deflected inwardly to engage the overcap 12 , as will be described below . because of the preferred structure of the overcap 12 , interruptions of the snap hook 68 are not considered necessary . in a preferred embodiment , two circumferential , cylindrical legs 72 , 74 extend downwardly from the bottom surface 64 of the ring 56 . preferably , an inner leg 72 is near the inner edge 58 of the ring 56 and an outer leg 74 is near the outer edge 60 of the ring 56 . in the preferred embodiment , the legs 72 , 74 are continuous , but they may be interrupted by gaps or breaks as a matter of design discretion . the two legs 72 , 74 are spaced sufficiently far away from each other to allow them to bracket the seal 22 when the lid 16 is placed on the jar 14 . the outer leg 74 guides the lid into position over the seal 22 by sliding down an inner surface 76 of the rim 40 on the jar 14 . the two legs 72 , 74 limit the amount of force applied to seal 22 . in an alternative embodiment , the legs 72 , 74 are not present and the force applied to seal 22 is controlled by the degree to which the lid 16 is tightened onto jar 14 between the two legs 72 , 74 and extending downwardly from the bottom surface 64 of the ring 56 , there is a ridge 78 . the ridge 78 is continuous and preferably cylindrical . the ridge 78 is configured to contact the seal 22 when the lid 16 is on the jar 14 along the entire length of the seal , thereby closing the package 10 and providing a barrier sufficient to prevent the loss of liquid from within the package for an extended period of time . a tip 80 of the ridge 78 has a cross sectional radius selected such that the tip will provide sufficient localized contact pressure with the seal when the tip is forced into the seal to produce the desired sealing characteristics . in the embodiment of fig1 - 3 , legs 72 and 74 , as well as ridge 78 , are depicted as being integrally formed with the lid 16 . other means of coupling the legs and the ridge to lid 16 are possible without departing from the scope of the invention . the two legs 72 , 74 are sufficiently long to prevent the ridge 78 from being forced too far into the seal 22 and distorting or damaging the seal . consequently , the lid 16 and jar 14 cooperate to produce a consistent seal with predictable characteristics without elaborate assembly devices . moreover , when compressed by the overcap 18 , as described below , the two legs 72 , 74 are preloaded in compression , which compensates for fluctuations in differential pressure across the seal 22 over a range of ambient conditions . ambient air pressure does not remain constant . after the package 10 is assembled , it may be anticipated that ambient pressure will fall below the pressure in the package 10 from time to time . the preloading of the legs 72 , 74 keeps the pressure difference across the lid from moving the tip 80 of the ridge 78 out of the seal 22 . the overcap 18 comprises a circumferential cylindrical wall 82 of any suitable shape . in the preferred embodiment , for example , the wall 82 has a right cylindrical lower section 84 surmounted by a frustro - conical upper section 86 . a plurality of vertical ridges 88 may be provided on an outer surface 90 of the wall 82 to improve grip friction when the overcap is turned . other features to improve grip may be selected by those skilled in the art . a set of female threads 92 on an inner surface 94 of the wall 82 engages the male threads 44 on the jar 14 . a circumferential compression arm 96 extends radially inwardly from an upper edge 98 of the wall 82 . the compression arm 96 extends both inwardly from the wall 82 and then down towards the lid 16 so that a tip 100 can exert pressure against the top surface 62 of the seal contact structure 53 substantially directly over the ridge 78 and seal 22 . in the preferred embodiment , the arm 96 comprises a substantially planar flange 102 coupling the wall 82 to a downward facing frustro - conical ring 104 . the frustro - conical ring 104 ends at the tip 100 that contacts the lid 16 . it is preferred that the arm 96 be circularly continuous to apply uniform pressure completely around the lid 16 . nevertheless , the arm could be interrupted without departing from the teachings of the invention . the overcap 18 further has one or more snap hooks 106 that extend axially downwardly from the arm 96 . the snap hooks 106 could also be attached to the wall 82 . the snap hooks 106 on the overcap 18 are configured to engage the snap hook 68 on the lid 16 . as noted above , the lid snap hook 68 is preferably circularly continuous . the overcap 18 , on the other hand , preferably has a plurality of snap hooks 106 spaced circularly around the overcap . this makes it easier for the overcap snap hooks 106 to bend outwardly as the lid 16 is snapped into the overcap . in addition , a slot 108 may be cut in the arm 96 of the overcap 18 radially inwardly from overcap snap hook 106 to increase the flexibility of the adjacent overcap snap hook 106 . in the preferred embodiment , four radially equally spaced slots and snap hooks have been provided on the overcap , as best shown in fig1 but other configurations may be selected . in the embodiments depicted in fig1 - 3 , the snap hooks 68 and 106 are integrally formed with the lid 16 and the overcap 18 , respectively . other ways of joining the snap hooks to the lid and overcap are possible without departing from the scope of the invention . in the packaging 10 , the lid 16 is snapped into the overcap 18 before sterilization . this provides a cap assembly 109 that is essentially a single piece and is consequently easier to manipulate than two separate pieces would be . moreover , the anti - microbial packaging 10 should provide a consistent , reliable seal , but should also be relatively easy to open . the unitary overcap - and - lid configuration described herein reduces the initial torque needed to start opening the packaging 10 because one must only overcome the contact friction between the tip 100 of the arm 96 of the overcap and the top surface 62 of the seal contact structure 52 of the lid , rather than the contact friction between the seal 22 and the tip 80 of the ridge 78 . the seal 22 is elastomeric and the ridge 78 and seal are in continuous contact , whereas both the top surface 62 and the arm tip 100 may be relatively hard and have a low coefficient of friction and a relatively small contact area . this makes the task of opening the packaging easier , even after a long self - life . moreover , the snap locks 106 may have different lengths , as illustrated in fig4 . when the overcap is unscrewed , the shortest snap lock 106 a would begin to raise the lid first . if the lid is being held on the jar by an ambient atmospheric overpressure , the short snap lock 106 a would begin to raise only a part of the lid , thus allowing the force developed by unscrewing the lid to be applied at a small part of the edge of the lid until the contact between the ridge 78 and the seal 22 has been broken and the pressure on both sides of the lid equalize . thereafter , longer snap hooks 106 b would raise the remaining portion of the lid . the embodiment of fig1 through 4 represent the preferred embodiment of the invention , but variations will suggest themselves to those of skill in the art . for example , as suggested by fig5 the seal 22 could be incorporated into the lid 16 rather than the jar 14 , and the ridge 78 could be incorporated into the jar 14 . fig6 suggests another variation , wherein the legs 72 , 74 are incorporated into the jar 14 rather than the lid 16 . moreover , the outside leg 74 may be combined with the rim 40 and a ledge 110 may function as the outside leg 74 of the ring 56 . other variations will suggest themselves to those of skill in the art in view of the teachings presented herein . the foregoing descriptions concern preferred embodiments of the invention and are given by way of example only . the invention is not limited to any of the specific features described herein , but includes all variations thereof within the scope of the appended claims . | 0 |
referring now to the drawings , particularly to fig1 the preferred embodiment of a hot wire flow meter arrangement , according to the present invention , is applied to an air induction system of an internal combustion engine 1 . the air induction system includes an air cleaner 2 and an intake duct 3 defining an air intake passge . a throttle valve 4 is disposed within the intake duct 3 for adjusting an intake air amount to introduce the engine 1 . an engine speed sensor 5 is provided for the engine 1 is provided for monitoring a revolution speed n of the engine . the engine speed sensor 5 may comprise a crank angle sensor for monitoring a crankshaft angular position . as is well known , the crank angle sensor produces a crank reference signal produced at every predetermined crankshaft angular position and a crank position signal produced at every given angular displacement . the engine speed can be derived on the basis of an interval of occurrence of the crank reference signal , or , in the alternative , by counting the crank position signal . manner of deriving the engine speed n based on the crank reference signal or crank position signal is known in the art and thus do not need to discuss in detail . a throttle angle sensor 6 , such as a potentiometer , is provided for monitoring angular position the throttle valve 4 to produce a throttle angle indicative signal tvo . a hot wire 7 is provided in the intake duct 3 at an orientation downstream of the air cleaner 2 and upstream of the throttle valve 4 . the hot wire 7 is made of white gold wire , a nickel strip or tape or so forth . the portion of the intake duct 3 where the hot wire 7 is disposed , is partitioned and separated into a primary passage 3a and an auxiliary passage 3b . the hot wire 7 is disposed in the primary air passage 3a for monitoring intake air flow rate flowing through the primary passage . the hot wire 7 is connected to a control circuit 8 . the control circuit 8 supplies heating power to the hot wire 7 for maintaining the temperature of the wire at a predetermined temperature . therefore , the output voltage vq supplied to the hot wire 7 for maintaining the wire temperature constant is variable depending upon the intake air flow rate of the induction air flowing through the primary passage 3a . the control circuit 8 further outputs the output voltage vq . as seen from fig1 a flow restricting annular wall 11 is provided at the upstream end of the primary passage 3a . the flow restricting annular wall 11 is designed so as not to serve for restricting intake air flow in the substantial magnitude and so as to regulate the air flow through the primary passage 3a . this flow restricting annular wall 11 is effective for minimizing pulsation of the intake air flow , which pulsation is caused by variation of intake vacuum in synchronism with the engine revolution . the flow restricting annular wall 11 also serves for preventing error in measurement of the intake air flow rate at the engine full load condition . this is advantageously introduced technology in view of performance of measurement of the intake flow rate near or at the engine full load range . namely , as shown in fig5 unless the flow restriction is provided at the orientation upstream of the hot wire , the measured intake air flow amount at the engine full load range tends to lower than that actually flowing through the air intake duct . for instance , in the example of fig5 when the engine speed n is maintained constant at 1200 rpm and the pressure in the air intake duct is varied from 500 mmhg to the pressure wot at the throttle valve fully open position , actually flowing intake air flow rate varies as shown by solid line . whereas , the air flow rate derived on the basis of the output of the hot wire air flow meter arrangement varies as shown by broken line . according to the shown embodiment , since the flow restricting annular wall 11 serves for providing flow resistance , whereby for compressing the intake at an orientation upstream of the hot wire 7 and subsequently allow expansion to the initial volume , air flow in the primary passage can be regulated . as a result , the measured air flow rate becomes substantially coincide with the actual intake air flow rate . a butterfly valve 9 is pivotally provided in the partition for pivotal movement at a valve shaft 9a . as seen from fig2 the butterfly valve 9 is fixed to the valve shaft 9a for rotation therewith . the valve shaft 9a extends transversely to the axis of the intake duct 3 . one end of the valve shaft 9a is connected to an actuator 10 , such as an electric motor , for driving the butterfly valve 9 together with the valve shaft 9a between an open position and a closed position . the butterfly valve 9 employed in the preferred embodiment of the hot wire air flow meter , according to the invention , will not subject substantial pressure difference between upstream and downstream thereof . therefore , in the shown embodiment , the butterfly valve 9 may be made of synthetic resin , for example . the resin valve may be advantageous for easy production . the engine speed sensor 5 , the throttle angle sensor 6 and the control circuit 8 are connected to a control unit 12 which may comprise a microprocessor . the control unit 12 processes the output voltage of the control circuit 8 for deriving the intake air flow rate indicative signal . on the other hand , the control unit 8 monitors the throttle valve angular position and the engine speed for deriving the valve position of the butterfly valve 9 so as to selectively close the valve at a predetermined engine load condition as derived based on the throttle valve angular position . it should be appreciated that the control unit 12 may perform not only derivation of the intake air flow rate and control of the butterfly valve position , but also perform the fuel injection control , spark ignition timing control and so forth . operation of the above - mentioned preferred embodiment of the hot wire air flow meter arrangement , according to the invention will be discussed herebelow . at first , it is assumed that the engine is driven at a relative heavy engine load . at this condition , the control unit 12 controls the actuator 10 so as to maintain the butterfly valve position at a fully open position . at this condition , the intake air past the air cleaner 2 passes both of the primary and auxiliary air passages 3a and 3b for minimizing flow resistance against the intake air . according to the shown embodiment of the hot wire air flow meter arrangement , the pressure loss caused by flow restricting in the hot wire air flow meter arrangement can be maintained within an acceptable range even at the maximum flow rate , as shown in fig4 . at this time , the relationship between the intake air flow rate and the output voltage vq of the control circuit 8 becomes as illustrated by line a in fig3 . by setting the output voltage vq variation in relation to variation of the intake air flow rate in a form of data map or look - up table in a memory ( not shown ) in the control unit 12 , the air flow rate can be easily derived in terms of the output voltage vq of the control circuit 8 . the control unit 12 checks the engine driving range on the basis of the engine speed n and the throttle valve angular position tvo . the control unit 12 detects the engine driving range to discriminate low engine load range and high engine load range . namely , when the engine speed is lower than or equal to a predetermined engine speed threshold n ref and the throttle valve open angle is smaller than or equal to a predetermined angle tvo ref , the control unit outputs an actuator control signal to operate the latter to place the butterfly valve 9 at the fully closed position . in the alternative , the control unit 12 compares the output voltage vq of the control circuit 8 with a predetermined threshold voltage v 0 which represents a criteria of low engine load range where accuracy in measurement of intake air flow rate can be lowered due to substantially low intake air flow velocity . when the output voltage vq is lower than or equal to the threshold voltage v 0 , then the control unit 12 operates the actuator 10 to shift the butterfly valve 10 to the fully closed position . by positioning the butterfly valve 9 at the fully closed position , the intake air flows only through the primary passage 3a . therefore , intake air flow velocity is increased . the magnitude of variation of the output voltage vq of the control circuit 8 in relation to variation of the intake air flow rate in the low engine load range , becomes greater . while the butterfly valve 9 is held at fully closed position , the control unit 12 utilizes a characteristic as illustrated by broken line b in fig3 for deriving the intake air flow rate based on the output voltage vq . by this , noise which can superimpose on the output voltage will not cause significant influence for the resultant intake air flow rate obtained as a result of measurement . while the present invention has been disclosed in terms of the preferred embodiment in order to facilitate better understanding of the invention , it should be appreciated that the invention can be embodied in various ways without departing from the principle of the invention . therefore , the invention should be understood to include all possible embodiments and modifications to the shown embodiments which can be embodied without departing from the principle of the invention set out in the appended claims . though the shown embodiment switches the position of the butterfly valve between the fully open position and closed position , it is possible to vary the butterfly valve position in stepwise fashion or in linear fashion . on the other hand , though the shown embodiment detects the low engine load condition by detecting the engine condition based on the engine speed and the throttle valve angular position or in the alternative based on the output voltage of the control circuit , it may be possible to detect the low engine load condition by means of a mechanical switch associated with the throttle valve to detect the throttle valve open angle smaller than a predetermined angle . | 5 |
the intake valve and combustion chamber deposit - inhibiting additive of the invention is the reaction product of a 4 - alkyl - 2 - morpholinone and an alkylphenoxypolyoxyalkylene amine . the 4 - alkyl - 2 - morpholinone used to prepare the reaction product additive of the instant invention may be represented by the formula : ## str11 ## in which r represents a monovalent aliphatic radical having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms . preferably , r is an alkyl radical having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and most preferably having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms . specific compounds within the scope of the formula include 4 - methyl - 2 - morpholinone , 4 - ethyl - 2 - morpholinone , and 4 - isopropyl - 2 - morpholinone . the alkylphenoxypolyoxyalkylene amine reactant is represented by the formula : ## str12 ## in which r &# 39 ; is a hydrocarbyl radical having from about 4 to 30 carbon atoms , x represents a number from about 4 to 50 , and r &# 34 ; represents a methyl radical or a mixture of hydrogen and methyl radicals . preferably , r &# 39 ; represents a monovalent aliphatic radical having from about 6 to 24 carbon atoms , and more preferably an aliphatic radical having from about 8 to 20 carbon atoms . a particularly preferred value for r &# 39 ; is from 9 to 18 carbon atoms . a preferred value for x is from about 6 to 30 , with the most preferred value being from about 10 to 20 . as indicated above , the internal radical represented by the formula : ## str13 ## preferably may be a propylene oxide radical or a mixture of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide radicals . when a mixture of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide radicals are used , the ratio of propylene oxide radicals to ethylene oxide radicals employed may range from about 2 : 3 to 9 . 99 : 0 . 01 . a more preferred mole ratio range of propylene oxide to ethylene oxide is from about 7 : 3 to 9 . 99 : 0 . 01 . the 4 - alkyl - 2 - morpholinone reactant and the alkylphenoxy - polyoxyalkylene amine reactant are reacted in about a 1 : 1 mole ratio . while other mole ratios are contemplated , no significant advantage is realized in departing from about equimolar reaction ratios . the additive reaction product of the invention may be represented by the formula : ## str14 ## in which r , r &# 39 ;, r &# 34 ; and x have the values noted above . into a 10 - gallon kettle were charged 15 pounds of nonyl phenol and 226 . 8 grams of 45 percent aqueous potassium hydroxide . the reactor was then purged with prepurified nitrogen . maintaining a nitrogen purge , the reactor was heated to 110 ° c . and the initiator sodium hydroxide dried to a water content of less than 0 . 15 percent using both vacuum and nitrogen stripping . propylene oxide ( 53 . 4 pounds ) was then reacted at 110 °- 115 ° c . at 60 psig over an 8 . 5 hour period . the reaction mixture was then digested for two hours to an equilibrium pressure and purged with nitrogen for 15 minutes . the alkaline product was then neutralized at 95 ° c . by stirring for two hours with 612 grams magnesol 30 / 40 adsorbent which was added in an aqueous slurry . di - t - butyl p - cresol ( 9 . 3 grams ) was then added to stabilize the product against oxidation . the neutralized product was then vacuum stripped to a minimum pressure at 110 ° c ., nitrogen stripped , and filtered . properties of the finished product are given in table i below . table i______________________________________properties______________________________________acid no ., mg koh / g 0 . 001hydroxyl no . mg koh / g 59 . 2unsaturation , meg / g 0 . 036water , wt . % 0 . 04ph in 10 : 6 isopropanol - water 8 . 3color , pt - co 50sodium , ppm 0 . 5potassium , ppm 3 . 5viscosity , 77 ° f ., μ 123______________________________________ to a tubular reactor filled with 1250 milliliters of a nickel catalyst was fed 1 . 0 lb / hr of the alcohol ( preparation a above ), 1 . 0 lbs / hr of ammonia , and 50 lhr of hydrogen . the reactor was at 2000 psig and 210 ° c . the crude reactor effluent was charged to a clean dry kettle . it was then nitrogen stripped to 75 ° c . then placed under vacuum and heated to 1000 ° c . the product had the following analysis : to a 2 - liter , three - necked flask equipped with a thermometer , stirrer , and nitrogen outlet was charged 1099 . 8 grams of nonylphenoxypolyoxypropylene amine ( preparation b ) and 132 . 8 grams of 4 - methyl - 2 - morpholinone . the mixture was heated to 130 ° c . for two hours . the resulting product had the following analysis : a reaction product was prepared similar to example i except that 7 . 5 moles of propylene oxide were reacted with nonylphenol in making preparation a . a reaction product was prepared similar to example i except that 19 . 5 moles of propylene oxide were employed in the reaction with nonylphenol to make preparation a . a reaction product was prepared similar to example i except that the morpholinone used was 4 - isopropyl - 2 - morpholinone instead of the 4 - methyl analog . a reaction product was prepared similar to example i except that preparation a was made by reacting 13 . 8 moles of a mixture of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide with nonylphenol . a test was developed to determine the intake valve detergency of an additive as well as to determine whether the additive will cause the intake valves to stick . in small four - cylinder gasoline powered intake valves accumulate large amounts of deposits which interfere with the operation of the engine . a good detergent / dispersant is required to prevent the buildup of these deposits . the honda generator test was developed to measure the activity of additives in preventing the buildup of intake valve deposits ( ivd ) ( keep clean ). the measurements are done in two ways : ( 1 ) the intake valves at the end of the run are rated using the crc method of rating ( a valve with a rating of 10 is perfectly clean , and a valve rating of 6 or less denotes heavy deposit levels ); and ( 2 ) intake valve deposit weights are obtained and also reported in grams . the intake system deposit / intake valve stickiness test consists of an electrical generator driven by a current technology gasoline engine , similar in many characteristics to modern vehicle engines . the generator set design allows the engine to be easily loaded by using the electrical generator as a dynamometer for the engine . the set operates at a governed speed of 3600 rpm and incorporates a twin cylinder , overhead camshaft , water - cooled engine described below in table ii . table ii______________________________________engine data for es6500 honda generator______________________________________type : 4 - stroke overhead cam , 2 cylindercooling system : liquid cooleddisplacement : 359 ccbore × stroke : 58 × 68 mmconstruction : aluminum head and block , fixed cast iron cylinder linerscompression : 8 . 5 : 1maximum power : 9 . 1 kw / 3600 rpmmaximum torque : 240 kg - cmfuel system : carburetorrecommended fuel : unleaded gasoline with min 86 ( r + m )/ 2 octane______________________________________ the additive of the invention was tested for its effectiveness for keeping intake valves clean in the honda engine in comparison to a commercial gasoline additive . the evaluation was done using the cooperative research council &# 39 ; s ( crc ) rating system in which 10 designates clean intake valves . intake valve deposits ( ivd ) were also measured in grams . the test fuel of the invention was a premium motor fuel having an octane rating of 87 , containing 100 pounds of example i additive per 1000 barrels of gasoline ( ptb ) and 100 ptb of a heavy oil ( solvent neutral oil having a viscosity of 100 cst . the commercial additive was employed in the same motor fuel composition at a concentration of 60 ptb . the results of these tests are set forth in table iii below . table iii______________________________________honda test results commercial example i additive______________________________________crc valve rating 9 . 8 6 . 03ivd weight , grm . 0 . 001 0 . 269stickiness none none______________________________________ the motor fuel containing the additive of the invention gave excellent crc valve ratings , virtually no deposits on the intake valves ( 1mg less ), and inhibited no stickiness . the commercial additive package showed a relatively poor crc rating and had 269 mg ivd deposits . the commercial additive was free of valve stickiness . in this test , the additive of example i valve deposit keep clean properties . the premium motor fuel described above was employed in further honda engine studies testing the various additives of the invention . fuel compositions were prepared and evaluated in two ways ( a ) neat at 100 ptb , or ( b ) containing 75 ptb of the particular additive , 50 ptb of solvent neutral oil - 600 , and 50 ptb of polyoxypropyleneglycol - 1000 molecular weight . some runs were made using the additive plus heavy oil alone . the engine test involved running the test fuel in the engine for 80 hours . the engine was then dismantled and crc ratings given for intake valve deposits ( ivd ), deposits weight , piston crown rating ( pc ), combustion chamber rating ( cc ) and a stickiness rating ( push ) from light ( l ) to heavy ( h ). the test results are given in table iv below . table iv______________________________________honda engine resultsrun example ivd wt - g pc cc push______________________________________1 i 9 . 15 0 . 005 7 . 6 8 . 3 l - l2 ii 9 . 0 0 . 013 7 . 7 7 . 6 l - l3 iii 9 . 3 0 . 08 7 . 3 8 . 3 l - l4 iv 9 . 3 0 . 001 -- -- l - l5 v 9 . 7 0 . 005 7 . 5 8 . 3 l - l6 i ( a ) 9 . 75 0 . 004 7 . 4 8 . 0 l - l7 ii ( a ) 9 . 65 0 . 004 7 . 6 8 . 6 l - l8 i ( b ) 9 . 8 0 . 001 7 . 0 7 . 4 l - l______________________________________ ( a ) 100 ptb neat additive without solvent neutral oil or polyoxypropyleneglycol ; ( 1000 mw ). ( b ) 100 ptb additive plus 100 ptb sno850 . the foregoing test results demonstrate the deposit - inhibiting effectiveness of motor fuel compositions containing the novel fuel additive of the invention . the additive of the invention was tested for the dynamic cleanup of injector deposits . a test was developed using a bmw 318i car equipped with a 1 . 8 liter , 4 - cylinder engine to measure cleanup of injector deposits . a bmw 318i car was run for 5 , 000 hours on public roads using a fuel designed to dirty - up intake valves . then , the car was run an additional 5 , 000 miles on dirty - up fuel , the intake valves were removed , washed free of oil , and weighed . after the additional 5 , 000 miles on additive fuel , the intake valves were again removed , washed free of oil , and reweighed . the difference in weights of deposits were obtained . if the intake valves had gained weight ( deposit increase ), this was reported as a positive value . if the intake valves had lost weight due to deposit removal , this was recorded as a negative value . table v summarizes results for three runs made using this test procedure . table v______________________________________ivd - bmw 318i cleanup studies deposit cleanuprun components ( mg ). sup . 1______________________________________1 100 ptb eda - pib succinimide . sup . 2 + + 13100 ptb heavy oil2 100 ptb example iv + 100 ptb sno - 850 - 65 + 30 ptb , an additive similar toexample i of u . s . pat . no . 5 , 061 , 2913 100 ptb example i + 50 ptb sno - 600 + - 13550 ptb polyoxypropylene glycol ( 1000 mw ) ______________________________________ . sup . 1 positive values are deposit increase on the intake valves and negative values are deposit removal . . sup . 2 the reaction product of ethylene diamine ( eda ) with polyisobutylen succinic anhydride to yield polyisobutylene succinimide of eda with the molecular weight of polyisobutylene ( pib ) of 1300 . the injector deposit results demonstrate that the additive of the invention is an excellent additive with respect to cleanup of existing deposits in the bmw 318i engine . | 2 |
the composition of the inorganic salt culture medium ( m9 culture medium ) which was used in a method of the present invention is shown below . for more effective cell growth and phs production , the minor component solutions should be added to the culture medium in an amount of about 0 . 3 %( v / v ) as shown below . nitrilotriacetic acid : 1 . 5 ; mgso 4 : 3 . 0 ; mnso 4 : 0 . 5 ; nacl : 1 . 0 ; feso 4 : 0 . 1 ; cacl 2 : 0 . 1 ; cocl 2 : 0 . 1 ; znso 4 : 0 . 1 ; cuso 4 : 0 . 1 ; alk ( so 4 ) 2 : 0 . 1 ; h 3 bo 3 : 0 . 1 ; na 2 moo 4 : 0 . 1 ; nicl 2 : 0 . 1 ( g / l ) molecular weight control ( 1 ) of poly 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenylvaleric acid ( phpv ) by polyethylene glycol : pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium respectively containing 0 . 5 %( w / v ) of polypeptone ( wako junnyaku k . k . ), 0 . 1 %( w / v ) of 5 - phenylvaleric acid , and 0 %, 1 %, 2 %, or 5 %( v / v ) of polyethylene glycol 200 ( peg200 : average molecular weight 190 - 210 ; kishida kagaku k . k .) as the molecular weight controlling agent , and cultivated at 30 ° c . for 24 hour in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the microorganism mass was recovered by centrifugation , washed with methanol , and freeze - dried . the dried microorganism mass , after weighing , was stirred in chloroform at 50 ° c . for 24 hours to extract the polymer . the chloroform containing the extracted polymer was filtered and was concentrated by an evaporator . then cold methanol was added thereto , and solid precipitation formed by addition of the methanol was collected and vacuum - dried to obtain the intended polymer . the obtained polymer was subjected to polymer structure determination by 1 h - nmr ( ft - nmr : bruker dpx400 ; 1 h resonance frequency : 400 mhz ; measured nuclear species : 1 h ; solvent used : cdcl 3 ; reference : capillary - sealed tms / cdcl 3 ; measurement temperature : room temperature ). thereby the respective polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenylvaleric acid ( hereinafter referred to as “ phpv ”) ( chemical formula ( 18 ) below ): the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gel permeation chromatography ( gpc ) ( tosoh hlc - 8220 gpc , column : tosoh tsk - gel superhm - h , solvent : chloroform , polystyrene basis ). table 1 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the experiment was conducted in the same manner as in example 1 except that peg600 ( average molecular weight : 570 - 630 ) was used in place of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be composed mainly of a phpv similarly as in example 1 . table 2 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microcroorganism mass , the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the experiment was conducted in the same manner as in example 1 except that peg2000 ( average molecular weight : 1800 - 2200 ) was used in place of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be composed mainly of a phpv similarly as in example 1 . table 3 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain , and pseudomonas putida p161 strain were separately cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of one of the liquid cultures was added to a 200 - ml portion of an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 %( w / v ) of polypeptone and 0 . 1 %( w / v ) of 5 - phenoxyvaleric acid , and containing no peg200 or containing 1 %( v / v ) of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cultivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 45 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymer was obtained in the same manner as in example 1 . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenoxyvaleric acid ( chemical formula ( 19 ) below ): the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 4 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium respectively containing 0 . 5 %( w / v ) of polypeptone and 0 . 1 %( w / v ) of 5 - phenylvaleric acid , and containing no molecular weight - controlling agent or containing 0 . 1 %( v / v ) of peg200 or isopropanol ( kishida kagaku k . k .) or n - butanol ( kishida kagaku k . k .) as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cultivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 40 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymers were obtained in the same manner as in example 1 . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of phpv . the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 5 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium respectively containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone , 0 . 1 % of 5 -( phenylsufanyl ) valeric acid , and containing no molecular weight - controlling agent or containing 0 . 1 %( v / v ) of 1 , 2 - butanediol , 1 , 4 - butanediol , 1 , 6 - hexanediol , 1 , 2 , 3 - butanetriol , ethylene glycol , or ethylene glycol momoethyl ether as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cutivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 48 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymers were obtained in the same manner as in example 1 . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( phenylsulfanyl ) valeric acid ( chemical formula ( 20 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 6 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the obtained polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas putida p91 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of a yeast extract ( difco ) at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium containing respectively 0 . 5 % of the yeast extract , 0 . 1 % of 5 -( 2 - thienyl ) valeric acid , and containing no molecular weight - controlling agent or containing 0 . 1 %( v / v ) of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cultivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 45 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymers were obtained in the same manner as in example 1 . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 2 - thienyl ) valeric acid ( chemical formula ( 21 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 7 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium respectively containing 0 . 5 % of d - glucose ( kishida kagaku k . k . ), 0 . 1 % of 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) valeric acid , and containing no peg200 or containing 1 %( v / v ) of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cultivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 48 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymers were obtained in the same manner as in example 1 . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 4 - fluorophenyl ) valeric acid ( chemical formula ( 22 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 8 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg200 was evaluated in the same manner as in example 8 except that the polymer synthesis substrate was changed to 4 - phenylbutyric acid , or 6 - phenylhexanoic acid . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 4 - phenylbutyric acid ( chemical formula ( 23 ) below ) or a hompopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 6 - phenylhexanoic acid ( chemical formula ( 24 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 9 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg200 was evaluated in the same manner as in example 8 except that the growth substrate was changed from d - glucose to polypeptone . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 4 - cyclohexylbutyric acid ( chemical formula ( 25 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 10 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . pseudomonas cichorii yn2 strain was cultivated in an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone at 30 ° c . for 8 hours with shaking . a 1 - ml portion of this liquid culture was added to 200 - ml portions of an m9 culture medium containing 0 . 5 % of polypeptone , 0 . 05 % of 5 -( 4 - cyanophenoxy ) valeric acid , and 0 . 05 % of 5 - phenoxyvaleric acid , and containing no molecular weight - controlling agent or containing 1 %( v / v ) of peg200 as the molecular weight - controlling agent . cultivation was conducted at 30 ° c . for 48 hours in a 500 - ml shaking flask . after the cultivation , the intended polymers were obtained by purification in the same manner as in example 1 and recovery of an acetone - soluble component only . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be a pha containing the units of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phnoxyvaleric acid and 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 4 - cyanophenoxy ) valeric acid shown by chemical formula ( 26 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c : d = 2 : 25 : 5 : 68 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 3 : 24 : 7 : 66 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 11 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 11 except that 5 -( 4 - cyanophenoxy ) valeric acid in the polymer producing substrate was changed to 5 -( 4 - nitrophenoxy ) valeric acid . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing the units of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phnoxyvaleric acid and 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 4 - nitrophenoxy ) valeric acid shown by chemical formula ( 27 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c : d = 2 : 22 : 4 : 72 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 4 : 23 : 5 : 68 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 12 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 10 except that 11 - phenoxyundecanoic acid was used as the polymer synthesizing substrate , and pseudomonas cichorii h45 strain was employed as the production strain . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing the units of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phnoxyvaleric acid , 3 - hydroxy - 7 - phenoxyheptanoic acid , and 3 - hydroxy - 9 - phenoxynonanoic acid shown by chemical formula ( 28 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c : d : e = 3 : 1 : 34 : 51 : 11 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 3 : 1 : 35 : 52 : 9 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 13 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 8 except that 5 -( 2 - thienoyl ) valeric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing a 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 2 - thienoyl ) valeric acid unit shown by . chemical formula ( 29 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c = 1 : 37 : 62 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 1 : 35 : 64 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 14 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 8 except that 5 - benzoylvaleric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing a 3 - hydroxy - 5 - benzoylvaleric acid unit shown by chemical formula ( 30 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b = 16 : 84 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 15 : 85 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 15 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 11 except that 5 -( 2 - thienylthio ) valeric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be composed mainly of a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 2 - thienylthio ) valeric acid shown by chemical formula ( 31 ) below ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 16 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 8 except that 5 -[( phenylmethyl ) sulfanyl ] valeric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing a 3 - hydroxy - 5 -[( phenylmethyl ) sulfanyl ] valeric acid unit shown by chemical formula ( 32 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c = 2 : 8 : 90 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 2 : 9 : 89 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 17 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 10 except that 5 - phenylvaleric acid ( 0 . 09 %) and 5 -( 4 - vinylphenyl ) valeric acid ( 0 . 02 %) were used as the polymer - synthesizing substrates and the chloroform extraction conditions were changed to 23 . 5 ° c . and 72 hours . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing a 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenylvaleric acid unit and a 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( vinylphenyl ) valeric acid unit as shown by chemical formula ( 33 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c = 1 : 14 : 85 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 1 : 15 : 84 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 18 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 10 except that 5 -[( methylsulfanyl ) phenoxy ] valeric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found respectively to be a pha containing a 3 - hydroxy - 5 -[( methylsulfanyl ) phenoxy ] valeric acid unit shown by chemical formula ( 34 ) below , in which the unit ratio of a : b : c = 8 : 68 : 24 ( no peg - containing medium ) and 7 : 66 : 27 ( peg - containing medium ). the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 19 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . a 400 - mg portion of the polyhydroxyalkanoate was dissolved 10 ml of chloroform in a 100 - ml eggplant - shape flask . the flask was placed on an ice bath . thereto was added slowly a solution of 1386 mg of metachloroperbenzoic acid in 20 ml chloroform , and the mixture was stirred gently . after stirring on the ice bath for 75 minutes , were added thereto 100 ml of water and 3020 mg of sodium hydrogensulfite thereto . the mixture was extracted with chloroform to recover the polymer . the polymer was washed two 100 - ml portions of ethanol , and vacuum - dried to obtain intended polymer . the obtained polymers were subjected to polymer structure determination respectively by 1 h - nmr ( ft - nmr : bruker dpx400 ; resonance frequency : 400 mhz ; measured nuclear species : 1 h ; solvent used : cdcl 3 ; reference : capillary - sealed tms / cdcl 3 ; measurement temperature : room temperature ). thereby the polymers were found respectively to be a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( phenylsulfonyl ) valeric acid shown by chemical formula ( 35 ) below : the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 20 shows the weight of the obtained polymer , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the pha ( chemical formula 36 ) obtained in example 18 containing units of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenylvaleric acid and 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 4 - vinylphenyl ) valeric acid were converted by oxidation treatment to pha containing units of 3 - hydroxy - 5 - phenylvaleric acid and 3 - hydroxy - 5 -( 4 - carboxyphenyl ) valeric acid . the oxidative cleavage reaction was conducted as follows . in 100 - ml flask , were placed 0 . 3 g of a polyester containing 3 - hydroxy - ω -( 4 - vinylphenyl ) alkanoic acid unit , 0 . 1923 g of 18 - crown - 6 - ether , and 10 . 0 ml of dichloromethane , and the mixture was stirred . the flask was placed on an ice bath to keep the reaction system at 0 ° c . after 30 minutes , 0 . 1517 g of potassium permanganate was added thereto . the reactor flask was wrapped with an aluminum foil and the reaction mixture was stirred for 21 hours . after completion of the reaction , an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogensulfite was added to the reaction mixture , and the reaction mixture was poured in to methanol to reprecipitate and recover the polymer . the obtained polymer was purified by dialysis by use of chloroform . the structure of the obtained polymer was analyzed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ( ft - ir ) ( nicolet av atar360 ft - ir ). as the result , a new absorption peak of carboxylic acid was observed at 1693 cm − 1 . this shows the presence of 3 - hydroxy - ω -( 4 - carboxyphenyl ) alkanoic acid unit in the obtained pha . the obtained polymer was allowed to react with trisilyldiazomethane , and the reaction product was analyzed by 1 h - nmr ( ft - nmr : bruker dpx400 ; 1 h resonance frequency : 400 mhz ; measured nuclear species : 1 h ; solvent used : cdcl 3 ; reference : capillary - sealed tms / cdcl 3 ; measurement temperature : room temperature ). thereby the polymer was found to be a hydrorxyalkanoate copolymer containing the unit shown by chemical formula ( 37 ) below . the reaction product of the obtained polymer with trimethylsilyldiazomethane was evaluated for the average molecular weight by gel permeation chromatography ( gpc : tosoh hlc - 8220 , column : tosoh tsk - gel super hm - h , solvent : chloroform , polystyrene basis ). table 21 shows the weight of the obtained polymer , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . the molecular weight - controlling effect of peg was evaluated by producing a polymer in the same manner as in example 8 except that 5 -[( phenylmethyl ) oxy ] valeric acid was used as the polymer - synthesizing substrate . according to 1 h - nmr analysis , the obtained polymers were found to be a homopolymer of 3 - hydroxy - 5 -[( phenylmethyl ) oxy ] valeric acid shown by chemical formula ( 38 ) below . the molecular weight of the polymer was measured by gpc in the same manner as in example 1 . table 22 shows the weight of the obtained microorganism mass , the weight of the polymer , the weight ratio of the polymer to the microorganism mass , and the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the polymer . | 8 |
this invention applies to the use of zoned absorbent integral webs or other integral materials to provide improved fluid evacuation from a target region within the absorbent core of an absorbent personal care article and still provide good intake . additionally , this invention applies to the use of zoned integral webs or other materials to provide other functionalities to an absorbent article . previously known structures can only provide one of these functionalities , but not both . by changing the composition within , and / or throughout the absorbent material , functionality can be improved in an absorbent article system . examples of such improvements include providing enhanced intake , as well as ensuring that fluid can be preferentially wicked to desired locations in the absorbent article . such a system distributes fluid more uniformly along the length of a diaper , for instance , resulting in improved functional performance to the consumer and the more efficient utilization of raw materials within the product . by matching the material properties of materials of different integral zones ( in both horizontal in - plane and vertical out of plane directions ) an efficient absorbent material and subsequent article can be produced . the invention also applies to the particular use of raw materials within an absorbent system to deliver improved fluid distribution , and / or other targeted waste distribution . these materials can be arranged within the absorbent system such that desirable properties are located in zones / regions where they are most needed / effective . this could be accomplished by zoning the material in the x - y plane or several x - y planes , one atop the other in the z - direction or combinations of both , such that improved functionality , or efficiency is achieved . the desired outcome is a thinner product with rapid intake achieved through improved fluid retention , and efficiency through distributing fluid throughout the absorbent core . the absorbent system can be produced in a single process as an integral web or foam , by multistage forming and / or in - line stations . the invention also applies to the placement of zones within an absorbent material system such that insults within a product utilizing the system are focused on directing fluid at least 5 cm above the low point of a product when in use . desirably such liquid is directed to the outer edges of the product that are highest from the insult target area , when the product is in an upright position ( such as when a user , i . e . infant / child / adult , is sitting in an upright position or standing in an upright position ). the absorbent materials of this invention , as further explained below , may be desirably made using an airlaid process . alternatively , such integral materials may be manufactured using other in - line processes such as via foam manufacturing processes . the production of airlaid nonwoven materials is well defined in the literature and documented in the art . examples include the dan - web process as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 640 , 810 to laursen et al . and assigned to scan web of north america inc ., the kroyer process as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 494 , 278 to kroyer et al . and the process described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 527 , 171 to soerensen assigned to niro separation as well as the method of u . s . pat . no . 4 , 375 , 448 to appel et al . assigned to kimberly - clark corporation , each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . each example is provided by way of explanation of the invention , not limitation of the invention . in an exemplary practice of this invention an absorbent material having at least two md / cd x - y plane zones ( and at least two out of plane z direction zones ) is produced by the air laid process . desirably , the absorbent material includes at least three md / cd x - y plane zones . the number of zones may be limited by equipment constraints as most airlaying equipment currently available generally have three to seven banks of airlaying heads . however , the present invention should not be considered as so limited if it is economical or otherwise practical to produce alternative fiber deposition equipment . further , the person having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other forms of deposition , such as air - formed processes without thermoplastic binders , may be practiced according to the present invention . desirably , the material has at least two out of plane z direction zones . the material generally has denominated an upper x - y zone and a lower x - y zone in the z direction wherein the upper zone is the zone closer to the body of a wearer while the personal care product is in use . the integral zoned web may have various gradients between zones in the z , or thickness , direction , including e . g ., having a gradient of increasing density in the direction away from the wearer when the product is in use or otherwise . the major axes of the web will be indicated in the drawings where appropriate , with the thickness being indicated in the z - direction , the x axis being indicated as the machine direction ( md ) and the y axis being indicated as the cross , or cross machine , direction ( cd ) for ease of explanation . it should be recognized that an x - y plane designates a horizontal plane in the md and cd directions , and a series of at least two configured x - y zones ( one over the other ) create a gradient of zones in the z - direction ( out of plane ). alternatively , such materials may include at least three x - y planar zones in the z - direction . in a first set of embodiments , as identified in fig1 and 2 , which illustrate side cross - sectional views of absorbent materials in accordance with the invention , such integral web materials include front 70 and back 72 retention zones ( identified as “ c ”). in fig1 , the retention zones c , 70 and 72 may comprise similar materials , but are separated by additional x - y zones a , 78 and b , 80 . x - y zone b in this embodiment is subdjacent to zone a ( out of plane zone in the z direction ). in an example of such an embodiment , the absorbent system includes within its upper x - y plane zone a a material of approximately 46 % pulp , such as caressa 1300 ( buckeye technologies , inc ., memphis , tenn . ), approximately 4 % binder fiber such as t - 255 ( kosa , charlotte , nc ) and approximately 50 % of a superabsorbent , such as sxm 9543 available from stockhausen , inc . of greensboro , n . c . the central region , labeled b , is designed for intake or distribution and zone c on each end is designed for distribution and retention . zone b is composed of approximately 46 % pulp , such as caressa 1300 , approximately 4 % binder , such as t - 255 , and approximately 50 % superabsorbent , such as sxm 9543 . in one embodiment , zone c is composed of approximately 46 % of two pulps , for instance 23 % pulp , such as nb - 416 ( weyerhaeuser company , federal way , wash . ), and 23 % pulp such as sulfatate hj ( s - hj ) ( rayonier products and financial services company , fernandina beach , fla .) and approximately 4 % binder such as t - 255 , and approximately 50 % superabsorbent such as favor ® 880 available from stockhausen of greensboro , n . c . alternatively , only one pulp could be utilized . it should be appreciated that while within the drawing figures the transitions between zones or gradients may be indicated by lines , it should not be taken to indicate sharp transitions in boundaries according to the present invention . as seen in fig1 b , the shape of the lower x - y zone of fig1 a is conformed somewhat to the shape of a diaper . in particular , the length of the sample is approximately 14 . 05 inches , and the widths at points 81 , 82 , and 84 is 4 . 20 inches , 2 . 47 inches and 6 . 10 inches respectively . the length of the respective zones is 6 inches , 5 inches , and 3 inches respectively , identified as 87 , 89 , and 91 . the dimensions of the a x - y zone , not shown , may be varied , but is usually rectangular in shape . similar zone a as described and having in zone b approximately 42 % pulp , such as caressa 1300 , approximately 8 % binder such as t - 255 and approximately 50 % superabsorbent , such as sxm 9543 . zone c having approximately 46 % of two pulps , such as 23 % of a first pulp as nb - 416 and 23 % of a second pulp as sulfatate hj , and approximately 4 % of a binder , such as t - 255 and approximately 50 % of a superabsorbent such as favor ® 880 . in fig2 , the retention zone c , 83 is continuous , but narrows 88 along the md as it passes under x - y zones a , 84 and b , 86 . zones a and b in this embodiment are adjacent to one another for almost their entire length . it is expected that standard airlaid absorbent materials without such zoning , as well as traditional laminate - type separate materials , would demonstrate significantly poorer results than those just described , utilizing a cradle test . for instance , in running tests on huggies ® ultratrim absorbent cores , pampers ® products and other airlaid layers , results of liquid distribution to positions above the 5 cm mark were not as effective as shown in the examples . descriptions of such comparisons follow . for each of the immediately preceding examples , the materials were made using a hand sheet former as previously described . for the examples , the testing was performed using a mist test with x - ray . the mist test included repetitive insults with 60 cc of fluid at 15 cc / sec , four times each , spaced 30 minutes apart . the materials were x - rayed prior to each insult and 30 minutes following the final insult . while no chassis was used in connection with the test , a single sheet of polyethylene film was used as a backsheet . it should be noted that for each of the above embodiments , the zones are integrated as they are produced in - line . for instance , such materials could be produced on an airlaid line with three heads , by first forming the zones labeled as c , followed by zone b and eventually zone a . in the lafter embodiments described , zone a functions primarily as an intake zone , zone b functions primarily as a desorption / distribution zone , and zone c functions primarily as a retention zone . for the purposes of this application , binders typically used in such structures help provide mechanical integrity and stabilization . binders may include fiber , liquid or other binder means which in some instances may be thermally activated . preferred fibers for inclusion are those having a relatively low melting point such as polyolefin fibers . lower melting point polymers provide the ability to bond the fabric together at fiber cross - over points upon application of heat . in addition , fibers having a lower melting polymer , like conjugate and biconstituent fibers are suitable for the practice of this invention . fibers having a lower melting polymer are generally referred to as “ fusible ” fibers . by “ lower melting polymers ” what is meant are those having a melting temperature less than 175 degrees c . it should be noted that the properties ( such as texture ) of the absorbent web can be modified from soft to stiff through the selection of the glass transition temperature of the polymer and the amount of binder fiber added . exemplary binder fibers include conjugate fibers of polyolefins , polyamides and polyesters . some suitable binder fibers are sheath core conjugate fibers available from kosa inc . ( charlotte , n . c .) under the designation t - 255 and t - 256 or copolyester designation , though many suitable binder fibers are known to those skilled in the art , and are available by many manufacturers such as chisso corp ., osaka japan and fibervisions llc ., of wilmington , del . cellulosic wood pulps include standard softwood fluffing grade such as cr - 1654 from bowater , inc . of greenville , s . c . pulp may be modified in order to enhance the inherent characteristics of the fibers and their processability . curl may be imparted to the fibers by methods including chemical treatment or mechanical twisting . curl is typically imparted before crosslinking or stiffening . pulps may be stiffened by the use of crosslinking agents such as formaldehyde or its derivatives , glutaraldehyde , epichlorohydrin , methylolated compounds such as urea derivatives , dialdehydes such as maleic anhydride , non - methylolated urea derivatives , citric acid or other carboxylic acids . pulp may also be stiffened by the use of heat or caustic treatments such as mercerization . examples of these types of fibers include nhb416 which is a chemically crosslinked southern softwood pulp fiber which enhances wet modulus , available from the weyerhaeuser corporation of federal way , wash . other useful pulps are fully debonded pulp ( nf405 ) and non - debonded pulp ( nb416 ) and ph sulfite pulp , also from weyerhaeuser . hpz3 from buckeye technologies , inc . of memphis , term ., has a chemical treatment that sets in a curl and twist , in addition to imparting added dry and wet stiffness and resilience to the fiber . other suitable pulps include sulfatate hj from rayonier products and financial services company , caressa 1300 from buckeye technologies , buckeye hpf2 pulp and still another is ip supersoft7 from international paper company of purchase , n . y . superabsorbents suitable for the present invention include sxm 9394 , favor sxm 880 , and sp1284 available from stockhausen , inc ., greensboro , n . c . multicomponent superabsorbents as described in u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 072 , 101 ; 6 , 087 , 448 ; and 6 , 194 , 631 b1 would also be suitable for the present invention since they have the capability to desalinate urine or other body exudates . the ions in body exudates tend to reduce the effectiveness of typical polyacrylic acid based superabsorbents , but the multicomponent superabsorbents in the above referenced patents have the ability to reduce the concentration of ions in the swelling solution by transporting the ions into the multicomponent superabsorbent particles . therefore if the multicomponent superabsorbents were placed in the target zone ( e . g . zone a in fig1 ), then fluid entering the product would be desalinated in the target zone and fluid transported into subsequent zones ( e . g . b and c in fig1 ) would have a lower ion concentration than fluid initially entering the product , thus superabsorbents in the subsequent zones b and c would be more effective due to higher capacity . this is an example of a targeted waste system previously described . it will be appreciated by those of skill in the art that various materials , as well as their amounts , and types , may be utilized according to the present invention to adapt the composite web to a variety of applications while remaining within the spirit of the present invention . for instance , functional agents or fluid modifiers may be added to particular zones as is described further below . the following examples are meant to provide additional description of the inventive materials . the examples are not however meant to be limiting . the results of mist tests on these samples are reflected in fig3 a - 4 which illustrate the ranges of distribution (% above 5 cm ) versus insult runoff . from the graphs , it can be seen that efficiently zoned materials perform better in mist type testing than numerous controls , including existing non - integrally formed commercial embodiments and poorly zoned materials . the numbers on the graphs ( data points ) correlate to the numerical references in tables 1 - 7 , which follow , designating sample codes and properties of such . in order to effectuate a highly efficient absorbent material it has been found desirable that the materials demonstrate the following ranges of properties . for the purposes of the tables and figures , the percent above 5 cm is indicative of the percent of total liquid in the material after a given insult , as measured by various methods , such as x - ray analysis that has been directed to the outermost areas of the product above the 5 cm mark . the run - off in grams , is the amount of run - off measured following each of the noted insults . the examples designated by numbers are represented by the same numbers in the various graphs of fig3 a through 4 . three controls were utilized for all tests . the controls consisted of various airformed materials where noted . for instance , the first control comprised an entirely airformed material of a first in plane zone of a homogeneous pledget material and a second out of plane zone of a homogeneous material . a second control comprised a material similar to the first control , but with binders . likewise the third control comprised similar materials . additionally , zoned materials that were not integrally formed were tested and compared with similar materials that were integrally formed . the kimberly - clark huggies ® samples were tested with a surge and liner layer removed . pampers ® samples were tested with the liner and outer cover removed from size 3 pampers custom fit cruisers ®. the transfer layer and curly fibers remained in place . as can be seen from the examples , in an alternative embodiment , the integral web or material may have at least two zones in the z - direction . in still another alternative embodiment , the integral web or material may have at least three zones in an x - y plane , and at least three zones in the z - direction . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 25 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height , after the second insult , with a run - off of less than 10 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 30 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height , after the second insult , with a run - off of less than 6 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material is above 5 cm in height after the second insult , with a run - off of less than 4 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 25 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height , after the third insult , with a run - off of less than 30 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 30 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height after the third insult , with a run - off of less than 20 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 35 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height , after the third insult , with a run - off of less than 15 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 25 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height after the fourth insult , with a run - off of less than 45 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 35 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height , after the fourth insult , with a run - off of less than 35 g in accordance with the mist test . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integral web or material demonstrates zoning such that greater than 40 percent of the total liquid in the material is above 5 cm in height after the fourth insult , with a run - off of less than 25 g in accordance with the mist test . in another embodiment of the inventive zoned materials , an integrally formed absorbent material includes at least two in plane x - y zones and at least two out of plane zones in the z - direction having a z - directional permeability difference between these zones of at least 40 um 2 . in still a further embodiment of this material an integrally formed absorbent is composed of at least two “ regions ” in - plane and at least two “ regions ” out - of - plane with a target zone permeability of at least about 50 um 2 . in still another alternative embodiment the integrally formed absorbent material is composed of at least two zones in - plane and at least two zones out - of - plane with the in plane zones ( x - y direction ) demonstrating permeability differences of greater than about 40 um 2 and the out of plane zones ( z - direction ) demonstrating a permeability difference of greater than about 54 um 2 . in still another alternative embodiment , it is desirable that an intake zone would be composed of high permeability pulp fibers at a percentage ranging from 40 - 85 percent , binder fibers ranging from 0 - 20 percent , superabsorbent material ranging from 5 to 60 percent and other treatments or materials ranging from 0 - 15 percent by weight . such additional materials could address odor control , fluid modification , ion reduction , or other desirable functionalities for the purposes of improved intake and distribution as described in the application . in still a further alternative embodiment , a desirable fluid retention zone could be composed of high capillarity pulp fibers at a percentage ranging from 40 - 85 percent , binder fibers ranging from 0 - 20 percent and superabsorbent materials ranging from 30 - 85 percent by weight . in still a further alternative embodiment of the present invention , an integrally formed web or material includes at least two in plane x - y zones in the md and cd direction and at least two out of plane zones in the z - direction , on top of one another with zones including different components . in this structure , adjacent zones have different pulp fibers such that the coarseness ratio of the two fibers is greater than 1 . for instance , in one embodiment the coarseness ratio is greater than 1 . 5 : 1 . in a second alternative embodiment , the coarseness ratio is greater than 2 : 1 . this difference in coarseness translates into differences in the fiber surface area ( per unit mass ) in the two zones . these differences in surface area result in differences in the capillary pressure between the two zones , and hence the ability to move fluid more effectively from one zone into an adjacent zone . in still further embodiments , the material components can be positioned in the zones such that the zones can interact with each other in an efficient fashion . for instance , superabsorbent materials designed to reduce the salinity of urine can be positioned in either zone a or b to allow suberabsorbent materials which might encounter the urine later in time ( zones b and c or just c ) to absorb more fluid ( capacity ). such an arrangement would result in an improved efficiency of the material . another example of alternate embodiments based on differing components , include the use of more zones in either the upper x - y plane or the lower x - y plane . by using fibers of different contact angles in adjacent zones , the capillary pressure of adjacent zones can be controlled in order to effectively move fluid from one zone into an adjacent zone . in still a further alternative embodiment , the integrally formed absorbent material may also contain other additives or functionally active agents / materials that have an affect on the body waste stream which is exposed to the absorbent material . such materials may include without limitation , odor control agents , ion - exchange agents and fluid modifiers . these agents are desirably zoned in areas of the absorbent material to maximize their effectiveness and to minimize overall cost . for example , fluid modifying agents may be more beneficially situated in the zone closest to a user ( upper most zone , zone a ) since the liquid is expected to enter the material in that area and the effectiveness of modification would be done most efficiently at that location . odor control agents may be situated along the bottom of the lowest out of plane zone ( zone b ) in order to most effectively function where waste products / exudates are maintained for an extended period of time . functional agents may be placed in more than one zone and may help to form a compositional gradient within a zone or between zones . in addition , more than one active agent may be incorporated within the structure as required to achieve the desired functions . as a further example , ion - exchange agents , such as any of a number of dowex ion exchange resins available from aldrich chemical company , inc . of milwaukee , wis . may be utilized to change the characteristics of the waste product / exudates at different zones within the material . in one embodiment , alternative fluid treatment agents may be added in one or more zones of the absorbent composite . examples of suitable fluid treatment agents such as those that cause red blood cells in a blood - containing fluid to agglomerate or lyse are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 350 , 711 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . in still a further alternative embodiment , a specific zone or zones of the absorbent composite may be treated with a viscoelastant treatment . such a treatment alters the viscoelastic properties of a viscoelastic fluid such as menses in order to enhance fluid movement in the absorbent composite . examples of such suitable treatments are disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 060 , 636 which is incorporated by reference hereto in its entirety . in still a further embodiment , the absorbent structure may be manufactured using a wetlaid process such as that described in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 651 , 862 which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . the relative placement of various raw materials such as superabsorbent and fiber may be controlled in the x - y plane and z - direction of a base web forming machine , using a divided headbox and using multiple forming stations prior to drying the web . in still another alternative embodiment , the absorbent structure may be manufactured using a foam process . foams may be formed using various approaches well known in that art , such as high internal phase emulsion ( hipe ), freeze - drying , thermoset polyurethane foams , and continuous extrusion , from a variety of thermoplastic , natural and synthetic polymers . the structure of foams is typically controlled by the polymer selection and process conditions . for example u . s . pat . no . 5 , 856 , 366 which is also incorporated in its entirety by reference herein , describes a process for making heterogeneous hipe foams that have distinct regions of prescribed properties . zone c in fig2 may be formed in the desired x - y shape and uniform thickness . upon partial curing , a portion of this may be extracted and the space filled in with zones b and a sequentially with hipes of different composition and / or structure . alternately , u . s . pat . no . 5 , 948 , 829 , which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety , describes a process to make an absorbent foam using freeze - drying . an absorbent structure of the present invention may be obtained by combining two or more compositions of the solution of the type described in the above mentioned patent prior to freeze - drying in such a fashion that they are in intimate contact , but not mixed homogeneously . the rate , order , and location where these various solutions are added will dictate the size and position of the various zones in the absorbent structure . the properties of the zones will depend on the composition of the solutions used . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art , changes and variations to the invention are considered to be within the ability of those skilled in the art . such changes and variations are intended by the inventors to be within the scope of the invention . | 0 |
the present disclosure may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description taken in connection with the accompanying drawing figures , which form a part of this disclosure . it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific devices , methods , conditions or parameters described and / or shown herein , and that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments by way of example only and is not intended to be limiting of the claimed invention . any and all patents and other publications identified in this specification are incorporated by reference as though fully set forth herein . an example lens care container 10 for cleaning with cleaning solution is illustrated in fig1 - 12 . as illustrated , the container 10 includes a cup 100 , a cap 20 and lens holder 30 . the cap 20 can be a monolithic structure . the lens holder 30 can be a unitary structure . the lens holder 30 is illustrated to support a catalyst 40 disc . the illustrated container cup 100 defines an interior chamber accessible through a top opening bounded by a rim 105 . the interior chamber holds a volume of cleaning and / or disinfection solution . the catalyst disc 40 interacts with the cleaning and / or disinfection solution when the cap 20 is inserted into the container cup 100 . the container cup 100 rim 105 includes an outer diameter . as illustrated , a connection collar 101 extends from the rim 105 along the outer surface of the container cup 100 . the connection collar 101 can have a securing surface , for example threading . as illustrated , the threaded connection collar surface 101 can have a channel 103 of unthreaded sections to provide a discharge channel for gas vented from the container during use , as will be described further below . the unthreaded channel 103 can extend generally linearly from the rim of the container cup 100 through the length of the threaded surface 101 . the illustrated container 10 also includes a cap 20 that is removably attachable to the container cup 100 to cover the opening . the cap 20 includes a top panel 21 , a coupling hub 26 , and a collar 24 . the illustrated collar 24 includes an inner diameter that extends transversely from the top panel 21 . the inner diameter of the collar 24 is configured to receive the outer diameter of the collar 101 of the container cup 100 . the top panel 21 includes a pressure - release vent 23 that is positioned within a deflection region 27 . the deflection region 27 is defined by an annular geometry , for example a ring , of reduced thickness recessed away from the interior gas vent path 37 . the coupling hub 26 defines an interior gas vent path 37 that extends from the top panel 21 and is bounded by an open distal end with an anti - rotation mechanism 42 and at least one channel vent 28 . as illustrated , the cap pressure - release vent 23 includes an aperture extending through the top panel 21 . the illustrated cap pressure - release vent 23 aperture can also include a funneled mouth 29 that leads from the inner surface of the cap 21 . the illustrated lens holder 30 includes a stem 33 with an anti - rotation mechanism 38 that cooperates with the cap anti - rotation mechanism 42 to prevent rotation of the cap 20 with respect to the lens holder . the illustrated stem 33 also includes a seal 35 which can sealably engage the cap pressure - release vent 23 when the cap 20 and lens holder 30 are received within the container cup 100 . the illustrated lens holder seal 35 can include a dome 39 extending from the stem 33 , such that the dome sealably engages the inner circumference of the cap pressure - release vent 23 aperture . the illustrated lens holder seal 35 can also include a chamfered ring 41 surrounding the dome 39 . the chamfered ring 41 sealably inserts into the funneled mouth 29 on the pressure - release valve 23 . as particularly depicted in fig5 a , when the catalyst disc 40 interacts with the cleaning and / or disinfection solution in the container cup 100 , a volume of gas passes through the channel vents 28 into the interior gas vent path 37 . this escaping gas applies an outwardly - directed force against the deflection region 27 of the cap 21 . as particularly depicted in fig5 b , this application of force flexes the cap top surface 21 and disengages the lens holder seal 35 from the cap pressure - release vent 23 to allow the gas to exit through the cap pressure - release vent . the illustrated lens holder stem 33 also includes at least two passageways 37 . the at least two passageways 37 can be defined by at least two intersecting plates . as illustrated , the at least two intersecting plates support the lens holder seal 35 . when the lens holder 30 is secured to the cap 20 , the at least two passageways in the stem 33 can be aligned with the interior gas vent path 37 in the hub 26 to allow free passage of the gas entering through the at least one channel vent 28 . as illustrated , the cap anti - rotation mechanism 42 includes a male orientation key , and the lens holder anti - rotation mechanism 38 includes a female receiver to receive the cap anti - rotation mechanism orientation key . as illustrated , the cap coupling hub 26 can include a snap ring 31 , for example a ridge , protruding within the interior gas vent path 37 . the lens holder stem 33 can include a snap groove 43 to receive the snap ring 31 . as illustrated , the lens holder 30 can also include a pair of repositionable lens baskets 32 . the lens holder 30 can also include a neck 34 that extends between the pair of lens baskets 32 and the stem 33 . the stem 33 also includes a radial flange 36 that extends between the neck 34 and the stem 33 . the lens holder anti - rotation mechanism 38 can be defined within the radial flange 36 . as illustrated , the cap top panel 21 can also include a rim wall 25 extending within the collar 24 . the rim 105 of the container cup 100 is received between the cap collar 24 inner diameter and the rim wall 25 . although specific embodiments of the disclosure have been described , numerous other modifications and alternative embodiments are within the scope of the disclosure . for example , any of the functionality described with respect to a particular device or component may be performed by another device or component . further , while specific device characteristics have been described , embodiments of the disclosure may relate to numerous other device characteristics . further , although embodiments have been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts , it is to be understood that the disclosure is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described . rather , the specific features and acts are disclosed as illustrative forms of implementing the embodiments . conditional language , such as , among others , “ can ,” “ could ,” “ might ,” or “ may ,” unless specifically stated otherwise , or otherwise understood within the context as used , is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments could include , while other embodiments may not include , certain features , elements , and / or steps . thus , such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features , elements , and / or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments . | 0 |
for the following defined terms , these definitions shall be applied , unless a different definition is given in the claims or elsewhere in this specification . all numeric values are herein assumed to be modified by the term “ about ”, whether or not explicitly indicated . the term “ about ” generally refers to a range of numbers that one of skill in the art would consider equivalent to the recited value ( i . e ., having the same function or result ). in many instances , the terms “ about ” may include numbers that are rounded to the nearest significant figure . the recitation of numerical ranges by endpoints includes all numbers within that range ( e . g ., 1 to 5 includes 1 , 1 . 5 , 2 , 2 . 75 , 3 , 3 . 80 , 4 , and 5 ). as used in this specification and the appended claims , the singular forms “ a ”, “ an ”, and “ the ” include plural referents unless the content clearly dictates otherwise . as used in this specification and the appended claims , the term “ or ” is generally employed in its sense including “ and / or ” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise . the following description should be read with reference to the drawings wherein like reference numerals indicate like elements throughout the several views . the drawings , which are not necessarily to scale , depict illustrative embodiments of the claimed invention . fig1 is a plan view of a catheter 10 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . the catheter 10 can be any of a variety of different catheters . in some embodiments , the catheter 10 can be an intravascular catheter . examples of intravascular catheters include balloon catheters , atherectomy catheters , drug delivery catheters , stent delivery catheters , diagnostic catheters and guide catheters . the intravascular catheter 10 can be sized in accordance with its intended use . the catheter 10 can have a length that is in the range of about 100 to 150 centimeters and can have any useful diameter . as illustrated , fig1 portrays a guide catheter , but the invention is not limited to such . except as described herein , the intravascular catheter 10 can be manufactured using conventional techniques . in the illustrated embodiment , the intravascular catheter 10 includes an elongate shaft 12 that has a proximal region 14 defining a proximal end 16 and a distal region 18 defining a distal end 20 . a hub and strain relief assembly 22 can be connected to the proximal end 16 of the elongate shaft 12 . the hub and strain relief assembly 22 can be of conventional design and can be attached using conventional techniques . it is also recognized that alternative hub designs can be incorporated into embodiments of the present invention . the elongate shaft 12 can include one or more shaft segments having varying degrees of flexibility . for example , the elongate shaft may include a relatively stiff proximal portion , a relatively flexible distal portion and an intermediate position disposed between the proximal and distal portions having a flexibility that is intermediate to both . in some cases , the elongate shaft 12 may be formed of a single polymeric layer . in some instances , the elongate shaft 12 may include an inner liner such as an inner lubricious layer and an outer layer . in some cases , the elongate shaft 12 may include a reinforcing braid layer disposed between the inner and outer layers . the elongate shaft 12 is considered herein as generically representing a catheter to which various elements can be added to provide the catheter 10 with adjustable stiffness . if the elongate shaft 12 includes an inner liner , the inner liner can include or be formed from a coating of a material having a suitably low coefficient of friction . examples of suitable materials include perfluoro polymers such as polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ), better known as teflon ®, high density polyethylene ( hdpe ), polyarylene oxides , polyvinylpyrolidones , polyvinylalcohols , hydroxy alkyl cellulosics , algins , saccharides , caprolactones , and the like , and mixtures and combinations thereof . the elongate shaft 12 can include , as an outer layer or layers , any suitable polymer that will provide the desired strength , flexibility or other desired characteristics . polymers with low durometer or hardness can provide increased flexibility , while polymers with high durometer or hardness can provide increased stiffness . in some embodiments , the polymer material used is a thermoplastic polymer material . some examples of suitable materials include polyurethane , elastomeric polyamides , block polyamide / ethers ( such as pebax ®), silicones , and co - polymers . the outer polymer layer 32 can be a single polymer , multiple longitudinal sections or layers , or a blend of polymers . by employing careful selection of materials and processing techniques , thermoplastic , solvent soluble , and thermosetting variants of these materials can be employed to achieve the desired results . in some instances , a thermoplastic polymer such as a co - polyester thermoplastic elastomer , for example , available commercially under the arnitel ® name , can be used . fig2 illustrates an assembly 24 that includes a hypotube 26 disposed within a polymeric layer 28 . merely for illustrative purposes , the polymeric layer 28 is seen in phantom as a single layer . in some cases , the polymeric layer 28 may represent two or more polymer layers . any suitable polymers may be employed . it is contemplated that the assembly 24 could also include one or more polymeric layers , such a lubricious layer , within the hypotube 26 . the hypotube 26 can be cut for flexibility purposes . in some instances , such as that illustrated , the hypotube 26 can be a spiral - cut hypotube having spirally - aligned cuts or kerfs 30 separating adjacent bridge portions 32 . the bridge portions 32 permit the hypotube 26 to retain a certain level of strength while the kerfs 30 lend flexibility . the hypotube 26 can be formed of any suitable polymeric or metallic material . in some instances , the hypotube 26 can be formed of stainless steel that has been laser cut . each of the kerfs 30 can be seen to have a particular width . fig2 can be assumed as showing the hypotube 26 in a relaxed configuration , i . e . no external forces are being applied to the hypotube 26 . the relative dimensions of the kerfs 30 and the bridge portions 32 will provide the hypotube 26 , and hence , the assembly 24 , with a given balance of flexibility versus strength . in fig3 , the assembly 24 has been stiffened by reducing the relative size of each of the kerfs 34 while each of the bridge portions 32 remain unchanged . this can be accomplished by , for example , applying a compressive force to the hypotube 26 , as shown by arrow 36 . alternatively , this can also be accomplished by rotating the hypotube 26 , as shown by arrow 38 . while not expressly illustrated , it should be recognized that applying either a compressive or rotational force to the hypotube 26 may change the diameter of the hypotube 26 . in some instances , as seen for example in fig4 - 6 , a catheter may include two or more coaxially aligned hypotubes . fig4 is a diagrammatic cross - section of an assembly 40 , showing an inner hypotube 42 , an outer hypotube 44 and a polymeric layer 46 . the polymeric layer 46 can be formed of any suitable polymer . while not expressly illustrated as such , the inner hypotube 42 and the outer hypotube 44 may both be spirally - cut . the inner hypotube 42 and the outer hypotube 44 can each be formed of any suitable polymeric or metallic material . in some instances , the inner hypotube 42 and the outer hypotube 44 can each be formed of stainless steel that has been laser cut . an annular gap 48 can be seen between the inner hypotube 42 and the outer hypotube 44 . it should be noted that fig4 is not to scale ; rather , certain elements have been exaggerated for clarity . the inner hypotube 42 can be considered as having an outer diameter that is somewhat less than an inner diameter of the outer hypotube 44 . the inner hypotube 42 , along with any desired inner layer or layers ( not illustrated ), forms a lumen 50 suitable for any desired or necessary medical treatment . it will be recognized that the annular gap 48 will permit at least some relative movement between the inner hypotube 42 and the outer hypotube 44 before interference between the two will decrease flexibility of the assembly 40 . fig4 can be considered as illustrating a relaxed configuration , i . e . no external forces are being applied to any portions of the assembly 40 . in fig5 , however , the inner hypotube 42 has expanded relative to the outer hypotube 44 such that the annular gap 48 ( seen in fig4 ) has at least substantially disappeared . this can be accomplished , for example , by rotating the inner hypotube 42 to expand the diameter of the inner hypotube 42 . in some instances , the inner hypotube 42 may extend proximally to the proximal region 14 ( see fig1 ), or may be operatively connected to actuation structure that extends proximally to the proximal region 14 , to permit an operator to rotate the inner hypotube 42 . conversely , as shown in fig6 , the outer hypotube 44 may be contracted in diameter relative to the inner hypotube 42 such that a new annular gap 52 appears between the outer hypotube 44 and the polymeric layer 46 . this can be accomplished , for example , by rotating the outer hypotube 44 to decrease the diameter of the outer hypotube 44 . in some instances , the outer hypotube 44 may extend proximally to the proximal region 14 ( see fig1 ), or may be operatively connected to actuation structure that extends proximally to the proximal region 14 , to permit an operator to rotate the outer hypotube 44 . fig7 through 12 illustrate embodiments of the invention in which inflatable elements are deployed within catheters to provide for adjustable stiffness . in fig7 , a catheter 54 includes an elongate shaft 56 . as discussed previously with respect to fig1 , the elongate shaft 56 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 58 extends through the interior of the elongate shaft 56 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . an elongate inflation tube 60 is deployed within the lumen 58 . in some instances , the elongate inflation tube 60 may be integrally formed within the elongate shaft 56 . in some cases , the elongate inflation tube 60 may be separately formed and subsequently secured within the lumen 58 using any suitable attachment technique . as seen in fig7 , the elongate inflation tube 60 is deflated . the elongate inflation tube 60 can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . turning to fig8 , the elongate inflation tube 60 has been inflated . the elongate inflation tube 60 can be seen as extending at least substantially the entire length of the elongate shaft 56 , from a proximal region 62 to a distal region 64 . in some instances , the elongate inflation tube 60 can be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that inflation fluid may be introduced into the elongate inflation tube 60 . any suitable fluid may be used , although saline is an exemplary fluid . saline is biocompatible , which is important if a rupture occurs . moreover , as an aqueous solution , saline is largely incompressible . in the illustrated embodiment , the elongate inflation tube 60 has a radial cross - section that is at least substantially circular in shape , and that remains at least substantially constant across the length of the elongate inflation tube 60 . in some instances , it is contemplated that the elongate inflation tube 60 may have a non - circular radial cross - section . for example , the elongate inflation tube 60 may have an ovoid or even polygonal radial cross - section . in some instances , it is contemplated that the elongate inflation tube 60 may have a radial cross - section that changes size across the length thereof . for example , the elongate inflation tube 60 may have a smaller radial cross - section within the distal region 64 and a larger radial cross - section within the proximal region 62 . in some instances , the elongate inflation tube 60 may have two , three or more distinct regions , each region having a distinctive radial cross - section size and / or shape . it can be seen that the elongate inflation tube 60 can have relatively little impact on the flexibility of the elongate shaft 56 when deflated . when the elongate inflation tube 60 is inflated or pressurized , however , the elongate shaft 56 will become relatively less flexible , or relatively more stiff . fig9 shows a catheter 66 that includes an elongate shaft 68 . the elongate shaft 68 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 70 extends through the interior of the elongate shaft 68 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . a first elongate inflation tube 70 and a second elongate inflation tube 72 are deployed within the lumen 70 . in some instances , the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 may be integrally formed within the elongate shaft 68 . in some cases , the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 may be separately formed and subsequently secured within the lumen 68 using any suitable attachment technique . each of the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 may be formed of any suitable material . as illustrated , the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 have been inflated or pressurized , and can be seen as being at least substantially parallel with each other . in some cases , the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 may be arranged at an angle with respect to each other . each of the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 can be seen as extending at least substantially the entire length of the elongate shaft 68 , from a proximal region 76 to a distal region 78 . in some instances , the first elongate inflation tube 70 and the second elongate inflation tube 72 can each be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that inflation fluid may be introduced . any suitable fluid may be used , although saline is an exemplary fluid . in fig1 , a catheter 80 can be seen as including an elongate shaft 82 . the elongate shaft 82 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 84 extends through the interior of the elongate shaft 82 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . a first elongate inflation tube 86 and a second elongate inflation tube 88 are deployed within the lumen 84 . in some instances , the first elongate inflation tube 86 and the second elongate inflation tube 88 may be integrally formed within the elongate shaft 82 . in some cases , the first elongate inflation tube 86 and the second elongate inflation tube 88 may be separately formed and subsequently secured within the lumen 68 using any suitable attachment technique . the first elongate inflation tube 86 and the second elongate inflation tube 88 can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . as illustrated , the first elongate inflation tube 86 and the second elongate inflation tube 88 have been inflated or pressurized . the second elongate inflation tube 88 can be seen as extending at least substantially the entire length of the elongate shaft 82 , from a distal region 90 to a proximal region 92 . the first elongate inflation tube 86 , however , terminates at a position 94 that is well short of the distal region 90 . in some instances , it may be desirable to be able to temporarily provide additional stiffness to the proximal region 92 while retaining a relatively greater level of flexibility within the distal region 90 . in some instances , the first elongate inflation tube 86 and the second elongate inflation tube 88 can each be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that inflation fluid may be introduced . any suitable fluid may be used , although saline is an exemplary fluid . fig1 shows a catheter 96 having an elongate shaft 98 . the elongate shaft 98 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 100 extends through the interior of the elongate shaft 98 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . an elongate annular inflation ring 102 is deployed within the lumen 100 . in some instances , the elongate annular inflation ring 102 may be integrally formed within the elongate shaft 98 . in some cases , the elongate annular inflation ring 102 may be separately formed and subsequently secured within the lumen 100 using any suitable attachment technique . the elongate annular inflation ring 102 can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . as seen , the elongate annular inflation ring 102 is inflated or pressurized . the elongate annular inflation ring 102 can extend at least substantially the entire length of the elongate shaft 98 , from a proximal region 104 to a distal region 106 . in some instances , the elongate annular inflation ring 102 can be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that inflation fluid may be introduced into the elongate annular inflation ring 102 . any suitable fluid may be used , although saline is an exemplary fluid . fig1 shows a catheter 108 having an elongate shaft 110 . the elongate shaft 110 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 112 extends through the interior of the elongate shaft 110 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . an elongate inflation ring 114 is deployed within the lumen 112 . in some instances , the elongate inflation ring 114 may be integrally formed within the elongate shaft 110 . in some cases , the elongate inflation ring 114 may be separately formed and subsequently secured within the lumen 112 using any suitable attachment technique . the elongate inflation ring 114 can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . the elongate annular inflation ring 102 ( fig1 ) has at least a substantially constant dimension . in contrast , the elongate inflation ring 114 has a varying dimension . in some instances , the elongate inflation ring 114 can have a relatively thinner dimension along one side ( top , as illustrated ) and a relatively thicker dimension along another side ( bottom , as illustrated ). this can be useful if it is desired to provide relatively greater stiffness along one side of the catheter 108 and relatively reduced stiffness along another side of the catheter 108 . as seen , the elongate inflation ring 114 is inflated or pressurized . the elongate inflation ring 114 can extend at least substantially the entire length of the elongate shaft 110 , from a proximal region 116 to a distal region 118 . in some instances , the elongate inflation ring 114 can be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that inflation fluid may be introduced into the elongate inflation ring 114 . any suitable fluid may be used , although saline is an exemplary fluid . fig1 and 14 illustrate an embodiment in which a swellable material such as a hydrogel is used to provide a catheter with adjustable stiffness . in fig1 , a portion of a catheter 120 includes an inner polymer layer 122 and an outer polymer layer 124 . the inner polymer layer 122 and the outer polymer layer 124 can each independently be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . a gap 126 is disposed between the inner polymer layer 122 and the outer polymer layer 124 . a layer or coating 128 of a swellable material is disposed within the gap 126 . as seen in this figure , the coating 128 is dry . in fig1 , the coating 128 of swellable material has been caused to swell , thereby eliminating the gap 126 seen in fig1 . the coating 128 can be caused to swell by contacting the coating 128 with an appropriate liquid . if , for example , the coating 128 is a hydrogel , it can be caused to swell simply by contacting the coating 128 with water . in some instances , the gap 126 ( fig1 ) can be considered as extending proximally sufficiently far to be in fluid communication with the hub 22 ( see fig1 ), so that an appropriate liquid such as water may be introduced . examples of suitable swellable materials include hydrophilic polymers . a hydrophilic polymer is a polymer that attracts or binds water molecules when the polymer is placed in contact with an aqueous system . examples of aqueous systems that can provide water molecules that can bind to a hydrophilic polymer include blood and other bodily fluids . when a hydrophilic polymer comes into contact with such a system , water molecules can bind to the polymer via mechanisms such as hydrogen bonding between the water molecules and substituents or functional groups present within or on the polymer . one class of polymers that can be considered as hydrophilic includes ionomer polymers . an ionomer polymer is a polymer that can be considered as containing covalent bonds between elements within a chain while containing ionic bonds between chains . an ionomer polymer is a polymer that has charged functional groups appended to the polymer chain . the charged functional groups can be positively charged , in which case the polymer can be referred to be a cationomer , or the functional groups can be negatively charged , in which case the polymer can be referred to as an anionomer . an ionomeric polymer can be formed using a variety of negatively charged functional groups . the negatively charged functional group can be added to a previously formed polymer , or the negatively charged functional groups can be part of one or more of the monomers used to form the ionomeric polymer . examples of suitable negatively charged functional groups include sulfonates and carboxylates . the ionomeric polymer can , in particular , include sulfonate functional groups . these groups are negatively charged and can readily hydrogen bond sufficient amounts of water when brought into contact with a source of water such as an aqueous system . further examples of suitable materials include nonionic polyether polyurethanes available commercially under the hydroslip ® name . another suitable material includes nonionic aliphatic polyether polyurethanes available commercially under the tecogel ® name . examples of other suitable nonionic polymers include polymers such as poly ( hydroxy methacrylate ), poly ( vinyl alcohol ), poly ( ethylene oxide ), poly ( n - vinyl - 2 - pyrolidone ), poly ( acrylamide ) and other similar materials . fig1 through 17 illustrate embodiments of the invention in which catheters can enjoy adjustable stiffness through the use of external sheaths that may be slidably disposed over the catheters . fig1 shows a catheter 130 including an elongate shaft 132 and a stiffness sheath 134 slidably disposed over the elongate shaft 132 . the elongate shaft 132 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . any suitable polymer or polymers can be used . the stiffness sheath 134 may be formed of any suitably stiff polymeric or metallic material . in fig1 , a catheter 136 includes the elongate shaft 132 as discussed with respect to fig1 . a first stiffness sheath 138 is slidably disposed over the elongate shaft 132 , while a second stiffness sheath 140 is slidably disposed over the first stiffness sheath 138 . in some instances , each of the first stiffness sheath 138 and the second stiffness sheath 140 may independently be moved either distally or proximally over the elongate shaft 132 to provide a desired degree of stiffness . each of the first stiffness sheath 138 and the second stiffness sheath 140 may be formed of any suitably stiff polymeric or metallic material . in fig1 , a catheter 142 includes the elongate shaft 132 as discussed with respect to fig1 . a tapered or frustoconical - shaped stiffness sheath 144 is slidably disposed over the elongate shaft 132 . the stiffness sheath 144 has a narrow end 146 and a wide end 148 and can provide , as a result , a gradual change in stiffness . the stiffness sheath 144 can be formed of any suitably stiff polymeric or metallic material . fig1 illustrates an embodiment of the invention employing a number of stiffness filaments . a catheter 150 includes an elongate shaft 152 . the elongate shaft 152 may be a polymeric shaft and may include a single polymeric layer , two polymeric layers , or several polymeric layers , reinforcing layers , and the like . a lumen 154 extends through the elongate shaft 152 , which can be formed of any suitable polymer or polymers . the catheter 150 includes a number of elongate apertures 156 disposed within the elongate shaft 152 . it can be seen that the elongate apertures 156 extend longituidinally within the elongate shaft 152 . the elongate apertures 156 can be evenly spaced out about the circumference of the elongate shaft 152 . any number of elongate apertures 156 may be provided . at least some of the elongate apertures 156 include a stiffness - enhancing filaments 158 slidably deployed within the elongate apertures 156 . depending on the performance requirements , one or more of the stiffness - enhancing filaments 158 may be inserted into , removed from , or slide within an appropriate and corresponding elongate aperture 156 . in some instances , the stiffness - enhancing filaments 158 may be wires formed of any suitable material such as nitinol , stainless steel , titanium , aluminum , cobalt chromium or any other suitable metal . fig1 and 20 illustrate use of an electro - active polymer in providing variable stiffness to a catheter . fig1 shows a catheter 174 having an elongate shaft 176 that includes one or more polymeric layers . a series of flaps 178 have been cut into the elongate shaft 176 , and extend into a lumen 180 . at least the flaps 178 include an electro - active polymer . it should be noted that the size of the flaps 178 relative to the elongate shaft 176 has been exaggerated for illustrative purposes . in this configuration , which can be considered to be a relaxed configuration , the flaps 178 provide a level of flexibility to the elongate shaft 176 . in fig2 , a current has been applied . consequently , the flaps 178 have been actuated from the position seen in fig1 , in which the flaps 178 extend into lumen 180 , to a position in which the flaps 178 align with the elongate shaft 176 and thereby improve the column strength of the elongate shaft 176 . it should be noted that in some instances , it is contemplated that at least a portion of elongate shaft 12 ( see fig1 ) may be formed from or include a layer of an electrostatically actuatable material such as an electro - active polymer , a polymer including buckytubes , or perhaps a liquid crystal polymer . it is contemplated that such materials may , if subjected to an electrical current , change the relative stiffness of a catheter containing such a material . it should be understood that this disclosure is , in many respects , only illustrative . changes may be made in details , particularly in matters of shape , size , and arrangement of steps without exceeding the scope of the invention . the invention &# 39 ; s scope is , of course , defined in the language in which the appended claims are expressed . | 0 |
after considering the following description , those skilled in the art will clearly realize that the teachings of the present invention can be readily utilized in the brazing of nickel base superalloys , and more particularly in some embodiments , for the brazing of wide gaps , typically of 1 mm or greater , in nickel base superalloys used in fabrication of superalloy components . in some embodiments , the braze zone created by the methods of the present invention has 70 % or greater of the aforementioned nickel base superalloy material properties , ( e . g ., 70 % or more of the original component material mechanical and / or corrosion resistance , and / or high - temperature performance property specifications , among others ). the brazing process embodiments described herein are intended to achieve material properties in the brazed region as close as possible to those of the base material , preferably 70 % or above of the aforementioned base metal component &# 39 ; s properties . the brazing of nickel base superalloys is an important practical matter for applications in gas turbines and other high temperature environments . to be concrete in our discussion , we will focus on applications to the brazing of cast nickel ( ni ) base superalloys , recognizing thereby that some of the approaches described herein will be readily applicable to other materials such as iron base superalloys , cobalt base superalloys , wrought nickel base superalloys stainless steels and dissimilar combinations including ceramics to metallic alloys , as would be apparent to one having ordinary skill in the art . application to such varied materials is possible because brazing does not involve melting of the base metals and therefore the braze material does not dilute , alloy with , or otherwise degrade the properties of the base material when it is subsequently solidified . physically , the molten braze filler material should wet the adjoining surfaces and flow over them , typically by capillary action . the mechanical properties of the solidified braze material should match or compliment those of the base metal ( s ) ( or “ substrate ( s )”) that are being repaired or joined . we identify herein materials respectively having a favorable combination of properties for use as a braze alloy but whose basic composition was developed with quite different purposes in view . this braze alloy has not heretofore been recognized as a good candidate braze material for use with ni base superalloys and possibly other base alloys . for example , the braze alloy identified herein has a significant amount of iron ( fe ). few if any ni base alloys used to form components , such as turbine engine blades and vanes , have intentional levels of fe , thus rendering the braze alloy described herein substantially different in composition from the ni base alloy base materials . also , the braze alloy described herein lacks a number of other elemental constituents generally regarded in the art as important for superalloy brazing , including al , ti and nb ( for precipitation strengthening ), co , ta , w and re ( for solid solution strengthening ) as well as hf and b ( for grain boundary strengthening ). the brazing alloy embodiments identified herein have compositions with substantially the values given in table 1 , with particularly favorable extended ranges of compositions indicated in parenthesis ( ). all percentages are weight percentages unless otherwise specified . in other embodiments , other elements may be advantageously combined with the preceding elements of table 1 - a , as given in table 1 - b . the elements of table 1 - b are anticipated to enhance the performance of the braze alloy by the means noted following each entry in table 1 - b . applicant submits that the composition values given above would not be anticipated to be a good braze alloy for superalloy structural repair according to conventional understanding in the field . reasons that one ordinarily skilled in the art would not have chosen the above compositions for brazing of superalloys include : ( a ) virtually all ni base superalloys do not contain added iron . ( b ) virtually all ni base superalloys contain constituents facilitating gamma prime formation ( such as aluminum , titanium or both ), or gamma double prime ( such as niobium ), absent from the alloys of table 1 - a . ( c ) the solid solution strengtheners and grain boundary strengtheners noted above are absent in the present braze alloy of table 1 - a . ( d ) the relatively high level of si in the present braze alloy of table 1 - a would normally be expected to result in the formation of embrittlement phases during brazing . however , it is known that this alloy is weldable as described for a commercial embodiment known as hastelloy ® d - 205 ™ in published data sheets , leading to the conclusion that melting and solidification of the particular compositions of table 1 - a do not lead to the precipitation of embrittling phases . the alloys described in table 1 - a (“ table 1 alloys ”) include as a particular embodiment within the given ranges the commercial product hastelloy ® d - 205 ™ ( hereinafter “ d - 205 ”) developed by haynes international of kokomo , ind ., as set forth in the alloy provider &# 39 ; s published data sheets describing d - 205 , its properties and its potential uses . it is recognized that d - 205 is thought to be preferable to high si — fe based alloys , due to its resistance to high temperature embrittlement and resistance to corrosion . in fact , as noted in the data sheets , one of its recommended uses is for wall material in sulfuric acid baths , although it may have been surpassed by alternate alloys in its corrosion resistant properties . it is also noted that d - 205 alloy is apparently no longer commercially available . applicant notes that the use of table 1 alloys , in particular alloy d - 205 , has not been suggested as a useful braze alloy before the disclosure contained herein . therefore , applicant respectfully submits that the advantages of this type of alloy as a braze alloy for ni base superalloys have not been recognized before , and thus the disclosure herein is a new and novel use for a known material . applicant further submits that , for the reasons given in ( a )-( d ) above , prior teachings in the art teach away from using the presently disclosed alloys for brazing ni base superalloys , thereby rendering the present descriptions an unexpected and surprising result . table 1 alloys have useful attributes for employment as a braze alloy . we cite specific data for alloy d - 205 as a representative example of table 1 alloys since these data are readily available in public sources . as a braze alloy , d - 205 has several interesting and useful attributes not heretofore recognized . while the melting range ( or single melting temperature if the composition is a eutectic ) of d - 205 has apparently not been reported , we can reasonably estimate the melting temperature from a similar “ sister ” alloy known as hastelloy d . hastelloy d is also a high silicon , nickel base alloy including copper ( ni - 82 % si - 9 % cu - 3 % omitting other elemental constituents ) as given , for example , in engineering properties of nickel and nickel alloys , john everhart ( ed . ), springer science + business media , new york ( 1971 ), p . 56 . the reported melting temperature range of hastelloy d is 1110 to 1120 deg . c . ( 2030 to 2048 deg , f ) ( see above reference by everhart ). binary phase diagrams , such as fig1 and fig2 herein , suggest that the higher cr content of d - 205 vs . hastelloy d ( 20 % versus 0 %) would further suppress the melting temperature but that the lower silicon content ( 5 % versus 9 %) would increase the melting temperature . a net increase in melting temperature of perhaps as much as about 60 deg . c . would still afford the d - 205 alloy a reasonably low melting temperature range ( estimated to be about 1170 deg . c . to about 1180 deg . c .) and not eliminate its potential advantages as a braze alloy . it is partly for these reasons that , for the braze alloys described herein , chromium is chosen to be a minimum of 20 %, at the low end of its range , and silicon is chosen to be a minimum of 5 %, both at the low end of their respective ranges . another favorable attribute of chromium is that it provides corrosion / oxidation resistance . another favorable attribute of silicon is that it provides good fluidity and wetting . however these minima are expected to provide a reasonably low braze temperature without significantly degrading other advantageous properties contributed by these and other components . the expected low melting temperature range of d - 205 indicates that reasonable braze temperatures can be used for brazing superalloys . d - 205 has excellent ductility of about 56 % elongation ( as mill annealed ). such ductility indicates that d - 205 can easily be drawn into wire , strip , foil or other desired shapes as conveniently used for braze filler , among other uses . the high cr content of d - 205 suggests that it has good resistance to oxidation . its high si content suggests that it has good wettability properties . furthermore , as indicated in the data sheets , d - 205 can be age - hardened to provide good mechanical properties . table 2 compares the properties of two typical superalloys , mar m 247 and in 738 with d - 205 after age - hardening . it is clear from table 2 that d - 205 typically provides greater than about 70 % of the tensile strength and yield strength of both alloys mar m 247 and in 738 and ductility ( as measured by elongation ) far superior to that of the mar m 247 . applicant is not aware of any teaching or indication prior to the present disclosure that shows that table 1 alloys in general , or d - 205 in particular , would be good brazing alloys for use with ni base superalloys . the comparable ( greater than 70 %) properties of the cited braze alloy compared to superalloys such as mar m 247 and in 738 is thought to result primarily from copper rich precipitate strengthening following age hardening . the mechanism is similar to such strengthening reported in copper - containing precipitate hardened stainless steels such as 17 - 4 ph . solid solution strengthening ( from e . g . cr , fe and mo ) may also contribute to the braze alloy &# 39 ; s outstanding performance . the range of compositions substantially similar to the composition of d - 205 , as given in table 1 , is expected to provide performance substantially similar to that of d - 205 . d - 205 was formulated to provide a high level of corrosion resistance , as stated by the manufacturer of d - 205 in the data sheets . it is expected that modest adjustments to the compositions of d - 205 , with a view to improving properties other than corrosion resistance , will likewise provide good performance as a braze alloy . for example , adjustment of the amount of si , or the addition of hf could further refine the wettability properties of the braze alloy and modify the alloy &# 39 ; s melting point . also , the addition of al , ti or nb as noted in table 1b would be expected to provide strengthening of the alloy by the formation of gamma prime or gamma double prime phases ( or both ), thereby providing improved mechanical properties at elevated temperatures . although various embodiments that incorporate the invention have been shown and described in detail herein , others can readily devise many other varied embodiments that still incorporate the claimed invention . the invention is not limited in its application to the exemplary embodiment details of construction and the arrangement of components set forth in the description or illustrated in the drawings . the invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways . also , it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting . the use of “ including ,” “ comprising ,” or “ having ” and variations thereof herein are meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items . | 2 |
the present invention relates to adaptive cement systems . in particular , the invention relates to cement systems which are “ self - healing ” or “ self - repairing ”, i . e . system which can adapt to compensate for changes or faults in the physical structure of the cement , or which adapt their structure in the cementing of oil , gas , water or geothermal wells , or the like . according to the invention , the fundamental idea for the cementing composition is to leave a significant amount of un - reacted cement ( i . e . not hydrated ) in the set cement sheath once all the water initially present in the cement slurry has reacted with the anhydrous cement . when the cement sheath is submitted to mechanical stresses that are higher than the tensile strength of set cement the appearance of cracks and / or micro - annuli can occur . in this case the water contained in the cracks or micro - annuli can react with un - reacted cement to form additional cement hydrates . these cement hydrates occupy more space than the anhydrous cement from which they are formed . consequently , the cement hydrates can fill the cracks and / or micro - annuli , and the damaged cement self - repairs . portland cements are roughly composed of 80 % calcium silicates , ca 3 sio 5 and ca 2 sio 4 , 15 % of calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite , ca 3 al 2 o 6 and ca 4 al 2 fe 2 o 10 , and 5 % gypsum , caso 4 . 2h 2 o . these cement phases react with water to form cement hydrates . for instance the hydration of calcium silicates leads to the formation of two hydrates , calcium silicate hydrate and calcium hydroxide . the chemical reactions can be written as follows : 2ca 3 sio 5 + 7h 2 o → ca 3 ( oh ) 4 h 4 si 2 o 7 + 3ca ( oh ) 2 eq . 1 2ca 2 sio 4 + 5h 2 o → ca 3 ( oh ) 4 h 4 si 2 o 7 + ca ( oh ) 2 eq . 2 the volume occupied by these two hydrates is much higher than that occupied by the anhydrous phases . the molar volume is estimated to be 153 × 10 − 6 m 3 for ca 3 ( oh ) 4 h 4 si 2 o 7 , 33 . 1 × 10 − 6 m 3 for ca ( oh ) 2 , 72 . 4 × 10 − 6 m 3 for ca 3 sio 5 and 52 . 0 × 10 − 6 m 3 for ca 2 sio 4 . from these values it can be calculated that the volume increase is 74 % for ca 3 sio 5 and 79 % for ca 2 sio 4 . the volume increases due to the hydration of calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite are in the same order of magnitude . gypsum present in portland cements reacts with these phases to form calcium trisulfoaluminate hydrate during the first hours of hydration and then calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate . the amount of gypsum being not sufficient to convert all the calcium aluminate and calcium aluminoferrite into calcium monosulfoaluminate hydrate , some calcium aluminate hydrates are formed as well . it is generally agreed that complete hydration of portland cements cannot occur if the water - to - cement ( w / c ) weight ratio of the cement slurry is below a value in the region of 0 . 38 . this means that 38 grams of water are required to fully hydrate 100 grams of portland cement . in this case the water is distributed as follows : about 22 grams are chemically bonded into cement hydrates and 16 grams are present in the micropores of cement hydrates . if the w / c ratio is above 0 . 38 the water in excess is in the capillary pores ( macropores ) of the set cement matrix . it is easy to understand that some un - reacted cement remains in the cement matrix when the w / c ratio is below 0 . 38 . the plastic viscosity of oilwell cement slurries must be sufficiently low to allow proper placement of the slurry in the long narrow annulus . the plastic viscosity of slurries is primarily a function of both the solid volume fraction ( percentage of total slurry volume that is provided by solid components ) and the water - soluble polymers ( e . g ., dispersants , fluid - loss control agents . . . etc ) that can be present in cement slurries . consequently the w / c ratio of conventional cement slurries ( i . e . cement plus water plus additives ) cannot be decreased significantly without impairing their rheology . iso / api class g and h cements are generally mixed at respectively 1 . 89 and 1 . 97 kg / l density , corresponding to w / c ratio of 0 . 44 and 0 . 38 . the addition of efficient dispersants enables to decrease the w / c ratio down to about 0 . 33 , but slurries are very viscous and , therefore , may become difficult to pump . so it is not possible to keep significant amounts of un - reacted cement using conventional cement slurries . four possible solutions have been identified to decrease the w / c ratio of oilwell cement slurries without compromising their rheology . in a first embodiment , the cement is mixed with an oil - in - water emulsion that is stabilized with a suitable surfactant . the emulsion may contain up to 50 % by volume of oil . it was shown that such emulsions also provide excellent fluid - loss control as well . in a second embodiment , the cement is mixed with a concentrated aqueous suspension of latex particles , for example a styrene - butadiene latex . the latex suspension can contain up to 45 % by volume of latex particles . the latex suspension can be replaced by suspension of nano organic solid or nano inorganic solid to decrease the water in the slurry and thus to obtain a non fully hydrated cement . the advantage of the nano particles is to slightly affect the rheology . in a third embodiment , the cement is mixed with a mixture of water and solvent . the solvent must be highly miscible in water and should not react with the cement . in a fourth and last embodiment , the particle size of the components used within the cementing composition is selected and the respective proportion of particles fractions is optimized in order to have at the same time the highest packing volume fraction ( pvf ) of the solid blend , and obtaining a mixable and pumpable slurry with the minimum amount of water , i . e ., at slurry solid volume fraction ( svf ) of 35 - 75 % and preferably of 50 - 60 %. more details can be found in european patent ep 0 621 247 . a cementing composition blend composed of silicoaluminate cenospheres as coarse particles , portland cement ( e . g ., iso / api class a , g or h ) as medium particles , and either a microcement or microsilica as fine particles would be adequate . the cenospheres may also be replaced by a macrocement ( i . e . high proportion of coarse particles , typically 200 - 300 microns ), but such material is not commercially available . however , this optimization can have drawbacks for this application . indeed the set cement matrix would have a high young modulus owing to its low porosity , especially if a macrocement is used . this can result in a brittle material that would not be able to withstand high mechanical stresses . in a fifth embodiment some part of the cement could be protected against water by a coating . for instance the cement could be encapsulated inside a protective layer to prevent its hydration and / or molecule can be adsorbed at the surface of cement particles such that hydrophobia of the cement is enhanced . what is described in the present invention is valid for curing temperatures below 110 ° c . indeed , above this temperature , other cement hydrates are formed ( e . g ., tobermorite , xonotlite . . . ). this idea of having significant amount of unreacted cement ( i . e not hydrated ) can be associated with the idea of having flexible particles to get a flexible matrix or having swellable particles with hydrocarbon ( gas and oil ) and / or water . these swellable particles are for instance described in wo 04 / 101951 and wo 04 / 101952 . this idea is compatible with all additives that improve mechanical properties and thus that prevent crack can be added such as flexible additives and fibers to improve the toughness and to prevent crack creation and propagation . two slurries with an oil / water emulsion have been optimized . slurry designs and properties are given in table 1 . the properties were measured according to standard api 10 ( american petroleum institute ) procedures . the cement slurries were composed of dyckerhoff class g , black label type cement , water , oil , a dispersant agent and a surfactant . the dispersing agent was a polynaphthalene sulfonate in liquid form . the surfactant was a sulfated ethoxylated nonyl phenol . for design a the water - to - cement weight ratio is equal to 0 . 29 for design b the ratio decreases up to 0 . 37 . to get a fully hydrated cement , the minimum water - to - cement weight ratio is equal to 0 . 38 . two type of blends optimized from packing volume fraction ( pvf ) have been studied . designs are given in table 2 . in that case the water - to - cement weight ratio is very low and equal to 0 . 25 or to 0 . 26 . the cement slurries were composed of dyckerhoff class g , black label type cement , of microfine cement , fine cement blend amorphous silica fume , a dispersant agent , an antifoam agent and water . the dispersing agent was a polynaphthalene sulfonate . in both cases the water - to - cement weight ratios are very low and equal to 0 . 25 or to 0 . 26 . the microfine cement , the fine cement blend and the amorphous silica fume will react also with water to form cement hydrates thus participating to low water - to - cement weight ratio . an experimental set - up was developed to follow up and evaluate the self - repair capability of the tested cement . the principle is based on water permeability measurement versus the time . the selected process to crack the cement is quite severe because it consists to cut the tested samples in two halves . equivalent tests have been carried out on high strengh concrete ( ref h . w . reinhard , m . jooss cement and concrete research 33 ( 2003 ) 981 - 985 ). this paper establishes permeability and self - healing behavior of cracked concrete as a function of temperature and crack width . they conclude that the decrease of the flowrate depends on crack width and temperature : as expected smaller cracks do heal faster than greater ones and higher temperature favors faster self - healing process . the set - up consists of a constant pressure system which feeds the test cell with water at 0 . 08 bar . the principle is shown on fig1 . the test cell , in pvc , holds the test sample in place . the test sample is made of a cylindrical core of cement ( 2 inches diameter × 2 inches length ), cut in two halves longitudinally . the two halves are placed against each other , with the faces maintained at given space apart using a spacer . a mass balance records the water mass versus time throughout the injection test . the acquisition is done via a pc . one spacer thickness has been used : the green spacer corresponds to 0 . 1 mm . curing of cement samples were carried out at 20 ° c . as well as permeability measurement . it is assumed that the self healing capability is speed up at higher temperature and the measurement at low temperature gives a bottom line that will be improved at higher temperature . several slurry systems have been tested : a reference slurry without any specific additives except an antifoam agent and a dispersant ( 15 . 8 lbm / gal slurry with 2 . 07 grams of an antifoam agent and a 3 . 44 grams of dispersant ); a low water content including trimodal blend ( see design in table 2 , slurry 2 ); results are displayed on fig2 and 3 . the goal is to have a reference curve and to detect potential autogenous healing in reference . results indicate that the flow rate reduction reaches 27 % after 3 weeks ( see fig3 ) the same trend is observed whatever the tested water it means ordinary tap water or low hardness water . a significant decrease of flow rate is observed ( fig2 and 3 ). trimodal blend shows a superior behavior compared with the reference slurry . two slurry designs have been studied and compared : an oil design at 1 . 78 g / cm 3 ( 15 lbm / gal ) ( design named a and reported in table 1 ) and a reference slurry without any specific additives except an antifoam agent and a dispersant ( 1 . 89 g / cm 3 ( 15 . 8 lbm / gal ) slurry with 2 . 07 grams of an antifoam agent and 3 . 44 grams of dispersant ). the process to characterize the self - healing properties by a sticking effect consists of the following steps : for each design two 2 inches per 2 inches cubes are prepared and placed during one week in a thermostatic bath at 60 ° c . under atmospheric pressure . after one week a very thin slice of each cube is cut . it simulates the crack . the two cubes are then placed together ( cut faces ) without glue , they are maintained together by a rubber band around them and put again in a thermostatic bath at 60 ° c . under atmospheric pressure . these two cubes form a bar . at regular time basis , such bar is tested in flexion to measure the evolution of adhesion of the two cubes versus time . the peak load from the flexural strength is recorded versus time as parameter to quantify the repair of the matrix integrity . the results illustrate that the design at low water - to - cement weight ratio ( slurry a ) with oil develops versus time higher flexural strength . | 2 |
the operation of the new emitting source of the invention is based on the use of natural or induced defects of boron nitride nanotubes for controlling , by means of applying an electric field perpendicular to the tube , the colour of the emitted light ( fig1 ). this ease of control is only present in nanotubes given their cylindrical geometry and is absent in bn macroscopic structures ( be they flat or three dimensional ). the generic configuration of the device ( fig6 ) comprises bn nanotubes ( 1 ) deposited on an insulating surface ( 3 ) ( for example silicon oxide ) acting as a dielectric to enable applying the control electric field through a conductor ( 4 ) ( usually doped silicon ). the light emission is controllable in the entire the spectrum , ranging from infrared to far ultraviolet , in the device of the present invention . in particular , the defects which enable the controlled emission are those holes made on the wall of the nanotube due to the lack of a boron atom ( fig2 ). i ) as fet (“ field - effect transistor ”) a normal and bipolar transistor ( fig6 ). the manufacturing of a device with these characteristics would begin with the deposition of the nanotubes with defects on an insulating surface then lithographic contacts ( 5 , 6 ) would be provided for making two opposite electrodes and lastly positive charges ( holes ) would be injected through an electrode and electrons would be injected through the other . light emission will be produced when the electrons and holes meet in the defects and it is controlled by means of the perpendicular electric field . this particular example of carrying out the invention will be applied to integrated optoelectronic devices like information communication elements in computers or mobile telephony devices , solid state lasers , leds ( variable range ). ii ) as converter for converting the energy of the photons and / or electrons impacting the device as light with a wavelength determined by the potential applied to the bn nanotube ( fig7 ). for an insulating material such as bn to act as an efficient and controlled light emitting source some electronic levels must be introduced in the forbidden band from which the light is emitted to the outside . these levels are activated by means of injecting electrons / holes in application i ) and the irradiation with light for use in ii ). the emission can be controlled with an external potential , the greater the energy difference between the induced level and the driving band of the insulator is , the greater the external potential is . for the case of bn , potentials of a few volts serve to control light emission ( fig4 ). the new device does not need any type of atomic doping nor does it require complex growth on special substrates . the optimum boron nitride nanotube structure ( tubular structures with lengths of the order of micrometers and diameters of the order of nanometre ) naturally has electronic states in the forbidden band ( linked to the b atom vacancies , which is also the more common defect ). the position of these levels can be controlled upon adding the external electric field effect , ( see fig2 where the change of the gap depending on the electric field applied for a tube is shown ). the defects ( boron vacancy or its absence and substitution with a carbon atom , for example ) are directly responsible for the presence of electronic states located inside the forbidden band of the boron nitride very close to the lower driving band limit ( a few ev decimals below and close to the fermi level ). when an external electric field perpendicular to the tube is applied , its relative position to the driving band limit moves at the same time as the latter moves for closing the gap ( despite the fact that the intrinsic exciton resulting in absorption hardly modifies its energy ). the process is based on the different character of the defect state wave functions and the nanotube valency and driving states with and without an applied electric field . the probability of light emission therefore depends on the position of the defect with respect to the applied electric field being maximum when they are parallel ( fig5 ) the variation of the gap is linear with the applied field and with the frequency of the emitted light , without affecting the efficiency . the emission occurs at room temperature , which is very beneficial for many applications . in terms of manufacturing the device , the boron nitride nanotubes can be synthesised by means of standard scientific community methods for producing inorganic nanotubes ( see for example p . ayala , r . arenal , a . loisea , a . rubio and t . pichler , reviews of modern physics 82 , 1843 - 1885 ( 2010 ) for details on the different synthesis processes ). these techniques allow synthesising both single - layer and multi - layer boron nitride nanotubes . the nanotubes thus synthesised have diameters of a few nanometres and are those which will be used for being integrated in the device of the invention . the structures thus synthesised have natural defects , more defects can be introduced by means of irradiation for improving the efficiency and the number of light emitting centres . this post - synthesis process is simple . the electrical connections ( 2 ) can be made by means of lithographic techniques and standard electro - deposition . the new device is easily integrated into current microelectronics technology ( e . g . field - effect transistors ) and finds applications in data storage and reading , communications and components for optical computing and biomedical treatments , among others . | 7 |
the present invention is further directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of one or more of the above - described compounds and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient , wherein said compositions are effective for treating the above diseases and conditions ; especially ophthalmic diseases and conditions . such a composition is believed to modulate signal transduction by a tyrosine kinase , either by inhibition of catalytic activity , affinity to atp or ability to interact with a substrate . more particularly , the compositions of the present invention may be included in methods for treating diseases comprising proliferation , fibrotic or metabolic disorders , for example cancer , fibrosis , psoriasis , rosacea , atherosclerosis , arthritis , and other disorders related to abnormal vasculogenesis and / or angiogenesis , such as exudative age related macular degeneration and diabetic retinopathy “ hydrocarbyl ” refers to a hydrocarbon radical having only carbon and hydrogen atoms . preferably , the hydrocarbyl radical has from 1 to 20 carbon atoms , more preferably from 1 to 12 carbon atoms and most preferably from 1 to 7 carbon atoms . “ substituted hydrocarbyl ” refers to a hydrocarbyl radical wherein one or more , but not all , of the hydrogen and / or the carbon atoms are replaced by a halogen , nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur or phosphorus atom or a radical including a halo , nitrogen , oxygen , sulfur or phosphorus atom , e . g . fluoro , chloro , cyano , nitro , dialkylamino , hydroxyl , phosphate , thiol , etc . “ pharmaceutically acceptable salt ” refers to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free bases and which are obtained by reaction with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid , hydrobromic acid , sulfuric acid , nitric acid , phosphoric acid , methanesulfonic acid , ethanesulfonic acid , p - toluenesulfonic acid , salicylic acid and the like . pharmaceutically acceptable salts may also refer to those salts which retain the biological effectiveness and properties of the free acid and which are obtained by reaction with inorganic bases such as sodium hydroxide , calcium hydroxide , magnesium hydroxide , zinc hydroxide or by organic bases such as tromethamine , choline , diethylamine and lysine and the like . “ alkyl ” refers to a straight - chain , branched or cyclic saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon . preferably , the alkyl group has 1 to 12 carbons . more preferably , it is a lower alkyl of from 1 to 7 carbons , most preferably 1 to 4 carbons . typical alkyl groups include methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , butyl , isobutyl , tertiary butyl , pentyl , hexyl and the like . the alkyl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents are selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl , cyano , alkoxy , ═ o , ═ s , no 2 , halogen , dimethyl amino , and sh . “ aryl ” refers to an aromatic group which has at least one ring having a conjugated pi electron system and includes carbocyclic aryl , heterocyclic aryl and biaryl groups . the aryl group may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen , trihalomethyl , hydroxyl , sh , oh , no 2 , amine , thioether , cyano , alkoxy , alkyl , and amino . “ carbocyclic aryl ” refers to an aryl group wherein the ring atoms are carbon . “ heteroaryl ” or “ heterocyclic aryl ” refers to an aryl group having from 1 to 3 heteroatoms as ring atoms , the remainder of the ring atoms being carbon . heteroatoms include oxygen , sulfur , and nitrogen . thus , heteroaryl groups include furanyl , thienyl , pyridyl , pyrrolyl , n - lower alkyl pyrrolo , pyrimidyl , pyrazinyl , imidazolyl and the like . the compounds of this invention may be prepared by the general reaction schemes set forth below . in particular the compounds of the present invention are selected from the compounds of table 1 , below . biochemical kdr kinase assays were performed in 96 well microliter plates that were coated overnight with 75 μg / well of poly - glu - tyr ( 4 : 1 ) in 10 mm phosphate buffered saline ( pbs ), ph 7 . 4 . the coated plates were washed with 2 mls per well pbs + 0 . 05 % tween - 20 ( pbs - t ), blocked by incubation with pbs containing 1 % bsa , then washed with 2 mls per well pbs - t prior to starting the reaction . reactions were carried out in 100 μl reaction volumes containing 2 . 7 μm atp in kinase buffer ( 50 mm hepes buffer ph 7 . 4 , 20 mm mgcl 2 , 0 . 1 mm mncl 2 and 0 . 2 mm na 3 vo 4 ). test compounds were reconstituted in 100 % dmso and added to the reaction to give a final dmso concentration of 5 %. reactions were initiated by the addition 20 ul per well of kinase buffer containing 200 - 300 ng purified cytoplasmic domain kdr protein ( bps bioscience , san diego , calif .). following a 15 minute incubation at 30 ° c ., the reactions were washed 2 mls per well pbs - t . 100 μl of a monoclonal anti - phosphotyrosine antibody - peroxidase conjugate diluted 1 : 10 , 000 in pbs - t was added to the wells for 30 minutes . following a 2 mls per well wash with pbs - tween - 20 , 100 μl of o - phenylenediamine dihydrochloride in phosphate - citrate buffer , containing urea hydrogen peroxide , was added to the wells for 7 - 10 minutes as a colorimetric substrate for the peroxidase . the reaction was terminated by the addition of 100 μl of 2 . 5n h 2 so 4 to each well and read using a microplate elisa reader set at 492 nm . ic 50 values for compound inhibition were calculated directly from graphs of optical density ( arbitrary units ) versus compound concentration following subtraction of blank values . also , the importance of the terminal group , i . e . ar 1 , being an aryl group is demonstrated by the lack of potency of the compounds of examples 14 , 19 and 20 . in the preferred compounds of the present invention , i . e . wherein n is 0 , ar is phenyl and ar 1 is a substituted phenyl , the preferred substituents on the substituted phenyl are fluoro and trifluoromethyl . according to the procedure described in eur . j . org . chem . 2010 , 3 , 484 - 493 , a mixture of 4 - chlorobenzaldehyde ( 506 mg , 3 . 60 mmol ) and 350 mg basic aluminum oxide in 4 ml nitromethane was heated at 95 ° c . after 2 . 5 hours the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and stiffed overnight . then reaction mixture was treated with approximately 200 mg of basic aluminum oxide and heated for 2 . 5 hours . the reaction mixture was filtered through a small plug of silica gel , rinsed with chcl 3 , and evaporated to an oil . the crude mixture was combined with 152 mg of impure product from a previous reaction and was chromatographed eluting with etoac / hexane to give the title compound as a tan solid ( 579 mg , 56 % approximate yield ). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 7 . 37 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 18 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 4 . 68 - 4 . 82 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 30 ( quin , j = 7 . 1 hz , 1h ). according to the procedure described in eur . j . org . chem . 2010 , 3 , 484 - 493 , a mixture of 1 - chloro - 4 -[ 2 - nitro - 1 -( nitromethyl ) ethyl ] benzene ( 80 mg , 0 . 327 mmol ) and 18 mg platinum ( iv ) oxide in 5 ml meoh contained in a pressure tube was reacted under 50 psi hydrogen . after 15 hours the mixture was filtered through celite , rinsed with meoh and evaporated to give a quantitative yield ( 60 mg ) of the title compound as a yellow - orange oil . 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od ) δ : 7 . 34 - 7 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 29 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 88 - 2 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 73 - 2 . 86 ( m , 3h ). a solution of benzaldehyde ( 0 . 0056 ml , 0 . 056 mmol ) and 2 -( 4 - chlorophenyl ) propane - 1 , 3 - diamine ( 10 . 8 mg , 0 . 059 mmol ) in 0 . 7 ml t - buoh was heated at 70 ° c . for 15 min . the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and treated with k 2 co 3 ( 38 . 5 mg , 0 . 279 mmol ) and iodine ( 17 . 7 mg , 0 . 070 mmol ). the reaction mixture was stirred for 5 min at rt and then heated to 70 ° c . for 2 . 5 hours . the reaction mixture was cooled to rt and saturated aqueous na 2 so 3 was added drop - wise until the color changed from orange to yellow . the reaction mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed using basic aluminum oxide column and eluting with 5 % meoh / chcl 3 to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 13 . 1 mg , 87 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 7 . 67 - 7 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 36 - 7 . 43 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 30 - 7 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 14 - 7 . 18 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 70 ( dd , j = 12 . 9 , 4 . 4 hz , 2h ), 3 . 50 ( dd , j = 13 . 5 , 10 . 3 hz , 2h ), 3 . 00 ( tt , j = 10 . 0 , 4 . 8 hz , 1h ). a mixture of 5 -( 4 - chlorophenyl )- 2 - phenyl - 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydropyrimidine ( 12 . 9 mg , 0 . 048 mmol ), tert - butyl carbamate ( 16 . 7 mg , 0 . 143 mmol ) and copper ( ii ) acetate ( 8 . 7 mg , 0 . 048 mmol ) in 0 . 6 ml dmf was heated at 100 ° c . in a sealed reaction vessel under an oxygen gas atmosphere . after 1 hour the dmf solvent was evaporated and the residue chromatographed eluting with 5 % meoh / chcl 3 to give the title compound as a pale yellow solid ( 1 . 8 mg , 12 %). 1 h nmr ( acetone - d6 ) δ : 9 . 54 ( br . s ., 1h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 36 - 7 . 49 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 13 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 32 - 4 . 41 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 79 - 3 . 89 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 54 - 3 . 71 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 05 - 3 . 20 ( m , 1h ). a mixture of 3 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 907 mg , 6 . 0 mmol ) and 1 . 0 g basic aluminum oxide in 10 ml nitromethane was heated at 95 ° c . after 3 hours the mixture was filtered , rinsed with chcl 3 and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed through a plug of silica gel eluting with chcl 3 / etoac to give the title compound as an orange - tan solid ( 1 . 246 g , 81 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 8 . 40 ( t , j = 2 . 1 hz , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( ddd , j = 8 . 3 , 2 . 3 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 90 ( dt , j = 7 . 7 , 1 . 4 hz , 1h ), 7 . 64 - 7 . 71 ( m , 1h ), 5 . 02 - 5 . 19 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 44 ( tt , j = 8 . 5 , 6 . 3 hz , 1h ). a mixture of 1 - nitro - 3 -[ 2 - nitro - 1 -( nitromethyl ) ethyl ] benzene ( 115 mg , 0 . 45 mmol ) and 58 mg platinum ( iv ) oxide in 6 ml meoh contained in a pressure tube was reacted under 65 psi hydrogen . after 16 hours the mixture was filtered and rinsed with meoh . the meoh solution of product was stored under n 2 in the freezer and used as is for the next reaction [ upon evaporation of meoh solvent 69 . 9 mg ( 94 %) of the title compound was obtained as a light yellow oil ]. 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od ) δ : 7 . 06 - 7 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 55 - 6 . 65 ( m , 3h ), 2 . 83 - 2 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 72 - 2 . 81 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 57 - 2 . 68 ( m , 1h ). the meoh solution of 2 -( 3 - aminophenyl ) propane - 1 , 3 - diamine was evaporated just prior to use , then chased with 1 ml t - buoh to give a light yellow oil ( 31 mg , 0 . 188 mmol ). to this was added tert - butyl ( 2 - formylphenyl ) carbamate ( 41 . 5 mg , 0 . 188 mmol ), powdered k 2 co 3 ( 104 mg , 0 . 75 mmol ) and 1 . 2 ml t - buoh . the reaction mixture heated at 80 ° c . for 2 . 25 hours and then cooled to rt . the reaction mixture was treated with iodine ( 48 mg , 0 . 188 mmol ), stirred 5 min at rt and then the reaction heated at 80 ° c . for 1 hour . the reaction was cooled to rt and partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution plus na 2 s 2 o 3 . the etoac layer washed with brine , dried with na 2 so 4 , and concentrated . the resulting solid was chromatographed eluting with chcl 3 / meoh . the residue was then triturated with hot etoac to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 31 . 3 mg , 57 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od / cdcl 3 mixture ) δ : 8 . 02 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 46 ( ddd , j = 8 . 1 , 7 . 1 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 10 - 7 . 17 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 04 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 63 - 6 . 69 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 41 - 4 . 49 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 80 - 3 . 89 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 53 - 3 . 66 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 98 ( tt , j = 10 . 8 , 4 . 4 hz , 1h ). to a solution of 3 -( 3 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 12 . 2 mg , 0 . 042 mmol ) in 0 . 9 ml thf was added 2 - fluoro - 5 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0066 ml , 0 . 046 mmol ) and the reaction stiffed at rt . after 15 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . and then allowed to cool to rt . at 40 min the reaction was quenched with 1 ml meoh , evaporated , and chromatographed eluting with 2 % to 5 % meoh / chcl 3 gradient . the resulting solid was triturated with 40 % etoac / hexane to give the title compound as a light tan solid ( 9 . 9 mg , 48 %). 1 h nmr ( acetone - d6 ) δ : 9 . 54 ( br . s ., 1h ), 8 . 77 - 8 . 81 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 66 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 34 ( d , j = 2 . 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 09 - 8 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 54 ( m , 6h ), 7 . 03 - 7 . 12 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 41 ( ddd , j = 12 . 9 , 4 . 4 , 2 . 9 hz , 1h ), 3 . 81 - 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 56 - 3 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 02 - 3 . 14 ( m , 1h ). according to the procedure described in synthesis 2004 , 1938 - 1940 , a mixture of 4 - nitrobenzaldehyde ( 907 mg , 6 . 0 mmol ) and 1 . 0 g basic aluminum oxide in 10 ml nitromethane was heated at 95 ° c . after 3 hours the mixture was filtered , rinsed with chcl 3 , and concentrated . the residue was chromatographed through a plug of silica gel eluting with chcl 3 / etoac and then crystallized from etoac / hexane to give the title compound as an orange solid ( 783 mg , 51 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 8 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 74 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 2h ), 5 . 10 - 5 . 19 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 99 - 5 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 34 - 4 . 48 ( m , 1h ). a mixture of 1 - nitro - 4 -[ 2 - nitro - 1 -( nitromethyl ) ethyl ] benzene ( 742 mg , 0 . 45 mmol ) and 148 mg platinum ( iv ) oxide in 40 ml meoh was reacted under 60 psi hydrogen on the pan apparatus . after 24 hours the mixture was filtered and rinsed with meoh . the meoh solution was acidified to ph = 0 using concentrated hcl and then evaporated to give a quantitative yield of the title compound . 1 h nmr ( d 2 o ) δ : 7 . 55 - 7 . 60 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 48 - 7 . 54 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 26 - 3 . 51 ( m , 5h ). a mixture of 2 -( 4 - aminophenyl ) propane - 1 , 3 - diamine . 3hcl ( 632 mg , 2 . 30 mmol ) and powdered k 2 co 3 ( 3 . 18 g , 23 . 0 mmol ) in 30 ml t - buoh was heated at 83 ° c . for 45 min , then tert - butyl ( 2 - formylphenyl ) carbamate ( 560 mg , 2 . 53 mmol ) was added . at 6 . 5 hours the reaction was allowed to partially cool , approximately 25 mg tert - butyl ( 2 - formylphenyl ) carbamate was added , then iodine ( 48 mg , 0 . 188 mmol ) added , stirred 5 min at rt , and the heating resumed at 83 ° c . after 1 . 5 hours the temperature was lowered to 75 ° c . and the reaction continued an additional 15 hours . the reaction was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution plus na 2 s 2 o 3 , the etoac layer washed with brine , dried with na 2 so 4 , and evaporated . the resulting solid was chromatographed eluting with chcl 3 / meoh to give the title compound as a yellow - tan solid ( 262 mg , 39 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 65 ( br . s , 1h ), 7 . 97 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 45 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 98 - 7 . 08 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 93 - 6 . 98 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 51 - 6 . 57 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 96 ( br . s , 2h ), 4 . 12 - 4 . 20 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 61 - 3 . 70 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 36 - 3 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 73 - 2 . 85 ( m , 1h ). to a solution of 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 6 . 1 mg , 0 . 021 mmol ) in 0 . 7 ml thf was added 2 - fluoro - 5 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0033 ml , 0 . 023 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 1 hour the reaction was quenched with meoh , evaporated , triturated with hot etoac , hexane added , and the solid filtered to give the title compound as a white solid ( 8 . 8 mg , 85 %). 1 h nmr ( acetone - d6 ) δ : 9 . 54 ( br . s ., 1h ), 8 . 77 - 8 . 82 ( m , 1h ), 8 . 63 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 33 ( d , j = 3 . 2 hz , 1h ), 8 . 09 - 8 . 13 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 54 - 7 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 48 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 06 - 7 . 12 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 34 - 4 . 42 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 79 - 3 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 54 - 3 . 69 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 00 - 3 . 11 ( m , 1h ). to a mixture of 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 25 . 1 mg , 0 . 086 mmol ) in 1 . 1 ml thf was added phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0103 ml , 0 . 095 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 45 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . and then allowed to cool to rt . at 2 . 5 hours the reaction was quenched with meoh , evaporated , then triturated with meoh , etoac , and then 50 % etoac / hexane to give the title compound as a light tan solid ( 25 . 0 mg , 71 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 69 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 64 ( br . s , 2h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 47 ( m , 5h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 31 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 92 - 7 . 10 ( m , 3h ), 4 . 18 - 4 . 26 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 67 - 3 . 77 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 49 - 3 . 61 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 89 - 3 . 03 ( m , 1h ). to a solution of 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) in 1 . 6 ml thf was added 4 - chloro - 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 16 . 8 mg , 0 . 076 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 45 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . and then allowed to cool to rt . after 1 . 5 hours the stirring was stopped and the reaction left to stand at rt overnight . then using a stream of nitrogen and gentle heating , the thf was evaporated to 1 ml , let mixture stand for 30 minutes , then filtered and rinsed with 50 % etoac in hexane to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 20 . 9 mg , 59 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 69 ( br . s , 1h ), 9 . 14 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 82 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 10 ( d , j = 2 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 97 - 7 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 59 - 7 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 42 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 26 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 52 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 94 - 3 . 01 ( m , 1h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and 3 -( methylthio ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0105 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 14 . 8 mg , 47 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 68 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 66 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 41 - 7 . 47 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 19 - 7 . 26 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 06 ( t , j = 7 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 6 . 84 - 6 . 87 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 22 ( dt , j = 12 . 7 , 3 . 0 hz , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 51 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 93 - 2 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 45 ( s , 3h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and 3 - bromophenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0095 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 22 . 4 mg , 66 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 85 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 72 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 97 - 7 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 85 ( t , j = 1 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 42 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 31 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 27 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 52 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 94 - 3 . 00 ( m , 1h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and meta - tolyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0095 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as a pale tan solid ( 21 . 6 mg , 73 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 68 ( br . s ., 1h ), 8 . 63 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 57 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 41 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 29 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 21 - 7 . 25 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 16 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 08 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 02 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 6 . 78 ( d , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ), 4 . 20 - 4 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 70 - 3 . 75 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 51 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 93 - 2 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 27 ( s , 3h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and para - tolyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0096 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as a pale tan solid ( 25 . 5 mg , 87 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 68 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 59 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 53 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 33 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 23 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 05 - 7 . 09 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 22 ( dt , j = 12 . 6 , 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 72 ( dt , j = 16 . 0 , 3 . 4 hz , 1h ), 3 . 51 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 92 - 2 . 99 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 24 ( s , 3h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and 4 - methoxyphenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0098 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 24 . 8 mg , 81 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 68 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 55 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 44 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 45 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 36 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 22 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 7 . 06 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 01 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 6 . 85 - 6 . 88 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 22 ( dt , j = 12 . 6 , 3 . 5 hz , 1h ), 3 . 69 - 3 . 75 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 50 - 3 . 58 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 92 - 2 . 99 ( m , 1h ). in a manner similar to the procedure described in example 7 , 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) and 3 - methoxyphenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0098 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) were reacted to give the title compound as a white solid ( 20 . 1 mg , 66 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 65 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 62 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 98 ( d , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 39 - 7 . 47 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 27 ( m , 4h ), 6 . 98 - 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 93 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 6 . 55 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 2 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 18 - 4 . 26 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 73 ( s , 4h ), 3 . 48 - 3 . 62 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 90 - 3 . 02 ( m , 1h ). to a solution of 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 20 . 2 mg , 0 . 069 mmol ) in 1 . 6 ml thf was added isopropyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0074 ml , 0 . 076 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 45 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . and then allowed to cool to rt . after 2 . 5 hours , an additional 0 . 0074 ml ( 0 . 076 mmol ) isopropyl isocyanate was added , the thf evaporated to 1 ml using a stream of nitrogen , the reaction briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . several times , and then stirred at rt overnight . at 21 hours , the reaction was quenched with meoh , evaporated , then triturated with hot etoac to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 15 . 6 mg , 60 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 67 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 97 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 46 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 34 ( d , j = 8 . 8 hz , 2h ), 7 . 16 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 6 . 98 - 7 . 09 ( m , 2h ), 5 . 96 ( d , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ), 4 . 15 - 4 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 65 - 3 . 80 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 44 - 3 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 86 - 2 . 98 ( m , 1h ), 1 . 10 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 08 ( s , 3h ). a mixture of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid ( 2 . 4 mg , 0 . 019 mmol ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 017 ml , 0 . 095 mmol ), and bop ( 10 . 1 mg , 0 . 023 mmol ) in 0 . 6 ml dmf was stirred at rt for 1 hour , then 3 -( 3 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 5 . 0 mg , 0 . 017 mmol ) added and the reaction continued at rt . after 2 . 5 hours , a small spatula tip of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid and bop was added and the reaction heated at 60 ° c . for 1 hour . the reaction mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and rotary evaporated . the residue was rinsed with 2 portions of 30 % etoac / hexane and then chromatographed eluting with 10 % meoh / chcl 3 . the resulting solid was chromatographed using a prep plate and eluting with 50 % acetone / hexane . the obtained solid was then partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and evaporated to give the title compound as a white solid ( 3 . 2 mg , 47 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od / cdcl 3 mixture ) δ : 8 . 04 ( dd , j = 8 . 2 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 68 ( t , j = 1 . 8 hz , 1h ), 7 . 60 ( ddd , j = 8 . 1 , 2 . 1 , 0 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 46 - 7 . 53 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 37 ( t , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 16 ( ddd , j = 8 . 1 , 7 . 2 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 03 - 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 45 ( dd , j = 1 . 8 , 0 . 6 hz , 1h ), 4 . 48 - 4 . 56 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 86 - 3 . 95 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 61 - 3 . 74 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 07 - 3 . 19 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 42 ( s , 3h ). a mixture of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid ( 3 . 7 mg , 0 . 029 mmol ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 025 ml , 0 . 145 mmol ), and hbtu ( 13 . 2 mg , 0 . 035 mmol ) in 0 . 8 ml dmf was stiffed at rt for 10 minutes , then 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 7 . 6 mg , 0 . 026 mmol ) added and the reaction continued at rt . after 40 min , a spatula tip of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid and hbtu was added , the reaction briefly warmed to approximately 60 ° c . several times , then allowed to cool to rt . at 1 . 25 hours the reaction mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and rotary evaporated . the resulting solid was chromatographed on a prep plate eluting with 15 % meoh / chcl 3 . the obtained solid was then partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and rotary evaporated to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 7 . 6 mg , 86 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od / cdcl 3 mixture ) δ : 8 . 03 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 65 - 7 . 71 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 43 - 7 . 52 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 26 - 7 . 32 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 14 ( ddd , j = 8 . 1 , 7 . 2 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 6 . 45 ( d , j = 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 4 . 45 ( ddd , j = 13 . 0 , 4 . 4 , 2 . 8 hz , 1h ), 3 . 83 - 3 . 91 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 59 - 3 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 04 - 3 . 16 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 42 ( s , 3h ) to a solution of 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 10 . 8 mg , 0 . 037 mmol ) in 0 . 7 ml pyridine at rt was added 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzoyl chloride ( 0 . 0066 ml , 0 . 044 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 5 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to dissolve solids and then allowed to cool to rt . at 45 min an additional amount ( pipet tip ) of 3 -( trifluoromethyl ) benzoyl chloride was added , the reaction briefly warmed , and then allowed to stir at rt overnight . at 24 hours the reaction was quenched with meoh and evaporated . the crude mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with brine , dried with na 2 so 4 , and evaporated . the resulting solid was triturated with hot etoac , hexane added , the solid filtered and rinsed with 30 % etoac / hexane to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 10 . 3 mg , 60 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od / cdcl 3 mixture ) δ : 8 . 25 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 18 ( d , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 8 . 02 ( dd , j = 8 . 1 , 1 . 3 hz , 1h ), 7 . 84 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 65 - 7 . 75 ( m , 3h ), 7 . 43 - 7 . 50 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 29 - 7 . 35 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 10 - 7 . 17 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 05 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 39 - 4 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 81 - 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 61 - 3 . 72 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 07 - 3 . 18 ( m , 1h ). methy 3 - amino - 4 - formylbenzoate was prepared by the method described in j . amer . chem . soc . 2008 , 130 , 416 - 417 . the title compound was obtained as a yellow solid ( 197 mg , 46 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 9 . 96 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 55 - 7 . 59 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 38 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 19 ( br . s ., 2h ), 3 . 92 ( s , 3h ). to a mixture of methyl 3 - amino - 4 - formylbenzoate ( 110 mg , 0 . 614 mmol ) in 6 ml thf plus 4 ml saturated nahco 3 and 1 ml h 2 o at rt was added ethyl chloroformate ( 0 . 070 ml , 0 . 737 mmol ) at the reaction stirred at rt . after 50 min , an additional 0 . 5 ml saturated nahco 3 and 5 drops ethyl chloroformate was added . at 17 . 5 hours the mixture was heated to 60 ° c ., 1 ml saturated na 2 co 3 added , and 5 drops ethyl chloroformate added . then to push reaction to completion , a small scoop of solid na 2 co 3 was added and additional ethyl chloroformate added drop - wise until the reaction was approximately 80 % complete ( 45 hours total reaction time ). the reaction was partitioned between etoac and aqueous nahco 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with brine , dried with na 2 so 4 , and evaporated . the solid was crystallized from hexane / etoac and the filtrate chromatographed eluting with 2 . 5 % meoh / chcl 3 . the impure products from crystallization and chromatography were combined and then recrystallized from hexane / etoac to give the title compound as a light yellow solid ( 63 . 8 mg , 41 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 10 . 53 ( br . s , 1h ), 10 . 00 ( d , j = 0 . 6 hz , 1h ), 9 . 11 - 9 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 80 - 7 . 84 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 72 - 7 . 76 ( m , 1h ), 4 . 28 ( q , j = 7 . 2 hz , 2h ), 3 . 95 ( s , 3h ), 1 . 35 ( t , j = 7 . 2 hz , 3h ). [ 4 -( methylamino ) phenyl ] methanol was prepared by the procedure described in org . lett . 2007 , 9 . 671 - 674 . the title compound was obtained as an off - white solid ( 1 . 92 g , 84 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 7 . 17 - 7 . 22 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 57 - 6 . 63 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 55 ( s , 2h ), 2 . 84 ( s , 3h ). 4 -( methylamino ) benzaldehyde was prepared by the procedure described in j . amer . chem . soc . 2006 , 128 , 9308 - 9309 . the title compound was obtained as an orange - yellow solid ( 1 . 464 g , 77 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 9 . 73 ( s , 1h ), 7 . 68 - 7 . 73 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 58 - 6 . 64 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 45 ( br . s ., 1h ), 2 . 92 ( d , j = 5 . 0 hz , 3h ). a mixture of 4 -( methylamino ) benzaldehyde ( 41 mg , 0 . 303 mmol ) and 50 mg basic aluminum oxide in 1 ml nitromethane was heated at 95 ° c . after 4 hours the mixture was filtered , rinsed with chcl 3 , and evaporated . the crude mixture was chromatographed eluting with gradient 30 % to 50 % etoac / hexane to give the title compound ( plus 17 mol % 4 -( methylamino ) benzaldehyde impurity ) as an orange - red oil ( 43 . 2 mg , 60 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 6 . 98 - 7 . 04 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 54 - 6 . 59 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 65 - 4 . 77 ( m , 4h ), 4 . 19 ( quin , j = 7 . 3 hz , 1h ), 2 . 82 ( s , 3h ). a mixture of n - methyl - 4 -[ 2 - nitro - 1 -( nitromethyl ) ethyl ] aniline ( 42 . 7 mg , 0 . 178 mmol , 83 mol % purity ) and 25 mg platinum ( iv ) oxide in 4 ml meoh contained in a pressure tube was reacted under 65 psi hydrogen . after 20 hours the mixture was filtered past celite and rinsed with meoh . the meoh solution of crude product was stored under n 2 in the freezer and used as is for the next reaction ( contained 16 mol % [ 4 -( methylamino ) phenyl ] methanol impurity ). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od ) δ : 7 . 00 - 7 . 05 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 62 - 6 . 68 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 83 - 2 . 91 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 70 - 2 . 79 ( m , 5h ), 2 . 57 - 2 . 67 ( m , 1h ) the stored meoh solution of 2 -[ 4 -( methylamino ) phenyl ] propane - 1 , 3 - diamine was evaporated just prior to use , then chased with 1 ml t - buoh to give a clear film ( 12 mg , 0 . 067 mmol ). to this was added methyl 3 -[( ethoxycarbonyl ) amino ]- 4 - formylbenzoate ( 16 . 8 mg , 0 . 067 mmol ) and powdered k 2 co 3 ( 46 . 3 mg , 0 . 335 mmol ) plus 1 ml t - buoh and the mixture heated at 75 ° c . at 2 hours iodine ( 17 . 0 mg , 0 . 067 mmol ) was added and the reaction heated at 80 ° c . for 2 . 25 hours . the reaction was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution plus na 2 s 2 o 3 , the etoac layer washed with brine , dried with na 2 so 4 , and evaporated . the resulting solid was chromatographed eluting with chcl 3 / meoh , and then triturated with hot etoac to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 10 . 1 mg , 49 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od ) δ : 8 . 09 - 8 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 73 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 1 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 66 - 7 . 68 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 06 - 7 . 11 ( m , 2h ), 6 . 64 - 6 . 70 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 41 ( ddd , j = 13 . 2 , 4 . 4 , 2 . 9 hz , 1h ), 3 . 95 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 81 - 3 . 90 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 49 - 3 . 65 ( m , 2h ), 2 . 91 - 3 . 03 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 80 ( s , 3h ) a mixture of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid ( 1 . 9 mg , 0 . 012 mmol ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 0064 ml , 0 . 037 mmol ), and bop ( 5 . 7 mg , 0 . 013 mmol ) in 0 . 35 ml dmf was stiffed at rt for 20 minutes , then methyl 3 -[ 4 -( methylamino ) phenyl ]- 6 - oxo - 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 - tetrahydro - 2h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazoline - 9 - carboxylate ( 3 . 7 mg , 0 . 010 mmol ) added and the reaction continued at rt . after 19 hours , the reaction was heated at 60 ° c . for 23 hours , then added a small spatula tip of 3 - methyl - furan - 2 - carboxylic acid and bop plus 0 . 015 ml n , n - diisopropylethylamine and continued heating at 80 ° c . for an additional 4 hours . the reaction mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and evaporated . the resulting yellow oil was chromatographed on a prep plate eluting with 20 % meoh / chcl 3 plus nh 4 oh . the obtained oily solid was then triturated with etoac / hexane to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 1 . 6 mg , 31 %). 1 h nmr ( cd 3 od / cdcl 3 mixture ) δ : 8 . 14 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( dd , j = 8 . 2 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 69 ( d , j = 0 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 41 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 2h ), 7 . 28 ( d , j = 8 . 5 hz , 2h ), 4 . 49 ( dt , j = 12 . 6 , 3 . 7 hz , 1h ), 3 . 96 ( s , 4h ), 3 . 66 - 3 . 76 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 28 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 17 - 3 . 24 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 05 ( br . s ., 2h ), 2 . 92 ( br . s , 4h ), 2 . 62 ( br . s ., 7h ). a mixture of ( 4 - methyl - piperazin - 1 - yl )- acetic acid ( 3 . 2 mg , 0 . 020 mmol ), n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 0 . 017 ml , 0 . 10 mmol ), and hbtu ( 9 . 1 mg , 0 . 024 mmol ) in 0 . 6 ml dmf was stiffed at rt for 10 minutes , then 3 -( 4 - aminophenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 7 . 6 mg , 0 . 026 mmol ) added and the reaction continued at rt . at 1 . 75 hours the reaction mixture was partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and rotary evaporated to an oily solid . the residue was chromatographed eluting with 10 % meoh / chcl 3 containing et 3 n . the obtained oily solid was then partitioned between etoac and aqueous na 2 co 3 solution , the etoac layer washed with h 2 o , brine , dried with anhydrous na 2 so 4 and evaporated to give the title compound as a white solid ( 4 . 8 mg , 73 %). 1 h nmr ( cdcl 3 ) δ : 9 . 14 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 99 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 11 ( d , j = 7 . 9 hz , 1h ), 7 . 58 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 38 - 7 . 44 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 22 - 7 . 27 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 12 ( t , j = 7 . 6 hz , 1h ), 6 . 91 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 4 . 53 ( dt , j = 13 . 1 , 3 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 95 ( dt , j = 16 . 2 , 3 . 6 hz , 1h ), 3 . 53 - 3 . 69 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 15 ( s , 2h ), 3 . 00 - 3 . 12 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 67 ( br . s ., 4h ), 2 . 52 ( br . s ., 4h ), 2 . 33 ( s , 3h ). to a solution of methyl 3 -[ 4 -( methylamino ) phenyl ]- 6 - oxo - 3 , 4 , 6 , 7 - tetrahydro - 2h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazoline - 9 - carboxylate ( 5 . 1 mg , 0 . 014 mmol ) in 0 . 7 ml thf was added 2 - fluoro - 5 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 0024 ml , 0 . 017 mmol ) and the reaction stiffed at rt . after 15 min , the reaction was briefly warmed to approximately 50 ° c . and then allowed to cool to rt . at 1 hour the reaction was quenched with 1 ml meoh and evaporated . the resulting solid was crystallized from etoac / hexane to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 6 . 4 mg , 80 %). 1 h nmr ( acetone - d6 ) δ : 9 . 70 ( br . s , 1h ), 8 . 57 ( dd , j = 7 . 3 , 2 . 3 hz , 1h ), 8 . 21 ( d , j = 8 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 76 ( d , j = 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 69 ( dd , j = 8 . 4 , 1 . 6 hz , 1h ), 7 . 50 - 7 . 59 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 25 - 7 . 39 ( m , 2h ), 7 . 06 ( d , j = 2 . 9 hz , 1h ), 4 . 39 - 4 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 88 - 3 . 97 ( m , 4h ), 3 . 62 - 3 . 79 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 34 ( s , 3h ), 3 . 15 - 3 . 27 ( m , 1h ). a flask purged with nitrogen was charged with 3 - methyl - 4 - nitro - benzoic acid ( 72 . 5 g , 0 . 400 mol ), trimethyl borate ( 166 . 2 g , 1 . 600 mol ) and dry tetrahydrofuran ( 1449 ml ). a solution of borane dimethyl sulfide complex ( 63 . 8 g , 79 . 8 ml , 0 . 840 mol ) was added drop - wise to the stirred batch at 20 - 35 ° c . over at least 30 min . an exotherm and effervescence were observed during the addition . the mixture was stirred at 65 ° c . for at least 6 h or until in - process hplc analysis showed that conversion was greater than 97 %. reaction was quenched at 20 - 40 ° c . with cooling by drop - wise addition of methanol ( 46 ml ) followed by aq 5 n hydrochloric acid ( 144 ml ) over at least 30 min . exotherm and effervescence were observed during the quench . after stirring the batch at 50 ° c . for at least 1 h , it was concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of 360 ml . the concentrated batch was washed with water ( 453 ml ) and the solids were collected on a filter . the wet filter cake was dissolved in ch 2 cl 2 ( 2170 ml ) at and the resulting solution dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate ( 36 g ). the dried filtrate solution containing the title compound (˜ 67 g , 100 % yield ) was used directly in the preparation of 3 - methyl - 4 - nitro - benzaldehyde . a flask was charged with ( 3 - methyl - 4 - nitro - phenyl )- methanol ( 66 . 9 g , 0 . 400 mol ), manganese ( iv ) oxide ( 85 %, 5 μm powder , 409 . 1 g , 4 . 00 mol ), and ch 2 cl 2 ( 1337 ml ). the mixture was stirred at 40 ° c . for at least 2 h or until hplc analysis showed that the reaction had proceeded to greater the 97 % completion . the cooled batch was diluted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 l ) and filtered through a celite ® pad ( 34 g ), and the filter cake was rinsed with more ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 l ). the filtrate and washes were concentrated under in vacuo to dryness to give the title compound as a yellow solid ( 58 g , 87 % yield ). crude 3 - methyl - 4 - nitro - benzaldehyde ( 57 . 8 g , 0 . 35 mol ), basic aluminum oxide ( 71 . 4 g , 0 . 700 mol ), and nitromethane ( 427 . 3 g , 379 ml , 7 . 00 mol ) were charged to a flask . the mixture was stirred at 100 ° c . for & gt ; 3 h or until hplc analysis showed that the reaction had proceeded to greater the 97 % completion . the cooled reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 29 g ) and the filter cake rinsed with ch 2 cl 2 ( 1 . 2 l ). the filtrate and wash were concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness at 50 ° c . the residue was dissolved in acetone ( 1 . 2 l ) and treated with charcoal ( 29 g ) with stirring at 50 ° c . for at least 1 h . the slurry was filtered through a celite pad ( 29 g ) and the filter cake was rinsed with acetone ( 1 . 2 l ). the filtrate and wash were concentrated to dryness in vacuo . the concentrated product (˜ 48 g , ˜ 51 % mass recovery ) was dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 120 ml ) at 75 ° c . and hexane ( 400 ml ) was added drop - wise at 60 - 75 c . to induce crystallization . the resulting suspension was filtered at 20 - 25 ° c . to give the title compound as a yellow solid ( 36 g , 38 % yield ). a heavy - walled flask under n 2 was charged with 10 wt % platinum on carbon ( 3 . 8 g ), 10 wt % palladium on carbon ( 50 % wet , 11 . 3 g ), raney ni ( wet , 11 . 3 g ), 2 - methyl - 1 - nitro - 4 -( 2 - nitro - 1 - nitromethyl - ethyl )- benzene ( 37 . 7 g , 0 . 14 mol ), and meoh ( 754 ml ). after attaching the flask to the hydrogenation apparatus , it was subjected to three vacuum degas - nitrogen purge cycles , followed by three nitrogen outgas - hydrogen purge cycles . the resulting suspension was stirred under 60 psi of h 2 at 55 - 60 ° c . for at least 72 h . the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 27 g ), rinsing with methanol ( 760 ml ). the filtrate and rinse were concentrated to dryness in vacuo to give the crude title compound as red - brown gum ( 24 g , 96 % yield ). this material was used without further purification . a flask was charged with crude ( 2 - amino - phenyl )- methanol ( 24 . 6 g , 0 . 200 mol ), ch 2 cl 2 ( 172 ml ), and n , n - diisopropylethylamine ( 33 . 6 g , 0 . 260 mol ) and purged with nitrogen . stirring was initiated and the solution was treated drop - wise with a solution of di - t - butyl dicarbonate ( 54 . 6 g , 0 . 250 mol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 75 ml ) at 15 - 20 ° c . over about 30 min the reaction mixture was stirred at 20 - 30 ° c . for at least 18 h or until hplc analysis showed that the reaction had proceeded to greater the 97 % completion . the reaction mixture was washed sequentially with water ( 100 ml ), 10 wt % aqueous orthophosphoric acid ( 2 × 75 ml ) and water ( 75 ml ). the separated organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate ( 12 g ), filtered , and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to afford the title compound as an oily brown material ( 48 g , quantitative ). ( 2 - hydroxymethyl - phenyl )- carbamic acid tert - butyl ester ( 44 . 7 g , 0 . 200 mol ), ch 2 cl 2 ( 625 ml ) and manganese ( iv ) oxide ( 85 %, 5 μm powder ; 245 . 5 g , 2 . 400 mol ) were introduced into a flask . the mixture was stirred at 40 ° c . for at least 4 h or until hplc analysis showed that the reaction had proceeded to greater than 97 % completion . the cooled mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 22 g ) and the filter cake was rinsed with ch 2 cl 2 ( 625 ml ). the filtrate and wash were concentrated in vacuo to dryness to afford the title compound as an oily yellow material ( 44 g , 99 % yield ). a flask was charged with ( 2 - formyl - phenyl )- carbamic acid tert - butyl ester ( 8 . 8 g , 0 . 040 mol ), 2 -( 4 - amino - 3 - methyl - phenyl )- propane - 1 , 3 - diamine ( 10 . 0 g , 0 . 056 mol ), t - butanol ( 177 ml ), and n , n - dimethylformamide ( 53 ml ). the mixture was stirred at 70 - 80 ° c . for 3 h . to the stirred , cooled ( 40 - 50 ° c .) mixture were added anhydrous potassium carbonate ( 16 . 6 g ) and iodine ( 20 . 3 g ). the batch was then stirred at 80 ° c . for at least 5 h or until hplc analysis showed that the reaction had proceeded to greater the 98 % completion . the cooled reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 8 . 8 g ) and the filter cake was rinsed with meoh ( 110 ml ). the filtrate and rinse were diluted with toluene ( 90 ml ) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure . the residue was stirred with aqueous 20 wt % sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate ( 180 ml ) for 1 h at ambient temperature . this mixture was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 × 180 ml ) and the separated organic layers were concentrated to dryness in vacuo . the concentrate ( 20 g ) was dissolved with methanol ( 10 ml ) and loaded onto a biotage kp - sil snap cartridge ( 100 g ) that had been pre - equilibrated with 300 ml 5 % v / v triethylamine in hexane . a biotage unit was used to elute the cartridge with an ethyl acetate - hexane gradient ( 0 % to 80 %). clean fractions were collected , combined , and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure as quickly as possible to provide the title compound as a yellow solid ( 2 . 9 g 23 % yield ). a flask was purged with nitrogen and charged with 2 - methyl - 4 - nitro - benzoic acid ( 45 . 3 g , 0 . 25 mol ), trimethyl borate ( 103 . 9 g , 1 . 00 mol ), and tetrahydrofuran ( 906 ml ). neat borane dimethyl sulfide complex ( 39 . 9 g , 49 . 8 ml , 0 . 525 mol ) was added drop - wise at 20 - 35 ° c . over at least 30 min . an exotherm and effervescence were observed during this addition . when the addition was complete , the reaction mixture was stirred at 65 ° c . for at least 2 h or until in - process hplc analysis showed that conversion was greater than 97 %. the batch was quenched with cooling by drop - wise addition of methanol ( 46 ml ), followed by a solution of 12 . 1 n aqueous hydrochloric acid ( 97 g , 82 . 1 ml , 1 . 00 mol ) in water ( 138 ml ) over at least 30 min . batch temperature was held at 20 - 35 ° c . during quench ; an exotherm and effervescence were observed during the quench . the mixture was stirred at 50 ° c . for at least 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure to a volume of ˜ 230 ml ( to remove tetrahydrofuran ). the concentrate was diluted with water ( 453 ml ) and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 2 × 453 ml ). the organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution ( 230 ml ), dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate ( 23 g ), filtered , and concentrated in vacuo to dryness to give the title compound as a beige solid ( 41 g , 98 % yield ). a flask was charged with ( 2 - methyl - 4 - nitro - phenyl )- methanol ( 16 . 7 g , 0 . 100 mol ) ( 334 ml ), to manganese ( iv ) oxide ( 5 μm , 102 . 3 g , 1 . 00 mol ), and ch 2 cl 2 ( 334 ml ). the stirred mixture was heated at 40 ° c . for at least 2 h or until in - process hplc analysis showed that conversion was greater than 95 %. the cooled mixture was filtered through a celite cake ( 8 g ) loaded onto a fritted funnel and the filter cake was rinsed with ch 2 cl 2 ( 340 ml ). the filtrate and wash were concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness to afford the title compound as an amorphous solid ( 13 . 0 g , 78 % yield ). a flask was charged with crude 2 - methyl - 4 - nitro - benzaldehyde ( 21 . 5 g , 0 . 13 mol ), aluminum oxide ( 27 g , 0 . 26 mol ), and nitromethane ( 159 g , 141 ml , 2 . 6 mol ). the mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 100 ° c . for at least 3 h until in - process hplc analysis showed that conversion was greater than 97 %. after cooling , the mixture was filtered through celite ® ( 11 g ) and the filter cake was rinsed with ch 2 cl 2 ( 430 ml ). the filtrate was concentrated to dryness at 50 ° c . in vacuo ; the residue was dissolved in acetone ( 430 ml ) and treated with charcoal ( 11 g ) at 50 ° c . for at least 1 h . filtration through celite ® ( 11 g ), rinsing with acetone ( 210 ml ) provided a filtrate which was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure . this material was dissolved in ethyl acetate ( 60 ml ) at 75 ° c ., to which hexane ( 240 ml ) was added drop - wise with stirring at 60 - 75 ° c . to induce crystallization . the resulting suspension was cooled and filtered to give the title compound as a yellow solid ( 22 g , 63 % yield ). a pressure flask was charged with 2 - methyl - 4 - nitro - 1 -( 2 - nitro - 1 - nitromethyl - ethyl )- benzene ( 29 . 6 g , 0 . 11 mol ), 10 wt % platinum on carbon ( 3 . 0 g ), 10 wt % palladium on carbon ( 9 . 0 g , 50 wt % water ), raney nickel ( 9 . 0 g , wet ), and methanol ( 740 ml ) under a nitrogen blanket . after attaching the flask to the hydrogenation apparatus , it was subjected to three vacuum degas - nitrogen purge cycles , followed by three nitrogen outgas - hydrogen purge cycles . the vigorously stirred suspension was held under 60 psi hydrogen pressure at 55 - 60 ° c . for at least 72 h . the reaction mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 15 g ) rinsing with methanol ( 600 ml ). the filtrate was concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to give the crude title compound as a red - brown gum ( 20 g , 100 % yield ). a flask was charged with ( 2 - formyl - phenyl )- carbamic acid tert - butyl ester ( 8 . 8 g , 0 . 040 mol ), 2 -( 4 - amino - 2 - methyl - phenyl )- propane - 1 , 3 - diamine ( 10 . 0 g , 0 . 056 mol ), t - butanol ( 177 ml ), and n , n - dimethylformamide ( 53 ml ) and purged well with nitrogen . the mixture was stirred at 75 ° c . for at least 3 h . to the cooled mixture were added anhydrous potassium carbonate ( 16 . 6 g ) and iodine ( 12 . 2 g ). the batch was stirred at 80 ° c . for 10 h . the cooled mixture was filtered through a celite pad ( 4 . 4 g ) and the filter cake was rinsed with methanol ( 177 ml ). the filtrate and wash were diluted with toluene ( 88 ml ) and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure . the residue was stirred with aqueous 15 wt % sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate ( 88 ml ) and saturated aqueous sodium chloride ( 44 ml ) for 1 h at ambient temperature . the resulting mixture was extracted with ch 2 cl 2 ( 2 × 177 ml ). the separated organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate ( 4 . 4 g ), filtered , and concentrate to dryness in vacuo . the concentrate ( 20 g ) was dissolved with methanol ( 20 ml ) and loaded onto a kp - sil samplet ( 34 g ). the sample was allowed to dry before loading it into a biotage kp - sil snap cartridge ( 340 g ). a biotage unit was used to elute the cartridge with a ethyl acetate - hexane gradient ( 0 % to 90 %). clean fractions were collected , combined , and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure to provide the title compound as a yellow solid ( 1 . 6 g , 13 % yield ). to a mixture of 3 -( 4 - amino - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 92 mg , 0 . 30 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 125 ml , 0 . 90 mmol ) in 2 . 5 ml ch 2 cl 2 at rt was added meta - tolyl isocyanate ( 0 . 057 ml , 0 . 45 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 2 hours , an additional 0 . 015 ml meta - tolyl isocyanate and 1 . 5 ml ch 2 cl 2 was added and the reaction continued for 20 hours . the reaction was quenched with 0 . 5 ml meoh , stirred 5 minutes and then evaporated . the mixture was triturated with meoh , filtered and rinsed with meoh and etoac to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 99 mg , 75 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 68 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 54 ( d , j = 3 . 2 hz , 2h ), 7 . 99 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 5 hz , 1h ), 7 . 40 - 7 . 47 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 32 ( m , 8h ), 6 . 78 ( d , j = 7 . 0 hz , 1h ), 4 . 15 - 4 . 23 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 63 - 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 44 - 3 . 55 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 04 - 3 . 16 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 31 ( s , 3h ), 2 . 27 ( s , 3h ). to a mixture of 3 -( 4 - amino - 2 - methylphenyl )- 2 , 3 , 4 , 7 - tetrahydro - 6h - pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazolin - 6 - one ( 92 mg , 0 . 30 mmol ) and triethylamine ( 0 . 125 ml , 0 . 90 mmol ) in 2 . 5 ml ch 2 cl 2 at rt was added 2 - fluoro - 5 -( trifluoromethyl ) phenyl isocyanate ( 0 . 065 ml , 0 . 45 mmol ) and the reaction stirred at rt . after 2 . 5 hours the reaction was quenched with 0 . 3 ml meoh , and then stored overnight in the refrigerator . the reaction mixture was filtered and rinsed with etoac to give the title compound as an off - white solid ( 130 mg , 84 %). 1 h nmr ( dmso - d6 ) δ : 10 . 69 ( s , 1h ), 9 . 09 ( s , 1h ), 8 . 87 ( d , j = 2 . 9 hz , 1h ), 8 . 63 ( dd , j = 7 . 5 , 2 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 99 ( dd , j = 7 . 9 , 1 . 2 hz , 1h ), 7 . 33 - 7 . 53 ( m , 4h ), 7 . 24 - 7 . 29 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 13 - 7 . 17 ( m , 1h ), 7 . 00 - 7 . 10 ( m , 2h ), 4 . 15 - 4 . 23 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 64 - 3 . 73 ( m , 1h ), 3 . 46 - 3 . 56 ( m , 2h ), 3 . 07 - 3 . 15 ( m , 1h ), 2 . 33 ( s , 3h ) the present invention is not to be limited in scope by the exemplified embodiments which are intended as illustrations of single aspects of the invention only . indeed , various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description . for example , the novel compounds of this invention include any compound which is a 4 - aryl - substituted -( 2h )- pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazoline - 6 - oxo , e . g . a substituted 4 - phenyl - substituted -( 2h )- pyrimido [ 1 , 2 - c ] quinazoline - 6 - oxo , wherein said 4 - aryl , e . g . said 4 - phenyl is substituted with a carboamino , or an aminocarbo or an aminocarboamino aryl group and binds to a tyrosine kinase receptor , e . g . a vegf and / or pdgf receptor . preferably , said 4 - aryl , e . g . said 4 - phenyl , is linked to said carboamino , aminocarbo or aminocarboamino aryl by a linking group represented by the formula —( nr 5 ) p — c ( o )—( nr 6 ) q — wherein p is 0 or 1 and q is 0 or 1 and r 5 and r 6 are as defined above . these compounds may be prepared and tested for tyrosine kinase inhibiting activity by the preparatory methods and assays disclosed above . such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims . all references cited herein are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety . also , the compounds of the present invention may be tested by the various in - vitro and in - vivo assays disclosed in such references to demonstrate the claimed utilities . | 2 |
the present invention provides a novel catalyst for the water - gas shift reaction , a method for preparing this catalyst and a method for conducting the water - gas shift reaction in the presence of this catalyst . the catalyst of this invention shows substantially higher activity and stability when compared to other catalysts . the catalyst of the present invention comprises highly dispersed group 1b metal on a crystalline sulfated zirconia support optionally in association with modifiers and additives such as , for example group i , group ii and rare earth oxides . surprisingly we have discovered that unusually active and stable wgs catalysts can be prepared when sulfated zirconia is used for the catalyst preparation . the presence of sulfate is critical for making the catalyst of the present invention with its outstanding performance . in a preferred embodiment of the catalyst of the present invention it has been found that the sulfur level should be at least 0 . 02 wt % based on the weight of zirconia ( also referred to as zirconium oxide or zro 2 ). preferably the sulfur level of the catalyst should be between 0 . 02 and 4 . 0 wt % based on the weight of zirconium oxide more preferably between 0 . 02 and 3 . 5 wt %, still more preferably between 0 . 02 and 2 . 5 wt % and most preferably between 0 . 02 and 1 wt % based on the wt of the zirconium oxide . we have further discovered that the catalyst of the present invention can operate in what is considered to be high temperature shift range down into the low and even ultra low temperature range . thus the process of the present invention when using the novel catalyst of the invention is able to operate over a temperature range from about 100 degrees c . to about 500 degrees c . in a typical preparation , the catalysts of this invention are prepared by an aqueous gold deposition onto a calcined sulfated zirconia support . this is usually followed by drying in air at around ambient temperature or slightly higher , e . g ., about 35 ° c . prior to use the catalyst is generally activated in the reactor under nitrogen at 250 ° c . for about 2 hours . not wishing to be bound by any particular theory we believe that it is extremely important to keep group 1b metal from reducing to a zero valence metal state during the group 1b metal deposition process . also it is believed that the sulfated zirconia support plays a critical role in keeping gold well dispersed . additionally it is believed that it is advantageous for at least some of the zirconia to be in the tetragonal phase . as discussed above a highly dispersed group 1b metal is an essential feature of the catalyst used in the present invention . the group 1b metals are gold , silver and copper . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention the highly dispersed group 1b metal should be gold . in another embodiment of the present invention a mixture of group 1b metals can be used . preferably the mixture of group 1b metals includes at least some gold . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention a majority of the zirconia in the catalyst should be in the tetragonal phase , more preferably the zirconia should be predominately in the tetragonal phase . the phase of the zirconia can be determined by the pxrd ( powder x - ray diffraction ) pattern of the catalyst sample . the x - ray diffraction pattern can be used to determine the phase of the zirconia due to the different phases exhibit characteristic lines in the pattern . it was demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy ( sem ) and transmission electron microscopy ( tem ) that the catalysts of this invention most preferably have no detectable gold particles after gold deposition and drying steps . in the catalyst and method of the present invention the gold loading of the catalyst should be at least 0 . 001 wt % based on the weight of zirconium oxide in the catalyst . preferably the gold loading of the catalyst should be between 0 . 001 and 5 . 0 wt %, more preferably between 0 . 001 and 4 . 0 wt %, still more preferably between 0 . 01 and 3 . 0 wt %, even more preferably between 0 . 1 and 3 . 0 wt %, and most preferably between 0 . 1 and 2 . 0 wt % based on the weight of zirconium oxide in the catalyst . when silver or copper are used in the catalyst either alone or in combination with gold higher levels may be required than gold alone to achieve the same level of catalytic activity . another important feature of the catalyst of the present invention is that the gold be very highly dispersed on the catalyst . the methods for gold loading described in the detailed description of the present invention and in the examples can lead to a very highly dispersed catalyst . activation conditions must also be carefully selected to avoid agglomeration of the gold ( or other group 1b metal ) and loss of the very high dispersion . it is preferred that at least 80 wt % of the gold be dispersed in particles of less than 10 angstroms when measured by tem . more preferably at least 90 wt % of the gold should be dispersed in particles of less than 10 angstroms when measured by tem . most preferably there should be no detectable gold particles on the catalyst after gold deposition and drying steps when examined by tem and sem . in the present application the phrase no detectable gold particles means essentially no particles having an approximate diameter above about 7 to 9 angstroms . there is a trade off between the amount of surface area and stabiliy of the sulfated zirconia support . so it is important that the zirconia surface area of the sulfated zirconia support be carefully controlled . the bet ( brunauer , emmett , teller ) surface area of the sulfated zirconia support should be at least 5 m 2 / g , preferably at least 10 m 2 / g , more preferably between 10 and 500 m 2 / g , still more preferably between 30 and 250 m 2 / g and most preferably between 50 and 100 m 2 / g . the bet surface area can be determined using astm d 4567 ( volume 5 . 03 ) or astm d 3663 which are incorporated herein by reference . as mentioned above it is also critical to the present invention that the catalyst comprise sulfated zirconia . it has been found that by employing the sulfated catalyst described above that the method of the present invention displayed surprisingly low deactivation rates . methods for making a sulfated zirconia material suitable for use as a starting material in the preparation of the catalyst of the present invention can be found in u . s . pat . nos . 6 , 448 , 198 and 6 , 180 , 555 which are incorporated herein in their entirety . in addition to the sulfated zirconia , the catalyst of the present invention optionally can include an additional structural support material such as a refractory metal oxide material such as for example silica , alumina , magnesia , titania , etc . and mixtures thereof . the structural support can be in any form including for example monolith , spheres , or hollow cylinders . more specifically the structural support material can additionally include “ supports ” such as alumina , silica , silica - alumina , silicate , alumino - silicate , magnesia , zeolite , active carbon , titanium oxide , thorium oxide , clay and any combination of these supports . in one embodiment of the present invention preferably , the invention &# 39 ; s catalyst can contain between 50 % and 95 % by weight of structural support , on which 5 % to 50 % of sulfated zirconia by weight is deposited . in the method of the present invention the catalyst has been found to be effective at a surprisingly broad range of temperatures . in the method of the present invention the water - gas shift reaction can be carried out between 100 and 500 ° c . preferably between 135 and 420 ° c . it is understood by one of skill in the art that as catalysts become less active the reaction temperature may be increased to achieve a target conversion . however , increasing temperatures leads to an increased concentration of co due to a shift in equilibrium . space velocities useable in the method of the present invention as measured by gas hourly space velocity ( ghsv ) are between 1000 h − 1 to 200 , 000 h − 1 , preferably between 10 , 000 h − 1 to 100 , 000 h − 1 , more preferably between 25 , 000 h − 1 to 100 , 000 h − 1 . it is understood by one of skill that the space velocity can be decreased to compensate for lower activity . as mentioned above in one embodiment of the present invention the method can optionally include a co oxidation zone in order to reduce the level of co in the h 2 such that it is suitable for use in a fuel cell such as a pem fuel cell . a potential advantage of the present invention is that the wgs method of the present invention can be used to convert most of the co while also making hydrogen and leaving only a small amount or trace amount of co to be oxidized in the co oxidation zone . this means that the co oxidation zone can be smaller in size and can further reduce the size and complexity of a fuel processor system . under some circumstances the co oxidation zone may be eliminated entirely . an example of a fuel processor that includes a combination partial oxidation / steam reforming zone , wgs zone , and co oxidation zone is shown in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 521 , 204 which is incorporated herein in its entirety . alternatively the present invention provides a catalyst and method for co oxidation . as discussed above co oxidation can be used to remove the last traces of co to achieve a h 2 stream containing very low levels of co . the co oxidation method and catalyst of the present can be used in conjunction with the wgs method and catalyst or can be used independently . this example shows the preparation of a mass sulfated zirconia material that can be used as a base for the catalyst of the present invention . 35 g of zro ( no 3 ) 2 , 6h 2 o is dissolved in 350 ml of distilled water with agitation . zirconium hydroxide gel is precipitated by adding 17 ml of a 28 % ammonia solution while agitating . the final ph is about 8 . 5 . after filtering and washing until a ph 7 ( redispersal in 350 ml of water ), the gel is dried overnight at 120 degrees c . the result is about 13 . 8 g of a solid . the sulfation is done by adding 85 ml of sulfuric acid ( 1 n ), by static contact for 15 minutes . the sulfated zirconia is then spun dry . then the material is dried overnight at 120 degrees c . this example shows the preparation of a structurally supported sulfated zirconia base that can be used in the catalyst of the present invention . the catalyst sample is prepared starting from 25 g of an alumina support , marketed by akzo under the name ck 300 , previously calcined at 600 degrees c . the zirconium deposition is done in a ball by impregnating the support with a solution formed by the dissolution of 3 . 48 g of zirconyl chloride ( zrocl 2 , 8h 2 o , marketed by prolabo also available from aldrich ) and 0 . 46 g of nh 4 cl in 11 cm 3 of distilled water , with a volume corresponding to the porous volume of the support . the solid obtained is first dried overnight at 120 degrees c . then calcined for 2 hours at 650 degrees c . this operation is repeated twice ( deposit of zirconium three times ), then the solid obtained is calcined for 4 hours at 750 degrees c . thereafter , the sulfation of the zirconium deposited on the surface of the alumina support takes place by circulating 162 cm 3 of a sulfuric acid solution ( 5 n ) at room temperature for 1 hour . then the solid is spun - dry then allowed to dry overnight at 120 degrees c . next it is calcined for 2 hours at 500 degrees c . in a flow of dry air at 60 liters per hour . a sample of sulfated zirconium hydroxide powder containing about 2 % wt of sulfate was calcined in air at 660 ° c . according to the following procedure . sulfated zirconium hydroxide can be obtained from commercial sources such as aldrich . the sample was heated up to 660 ° c . slowly over 10 hours and kept at this temperature for 6 hrs , followed by slow cooling to ambient temperature . the nitrogen bet ( brunauer , emmett , teller ) surface area of the powder before the calcinations was found to be 284 m 2 / g and after the calcinations it was 75 m 2 / g . the starting powder was amorphous by powder x - ray diffraction ( pxrd ). the pxrd pattern of the calcined material was that of the tetragonal phase of zirconia containing a small amount of the monoclinic phase . the gold was deposited on the calcined sample from example 3 by first preparing a solution of 0 . 34 g of haucl 4 × 3h 2 o in 600 ml of distilled water and then heating the solution to about 60 ° c . the acidity of the solution was adjusted to ph 8 . 6 by the addition of a 1 . 0 m sodium carbonate solution . 6 g of the calcined sulfated zirconia sample was added to the solution and stirred for 2 to 3 hrs by slow rotation in a rotary evaporator . the resulting solid was removed by filtration and dried in an air convection oven at 35 ° c . overnight . finally the dry powdered sample was pressed and sized to − 18 /+ 40 ( us ) mesh for the reactor testing . the resulting catalyst had a nitrogen bet surface area unchanged of about 75 m 2 / g . the pxrd pattern of the gold deposited sample showed both tetragonal and monoclinic phases of zirconia present in almost equal amounts . elemental analysis results for various samples prepared by the above procedure showed that the amount of sulfate decreased to about 0 . 26 % wt . and the gold loading were in the range of 1 % wt . to 2 % wt . the gold was deposited on the calcined sample from example 3 by first preparing a solution of 0 . 20 g of haucl 4 × 3h 2 o in 60 ml of distilled water and then heating the solution to about 60 ° c . the ph of the solution was adjusted to values between 9 and 10 by the addition of a 1 . 0 m sodium carbonate solution . 6 g of the calcined sulfated zirconia sample was added to the solution and stirred for 2 to 3 hrs by slow rotation in a rotary evaporator . the resulting solid was separated by filtration , rinsed with 100 ml of distilled water and dried in an air convection oven at 35 ° c . overnight . finally the dry powdered sample was pressed and sized to − 18 /+ 40 ( us ) mesh for the reactor testing . the catalyst of this invention can also be prepared by near incipient wetness impregnation procedures of a gold compound on the sulfated zirconia support . methods of near incipient wetness impregnation are taught in the art . 2 cc of the catalyst from example 2 was diluted with 6 cc of acid - washed alundum of the same size and loaded into a ½ ″ o . d . stainless steel tube reactor . the catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass wool plugs on both ends . the catalyst was heated to up 250 ° c . at a rate of 50 ° c ./ h in a 200 sccm flow of nitrogen overnight and then cooled to a test temperature . the catalysts were tested in the temperature range of 135 ° c . to 420 ° c . at space velocities of 2000 h − 1 to 50000 h − 1 based upon the volume of catalyst . two different gas mixtures were used in the testing . the gas mixtures were produced either by blending four syngas components — co , h 2 , n 2 and co 2 in a manifold or by using a mixture of a pre - defined composition . water was introduced to the gas stream as vapor produced by heating the stream of liquid water in a small flash vessel just below the boiling point of water at the reactor pressure . for example , for the reaction mixture of the following composition — 11 % vol . co , 25 . 6 % vol . h 2 , 6 . 8 % vol . co 2 , 31 . 1 % vol . n 2 , 25 . 4 % vol . h 2 o , at 20 , 000 ghsv , 200 ° c . and 30 psig the catalyst had constant activity at equilibrium co conversion of about 98 . 2 % for the time it had been tested of about 350 hours . at the same conditions but at a temperature of 350 ° c . the catalyst operated at constant activity and equilibrium conversion of about 86 . 1 %. the results of catalyst performance at 240 ° c . over a range of space velocities for the reaction mixture composition of 4 . 65 % vol . co , 34 . 31 % vol . h 2 , 7 . 43 % vol . co 2 , 13 . 73 % vol . n 2 , 36 % vol . h 2 o are shown in fig1 . the changes of the catalyst activity with temperature at 20 , 000 ghsv are shown in fig2 and over a range of space velocities at different temperatures in fig3 for this same gas mixture . finally , for both reaction mixtures it was demonstrated that the catalyst could be cooled down to an ambient temperature in air , then heated back to a reaction temperature and restarted without loss of activity repeatedly . the catalyst from example 2 was tested for effects of the feed mixture , in particular water , during temperature shutdown on catalyst performance . initially , the reactor run was started according to the procedure in the previous example using the feed mixture containing 11 % vol . co , 25 . 6 % vol . h 2 , 6 . 8 % vol . co 2 , 31 . 1 % vol . n 2 , 25 . 4 % vol . h 2 o , at 200 ° c . and 30 psig . after the stable co conversion was attained the heat to the reactor was turned off and the reactor was allowed to cool under the feed to ambient temperature . it was kept at these conditions for 1 hr followed by reheating of the reactor to 200 ° c . under 200 sccm of nitrogen and re - introduction of the feed mixture . after the stable co conversion was attained the procedure was repeated . for this particular experiment after ten cycles the co conversion remained unchanged at about 73 % at 10 , 000 ghsv . this example demonstrates that the exposure of the catalyst to condensed water vapor does not affect significantly it &# 39 ; s reactor performance . the catalyst of example 2 was tested for effects of oxygen in the feed mixture . the reactor run was started according to the procedure in the previous example using the feed mixture containing 11 % vol . co , 25 . 6 % vol . h 2 , 6 . 8 % vol . co 2 , 26 . 1 % vol . n 2 , 5 . 0 % vol . o 2 , 25 . 4 % vol . h 2 o , at 200 ° c . and 30 psig . the catalyst was run at these conditions for about 40 hours at average co conversion of 98 %. no significant loss of hydrogen was observed . 2 cc of the catalyst from example 2 was diluted with 6 cc of acid - washed alundum of the same size and loaded into a ½ ″ o . d . stainless steel tube reactor . the catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass wool plugs on both ends . the catalyst was heated to up 250 ° c . at a rate of 50 ° c ./ h in a 200 sccm flow of nitrogen overnight and then cooled to a test temperature . the catalyst was tested for co oxidation activity by introducing to the reactor a co / air feed at the ratio of 2 to 3 at 6000 h − 1 ghsv at room temperature . the temperature in the reactor increased to about 150 ° c . when oxygen conversion approached 100 % and stabilized . no decline in co conversion was observed over 120 hrs operation . in the same experiment the feed to the reactor was switched back and forth between the co / air mixture and the typical wgs feed as in example 8 . at 20000 h − 1 ghsv , 200 ° c . and 30 psi the co conversion remained on average at about 98 %. this example clearly demonstrates that the same catalyst is very active catalyst for both wgs and co oxidation reactions . a sample of gold on zirconia was prepared as follows . 0 . 33 g of haucl 4 × 3h 2 o was added to 600 ml of deionized water then heated to 60 degrees c . the ph was adjusted by dropwise addition of 1n na 2 co 3 until the solution cleared . the final ph was 8 . 55 . 3 . 09 g of zirconium iv oxide extrudate was placed in a round bottom flask along with the gold containing solution . the flask was placed on a rotory evaporator and immersed in a bath that was maintained at 60 degrees c . the flask was allowed to rotate for 2 hours 10 minutes . the extrudate was then filtered from the solution . the extrudate had maintained their shape and rigidity after filtering . the extrudate was dried . 1 . 5 cc ( 1 . 7 g ) of the au on zirconia catalyst formed in comparative example 7 was loaded into a wgs tube reactor . the sample was first diluted with 6 . 5 cc of acid - washed 24 / 48 alundum and loaded into the ½ ″ od stainless steel tube reactor . the catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass wool plugs on both ends . the reactor was heated to 200 degrees c . with a n 2 flow rate of 200 cc / min . the temperature was held at 200 degrees c . for 1 hour then the syngas mixture was introduced as the feed . the pressure was raised to 30 psig and the syngas flow rate was set at 80 . 0 cc / min . h 2 o was injected at a flow rate of 0 . 0165 ml / hr to achieve a space velocity of 4000 hr − 1 . the process achieved a co conversion initially of as much as 85 %. however at constant temperature ( 200 degrees c .) after 10 hours the conversion declined to about 72 % and after 20 hours to about 64 %. 2 . 0 cc ( 2 . 45 g ) of au on sulfated zirconia catalyst was loaded into a wgs tube reactor . the sample was first diluted with 6 . 0 cc of acid - washed 24 mesh alundum and loaded into the ½ ″ od stainless steel tube reactor . the catalyst bed was held in place with alundum and glass wool plugs on both ends . the reactor was heated to 200 degrees c . with a n 2 flow rate of 200 cc / min . the temperature was held at 200 degrees c . for 1 hour then the syngas mixture was introduced as the feed . the pressure was raised to 30 psig and the syngas flow rate was set at 80 . 0 cc / min . h 2 o was injected at a flow rate of 0 . 0165 ml / hr to achieve a space velocity of 4000 hr − 1 . the process achieved a co conversion initially of as much as 96 %. after 20 hours of operation the conversion was at about 95 %. this example shows that the au on sulfated zirconia achieves better conversion and better stability than unsulfated au on zirconia catalyst ( see comparative example 12 ) at the same process conditions . | 8 |
referring now to the drawings and , first , particularly to fig1 thereof , there is shown therein a rotary printing machine , for example , a printing machine 1 for processing sheets 7 , having a feeder 2 , at least one printing unit 3 and 4 , respectively , and a delivery 6 . the sheets 7 are removed from a sheet pile 8 and , separated , i . e ., singled , or imbricated , i . e ., overlapped , are fed via a feed table 9 to the printing units 3 and 4 , each of which is provided , in a conventional manner , with a respective plate cylinder 11 , 12 . the plate cylinders 11 and 12 , respectively , have a device 13 , 14 for fastening flexible printing plates thereon . furthermore , to each of the plate cylinders 11 and 12 , there is assigned a device 16 , 17 for semiautomatically or fully automatically changing the printing plates . the sheet pile 8 rests on a pile or stacking board 10 which is controllingly liftable . the removal of the sheets 7 takes place from the top of the sheet pile 8 , by a so - called suction head 18 , which has , amongst others , a number of lifting and dragging suckers 19 , 21 for separating or singling the sheets 7 . furthermore , blowing or blast devices 22 for loosening the top sheet layers , and sensing elements 23 for pile tracking are provided . in order to align the sheet pile 8 , in particular the upper sheets 7 of the sheet pile 8 , a number of side and rear stops are provided . the feeding table 9 includes , amongst others , at least one transport belt 26 driven by a drive roller 27 . the endless transport belt 26 is looped around a deflection roller 28 , which is arranged at an end of the feeding table 9 . the drive roller 27 has a drive shaft 29 or a shaft end , whereon there is arranged a first non - round , ellipse - like drive wheel 31 , in the form of a toothed belt pulley or a sprocket . the drive wheel 31 is drivingly connected , via a flexible tensioning member 32 formed as a toothed belt or chain , to a second non - round , ellipse - like drive wheel 33 , which is formed in a manner corresponding to that of the first drive wheel 31 . the second drive wheel 33 is seated on a drive shaft 34 driven in a single revolution by the printing machine . the drive from the printing machine can be effected by a gear train , a longitudinal shaft or a belt drive . a dedicated drive , for example in the form of an electric motor , is likewise possible . the drive wheels 31 and 32 have an at least approximately elliptical shape and are arranged offset 900 from one another . the drive wheel 33 driven uniformly by the printing machine drives the drive wheel 31 via the flexible tensioning member 32 and therefore transmits a sinusoidal speed to the drive shaft 27 of the transport belt 26 . in a second exemplary embodiment , according to fig3 the drive roller 27 has a round , eccentrically arranged drive wheel 41 , which is seated on the drive shaft 29 . by the flexible tensioning member 32 , the drive wheel 41 is drivingly connected to a round drive wheel 43 seated eccentrically on the single - revolution drive shaft 34 . the flexible tensioning member 32 is additionally looped around a non - round rotatable compensating wheel 44 , which is mounted so as to be pivotable or displaceable . the compensating wheel 44 keeps the tension of the flexible tensioning member 32 constant in every angular position of the drive wheels 41 and 43 . retensioning of the flexible tensioning member 32 is performed by an adjustment of the compensating wheel 44 . in addition , the drive wheels 41 and 43 and the compensating wheel 44 are formed either as toothed belt pulleys or sprockets . the exact contour of the wheels is configured so that , when the drive wheel 33 is running uniformly , the drive wheel 31 has an at least approximately sinusoidal speed pattern , and the drive belt always remains uniformly in tension . | 1 |
fig1 and 2 illustrate the construction of typical priorart fet &# 39 ; s . the fet of fig1 is produced by the growth of epitaxial layers 12 and 14 on a semi - insulating gaas substrate 10 . layer 14 has a higher concentration of donor impurity ions ( approximatel 1 × 10 17 / cm 3 ) than lower layer 12 and therefore has higher conductivity . the active layer 14 in fig2 is produced by implantation of donor ions . the device also includes a source 16 , a drain 18 and a gate 20 . in both cases , the active channel , which may , for example , be about 0 . 5 microns deep , is uniformly doped in the horizontal direction ( i . e ., along the direction of charge - carrier movement ). referring now to fig3 the source - gate channel region 28 , including a top portion 26 and a bottom portion 26 &# 39 ;, between source 16 and gate 20 ( schottky barrier gate ) should be of much lower resistivity than a region 24 lying beneath the gate 20 and between the gate 20 and the drain 18 . if the source - gate channel region 28 is heavily doped , however , the leakage of the schottky barrier gate 20 is excessive . techniques to create a vertical gradient of resistivity in this region have thus far been unsuccessful since there has been no ion implantation technology capable of reproducibly creating such a gradient . the ideal characteristic is one in which the electrically active impurity concentration at the top portion 26 of the source - gate channel region 28 is less than or equal to that of the region 24 directly beneath the gate 20 , while the electrically active impurity concentration in the lower portion 26 &# 39 ; of the source - gate channel region 28 is at least an order of magnitude greater than the impurity concentration in the same region 24 directly beneath the gate 20 . the achievement of such an impurity gradient profile virtually eliminates the source - gate channel resistance as a significant factor adversely affecting fet performance and the gradient does not adversely affect the characteristics of the schottky - barrier gate 20 . to achieve this optimum gradient profile in the source - gate channel region 28 without adversely changing the impurity profile elsewhere requires a new approach based on an understanding of how impurity complexes can be used to reproducibly and reliably control the properties of semiconductors . the implantation of boron is known to render gaas semi - insulating since it compensates , or neutralizes , other impurities which render the gaas more conductive . thus the effect of the boron is to render the doped gaas more insulative . only recently has it been found that the boron implant dose need not be excessive to the extent of rendering the semiconductor amorphous but , instead , need only exceed the concentration of other impurities within the gaas . more recently , it has been shown that boron implanted in gaas does not diffuse within the gaas at elevated temperatures as do most other impurities . still referring to fig3 to the optimum gradient profile in the source - gate channel region 28 of the improved ion - implanted fet shown , an impurity ion is selected ( e . g ., si , or si and s ) and selectively implanted into the source - gate channel region 28 . this may be done simultaneously with the n + selective source and drain implants in regions 22 and 30 , respectively . ( in this context , the term &# 34 ; selectively &# 34 ; applies to the particular region selected for any ion implantation .) as shown , the region 24 is implanted only to the n state , or a concentration of about 1 × 10 17 / cm 3 . however , the other regions 22 , 28 and 30 , as aforementioned , are implanted to the n + state , or a concentration of about 1 × 10 18 / cm 3 . these implants are then followed by a much shallower ( i . e ., done with a lower implantation voltage ) implant ( e . g ., 200 - 500 å ) of boron into the top portion 26 of source - gate channel region 28 . by so doing , as vacancies are created in the top portion 26 but not in the bottom portion 26 &# 39 ; of the source - gate channel region 28 . the concentration of the boron implant should exceed the concentration of the n + impurity by a factor of 2 or more to ensure that some as vacancies remain in the top portion 26 after other as vacancies are filled by the acceptor ( silican ) ions previously implanted . the maximum concentration of boron should be below that which would cause the gaas to become amorphous ; thus , the concentration should not be more than about 5 × 10 19 / cm 3 . activation / annealing of the implanted ions may then proceed in a conventional manner chosen by the fabricator ( i . e ., thermal , laser and / or electron beam ). the annealing ambient must be chosen so that the boron - implanted region , i . e ., top portion 26 , is not etched away in the process ( e . g ., use flowing arsine , proximity capping or a good silicon nitride encapsulant ). obviously , many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that , within the scope of the appended claims , the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described . | 7 |
next , an preferred embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 shows a block diagram of a network to which the frame transfer method of the present invention can apply . the network shown in fig1 realizes vpn - a to c ( vpn : ( virtual private network , a to c : enterprises a to c ) in the vpn service . the vpn - a to c are connected to one another through a backbone network and a plurality of mans ( metropolitan area network ) 1 to 6 . the vpn - a is configured by site lans ( local area network ) a 1 and a 2 , the vpn - b is configured by site lans b 1 to b 4 , and the vpn - c is configured by site lans c 1 and c 2 respectively . each of the lans is configured by a ce ( customer edge node ) used to connect the lan to a man and one or more terminals t ( t : terminal ). a man used to transfer frames between each lan and the backbone network is configured by an me ( man edge node ) located at the edge and an mc ( man core node ) located at the core of the network . the backbone network connected to the man is configured by pes ( provider edge nodes ) 1 to 3 and pcs ( provider core nodes ) 1 to 3 located at the core . in the backbone network are formed a plurality of tunnel lsps ( lsp : label switching path ). in each of those tunnel lsps , a t - lsp 1 is formed so as to transfer frames in the direction of pe 1 -& gt ; pc 1 -& gt ; and pe 2 while a t - lsp 3 is formed so as to transfer frames in the opposite direction . in addition , a t - lsp 2 is formed so as to transfer frames in the direction of pe 1 -& gt ; pc 2 -& gt ; pc 3 -& gt ; pe 3 and a t - lsp 4 is formed so as to transfer frames in the opposite direction . in the t - lsp 1 is formed a vc - lsp - b 1 , which is used to transfer frames from the lan - b 1 to the lan - b 2 , as well as a vc - lsp - b 3 used to transfer frames in the opposite direction . and , in the t - lsp 2 are formed a vc - lsp - b 2 used to transfer frames from the lan - b 1 to the lan - b 3 and b 4 , as well as a vc - lsp - b 4 used to transfer frames in the opposite direction . in the tunnel lsp is also formed some other lsps used for communications among the sites of the enterprise a , among the sites of the enterprise c , and between pe 2 and pe 3 , although they are not shown here . when any of the conventional techniques 3 and 4 described above is employed for the backbone network , the pe 1 is required to store line numbers , tunnel labels , and vc labels corresponding to the mac addresses of the terminals t 4 to t 11 , as well as line numbers corresponding to the mac addresses of the terminals t 1 to t 3 . concretely , the pe 1 of the backbone network is required to learn and store such transfer information as tunnel labels , vc labels , or line numbers corresponding to the mac addresses of the terminals t 1 to t 11 of all the contracted enterprises . however , the table provided in the pe to store such the transfer information is limited in capacity . the table thus becomes a bottleneck sometimes in each network that employs any of the conventional techniques 3 and 4 , so that it might be impossible to store many contracted enterprises in the table . on the other hand , in any network that employs the frame transfer method of the present invention , the pe of the backbone network is not required to learn such transfer information as output line numbers , tunnel lsps , vc lsps corresponding to the mac addresses . a node located in the upstream of the pe adds information equivalent to such the transfer information to each frame to be transmitted . this added information consists of such information as line , tunnel lsp , and vc lsp used by the pe located at the inlet of the backbone network , as well as the subject frame that stores information of the line number to which the frame is to be transferred by the pe located at the outlet of the backbone network . each pe transfers each frame according to this information . in the frame transfer method of the present invention , each node that stores information corresponding to the mac address set in each frame is located on the edge of the network . therefore it does not need to store so many contracted enterprises . because such the node is just required to store information corresponding to the mac addresses of not so many terminals of each contracted enterprise , the capacity of the table for storing such the information will thus not prevent the number of contracted enterprises from increasing . concretely , when the me 2 transfers a frame to the terminal t 7 of the lan - b 3 , the me 2 instructs the pe 1 to specify lines connected to the pc 2 , the lsp - b 2 , and the t - lsp 2 . the me 2 also instructs the pe 3 to specify a line connected to the man - 3 . at this time , the me 2 is just required to store the lsp selection information and the output line selection information as transfer information related to the terminals ( t 2 , t 5 , t 6 to t 8 , and t 11 ) of the enterprise b ; the me 2 is not required to store any transfer information related to the terminals of the enterprises a and c . next , a description will be made for the operation of each node when the terminal t 2 of lan - b 1 transfers frames addressed to the terminal t 7 of lan - b 3 with use of the frame transfer method of the present invention . fig3 shows a format of dix ethernet ii frames transmitted by the terminal t 2 . the dix ethernet ii frame format consists of a header part 410 , a data part 420 , and an fcs part 430 . the header part consists of fields of preamble 411 , sfd ( start of frame delimiter ) 412 , source mac address ( smac : source mac ) 413 , destination mac address ( dmac : destination mac ) 414 , and type 415 . the preamble field 411 includes information for enabling a frame receiving device to find the start of a frame and the sfd field includes information for denoting the start of the frame . in those fields , hexadecimal values “ 01010101 ” and “ ab ” are set respectively . the smac field 413 sets the source address of the frame while the dmac field 414 sets the destination address of the frame . the type 415 denotes a protocol of the network layer stored in the data part 420 . for example , “ 0800 ” ( hex ) denotes that the received frame is a novell netware frame . the data part 420 consists of fields of data 421 and padding 422 . the padding 422 fills the space of the frame so that the frame becomes at least 64 bytes in full data length . the fcs 430 part has an fcs field 431 . a device , when receiving a frame , checks this fcs field 431 to decide the validity / invalidity of the frame . the me 2 , when receiving a frame addressed to the terminal t 7 from the terminal t 2 , identifies that the frame belongs to the enterprise b according to the line number of the line ( hereinafter , referred to as the input line number ), through which the frame is received . this enterprise identification by the me 2 is realized by referring to a table 1500 ( fig4 ) provided in the me 2 to read the vlan id 1501 - i set in each entry therein according to the input line number written in the frame . the table 1500 stores the vlan id , which is an enterprise identifier set for each input line number . the me 2 then decides a target output line ( hereinafter , to be referred to as an output line number ) from which the frame is to be output and the destination site information according to the dmac 414 . this decision of the output line number and the destination site information is realized by referring to a table 1000 ( fig5 ) that stores both output line number and destination site information in correspondence with the mac address of each terminal . concretely , the me 2 reads a plurality of entries 1010 - i one by one from the table 1000 and compares the dmac 414 set in the header part 410 of the frame with the mac address 1002 - i set in each entry to decide the line number 1001 - i and the destination site information 1003 - i set in the “ matching ” entry 1010 - i as both target line number and destination site information . this destination site information ( two bits ) consists of single - bit lsp selection information 1013 - i used to decide a target lsp at the inlet pe 1 of the backbone network and single - bit output line selection information 1023 - i used to decide an output line at the outlet pe 3 of the backbone network . the me 2 then adds a header to the frame and transmits the frame to the mc ( man core ). the added header includes the destination site information bit for denoting whether or not the destination site information 1003 - i is valid . the destination site information 1003 - i consists of determined enterprise information ( vlan id ) and destination site information 1003 - i . this header may be a vlan tag described in the ieee 802 . 1q . fig6 shows a format of frames transmitted from the me 2 and handled in the man - 1 after a vlan tag is added to each of the frames . in the frame format shown in fig6 , a vlan tag 416 is inserted between the smac 413 and the type 415 in the header part in the frame format shown in fig3 . the tpid ( tag protocol identifier ) 501 set in the vlan tag 416 is used for the token ring , fddi , etc . when it is used by the ethernet ( trademark ), it is represented as “ 8100 ” in hexadecimal . the cfi ( canonical format indicator ) 503 is single - bit information used for the token ring communication . the up ( user priority ) 502 is 3 - bit information denoting a transfer priority level . in this embodiment , this up 502 is used as lsp selection information 505 ( 1 bit ) for storing lsp selection information , the output line selection information 506 ( 1 bit ) for storing output line selection information , and the destination site information bit 507 for denoting valid / invalid of both of the lsp selection information 505 and the output line selection information 506 ( 1 bit ). the vlan id 504 is an identifier of a vlan ( virtual lan ). in this embodiment , it is used as an enterprise ( vpn ) identifier . the pe 1 writes the lsp selection information 1013 - i , the output line selection information 1023 - i , and “ 1 ” ( valid ) in the lsp selection information 505 , the output line selection information 506 , and the destination site information bit 507 of the up 502 respectively and writes the vlan id 1501 corresponding to the enterprise b in the vlan id 504 . the terminals t 2 or ce 2 may be configured so that the information of the enterprise b is written in the vlan id 504 of the vlan tag 416 in each frame to be transmitted . in this connection , the me 2 adds none of the enterprise identifier and the vlan tag 416 to the frame . the mc in the man - 1 , when receiving such a frame , decides a target output line number according to the dmac 414 set in the frame and transfers the frame to the output line . the me 3 transfers frames similarly . such the output line decision by the mc or me 3 is realized by referring to a table 1100 ( fig7 ) that stores a plurality of entries 1100 - i , each storing a line number 1101 - i and a mac address 1102 - i . the mc or me 3 reads those entries 1110 - i one by one from the table 1100 and compares the mac address 1102 - i in each of the entries 1110 - i with the dmac 414 set in the header part 510 to decide the line number 1101 - i in the “ matching ” entry 1110 - i as the target output line number . the pe 1 , when receiving a frame through the mc or me 3 , identifies the enterprise to which the frame belongs according to the vlan id 504 set in the header part 510 in the frame to decide that it is the enterprise b . then , the pe 1 decides one or more sets , each consisting of an output line number , a vc lsp , and a tunnel lsp . the pe 1 also selects one of those sets according to the lsp selection information 505 set in the up 502 of the header part 510 . in this embodiment , the pe 1 selects the set 1 consisting of the line numbers of the lines to the pc 2 , a vc - lsp - b 2 , and the t - lsp 2 , as well as the set 2 consisting of line numbers of the lines to the pc 1 , the vc - lsp - b 1 , and the t - lsp 1 according to the vlan id 504 , then decides the set 1 according to the lsp selection information 505 as the information used for transferring the frame . this decision is realized by , for example , referring to a table 1200 ( fig8 ) that stores a plurality of entries 1210 - i . the pe 1 reads those entries 1210 - i one by one from the table 1200 and compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry so that the vlan id 504 set in the header part 510 of the frame is compared with the vlan id 1201 - i set in each entry 1210 - i and the lsp selection information 505 set in the header part 510 of the frame is compared with the lsp selection information 1202 - i set in each entry respectively . the pe 1 then decides the line number 1204 - i as the target output line number , the tunnel label 1205 - i as the target tunnel label and the vc label 1206 - i as the target vc label , set in the “ matching ” entry 1210 - i respectively . the pe 1 then adds the values of both tunnel label 1205 - i and vc label 1206 - i to the frame to be transmitted to the backbone network . fig9 shows a format of the frames handled in the backbone network , transmitted by the pe 1 after the header information related to both tunnel label and vc label are added to each of the frames . in the frame format shown in fig9 , a capsule header part 740 is added to the frame and the fields of the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 are deleted from the header part 510 of the frame format shown in fig6 , thereby forming the new header part 710 . the capsule header part 740 consists of the same fields 441 to 445 as those of the header part 510 ( fig6 ), as well as a tunnel shim header 446 , and a vc shim header 447 . fig1 shows the tunnel shim header 446 formatted as described in the rfc 3032 and fig1 shows the vc shim header 447 formatted as described in the rfc 3032 . the tunnel shim header 446 consists of fields of tunnel label 801 , experimental tunnel exp 802 , tunnel s bit 803 , and tunnel ttl ( time to live ) 804 . similarly , the vc shim header 446 consists of fields of vc label 901 , 3 - bit vc exp 902 , vc s bit 903 , and vc ttl 904 . in this embodiment , the lower one bit of the vc exp 902 is used for the output line selection information 905 and the upper second bit is used for the vc exp information bit 906 to be set for denoting valid / invalid of the output line selection information 905 . the msb 907 is not used . the pe 1 stores the information of the tunnel label 1205 - i and the vc label 1206 - i decided above in the tunnel label 801 and in the vc label 901 respectively . finally , the pe 1 writes the value of the output line selection information 506 ( one bit ) of the up 502 in the output line selection information 905 of the vc exp 902 so as to notify the pe 3 of the output line selection information , then writes “ 1 ” ( valid ) in the vc exp information bit 906 . after this , the pe 1 transmits the frame to the line corresponding to the line number 1204 - i . the pc 2 transfers the frame to the pc 3 according to the tunnel label 801 , then updates the tunnel label 801 . similarly , the pc 3 transfers the frame to the pc 3 according to the tunnel label 801 . the pc 3 may delete the tunnel shim header 446 at this time . when the header 446 is deleted , transmission of unnecessary information is prevented , thereby the network band can be used more efficiently . the pe 3 , when receiving this frame , identifies the enterprise to which the frame belongs according to both the input line number and the vc label 901 to decide one or more target line numbers ( a line to man - 3 and a line to man - 4 in this embodiment ). the pe 3 also decides the line number of the line to man - 3 as the target output line number according to the output line selection information 905 set in the vc exp 902 . the output line decision by the pe 3 is realized by referring to a table 2400 ( fig1 ) that stores a plurality of entries 2410 - i , each storing an input line number 2401 - i , a vc label 2402 - i , a vc exp 2403 - i , and an output line number 2404 - i . concretely , the pe 3 reads those entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 and compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that the input line number in the frame is compared with the input line number set in each read entry 2410 - i and the vc label 901 set in the capsule header part 740 of the frame with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry , the output line selection information 905 set in the vc exp 902 of the frame is compared with the output line selection information 2406 - i set in the vc exp 3403 - i in each entry 2410 - i to decide the output line number 2404 - i in the “ matching ” entry as the target output line number . the 3 - bit vc exp 2403 - i consists of the output line selection information 2406 - i ( 1 bit ), the vc exp information bit 2407 - i ( 1 bit ) denoting valid / invalid of the vc exp 2403 - i , a non - used bit 2408 - i ( 1 bit ). the value in this vc exp information bit 2407 - i is fixed at “ 1 ”. after this , the pe 3 deletes the capsule header part 740 ( fig9 ) from the frame and adds the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 to the header part of the frame , thereby the frame is formatted as shown in fig6 and the frame is transmitted to the line corresponding to the output line number 2404 - i . each node in the man - 3 decides the target output line number according to the dmac 414 set in the header part 510 to transfer the frame to the lan - b 3 similarly to the mc in the man - 1 . as described above , because both pe 1 and pe 3 are not required to store information corresponding to the mac address of each terminal , the table for storing such the information will not prevent the network from expanding in scale . the information corresponding to the mac address of each terminal may be set in the tables 1000 and 1100 from the administration terminal connected to each node . when there are many terminals t and such terminals t are often added / deleted to / from the network , such the information should be set in the tables 1000 and 1100 automatically . this auto setting of such the information is realized by making each node perform flooding , notifying , and learning operations . hereinafter , these three operations will be described . if no entry 1010 - i is set in the table 1000 ( fig5 ) formed in the me 2 nor in the table 1100 ( fig7 ) formed in the mc in correspondence with the dmac 414 set in a frame transmitted from the t 2 to the me 2 , each node in the network transmits the frame to all the terminals t of the same contractor ( which , in the present embodiment , refers to an enterprise to which same vlan id is assigned ). each node in a man decides one or more output line numbers to which the frame is to be transmitted according to the vlan id . here , the mc in the man - 1 is picked up as an example . because only the lan - a 1 and the lan - b 1 are connected to the man - 1 , the mc is just required to transmit the frames of enterprises a and b ; it is not required to transmit the frames of the enterprise c . to transfer a frame of the enterprise a , therefore , the mc sets a line number connected to the me 1 for transferring the frame to the lan - a 1 and a line number connected to the me 3 for transferring the frame to the lan - a 2 according to the vlan - a 2 of the enterprise a respectively . similarly , to transfer a frame of the enterprise b , the mc sets a line number connected to the me 2 for transferring the frame to the lan - b 1 and a line number connected to the me 3 for transferring the frame to the lan - b 2 and lan - b 3 according to the vlan id of the enterprise b respectively . and , to realize such the operations , the mc refers to a table 1300 ( fig1 ). the table 1300 is used for flooding operation and provided with a bit map 1310 - i prepared for each vlan id . frame output yes / no information is set in the output line vldj field 130 j - i located in the bit map 1310 - i with respect to each output line j . at first , the flooding operation of the me 2 will be described . the me 2 , when receiving a frame from the terminal t 2 , refer to the above table 1500 (( fig4 ) that stores a vlan id , which is an enterprise identifier , in correspondence with each input line number ) to decide the vlan id . then , the me 2 refer to the table 1000 (( fig5 ) that stores both output line number and destination site information in correspondence with each mac address ). when the table 1000 includes no entry 1010 - i corresponding to the dmac 414 set in the frame , the me 2 reads the bit map 1310 - i from the table 1300 , corresponding to the vlan id of the enterprise b so as to perform a flooding operation . this bit map 1310 - i stores data set so as to output the frame to a line connected to the mc and a line to the ce 2 according to the vlan id of the enterprise b respectively . however , because there is no need to transmit the frame to the input line at this time , the me 2 decides that only the line to the mc is the target output line . and , because the me 2 cannot obtain no destination site information at this time , the me 2 writes “ 0 ” ( invalid ) in the destination site information bit 502 , then transmits the frame to the mc . next , the flooding operation by the mc will be described . the mc , when receiving a frame from the terminal t 2 , refer to the table 1100 (( fig7 ) that stores a mac address set in correspondence with each line number ) similarly to the me 2 . when the table 1100 includes no entry 1110 corresponding to the dmac 414 , the mc reads the bit map 1310 - i from the table 1100 , corresponding to the vlan id 504 of the enterprise so as to perform the flooding operation . because no terminal of the enterprise b is connected to any of the me 1 and the me 4 , this bit map 1310 - i stores data needed to output the frame just to a line to the me 2 and a line to the me 3 according to the vlan id of the enterprise b . however , because there is no need to transmit the frame to the input line here , the mc decides that only the line to the me 3 is the target output line and transmits the frame to the me 3 . the me 3 , when receiving a frame from the terminal t 2 , also performs the flooding operation similarly . next , the flooding operation by the pe 1 will be described . the pe 1 , when receiving a frame from the terminal t 2 , identifies “ 0 ” ( invalid ) set in the destination site information bit 507 of the up 502 , thereby the pe 1 performs a flooding operation . in this flooding operation , the pe 1 transfers a copy of the frame to each of the output lines and lsps connected to the sites of the target enterprise ( enterprise b in this example ). this decision of all the output lines and lsps by the pe 1 is realized by , for example , masking the lsp selection information 1202 - i ( regardless whether or not the “ matching ” is detected with respect to lsp selection information 1202 - i ) and referring to a table 1200 (( fig8 ) that stores a plurality of entries , each storing a line number , a tunnel label , and a vc label ). concretely , the pe 1 reads those entries 1210 - i one by one from the table 1200 and compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry so that the vlan id 504 set in the header part 510 of the frame is compared with the vlan id 1201 - i set in each entry . the pe 1 decides so that the frame is transmitted to the output line and the lsp specified by a set of a line number 1204 - i , a tunnel label 1205 - i , and a vc label 1206 - i set in every vlan - id - matching entry 1210 - i , thereby transferring the frame to the decided output line . at this time , the pe 1 writes “ 0 ” ( invalid ) in the vc exp information bit 906 of the vc exp 902 . next , the flooding operation by the pe 3 will be described . the pe 3 , when receiving a frame in which the vc exp information bit 906 “ 0 ” is set in the vc exp field 902 , begins a flooding operation . in this flooding operation , the pe 3 identifies the enterprise to which the frame belongs according to the input line number and the vc label 901 set in the frame and decides one or more target output line numbers , then transmits a copy of the frame to all the lines corresponding to those output line numbers . for example , this decision of the target output line numbers is realized by referring to the table 2400 (( fig1 ) that stores a plurality of entries , each storing an output line number ) by masking the vc exp 2403 - i ( regardless whether or not “ matching ” is detected with respect to the vc exp 2403 - i ). concretely , the pe 3 reads those entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 to compare the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that the input line number written in the frame is compared with the input line number 2401 - i in each entry and the vc label 901 set in the capsule header part 740 of the frame is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry . the pe 3 then decides the output line numbers 2404 - i set in all the vc - label -“ matching ” entries 2401 - i ( line numbers of the lines to man - 3 and man - 4 in this embodiment ) as the target output line numbers and transfer the frame to all the decided lines . next , the notifying operation for notifying the object of destination site information will be described . the pe 3 , when transferring a frame addressed to the terminal t 7 to the terminal t 2 , writes the output line selection information used to transfer the frame to the terminal t 7 in the frame . the me 2 stores this output line selection information corresponding to the mac address of the terminal t 7 through a learning operation to be described later . for example , the decision of this output line selection information is realized by referring to the table 2400 (( fig1 ) that stores a plurality of entries 2410 - i , each storing an output line number ). concretely , the pe 3 reads those entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 to compare the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that the input line number written in the frame is compared with the input line number 2401 - i set in each entry , the vc label corresponding to the vc - lsp - b 2 used for the frame transfer in the opposite direction of the vc - lsp - b 4 is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry , and the output line number used for the frame transfer is compared with the input line number 2401 - i set in each entry to write the output line selection information 2406 - i obtained from the “ matching ” entry 2410 - i in the output line selection information field 506 of the up 502 of the frame . on the other hand , the pe 1 , when transferring a frame addressed to the terminal t 7 to the terminal t 2 , writes the lsp selection information used for the frame transfer ( lsp selection information corresponding to the line number of a line connected to pc 2 , t - lsp 2 and vc - lsp - b 2 ) in the frame to be transferred to the terminal t 2 through the terminal t 7 . the me 2 stores this lsp selection information in correspondence with the mac address of the terminal t 7 through a learning operation to be described later . the decision of this lsp selection information is realized , for example , by referring to the table 2400 ( fig1 ). concretely , the pe 1 reads those entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 to compare the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that the input line number written in the frame is compared with the output line number 2404 - i set in each entry and the vc label corresponding to the vc - lsp - b 2 is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry , then writes the lsp selection information 2405 - i ( 1 bit ) obtained from the “ matching ” entry in the lsp selection information 506 field of the frame . it should be avoided to always perform a flooding operation . otherwise , the line bandwidth cannot be used efficiently . the mc thus performs a learning operation so as to store an input line number corresponding to the source mac address set in each inputted frame . on the other hand , the me performs a learning operation so as to store destination site information notified by the above notifying operation . the mc , when receiving a frame , reads the entries 1110 - i one by one from the table 1100 ( fig7 )) that stores a mac address in correspondence with each line number ) to compare the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 1110 - i so that the input line number written in the frame is compared with the line number 1101 - i set in each entry and the smac 413 written in the frame is compared with the mac address 1102 - i set in each entry . when there is no “ matching ” entry 1110 - i found in the comparison , the mc registers the input line number and the smac 414 written in the frame as new items 1101 - i and 1102 - i in an entry 1110 - i to be set in the table 1100 . similarly , the me 2 , when receiving a frame from the mc , reads the entries 1010 - i one by one from the table 1000 (( fig5 )) that stores both output line number and destination site information in correspondence with each mac address ) to compare the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 1010 - i so that the input line number in the frame is compared with the line number 1001 - i set in each entry , the smac 413 written in the frame is compared with the mac address 1002 - i set in each entry , the lsp selection information 505 written by the pe 1 and output line selection information 506 written by the pe 3 in the frame are compared with lsp selection information 1013 - i and output line selection information 1023 - i in the destination site information 1003 - i set in each entry . and , when there is no “ matching ” entry 1010 - i found in the comparison , the me 2 writes the items input line number of the frame , 413 , 506 , and 505 specified in the frame as a line number 1001 - i , a mac address 1002 - i , output line selection information 1023 - i , and lsp selection information 1013 - i that are all set in an entry 1010 - i to be registered in the table 1000 . the pe in the backbone network is not required to transfer any frame according to the dmac 414 , so that it does not perform such the learning operation . while a description has been made for a case in which the me 2 maps destination site information in the up 502 and the pe 1 maps output line selection information in the vc exp 902 , the fields of the up 502 and vc exp 902 might come to be too small in capacity to map destination site information and output line selection information as described above when the subject enterprise has many sites connected over many mans . this is because the up 502 and the vc exp 902 are as small as 3 bits in length . in such a case , the me 2 can add one more vlan tag and write destination site information ( lsp selection information and output line selection information ) in this vlan id 604 ( 12 bits ). fig1 shows such a format of the frames to be transmitted from the me 2 . unlike the frame format shown in fig6 , the frame format shown in fig1 has a plurality of vlan tags 416 and 417 . in fig1 , the vlan tag 417 is a new field added as described above . similarly , the pe 1 can add one more shim header to the frame so as to write output line selection information therein . fig1 shows such a format of the frames to be transmitted from the pe 1 . unlike the frame format shown in fig9 , the frame format shown in fig1 has three shim headers . in other words , an extension shim header 448 is newly added to the frame format . each node in the network operates in correspondence with such the header configuration . next , a description will be made for the operation by the me used in a network of the present invention with reference to fig1 and 17 . fig1 shows a block diagram of a major portion of the me 2 . fig1 shows a block diagram of a header process unit 1700 . in the embodiment to be described below , the lan - b 1 terminal t 2 transfers frames to the lan - b 3 terminal t 7 and performs the flooding operation . as shown in fig1 , the me 2 is configured by a received frame process unit 1602 - j provided to cope with a plurality of input lines 1601 - j ( j = 1 to m ) to which frames are inputted , a transmit frame process unit 1604 - j provided to cope with a plurality of output lines 1605 - j ( j = 1 to m ) from which frames are output , a header process unit 1700 used to process the header part of each inputted frame , and a frame switch 1603 used to switch frames among output lines . this header process unit 1700 analyzes the header of each frame to decide the frame input enterprise ( vlan id ), the output line number , and the destination site information . the frame switch 1603 switches frames among output lines according to the output line number decided by the header process unit 1700 . at first , a description will be made for a case in which the me 2 receives a frame from the lan - b 1 ce 2 , then transmits the frame to the mc . fig1 shows a format of the frames handled in the me 2 in this connection . unlike the frame format shown in fig3 , the frame format shown in fig1 has an internal header part 1840 added newly thereto and both of the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 are deleted therefrom , thereby forming the new header part 1810 . this internal header part 1840 consists of fields of input line number 1841 , output line number 1842 , destination site information 1843 ( consisting of fields of lsp selection information 1846 and output line selection information 1847 ), destination site information bit 1845 describing valid / invalid of the field 1843 , and vlan id 1844 . the received frame process unit 1602 - j , when receiving a frame through an input line 1601 - j , deletes both preamble 411 and sfd 412 from the frame and adds the internal header part 1840 to the frame , then writes the identifier “ j ” of the frame input line 1601 - j in the input line number field 1841 . then , the received frame process unit 1602 - j stores the frame once therein and transmits the frame header information fh - j consisting of the internal header part 1840 and the header part 1810 to the header process unit 1700 . the values of the output line number 1842 , the destination site information 1843 , the destination site information bit 1845 , and the vlan id 1844 set in the frame header information fh - j transmitted to the header part process unit 1700 are all meaningless . the header process unit 1700 decides the enterprise ( vlan id ) that has transmitted the frame , the output line number , and the destination site information ( 2 bits of lsp selection information and output line selection information ) with reference to the tables 1500 and 1000 ( fig4 and 5 ), then transmits the decided information to the received frame process unit 1602 - j as destination information di - j . the detail operation of the header process unit 1700 is described later . the received frame process unit 1602 , when receiving destination information di - j , writes the information decided by the header process unit 1700 in the internal header part 1840 of the frame . in other words , the received frame process unit 1602 writes the vlan id of the destination information di - j in the vlan id 1844 of the internal header part 1840 , the output line number is written in the output line number 1842 , the destination site information is written in the destination site information 1843 , and the destination site information bit is written in the destination site information bit 1845 respectively . then , the received frame process unit 1602 transmits the frame to the frame switch 1603 . the received frame process unit 1602 , when receiving a plurality of pieces of destination information di - j addressed to one frame , copies the frame and transmits a copy of the frame to the frame switch 1603 . at this time , at least one of the vlan - id 1844 , the output line number 1842 , and the destination site information 1843 must be different from the original one set in the internal header part 1840 . the frame switch 1603 then transmits the frame to the transmit frame process unit 1604 - j corresponding to the output line number 1842 . the transmit frame process unit 1604 - j deletes the internal header part 1840 from and adds the preamble 411 , the sfd 412 , and the vlan tag 416 to the frame , thereby the frame format is updated as shown in fig6 . in other words , the process unit 1604 - j writes the value of the vlan id 1844 in the vlan id 504 of the vlan tag 416 , the lsp selection information of the destination site information 1843 in the lsp selection information 505 of the up 502 , the output line selection information 1847 of the destination site information 1843 in the output line selection information 506 of the up 502 , and the destination site information bit 1845 in the destination site information bit 507 respectively to change the frame format . the frame is then transmitted to the mc . next , the operation by the header process unit 1700 will be described with reference to fig1 . the header process unit 1700 , when receiving frame header information fh - j from the received frame process unit 1602 - j , stores the frame header information fh with the frame header information storage . the frame header information fh is obtained by multiplexing a plurality of pieces of information fh - j through a multiplexer 1740 . a table access means 1721 of the vlan id decision unit 1720 reads an entry 1501 - i corresponding to the input line number stored in the memory 1760 from the table 1500 ( fig4 ) to decide the vlan id information , then transmits the decision result vi to both of the results output unit 1750 and the table access means 1713 . the destination information decision unit 1710 refer to the table 1000 ( fig5 ) to decide both the output line number and the destination site information ( lsp selection information and output line selection information ) corresponding to the dmac 414 and transmits the destination result ( information di ) to the results output unit 1750 . more concretely , the table access means 1711 of the destination information decision unit 1710 , when the frame header information fh is stored in the frame header information storage 1760 , reads the entries 1010 - i one by one from the table 1000 and transmits the read entries 1010 - i to the comparator 1712 . the comparator 1712 compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 1010 - i so that the dmac 414 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 is compared with the mac address 1002 - i set in each entry 1010 - i and transmits the result to the table access means 1711 . this comparison is repeated until it is completed for all the entries 1010 - i in the table 1000 . each time a “ matching ” entry is detected in the comparison , the “ matching ” denoting information is transmitted to the destination information decision circuit 1714 together with the line number 1001 - i and the destination site information 1003 - i set in the entry 1010 - i . on the other hand , the table access means 1713 reads the bit map 1310 - i stored in the table 1300 ( fig1 ) corresponding to the vlan id information vi decided by the vlan id decision unit 1720 and used for the flooding operation , then transmits the result to the destination information decision circuit 1714 . receiving each “ matching ” denoting information from the table access means 1711 , the destination information decision circuit 1714 transmits the destination information di to the results output unit 1750 . in this information di , the line number 1001 - i , the destination site information 1003 - i , and the destination site information bit “ 1 ” are set . when receiving no “ matching ” information , the destination information decision circuit 1714 transmits the destination information di to the results output unit 1750 . the information di includes an output line number obtained by encoding the bit map 1310 - i used for flooding operation , which is received from the table access means 1713 , the destination site information “ 00 ”, and destination site information bit “ 0 ”. at this time , the destination information decision circuit 1714 does not transmit the destination information di with respect to the bit corresponding to the input line number 1814 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 . when the bit map is described so as to transmit the frame to a plurality of output lines 1605 - j , the destination information decision circuit 1714 transmits a plurality of pieces of the destination information di to the results output unit 1750 . each time receiving destination information di , the results output unit 1750 transmits the values of the destination information di and the vlan id as the destination information vi di - j to the received frame process unit 1602 - j corresponding to the input line number 1841 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 . and , because the value of the vlan id information vi is decided by an input line number , the same value is always set in the plurality of pieces of the destination information di - j . while a description has been made so far for a case in which the me 2 recognizes the enterprise b and writes this information in the vlan id 504 , the terminal t 2 and the ce 2 may also write the information of the enterprise b in the vlan id 504 to transmit frames . in this connection , the frame format in the me 2 becomes as shown in fig1 . at this time , the vlan id decision unit 1720 does not decide the vlan id information vi and the table access means 1713 reads the bit map 1310 - i corresponding to the vlan id 504 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 and transmits the result to the destination information decision circuit 1714 . the transmit frame process unit 1604 - j does not overwrite the information of the vlan id 1844 on the vlan id 504 . next , a description will be made for a case in which the me 2 receives frames formatted as shown in fig6 from the mc and performs the learning operation . in this connection , an internal header part 1840 is added to the format of the frames received by the me 2 , thereby the frame format comes to differ from that ( shown in fig6 ) of the frames in the me 2 . and , both preamble 411 and sfd 412 are deleted from the header part 510 of the frame to form a new header part 1910 ( as shown in fig1 ). at first , the operation by the header process unit 1700 will be described . the header process unit 1700 , when receiving frame header information fh - j consisting of an internal header part 1840 and a header part 1910 from the received frame process unit 1602 - j , stores the frame header information fh obtained by multiplexing a plurality of pieces of information fh - j through the multiplexer 1740 with the frame header information storage 1760 . the destination information decision unit 1710 refers to the table 1000 ( fig5 ) to check the presence of an entry 1010 - i corresponding to the smac 413 written in the frame . when it is not found , the destination information decision unit 1710 learns the input line number 1841 , the lsp selection information 505 set in the up 502 , and the output line selection information 506 corresponding to the smac 413 . more concretely , the table access means 1711 reads the entries 1010 - i one by one from the table 1000 and transmits the read entries 1010 - i to the comparator 1712 . the comparator 1712 compares the smac 413 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 of the frame with the mac address 1002 - i set in each entry 1010 - i and transmits the result to the table access means 1711 . the table access means 1711 and the comparator 1712 repeat the above operation until the comparison is completed for all the entries 1010 - i in the table 1000 . when a “ matching ” entry 1010 - i is detected , the table access means 1711 decides that both line number and destination site information corresponding to the smac 413 are already stored in the table 1000 , thereby terminating the learning operation . if no “ matching ” entry 1010 - i is detected , the table access means 1711 registers an entry 1010 - i in the table 1000 . the new entry 1010 - i includes the line number 1001 - i as the input line number 1841 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 of the frame , the mac address 1002 - i as the smac 413 stored in the frame header information storage 1760 of the frame , the destination site information 1013 - i of the lsp selection information 1003 - i as the lsp selection information 505 set in the up 502 , and the output line selection information 1023 - i of the destination site information 1003 - i as the output line selection information 506 set in the up 502 respectively . next , a description will be made for the operation by the pe 1 / pe 3 employed for the network of the present invention with reference to fig1 , 15 , 21 , and 20 . fig2 shows a block diagram of a major portion of the pe 1 / pe 3 . fig2 shows a block diagram of a header process unit 2300 ( both pe 1 and pe 3 are the same in configuration ). in the embodiment to be described below , it is premised that transfer and flooding operations by the pe 1 and pe 3 for frames from the lan - b 1 terminal t 2 to the lan - b 3 terminal t 7 and learning operations by the pe 3 and pe 1 for frames from the terminal t 7 to the terminal t 2 . as shown in fig2 , the pe 1 is configured by a received frame process unit 2002 - k provided to cope with a plurality of input lines 2001 - k ( k = 1 to l ) to which frames are inputted , a transmit frame process unit 2004 - k provided to cope with a plurality of output lines 2005 - k from which frames are output , a header process unit 2300 for processing the header part of each inputted frame , and a frame switch 2003 for switching frames among output lines . the header process unit 2300 analyzes the header of each frame to decide the output line number and the lsp . the frame switch 2003 switches frames among output lines according to the output line number decided by the header process unit 1700 . next , a description will be made for the transfer operation by the pe 1 in response to a frame received from the me 3 . the format of the frames in the pe 1 ( shown in fig2 ) differs from that of the frames received ( shown in fig6 ). an internal header part 2140 is added to the frame format in this case and the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 are deleted from the header part 510 of the frame format in fig6 to form the new header part 2110 . this internal header part 2140 consists of fields of input line number 2141 , output line number 2142 , tunnel label information 2143 , vc label information 2144 , and 3 - bit vc exp information 2145 . this vc exp information 2145 consists of fields of output line selection information 2147 , vc exp information bit 2146 for setting valid / invalid of the output line selection information 2147 , and a field 2148 that is not used . the received frame process unit 2002 - k , when receiving a frame through an input line 2001 - k , deletes the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 from and adds an internal header part 2140 to the frame , then writes the identifier of the input line 2001 - k to which the frame is inputted in the input line number field 2141 of the frame . the received frame process unit 2002 - k then stores the frame once therein and transmits the frame header information fh - k consisting of the internal header part 2140 and the header part 2110 to the header process unit 2300 . in the frame header information fh - k , the values set in the output line number 2142 , the tunnel label information 2143 , the vc label information 2144 , and the vc exp information 2145 are all meaningless . the header process unit 2300 decides such target information as an output line number , a tunnel label information , a vc label information , and the vc exp information according to the vlan id 504 of the up 502 set in the frame header information fh - k by referring to the table 1200 or 2400 ( fig8 and 12 ), then transmits the decided information to the received frame process unit 2002 - k as the destination information di - k . the operation of this header process unit 2300 will be described later more in detail . receiving the destination information di - k , the received frame process unit 2002 - k writes the information decided by the header process unit 2300 in the internal header part 2140 of the frame . in other words , the received frame process unit 2002 - k writes the output line number of the destination information di - k in the output line number field 2142 , the tunnel label information in the tunnel label information field 2143 , the vc label information in the vc label information field 2144 , and the vc exp information in the vc exp information field 2145 located respectively in the internal header part 2140 . the received frame process unit 2002 - k then transmits the frame to the frame switch 2003 . the frame switch 2003 transmits the frame to the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k corresponding to the output line number 2142 . the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k deletes the internal header part 2140 from the frame and adds a capsule header part 740 thereto to format the frame as shown in fig9 . concretely , the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k writes the value of the tunnel label information 2143 in the tunnel label field 801 of the tunnel shim header 446 , the value of the vc label information 2144 in the vc label field 901 of the vc shim header 447 and the value of the vc exp information 2145 in the vc exp field 902 respectively to change the frame format . after this , the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k transmits the frame to the next node . next , the operation by the header process unit 2300 will be described with reference to fig2 . the header process unit 2300 , when receiving frame header information fh - k from the received frame process unit 2002 - k , stores the frame header information fh obtained by multiplexing a plurality of pieces of information fh - k through the multiplexer 2340 with the frame header information storage 2360 . when the me 2 completes the learning and the up 502 has a meaningful value (“ 1 ” is set in the destination site information bit of the up 502 ), the destination information decision unit 2310 refers to the table 1200 ( fig8 ) and transmits the output line number , the tunnel label information , the vc label information , and the vc exp information obtained from the table in correspondence with both vlan id 504 and up 502 to the destination information decision circuit 2314 . on the other hand , when the me 2 does not complete the learning yet and the up 502 has a meaningless value (“ 0 ” is set in the destination site information bit of the up 502 ), the destination information decision unit 2310 transmits a set of one or more output line numbers corresponding to the vlan id 504 , the tunnel label information , the vc label information , and the vc exp information to the destination information decision circuit 2314 . more concretely , the table access means 2311 of the destination information decision unit 2310 , when the frame header information fh is stored in the frame header information storage 2360 , reads entries 1210 - i one by one from the table 1200 and transmits the read entries to the comparator 2312 . the comparator 2312 , when “ 1 ” is set in the destination site information bit , compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 1210 - i so that the vlan id 501 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the vlan id 1201 - i set in each entry 1210 - i and the lsp selection information written in the frame is compared with the lsp selection information 1202 - i set in each entry 1210 - i . on the other hand , when “ 0 ” is set in the destination site information bit , the comparator 2312 masks the lsp selection information 1202 - i ( regardless of whether or not “ matching ” is detected with respect to the lsp selection information ) to make the comparison , that is , compares the vlan id 501 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame with the vlan id 1201 - i set in each entry 1210 - i and transmits the result to the table access means 2311 . the above comparison is repeated until it is completed for all the entries 1210 - i in the table 1200 . and , each time a “ matching ” entry is detected in the comparison , the comparator 2311 transmits the “ matching ” denoting information to the destination information decision circuit 2314 together with the line number 1204 - i , the tunnel label 1205 - i , and the vc label 1206 - i set in the “ matching ” entry 1210 - i . when “ 1 ” is set in the destination site information bit , the comparator 2311 sets the 3 - bit vc exp information to the lower one bit of the output line selection information 506 of the up 502 and sets “ 1 ” in the upper second bit in the frame . the “ 1 ” denotes that the vc exp information is valid . when “ 0 ” is set in the destination site information bit , the comparator 2312 sets “ 0 ” ( denoting that the vc exp information is invalid ) in the upper second bit and transmits the result to the destination information decision circuit 2314 . when “ 1 ” is set in the destination site information bit 507 , the comparator 2312 decides that “ matching ” is detected only in the entry 1210 - i to be transmitted to the vc lsp - b 2 and the t - lsp 2 in the line connected to the pc 2 . when “ 0 ” is set in the destination site information bit 507 , the comparator 2312 decides that “ matching ” is also detected in the entry 1210 - i to be transmitted to the vc lsp - b 1 and the t - lsp 1 in the line to the pc 1 . each time receiving “ matching ” denoting information from the table access means 2311 , the destination information decision circuit 2314 transmits the line number 1201 - i , the tunnel label 1205 - i , the vc label 1206 - i , and the vc exp information to the object as the destination information di . the results output unit 2350 transmits one or more pieces of the destination information di to the received frame process unit 2002 - k corresponding to the input line number 2141 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 as the destination information di - k . next , the notifying operation by the pe 3 will be described . the configuration of the pe 3 is the same as that of the pe 1 ( fig2 ). the pe 3 , when receiving a frame addressed to the lan - b 1 terminal t 2 from the lan - b 3 terminal t 7 through the man - 3 , not only transfers the frame just like the pe 1 described above , but also decides the output line selection information used for transmitting the frame addressed to the terminal t 7 and writes the result in the frame to notify the me 2 of the output line selection information . consequently , the header process unit 2300 decides the output line selection information used for selecting a line to the man - 3 and adds the output line selection information to the information di - k in transfer operation by the pe 1 , then transmits the frame to the received frame process unit 2002 - k . more concretely , each time the pe 3 decides a “ matching ” entry 1210 - i 1 in the above transfer operation , the table access means 2311 reads the entry 1210 - i 2 paired with the entry 1210 - i 1 and decides that the vc label 1206 - i 2 set in the entry 1210 - i 2 is the target vc label 1 and the line number 1204 - i 2 set in the entry 1210 - i 2 is the target output line number 1 , then notifies the comparator 2317 of the decision results . to read such a pair of entries , for example , the table access means 2311 is just required to assume the addresses of the entries 1210 - i 1 and 1210 - i 2 as consecutive integers ( 2n and 2n + 1 ) and read the entry 1210 -( i + 1 ) from the address 2 n + 1 when it is decided that the address 2 n matches with that of the entry 1210 - i and read the entry 1210 -( i − 1 ) from the address 2 n when it is decided that the address 2 n + 1 matches with that of the entry 1210 - i . in addition , the table access means 2316 reads the entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 and transmits the read entries 2410 - i to the comparator 2317 . the comparator 2317 compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 1210 - i so that the input line number 2141 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the input number 2401 - i set in each entry 2410 - i , the vc label 1 written in the frame is compared with the vc label 2403 - i set in each entry 2410 - i , and the output line number 1 written in the frame is compared with the output line number 2404 - i set in each entry 2410 - i . the comparator 2317 then transmits the results to the table access means 2316 . the table access means 2316 and the comparator 2317 repeat the above operation until the comparison is completed for all the entries 2410 - i in the table . the table access means 2316 transmits the output line selection information 2406 - i set in the vc exp 2403 - i field of the “ matching ” entry 2410 - i to the results output unit 2350 as the output line selection information lsni . the results output unit 2350 transmits the above information to the received frame process unit 2002 - k as a portion of the destination information di - k . the received frame process unit 2002 - k writes this output line selection information in the output line selection information field 506 of the up 502 in the frame and transfers the frame to the frame switch 1603 . next , how the pe 3 transfers each frame received from the pc 3 will be described . in this case , the frame format in the pe 1 differs from that of received frames shown in fig9 . an internal header part 2140 is added to each received frame and both preamble 411 and sfd 412 are deleted from the capsule header part 740 to form a new header 2240 as shown in fig2 . receiving a frame through an input line 2001 - k , the received frame process unit 2002 - k adds the internal header part 2140 to the frame and deletes the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 from the header part 2210 of the frame , then writes the identifier of the input line 2001 - k to which the frame is inputted in the input line number field 2141 of the frame to change the frame format as shown in fig2 . the received frame process unit 2002 - k also stores the frame once therein , then transmits the frame header information fh - k consisting of the internal header part 2140 , the capsule header part 2240 , and header part 2210 to the header process unit 2300 . the header process unit 2300 decides the target output line number according to the frame header information fh - k and transmits the result to the received frame process unit 2002 - k as the destination information di - k . the operation by this frame header process unit 2300 will be described later more in detail . after this , the received frame process unit 2002 - k writes the output line number set in the destination information di - k in the output line number field 2142 of the internal header part 2140 and transmits the frame to the frame switch 2003 . the frame switch 2003 then transmits the frame to the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k corresponding to the output line number 2142 . the transmit frame process unit 2004 - k deletes the internal header part 2140 and the capsule header part 2240 from the frame and adds the preamble 411 and the sfd 412 to the frame to change the frame format as shown in fig6 , then transmits the frame to the next node . next , the operation by the header process unit 2300 will be described with reference to fig2 . the header process unit 2300 , receiving a plurality of pieces of frame header information fh - k from the received frame process unit 2002 - k , stores the frame header information fh obtained by multiplexing a plurality of pieces of information fh - k through the multiplexer 2340 with the frame header information storage 2360 . the destination information decision unit 2310 refers to the table 2400 ( fig1 ) to decide the target output line number . more concretely , the table access means 2316 reads the entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 and transmits the read entries 2410 - i to the comparator 2317 . the comparator 2317 then compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that , when “ 1 ” is set in the vc exp information bit 906 located in the vc exp 902 , the input line number 2141 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the input line number 2401 - i set in each entry 2410 - i , the vc label 901 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry 2410 - i , and the output line selection information 905 of the vc exp 902 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the output line selection information 2406 - i of the vc exp 2403 - i set in each entry 2410 - i . on the other hand , when “ 0 ” is set in the vc exp information bit 906 , the comparator 2317 masks the output line selection information ( regardless of whether or not the output line selection information matches with the target ) to make the comparison . in other words , the comparator 2317 makes comparisons as described above so that the input line number 2141 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the input line number 2401 - i set in each entry 2410 - i and the vc label 901 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry 2410 - i . the comparator 2317 transmits the results to the table access means 2316 . the table access means 2316 and the comparator 2317 repeat the above operation until the comparison is completed for all the entries 2410 - i in the table 2400 . each time “ matching ” is detected in the above comparison with respect to an entry 2410 - i , the comparator 2316 transmits the “ matching ” denoting information to the destination information decision circuit 2314 together with the output line number 2404 - i set in the “ matching ” entry 2410 - i . when the me 2 completes the learning and the vc exp 902 has a meaningful value ( that is , “ 1 ” is set in the vc exp information bit 906 ), the pe 3 decides “ matching ” only in the entry 2410 - i to be transmitted to the man - 3 . when the me 2 does not complete the learning and the vc exp 902 has a meaningless value ( that is , “ 0 ” is set in the vc exp information bit 906 ), the me 2 also decides “ matching ” in the entry 1210 - i to be transmitted to the man - 4 . the destination information decision circuit 2314 transmits one or more line numbers 2404 - i received from the table access means 2316 to the results output unit 2350 as the destination information di . the results output unit 2350 , each time receiving the destination information di , transfers the information to the received frame process unit 2002 - k corresponding to the input line number 2141 stored in the frame header information storage 2360 as the destination information di - k . next , the notifying operation of the pe 1 will be described . the pe 1 , when receiving a frame addressed to the terminal t 2 from the terminal t 7 , not only transfers the frame just like the pe 3 described above , but also decides the lsp selection information used for transmitting the above frame addressed to the terminal t 7 and writes the result in the frame to notify the me 2 of the lsp selection information . consequently , the header process unit 2300 decides the lsp selection information and transmits the information to the received frame process unit 2002 - k as a portion of the destination information di - k . more concretely , the table access means 2316 reads the entries 2410 - i one by one from the table 2400 ( fig1 ) and transmits the read entries 2410 - i to the comparator 2317 . the comparator 2317 then compares the information written in the frame with that set in each entry 2410 - i so that the input line number 2141 set in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the input line number 2401 - i set in each entry 2410 - i and the vc label 901 set in the frame header information storage 2360 of the frame is compared with the vc label 2402 - i set in each entry 2410 - i . after this , the comparator 2312 transmits the results to the table access means 2316 . the table access means 2316 and the comparator 2317 repeat the above operation until the comparison is completed for all the entries 2410 - i in the table 2400 . the table access means 2316 transmits the lsp selection information 2405 - i obtained from the “ matching ” entry 1410 - i to the results output unit 2350 as the lsp selection information lspsi . at this time , the vc exp 2403 - i is masked , so that “ matching ” comes to be detected in a plurality of entries 2410 - i in which the values of the vc exp 2 differs from each other . however , because the value of the lsp selection information 2405 - i in all those entries 2410 - i are the same , the value in any of those entries 2410 - i may be transmitted to the results output unit 2350 . the results output unit 2350 then transmits the lsp selection information lspsi to the received frame process unit 2002 - k as a portion of the destination information di - k . when it is required to transmit a plurality of pieces of destination information di - k , each including a unique output line number , the same value is set in all those pieces of the lsp selection information . the received frame process unit 2002 - k writes the lsp selection information set in the destination information di - k in the lsp selection information 505 of every frame to be transmitted to the frame switch 1603 , then transfers the frames to the me 2 . | 7 |
a sinter or sintered metal blank , which is cut to a predetermined length l *, i . e . cut - to - length , and which consists of , for example , a hard metal powder with a kneaded - in binder or adhesive , is denoted in fig1 to 3 by the reference numeral 10 . this sinter or sintered metal blank is produced , for example , in an extrusion process and , in particular , in the manner that it has a rectilinear and continuous internal recess 12 , which is illustrated in the figures by dot - dashed lines and which extends parallel to the centre axis 14 of the circularly cylindrical blank 10 . the production of the sintered metal blank is preferably carried out in an extrusion process with the assistance of an extrusion die with a suitable core . the blank 10 has a comparatively soft consistency so that handling such as , for example , transport , has to be carried out very carefully in order to prevent irreversible deformations . accordingly , the blank is preferably guided on an air cushion directly after issue from the extrusion die and conducted to the support 16 which is shown in figures and which in fig1 and 3 coincides with the drawing plane . due to the consistency of the extruded mass the blank is sticky on its outer side , so that good adhesion to the support surface 16 results . in order to shape the blank 10 in such a manner that the rectilinear internal recess according to fig1 or 2 is reshaped into a helical recess , the following arrangement is provided : arranged parallel to a support surface 16 at a vertical spacing av is a circularly segmental disc 18 with a friction surface 20 at the base . the circularly segmental disc 18 is rotatable about an axis 22 of rotation , which is perpendicular to the surface of the support 16 or the friction surface . the vertical spacing av between the surfaces 16 and 20 is preferably adjustable , which is indicated by the double arrow v in fig2 . this vertical spacing av corresponds with the diameter d of the blank 10 . as shown in fig1 , the blank 10 is so placed on the support 16 that its longitudinal axis 14 intersects the axis 22 of rotation of the circularly segmental disc 18 . the circularly segmental disc is subsequently lowered in controlled manner so that it touches the blank 10 along a line which is offset diametrally relative to the base - side contact line of the blank 10 with the support 16 . this orientation is shown in fig1 and 2 . the circularly segmental disc 18 is now pivoted at an angular speed ω . due to the frictional contact between the surface 20 of the circularly segmental disc 18 and the blank 10 the blank is entrained in that it rolls on the surface of the support 16 at a speed which changes linearly and constantly along the axis of the blank 10 . the rolling speed at the inner end of the blank 10 is denoted by vwi and the rolling speed at the outer end of the blank 10 is denoted by vwa . if the segmental disc 18 runs through a defined pivot angle ψ a linear distribution of the rolling path along the rod - shaped blank 10 arises , with the consequence that the circularly cylindrical blank 10 is twisted during the rolling movement and , in particular , in such a manner that an angle of inclination of the twisting and thus an angle of inclination of the helical internal recess 12 directly proportional to the pivot angle ψ result . the circularly segmental disc 18 is preferably kept in contact with the rod - shaped blank 10 by the smallest possible support force and , in particular , during the entire twisting process , i . e . during the entire pivotation about the pivotation angle ψ ( see fig3 ). here it can be of advantage to operate with pressure sensors which act on the raising and lowering device ( not illustrated in more detail ) for the circularly segmental disc 18 . it is apparent from the foregoing description and fig1 to 3 that the individual length sections of the blank 10 cover rolling paths or path lengths of different size during the rolling process . thus , the length sections of the blank 10 arranged in the vicinity of the axis 22 of rotation cover smaller rolling paths during the rolling process than length sections of the blank 10 having a greater spacing from the axis 22 of rotation . this has the consequence that the angle of inclination of the helical recess 12 ( see fig3 ) keeps to the respectively desired value less accurately and in length sections of the blank 10 arranged near the axis 22 of rotation than the angle of inclination of the helical recess in length sections of the blank arranged at a greater spacing from the axis of rotation . this disadvantage is avoided by use of a method according to the present invention . in the case of the present invention , by contrast to the prior art described with reference to fig1 to 3 a change in the axis of rotation takes place during the rolling process . this change of the axis of rotation takes place particularly in the manner that all length sections of the blank respectively cover the same rolling path during the rolling process . the rolling process is preferably carried out in two successive steps , wherein in the first step a rolling movement about a first axis of rotation and in a second step a rolling movement about a second axis of rotation are carried out . a method according to the invention serves , just as the method known from ep - 31 230 046 , for producing a circularly cylindrical body consisting of a plastic mass , particularly a sintered metal blank , which has at least one internal recess helically extending in the interior of the body . in a method according to the invention the body is produced , for example extruded , initially with a rectilinear course of the internal recess just as in the case of the method known from ep - b1 230 046 . the extruded body is cut to a desired length . subsequently , while being supported over its entire length on a support , it is subjected to a rolling process by a friction surface arrangement so that twisting of the body takes place . by contrast to the method known from ep - 31 230 046 the axis of rotation , with the use of which the rolling process takes place , changes during the rolling process . the rolling process is preferably carried out in two successive steps , wherein in the first step a rolling movement about a first axis of rotation and in a second step a rolling movement about a second axis of rotation are carried out , wherein the second axis of rotation differs from the first axis of rotation . the rolling process takes place in its entirety in such manner that each length section of the circularly cylindrical body covers the same path during the rolling process . the rolling direction is maintained in the successive steps . according to a first form of embodiment of the method according to the invention the positioning of the axes of rotation is carried out in such manner that that during the first step the axis of rotation intersects the centre line of the circularly cylindrical body in the region of one axial end surface of the circularly cylindrical body and that during the second step the axis of rotation intersects the centre line of the circularly cylindrical body in the region of the other axial end surface of the circularly cylindrical body . according to a second , preferred form of embodiment of the method according to the invention the positioning of the axes of rotation is carried out in such a manner that during the first step the axis of rotation intersects the prolonged centre line of the circularly cylindrical body at a predetermined spacing from one axial end surface of the circularly cylindrical body and during the second step the axis of rotation intersects the prolonged centre line of the circularly cylindrical body at the same predetermined spacing from the other axial end surface of the circularly cylindrical body . a further form of embodiment of the invention consists in that the axis of rotation about which the rolling process takes place changes several times or even continuously during the rolling movement . fig4 shows a diagram for clarification of the change of the axis of rotation during the rolling process . at the start of the rolling process the circularly cylindrical body 10 is disposed in the position in which it is illustrated by the reference numeral 10 . starting from this position , in a first step a twisting of the body with use of the axis d 1 of rotation , which runs perpendicularly to the plane of the drawing , is carried out . during this first step the body is moved through an angle which is denoted in fig4 in the vicinity of the axis d 1 of rotation by “ α ”. the axis d 1 of rotation intersects the center line of the circularly cylindrical body at a predetermined spacing from one axial end region of the circularly cylindrical body . during this twisting , the speed changes linearly and constantly over the length of the body . at the end of the first step the body is disposed in a position offset by the angle α . it is provided there with the reference numeral 10 ′. subsequently , in a second step a twisting of the body takes place with use of an axis d 2 of rotation . this similarly runs perpendicularly to the drawing plane . the axis d 2 of rotation intersects the center line m ′ of the circularly cylindrical body 10 ′ at a predetermined spacing from the other axial end surface of the circularly cylindrical body . in this second step the body is moved through an angle which is denoted in fig4 in the vicinity of the axis d 2 of rotation similarly by “ α ”. in the case of this twisting as well , the speed changes linearly and constantly over the length of the body . at the end of the second step the body is disposed in a position offset by the angle . it is provided there with the reference numeral 10 ″. the entire twisting process is adapted in such a manner that the different length sections of the circularly cylindrical body cover the respectively same path length or twisting path during the entire twisting process . this is clarified in fig4 by way of the length sections a 1 and a 2 of the circularly cylindrical body . the length section a 1 of the circularly cylindrical body is moved in the first step through the travel path denoted in fig4 by s 1 . after the end of the first step this length section is disposed in the body 10 ′ and is denoted there by a 1 ′. in the second step the length section a 1 ′ is moved through the travel path denoted in fig4 by s 1 ′. after the end of the second step this length section is disposed in the body 10 ″ and is denoted there by a 1 ″. the entire travel path is as follows : the length section a 2 of the circularly cylindrical body is moved in the first step through the travel path denoted in fig4 by s 2 . after the end of the first step this length section is disposed in the body 10 ′ and denoted there by a 2 ′. in the second step the length section a 2 ′ is moved through the travel path denoted in fig4 by s 2 ′. after the end of the second step this length section is disposed in the body 10 ″ and is denoted there by a 2 ″. the entire travel path is as follows : consequently , during a complete twisting process all length sections of the circularly cylindrical body run through the same total travel path . this has the consequence in advantageous manner that the gradient angle of the at least one internal recess helically extending in the interior of the body has over the entire length of the circularly cylindrical body an accuracy of inclination which is increased by comparison with the known method . this reduces the waste arising during the later grinding - in of cutting grooves or reduces the demand on working accuracy during drilling . fig5 shows a diagram for clarification of a device for performing the method according to the invention . this device has a flat support area 16 . a rolling disc 23 is arranged at a vertical spacing av therefrom . this has a friction surface 24 at the support area side . the rolling disc 23 is rotatable about an axis 25 of rotation which is perpendicular to the surface of the support area 16 . this rotation is carried out at an angular speed ω . the vertical spacing av between the support area 16 and the rolling disc 23 is adjustable , as is indicated by the double arrow v . the rolling movement is carried out in the first step with use of the axis 25 of rotation . in the succeeding second step the rolling movement is carried out with use of a second axis 26 of rotation , which is similarly perpendicular to the surface of the support area 16 . this rotation is also carried out at the angular speed ω . the rolling direction in the second step corresponds with the rolling direction in the first step . | 1 |
an embodiment of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawing . referring to fig1 to 4 , numeral 1 designates a wiring pattern plate made from a metal plate capable of being soldered such as a copper plate . it is fabricated by press stamping or selectively etching the metal plate such as copper plate after the desired wiring circuit pattern . this wiring pattern plate 1 has a thickness of a fraction of a millimeter or around 1 millimeter , so that it has in itself some rigidity . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the wiring pattern plate 1 includes integral connecting portions 2 ( shaded portions ) other than the desired wiring portion to be ultimately obtained . these connecting portions 2 are unnecessary in the construction of the eventual electric circuit , but they are integrally provided until the final step because without them it is difficult to produce the intended wiring unit with the rest of the wiring pattern plate 1 separated into individual wiring portions . numeral 3 designates see - through holes formed in the individual wiring portions for passing and securing leads 5 of circuit elements 4 . they are formed at the time of the press stamping . the wiring pattern plate 1 is not limited to a copper plate , but it is also possible to use brass , bronze , aluminum , iron , etc . also , at the time of press stamping to form the wiring pattern plate 1 , it is possible to simultaneously form projections , raised portions or squeezed portions for facilitating the attachment of reinforcing members or circuit parts . further , some of the afore - mentioned see - through holes 3 for attaching circuit elements may be formed such that some circuit elements may be locked to them , such as a circuit part 4 shown in fig4 and it is also possible to form feed holes at the time of the press stamping . the wiring pattern plate 1 formed by the press stamping is subjected , if it is found necessary , to a rust - proofing treatment , corrosion - proof treatment or surface treatment for improving the soldering property . then , distortions that have resulted in the press stamping process are corrected . at this time , if the material of the wiring pattern plate 1 is aluminum , a coating of a soldering property imparting material such as tin or zinc may be formed . portions where soldering is not necessary may be treated with a solder resist material . the resultant wiring pattern plate 1 is then integrally covered on both sides with an insulating frame 6 . as shown in fig2 the insulating frame 6 has a punched pattern having a minimum area required for reinforcing the wiring pattern plate 1 and preventing the individual wiring portions thereof getting separated or mutually shifted . this insulating film 6 is made of a thermosetting material free from thermal corrosion such as phenol or epoxy resins or dialurphthalate , and if necessary glass fibers may be incorporated to increase the mechanical strength . the conventional direct pressure type or transfer type moulding machine may be used for forming the insulating frame . the insulating frame 6 has an integral pattern permitting total exposure of the apertures 7 of the wiring pattern plate 1 for mounting circuit elements and also having sufficient physical strength against external forces . it is formed with as large apertures as possible to utilize air insulation for eliminating floating capacitance and also to provide sufficient ventilation so as to permit effective radiation for suppressing the temperature rise of the circuit elements 4 . to further improve the physical strength , a long central wiring portion , such as one indicated at 8 in fig2 may be provided in the wiring pattern plate 1 , and also metal washers required for securing the unit to a chassis may be integrally embedded at the four corners of the frame . further , as shown in fig1 , 13a , 13b and 13c it is possible to provide the insulating frame with top support seats 18 , 19 and 20 for holding the mounted circuit elements 4 against tilting or dropping . furthermore , lest the eventual wiring portions should detach from the insulating frame 6 , protuberances 10 , indented portions 12 , raised portions 11 and so forth may be formed at suitable portions of the wiring pattern plate 1 and clamped in the insulating frame 6 . the wiring pattern plate 1 may be located near the center of the thickness of the insulating frame 6 , as shown in fig4 which is a section taken along line iv -- iv in fig3 or it may be secured to one side of the insulating frame . in the case of securing the wiring pattern plate 1 to one side of the insulating frame 6 , the wiring pattern plate 1 may be provided with bent edges , and the insulating frame 6 may be formed on the bent edge side of wiring pattern plate 1 , as shown in fig5 a . alternatively , the insulating frame 6 may be provided with raised portions 13 , and attachment holes ( not shown ) formed in the wiring pattern plate 1 may be fitted on the raised portions , as shown in fig5 b . as a further alternative , the insulating plate 6 may be separately formed by means of moulding , and the wiring pattern plate 1 may be secured to the insulating frame by means of caulking . in case of locating the wiring pattern plate 1 near the center of the thickness of the insulating plate 6 , upper and lower insulating frame halves 6a and 6b , as shown in fig6 may be separately formed , and then the wiring pattern plate 1 may be sandwiched between the two insulating frame halves 6a and 6b with projections 13a , 13b and 13c of the upper frame half fitted in respective recesses 17a , 17b and 17c in the lower frame half and then secured to the frame by means of adhesive or corking . fig7 and 8 show a modified wiring pattern plate 1 , which is made of a perforated or punched metal plate having many small holes or pores . with this wiring pattern plate good securement of the insulating plate 6 to the plate may be obtained , as shown in fig9 and 11 . also , at the time of soldering the leads 5 of the circuit elements 4 , the solder can very securely attach itself , so that good electric connection can be obtained . in the state shown in fig2 the undesired connecting portions 2 remain , and which must be removed . these connecting portions 2 are cut away by means of a severing press , and the resultant system is shown in fig3 . at this time , it is difficult to cut connecting portions 2 partly held within the insulating frame 6 such that the cutting surface is flush with the pertaining surface of the insulating frame 6 , as shown at 14 in fig3 . however , the remaining portion of the connection portion 2 slightly extending from the insulating frame 6 gives rise to no problem . at the time of cutting with the severing press connection to an external circuit , as shown at 15 and 16 in fig4 are bent to project from the underside of the insulating frame 6 , so that plugs for connection to an external circuit may be pressure fitted on the bent portions of the connection terminals . the surface of the insulating frame 6 may be given a color . this is very useful where there are a number of wiring units of a plurality of different kinds . in such a case , a desired wiring unit of a corresponding color among units of various colors may be readily selected . this is very advantageous in manufacture and repair . also , one insulating frame may be given several different colors for different areas . by this means , fine and intricated circuit sections can be readily discriminated . further , it is possible to print marks indicating the positions of the individual circuit elements on the surface of the insulating frame . fig1 a and 14b show insulating frames 6 provided with chamfers on the lower side . this structure is advantageous for effecting the soldering automatically by exposing the eventual wiring unit to a jet of atomized solder , as shown in fig1 . here , the jet 21 of atomized solder can be smoothly guided along the chamfered portions of the insulating frame 6 , so that the solder can attach to the entire exposed area of the wiring pattern plate 1 . thus , the leads 5 of the circuit elements 4 can be reliably soldered , so that it is possible to eliminate accidents due to contact failure . fig1 , 17 and 18 show a structure where two vertically spaced wiring pattern plates 1 electrically insulated from each other are embedded in an insulating frame 6 . with this structure three - dimensional wiring not obtainable with the prior art printed circuit techniques can be readily obtained . fig1 , 20 and 21 show structures where portions of the wiring pattern plate 1 having see - through holes 3 for connection to leads of circuit elements are bent to project from the insulating frame 6 . this structure permits soldering with the jet of atomized solder such that the solder attaches only to the neighborhood of the see - through holes 3 and not to other unnecessary portions . thus , the processibility can be extremely improved . in the structure of fig2 , a portion of the wiring pattern plate 1 is bent and deeply wedged into the insulating frame to provide firm security . | 7 |
in the present solution , the ac voltage regulating electronic switch is not used , but a new ac voltage regulator is used , which is aimed at showing the capability of voltage regulation of the ac voltage regulator under extreme cases . a furnace , resistance - inductive load , is provided , when the distance from the electrode to the burden surface is determined , the maximal and minimal output voltages of the series voltage regulating transformer is required to be between 1 and 0 . 7 , respectively . a furnace transformer , three phases , is provided , and a series voltage regulating transformer , with range of voltage regulation of 30 % and positive voltage regulation , is also provided , the main transformer and the series transformer are of an yd11 connection group . the output constant voltage at lower voltage of the main transformer is u 1 = 0 . 7 , and the highest output voltage at lower voltage of the series transformer is u 2 = 0 . 3 . the high voltage and current of the series transformer can be combined arbitrarily , as long as the capacity thereof is equal to the capacity of the series transformer . an ac voltage regulator is provided , a three - phase ac voltage regulator is connected in a manner of y , the voltage of the semiconductor is defined as the phase voltage of the tertiary side system multiplied by a correlation coefficient as defined in its specification , the current effective value is 2 or 3 times of the tertiary side current of the series voltage regulating transformer ( determined by total impedances ), the delay angle of the thyristors is defined as α , the conduction angle of the thyristors is defined as θ , and the impedance angle of the system is defined as δ , and is activated by a broad pulse or pulse trains . the principle of the single - phase electrical wiring is showed in fig1 ( there is no reversing change - over switch in the present example ), and the three - phase wiring graph is combined as y and d11 , the principle thereof is not illustrated herein . when the system needs the maximal voltage , the control angle of the thyristor α ≦ δ , the output voltage of low voltage side of the transformer is u = u 1 + u 2 = 0 . 7 + 0 . 3 = 1 . when the system needs the lowest voltage , the control angle of the thyristor α = 180 °, i . e ., u 2 = 0 , and the output voltage of low voltage side of the transformer u = u 1 = 0 . 7 . when the system needs other voltage , the control angle of the thyristor α = 0 , δ ≦ θ ≦ 180 °, and the output voltage of low voltage side of the transformer u = 0 . 7 ˜ 1 . a furnace transformer with range of voltage regulation of 40 %, reversing change - over voltage regulating , yd11 connection group , and a series voltage regulating transformer are provided . the secondary winding of the main transformer is connected , in parallel , to the capacitor group to adjust the power factor . before compensation , cos φ = 0 . 8 , it is required that after compensation , cos φ = 0 . 95 . the principle of electrical wiring is showed by the combination form of the low - voltage winding and the reactive compensation device , as showed in fig1 . u 21 and u 22 are secondary voltages of the main transformer , and series transformer , respectively , and the leakage reactance of the transformer is omitted . fig1 is a vectogram showing the current before compensation . before compensation , the power factor is defined as cos φ = 0 . 8 , sin φ = 0 . 6 , and meanwhile , the working current of the furnace i l = 1 . the active component of the working current is i r = 0 . 8 . the idle component of the working current is i q = 0 . 6 . both the currents flowing through the secondary winding of the main transformer and the series transformer are working current i l of the furnace . fig1 is a vectogram showing the current after compensation . as the compensation ( capacitance ) current only flow through the secondary winding of the main transformer , it is assumed that the vector angle between the magnitude of the current of the secondary winding of the main transformer after compensation and its voltage u 21 will be changed . it is assumed that the working current of the furnace after compensation is still i l = 1 , and the power factor of the secondary winding of the main transformer after compensation is 0 . 95 . the current in the secondary winding of the main transformer is changed to i 21 = 0 . 842 . the current flowing through the compensation capacitor is i c = 0 . 3374 . the secondary capacity of the main transformer after compensation is sn 21 = 0 . 842 ( it is assumed that the secondary voltage of the main transformer is u 21 = 1 ). the decreased value of the secondary capacity of the main transformer after compensation is δsn 21 = 0 . 158 . the capacity of the required compensation capacitor should be s c = 0 . 3374 . the electromagnetic capacity required by the secondary winding of the main transformer after compensation is about 84 . 2 % of that before , and thus the capacity of the primary winding of the main transformer is decreased correspondingly . as the range of voltage regulation is 40 %, and may be of a reversing change - over form , the capacity of the transformer before compensation is sn 1 . sn 1 — capacity of the transformer before compensation . sn 11 — capacity of the main transformer before compensation is 0 . 8 sn 1 . sn 12 capacity of the series transformer before compensation is 0 . 2 sn 1 . sn 1 = sn 11 + sn 12 = 0 . 8 sn 1 + 0 . 2 sn 1 . the capacity of the transformer after compensation is sn 2 the capacity of the transformer after compensation . sn 21 — the capacity of the main transformer after compensation . sn 22 — the capacity of the series transformer after compensation . sn 2 = sn 21 + sn 22 = 0 . 8 sn 1 × 0 . 842 + 0 . 2 sn 1 = 0 . 8736 sn 1 it can be seen that , the capacity of the whole device after compensation is improved by about 12 . 5 %, i . e ., the active power is improved . a furnace transformer with range of voltage regulation of 40 %, reversing change - over voltage regulating , yd11 connection group , and a series voltage regulating transformer are provided . the low voltage of the main transformer is 0 . 8 , the low voltage of the series transformer is 0 ˜ 0 . 2 , the combined voltage of the main and series transformers is 0 . 8 ±( 0 ˜ 0 . 2 ), with 21 levels of voltage regulation , each of which is 0 . 02 , the capacity of the main transformer is 0 . 4 ˜ 1 , and the tolerance of each level of the main transformer is 0 . 03 . it is assumed that the ratio of transformation is 1 , and the resistance values of the two windings of the low - voltage main and series transformers are the same . it is assumed that the working current of the furnace after compensation is still i l = 1 , and the current of the secondary winding of the main transformer is i 21 = 0 . 842 , and the no - load loss is about of 15 % of the load loss . as showed in example 2 : loss of the transformer pk is pk =( 0 . 842 i l ) 2 × 0 . 8 × r +( i l ) 2 × 0 . 2 × r = 0 . 767 ( i l ) 2 × r that is , the energy conservation and consumption reduction of the load of the transformer is about 23 %. as the no - load loss is about 15 % of the load loss . the total loss ratio of the transformer after and before the regulation of the power factor is : ( 0 . 767 i l ) 2 r + 0 . 15 ( i l ) 2 r )/ 1 . 15 ( i l ) 2 r = 0 . 797 ( i l ) 2 r . that is , the total energy conservation and consumption reduction of the transformer is about 20 %. the application of the transient impedance technology and high - speed voltage regulation technology , high - speed stepless voltage regulation technology according to the present invention in a high voltage or ultra - high voltage ac - dc power transmissions system , an ac / dc furnace smelting system , an electrochemically electrolytic industry system , a electric power locomotive traction system , a reactive compensation system , and a high - power stepless voltage regulation is beneficial to safety protection and high efficiency synchronous intelligent control of the associated system . when the present invention is applied to resistive , resistive - inductive , and resistive - capacitive load systems requiring stable control , or requiring capacity regulation of the transformer , or requiring high - speed control of characteristics of each phase unbalanced load and other characteristics , the transient impedance transformer may be used to control its feature in a high speed . the present invention may be used to improve the stability and reliability of the high voltage or ultra - high voltage power system , reduce system short circuit capacity , reduce equipment investment , reduce voltage fluctuation and flickering , the high voltage circuitry breaker may be replaced by the tertiary side disconnection function , and the transformer has obvious effects of regulating system impedance in a high speed and improve the power factor of the system per se . the stepless voltage regulation has great breakthrough in capacity , voltage classes , waveform deviation factor and other aspects , and has great influence on the industry which has great requirements on stepless voltage regulation devices , such as , vacuum furnace , scientific experiment and the like . the stepless voltage regulation may be applied to fields of industrial and agricultural production , scientific experiment , communication and transportation , telecommunication transmission , national defense , health care , power transmission . so to speak , the transient impedance transformer plays a role in various industry of national economy . | 8 |
referring now to fig1 therein is shown an inline oil filter assembly indicated in its entirety by the reference numeral 10 . the filter assembly 10 includes identical right and left end members 12 and 14 , respectively , provided with respective l - shaped passages 16 having first legs including ends 18 adapted for threaded connection with a fluid line and second legs including ends 20 located in a stepped mounting surface 22 , the respective mounting surfaces 22 being arranged in facing relationship to each other and being provided with respective annular grooves 24 receiving opposite open ends of a cylindrical tubular filter element housing 26 . for a purpose explained below , the surfaces 22 each include an annular gasket seat 28 located inwardly of the groove 26 . the end members 12 and 14 are clamped against the opposite ends of the housing 26 by a center bolt 30 received in respective through - bores 32 , provided in the members 12 and 14 in general axial alignment with the second passage legs 20 , and extending centrally through the housing 26 along the longitudinal axis of the latter . threaded on the left end of the bolt 30 is a nut 34 which engages a washer 36 positioned against the left end member 14 , and threaded on the right end of the bolt 30 is a nut 38 which engages a washer 40 positioned against the right end member 12 . respective resilient seals 42 are provided at the inner ends of the through - bores 32 to prevent leakage along the bolt 30 . for the purpose of filtering fluid flowing between the respective passages 16 , identical right and left filter elements 44 and 46 are mounted in the housing 26 in end - to - end engagement with each other and in coaxial relationship to the bolt 30 . the filter elements 44 and 46 are of a conventional construction including concentric , inner and outer perforated tubular metal shells 48 and 50 , respectively , connected together at their right and left ends by right and left annular end plates 52 and 54 , respectively . filter material 56 is confined in the annular housing thus defined by the metal shells 48 and 50 and the end plates 52 and 54 of each of the elements 44 and 46 . the outer shells 50 are spaced from the housing 26 so as to define an outer annular flow passage 58 about the filter elements 44 and 46 and the inner shells 48 are spaced from the bolt 30 so as to define an inner annular passage 60 through the elements 44 and 46 . to prevent fluid from flowing from the passage 58 to the passage 60 without passing through the filter material 56 , the right and left ends of each of the elements 44 and 46 are respectively provided with right and left annular gaskets 62 and 64 and the elements are positioned such that the gasket 62 of the element 44 is engaged with the gasket seat 28 of the right end member 12 , the gasket 62 of the element 46 is engaged with the gasket 64 of the element 44 and the gasket 64 of the element 46 is engaged with an annular gasket seat 66 of an element centering member 68 mounted on the center bolt 30 and having three equiangularly spaced centering bosses 70 projecting into the left end of and engaging the inner shell 50 of the left filter element 46 . to prevent leakage to the inner annular passage 60 from occuring between the bolt 30 and member 68 , a resilient seal 72 is mounted in an annular recess provided in the member 68 . to ensure proper sealing , a first coil compression spring 74 is mounted on the bolt 30 and is compressed between the seal 42 in the left end member 14 and the seal 72 while a second coil compression spring 76 is mounted on the bolt 30 and is compressed between the seal 42 in the right end member 12 and a snap ring 78 carried by the bolt 30 . the spring 74 also acts to keep the gasket seat 66 of the centering member 68 seated with the left gasket 64 of the element 46 , to keep the gasket 62 of the element 46 seated with the left gasket 64 of the element 44 and to keep the right gasket 62 of the element 44 seated with the gasket seat 28 of the right end member 12 . the spring 74 further acts to keep the right end of the right element 44 engaged with three equiangularly spaced centering bosses 80 ( only two shown ) provided on the right end member 12 and projecting into the right end of and engaging the inner shell 48 of the right element 44 . of course the left end member 14 also includes the bosses 80 ( only one visible ). it is here to be noted that the combined length of the filter elements 44 and 46 is less than the distance between the respective gasket seats of the left and right end members 12 and 14 and with the right end of the right element 44 engaged with the right end member 14 , a flow space 82 is defined between the left end member 14 and the left end of the left filter element 46 . thus the gasket seat 28 and centering bosses 80 of the left end member are inoperative in the assembly 10 as arranged in fig1 and the passage 16 of the left end member 14 serves as an inlet passage while the passage 16 of the right end member 12 serves as an outlet passage . it is to be understood that instead of two filter elements , as shown , a single element having a length equal to the combined length of the elements 44 and 46 could be used . also , it is to be understood that the end members 12 and 14 may be used in constructing assemblies having housings , center bolts and filter elements of respective lengths varying from those disclosed . the end members 12 and 14 are constructed such as to be usable in constructing an inline filter assembly of the type having a replaceable cartridge which embodies a filter element . specifically , with reference to fig3 there is shown a filter assembly indicated in its entirety by the reference numeral 90 . the assembly 90 includes a replaceable cartridge 92 comprising an outer cylindrical housing 94 having right and left annular end walls 96 and 98 , respectively , carrying right and left annular gaskets 100 and 102 , which are respectively held in engagement with the gasket seats 28 of the right and left end members 12 and 14 . it is here noted that the respective annular grooves 24 of the members 12 and 14 are not operative in the assembly 90 . a center bolt 104 is mounted in the manner described above relative to the assembly 10 and acts to clamp the end members 12 and 14 against the opposite ends of the cartridge 92 . to prevent the cartridge 92 from being accidentally crushed during installation of the bolt 104 , a perforated core tube 106 is disposed in the housing 94 in concentric relationship to the bolt 104 and has its opposite ends disposed against the respective mounting surfaces 22 of the end member 12 and 14 . preferrably , the tube 106 is dimensioned such that it may be held centered relative to the bolt 104 by the centering bosses 80 of the end members 12 and 14 , which project into the right and left ends of and engage the core tube 106 . however , if the core tube 106 is not dimensioned such that the bosses 80 will act to center it , a centering disc 108 ( shown here for illustrative purposes only ) may be fixed to the inside of the right end of the tube 106 and slidably received on the bolt 104 . the disc 108 is provided with openings 110 ( fig4 ) which permit fluid to exit from the housing 94 via the passage 16 of the right end member 12 . a spring 112 acts between the disc 108 and the seal 42 carried by the member 12 so as to keep the seal 42 properly seated . located in the housing 94 and fixed to the right end 96 thereof is a filter element 114 including inner and outer concentrically arranged perforated metal shells 116 and 118 , respectively , connected together at their right and left ends by right and left plates 120 and 122 . filter material 124 is located within the enclosure thus defined by the shells 116 and 118 and the end plates 120 and 122 . the inner shell 116 is spaced from the bolt 104 so as to define an inner annular fluid passage 126 and from the tube 106 to define a clearance space 127 while the outer shell 118 is spaced from the housing 94 so as to define an outer annular fluid passage 128 . as with the above - described filter assembly 10 , the filter assembly 90 is arranged such that the respective fluid passages 16 of the left and right end members 12 and 14 serve as inlet and outlet passages . specifically , the right end plate 120 of the filter element 114 is fixed to the right end 96 of the housing 94 while the left end 122 of the element 114 is spaced rightwardly from the left end 98 of the housing 94 so as to define an inlet fluid space 130 having the inner end 20 of the passage 16 of the left end member 14 in direct fluid communication therewith . to prevent fluid from flowing directly from the space 130 to the passage 126 , a deflector member 132 is fixed in the tube 106 at a locatiion substantially coplanar with the left end of the filter element 114 . the member 132 acts to deflect fluid entering the housing 94 from the passage 16 of the left end member 14 , radially outwardly through a plurality of openings 134 provided in the tube 106 leftwardly of the member 132 . to prevent inlet fluid from leaking between the bolt 104 and the member 132 , the latter carries a seal 136 which is engaged by a washer 138 and held in place by a spring 140 acting between the seal 42 , carried by the left end member 14 and the washer 138 . a gasket 142 is provided in the left end of the inner shell 116 of the filter element 114 and is seated on the core tube 106 to prevent leakage from occuring between the shell 116 and the tube 106 . the operation of the filter assemblies 10 and 90 is quite similar . first , in the operation of the assembly 10 , fluid will enter the housing 26 via the passage 16 of the left end member 14 and will be deflected to the outer annular passage 58 by the element centering member 68 . when the pressure is sufficient to force the fluid through the filter elements 44 and 46 it will flow from the passage 58 to the inner annular passage 60 and then out the passage 16 of the right end member 12 . the filter elements 44 and 46 may be replaced by removing the nut 38 and washer 40 from the right end of the center bolt 30 to thereby permit the right end member 12 to be removed from the housing 26 to provide access to and replacement of the filter elements 44 and 46 . if desired , the elements 44 and 46 may be replaced by a single element having the same length as the combined length of the elements 44 and 46 ; or the bolt 30 and housing 26 may be replaced by a bolt and housing of a different length and a filter element or filter elements of a compatible length would then be used . in the operation of the assembly 90 , fluid will enter the housing 94 via the passage 16 of the left end member 14 and will be deflected to the outer annular passage 130 by the deflector member 132 . when the pressure is sufficient to force the fluid through the filter element 114 of the cartridge 92 , it will flow from the passage 130 to the inner annular passage 128 and then out through the passage 16 of the right end member 12 . the cartridge 92 may be replaced by removing the nut 38 and washer 40 from the right end of the bolt 104 to thereby first permit the removal of the right end member 12 and then the removal and replacement of the cartridge 92 . a new cartridge of a length different than the cartridge 92 may be substituted , requiring only that the core tube 106 be replaced by one having a length compatible with the new cartridge . it will be appreciated that during installation of either of the assemblies 10 or 90 the end members 12 and 14 may be rotated relative to each other to the most advantageous position for connection of the outer ends 18 of the fluid passages 16 with the respective connections of the oil lines in which the assemblies 10 and 90 are to be installed . also it will be appreciated that by making the end members 12 and 14 identical and adapted for use either in the replaceable element assembly 10 or the replaceable cartridge assembly 40 that the assemblies 10 and 90 can be more economically manufactured . | 1 |
now , an ignition device for an oil burner according to the present invention will be described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 illustrates an example of an oil burner in which an ignition device according to the present invention is adapted to be incorporated . the oil burner generally designated by reference numeral 10 is in the form of a red - heated oil - fired space heater , however , it should be noted that an oil burner in which an ignition device of the present invention is to be employed is not limited to such a red - heated space heater . prior to describing an ignition device of the present invention , the oil burner illustrated in fig1 will be briefly described . the oil burner per se is constructed in a manner widely known in the art . the oil burner 10 includes an oil reservoir 12 for storing therein fuel oil such as kerosene , a wick receiving construction 14 positioned on the oil reservoir 12 and a combustion cylinder construction 16 arranged on the wick receiving construction 14 . on the oil reservoir 12 is invertedly supported an oil tank ( not shown ) in a manner to be communicated with the oil reservoir to supply fuel oil therefrom to the reservoir 12 . the combustion cylinder construction 16 includes a double combustion cylinder 18 comprising an inner cylindrical member 20 and an outer cylindrical member 22 which are arranged to define a space 24 therein . the inner and outer cylindrical members 20 and 22 each are provided with a plurality of through - holes and red - heated during combustion operation of the oil burner . the combustion cylinder construction also includes a heat - permeable cylinder 26 which is arranged so as to be spaced from the outer cylindrical member 22 and serves to discharge heat rays emitted from the red - heated double combustion cylinder 18 therethrough to an exterior of the oil burner . the wick receiving construction 14 includes an inner cylinder 28 and an outer cylinder 30 which are substantially concentrically arranged to define an space or chamber 32 ( fig2 ) for movably receiving a wick 34 therein . the wick receiving chamber 32 is formed so as to be communicated to the space 24 between the inner cylindrical member 20 and the outer cylindrical member 22 and the oil reservoir 12 . when combustion is to be carried out , the wick 34 is raised at an upper end thereof to a lower end portion of the space 24 by means of a wick actuating mechanism which is generally indicated at reference numeral 36 in fig1 and operated by a knob 37 . the wick actuating mechanism 36 may be constructed in a manner widely known in the art . the wick 4 is constantly immersed at a lower portion thereof in fuel oil stored in the oil reservoir 12 . the inner cylinder 28 is inwardly enlarged at an upper end to form a flange 38 on which the inner cylindrical member 20 of the double combustion cylinder 18 is supported . likewise the outer cylinder 30 is formed at an upper end thereof with an outward flange 40 on which the outer cylindrical member 22 is supported . an ignition device of the illustrated embodiment is arranged adjacent to an upper portion of the wick receiving chamber as generally indicated by reference numeral 50 in fig2 . the ignition system 50 of the illustrated embodiment is adapted to operate an ignition window by means of a closing door . more particularly , the ignition system 50 includes an ignition window construction generally designated by reference numeral 51 in fig1 to 4 . the ignition window construction 51 includes an ignition window 52 formed at the outer cylinder 30 of the wick receiving chamber 32 . the ignition window 52 is arranged at a position which allows an ignition heater 54 actuated in a manner described hereinafter to be approached to an upper end portion of the wick 34 . in the illustrated embodiment , the ignition window 52 is formed at an upper section of the outer cylinder 30 extending from an upper portion of a cylindrical section of the outer cylinder 30 to the flange section 40 of the cylinder 30 . such arrangement allows the upward flow of air through the flange section 40 to be immediately formed , so that a flame formed by ignition may rise while being carried on the upward air flow to significantly improve ignition performance of the oil burner . the ignition window construction 51 also includes a closing door 55 which is actuated by means of a door actuating means or door actuator 56 to openably operate the ignition window 54 . the door actuator 56 includes an actuator body 58 which , in the illustrated embodiment , is formed into an elongated plate - like shape , as shown in fig3 . the closing door 55 is movably mounted on the door actuator 56 . in the illustrated embodiment , the door 55 is movably fitted at a base section thereof on one end portion of the actuator body so as to be movable in a direction substantially perpendicular to the body 58 . the actuator body 58 is provided with a projection 60 extending toward a door body of the closing door 55 . in the embodiment , the projection 60 is formed into a rod - like shape and arranged so as to obliquely upwardly extend toward the door body of the door 55 , as shown in fig4 . on the rod - like projection 60 is loosely fitted a coiled spring 62 in a manner to be interposed between the projection 60 and the door body of the closing door 55 . the spring 62 is supported at one end thereof on a base of the projection 60 and abutted at the other end thereof against the door body of the closing door 55 to constantly force the closing door in an obliquely upward direction . this results in the closing door 55 being pressed against the upper section of the outer cylinder 30 , and more particularly , in the illustrated embodiment , the upper portion of the cylindrical section of the cylinder 30 and the flange section 40 , so that the closing door may tightly close the ignition window 52 . the ignition system of the illustrated embodiment further includes an ignition heater construction which is provided with the above - described ignition heater 54 . the ignition heater construction , as shown in fig3 includes an actuation arm 64 pivotally mounted on a support member 66 of the oil burner through a pivot pin 68 . the above - described ignition heater 54 is mounted on a distal end of the actuation arm 64 , so that it may be approached to the wick 34 depending upon pivotal movement of the actuation arm 64 . the actuation arm 64 is operatively connected to the door actuating means 56 of the ignition window construction 51 through a connection means 70 , so that the door actuating means 56 and closing door 55 may be separated from the ignition window 52 depending upon pivotal movement of the actuation arm 64 as described hereinafter . in the illustrated embodiment , the connection means 70 is formed into a plate - like shape and integral with the actuation arm 64 . the support member 66 of the oil burner is provided with a guide means or guide pin 72 and correspondingly the door actuating means is provided at the actuator body with an elongated guide groove 74 which is formed to extend in a longitudinal direction of the actuator body 58 and loosely fitted on the guide pin 72 , so that the door actuating means 56 may be linearly reciprocated along the guide pin 72 depending upon pivotal movement of the actuation arm 64 . the actuation arm 64 is pivotally moved by means of an operation means 76 such as a lever and pivotal movement of the actuation arm 64 is controlled by an actuation regulator 78 . the regulator 78 may be provided at the actuation arm 64 or a portion of the oil burner positionally corresponding to the actuation arm 64 . in the illustrated embodiment , the actuation regulator 78 is in the form of a projection and provided at the oil burner and more particularly at the support member 66 of the oil burner , so that the actuation arm 64 may be selectively abutted against the regulator 78 , resulting in the pivotal movement being regulated within a predetermined range . alternatively , a combination of the guide pin 72 and guide groove 74 may be used as the regulator . this eliminates the provision of an independent regulator such as the regulator 78 as shown in fig3 . more particularly , the illustrated embodiment may be so constructed that the pivotal movement of the actuation arm 64 about the pivot pin 68 is stopped when any end of the guide groove 74 is abutted against the guide pin 72 as shown in fig5 and 6 . accordingly , the action of the combination as the regulator is accomplished by merely appropriately determining a length of the guide groove 74 . in the illustrated embodiment , at least a part of the operation means 76 may comprise an elastic member such as a leaf spring . such construction effectively prevents the regulator 78 from being deformed even when the operation lever 76 is operated with excessive power . now , the manner of operation of the illustrated embodiment described above will be described hereinafter with reference to fig1 to 6 . first , the wick 34 received in the wick receiving chamber 32 is raised at a tip end thereof to the lower portion of the space 24 between the inner cylindrical member 20 and the outer cylindrical member 22 by means of the knob 37 and wick actuating mechanism 36 . then , the actuation arm 64 is pivotally moved toward the outer cylinder 30 of the wick receiving construction 14 through the operation means 76 as indicated at an arrow in fig3 . this causes the connection means 70 to move the door actuating means 56 in a direction indicated at an arrow in fig3 so that the closing door 55 may be separated from the ignition window 52 to open it . then , the actuation arm 64 is further moved in the same direction to approach the ignition heater 54 to the wick 34 through the opened window 52 , resulting in the wick 34 being ignited . the positional relationship between the ignition heater 54 and the wick 34 substantially affects ignition performance of the oil burner . more particularly , not only excessive approach of the ignition heater to the wick but excessive separation of the former from the latter renders the ignition difficult . in order to avoid such a problem , the ignition system of the illustrated embodiment is provided with the regulator 78 which serves to keep the positional relationship constant to ensure the positive ignition . when the actuation arm 64 is returned to its original position after the ignition , the ignition heater 54 is retracted from the wick and the door actuating means 56 is moved to cause the closing door 55 to tightly close the ignition window 52 . thus , combustion starts in the combustion cylinder construction 16 . the combustion renders the double combustion cylinder 18 red - heated to a degree sufficient to emit heat rays therefrom , which are then discharged through the heat - permeable cylinder 26 . fig7 illustrates another embodiment of an ignition system according to the present invention . the embodiment of fig7 is so constructed that an actuation regulator 78 is provided at a tip end of an actuation arm 64 in a manner to be adjacent to an ignition heater 54 . such construction causes the regulator 78 to be abutted against an outer cylinder of a wick receiving construction when an actuation arm 64 is pivotally actuated to move an ignition heater 54 toward a wick 34 , resulting in the movement of the actuation arm 64 being appropriately regulated . in the embodiment , an operation means 76 is manually operated by means of a push button 80 . alternatively , it may be operated using any other suitable means such as a cam or the like . the remaining of the embodiment shown in fig7 may be constructed in substantially the same manner as the embodiment described above . as can be seen from the foregoing , the ignition window construction employed in the ignition system allows the ignition operation to be readily accomplished without moving or operating the combustion cylinder construction . also , in the ignition window construction , the spring constantly forces the closing door in the obliquely upward direction so that the door may tightly close the window . also , the formation of the ignition window at the upper section of the outer cylinder extending from the upper portion of the cylindrical section to the flange section results in the upward flow of air through the flange section . this causes a flame to immediately rise even when the ignition heater carries out ignition on a side portion of the wick , to thereby significantly improve ignition performance of the oil burner . also , the ignition system of the present invention is adapted to carry out ignition at a position below the combustion cylinder construction , to thereby prevent the overall height of the oil burner from being increased . further , in the ignition system , the ignition heater , actuation arm , connection means and door actuating means may be arranged at substantially the same level , resulting in the oil burner being provided with a space sufficient to arrange a wick actuating mechanism , an automatic fire - extinguishing device and the like therein . while preferred embodiments of the invention have been described with a certain degree of particularity with reference to the drawings , obvious modifications and variations are possible in the light of the above teachings . it is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims , the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described . | 5 |
a self - orienting aircraft landing gear mechanism drives a castering landing gear to become aligned with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft prior to retraction / extension . according to one embodiment of the present invention , a cam and a cam follower is associated with the wheel fork assembly such that the cam and cam follower generate a substantially a centering torque about the castering axis such that upon removal of any frictional impediments , the wheel fork and its associated wheel are driven to be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft . embodiments of the present invention are hereafter described in detail with reference to the accompanying figures . although the invention has been described and illustrated with a certain degree of particularity , it is understood that the present disclosure has been made only by way of example and that those skilled in the art can resort to numerous changes in the combination and arrangement of parts without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings is provided to assist in a comprehensive understanding of exemplary embodiments of the present invention as defined by the claims and their equivalents . it includes various specific details to assist in that understanding but these are to be regarded as merely exemplary . accordingly , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that various changes and modifications of the embodiments described herein can be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . also , descriptions of well - known functions and constructions are omitted for clarity and conciseness . the terms and words used in the following description and claims are not limited to the bibliographical meanings , but are merely used by the inventor to enable a clear and consistent understanding of the invention . accordingly , it should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the following description of exemplary embodiments of the present invention are provided for illustration purpose only and not for the purpose of limiting the invention as defined by the appended claims and their equivalents . by the term “ substantially ” it is meant that the recited characteristic , parameter , or value need not be achieved exactly , but that deviations or variations , including for example , tolerances , measurement error , measurement accuracy limitations and other factors known to those of skill in the art , may occur in amounts that do not preclude the effect the characteristic was intended to provide . like numbers refer to like elements throughout . in the figures , the sizes of certain lines , layers , components , elements or features may be exaggerated for clarity . the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention . as used herein , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ” and “ the ” are intended to include the plural forms as well , unless the context clearly indicates otherwise . thus , for example , reference to “ a component surface ” includes reference to one or more of such surfaces . as used herein any reference to “ one embodiment ” or “ an embodiment ” means that a particular element , feature , structure , or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment . the appearances of the phrase “ in one embodiment ” in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment . as used herein , the terms “ comprises ,” “ comprising ,” “ includes ,” “ including ,” “ has ,” “ having ” or any other variation thereof , are intended to cover a non - exclusive inclusion . for example , a process , method , article , or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process , method , article , or apparatus . further , unless expressly stated to the contrary , “ or ” refers to an inclusive or and not to an exclusive or . for example , a condition a or b is satisfied by any one of the following : a is true ( or present ) and b is false ( or not present ), a is false ( or not present ) and b is true ( or present ), and both a and b are true ( or present ). unless otherwise defined , all terms ( including technical and scientific terms ) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs . it will be further understood that terms , such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries , should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the specification and relevant art and should not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein . well - known functions or constructions may not be described in detail for brevity and / or clarity . it will be also understood that when an element is referred to as being “ on ,” “ attached ” to , “ connected ” to , “ coupled ” with , “ contacting ”, “ mounted ” etc ., another element , it can be directly on , attached to , connected to , coupled with or contacting the other element or intervening elements may also be present . in contrast , when an element is referred to as being , for example , “ directly on ,” “ directly attached ” to , “ directly connected ” to , “ directly coupled ” with or “ directly contacting ” another element , there are no intervening elements present . it will also be appreciated by those of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature that is disposed “ adjacent ” another feature may have portions that overlap or underlie the adjacent feature . spatially relative terms , such as “ under ,” “ below ,” “ lower ,” “ over ,” “ upper ” and the like , may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature &# 39 ; s relationship to another element ( s ) or feature ( s ) as illustrated in the figures . it will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of a device in use or operation in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures . for example , if a device in the figures is inverted , elements described as “ under ” or “ beneath ” other elements or features would then be oriented “ over ” the other elements or features . thus , the exemplary term “ under ” can encompass both an orientation of “ over ” and “ under ”. the device may be otherwise oriented ( rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations ) and the spatially relative descriptors used herein interpreted accordingly . similarly , the terms “ upwardly ,” “ downwardly ,” “ vertical ,” “ horizontal ” and the like are used herein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicated otherwise . upon reading this disclosure , those of skill in the art will appreciate still additional alternative structural and functional designs for a self - orienting landing gear mechanism through the disclosed principles herein . thus , while particular embodiments and applications have been illustrated and described , it is to be understood that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the precise construction and components disclosed herein . various modifications , changes and variations , which will be apparent to those skilled in the art , may be made in the arrangement , operation and details of the method and apparatus disclosed herein without departing from the spirit and scope defined in the appended claims . a side perspective view of a self - orienting landing gear mechanism , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention , is depicted in fig1 . as depicted , the self - orienting landing gear mechanism includes a landing gear assembly 110 , a spring assembly 120 , a cam 130 , a cam follower 140 , a castering wheel 150 and a castering wheel fork 160 . in the present depiction , the landing gear assembly 110 includes an arm 116 and a wheel fork bracket 114 . in this configuration forces transferred to the aircraft from landing will be mitigated by angularly deflecting the arm upward about a pivot point 112 . in other embodiments , the castering wheel fork 160 can be coupled to a strut ( not shown ) in which the landing forces are vertically absorbed / mitigated prior to transference to the aircraft . fig2 and fig3 presents a bottom and side view , respectively , of one embodiment of the self - orienting landing gear mechanism of the present invention . evident in fig2 is the interaction between the cam follower 140 and the cam 130 . referring in addition to fig3 , the spring assembly exerts a linear force to a bracket that is in turn coupled to the cam follower 140 . the cam follower is , in one embodiment , a rotatable wheel that presses against the sidewall of the cam 130 . the force exerted from the cam follower 140 against the cam is not normal to the sidewall of the cam 130 and results in a tangential component . that is the force vector imposed on the cam by the cam follower does not pass through the cam &# 39 ; s axis of rotation . a tangential component is realized as a centering torque on the wheel fork 160 driving the wheel fork and attached wheel 150 into alignment with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft . as shown in fig3 an exterior surface of the cam 130 is comprised of a top planar portion or surface 305 opposite a bottom planar portion or surface 315 , and at least one sidewall portion 325 located substantially perpendicularly between the top planar portion 305 and the bottom planar portion 315 . the top planar portion 305 of the cam 130 is adjacent to wheel fork bracket 114 of the landing gear assembly 110 . the bottom planar portion 315 of the cam 130 is , in this embodiment , adjacent to the castering wheel fork 160 . in other words , the cam 130 is interposed between the wheel fork bracket 114 of the landing gear assembly 110 and the castering wheel fork 160 . in addition , the cam 130 circumscribes a central shaft axis 375 about which the wheel fork 160 and cam 130 rotate . alternatively , the wheel fork 160 and cam 130 are affixed to a central shaft that rotates about the central shaft axis 375 within the wheel fork bracket 114 . the wheel 150 is coupled to the wheel fork 160 via an axle aligned with a horizontal axis 350 that joins the distal ends of the wheel fork 160 . exemplary construction materials contemplated for cam 130 include but are not limited to anodized aluminum , anodized steel and other hardened or surface hardened material . the cam follower 140 of the present invention comprises a substantially circular contour when in a horizontal position and includes a top wall portion opposite a bottom wall portion and at least one sidewall portion 320 located substantially perpendicular between the top wall portion and the bottom wall portion . the at least one sidewall portion 320 of the cam follower 140 is adjacent to and in contact with at least one sidewall portion 325 of a cam 130 . according to one embodiment of the present invention , the top wall portion of the cam follower 140 is adjacent to a bracket 335 that conveys a constant force on the cam follower 140 to the cam 130 via the spring assembly 120 . a sidewall portion 320 of a cam follower 140 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention , which is adjacent to a sidewall portion 325 of a cam 130 , has a circular shape , imparting a high point load at an interface between the cam follower 140 and the cam 130 . suitable constructions materials contemplated for cam follower 140 includes materials that provide for the transfer of frictional forces in a variety of environments and conditions and more over do not abrade the cam 130 . an exemplary material for this purpose includes but is not limited to polyurethane and rubber . the spring assembly 120 , in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention , is shown in fig4 . the spring assembly 120 includes a first end portion 410 opposite a spring bracket 420 that couples the spring assembly 120 to the wheel fork bracket 114 . a spring enclosed in a housing interposed between the first end portion 410 of the spring assembly 120 and the spring bracket 420 of the spring assembly 120 drives the cam follower 140 against the cam 130 . according to one embodiment of the present invention , a spring assembly 120 is directly coupled with a cam follower 140 without utilization of a bracket . an exemplary spring assembly 120 , according to one embodiment of the present invention , includes a gas spring ( for example but not limited to an air spring ) and other designs that can provide a substantially constant force in a variety of environmental conditions . exemplary materials contemplated for spring construction include but are not limited to anodized aluminum and anodized steel . according to one embodiment of the present invention , the correct orientation of a castering wheel upon retraction of a castering wheel assembly into the fuselage or wing storage compartment is rearward facing . when the castering wheel assembly is retracted with the castering wheel in a rearward facing position , the castering wheel assembly does not interfere with the storage compartment and landing gear linkage and , thus , is properly stored . the castering wheel assembly of the present invention is self - orienting due to the production of a substantially a constant torque about a vertical axis 375 . in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention , the castering wheel is self - oriented in a rearward facing position by a mechanism ( spring ) applying force to a cam follower that , in turn , applies force to a modified cardioid shaped cam . the cam comprises an outer contour with a propensity to orient in a specific position in response to force . as one of reasonable skill will appreciate and with additional reference to fig5 , the force f 515 produced by the cam follower 140 on the cam 130 when the wheel is not rearward oriented is not focused through the central axis 375 . rather the force f 515 placed on the cam 140 is slightly offset from the central axis 375 of rotation based on the geometry of the cam 130 . this angular offset a 510 varies throughout the shape of the cam but consistently produces a centering force f c 520 acting perpendicular to a line d 540 running from the point of contact to the axis of rotation 375 and which drives the cam follower 140 to the cusp 550 of the cam 130 . as one of reasonable skill in the art will recognize , this force f c 520 acting at a distance d 540 creates a moment ( torque ) m 560 . at the cusp 550 the centering force f 510 acts through the central axis 375 eliminating any torque . directly opposite the cusp 550 on the cam exists another point at which the force f 510 would act directly through the central axis 375 . however while the cusp is designed to be statically and dynamically stable , the opposite side of the cam is statically and dynamically unstable . recall that a torque or moment m 560 is a normal force multiplied by the distance from the point at which it acts . in this case , the centering force f c 520 acts on the central axis 375 from a distance d 540 from the central axis 375 to the point of contact of the cam 140 . according to one embodiment of the present invention the shape of the cam 130 is designed to provide a substantially constant centering torque about the central axis 375 so as to consistently drive the wheel fork ( and wheel ) into a rearward alignment . at each point of contact between the cam follower and cam the angular offset a from the central axis changes . so too does the distance between the central axis and the point of contact . as the force applied to the cam by the cam follower is substantially constant , the product of the force , the sin of the angular difference and distance from the central axis to the point of contact is the same . this relationship , and mechanical constraints , drives the shape of the cam . in accordance with one embodiment , an exemplary outer contour shape of a cam of the present invention as viewed from a bottom perspective is substantially heart - shaped or a modified cardioid . a perfect cardioid shape would also produce a centering torque but would , with a substantially constant applied force , be variable . thus in the designs of the prior art a centering mechanism engaging a cam is disconnected or rendered inoperable during ground operations . the introduction of a variable steering torque would render ground maneuverings more difficult . by contrast the present invention provides a consistent torque or tendency for the nose gear to be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft . this enables not only consistent handling characteristics during ground operations , but also a simplified and more efficient design to return the nose gear into alignment with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft for gear retraction and extension . the simplified design is less costly to produce both in the sense of weight and finances . in one embodiment of the present invention the self - centering mechanism is implemented on an amphibious aircraft . in such an embodiment the aircraft may be placed into service from a boat ramp or similar land / water interface . in one instance , the aircraft may , under its own power , taxi from a ground environment to a seaborne environment . as the aircraft becomes seaborne and the landing gear is no longer in contact with the ground the pilot may retract the gear to minimize hydrodynamic drag and prepare the aircraft for takeoff . in such an instance the landing gear ( nose gear ) will self - orient so as to be aligned with the longitudinal axis of the aircraft . said differently the plane in which the nose gear rotates during retraction will be parallel with the plane defined by the roll and yaw axis of the aircraft . an amphibious aircraft may also be manually launched into a seaborne condition . in such an instance the aircraft can be configured for land operations but be positioned using ground equipment or ground personnel . for example , the aircraft can be towed or maneuvered to a boat ramp manually and backed into the water much like a boat would be launched from a trailer . however , in this instance the aircraft would be supported by its own landing gear . in such an instance the nose gear would caster 360 degrees to assist in maneuverability of the aircraft on the ground . as the aircraft is backed into the water the nose gear would likely be oriented forward or 180 degrees from its normal position . as the aircraft becomes afloat and the gear is no longer in contact with the ground , the centering torque drives the wheel to its aligned position so that is can be safely retracted and stowed . while there have been described above the principles of the present invention in conjunction with a self - orienting aircraft landing gear , it is to be clearly understood that the foregoing description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation to the scope of the invention . particularly , it is recognized that the teachings of the foregoing disclosure will suggest other modifications to those persons skilled in the relevant art . such modifications may involve other features that are already known per se and which may be used instead of or in addition to features already described herein . although claims have been formulated in this application to particular combinations of features , it should be understood that the scope of the disclosure herein also includes any novel features or any novel combination of features disclosed either explicitly or implicitly or any generalization or modification thereof which would be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art , whether or not such relates to the same invention as presently claimed in any claim and whether or not it mitigates any or all of the same technical problems as confronted by the present invention . the applicant hereby reserves the right to formulate new claims to such features and / or combinations of such features during the prosecution of the present application or of any further application derived therefrom . | 1 |
according to an embodiment , a mems comprises at least three - wafers . the three wafers are sealed together to form a one - chip mems device . according to another embodiment , a three - wafer mems device comprises a transducer . according to yet another embodiment , a three - wafer mems device comprises a storage device . fig1 illustrates a perspective view of a mems device 10 , according to an embodiment . the mems device 10 includes a middle wafer 40 positioned between an upper wafer 30 and a lower wafer 20 . a material 60 bonds the wafers 20 , 30 and 40 together to form a single chip . the material 60 also seals the device 10 . a cavity 80 is formed between the upper wafer 30 and lower wafer 20 . the cavity 80 is sealed by the material 60 . the material 60 may comprise a wafer bonding material , or the like . the middle wafer 40 includes a movable portion 50 capable of moving relative to the lower and upper wafers 20 and 30 within the cavity 80 . for example , the middle wafer 40 may be trenched to form the movable portion 50 . flexures 90 connect the movable portion 50 to the remaining portion of the wafer 40 . the flexures 90 allow the movable portion 50 to move in a desired direction relative to the lower wafer 20 and the upper wafer 30 . for example , the flexures 90 may be designed to allow the movable portion 50 to move in any of the x , y or z directions or combination of any of those directions . the flexures 90 may also be formed from the middle wafer 40 . the movable portion 50 moves within the cavity 80 of the mems device 10 . the cavity 80 is sealed by the material 60 . the cavity 80 , for example , may include a vacuum or may include a dielectric . also , a hermetic seal operable to substantially prevent moisture from entering the mems device 10 may be created from the material 60 and / or using other materials and seals . the mems device 10 is shown with the material 60 being significantly thicker than the wafers 20 - 40 for purposes of illustrating all the features of the mems device 10 . it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the thickness of the material 60 and the wafers 20 - 40 may have proportions other than shown in fig1 . in one embodiment , the thickness of the material 60 between the middle wafer 40 and the bottom wafer 20 ( which is approximately equal to the gap between the wafers ), for example , may be approximately 0 . 1 to 10 microns . similarly , the thickness of the material 60 between the middle wafer 40 and the top wafer 10 , for example , may be approximately 0 . 1 to 10 microns . furthermore , the thickness of a wafer is typically 500 - 600 microns thick . the middle wafer 40 may have a thickness of approximately 300 microns or less for forming the vias 72 . by reducing the thickness of the middle wafer 40 , the manufacturing process for creating the vias 72 becomes much less difficult . the middle wafer 40 comprises vias 72 which conduct electrical signals through the middle wafer 40 . for example , electrical signals may be transmitted from a circuit 32 on the upper wafer 30 to a circuit 22 on the lower wafer 20 or vice versa through the vias 72 . also , the vias 72 may be used to transmit signals to a circuit on a surface of the middle wafer 40 from one of the other wafers 20 and 30 . for example , the circuit 22 can transmit signals to the electrodes 70 on an upper surface of the middle wafer 40 , and the circuit 32 may transmit signals to electrodes 52 ( shown in fig2 ) on a lower surface of the middle wafer 40 . the circuits 22 and 32 and the electrodes 52 are shown to illustrate that the vias 72 may be used to transmit signals through the middle wafer 40 to a component on a surface of the movable portion 50 or to a component on the upper wafer 30 or the lower wafer 20 . furthermore , conductors ( not shown ), for example , running along the flexures 90 , may be used to connect circuits on the movable portion 50 of the middle wafer 40 to the vias 72 . it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that in various embodiments , one or more of the circuits 22 and 32 and the electrodes 70 and 52 are optionally used depending on the design of the mems device 10 for any particular application . furthermore , a circuit , as described herein , comprises passive components ( e . g ., capacitors , inductors , resistors , electrodes , etc .) or active components ( e . g ., transistors , etc . ), or a combination thereof . electrodes 70 and 52 are shown as being provided on surfaces of the middle wafer 40 , however , a circuit including active and / or passive components may be provided on any of these surfaces . in addition , a circuit may include components on more than one wafer . for example , components of the circuit 22 may also be provided on the upper wafer 30 , and these components may communicate through the vias 72 . fig2 illustrates a cross - section of the mems device 10 , shown in fig1 , taken across the line 2 - 2 ′. the vias 72 and other components of the mems device 10 are illustrated in fig2 . in one embodiment , the vias 72 may each include the wafer substrate ( e . g ., silicon or a polysilicon ) surrounded by an insulator . the wafer substrate may be conductive , so it may be used as a conductor for the vias 72 to pass signals through the wafer 40 . an insulator is used for each of the vias 72 to create more than one via in the wafer 40 by isolating the conductors forming the vias 72 . in another embodiment , an insulator may be filled with metal to form a via in the wafer 40 . fig3 illustrates a cross - section of a mems data storage device 300 , according to an embodiment of the invention , which incorporates many of the features of the mems device 10 shown in fig1 and 2 . the mems data storage device 300 includes three bonded wafers , i . e ., a tip wafer 330 , also referred to as an upper wafer , a rotor wafer 340 , also referred to as the middle wafer , and a stator wafer 320 , also referred to as the lower wafer . the wafers 320 - 340 are bonded and sealed , for example , using the bonding material 360 . the rotor wafer 340 , e . g ., approximately 100 microns thick , may be much thinner than the tip wafer 330 and the stator wafer 320 , e . g ., approximately 500 - 600 microns thick for forming the vias 392 . the wafer - to - wafer bonds form an internal cavity 380 sealed at high vacuum . the bonding material 360 seals the cavity 380 to maintain the vacuum in the cavity 380 . the bonding material 360 may comprise ultra - high vacuum ( uhv ) seals and / or other known materials for maintaining the internal environment of the mems data storage device 300 . the mems storage 300 further comprises tip emitter electronics 312 , field emitter tips 314 , storage media 322 , and read / write ( r / w ) electronics 332 . the tip emitter electronics 312 may comprise one or more circuits formed on the tip wafer 330 . the tip emitter electronics 312 are connected to the field emitter tips 314 . the field emitter tips 314 , under the control of the tip emitter electronics 312 , are operable to emit electron beams by drawing electrons off a metal in the field emitter tips 314 with a high electromagnetic field . each beam may be focused on a specific location of the storage media 322 located on an upper surface of the rotor wafer 340 , across from the field emitter tips 314 . the beams are focused and used to write data bits onto the storage media 322 by heating tiny data spots and altering the data spots physical state or phase . a beam may also be used to determine a data bit state ( value ) in the storage media 322 . the storage media 322 may include medium recording cells ( not shown ) for storing bits of data in the mems data storage device 300 . u . s . pat . no . 6 , 440 , 820 , entitled , “ process flow for ars mover using selenidation wafer bonding after processing a media side of a rotor wafer ” by lee et al . and u . s . pat . no . 5 , 557 , 596 , entitled , “ ultra - high density storage device ” by gibson et al . disclose storage devices with emitters , and are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties . instead of the field emitter tips 314 , other r / w mechanisms may be used . in one embodiment , optical emitters ( e . g ., laser emitters , leds , etc .) are used . the optical emitters , which also may be represented by 314 ( but used instead of the field emitter tips ), emit optical beams ( i . e ., photons ). similarly to the electron beams of the field emitter tips , the optical beams emitted by the laser emitters may be focused and used to write data bits onto the storage media 322 by heating tiny data spots and altering the data spots physical state or phase . a beam may also be used to determine a data bit state ( value ) in the storage media 322 . in yet another embodiment of a r / w mechanism , micro - cantilevers , which also may be represented by 314 , are used instead of the field emitter tips . the micro - cantilevers may include heated cantilevers or piezoelectric cantilevers for interacting with the storage media 322 to read or write data from the storage media 322 . for each embodiment , the tip emitter electronics 312 may be substituted with other electronics that can be used to control the respective implementation of the r / w mechanism . r / w electronics 332 comprises one or more circuits , which control reading or writing of data bits in the storage media 322 , and to access data bits in the storage media 322 to determine data bit value . the r / w electronics 332 control with nanometer precision the movement of a movable portion 350 of the rotor wafer 340 . the movable portion 350 includes the storage media 322 . the movable portion 350 is moved such that the field emitter tips 314 can focus beams on the storage media 322 to access a specific set of bits . electrodes 334 are provided on a lower surface of the movable portion 350 and electrodes 336 are provided on an upper surface of the stator wafer 320 , across from the electrodes 334 . the electrodes 334 and 336 are coupled to move the movable portion 350 under control of the r / w electronics 332 . the electrodes 334 and 336 comprise multiple individual electrodes . the individual electrodes may be grouped together to form repeating patterns of electrodes covering much of the surface of the moveable portion 350 . the r / w electronics 332 energizes the electrodes 334 and 336 to one of two voltage states in a pattern . the individual electrodes repeat this pattern across the moveable portion 350 . the position of the moveable portion 350 can be changed by changing the voltage pattern on electrodes 334 and 336 in a particular order . also , the storage media 322 is connected through electrodes ( not shown ) to the vias 372 so bit values may be transmitted to the r / w electronics 332 . also , the r / w electronics 332 are connected through the vias 372 to the tip emitter electronics 312 , such that the r / w electronics 332 may transmit signals to the tip emitter electronics 312 to control reading , writing and accessing bits on the storage media 322 . flexures 390 , shown in fig3 , hold the movable portion 350 of the rotor wafer 340 between the field emitter tips 314 and the stator wafer 320 to allow the data bits in the storage media 322 to be moved relative to the field emitter tips 314 , thus allowing each field emitter tip 314 to access multiple data bits after each movement of the storage media 322 . the r / w electronics 332 are shown in fig3 as provided on the stator wafer 320 . however , one or more circuits of the r / w electronics 332 may be provided on the rotor emitter wafer 330 or the rotor wafer 320 . similarly , one or more circuits of the tip emitter electronics 312 may be provided on the stator wafer 320 or the rotor wafer 340 . by using the vias 372 , circuits may be in electrical communication even if distributed on multiple wafers in the mems data storage device 300 . furthermore , the mems data storage device 300 is provided as a single chip , which is generally cheaper than packaging a storage device comprised of multiple chips . in addition , because a three - wafer structure is used , rather than a single wafer structure , machining of the wafers may be performed ( e . g ., thinning the rotor wafer 340 to approximately 100 microns ) without significantly impacting the integrity of the wafers . the advantages of the three - wafer structure are also applicable to the mems device 10 shown in fig1 and 2 , and the mems transducer device 400 shown in fig4 . fig4 a - b illustrate a cross - section of a mems transducer device 400 , according to an embodiment of the invention , which incorporates many of the features of the mems device 10 shown in fig1 and 2 . referring to fig4 a , the mems transducer device 400 detects movement of the mems transducer device 400 using capacitor plates , or electrodes , to detect movement of a moveable portion 450 of a middle wafer 440 . flexures 490 allow the moveable portion 450 to move in one or more of the x , y , or z directions in response to an external force , depending on the design of the system . the middle wafer 450 is positioned between an upper wafer 430 and a lower wafer 420 and connected to each with a material 460 . the material 460 functions as a seal to seal a dielectric in a cavity 480 . the seal may also be hermetic to keep moisture out of the cavity 480 . the material 460 may include wafer bonding material as is known in the art . the wafers 420 - 440 are bonded and sealed to form a single chip . the mems transducer device 400 includes an electrode 471 on a lower surface of the movable portion 450 of the middle wafer 440 . electrodes 473 and 475 are located opposite electrodes on an upper surface of the lower wafer 420 . as the movable portion 450 moves , the overlap between the electrode 471 and the electrodes 475 and 473 varies causing a change in capacitance between the electrodes 471 and 473 , 475 . movement of the mems transducer device 400 in the x and / or y direction is detected by detecting the change in capacitance . equation 1 may be used to calculate a change in capacitance between electrodes , where ε is the dielectric constant . a is the overlap between electrodes in the x and y direction and d is the distance between electrodes in the z direction . this equation is also described in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 504 , 385 , entitled , “ three - axis motion detector ” by hartwell et al , which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . movement in the z direction may also be determined using another set of electrodes shown in fig4 b . fig4 b is rear view of the mems transducer device 400 taken at the same cross - section shown in fig4 a . electrode 472 , located on the movable portion 450 , and electrode 474 , located on the lower wafer 420 , are provided for determining movement in the z - direction . the electrode 472 may have a short length and the electrode 474 may extend the length of the moveable portion 450 such that the overlap between the electrodes 472 and 474 does not change . therefore , any change in capacitance detected between the electrodes 472 and 474 is substantially the result of movement in the z - direction . the electrodes 473 and 475 shown in fig4 a are also on the lower wafer 420 . however , the electrodes 473 and 475 are hidden from view by the electrode 474 shown in fig4 b . the electrode 471 , shown in fig4 a on the movable portion 450 , is only partially hidden by the electrode 472 in the rear view shown in fig4 b . the partially hidden electrode 471 in fig4 b is shown as shaded . in fig4 a , a portion of the electrode 474 would be visible between the electrodes 473 and 475 . however , this portion of the electrode 474 is not shown in fig4 a to clearly illustrate the electrodes 473 and 475 . also , the electrode 472 is hidden behind the electrode 471 in the view shown in fig4 a . the three - wafer structure allows the moveable portion 450 to move a significantly greater distance in the x , y , or z directions than conventional single - wafer capacitive mems transducers . furthermore , the greater distances may allow the mems transducer device 400 to be used for different applications and to achieve greater accuracy in known applications . transducer electronics 422 shown in fig4 a - b includes one or more circuits detecting the change in capacitance between the electrodes 471 and 473 , 475 and between the electrodes 472 and 474 . the electrodes 471 and 472 on the moveable portion 450 are connected to the transducer electronics 422 using the vias 492 . for example , conductors , not shown , connect the electrodes 471 and 472 to the vias 492 . the signal from the electrodes is passed through the vias 492 to the transducer electronics 422 . the transducer electronics 422 is also connected to the electrodes 473 - 475 on the lower wafer 420 . thus , the transducer electronics 422 is operable to detect the change in capacitance between the electrodes . the transducer electronics may comprise one or more circuits for calculating the change in overlap a and / or distance d between the electrodes . alternatively , the transducer electronics 422 may output the change in capacitance to an external circuit for calculating the change in overlap a and / or distance d . using equation 1 , the distance d may be calculated from the change in capacitance between the electrodes 472 and 474 . also , if d is known , the overlap a may also be calculated from the change in capacitance detected between the electrodes 471 and 473 , 475 shown in fig4 a . in this embodiment , the upper wafer 430 may comprise a cap wafer that protects the mems transducer device 400 . in other embodiments , such as shown in fig5 , one or more electrodes may be placed on the upper wafer 430 . also , one or more circuits for the transducer electronics can be provided on the upper wafer 430 . fig5 illustrates a cross - section of another embodiment of a mems transducer device . a mems transducer device 500 is shown that is similar to the mems transducer device 400 of fig4 a - b . in this embodiment , the electrode 472 is located on the upper surface of the moveable portion 450 and opposite the electrode 474 located on the upper wafer 430 . transducer electronics 422 are provided in both the upper wafer 430 and the lower wafer 420 for detecting change in capacitance . it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that more electrodes may be used or the size and shape of the electrodes may be varied for detecting change in capacitance in one or more of the x , y , and z directions . for example , in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 504 , 385 five electrodes and five counter electrodes are used to detect movement in the x , y , and z directions . also , a less number of electrodes may be used if movement in one or two directions is to be detected . what has been described and illustrated herein are embodiments of the invention along with some of variations . the terms , descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations . those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention , which is intended to be defined by the following claims — and their equivalents — in which all terms are meant in their broadest reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated . | 1 |
for a clear understanding of the manner in which the above - recited details and other advantages and objects according to the invention are obtained , the invention is described in detail with reference to the best - contemplated mode and specific embodiments thereof . the following description of the invention is intended to illustrate the general principles of the invention and should not be taken in a limiting sense ; it is intended to illustrate various embodiments of the invention . as such , the specific modifications discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the invention . it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents , changes , and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the invention , and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein . the terminology used in the description presented below is intended to be interpreted in its broadest reasonable manner , even though it is being used in conjunction with a detailed description of certain specific embodiments of the invention . certain terms may even be emphasized below ; however , any terminology intended to be interpreted in any restricted manner will be overtly and specifically defined as such in this detailed description section . where the context permits , singular or plural terms may also include the plural or singular term , respectively . moreover , unless the word “ or ” is expressly limited to mean only a single item exclusive from the other items in a list of two or more items , then the use of “ or ” in such a list is to be interpreted as including ( a ) any single item in the list , ( b ) all of the items in the list , or ( c ) any combination of items in the list . fig1 is a top view of the biomedical testing sheet according to an embodiment of the invention with the carrying units to carry droplets , for example , carrying units 14 a , 14 b , and 14 c . fig2 is a sectional view along the line aa ′ of the biomedical testing sheet in fig1 . the biomedical testing sheet 10 of the invention comprises : a substrate 12 having a calligraphy paper material , such as polyvinyl chloride . wherein the substrate layer 12 comprises a wax pattern layer , comprising : carrying unit 14 a , carrying unit 14 b , carrying unit 14 c , etc ., for carrying one or more droplets to be measured . further , the wax pattern layer is a part of a surface of the substrate that is coated with a waxy material , and penetrated and diffused by the waxy material . by referring to fig1 , the biomedical testing sheet 10 has one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ), which are rectangular . the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) form a matrix . for example , the biomedical testing sheet 10 shown in fig1 comprises a 4 × 3 matrix of carrying units . the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) are separated by a distance , and the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) are the same size . by referring to fig2 , the invention provides a method for manufacturing the biomedical testing sheet 10 , comprising steps of : ( 1 ) coating a waxy material on the surface of substrate 12 with the calligraphy paper material ; ( 2 ) heat treating the waxy material so that the waxy material penetrates substrate 12 to form a wax pattern layer . fig2 shows that the wax pattern layer can be formed into one or more carrying units , including : carrying units 14 a , 14 b , 14 c , and etc . alternatively , the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) can be formed into the rectangular carrying units , and the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) can form a matrix . alternatively , the one or more carrying units ( 14 a , 14 b , 14 c ) can be formed separated by a distance . fig3 illustrates a sectional view of a glycerin droplet 24 , which is dropped onto the biomedical testing sheet of the invention . as shown , the contact angle that the glycerin droplet 24 contacts the surface of the carrying unit 14 a of the biomedical testing sheet shows that the hydrophobic waxy material results in the lotus effect on glycerin droplet 24 , so that the glycerin droplet 24 will not fully penetrate the substrate 12 with the calligraphy paper material immediately . therefore , the hydrophobic property of the waxy material is used to achieve an effect similar to the lotus effect . fig4 illustrates a sectional view of a droplet of the liquid to be measured after being dropped on the biomedical testing sheet of the invention . as shown , the contact angle that the droplet 22 to be measured contacts the surface of the carrying unit 14 a with the waxy material shows that the hydrophobic waxy material results in an effect similar to the lotus effect on the biomedical testing sheet . thus , the time required for droplet 22 to penetrate substrate 12 completely can be increased . meanwhile , when the droplets to be measured react with the reagent is deposited in the waxy material carrying unit 14 a of the biomedical testing sheet of the invention , the combined property of the calligraphy material substrate 12 and the waxy material carrying unit 14 a enhance the coloring effect so that the color intensities can be determined easily and accurately . fig5 is a photograph of the biomedical testing sheet with 56 carrying units used in the testing without erasing droplets according to an embodiment of the invention . all carrying units are applied in droplets of different concentrations to be measured and then dropped by the reagent . after the reaction of the droplets and the reagent , the droplets on the carrying unit present colors of varying intensity . as shown in the circular portions of fig5 , the colors and the intensities of the droplets on the carrying units can be measured without erasing the droplets . fig7 is a graph illustrating the relationship between glucose concentration and droplet intensity when the glucose concentrations are measured , and fig9 is the graph illustrating the relationship of the nitrite concentrations and the intensities of the droplets when the nitrite concentrations are measured . both of fig7 and 9 demonstrate consistent linear relationships that reveal the concentrations of the droplets to be measured based on the intensities of the colors of the droplet traces . fig6 is a photograph of the biomedical testing sheet with 56 carrying elements used in the testing with erasing droplets according to an embodiment of the invention . all carrying units are dropped by droplets with different concentrations to be measured , and then dropped by the reagent . after the reaction of the droplets and the reagent , the droplets on the carrying unit present colors with different intensities . then , after erasing droplets , the colors and their intensities of traces ( circular portions of fig6 ) left by the droplets on the carrying units are measured . fig8 is a graph illustrating the relationship of the glucose concentrations and the intensities of the droplet traces when the glucose concentrations are measured , and fig1 is the graph illustrating the relationship of the nitrite concentrations and the intensities of the droplet traces when the nitrite concentrations are measured . fig8 and 10 show that the concentrations of the droplets have clear linear relationships with the color intensities of the droplet traces . the above description was given for purposes of explaining specific details of the preferred embodiments to provide a thorough understanding of the invention . however , it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that specific details are not required in order to practice the invention . therefore , the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the invention are presented for purposes of illustration and description only and should not be construed in any way to limit the scope of the invention . they are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed ; obviously , many modifications and variations are possible in view of the above teachings . the embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical applications , thereby enabling others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . it is intended that the following claims and their equivalents define the scope of the invention . | 6 |
in embodiments there is illustrated an adjustable high voltage power circuit comprising a high voltage source having a power supply side and a ground side ; a transformer having a primary winding side and secondary winding side , the primary winding side being attached across the power supply side and the ground side of the high voltage source ; a primary winding side voltage sensing and regulation circuit configured for measuring the voltage sense signal and regulating high voltage output of the high voltage source based on the voltage sense signal ; a secondary winding side current sense circuit attached to the ground side of the transformer circuit for measuring internal resistance loss in the secondary windings and providing input to the primary winding side voltage sensing and regulation circuit to cause such circuit to adjust the voltage sense signal to account for internal resistance loss due to the secondary windings of the transformer . in such embodiment , the power supply may be ac or dc . the secondary winding side current sense circuit may comprise a potentiometer , and such circuit may be connected to the high voltage return terminal side . the high voltage terminal and the high voltage return terminal may be attached to a charge generation device , for example , a corotron . the primary winding voltage sense and regulation circuit may also comprise a potentiometer . the primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit may be connected both to the supply side of the high voltage source and the ground side of the high voltage source through a resistor . the primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit may be further configured to allow compensation for variation in transformer turn ratios . in one embodiment , there is provided circuitry to allow for a high voltage power supply to automatically adjust for internal resistance losses due to the secondary windings of a transformer . in such embodiment , the voltage sense signal is adjusted by subtracting a controlled portion of the current that compensates for internal resistance loss in the secondary windings of the transformer . such circuitry allows for improved primary side voltage sense and regulation by accounting for losses in the transformer . in another embodiment , there is provided a secondary current sense circuit in the low side of a high voltage transformer circuit that provides input to a primary side voltage sense and regulation circuit , said primary side voltage sense and regulation circuit being configured to adjust the voltage sense signal to compensate for internal resistance loss in the secondary windings of a transformer and to regulate high voltage power output by the adjusted voltage sense signal . such embodiment calls for output voltage control employing primary side voltage sensing without the need for additional sense windings . the circuits may be used in any device , including a xerographic device . in yet another embodiment , there is provided a method comprising : measuring the voltage sense signal on the primary winding of a transformer attached to a high voltage power supply ; measuring the internal resistance loss of current in the secondary windings of the transformer ; and adjusting the voltage sense signal of the primary winding side of the transfer to compensate for internal resistance loss due to the secondary windings of the transformer . the measurement of the voltage sense signal on the primary winding side of the transformer , and adjusting the voltage sense signal of the primary winding of the side of the transformer , may make use of a primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit configured for measuring the voltage sense signal and regulating high voltage output of the high voltage power supply . the measurement of the internal resistance loss of current in the secondary windings of the transformer may make use of a secondary winding side current sense circuit configured to measure internal resistance in the secondary windings of the transformer and provide input to the primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit to cause the circuit to adjust the voltage sense signal to account for internal resistance loss due to the secondary windings of said transformer . now turning to the figures , in fig2 there is shown a diagram of exemplary circuitry for regulating high voltage power supply by adjusting for internal resistance losses in the secondary windings of a transformer . a high voltage source comprising a supply side 60 and a ground side 65 is connected to a transformer comprising primary windings 85 and secondary windings 85 ′. secondary windings 85 ′ of such transformer are connected to a high voltage output terminal 70 and a high voltage return terminal 75 . such circuit may be separated into a primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit 90 and a secondary winding side current sense circuit 80 . secondary winding side current sense circuit 86 comprises ir sense 80 . input from secondary winding current sense circuit 86 prevents input to primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit 90 . primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit 90 measures voltage input across the transformer on the primary winding 85 side by way of resistors 130 , 135 and voltage regulator 125 . voltage sense 110 of the primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit 90 is altered by adjusting power source 105 to account for internal resistance loss due to the secondary windings . potentiometer 120 is adjusted accordingly to compensate for the ir loss in the transformer secondary windings . as illustrated , primary winding side voltage sense and regulation circuit 90 may be designed to comprise potentiometer 120 to compensate for variation in transformer turn ratios for different transformers . note the schematic in fig2 and the above description only describe the voltage sense and primary current compensation aspects of the hv power supply . the actual voltage regulation and primary side voltage drive portions are not included in either the figure or the text . also missing are the steps required to correctly adjust the voltage sense and secondary current compensation parts of the hv power supply . however , artisans of ordinary skill will appreciate that the primary side voltage sense circuit is adjusted by applying a known voltage to the primary of an unloaded transformer at the normal operating frequency ; measuring the actual secondary voltage with a precision , high impedance ac hv voltmeter ; and adjusting resistor 120 to achieve an exact analog representative of the secondary voltage at the output of amplifier 125 . this procedure compensates the voltage sense circuit for variation in transformer turns ratio . the secondary current compensation circuit is adjusted by applying a known voltage to a transformer at the normal operating frequency . this transformer is at first unloaded and the secondary voltage measured as is the voltage at the output of the difference stage 105 . next the transformer is loaded with a typical load device along with any series resistance that will be present in the final application ( such as a series resistor for arc protection .) the secondary voltage is again measured , this time downstream of the series resistor , and again the output voltage of difference stage 105 . resistor 95 is adjusted such that the output of difference stage 105 has dropped in the same proportion as the transformer secondary voltage . for instance , if transformer secondary voltage has dropped 5 % from the unloaded to the loaded measurements , then resistor 95 is adjusted so that the difference stage 105 output voltage also drops by 5 %. as now adjusted , this stage should cause the voltage feedback signal , used to regulate the output voltage , to reflect the exact secondary voltage including any ir voltage drops within the transformer secondary and any external protection resistors , and this allows the voltage regulation circuit ( not shown in the figure or described in the text ) to correctly regulate the output voltage under various load conditions . this is the desired behavior of this invention . while the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to particular embodiments , it will be appreciated that variations of the above - disclosed and other features and functions , or alternatives thereof , may be desirably combined into many other different systems or applications . also , various presently unforeseen or unanticipated alternatives , modifications , variations or improvements therein may be subsequently made by those skilled in the art which are also intended to be encompassed by the following claims . | 7 |
referring to fig1 , an e - commerce system 10 may connect an on - line customer 18 with an on - line transaction service 12 . the on - line transaction service 12 may include a server which presents web pages for viewing by on - line customers 18 coupled to a network 14 such as the internet . the on - line customer may decide to make various purchases by inputting information into graphical user interfaces provided by the service 12 . before the on - line transaction service 12 confirms the transaction requested by the on - line customer 18 over the network 14 , the on - line transaction service 12 checks its available inventory of a given product . this check ensures that the requested product is or will be available in the time frame normally implemented by the service 12 or as requested by the on - line customer 18 . in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention , the on - line transaction service 12 maintains an inventory or product allocation for various products which it offers for sale to on - line customers . the on - line transaction service 12 receives its allocation or inventory by a query made of the product vendor inventory management system 16 . however , instead of simply clearing one specific transaction , the on - line transaction service 12 requests an allocation of some number of products from the product vendor inventory management system 16 . the service 12 may determine , based on current demand , a suitable inventory to be allocated to the service 12 . the generation of this allocation may be done in software implemented by agreement between the service 12 and the system 16 in one embodiment of the invention . when the on - line transaction service 12 finds that its inventory in a given product or set of products has been sufficiently depleted , the service 12 contacts the system 16 to gain additional inventory . as transactions complete , the service 12 decrements its inventory allocation until such time as the inventory falls below a level which triggers a request for an inventory or allocation replenishment . software 20 may be stored on a storage 13 associated with the server utilized by the service 12 . similarly , software 52 may be stored on storage 17 associated with the system 16 . in this way , it is not necessary for the service 12 to delay implementing the transaction with the customer while checking with the system 16 to ensure that the system 16 still has available inventory . the service 12 may be secure in knowing that it has received a pre - allocation of a given inventory against which it can complete transactions for a given period of time . thus , the number of times that the service 12 must contact the system 16 may be decreased . this may result in faster transactions with each on - line customer and the ability of the service 12 to handle a higher number of customers in a given period of time . referring to fig2 , the software 20 stored on the storage 13 associated with the service 12 begins by checking whether an allocation for a given product or group of products is too low as indicated in diamond 22 . the inventory low indication may be set to a predetermined inventory number for each product . when the available inventory drops below that number , an inventory low indication may be set . alternatively , the inventory low indication may be set dynamically . that is , it may be set in terms of a given amount of time . depending on the rate of on - line transactions , a higher inventory level should trigger a low inventory indication . thus , in periods of low activity , the low inventory indication may be set at a low inventory level and in periods of high activity , the low inventory indication may be set higher . this accommodates for the dynamic nature of transactions and helps to prevent unnecessary requests for inventory allocation . moreover , it may decrease the likelihood of an inventory depletion . in the case where the inventory is too low , the product vendor inventory management system 24 may be accessed over the network 14 as indicated in block 24 . the on - line transaction service 12 may request additional inventory as indicated in block 26 . the additional inventory may then be granted by the product vendor inventory management system 16 as indicated in block 28 . in such case , the on - line transaction service 12 increases its inventory counter corresponding to the allocation received , as indicated in block 30 . referring next to fig3 , the software 26 for implementing the request for more inventory is shown in greater detail . initially , the software 26 determines the rate of transactions as indicated in block 32 . in cases where the transaction rate is very high , it may be necessary to request higher inventory allocations or to request inventory allocations more frequently . an inventory management system contact frequency level may then be obtained ( block 34 ). the product vendor inventory management system 16 and the on - line transaction service 12 may agree upon a frequency or rate of requests for allocation increases . this rate may be in terms of a time so that the on - line transaction service need not contact the system 16 at a frequency greater than some agreed upon level . this frequency information may be pre - stored by agreement in the on - line transaction service 12 . as indicated in block 36 , the requested inventory amount may then be calculated as a function of the transaction rate and the agreed upon contact frequency . thus , in cases where the transaction rate is high , a higher inventory allocation may be requested . the calculated inventory amount may then be requested as indicated in block 38 . alternatively , a look up table may be used . the equation for determining the inventory amount may be predetermined between the on - line transaction service 12 and the system 16 . in such case , the requested amount is automatically granted by the system 16 if available . in other embodiments , the on - line transaction service may provide more information , such as the transaction rate , to the inventory management system which may then determine an appropriate allocation from the viewpoint of the product vendor . other variations are possible as well . turning next to fig4 , the software 40 is responsible for actually implementing the on - line transaction in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . when an on - line order is received as determined at diamond 42 , a check at diamond 44 determines whether an inventory allocation sufficient to accept the order is currently available . if not , the order is declined as indicated in block 46 . otherwise , the inventory allocation is decremented as indicated in block 48 , and the transaction is completed as indicated in block 50 . the software 52 , shown in fig5 , resident on the storage 17 associated with the system 16 server begins by checking for an inventory allocation request from the on - line transaction service 12 , as indicated in diamond 54 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . if the inventory is available as determined at diamond 56 , the inventory may be automatically allocated as indicated in block 60 . otherwise , the inventory allocation request may be declined as indicated in block 58 . the declination may be a total declination or may simply amount to an offer to provide whatever inventory is available at the current time . it may also provide the on - line transaction service 12 with information about what additional inventory may be available . this information may be offered to the on - line customer by the on - line transaction service 12 to determine if the customer is willing to wait the necessary time . in some embodiments , the inventory allocation may be afforded for a predetermined time . at the end of that time , the inventory allocation may be automatically returned to the system 16 . while the present invention has been described with respect to a limited number of embodiments , those skilled in the art will appreciate numerous modifications and variations therefrom . it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and variations as fall within the true spirit and scope of this present invention . | 6 |
fig2 is a simplified cross - sectional view of a faceplate 20 ′ at one stage in fabrication , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . the faceplate 20 ′ includes the transparent viewing screen 22 and the transparent conductive layer 24 . in one embodiment , the transparent conductive layer 24 is a layer of indium tin oxide formed by sputtering . the transparent conductive layer 24 typically has a thickness of 150 to 200 nanometers , an optical transmissivity in excess of 90 % to 95 % and a sheet resistivity of about 25 ω /□. the faceplate 20 ′ is coated with a photoresist 42 that is compatible with electrophoretic deposition . the photoresist 42 is conventionally masked , exposed to light of appropriate wavelength and intensity and is then developed to provide elongated openings 44 in the photoresist 42 . although not shown in fig2 spaced - apart elongated openings are also formed perpendicular to the openings 44 to form a grid pattern . the openings may be of any shape and may be arranged in any pattern with respect to one another . for example , polyvinyl alcohol and an ammonium dichromate sensitizer can be used to form photoresist 42 that is compatible with isopropyl alcohol as a carrier medium during electrophoretic deposition . this photoresist 42 does not conduct electricity . as a result , electrophoresis may be used to selectively deposit particles from a colloidal suspension ( not shown in fig2 ) into the openings 44 using the transparent conductive layer 24 as one electrode in a conventional electrophoretic deposition process . fig3 is a simplified cross - sectional view of the faceplate 20 ′ of fig2 at a later stage in fabrication , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in one embodiment of the faceplate 20 ′, an insulating , opaque and light - absorbing material is deposited in the openings 44 , and the resist 42 is then removed , thereby leaving a grille 46 formed on the conductive layer 24 . in one embodiment , the grille 46 is formed by electrophoretic deposition of materials such as cobalt oxide , manganese oxide or chromium oxide through the grille pattern formed in the photoresist 42 of fig2 . in one embodiment , the grille 46 has a thickness of five to ten microns . hydrated nitrates of lanthanum , cerium , indium or aluminum may be added to the isopropyl alcohol as electrolytes to provide conductivity during the electrophoretic deposition of the grille 46 . in one embodiment , these electrolytes also act as a binding agent in the grille 46 , lending robustness to the grille 46 and binding the grille 46 to the transparent conductive layer 24 , after suitable treatment . in some embodiments , following electrophoretic deposition of the grille 46 , the photoresist layer 42 , the grille 46 and the transparent layers 22 and 24 are baked in atmosphere at a temperature of about 400 ° c . for fifteen to thirty minutes to dry the grille 46 and to decompose the photoresist layer 42 . alternatively , plasma ashing in an oxygen - bearing plasma may be used to strip the photoresist layer 42 . in some embodiments , the grille 46 is five to ten microns thick and defines openings 48 having a width 50 that is about twenty five microns on a side or larger . each of the openings 48 form individual pixels at a later stage in fabrication . in some embodiments , the grille 46 includes openings having a width that is less than one hundred microns . in another embodiment , the grille 46 is formed by conventional sputtering of a layer of material such as cobalt oxide , manganese oxide or chromium oxide on the transparent conductive layer 24 . photoresist is then applied over the sputtered layer and patterned to form an etch mask . following etching of the sputtered layer but not the transparent conductor , the photoresist is stripped , forming the grille 46 . fig4 is a simplified cross - sectional view of the faceplate 20 ′ of fig3 at a later stage in fabrication , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention . following formation of the grille 46 , cathodoluminescent layers 26 are sequentially deposited through photoresist masking layers via conventional electrophoresis into selected openings 48 to form pixels or sub - pixels 52 . for example , a first sub - pixel 52 a may include y 2 o 3 : eu cathodoluminescent material 26 to emit red light when bombarded by electrons . an adjacent sub - pixel 52 b may include y 3 ( al , ga ) 5 o 12 : tb cathodoluminescent material 26 to emit green light when bombarded by electrons . another adjacent sub - pixel 52 c may include y 2 ( sio 5 ): ce cathodoluminescent material 26 to emit blue light when bombarded by electrons . in color displays 10 , each sub - pixel 52 of one color will have nearest neighbors including sub - pixels 52 of each of the other two colors used in the display 10 . fig5 is a magnified cross - sectional view of the faceplate 20 ′ of fig4 showing details of the cathodoluminescent layer 26 , in accordance with embodiments of the present invention . the material forming the cathodoluminescent layer 26 includes a mixture of particles 54 of powdered conductive material and particles 56 of cathodoluminescent material . the conductive particles 54 are provided to reduce the resistivity p in the cathodoluminescent layer 26 . for clarity of illustration and ease of understanding , the particles 54 of powdered conductive material are illustrated as being round dots , while the particles 56 of cathodoluminescent material are illustrated as being irregular , however , it will be understood that these shapes are for purposes of illustration only . in some embodiments , the particles 54 of powdered conductive material are formed from powdered metal oxides . as used herein , the term “ metal oxide ” refers to metal oxides that do not exhibit significant cathodoluminescent activity in response to electron bombardment , while the term “ cathodoluminescent material ” refers to compounds , that may include combinations of metal atoms and oxygen , exhibiting light emission in response to bombardment by electrons . in one embodiment , the cathodoluminescent layers 26 forming the pixels 52 of fig4 are deposited by conventional electrophoresis using mixtures of particles 56 of powdered cathodoluminescent materials and particles 54 of powdered metal oxides such as indium oxide , tin oxide , tungsten trioxide and vanadium pentoxide . in one embodiment , the particles 56 forming the powdered cathodoluminescent materials have a diameter of two microns or less . in one embodiment , the particles 54 forming the powdered conductive materials have diameters that are less than one - half micron in diameter . in one embodiment , the particles 54 forming the powdered metal oxides have diameters that are no more than one - fourth of the average diameter of the particles 56 forming the powdered cathodoluminescent materials . in one embodiment , the powdered metal oxides form between 0 . 1 and five weight percent of the combination of the powdered cathodoluminescent particles 56 and the powdered metal oxide particles 54 forming the cathodoluminescent layer 26 . the difference between the sizes of the metal oxide particles 54 and the cathodoluminescent particles 56 allow the metal oxide particles 54 to pack into interstices between the cathodoluminescent particles 56 . in one embodiment , the metal oxide particles 54 reduce the resistivity ρ of the composite cathodoluminescent layer 26 to less than 10 9 ω - cm . as a result , a voltage v p that would otherwise develop across the cathodoluminescent layer 26 in response to current through the cathodoluminescent layer 26 is reduced . the voltage v p tends to reduce the anode voltage v a applied to the transparent conductive layer 24 as manifested on the side of the cathodoluminescent layer 26 that is facing the emitters 30 , causing electrons from the emitters 30 to be less strongly attracted to the cathodoluminescent layer 26 . in operation , embodiments of the faceplate 20 ′ of the present invention provide several advantages , especially for very high resolution field emission displays 10 of the type intended to be viewed through magnifying optics . the insulating grille 46 between the conductive transparent layer 24 and the emitters 30 causes electrons that miss the openings 48 ( fig3 ) defining pixels 52 ( fig4 ) to electrically charge localized portions of the grille 46 . the degree of localized charging is related to the number of electrons that miss the intended pixel 52 , and the location of the localized charging is coincident with locations at which that portion of the incident electron beam is missing the intended pixel 52 . a localized electrostatic field is thus provided , focusing the electron beam back towards the intended pixel 52 . as a result , the insulating grille 46 provides a self - focusing mechanism that is related to the proportion of the electron beam that is missing the intended pixel 52 . combining the focusing effect of the grille 46 with the resistivity reduction of the particles 54 of metal oxide provides more accurately defined electron bombardment of the pixels 52 . this more accurate control of electron bombardment both increases the luminosity of the pixels 52 by increasing the effect of the anode voltage v a and increases the optical contrast between the illuminated pixels 52 and surrounding areas . significantly , the luminosity , contrast and acuity of images formed on small displays 10 that are intended to be viewed through magnifying optics are improved . additional advantages of embodiments of the present invention include not requiring a conductive focusing electrode ( not shown ) to be formed on an intervening insulator ( not shown ) formed on the transparent conductive layer 24 . displays requiring such focusing electrodes risk catastrophic failure when the focusing electrode forms an electrical arc through the intervening insulator , or across the surface of the insulator to one or more pixels 52 . fabrication of the faceplate 20 is more complex because additional lithographic steps are required in order to define the intervening insulator and to define the focusing electrode . further , no focusing electrode power supply ( not shown ) is required if there is no focusing electrode , simplifying design and production requirements for the display 10 . moreover , combining the metal oxide particles 54 with the cathodoluminescent particles 56 provides reduced resistivity ρ in the cathodoluminescent layer 26 . as a result , the amount of electrical power that is dissipated in the cathodoluminescent layer 26 is reduced , thereby reducing resistive heating of the cathodoluminescent layer 26 . thermal quenching of the cathodoluminescent layer 26 is reduced , increasing both light output from the display 10 and useful life of the faceplate 20 ′. these factors are particularly significant in high resolution displays 10 . it will be appreciated that the faceplate 20 ′ that has been described includes what is known as a “ blanket ” anode , i . e ., the transparent conductive layer 24 is not segregated into electrically distinct areas . advantages to the blanket anode formed by the transparent conductive layer 24 include not having to switch anode voltages v a , not having to cope with electrical noise resulting from switching high anode voltages v a and being able to simultaneously activate red 52 a , green 52 b and blue 52 c pixels by switching voltages coupled to the extraction grid 38 and the emitters 30 associated with the pixels 52 a , 52 b and 52 c . the grille 46 used in embodiments of the present invention is also useful in color sequencing field emission displays 10 . color sequencing displays 10 electrically separate the portions of the transparent conductive layer 24 for each of the colors to be displayed . the anode voltage v a is first switched to allow the red pixels 52 a to be operated , then the anode voltage v a is switched to allow the green pixels 52 b to be operated and then the anode voltage v a is switched to allow the blue pixels 52 c to be operated . as a result , color sequencing displays 10 require three times as high a switching speed for a given frame rate as do displays 10 using transparent conductive layers 24 formed into blanket anodes . fig6 is a simplified block diagram of a portion of a computer 60 including the field emission display 10 of fig1 together with the faceplate 20 ′ as described with reference to fig2 through 5 and associated text . the computer 60 includes a central processing unit 62 coupled via a bus 64 to a memory 66 , function circuitry 68 , a user input interface 70 and the field emission display 10 including the faceplate 20 ′ according to the embodiments of the present invention . the memory 66 may or may not include a memory management module ( not shown ), but preferably includes both a rom for storing instructions providing an operating system and a read - write memory for temporary storage of data . the processor 62 operates on data from the memory 66 in response to input data from the user input interface 70 and displays results on the field emission display 10 . the processor 62 also stores data in the read - write portion of the memory 66 . examples of systems where the computer 60 finds application include personal / portable computers , camcorders , televisions , automobile electronic systems , microwave ovens and other home and industrial appliances . field emission displays 10 for such applications provide significant advantages over other types of displays , including reduced power consumption , improved range of viewing angles , better performance over a wider range of ambient lighting conditions and temperatures and higher speed with which the display can respond . field emission displays find application in most devices where , for example , liquid crystal displays find application . although the present invention has been described with reference to a preferred embodiment , the invention is not limited to this preferred embodiment . rather , the invention is limited only by the appended claims , which include within their scope all equivalent devices or methods which operate according to the principles of the invention as described . | 7 |
as used in this application and in the claims , the singular forms “ a ,” “ an ,” and “ the ” include the plural forms unless the context clearly dictates otherwise . additionally , the term “ includes ” means “ comprises .” further , the term “ coupled ” means electrically or electromagnetically coupled or linked and does not exclude the presence of intermediate elements between the coupled items . the system , apparatus , and method described herein are provided to exemplify the invention , and the scope of the invention , and the scope of the invention is not limited to such exemplary features . instead , the present disclosure is directed toward all novel and non - obvious features and aspects of the various disclosed embodiments , alone and in various combinations and sub - combinations with one another . the disclosed embodiments are not limited to any specific aspect or feature or combinations thereof . although the operations of embodiments of the disclosed method are described in a particular , sequential order for convenient presentation , it should be understood that this manner of description encompasses rearrangement , unless a particular ordering is required by specific language set forth below . for example , operations described sequentially may in some cases be rearranged or performed concurrently . moreover , for the sake of simplicity , the attached figures may not show the various ways in which the disclosed system , method , and apparatus can be used in conjunction with other systems , methods , and apparatus . additionally , the description sometimes uses terms like “ produce ” and “ provide ” to describe the disclosed method . these terms are high - level abstractions of the actual operations that can be performed . the actual operations that correspond to these terms can vary depending on the particular implementation and are readily discernible by one of ordinary skill in the art . fig1 shows a plan view of one embodiment of a semiconductor assembly 100 comprising an integrated circuit die 110 . the die 110 comprises an active side 130 ( shown in fig2 ) having circuit elements ( not shown ) and a back side 140 , the back side 140 being substantially opposite to the active side 130 . a section of dielectric material 150 ( e . g ., circuitry tape or a similar material ) can comprise a first surface 152 ( shown in fig2 ) and a second surface 154 . the first surface 152 of the dielectric material section 150 can be attached to the back side 140 by any suitable method . for example , in one embodiment the dielectric material section 150 can be attached by lamination , and in another embodiment , it can be attached by adhesive . second surface 154 of the dielectric material section 150 includes one or more signal routes such as signal routes 160 , 162 , 164 , 166 . as used in this application and in the claims , “ signal route ” refers to a section of conductive material for conveying electric signals . the signal route 160 can comprise a component pad 170 , a signal trace 174 and a bond pad 172 . as used in this application and in the claims , “ component pad ” refers to a region of conductive material for mounting an electronic component , “ signal trace ” refers to a region of conductive material designed to carry an electric signal , and “ bond pad ” refers to a region of conductive material for forming a connection with a wire . in some embodiments , the bond pad 172 is positioned adjacent to edge of die 110 to facilitate wire bonding . the signal route 160 can comprise the component pad 170 , the signal trace 174 and the bond pad 172 as separate components , or the signal route 160 can be a continuous piece of conductive material . the signal routes 162 , 164 , 166 can comprise components similar to the signal route 160 , although the signal routes 160 , 162 , 164 , 166 can vary with respect to size and shape . an electronic component 180 can be electrically coupled to one or more of the signal routes 160 , 162 , 164 , 166 at , for example , the component pad , using one or more methods known in the art , such as surface - mount technology ( smt ). for example , fig2 illustrates two electronic components 180 , 184 electrically coupled to the signal routes 166 , 162 , respectively , via the solder connections 186 , 188 , respectively . returning to fig1 , region 182 exemplifies one position where an electronic component 180 might be configured for positioning relative to the component pads of the signal routes 160 , 162 . in one embodiment , one or more signal routes such as the signal route 160 can be configured to electrically couple two or more electrical components such as the component 180 . fig2 shows a cross - sectional view of the assembly 100 taken along broken line 2 - 2 indicated in fig1 . the exemplary embodiment illustrated by fig2 depicts the signal routes 160 , 162 as being at least partially embedded in the dielectric material section 150 . a person of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that , in other embodiments , the signal routes 162 , 166 can be fabricated on top of the second surface 154 of the dielectric material section 150 . the material of dielectric material section 150 can be selected to provide a solder non - wettable area for the solder connections 186 , 188 , which can allow for improved solder handling during component mounting . accordingly , a layer of solder resist on the dielectric material section 150 may be unnecessary . alternatively , solder resist can be provided as a continuous layer or in selected locations . fig3 shows a plan view of a semiconductor assembly 300 . back side 340 of die 310 is provided with dielectric material sections 352 , 354 . in other embodiments , more than two dielectric material sections can be used . the sections can be located as desired , including as required by package requirements , e . g . : component size and functionality , as well as location and availability of lead fingers for wire bonding for components ( including die ). although the sections 352 , 354 are depicted as being generally rectangular , the size and shape of the sections 352 , 354 can be modified as desired . in some embodiments , dielectric material sections such as the dielectric material sections 150 or 352 , 354 can be configured to occupy substantially all of a die back side ( e . g ., die back side 140 as shown in fig1 ), or they can be configured to leave a substantial area of a die back side unoccupied ( e . g ., area 356 of fig3 ). in some embodiments , electronic components such as the component 180 can comprise passive components ( e . g ., resistors , capacitors , inductors ), active components ( e . g ., transistors , diodes ), one or more additional semiconductor die , or combinations thereof . the signal routes can be configured according to a number of terminals of a selected electronic component , e . g ., two pads can be fabricated for a two - terminal component such as a resistor , or three pads for a transistor . in further embodiments , more signal routes are fabricated on the dielectric material section 150 than are actually used by electronic components . for example , a generic design of the dielectric material section 150 can be manufactured for use with several embodiments using varying numbers and combinations of electronic components , with some embodiments using more signal routes than other embodiments . fig4 shows a plan view of another representative embodiment of a semiconductor assembly 400 comprising an integrated circuit die 410 having an active side 430 ( not shown in this view ) and a back side 440 . in this particular embodiment , the back side 440 features a metallization layer 442 comprising two or more signal routes 460 , 462 , 464 , 466 , which can be similar to the signal routes of other embodiments described above . for example , the signal route 460 can comprise a component pad 470 , a signal trace 474 and a bond pad 472 . the signal routes 462 , 464 , 466 can comprise components similar to the signal route 460 , although the signal routes 460 , 462 , 464 , 466 can vary in size and shape . the metallization layer 442 can be made of a suitable material , or combinations of suitable materials . in some embodiments , the metallization layer 442 is made of copper or one or more other metals . the metallization layer 442 can be formed by applying a metallization coating to the die back side 440 , followed by selectively etching the back side . in another embodiment , a metallization coating can be selectively applied with a mask during a coating process . one or more electronic components 480 can be electrically coupled to one or more component pads , e . g ., the component pad 470 on the signal route 460 . the component can be coupled to the pad using one or more methods known in the art , such as surface - mount technology ( smt ). in one embodiment , one or more signal routes 460 , 462 , 464 , 466 can be configured to electrically connect two or more electrical components 480 to each other . dotted line 482 exemplifies where an electronic component 484 ( shown in fig5 ) might be positioned relative to the signal routes 460 , 462 . fig5 shows a side cross - sectional view of assembly 400 taken along the broken line 5 - 5 indicated in fig4 . relative to fig4 , fig5 depicts an additional electronic component 484 , as well as solder 486 , 488 used to attach the components 480 , 484 to their respective signal routes 464 , 462 . the surface area of die back side 440 that is not covered by the metallization layer 442 ( e . g ., not covered by signal routes 460 ) can act as a solder non - wettable area . thus an additional solder resist layer on die back side 440 can be unnecessary . alternatively , solder resist can be provided as a continuous layer or in selected locations . in one embodiment , no passivation layer is added to the die back side 440 ( e . g ., on top of the metallization layer 442 ), as the silicon of the die is non - conductive . as was discussed with respect to similar assemblies 100 , 300 , the electronic components 480 , 484 can comprise passive components ( e . g ., resistors , capacitors , inductors ), active components ( e . g ., transistors , diodes ), or combinations thereof . in other embodiments , the components 480 , 484 comprise additional semiconductor die . the component pads can be configured according to a number of terminals of a selected electronic component , e . g ., two pads can be fabricated for a two - terminal component such as a resistor , or three pads for a transistor . in some embodiments , more component pads are fabricated in the metallization layer than are actually used by electronic components electrically coupled to the metallization layer . for example , a generic arrangement and number of component pads can be manufactured in the metallization layer for use with multiple embodiments using varying numbers and combinations of electronic components , with some embodiments using more component pads than other embodiments . fig6 shows a plan view of one embodiment of an assembly 600 combining some features of assemblies 100 , 300 and 400 . for example , a semiconductor die 610 can comprise an active side 630 ( shown in fig7 ) and a back side 640 with a dielectric material section 654 occupying a portion of the backside 640 . the dielectric material section 654 can have one or more signal routes 660 , 662 to which an electronic component 680 can be attached . the back side of the same die also can feature one or more signal routes 664 , 666 fabricated in a metallization layer 642 . an electronic component 682 can be attached to the signal routes 664 , 666 . fig7 shows a side cross - sectional view of the assembly 600 , taken along the broken line 7 - 7 in fig6 . as shown in fig7 , the components 680 , 682 can be coupled to the signal routes 660 , 666 with respective solder connections 686 , 688 . fig8 shows a plan view of one embodiment of a die 810 in a flip chip package 800 . die 810 is depicted as being similar to the die 310 of assembly 300 of fig3 , with the dielectric material sections 852 , 854 attached to the die back side 840 . additional die embodiments disclosed herein , and embodiments similar thereto also can be packaged in a similar manner . the flip chip package 800 comprises a die paddle 812 and a plurality of leads 814 . one or more electronic components 880 can be electrically coupled to the leads 814 via one or more signal routes 860 and one or more wires 882 . fig9 shows a side cross - sectional view of the chip package 800 , taken along the line 9 - 9 in fig8 . this view more clearly shows packaging material 884 which can encapsulate some or all of the die 810 , the die paddle 812 , the leads 814 and the electronic components 880 . ( packaging material 884 also appears in fig8 in spaces around the leads 814 and the die paddle 812 , but the material positioned above the paddle 812 and the die 810 is not shown , to provide a clear view of those components .) a number of materials known in the art can be used for the packaging material 884 . in some embodiments one packaging material 884 is used , and in other embodiments two or more materials 884 are used . the chip package 800 can further comprise bumps 820 , which can provide an electrical coupling between the active side 830 of the die 810 and the one or more leads 814 . the bumps 820 can be arranged in a variety of positions , as is known in the art , and can be coupled to one or more bonding pads ( not shown ) on the die active side 830 . the leads 814 , bumps 820 , wires 882 and signal routes 860 can provide one or more electrical connections between the active side 830 and the electronic components 880 . placing the electronic components 880 on the back side 840 of the die 810 can allow for incorporating such components into the chip package 800 without necessarily increasing the area of the package 800 . in some embodiments , a first group of one or more electronic components 880 is placed on the back side 840 , while a second group of the one or more electronic components 880 is placed approximately coplanar to the die 810 ( e . g ., on the leads 814 ). in some embodiments , the chip package 800 can be incorporated into a chip - scale package ( csp ), a ball - grid array ( bga ) package , a direct chip array ( dca ) package , a multi - chip module ( mcm ), package - on - package ( pop ), package - in - package ( pip ), or other packages known in the art . fig1 depicts a plan view of one embodiment of a bond - on - lead ( bol ) package 1000 , the exterior of which comprises leads 1014 and at least one packaging material 1084 . fig1 shows a cross - sectional side view of the bol package 1000 , taken along the line 11 - 11 in fig1 . the depicted embodiment is a wirebond design , although in other embodiments a flip chip design can be used with a bol package . in the depicted embodiment , the semiconductor die 1010 can be configured similarly to the die 110 of the assembly 100 . ( other embodiments described above can also be used with a bol package .) dielectric material 1050 , featuring one or more electronic components 1086 , can be attached to the back side 1040 of the die 1010 . wires 1082 can electrically couple electronic components 1086 with one or more leads 1014 . wires 1088 can electrically couple the active side 1030 of the die 1010 with leads 1014 . a configuration of the wires 1082 , 1088 and the leads 1014 can electrically couple the components 1086 with the active side 1030 . fig1 shows a flowchart for one embodiment of a method 1200 for making a semiconductor assembly . a semiconductor die can be provided ( step 1210 ) and two or more component pads can be provided ( step 1220 ). as is explained below , the component pads can be provided on a dielectric material section or in a metallization layer . one or more electronic components can be electrically coupled with two or more component pads ( step 1230 ). in some embodiments , leads and packaging materials can be provided ( step 1240 ), which can result in packages similar to packages 800 and 1000 as described above , for example . fig1 shows a flowchart for one embodiment of a method 1300 for making a semiconductor assembly similar to assemblies 100 , 300 , as described above . in step 1310 , a semiconductor die can be provided . one or more dielectric material sections can be provided ( step 1320 ) and attached to the back side of the die ( step 1330 ). component pads can be formed on the one or more dielectric material sections ( step 1340 ), and one or more electronic components can be electrically coupled with the component pads ( step 1350 ). in some embodiments , leads and packaging materials can be provided ( step 1360 ), which can result in packages similar to packages 800 and 1000 as described above , for example . fig1 shows a flowchart for one embodiment of a method 1400 for making a semiconductor assembly similar to assembly 400 , as described above . in step 1410 , a semiconductor die can be provided . a metallization layer can be provided on the back side of the die using , for example , the methods described above with respect to assembly 400 ( step 1420 ). the metallization layer can comprise a plurality of component pads , as well as signal traces and wirebond pads . electronic components can be electrically coupled with at least some of the component pads ( step 1430 ). in some embodiments , leads and packaging materials can be provided ( step 1440 ), which can result in packages similar to packages 800 and 1000 as described above , for example . although the steps described above in methods 1200 , 1300 and 1400 can be executed in the order described , some embodiments can carry out some steps in one or more different orders . for example , in method 1300 , component pads can be formed on the one or more dielectric material sections ( step 1340 ) before the sections are attached to the die back side ( step 1330 ). those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize other possible orders for the disclosed methods . in view of the many possible embodiments to which the principles of the disclosed invention may be applied , it should be recognized that the illustrated embodiments are only preferred examples of the invention and should not be taken as limiting the scope of the invention . rather , the scope of the invention is defined by the following claims . we therefore claim as our invention all that comes within the scope and spirit of these claims . | 7 |
korean patent application no . 2001 - 61398 , entitled : “ process error preventing method in semiconductor fabricating equipment ,” filed on oct . 5 , 2001 , is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety . in the following detailed description and drawings , like reference numerals are used to indicate like elements throughout . a detailed description of well - known functions and structures are omitted to clarify key points of the present invention . fig1 illustrates a system diagram for controlling semiconductor fabricating equipment according to an embodiment of the present invention . a plurality of pieces of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 are loaded with wafers in order to perform semiconductor fabricating processes . an operator interface server 10 is input with process conditions for performing each one of a plurality of semiconductor fabricating processes in the corresponding piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . the operator interface server 10 also controls the release of any interlocks that are generated in the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 to thereby enable continued processing . a user interface server 12 monitors the status of each piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 in a remote job entry and records the generation of interlocks in each piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . a data collecting server 16 is connected to a data bus 13 to receive commands for beginning each of the plurality of semiconductor fabricating processes from the operator interface server 10 . the data collecting server 16 acts as an interface controller between the upstream servers and an equipment interface controller 18 , which in turn communicates with each piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . the data collecting server 16 , transfers the command signals to the appropriate piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 via the equipment interface controller 18 . the data collecting server 16 also collects data generated during the semiconductor fabricating processes in real time to determine whether an interlock has been generated . if an interlock has been generated , the data collecting server 16 informs an equipment controlling server 14 of the interlock generation . the equipment control server 14 provides process condition data signals to the operator interface server 10 , receives data and interlock signals from the data collecting server 16 , determines whether an interlock has been generated more than a predetermined number of times , and performs a three - strike - out process if interlocks have been generated more than the predetermined number of times . to perform the above process , the equipment control server 14 preferably further includes a database 24 for receiving and storing static process control ( spc ) data signals , an interlock module 26 , a three - strike - out module 28 , and an equipment server 22 . the interlock module 26 preferably includes a program for receiving and processing interlock data signals from the data collecting server 16 in order to monitor the interlock status of each piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . when necessary , the interlock module 26 shuts down the interlocked equipment and simultaneously outputs a corresponding signal to the equipment server 22 indicating the generation of an interlock . the three - strike - out module 28 preferably includes a program for receiving , counting , and processing interlock data signals from the data collecting server 16 in order to control a three - strike - out process when interlocks are generated more than the predetermined number of times . the equipment server 22 receives data signals indicating the generation of interlocks from the data collecting server 16 and generates control signals to interlock the corresponding piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . the equipment server 22 also receives a three - strike - out data signal for storing the three - strike - out state of the corresponding piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 in the database 24 . additionally , a secured quality control mechanism is included to ensure that only a few authorized engineers may release the interlocks . fig2 is a flow chart illustrating the control of a three - strike - out process in response to the generation of an interlock according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig3 a and 3 b illustrate exemplary graphs showing trends beyond the control - limited lines usl and lsl in a static process control ( spc ). referring to fig1 and 2 , in step 101 , the operator interface server 10 is input with various parameters and process conditions necessary to initiate the processes in the corresponding pieces of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . the input parameters are input to the data collecting server 16 via data bus 13 . the input parameters are transferred by the data collecting server 16 to the equipment interface controller 18 and then to the appropriate piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . in step 102 , the data collecting server 16 collects process characterization data signals from each of the plurality of pieces of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 via the equipment interface controller 18 . in step 103 , data collecting server 16 compares the received process characterization data signals with a range of optimum process conditions for the static process control ( spc ). that is , the data collecting server 16 determines whether the parameters are out of the predetermined limits , an upper specification limit ( usl ) or a lower specification limit ( lsl ) as shown in fig3 a , thereby determining whether the static process control is out ( spc out ). if the parameters are within the specification limits , ( i . e ., not an spc out condition ), the data collecting server 16 returns to and repeats step 102 and continues to collect process characterization data . if the parameters are not within the specification limits , ( i . e ., an spc out condition ), the data collecting server 16 transfers the interlock data signal to the interlock module 26 of the equipment control server 14 . in step 104 , the interlock module 26 outputs a corresponding interlock data signal to the equipment server 22 , thus interlocking and disabling the corresponding piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 . at this time , the equipment server 22 stores in the database 24 the spc out data signal of the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 where the interlock was generated . thereafter , an authorized engineer repairs the interlocked semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 , and an operator manipulates the operator interface server 10 to reset the interlock and resume normal operation of the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 , provided the problems have been sufficiently resolved . in addition , the interlock module 26 generates an interlock data signal and transfers that data signal to the three - strike - out module 28 for recording the interlock occurrence . in step 105 , at the three - strike - out module 28 , an spc out counter ( not shown ) counts the number of the spc out ( spc out cnt ) to determine whether the number of the spc out has reached a predetermined value n within a specified time period . if the spc out cnt is not the predetermined value n , for instance if spc out cnt ≠ 3 , in step 106 , the three - strike - out module 28 increases the spc out cnt by 1 and loops back to retest spc out in step 103 . when a reappearance of the spc out is detected , the three - strike - out module 28 determines which control limit was exceeded , ( i . e ., usl or lsl ), such data being secondarily applied to the spc , as shown in fig3 b . thereafter , step 104 proceeds as previously described . in step 105 , the three - strike - out module 28 again detects whether the spc out cnt indicates a predetermined value n within a predetermined time period . upon an occurrence of the nth interlock , preferably , for example , n = 3 and spc out cnt = 3 , the process is routed to step 107 . in step 107 , the three - strike - out module 28 re - initializes the spc out cnt to zero . in step 108 , the three - strike - out module 28 transfers the three - strike - out data signal to the equipment server 22 to allow the equipment server 22 to record the data signal in the database 24 , thereby indicating that the corresponding piece of semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 having the three - strike - out state is disabled . if the database 24 records that the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 is disabled due to a three - strike - out state , the corresponding semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 will not operate even if the operator interface server 10 instructs the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 to resume process operations . in step 109 , if the operator interface server 10 instructs the equipment to release the interlock , the screen of the operator interface server 10 displays a message that a secret number , or authorization code , should be input . if , using operator interface server 10 , the correct authorization code is input and an execution command is input , the corresponding semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 is released from the interlocked state . as described above , since only a limited number of authorized skilled engineers may accurately analyze the cause of an interlock in semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 and take the proper corrective steps when the semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 is at the three - strike - out state due to the generation of interlocks , the corresponding fabrication processes are not performed while semiconductor fabricating equipment 20 is interlocked and disabled , thereby preventing any accidents or further defects . fig4 illustrates graphs showing exemplary measurement results in exemplary first and second production lines before and after the three - strike - out module is applied . referring to fig4 the frequency of interlocking is 163 . 9 in a one - day average in the first production line and 258 . 5 in a one - day average in the second production line , respectively , at the state that the three - strike - out module is not applied during a representative period from may 1 to 11 , 2001 . upon implementation of the three - strike - out module of the present invention to only the input parameters , the frequency of interlocking becomes 108 . 5 in a one - day average in the first production line and 203 . 6 in a one - day average in the second production line , respectively , as shown during the exemplary period from may 12 to 21 , 2001 . the above results indicate that the frequency of interlocking significantly decreases even in a case that the three - strike - out module is applied to only the input parameters . as a result of applying the three - strike - out module to all parameters , as shown during an exemplary period from may 22 to jun . 25 , 2001 , the frequency of interlocking is further decreased by about 72 in a one - day average in the first production line when compared with that of may 1 to 11 , which corresponds to a 44 % decrease in the frequency of interlocking , and by about 104 in a one - day average in the second line when compared with that of may 1 to 11 , which corresponds to a 40 % decrease in the frequency of interlocking . advantageously , according to preferred embodiments of the present invention , if interlocks are generated more than a predetermined number of times within a predetermined period of time during semiconductor fabricating processes , the semiconductor fabricating equipment is completely disabled and can only be re - enabled by a select few authorized skilled engineers who have access to a secret authorization code . in this way , the process error prevention method prevents interlocks from being generated multiple times by a recurring error and ensures that necessary repairs and corrections have been implemented on the semiconductor fabricating equipment before it is re - enabled . preferred embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed herein and , although specific terms are employed , they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation . accordingly , it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as set forth in the following claims . | 6 |
fig1 shows a plot of a prior art compressor characteristic , i . e . a plot of the compressor output level as a function of the input level , both in spl . this characteristic may be for a general compressor or it may be for one among a bank of narrow - band compressors in a hearing aid signal processor . the particular characteristic may depend on the fitting to a particular user . the example in the figure assumes the hearing aid has been tuned to compensate a particular hearing deficiency , as partially illustrated by the hearing threshold line at 70 db . the fitting to other users may be suggested by those skilled in the art of hearing aid fitting . the characteristic comprises two linear segments 5 , 6 , which are interconnected at a knee - point 10 ( ct — compression threshold ) typically positioned at 50 db spl input level . at sound levels below the knee point 10 , as evidenced by the linear segment 5 , there is substantially no compression , i . e . the gain is a constant gain , suitable for compensating the hearing loss at low input signal levels . in fig1 , this gain is 30 db as illustrated at the line g 15 at 15 db input level and identically 30 db as illustrated at the line g 50 at 50 db input level . normal speech is about 50 db input level . above the knee point 10 , as evidenced by the segment 6 , there is a compression ratio above 1 , typically 2 : 1 , lowering the gain at high input levels as appropriate for compensating for recruitment . the compression ratio of a segment is equal to the reciprocal value of the slope of the segment . given a low - end gain of 30 db and a hearing threshold of 70 db , input levels below 40 db will not be audible to this hearing aid user . in order to be able to hear a faint sudden change in the sound environment , such as a sudden occurrence of a faint sound , the hearing aid user can increase the gain of the hearing aid thereby displacing the characteristic shown in fig1 upwardly in the direction of the y - axis . in that case , however , other faint sounds in the stationary sound environment , such as the sound of a ventilator , traffic noise , etc , will also be amplified , possibly to a level above the hearing threshold causing an annoyance or an uncomfortable disturbance of the user . fig2 shows a compressor characteristic of a compressor according to the present invention . in fig2 , the segments 5 , 6 correspond to the segments 5 , 6 shown in fig1 . preferably , segment 6 has a compression ratio that is greater than 1 . 4 , and , more preferred , a compression ratio substantially equal to 2 . other values of the compression ratio may be used if appropriate . it is the gist of the present invention that the output level 9 at the knee - point or compression threshold is lower than the hearing threshold 8 . in fig2 , the knee - point is situated at about 15 db input level , i . e . in the low end of the range audible to people with normal hearing . the gain at the knee - point and below is about 40 db as illustrated by g 15 , drawn at 15 db input level . above the knee - point the gain rolls off governed by the compressor , reaching about 30 db at 50 db input level as illustrated by g 50 . thus the gain at normal speech level is similar to that illustrated in fig1 . on the other hand the gain is substantially higher at low signal levels than for the prior art compressor . the hearing aid according to the present invention may have a microphone that generates a low level of microphone noise . the hearing aid signal processor may have a plurality of channels , preferably more than 6 channels , more preferred more than 8 channels , most preferred more than 10 channels , e . g . 15 channels . since noise in each channel is substantially proportional to channel bandwidth , an increase in the number of channels leads to a reduction of the noise in each channel . thus , in spite of the increased gain , the noise in a channel is still maintained below the hearing threshold . in the present example , the knee point is situated at 15 db spl input level . typically , the knee - level is situated below 25 db spl input level , more often below 20 db spl input level , for example below 15 db spl . fig3 illustrates amplification by a hearing aid according to the present invention of a sudden sound in an otherwise steady sound background 11 . the sudden sound is illustrated by a square wave pulse rising at 12 and disappearing at 13 . the steady sound background is processed in the hearing aid to produce an output signal at the level a , below the hearing threshold . the compressor is provided with a slow attack time , such as 1 or 2 seconds . transient signals are amplified linearly . when the sound pulse occurs at 12 , the sound pulse is amplified with the current large gain in order to produce initially an output sound signal at level b . in the example , b exceeds the hearing threshold 14 , signifying that the signal is indeed audible to the hearing aid user . if the sound pulse persists for a longer time than the attack time 16 of the compressor , the compressor will kick in to decrease the gain over time 18 to gradually arrive at the output level c , below the threshold of hearing . thus , depending on the magnitude of the signal , eventually the sudden sound may no longer be amplified above the hearing threshold 14 . in the example , the sudden sound 13 can be heard by the hearing aid user for substantially the attack time 16 of the compressor , which is a sufficient period for the user to be alerted by the sound . disappearance of the square wave sound pulse at 13 produces a downward step taking the output level to the point d . the compressor recovers from this new lower level only slowly . gradually , according to the compressor release time , the gain grows to take the output level back to the initial level a . reference is also made to fig5 for a plot of the points a , b , c and d in the input - output diagram . this plot illustrates the points a and c on the compressor curve , which represent steady state situations , whereas the points b and d , which represent transient states , are defined by a respective starting point and by a step height ( up or down ). generally , it is assumed that the human ear has a time constant for loudness perception in the order of 0 . 2 to 0 . 3 seconds . this is the minimum duration required by a human ear for a full perception of the loudness of the signal . shorter signals may also be perceived , however the loudness of shorter signals tends to be underestimated . fig4 shows a schematic block diagram of a hearing aid 20 according to the present invention . it will be obvious for the person skilled in the art that the circuits indicated in fig6 may be implemented using digital or analogue circuitry or any combination hereof . in the present embodiment , digital signal processing is employed and thus , the processor 28 consists of digital signal processing circuits . in the present embodiment , all the digital circuitry of the hearing aid 20 may be provided on a single digital signal - processing chip or , the circuitry may be distributed on a plurality of integrated circuit chips in another way . in the hearing aid 20 , a microphone 22 is provided for reception of a sound signal and conversion of the sound signal into a corresponding electrical signal representing the received sound signal . the hearing aid 20 may comprise a plurality of input transducers 22 with appropriate input stage processing for the purpose of added functionality , e . g . for providing a direction sensitive capability . the microphone 22 converts the sound signal into an analogue electric signal . the analogue electric signal is sampled and digitized by an a / d converter 24 into a digital signal 26 for digital signal processing in the hearing aid 20 . the digital signal 26 is fed to a digital signal processor 28 for amplification of the microphone output signal 26 according to a desired frequency characteristic and compressor function to provide an output signal 30 suitable for compensating the hearing deficiency of the user . the output signal 30 is fed to a d / a converter 32 and further to an output transducer 34 , i . e . a receiver 34 , which converts the output signal 30 into an acoustic output signal . the signal processor 28 comprises a first filter bank 36 with band pass filters 36 i for dividing the electrical signal 26 into a set of band pass filtered first electrical signal derivatives 26 1 , 26 2 , . . . , 26 i . further , the signal processor 28 comprises a set 38 of compressors and offset amplifiers 38 1 , 38 2 , . . . , 38 i each of which is connected to a different band pass filter 36 1 , 36 2 , . . . , 36 i for individual compression of the corresponding band pass filtered signal derivatives 26 1 , 26 2 , . . . , 26 i . fig4 illustrates the compressor and offset amplifiers 38 1 , 38 2 , . . . , 38 i in the respective frequency bands 36 1 , 36 2 , . . . , 36 i , having compressor characteristics in accordance with the present invention . the illustrated compressor characteristics 38 1 and 38 2 correspond to the characteristic shown in fig2 . in the present example , 36 1 and 36 2 are low frequency band pass filters , e . g . with pass bands below 500 hz . 36 1 , may have a pass band below 300 hz and 36 2 may have a pass band between 300 hz and 500 hz . for simplicity , compressors are not illustrated in every frequency band . compressors with characteristics in accordance with the present invention may be included in any appropriate frequency channel . | 7 |
referring to fig2 , a front view of a packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention is illustrated . as illustrated , the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 comprises a first sealing unit 21 , a second sealing unit 23 , a locating block 25 , a first link 271 , a first rocker arm 273 , a second rocker arm 275 , a plurality of for example , two second links 277 , and two line - folding units 29 . the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 are set facing each other and movable relative to each other between an open position and a close position . in one embodiment , the first sealing unit 21 is disposed at the bottom side , and the second sealing unit 23 is disposed above the first sealing unit 21 . during working of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 , the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 are moved in reversed directions , for example , when moving the first sealing unit 21 upwards , the second sealing unit 23 is moved downwards , and therefore , the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 can clamp a packaging bag 2 therebetween and then seal the packaging bag 2 . the first rocker arm 273 and the second rocker arm 275 are coupled together and arranged on the first sealing unit 21 . in one embodiment , the first rocker arm 273 comprises a fulcrum 2731 and a swing portion 2733 , and the second rocker arm 275 comprises a fulcrum 2751 and two swing portions 2753 . the fulcrum 2731 of the first rocker arm 273 is connected to the fulcrum 2751 of the second rocker arm 275 . thus , forcing the first rocker arm 273 to swing will drive the second rocker arm 275 to swing . in one embodiment , the fulcrum 2731 of the first rocker arm 273 and the fulcrum 2751 of the second rocker arm 275 are coincided with each other and coupled to the first sealing unit 21 , allowing the first rocker arm 273 and the second rocker arm 275 to be oscillated back and forth relative to the first sealing unit 21 . the locating block 25 is disposed adjacent to the first sealing unit 21 , and coupled to the first rocker arm 273 at the first sealing unit 21 by the first link 271 , for example , coupled to the swing portion 2733 of the first rocker arm 273 by the first link 271 . when operating the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 to seal a packaging bag 22 , the locating block 25 is kept immovable , and the first sealing unit 21 is movable relative to the locating block 25 . during movement of the first sealing unit 21 relative to the locating block 25 , the first link 271 at the locating block 25 will carry the first rocker arm 273 to swing , causing the second rocker arm 275 to swing . the two swing portions 2753 of the second rocker arm 275 are respectively coupled to respective one ends of the second links 277 . the respective other ends of the second links 277 are respectively coupled to the line - folding units 29 . during swinging of the second rocker arm 275 about the axis extending through its fulcrum 2751 , the two second links 277 will move the line - folding units 29 in reversed directions to compress the packaging bag 22 . in one embodiment , the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 are movable in a first direction y , the two line - folding units 29 are movable in a second direction x substantially perpendicular to the first direction y . further , when moving the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 toward the packaging bag 22 , the two line - folding units 29 will also be moved toward the packaging bag 22 . in actual application , the two line - folding units 29 are disposed at opposing left and right sides relative to the packaging bag 22 to be sealed , and moved toward the opposing side panels of the packaging bag 22 . after the line - folding units 29 touched the packaging bag 22 , the two opposing side panels of the packaging bag 22 are folded inwards . the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 are respectively disposed at opposing top and bottom sides relative to the packaging bag 22 to be sealed , and moved toward the packaging bag 22 to clamp and seal the laterally inwardly folded packaging bag 22 . the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 is characterized by the relative motion between the first sealing unit 21 and the locating block 25 to move the first link 271 , the first rocker arm 273 , the second rocker arm 275 and the second links 277 , driving the line - folding unit 29 to make folding lines on the packaging bag 22 . by means of adjusting the relative positions or lengths among the locating block 25 , the first sealing unit 21 , the first link 271 , the first rocker arm 273 , the second rocker arm 275 , the second links 277 and / or the line - folding units 29 , the line - folding units 29 can make folding lines on the packaging bag 22 at a selected location . further , the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 will seal the packaging bag 22 only after the line - folding units 29 have make folding lines on the packaging bag 22 at the selected location . in one embodiment , each line - folding unit 29 comprises a connection member 291 , at least one first sliding rail 293 , at least one adjustment member 295 and at least one line - folding member 297 . the connection member 291 is located at the first sliding rail 293 , and connected to one respective second link 277 . the adjustment member 295 is located at the connection member 291 , and connected to the line - folding member 297 . during the operation to make folding lines on the packaging bag 22 , the respective second link 277 will move the connection member 291 along the first sliding rail 293 , causing the line - folding member 297 to fold the respective side panel of the packaging bag 22 to be sealed . during an adjustment operation , the line - folding member 297 can be moved along the adjustment member 295 to the desired position , enabling the line - folding member 297 to make a folding line on the packaging bag 22 at a predetermined location . because each second link 277 has its one end coupled to the second rocker arm 275 and its other end coupled to the connection member 291 , swinging the second rocker arm 275 can drive the second links 277 to move the connection members 291 of the line - folding units 29 along the respective first sliding rails 293 , causing the respective line - folding members 297 to move in the second direction x and to make folding lines on the packaging bag 22 . unlike the swinging action of the line - folding units 19 of the prior art packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 10 , the line - folding units 29 of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 of the present invention are linearly movable in the second direction ( for example , horizontal direction ) x to make symmetrical ( top and bottom ) folding lines on the packaging bag 22 , improving the packaging quality of the packaging bag 22 . when using the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 to seal packaging bags 22 of a different size , the operator can fix the relative positions of the first sealing unit 21 , the locating block 25 , the first link 271 , the first rocker arm 273 , the second rocker arm 275 and the second links 277 , and then adjust the elevation of the second sealing unit 23 and the position of the line - folding units 29 , for example , the elevations and lengths of the line - folding members 297 of the line - folding units 29 . thus , the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 is applicable to seal packaging bags 22 with different sizes . when compared to the prior art packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 10 , the adjustment of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 of the present invention is much easy , shortening the time the operator required to calibrate the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 . in one embodiment , the line - folding and sealing machine 20 further comprises at least one second sliding rail 28 adapted to support the first sealing unit 21 , the second sealing unit 23 and / or the locating block 25 , facilitating adjustment of relative positions among the first sealing unit 21 , the second sealing unit 23 and / or the locating block 25 for enabling the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 to fold and seal different sizes of packaging bags 22 . in one embodiment , each line - folding unit 29 further comprises a locating member 292 mounted on one respective second sliding rail 28 to support the associate first sliding rail 293 in a substantially orthogonal manner . when adjusting the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 , the position of the first sealing unit 21 and / or the position of the locating block 25 are normally remained unchanged , the operator simply needs to lift or lower the second sealing unit 23 , allowing the packaging bag 22 to be delivered through the gap between the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 and the first sealing unit 21 and the second sealing unit 23 to clamp and seal the packaging bag 22 . thereafter , adjust the line - folding units 29 to move the line - folding members 297 to the position about one half of the height of the packaging bag 22 where the line - folding members 297 can fold the packaging bag 22 to make symmetrical folding lines on the packaging bag 22 . the second links 277 of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 20 in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention as illustrated in fig2 can be substituted by respective protective members . in a second embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig3 , protective members 377 are used in the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 30 and coupled between the second rocker arm 275 and the line - folding units 29 . the second rocker arm 275 can move the line - folding units 29 by means of the respective protective members 377 . in this second embodiment , the protective members 377 are protective air cylinders . if the external pressure applied to the opposite ends of the protective members 377 surpasses the protective pressure of the protective air cylinders , the protective members 377 will be forced to retract or expand . if the external pressure applied to the opposite ends of the protective members 377 is within the range of the protective pressure of the protective air cylinders , the protective members 377 will not be forced to retract or expand , and will work like the second links 277 , allowing the second rocker arm 275 to move the line - folding units 29 through the protective members 377 . the arrangement of the protective members 377 can protect the component parts of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 30 against damage . for example , if an internal component part of the packaging bag line - folding and sealing machine 30 is stuck , the protective members 377 can be forced by the applied external force to expand or retract , avoiding transmission of the applied external force to other component parts , lowering the risk of component damage . although particular embodiments of the invention have been described in detail for purposes of illustration , various modifications and enhancements may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . accordingly , the invention is not to be limited except as by the appended claims . | 1 |
the embodiments of the novel magnet array disclosed herein can increase the magnetic flux as compared to a single block magnet . in certain embodiments , the magnet array can comprise a three magnet configuration as illustrated in fig2 or 3 a . the magnetic flux of the three magnet array 20 is illustrated in fig3 b . the magnetic flux of the novel magnet array 20 is concentrated downward with little flux pointing upward . the downward pointed magnetic flux of the three magnet array 20 is greater than the magnetic flux generated by a single block magnet with the north pole pointing downward whereby the size of the single magnet is equivalent in size to the combination of the three 3 - magnet array 20 . in certain embodiments , the three magnet array 20 can comprise a sub - array 20 . the sub - array 20 can comprise a first magnet block 22 with the north pole pointing to a center magnet 24 whose a north pole pointing downward or upward being sandwiched between the first magnetic block 22 and a second magnet block 26 with its north pole pointing to the center magnet block 24 . if the center magnet block 24 has the north pole pointing upward , the sub - array 20 will have an equivalent north pole pointing upward . if the center magnet block 24 has the north pole pointing downward , the sub - array 20 will have an equivalent north pole pointing downward . in general , while maintaining the x dimensions of the magnetic blocks 22 , 24 and 26 to be equal , maintaining the z dimensions of the magnetic blocks 22 , 24 and 26 to be equal and making the y dimension of the magnet block 24 preferably bigger or larger in size than the y dimension of the magnet block 22 and 26 , the magnetic flux in the north pole can be made stronger or increased . for example , fig4 a illustrates a configuration of a magent array 10 of comprising a first sub - array 20 with an equivalent north pole pointing toward (− x direction ) the center sub - array 30 with an equivalent north pole pointing upward (+ z direction ), and a second sub - array 40 with an equivalent north pole pointing toward the center sub - array (+ x direction ). the first sub - array 20 comprises a first magnet block 22 with the north pole pointing in the − y direction , a center magnet block 24 with north pole pointing towards the − x direction , and a second magnet block 26 with the north pole pointing to the + y direction . the sub - array 20 has an equivalent north pole pointing to the center sub - array 30 (− x direction ). in certain embodiments , the magnet array 10 can comprise a center sub - array 30 having a first block magnet 32 with the north pole pointing towards − y direction , a center magnet block 34 with the north pole pointing to + z direction and a second block magnet 36 with the north pole pointing to the center magnet block 34 . the center sub - array 30 has an equivalent north pole pointing in the + z direction . in certain embodiments , the magnet array 10 can comprise a second sub - array 40 having a first magnet block 42 with the north pole pointing to (+ x direction ) the center magnet block 44 and a third magnet block 46 with the north pole pointing to the center magnet block 44 (+ y direction ). the second sub - array 40 has an equivalent north pole pointing to the center sub - array 30 (+ x direction ). the magnet array 10 has an equivalent north pole pointing to the + z direction . if the north pole of center block magnet 34 is inverted resulting in the north pole pointing to the − z direction , the magnet array 10 will have an equivalent north pole pointing to the − z direction . the sub - arrays 20 , 30 , and 40 may be identical or substantially the same in size , or in certain embodiments , the sub - arrays 20 , 30 , and 40 may be different sizes , or in certain embodiments , the sub - arrays 20 , 30 , and 40 may have a combination thereof . with reference to fig4 b , in certain embodiments , the x dimension of sub - array 30 may be bigger or larger than the x dimension of sub - array 20 and 40 , and / or the y dimension of sub - array 30 may be bigger or larger than the y dimension of sub - array 20 and 40 , and / or the x and y dimensions of sub - array 20 and 40 are equal , resulting in a configuration as illustrated in fig4 b . in particular , the x dimension of magnet blocks 22 , 24 , 26 , 42 , 44 and 46 are identical or substantially identical to each other ; the y - dimension of the magnet blocks 22 , 26 , 42 and 46 are identical or substantially identical to each other ; the y dimension of magnet blocks 24 , 34 , and 44 are identical or substantially identical to each other ; and the x dimension of magnet blocks 32 , 34 and 36 are identical or substantially to each other . in reference to fig5 , in certain embodiments , the magnetic blocks of the sub - array 20 , and 40 are identical or substantially identical except for in the z - dimension . for example , the z - dimension the sub - array 20 , 30 and 40 can be bigger or larger than the x - dimensions and y - dimensions . fig6 illustrates another embodiment of a magnet array 10 , whereby each magnetic block can be replaced by a sub - array with the equivalent north pole pointing to the same direction of the replaced magnetic block . for example , the magnetic block 22 of fig4 can be replaced by three magnetic blocks 22 a , 22 b and 22 c , whereby the north pole of the magnetic block 22 can be pointing to the same direction of the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 22 a , 22 b , and 22 c . the magnetic block 24 of fig4 can be replaced by three magnetic blocks 24 a , 24 b and 24 c , whereby the north pole of the magnetic block 24 can be pointing to the same direction of the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 24 a , 24 b , and 24 c . the magnetic block 26 of fig4 can be replaced by three magnetic blocks 26 a , 26 b and 26 c , whereby the north pole of the magnetic block 26 is pointing to the same direction of the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 26 a , 26 b , and 26 c . the magnetic block 32 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 32 a , 32 b and 32 c with the north pole of magnetic block 32 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 32 a , 32 b and 32 c . the magnetic block 34 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 34 a , 34 b and 34 c with the north pole of magnetic block 34 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 34 a , 34 b and 34 c . the magnetic block 36 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 36 a , 36 b and 36 c with the north pole of magnetic block 36 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 36 a , 36 b and 36 c . the magnetic block 42 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 42 a , 42 b and 42 c with the north pole of magnetic block 42 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 42 a , 42 b and 42 c . the magnetic block 44 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 44 a , 44 b and 44 c with the north pole of magnetic block 44 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 44 a , 44 b and 44 c . the magnetic block 46 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 46 a , 46 b and 46 c with the north pole of magnetic block 46 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 46 a , 46 b and 46 c fig7 illustrates another embodiment of the novel magnet array 10 , whereby some of the magnet blocks , 24 , 32 , 36 and 44 can be replaced by a sub - array with the equivalent north pole of the sub - array pointing to the same direction of the north pole of the replaced block . the magnetic block 24 of fig4 can be replaced by three magnetic blocks 24 a , 24 b and 24 c , whereby the north pole of the magnetic block 24 can be pointing to the same direction of the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 24 a , 24 b , and 24 c . the magnetic block 32 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 32 a , 32 b and 32 c with the north pole of magnetic block 32 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 32 a , 32 b and 32 c . the magnetic block 36 is replaced by magnetic blocks 36 a , 36 b and 36 c with the north pole of magnetic block 36 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 36 a , 36 b and 36 c . the magnetic block 42 can be replaced by magnetic blocks 42 a , 42 b and 42 c with the north pole of magnetic block 42 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 42 a , 42 b and 42 c . the magnetic block 44 is replaced by magnetic blocks 44 a , 44 b and 44 c with the north pole of magnetic block 44 pointing to the same direction as the equivalent north pole of magnetic blocks 44 a , 44 b and 44 c . a series of experiments were conducted to evaluate and compare the increase of magnetic flux achieved by the novel magnetic arrays disclosed herein as compared to other magnets , for example , neodymium magnets ( nib magnets or also known as neodymium - iron - boron magnets ) or halbach magnet arrays . specifically , the experiments focused on changes in electromagnetic field ( emf ) and motor torque or horsepower . the data are reported in fig8 . the experimental data illustrates the increased electromagnetic field and / or motor torque generated by the novel magnetic arrays in comparison to nib magnets and / or halbach magnets . with an increase in magnetic field and / or motor torque , various applications requiring a magnet can be made more efficient and / or more powerful . for example , by an appropriate mechanism , a shift in the various sub - magnets of a magnet assembly can be achieved , which can result in a permanent magnet with a variable magnetic field capability having usefulness for various applications , for example , including but not limited to , a fork lift or a crane where heavy magnets are used to lift equipment . the novel magnet array disclosed herein can also replace every , or substantially every , use of conventional magnets which are used in motors , generators , transformers , or any device that produces or transmits electricity with the use of magnets , in order to make such applications more efficient and / or powerful . conditional language , such as , among others , “ can ,” “ could ,” “ might ,” or “ may ,” unless specifically stated otherwise , or otherwise understood within the context as used , is generally intended to convey that certain embodiments include , while other embodiments do not include , certain features , elements and / or steps . thus , such conditional language is not generally intended to imply that features , elements and / or steps are in any way required for one or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarily include logic for deciding , with or without user input or prompting , whether these features , elements and / or steps are included or are to be performed in any particular embodiment . while the embodiments of the present invention have been described , it should be understood that various changes , adaptations , and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the claims . additionally , the skilled artisan will recognize that any of the above - described methods can be carried out using any appropriate apparatus . further , the disclosure herein of any particular feature , aspect , method , property , characteristic , quality , attribute , element , or the like in connection with an embodiment can be used in all other embodiments set , forth herein . thus , it is intended that the scope of the present invention herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above . although the embodiments of the inventions have been disclosed in the context of a certain preferred embodiments and examples , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present inventions extend beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and / or uses of the inventions and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof . in addition , while a number of variations of the inventions have been illustrated and described in detail , other modifications , which are within the scope of the inventions , will be readily apparent to those of skill in the art based upon this disclosure . it is also contemplated that various combinations or subcombinations of the specific features and aspects of the embodiments may be made and still fall within one or more of the inventions . accordingly , it should be understood that various features and aspects of the disclosed embodiments can be combine with or substituted for one another in order to form varying modes of the disclosed inventions . for all of the embodiments described herein the steps of the methods need not be performed sequentially . thus , it is intended that the scope of the present inventions herein disclosed should not be limited by the particular disclosed embodiments described above . | 7 |
as a preliminary matter , it will readily be understood by one having ordinary skill in the relevant art (“ ordinary artisan ”) that the present invention has broad utility and application . furthermore , any embodiment discussed and identified as being “ preferred ” is considered to be part of a best mode contemplated for carrying out the present invention . other embodiments also may be discussed for additional illustrative purposes in providing a full and enabling disclosure of the present invention . moreover , many embodiments , such as adaptations , variations , modifications , and equivalent arrangements , will be implicitly disclosed by the embodiments described herein and fall within the scope of the present invention . accordingly , while the present invention is described herein in detail in relation to one or more embodiments , it is to be understood that this disclosure is illustrative and exemplary of the present invention , and is made merely for the purposes of providing a full and enabling disclosure of the present invention . the detailed disclosure herein of one or more embodiments is not intended , nor is to be construed , to limit the scope of patent protection afforded the present invention , which scope is to be defined by the claims and the equivalents thereof . it is not intended that the scope of patent protection afforded the present invention be defined by reading into any claim a limitation found herein that does not explicitly appear in the claim itself . thus , for example , any sequence ( s ) and / or temporal order of steps of various processes or methods that are described herein are illustrative and not restrictive . accordingly , it should be understood that , although steps of various processes or methods may be shown and described as being in a sequence or temporal order , the steps of any such processes or methods are not limited to being carried out in any particular sequence or order , absent an indication otherwise . indeed , the steps in such processes or methods generally may be carried out in various different sequences and orders while still falling within the scope of the present invention . accordingly , it is intended that the scope of patent protection afforded the present invention is to be defined by the appended claims rather than the description set forth herein . additionally , it is important to note that each term used herein refers to that which the ordinary artisan would understand such term to mean based on the contextual use of such term herein . to the extent that the meaning of a term used herein — as understood by the ordinary artisan based on the contextual use of such term — differs in any way from any particular dictionary definition of such term , it is intended that the meaning of the term as understood by the ordinary artisan should prevail . furthermore , it is important to note that , as used herein , “ a ” and “ an ” each generally denotes “ at least one ,” but does not exclude a plurality unless the contextual use dictates otherwise . thus , reference to “ a picnic basket having an apple ” describes “ a picnic basket having at least one apple ” as well as “ a picnic basket having apples .” in contrast , reference to “ a picnic basket having a single apple ” describes “ a picnic basket having only one apple .” when used herein to join a list of items , “ or ” denotes “ at least one of the items ,” but does not exclude a plurality of items of the list . thus , reference to “ a picnic basket having cheese or crackers ” describes “ a picnic basket having cheese without crackers ”, “ a picnic basket having crackers without cheese ”, and “ a picnic basket having both cheese and crackers .” finally , when used herein to join a list of items , “ and ” denotes “ all of the items of the list .” thus , reference to “ a picnic basket having cheese and crackers ” describes “ a picnic basket having cheese , wherein the picnic basket further has crackers ,” as well as describes “ a picnic basket having crackers , wherein the picnic basket further has cheese .” referring now to fig1 , the components of a preferred embodiment 10 of a kit in accordance with the present invention are illustrated . the illustrated kit comprises a kit for creating the clemson tiger paw on a residential lawn . the kit 10 includes : a container comprising a box 12 ; a first lawn stencil 14 ; a second lawn stencil 16 ; a first container 18 of white paint ; a second container 20 of orange paint ; and a plurality of stakes 22 . while the paint preferably is not permanent , the paint may be permanent , especially for use by fanatical sports fans . the box 12 preferably constitutes the retail packaging in which the kit is sold and includes a graphical representation thereon of the artwork that can be created using the kit . the graphical representation on the box 12 in fig1 comprises the clemson tiger paw . easy to - follow instructions for using the components of the kit to create the clemson tiger paw also may be included on the exterior of the retail packaging and / or within the box . each container of paint 18 , 20 preferably comprises aerosol turf paint , which is made and intended for use on grass and does not chemically harm the grass . such field paint is commonly available in various different colors and used , for example , in striping a sports field . each container preferably includes a sufficient supply of paint to cover twenty - five square feet of grass , which is more than sufficient for applying a design element using , e . g ., a stencil that is about five feet in length and about five feet in width . the plurality of stakes 22 are sufficient in number to securely anchor each of the lawn stencils to a lawn so that the lawn stencil does not substantially move while paint is being sprayed over the lawn stencil . an exemplary number of stakes is four , with each stake being used to secure one of four corners of an exemplary rectangular stencil . each of the lawn stencils 14 , 16 is disposed within the box 12 in a folded configuration as shown in fig1 . alternatively , a lawn stencil may be disposed within the box of the kit in a rolled configuration ( not shown ). each lawn stencil 14 , 16 is shown in its unfolded configuration in fig2 and is , for example , rectangular in shape . more particularly , each lawn stencil 14 , 16 preferably is about five feet in length and about five feet in width , with each of the two lawn stencils 14 , 16 shown in fig2 spanning an area of about twenty - five square feet . each lawn stencil 14 , 16 further is preferably made of between 2 millimeter and 6 millimeter construction grade plastic , such as low density polypropylene ( ldpp ) or low density polyethylene ( ldpe ). use of ldpp or ldpe makes the lawn stencil easy to fold and unfold while providing a sufficient degree of durability that enables several uses of the lawn stencil over time . also as illustrated in fig2 , each lawn stencil 14 , 16 preferably includes four anchor openings 24 in its four corners . each anchor opening is dimensioned to receive there through one of the plurality of stakes 22 for fastening of the lawn stencil to the lawn . the stakes 22 are further described below with reference to fig5 . the orientation and alignment of each lawn stencil when fastened to the ground using stakes is important when creating the intended artwork . accordingly , each lawn stencil of a kit should include an indication of orientation for property orienting the lawn stencil relative to each lawn stencil of the kit during creating of the artwork . in the exemplary kit 10 , each lawn stencil 14 , 16 is provided with an orientation mark “ up ” and an arrow that constitute the indication 27 of orientation , which are located in the upper right - hand corner of the lawn stencil for proper positioning on the ground . each lawn stencil further includes alignment openings for proper alignment of the lawn stencil relative to other lawn stencils . in the exemplary kit 10 , the anchor openings 24 serve as the alignment openings . each lawn stencil 14 , 16 includes a pattern of openings therein that collectively correspond to one or more design elements of the artwork to be applied to the lawn using the paint . the lawn stencil 14 includes a pattern of a single openings 26 that represents an overall outline of the clemson tiger paw , and the lawn stencil 16 includes a pattern of five openings 28 that represents individual outlines of the five pads of the clemson tiger paw . as will be appreciated from review of fig2 , the openings of the pattern in each lawn stencil 14 , 16 are particularly large and represent a large portion of the area of the respective lawn stencil . in order to maintain the structural integrity of the stencil , and in order to distribute tension in the lawn stencil so that the lawn stencil lies taut and flat when fastened to the ground using the stakes , each lawn stencil 14 , 16 preferably includes connecting members or “ gates ” 30 , each of which extends across an opening of the pattern of the lawn stencil . as will be appreciated , these gates 30 serve to distribute tension through each lawn stencil 14 , 16 so that each lawn stencil lies flat and the design elements created using the lawn stencil are not distorted when paint is sprayed over the lawn stencil . in particular , the gates 30 convey tension through the middle portions of the lawn stencils from one side to the other . without the gates 30 , the tension generally would be conveyed along the outer periphery of the lawn stencil causing the lawn stencil to warp or distort when stretched taut upon the ground . moreover , as discussed below with regard to the preferred manufacturing method of lawn stencils , the gates preferably are formed as an integral part of the lawn stencil by cutting a plastic film 31 from which each lawn stencil is formed to include not only the respective pattern of openings therein but also the gates 30 extending there across . the gates thus are constructed from the same plastic film 31 from which the lawn stencil is constructed . alternatively , the gates are attached to the stencil after cutting of the stencil from the plastic film using , for example , an adhesive , cohesive , or other means of bonding , including welding for fusing . additional lawn stencils similar in construction to the lawn stencils 14 , 16 of fig2 are illustrated in fig3 and 4 . in particular , the differences between these lawn stencils 14 , 16 of fig2 and those of fig3 are that the lawn stencils 310 , 320 of fig3 are utilized to create the georgia “ g ”, with the lawn stencil 310 including a pattern of a single opening 312 with four gates , and with the lawn stencil 320 including a pattern of a single opening 322 with four gates . the differences between the lawn stencils 14 , 16 of fig2 and those of fig4 are that the lawn stencils 410 , 420 of fig4 are utilized to create the earnhardt “ 8 ”, with the lawn stencil 410 including a pattern of a single opening 412 with no gates , and with the lawn stencil 420 including a pattern of three openings 422 with fifteen gates . referring now to fig5 , an exemplary stake 500 of the plurality of stakes 22 of the kit 12 of fig1 is illustrated . the stake 500 has an elongated shaft 510 comprising a proximal portion 520 and a distal portion 530 . the proximal portion 520 comprises a rounded head 540 contoured to be comfortably received within the palm of a hand when the stake 500 is driven into the ground . the distal portion 530 is pointed and includes a shape for easy insertion of the stake 500 into the ground . a number of circumferential flanges 550 also are disposed along the shaft 510 in proximity to the proximal portion 520 . each circumferential flange preferably is dimensioned such that , upon extension of the stake through an anchor opening of a lawn stencil , the stencil is retained between the circumferential flange and another circumferential flange or , in the case of the most distal circumferential flange , between such circumferential flange and the lawn . the circumferential flanges serve to keep the lawn stencil from lifting up off of the lawn when , for example , the stencil is blown by the wind . two or more lawn stencils also may be retained by a single stake , with each lawn stencil retained by a different one of the circumferential flanges . the stake 500 preferably includes a bright color , such as bright orange , which contrasts well with green grass . the stake 500 also preferably includes an area 575 at the proximal portion 520 whereupon a trademark may be placed for identifying the source of the lawn stencils and kits . a preferred method of creating an artistic work of art on a lawn includes anchoring a stencil to a lawn and applying a layer of paint in a desired pattern on the lawn by spraying paint over a pattern of one or more openings in the lawn stencil . in this regard , the pattern of one or more openings in the lawn stencil corresponds to one or more design elements of the artwork to be applied to the lawn . for example , with regard to the exemplary kit 10 of fig1 for creating a clemson tiger paw in a residential lawn , the lawn stencil 14 is unfolded and positioned over the desired area of the lawn where the artwork is to be created . four stakes 22 then are driven into the ground , each through a respective anchor opening 24 of the lawn stencil 14 . the stakes preferably are driven into the lawn by hand , and each stake preferably includes a top end thereof that is dimensioned for receipt of the palm of the hand for pushing of the stake into the lawn . in this regard , the top end is rounded and may comprise a semi - spherical or spherical design . the container 18 of white paint then is utilized to spray white paint over the lawn stencil 14 thereby forming an outline of the overall tiger paw on the lawn via the opening 26 . during the paint spraying , the lawn stencil 14 should be adequately stretched or taut so that the lawn stencil 14 lies substantially flat on the lawn . during this process , the indication 27 of orientation on the first lawn stencil 14 is noted by the person creating the artwork . the lawn stencil 14 preferably is left on the ground for approximately 5 to 7 minutes following paint spraying in order to allow for the paint to dry , after which the lawn stencil 14 is removed while the stakes are left in ground . in this respect , each of the four corners of the lawn stencil 14 preferably are stretched over the circumferential flanges 550 of the stakes 22 . additionally , following the removal of the first lawn stencil 14 , the container 18 of white paint is utilized to touch - up the outlines of the pattern of the single opening 26 and to complete and fill - in the area of the outline that has been formed in the lawn using the first lawn stencil 14 . thereafter , the second lawn stencil 16 is placed in overlapping disposition over the area of the lawn that was covered by the first lawn stencil 14 by stretching the corners of the second lawn stencil 16 over the stakes 22 . specifically , the stakes are extended through the anchor openings 24 of the second lawn stencil 16 , which also thereby serve as the alignment openings of the lawn stencil . the stakes 22 are extended through the anchor openings 24 without withdrawing the stakes 22 from the ground , thereby insuring proper alignment and overlap of the second lawn stencil 16 over the design elements that were applied using the first lawn stencil 14 . further to insure proper orientation of the second lawn stencil 16 on the lawn , the indication 27 of orientation of the second stencil 16 also is disposed in the same manner as the indication 27 of orientation of the first lawn stencil 14 was disposed , e . g ., such that both pointed in the same direction “ up ”. following the proper alignment and orientation of the second lawn stencil 16 on the lawn , the second container 20 of orange paint then is utilized to spray orange paint over the second lawn stencil 16 thereby forming outlines of five individual pads of the tiger paw on the lawn via the openings 28 . during the paint spraying , the second lawn stencil 16 should be adequately stretched or taut so that the lawn stencil 16 lies substantially flat on the lawn . the second lawn stencil 16 preferably is left on the ground for approximately 5 to 7 minutes following paint spraying in order to allow for the paint to dry , after which the second lawn stencil 16 is removed . following the removal of the second lawn stencil 16 , the container 20 of orange paint is utilized to touch - up the outlines of the pattern of the five openings 28 and to complete and fill - in the area of each such outline that has been formed in the lawn using the second lawn stencil 16 . additionally , the stakes 22 further are removed , as the second lawn stencil 16 is the last lawn stencil of the kit 10 that is used in creating the artwork . the lawn stencils 14 , 16 , the two containers 18 , 20 of paint , and the stakes 22 are then placed back into the box 12 for storage of the kit 10 until the next time the clemson tiger paw is to be created in the lawn . in this regard , the lawn stencils 14 , 16 preferably are reusable . while the aforementioned method has been described with reference to two lawn stencils and two colors of paint , more than two colors and / or two lawn stencils can be used in accordance with the present invention , depending on the complexity of the design of the artwork to be created in the lawn . moreover , preferred dimensions have been set forth , but different and various sizes of the lawn stencils may be utilized in accordance with kits of the present invention , so long as the components required to create the artistic works fit within the kits as shown , e . g ., in fig1 . a subsequent lawn stencil also may be positioned for application of one or more design elements of the artwork to the lawn without first removing a precedent lawn stencil , in which case the subsequent lawn stencil is positioned over the precedent lawn stencil . thus , for example , the area of the outline of the pattern of the opening in the lawn stencil 14 may be filled - in with white paint and then the second lawn stencil 16 positioned over the first lawn stencil 14 for applying the outlines of the pads of the tiger paw with orange paint without first removing the first lawn stencil 14 . in this regard , the multiple circumferential flanges 550 of the stakes 22 retains the corners of both lawn stencils 14 , 16 during the application of the design elements of the artistic work represented by the pattern of openings in the second lawn stencil 16 . the artistic work , while preferably relating to a team logo , alternatively may relate to a season or holiday . for example , in october , the artistic work may comprise a “ jack - o - lantern ”, and in december , the artistic work may comprise a “ christmas tree ”, “ santa ” or “ frosty the snowman .” the lawn stencils of the preferred kits of the present invention preferably are manufactured using water jet cutting , which is preferred over other alternative manufacturing methods , such as laser cutting , which is too hot , or blade cutting , which does not accommodate well the cutting of layered sheets of plastic . such a manufacturing method accommodates mass production of the lawn stencils in an “ assembly line ” manner . in this regard , a lawn stencil preferably is manufactured from a planar sheet of film by cutting the desired pattern in the planar sheet of film using a high pressure stream of water , e . g ., water jet . water jet cutting machines are well - known , including those that include abrasive and non - abrasive water jet cutting . for example , a water jet cutting machine is disclosed and described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 728 , 379 . as water jet cutting machines are well - known , such machines are not further described herein . indeed , an aspect of the present invention only relates to use of such machines in manufacturing preferred lawn stencils of the present invention , and not to any particular detail of the water cutting machines themselves . accordingly , in the preferred manufacturing process , preferably a large plurality of the same lawn stencil , e . g ., 200 stencils , are manufactured from a plurality planar sheets of film that are stacked on top of each other by cutting the desired pattern in all of the planar sheet of film using a high pressure stream of water that is capable of cutting through all of the stacked sheets . during this cutting process , gates also preferably are integrally formed as part of the lawn stencil . the film preferably is low density polypropylene ( lepp ) or low density polyethylene ( ldpe ). it is believed that only water is required for cutting of the lawn stencils and that it would be unnecessary to include an abrasive component in the high pressure water stream for effective cutting of the lawn stencils . as noted above , proper alignment and orientation of each of the lawn stencils is important when applying the paint to create the respective design elements of the stencils , as the design elements work together to present the composite image representing the desired artwork . accordingly , in manufacturing a lawn stencil for a particular kit , a pattern preferably is cut relative to each of the other patterns of the lawn stencils of that kit such that proper alignment and / or overlap of the differing design elements resulting from the lawn stencils results in the intended artwork . to achieve this correspondence , the method preferably includes the cutting of each pattern in each stencil of the kit relative to predetermined anchor openings of the stencil , wherein a predetermined anchor opening of each stencil of the kit is designed to receive the same stake of the kit there through . in this regard , these predetermined anchor openings serve as alignment locations of the lawn stencils of the kit . because these anchor openings of the lawn stencils of the kit are known at the time of manufacture , a pattern of the first lawn stencil can be cut relative to the anchor openings of the first lawn stencil , and a pattern of the second lawn stencil can be cut relative to the anchor openings of the second lawn stencil , thereby fixing the alignment of the patterns of the two lawn stencils relative to one another . in a related feature of this aspect , an indication of orientation also preferably is cut in each of the lawn stencils of the kit , whereby each lawn stencil of the kit may be property oriented with regard to the other lawn stencils of the kit by similar disposition of the indications of orientation . thus , as shown in the drawings , for example , each lawn stencil includes an “ up ” arrow cut therein , which comprises the indication of orientation of the lawn stencil . as a result of the ability to mass produce the lawn stencils , the lawn stencils and related kits are relatively inexpensive to produce and can be offered for sale at a price conducive to impulse purchases at or near point - of - sale locations , such as by the counters in hardware stores or other stores where home improvement or do - it - yourself products are sold . fig6 - 14 illustrates steps in a process of creating an artistic work on a lawn in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . in fig6 , a first lawn stencil has been anchored to the lawn using a plurality of stakes , and in fig7 red paint is applied to the lawn using the first lawn stencil . a red circular outline is thereby created , as shown in fig . s . in fig9 the red circular outline is shown being filled in using white paint and , in fig1 , the circular outline is shown completely filled using the white paint . a second lawn stencil has been anchored over the area of the lawn in fig1 and black paint is shown being applied to the lawn using the second lawn stencil . a black g - shaped outline is thereby created and , as shown in fig1 , the g - shaped outline is filled - in with the black paint . the artistic work is completed by touching it up as needed using the paint , as shown in fig1 and 14 . fig1 illustrates three artistic works that have been created on a lawn using methods in accordance embodiments of with the present invention . fig1 illustrates the components of a kit spread out on a floor in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . fig1 illustrates the kit of fig1 wherein components of the kit have been placed in the container , and fig1 illustrates the container of fig1 in a closed configuration . the descriptions set forth above are not intended , nor are to be construed , to limit the general breadth of the present invention or otherwise to exclude any such other embodiments , adaptations , variations , modifications and equivalent arrangements , the present invention being limited only by the claims appended in an issued patent therefor , and the equivalents thereof . thus , while the preferred embodiments disclosed herein relate to creating artwork on a residential lawn , the present invention also may be utilized in creating artwork on other surfaces , such as parking lots , playgrounds , vehicles , and sports fields . the artwork also can be created on snow covered lawns and grounds , as well as on cement and other structural surfaces , such as the surface of a wall . furthermore , while preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to containers comprising aerosols for spray - paint , it is contemplated that powders , liquids , and / or adhesive films could be used in creating one or more of the design elements of the artwork . | 1 |
the present invention is described specifically in detail in the following with reference to , but not limited to , examples . creams for transdermal administration having a composition as shown in tables 1 to 4 and 6 were prepared . specifically , an antigen peptide , a first cellular immunity induction promoter that is a bisphosphonate , and if needed , a second cellular immunity induction promoter that is a helper peptide , an antioxidant , and an anti - inflammatory drug ( including cox inhibitor ) mentioned below , and 15 % by weight of dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso ) were mixed in amounts specified in tables 1 to 4 and 6 . to the resulting mixture , a base ( base cream ) was added to obtain a total weight of 100 % by weight , and mixed to give a cream for transdermal administration . the base cream used was prepared by mixing materials shown in table 5 in amounts as specified . white vaseline , sorbitan monostearate , isostearic acid , benzyl alcohol , stearyl alcohol , polysorbate 60 , concentrated glycerin , and dimethyl sulfoxide ( dmso ) were purchased from wako pure chemical industries , ltd . cetanol was purchased from tokyo chemical industry co ., ltd . a pet film / pet nonwoven fabric laminate ( area : 0 . 7 cm 2 ) was attached to the center of an adhesive tape for fixing in such a manner that the pet film is in contact with the tape , thereby preparing a complex base . to a nonwoven fabric portion of the obtained complex base , 4 mg of the cream for transdermal administration was applied . this was used as an administration sample in an immunity test . ovap ( ova peptide , 8 - amino acid peptide having the sequence ser ile ile asn phe glu lys leu ( seq id no : 16 )) the creams for transdermal administration obtained in the examples and comparative examples were evaluated as follows . according to the procedure described below , the cream for transdermal administration was used to carry out a mouse immunity test using an animal model for immunological evaluation . subsequently , the level of induction of antigen - specific cellular immunity was evaluated by elispot assay . the “ animal model for immunological evaluation ” herein refers to an animal model for evaluating the immunity inducing properties of a vaccine pharmaceutical composition ( in the present case , a cream for transdermal administration ), and specifically refers to an animal model for evaluating the level of the cellular immunity induced by the cream for transdermal administration . in consideration of the compatibility between the antigen in the cream for transdermal administration and mhc class i molecules of the animal , the animal model used for immunological evaluation was an animal with which induction of the cellular immunity by the antigen in the cream for transdermal administration can be evaluated . specifically , in a case where the antigen was a hla - a * 24 - type mhc class 1 restriction peptide , the animal used for the evaluation was a balb / c mouse . in a case where the antigen was a hla - a * 02 - type mhc restriction peptide , the animal used was a genetically altered mouse with which induction of the cellular immunity by the hla - a * 02 - type mhc restriction peptide can be evaluated . in a case where the antigen was another hla - type mhc restriction peptide , the animal used was an animal with which induction of the cellular immunity by that hla - type mhc restriction peptide can be evaluated . in the case of a protein antigen , the animal used was an animal having a mhc compatible with a class 1 epitope corresponding to the cellular immunity intended to be induced among class 1 epitopes contained in the amino acid sequence of the protein antigen . according to tables 1 to 4 and 6 , a mouse was prepared and its back was shaved . after a certain rearing period for recovery from skin damage caused by the shaving , 4 mg of the cream for transdermal administration was administered to the skin of the back for 24 hours and then removed the cream therefrom . the mouse was reared for six days . six days after the administration , the spleen was extracted , and a spleen cell suspension was prepared . spleen cells ( 5 × 10 5 cells / well ) and an antigen peptide ( 100 μm ) together with a culture fluid were poured into wells of an elispot plate on which an anti - mouse ifn - γ antibody was immobilized , and co - cultured under the culture conditions of 37 ° c . and 5 % co 2 for 20 hours . the number of ifn - γ - producing cell spots was evaluated by the elispot assay . tables 1 to 4 and 6 show the number of ifn - γ - producing cell spots as the “ immunity result ”. fig1 shows the immunity results of comparative example 2 ( w / o adjuvant ) and examples 1 to 10 . a tape for transdermal administration having a composition shown in table 7 was prepared . specifically , an antigen peptide , a first cellular immunity induction promoter that is a bisphosphonate , and if necessary , a second cellular immunity induction promoter that is a helper peptide mentioned above were blended . to the mixture , an adhesive and an organic solvent ( ethyl acetate when the adhesive is an acrylic , toluene when the adhesive is pib ) shown in table 7 were added to obtain the total amount of the components and the adhesive after drying of the organic solvent of 100 % by weight , and mixed to prepare an adhesive solution . the obtained adhesive solution was casted on a release liner to the thickness after drying of about 80 μm . the organic solvent was removed by drying , thereby forming an adhesive layer . the release liner used was a polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) liner ( thickness : 75 μm ) subjected to silicon release treatment . the resulting adhesive layer was attached to a support , thereby preparing a tape for transdermal administration . the support used was a polyethylene terephthalate ( pet ) film ( thickness : 25 μm ). the tape for transdermal administration was cut to give a piece with an area of 0 . 7 cm 2 , and the piece was used as an administration sample in the immunity test . upon administration , the release liner was removed . acrylic adhesive ( an acrylic adhesive solution prepared by solution - polymerizing 75 parts of 2 - ethylhexyl acrylate , 22 parts of n - vinyl - 2 - pyrrolidone , 3 parts of acrylic acid , and 0 . 2 parts of azobisisobutyronitrile in ethyl acetate at 60 ° c . in an inert gas atmosphere ) pib adhesive ( pib adhesive solution prepared by dissolving 24 parts of polyisobutylene ( oppanol b200 , basf se ), 36 parts of polyisobutylene ( oppanol b12 , basf se ), and 40 parts of an alicyclic petroleum resin ( arkon p - 100 , arakawa chemical industries , ltd .) in toluene ) the tapes for transdermal administration obtained in the examples and comparative examples were evaluated as follows . the level of inducing the antigen - specific cellular immunity was evaluated in the same manner as in the evaluation of the creams for transdermal administration . table 7 shows the results as the “ immunity result ”. creams for transdermal administration having a composition shown in table 8 were prepared in the same manner as in the case of the creams for transdermal administration shown in table 1 . a mouse was prepared and its right back was shaved . corneum exfoliation treatment was performed thereon five times using an opp tape ( ezdunplon no . 3301ez ) produced by nitto denko corporation . the cream was administered to the treated skin ( minimally invasive administration ). twenty - four hours later , the cream for transdermal administration was removed , and the mouse was reared for six days . six days after the administration , the spleen was extracted , and antigen - specific ifn - γ - producing cells were analyzed by the elispot assay . also by an immunization method utilizing minimally invasive administration as shown in table 8 , cellular immunity specific to the administered antigen can be induced . the vaccine pharmaceutical composition of the present invention is universally usable for induction of cellular immunity against various antigens , exerts a high cellular immunity inducing effect , and is suitably used for transdermal administration or transmucosal administration . | 0 |
fig1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a filter media 10 comprising , a gathered sheet 12 of relatively stiff , paper - like , porous filter material of the type typically used for air filters . such relatively stiff , paper - like porous filter materials are available in various thicknesses from suppliers including ahlstrom engine filtration , llc , of madisonville , ky . specifically , it is contemplated that filter materials marketed by ahlstrom , such as ahlstrom part numbers 19n - 1 or 23n - 3 , or other filter materials having physical characteristics similar to those tabulated in below , can be used with efficacy , according to the invention in providing an embodiment of the invention for use in a typical air filter of the type used for engine air intakes . the ahlstrom 19n - 1 product is available with small grooves cut into the media for improving dirt holding capability . theses grooves run the length of a roll of the filter media and , as will be apparent from the description below , are thus preferably , but not necessarily , oriented perpendicular to the direction of the peaks and valleys of the gathers in a gathered sheet of media , according to the invention . as used herein , the term “ gathered ” is intended to mean that the sheet of porous material is guided into a final undulating or convoluted form , primarily by pulling the sheet of porous material over a series of protrusions extending from rotating gathering rollers , in such a manner that the porous filter material preferably experiences little or no compression , and in any event , substantially less compression than was typically required for forming prior corrugated or pleated filter medias . because the undulating form of the gathered sheet of porous filter media is achieved by pulling the sheet of material over a series of protrusions , in a manner described in more detail below , the sheet of porous material has a thickness t prior to gathering , and a thickness t after gathering that is both substantially uniform throughout and substantially equal to the thickness t of the porous material prior to gathering . those having skill in the art will recognize that various embodiments of the invention , including all exemplary embodiments thereof specifically disclosed herein , may include a filter media including a gathered sheet of relatively stiff , paper - like , porous filter material of the type described in relation to the first embodiment . those having skill in the art will also recognize that because the filter material is gathered , according to the present invention , rather than being pleated or corrugated as was the case for prior filter medias , the present invention allows relatively stiff , paper - like , porous filter materials of the type typically used for air filters to be utilized for forming undulating or convoluted filter medias in a manner that is more efficient and effective than prior forming methods . as shown in an enlarged cross section in fig2 , the gathered sheet 12 forms a plurality of contiguous adjacent gathers 14 , each having a generally v - shaped cross section with substantially straight side walls 16 joined by radiused bights 18 to form alternating peaks 20 and valleys 22 . the peaks 20 and valleys 22 formed by the gathers 14 of the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 are substantially equal in size and equally spaced but , in other embodiments of the invention , this need not necessarily be the case . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the filter media 10 of the exemplary embodiment includes a face sheet 24 attached to the gathered sheet 12 , for retaining the gathered sheet 12 of porous filter material in a gathered state . the face sheet 24 may be attached to the gathered sheet 12 in any appropriate manner , such as by beads of adhesive 26 , applied at the juncture of the gathered sheet 12 and the face sheet 24 , as shown in fig1 . in the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 , the face sheet 24 is also made of a porous filter material . as shown in fig1 , the space between the peaks 20 of the gathers 14 and the face sheet 24 , along one edge 28 of the filter media 10 have a sealant 30 disposed in them , to thereby form a sealed portion 32 of the gathers 14 that blocks a flow of fluid through the sealed portion 32 . in the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 , this sealed portion extends all along the one edge 28 of the filter media 10 , blocking flow through all of the peaks 20 along the edge 28 . fig3 - 5 show a second exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a filter cartridge 34 , including a coil 35 ( fig3 ) of a gathered filter media , according to the invention . in the second exemplary embodiment , the filter media shown in fig3 is the gathered filter media 10 , as described above in regard to fig1 and 2 . in other embodiments of a filter cartridge , according to the invention , however , it will be understood that other forms of gathered filter media could be used . it will also be understood that the gathered filter media , in other embodiments of filter cartridges according to the invention , need not be coiled , but could be formed in other ways , such as by stacking or otherwise laminating layers of gathered filter media . as shown in fig3 - 5 , the exemplary embodiment of a filter cartridge 34 is formed by winding the gathered filter media 10 around a central mandrel 36 . as shown in fig4 , as the gathered filter media 10 is wound onto the mandrel 36 , a second bead of sealant 38 is applied in the valleys 22 along the second edge 40 of the gathered filter media 10 . as illustrated in fig1 , as the gathered filter material 10 is coiled , the face sheet 24 ′ of each subsequent layer 15 of the media 10 is sequentially wrapped over the tops of the peaks 20 of the previously coiled layer 13 of gathered filter media 10 . as noted above , the first bead of sealant 30 closes the flow areas bounded by the face sheet 24 and the peaks 20 of the gathered filter media 10 , at one edge 28 of the gathered filter media 10 . the second bead of sealant 38 closes the flow area bounded by the face sheet 24 and the valleys 22 of the gathered filter media 10 at the other edge 40 of the gathered filter media 10 . by virtue of this construction , one end 42 of the filter cartridge 34 is formed by the first edge 28 of the coiled gathered filter media 10 , and the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 34 is formed by the second edge 40 of the coiled gathered filter media 10 . as a result , at the one end 42 of the filter cartridge 10 , the air passages formed by the face sheet 24 and the valleys 22 are open for receiving air flow , as shown by inflow arrows 46 in fig1 , and the air passages formed by the peaks 20 are blocked by the first bead of sealant 30 . at the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 10 , however , the air passages formed by the face sheet 24 ′ of the subsequent layer 15 of media 10 and the valleys 22 of the preceding layer 13 of media 10 are blocked by the second bead of sealant 38 , and the air passages formed in the preceding layer 13 by the peaks 20 of the and the face sheet 24 are open to allow flow , as shown by outflow arrows 48 in fig1 . as shown by crossover arrows 50 , in fig1 , the airflow must pass through the gathers 14 of the gathered filter media 10 in order to flow through the filter cartridge 34 . as shown in fig5 , the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 also includes a bolting ring 52 fastened to the one end 42 of the filter cartridge 34 . a seal support ring 54 is fastened to the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 34 , and supports a resilient seal 56 . the bolting ring 52 , seal support ring 54 and resilient seal 56 are provided to adapt the filter cartridge 34 for attachment to a filter assembly . it will be understood , however , by those having skill in the art , that the first exemplary embodiment of a filter apparatus , according to the invention , in the form of the filter cartridge 34 , does not include the filter assembly , but is intentionally limited to a filter apparatus including only a filter cartridge in accordance with the invention , as defined in the appended claims . it will be further understood that , in other embodiments of a filter apparatus comprising only a filter cartridge , according to the invention , the construction of such embodiments of filter cartridges may differ considerably from the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 disclosed herein . for example , the cartridge 34 may have other shapes , such as oblong , square , or rectangular . in some embodiments , a filter cartridge according to the invention may include only a coiled or otherwise laminated structure formed from a gathered porous filter media according to the invention , without attachment and sealing features , such as the bolting ring 52 , seal support ring 54 and resilient seal 56 of the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 disclosed herein . where a coiled construction is used , the central mandrel 36 may be eliminated , and the winding may be carried out around a central crushed portion of the gathered filter media 10 , in a manner similar to that used in the past for filters having corrugated filter medias . many arrangements for adapting the filter cartridge for attachment to the filter assembly , other than those disclosed with regard to the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 , may be used in other embodiments fig6 shows a third exemplary embodiment of the invention , in the form of a filter apparatus 58 , including a filter assembly 59 in the form of a filter housing 60 and a boot 62 , adapted for attachment thereto of a filter cartridge 64 having one or more layers of a filter media 66 comprising a gathered sheet of porous filter material . the filter cartridge 64 includes a coil of gathered porous filter material , in the same manner as the filter cartridge 54 of the second exemplary embodiment of the invention described above . in contrast to the second exemplary embodiment of the invention , in which the filter apparatus included only the filter cartridge 10 , and not the filter assembly to which the cartridge is adapted to be attached , the third exemplary embodiment of the invention includes both the filter cartridge 64 and the filter assembly 59 formed by the housing 60 and the boot 62 . it should be further noted that the filter apparatus 58 of the third exemplary embodiment also includes a safety filter 68 , mounted in the filter housing 60 at a point in the airflow path downstream from the filter cartridge 64 . fig7 - 12 show a fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a gathering apparatus 70 for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 . as shown in fig7 , the gathering apparatus 70 includes a first gathering roller 78 and a second gathering roller 80 , each including an outer periphery 82 , 84 thereof having a plurality of circumferentially spaced protrusions 86 , 88 extending radially outward from the outer peripheries 82 , 84 of the gathering rollers 78 , 80 . as shown in fig7 and 8 , the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are mounted in a frame 81 for rotation in a spaced and timed relationship to one another such that the protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 are disposed between adjacent protrusions 86 of the first gathering roller 78 , and vice versa , for forming gathers 90 in the sheet of porous filter material 76 as it is fed between the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . the protrusions 86 , 88 and outer peripheries 82 , 84 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are configured and spaced from one another such that the sheet of porous filter material 76 is not compressed between any portion of the outer periphery 82 or protrusions 86 of the first gathering roller 78 and any portion of the outer periphery 84 or protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 . specifically , the gathering rollers 78 , 80 are configured and spaced from one another such that the thickness “ t ” of the porous filter material 76 is not compressed between the protrusions 86 , 88 or outer periphery 82 , 84 of either one of the gathering rollers 78 , 80 and the outer periphery 84 , 82 or the protrusions 88 , 86 of the other gathering roller 80 , 78 . in the exemplary embodiments of the invention described herein , it is contemplated that the thickness of the porous filter material 76 would fall within the range of 0 . 006 to 0 . 020 inches , with a preferred thickness for many applications being 0 . 014 inches . in other embodiments , however , a porous media having a thickness that is greater or less than the above stated range of 0 . 006 to 0 . 020 inches may also be used , with the actual selection of the thickness t being dependent upon the application and desired performance of the filter media . as shown in fig7 - 12 , the gathering apparatus 70 also includes a pair of guides 92 adapted for maintaining the sheet 76 in a gathered state after the gathers 90 are formed by passage of the sheet 76 between the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . as shown in fig1 , for both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 , adjacent protrusions and a portion of the outer periphery of the gathering roller joining the adjacent protrusions define a space between the adjacent protrusions . for example , as shown in fig1 , adjacent protrusions 88 from the second gathering roller 80 , and a portion of the outer periphery 84 of the second gathering roller 80 define a space 94 ( as indicated by dashed lines ) between the adjacent protrusions 88 . the guides 92 constrain gathers 90 of a gathered portion 96 ( as indicated in fig7 ) of the sheet of porous filter material 76 within the spaces 94 between adjacent protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 after the gathered portion 96 of the sheet 76 has passed between the gathering rollers 78 , 80 . as shown in fig7 , the first gathering roller 78 is rotatable about an axis 98 of the first gathering roller 78 and the second gathering roller 80 is rotatable about an axis 100 of the second gathering roller 80 , with the respective axes 98 , 100 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 being oriented parallel to one another ( i . e . extending perpendicularly into and out of the paper in fig7 ) and intersected by a common centerline 102 extending generally orthogonally to the axes 98 , 100 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . the first and second gathering rollers are rotatable in opposite directions about their respective axes , as shown in fig7 with the protrusions 86 , 88 of each gathering roller 78 , 80 extending into the spaces between adjacent protrusions 88 , 86 of the other gathering roller 80 , 78 to define a gathering zone 104 , as shown in fig7 , having an infeed side 106 and an outfeed side 108 with respect to the common centerline 102 . the protrusions 86 , 88 on both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 enter into the gathering zone 104 from the infeed side 106 , and exit the gathering zone 104 from the outfeed side 108 , as the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are rotated in opposite directions , as illustrated in fig7 , about their respective axes 98 , 100 . as shown in fig7 and 10 , the protrusions 86 , 88 on the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 each define a distal end thereof , with the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 of each of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 respectively defining a maximum radius r 1 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 respectively . it should be noted that in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , the first and second gathering rollers are identical , and therefore have identical maximum radii r 1 , but in other embodiments of the invention this need not be the case . the guides 92 each define a generally c - shaped guide surface 110 of the guide 92 disposed primarily on the outfeed side 108 of the second gathering roller 80 and having a radius r 2 centered on the axis 100 of the second gathering roller 80 , with the radius r 2 of the guide surfaces 92 ( see fig7 and 10 ) substantially matching the maximum radius r 1 of the second gathering roller 80 plus the thickness t of the sheet of porous filter material 76 . in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , the radius r 2 of the guide surfaces 92 also includes a clearance distance ( not shown ) to ensure that the thickness t of the porous filter material 76 is not compressed by the guide surface 110 . as best seen in fig9 and 10 , in the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 70 , for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , the first gathering roller 78 defines a pair of circumferentially oriented grooves 112 therein for receiving a portion of the guides 92 . as best seen in fig7 and 10 , the guides 92 each define a leading edge 114 thereof , extending into the gathering zone 104 from the outfeed side 108 , and past the common centerline 102 . the guides 92 also each include a trailing edge 116 thereof , as best seen in fig7 and 11 , disposed on the outfeed side 108 of the common centerline 102 . in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , the guide surfaces 110 extend substantially half way around the second gathering roll 80 , for constraining the gathers between the second gathering roll 80 and the guide surfaces 110 . in other embodiments , however , the guide surfaces 110 may be shorter or longer than those of the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 70 . as best seen in fig7 and 11 , the exemplary embodiment of the forming apparatus 70 further includes a second guide surface 117 , formed by a second guide surface roller 118 and a second stationary guide surface 119 , that are positioned adjacent the trailing edges 116 of the guide surfaces 110 of the guides 92 , for receiving the gathered filter media 76 from the second gathering roller 80 . the second guide surface 117 is spaced from the distal ends of the protrusions 88 on the second gathering roller 80 a distance substantially equal to the thickness t of the porous filter material 76 plus the thickness t 2 of a face sheet 120 , that is joined to the gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , to form part of the filter media 72 and to retain the sheet 74 in a gathered condition . by virtue of the construction recited above , the second gathering roller 80 is adapted for feeding the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 onto the second guide surface 117 at an outfeed speed , and the gathering apparatus 70 further comprises a face sheet feeder 122 adapted for feeding a face sheet 120 onto the second guide surface 117 at a speed substantially matching the outfeed speed of the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 . as shown in fig7 , the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , further includes both an adhesive feeder 124 , and a sealant feeder 126 . the adhesive feeder 124 is adapted for feeding an adhesive into a juncture of the face sheet 120 with the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 , for bonding the face sheet 120 and gathered sheet 72 to one another . the sealant feeder 126 is adapted for feeding a sealant 128 onto the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 , to form a sealed portion 130 thereof , as shown in fig1 . it will also be noted that in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , as shown in fig7 , the porous filter material 76 is wrapped around the first gathering roller 78 , and fed into the gathering zone 104 by allowing it to slide across the distal ends of the protrusions 86 on the first gathering roller 78 . it will be recognized that , by virtue of the gathering , the porous material 76 entering the gathering zone 104 slides across the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 on both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 at a speed greater than the peripheral tip speed of the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 . this sliding motion of the porous material 76 entering the gathering zone 104 facilitates gathering of the porous material 76 in a manner that does not cause compression of the porous filter material 76 . feeding the porous material 76 around the distal ends of the protrusions 86 on the first gathering roller 78 also facilitates maintaining a proper tension on the porous filter material 76 , so that no compression occurs due to excessive pulling on the material 76 as it is gathered . those having skill in the art will thus recognize that the present invention provides a number of advantages over prior corrugated and / or pleated filter medias , and the apparatuses and methods used to manufacture them . one particular advantage is that , in many embodiments of the invention , the gathered media of the present invention can be formed without having to expose the porous media to heat , steam , liquid spray or immersion , to facilitate formation of convolutions , as was the case in prior corrugated and pleated medias . those having skill in the art will also recognize that , although invention has been described herein with reference to several exemplary embodiments , many other embodiments of the invention are possible . for example , although all of the exemplary embodiments of the apparatus and methods described herein have focused on gathered medias , it will be recognized that the apparatus and method for forming a media , according to the invention can be adapted for forming other types of convoluted filter media having some degree of compression of the porous media , by simply reducing the clearances between the elements of the gathering rollers to the point that some compression occurs . although some of the effectiveness and efficiency of the media is lost where compression is allowed , those having skill in the art will recognize that the method and apparatus for forming the convolutions , and for guiding and constraining the formed convolutions in a preferred spacing , according to the invention , is considerably more straightforward than the methods and apparatuses that were previously available . it will be further recognized that , although all of the exemplary embodiments or the apparatus and methods described herein have focused on a gathered media having first and second beads of sealant 32 , 38 disposed at opposite edges 30 , 40 of the media , the apparatus and method for forming a media , according to the invention can be adapted for forming other types of convoluted filter media having an intermediate seal , as disclosed in a us patent application bearing the ser . no . 10 / 979 , 453 , which is filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference . the use of the terms “ a ” and “ an ” and “ the ” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention ( especially in the context of the following claims ) is to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural , unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context . the terms “ comprising ,” “ having ,” “ including ,” and “ containing ” are to be construed as open - ended terms ( i . e ., meaning “ including , but not limited to ,”) unless otherwise noted . recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range , unless otherwise indicated herein , and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein . all methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . the use of any and all examples , or exemplary language ( e . g ., “ such as ”) provided herein , is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed . no language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non - claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention . preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein , including the best mode known to the inventor for carrying out the invention . variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description . the inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate , and the inventor intends for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein . accordingly , this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law . moreover , any combination of the above - described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context . | 8 |
the booth recoder for use in the multiplier according to the present invention will first be described . then the partial product generating circuits according to embodiments of the present invention are described . fig1 - 3 illustrate prior art circuit diagrams of the three circuits that generate the three booth recoded outputs used by the partial product generating circuits according to the present invention . as described in the background of the invention section , booth recoders operate on three bits of the multiplier at a time . in fig1 - 3 , b ( 0 ), b ( 1 ) and b ( 2 ) represent the least , next - to - least and most significant of the three bits being processed . in the booth recoder implementation of fig1 - 3 , the booth recoded outputs are zero out , neg out and shift , respectively . the zero booth recoded output indicates whether the multiplicand received by the partial product circuits should be zeroed out . namely , if the three bits of the multiplier are zero , then multiplying the multiplicand by the multiplier will produce a zero partial product . the neg booth recoded output indicates whether the partial product circuit should generate the negative ( i . e ., inverse ) of the partial product being generated . the shift booth recoded output indicates whether to shift bits of the partial product left one position . the booth recoder circuit for generating the zero booth recoded output will now be described with respect to fig1 . as shown , a first exclusive or gate xor 1 exclusive - ors the least and next - to - least significant bits b ( 0 ) and b ( 1 ), and a second exclusive or gate xor 2 exclusive - ors the next - to - least and most significant bits b ( 1 ) and b ( 2 ). a first or gate or 1 ors the outputs from the first and second exclusive or gates xor 1 and xor 2 to produce the zero booth recoded output . the booth recoder circuit for generating the neg booth recoded output will now be described with respect to fig2 . as shown , a first nand gate nand 1 nands the least and next - to - least significant bits b ( 0 ) and b ( 1 ), and a first and gate and 1 ands the most significant bit b ( 2 ) and the output from the first nand gate nand 1 to produce the neg booth recoded output . the booth recoder circuit for generating the shift booth recoded output will now be described with respect to fig3 . as shown , a third exclusive or gate xor 3 exclusive - ors the least and next - to - least significant bits b ( 0 ) and b ( 1 ), and a fourth exclusive or gate xor 4 exclusive - ors the most significant bit b ( 2 ) and the output from the third exclusive or gate xor 3 to produce the shift booth recoded output . [ 0040 ] fig4 illustrates a partial product circuit for generating the least significant bit pp ( 0 ) of the partial product according to an embodiment of the present invention . as shown , a second and gate and 2 ands the zero booth recoded output and an enable signal . a fifth exclusive or gate xor 5 exclusive - ors the least significant bit of the multiplicand , multiplicand ( 0 ), and the neg booth recoded output . a third and gate and 3 ands the outputs of the second and gate and 2 and the fifth exclusive or gate xor 5 . a fourth and gate and 4 ands the enable signal and the neg booth recoded output . a multiplexer 10 selectively output one of the outputs from the third and gate and 3 and the output from the fourth and gate and 4 based on the shift booth recoded output . when the shift booth recoded output is zero , meaning that no shift should occur , the output of the third and gate and 3 is output as the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ). when the shift booth recoded output is 1 , meaning that a shift should occur , the output of the fourth and gate and 4 is output as the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ). when the enable signal is set to 1 , the partial product circuit is enabled , and the operation of the second and gate and 2 and the fourth and gate and 4 do not change the values of the zero and neg booth recoded outputs . when the enable signal is set to zero , the partial product circuit is disabled . the second and gate and 2 changes the zero booth recoded output to zero such that , assuming that a negative partial product is not being formed ( i . e ., the multiplexer 10 selects the output of the third and gate and 3 ), the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) will become zero . the fourth and gate and 4 changes the neg booth recoded output to zero such that , assuming a negative partial product is being formed ( i . e ., the multiplexer 10 selects the output of the fourth and gate and 4 ), the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) will become zero . as a result , when the enable signal is zero , the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) becomes zero and stays zero until the partial product circuit is enabled . consequently , disabling the partial product circuit causes the output of the partial product to remain constant , which saves power . in this embodiment , the constant output of the partial product circuit is zero . a further examination of the circuit illustrated in fig4 shows that adding the power saving feature does not increase the critical path of the partial product circuit of fig4 . as shown in fig4 the partial product circuit includes two paths with substantially the same processing time , and therefore the two paths qualify as the critical path . the first qualifying path is the fifth exclusive or gate xor 5 , the third and gate and 3 and the multiplexer 10 . the second qualifying path is the second and gate and 2 , the third and gate and 3 and the multiplexer 10 . if the power saving feature were eliminated from fig4 then the second and 2 gate and the fourth and 4 gates would be eliminated ; the zero booth recoded output would be directly connected to the third and gate and 3 ; and the neg booth recoded output would be directly connected to the second input of the multiplexer 10 . the critical path in the absence of this enable / disable circuitry would include the fifth exclusive or gate xor 5 , the third and gate and 3 and the multiplexer 10 . consequently , the enable / disable circuitry does not change ( namely , increase ) the critical path . stated another way , the enable , disable circuitry does not increase the processing time of the partial product circuit . [ 0045 ] fig5 illustrates a partial product circuit for generating the ith significant bit pp ( i ) of the partial product according to an embodiment of the present invention , where i = 1 to n − 1 and n is the number of bits in the multiplicand . accordingly , it will be understood that n − 1 partial product circuits of fig5 are used when generating the partial product bits in parallel . the structure of the partial product generating circuit of fig5 is the same as that of the partial product circuit generating circuit of fig4 except that the fourth and gate and 4 has been eliminated ; the ith significant bit of the multiplicand , multiplicand ( i ) is supplied to the fifth exclusive or gate xor 5 instead of the least significant bit of the multiplicand ; and the output of the third and gate and 3 in generating the ( i − 1 ) th bit of the partial product is supplied as the second input to the multiplexer 10 . accordingly , the partial product circuit of fig5 operates in the same manner with the same advantages as the partial product circuit of fig4 except that when the shift booth recoded output indicates to shift the partial product to the left one position , the output of the third and gate and 3 in generating the ( i − 1 ) th bit of the partial product is output as the ith bit of the partial product pp ( i ). more specifically , the partial product circuit of fig5 achieves the same power savings as the partial product circuit of fig4 and the enable / disable circuitry for the partial product circuit of fig5 does not increase the critical path — increase the processing time of the partial product circuit . to generate the multiplier output , the partial products are summed to obtain the multiplier output . because this part of the multiplier operation and structure is so well - known in the art , further description and illustration thereof has been omitted for the sake of brevity . [ 0050 ] fig6 illustrates another embodiment of a partial product circuit for generating the least significant bit pp ( 0 ) of the partial product according to the present invention . as shown , a sixth exclusive or gate xor 6 exclusive - ors the least significant bit of the multiplicand , multiplicand ( 0 ), and the neg booth recoded output . a fifth and gate and 5 ands the output of the sixth exclusive or gate xor 6 , the zero booth recoded output and the enable signal . a sixth and gate and 6 ands the enable signal and the neg booth recoded output . a multiplexer 20 selectively outputs one of the output from the fifth and gate and 5 and the output from the sixth and gate and 6 based on the shift booth recoded output . when the shift booth recoded output is zero , meaning that no shift should occur , the output of the fifth and gate and 5 is output as the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ). when the shift booth recoded output is 1 , meaning that a shift should occur , the output of the sixth and gate and 6 is output as the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ). when the enable signal is set to 1 , the partial product circuit is enabled , and the operation of the fifth and gate and 5 and the sixth and gate and 6 do not change the values of ( 1 ) anding the zero booth recoded output with the output of the sixth exclusive or gate xor 6 or ( 2 ) the neg booth recoded output . when the enable signal is set to zero , the partial product circuit is disabled . the fifth and gate and 5 essentially changes the zero booth recoded output to zero such that , assuming that a negative partial product is not being formed ( i . e ., the multiplexer 20 selects the output of the fifth and gate and 5 ), the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) will become zero . the sixth and gate and 6 changes the neg booth recoded to zero such that , assuming a negative partial product is being formed ( i . e ., the multiplexer 20 selects the output of the sixth and gate and 6 ), the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) will become zero . as a result , when the enable signal is zero , the least significant bit of the partial product pp ( 0 ) becomes zero and stays zero until the partial product circuit is enabled . consequently , disabling the partial product circuit causes the output of the partial product to remain constant , which saves power . in this embodiment , the constant output of the partial product circuit is zero . when using the above described embodiment , the output of the fifth and gate and 5 is supplied to the next - to - least partial product generating circuit . [ 0053 ] fig7 illustrates a partial product circuit for generating the ith significant bit pp ( i ) of the partial product according to an embodiment of the present invention , where i = 1 to n − 1 and n is the number of bits in the multiplicand . accordingly , it will be understood that n − 1 partial product circuits of fig7 are used when generating the partial product bits in parallel . the structure of the partial product generating circuit of fig7 is the same as that of the partial product circuit generating circuit of fig6 except that the sixth and gate and 6 has been eliminated ; the ith significant bit of the multiplicand , multiplicand ( i ) is supplied to the fifth and gate and 5 instead of the least significant bit of the multiplicand ; and the output of the fifth and gate and 5 in generating the ( i − 1 ) th bit of the partial product is supplied as the second input to the multiplexer 20 . accordingly , the partial product circuit of fig7 operates in the same manner with the same advantages as the partial product circuit of fig7 except that when the shift booth recoded output indicates to shift the partial product to the left one position , the output of the fifth and gate and 5 in generating the ( i − 1 ) th bit of the partial product is output as the ith bit of the partial product pp ( i ). more specifically , the partial product circuit of fig7 achieves the same power savings as the partial product circuit of fig6 . the multiplier of the present invention can be embodied in hardware , software , firmware , etc . for example , in a software implementation , the partial product circuits including the enable / disable circuitry of the present invention are embodied as code segments running on a computer system or stored in a computer readable medium . as another example , the multiplier of the present invention is part of a library from which a multiplier circuit is synthesized by a simulation tool in response to specifications requiring the multiplication of two operands . in particular , the multiplier according to the present invention offers a low power option in the library of simulated multipliers . the invention being thus described , it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention , and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims . | 6 |
now , the protective device for separating member according to this invention will be explained in detail in the case of employing the device in an accumulator for absorbing pressure pulsation as shown in fig1 . a common accumulator for absorbing pressure pulsation comprises a cylindrical pressure vessel and two plugs 2 which close both ends of cylindrical pressure vessel . two coupling holes 3 formed in said plugs 2 are connected to pipes ( not shown ) so that the accumulator can be arranged in a piping system for feeding pressurized liquid . the aforementioned pressure vessel 1 is divided into two separate compartments a and b by means of a separating member 4 which is made of an elastic material , such as freely expandable and contractile rubber , and is shaped to a hollow cylinder . flanges 5 provided at both ends of the separating member are clamped between receiving rings 6 formed on the inner surface of pressure vessel 1 and press flanges 7 of plugs 2 so that the separating member is hermetically mounted on the pressure vessel 1 . within the compartment a into which the separating member 4 contracts , there is provided a supporting cylinder 8 for separating member 4 . this supporting cylinder is composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 having different meshes . the wire spacings are so close that the separating member 4 cannot be pressed into meshes . these wire nets are superimposed one another with displacing the positions of the mesh of a wire net from those of the mesh of adjacent wire nets , and are rolled to form an open cylinder . or , the superimposed wire nets are sintered to integrate , and are rolled to form a cylinder . both ends of the formed cylinder are fitted in receiving recess 9 shaped in the above - mentioned plugs 2 . thus , the supporting cylinder is arranged between both plugs 2 . fig3 and 5 of the accompanying drawings illustrate respective other embodiments of the supporting cylinder in accordance with this invention . in the embodiment of fig3 a reinforcing cylinder 10 made of metal is arranged only on the inner side of supporting cylinder 8 , i . e . on the side opposite to the side to contact with the separating member 4 . the reinforcing cylinder 10 is for supporting the supporting cylinder 8 and is provided with many equidistant communicating holes 11 having a relatively large diameter . in the embodiment shown in fig4 the supporting cylinder 8 is provided with not only a reinforcing cylinder 10 having communicating holes 11 on the side opposite to the side toward the separating member , but also a reinforcing cylinder 12 on the outer side , i . e . on the side toward the separating member 4 . the latter reinforcing cylinder 12 is made to have communicating holes 13 , the size and the spacing of communication holes 13 being different from those of communicating holes 11 . fig5 illustrates , in enlarged scale , a portion of the supporting cylinder 8 consisting of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 with reinforcing cylinders 10 and 12 provided on both sides thereof , which is shown in fig4 . in order to prevent the broad fluctuation of the size of formed open pore as in the material produced by sintering metal powder , each of wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 has the meshes different in size from those of other nets , or they are superimposed with displacing the positions of the mesh of a wire net from those of the mesh of adjacent nets so that branched open pores with high tortuosity may be formed through the layer of wire nets . in the example shown in fig5 the space between adjacent wires in metal net 2 is narrower than those of nets 1 and 3 . fig6 to 8 illustrate a supporting cylinder 8 having a varied shape of section , as compared to those of above - mentioned supporting cylinders . while both end parts of the supporting cylinder to be fitted in receiving recesses 9 of plugs 2 ( in fig1 ) is made to be cylindrical , as shown by fig8 the middle part thereof is shaped to have a cross section of delta form , as shown by fig7 or of star form ( not shown ). thus , the supporting cylinder is constructed so that the separating member 4 which has expanded to a circular periphery as shown by a chain - dotted line in fig7 can readily contract with keeping an almost entire length of the circumference of a circle due to the supporting cylinder having a delta form section . an accumulator provided with one of the above - stated protective device as embodiment of this invention is installed midway in a pipe line for transporting pressurized liquid . a pressurized gas is introduced in the compartment b outside the separating member 4 and the compartment is sealed . when a pulsating pressurized liquid is made to flow through the inner copartment a by means of a pressure pump , the liquid pressure acts through the supporting cylinder on the separating member 4 to perform expanding and contracting motions responding to pressure pulsation . as a result , the pulsation component of pressure attenuates . as the supporting cylinder 8 for separating member 4 is composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n which have been superimposed one another with their meshes not in register by varying the size of mesh or by displacing the position of mesh for each net , nearly uniform open pores having a less resistance to fluid flow are formed throughout the periphery of supporting cylinder . consequently , the pressurized liquid acts effectively on the entire separating member 4 and the attenuation of pulsation efficiently results . when the pressure of liquid decreases and the separating member 4 is pressed against the supporting cylinder 8 by the pressure of gas in the compartment b , the separating member is safely supported without being pressed into open pores of the supporting cylinder , since said cylinder is composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 superimposed one another with their meshes not in register and the formed open pores are sufficiently minute in size . in addition , open pores of the supporting cylinder 8 composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 superimposed one another with their meshes not in register make a large number of pathways with high tortuosity through the layer , as can be seen from fig5 . accordingly , even though the supporting cylinder 8 is interposed between the reinforcing cylinders 10 and 12 and the positions of communicating hole 11 of reinforcing cylinder 10 are shifted from the positions of communicating hole 13 of reinforcing cylinder 12 , the liquid can flow smoothly and surely from communicating holes 11 to communicating holes 13 and vice versa . now , reffering to fig9 of the accompanying drawings , there is shown a transfer barrier . as an accumulator for transporting liquid by pressure , which comprises a pressure vessel 14 of sausage shape , a plug member 15 which closes the upper end of pressure vessel and is provided with a port 16 for feed fluid , and a port 17 for operating liquid in the lower end part of pressure vessel , which is provided with a poppet valve 19 having a spring 18 for opening valve . a separating member 20 dividing the interior of the pressure vessel into two separate compartment a and b , is made of an elastic material , such as freely expandable and contractile rubber . the separating member is shaped to the form of a bladder fit for the pressure vessel 14 . the separating member 20 is mounted hermetically on the pressure vessel 14 by clamping a flange 21 formed around the opening of the bladder 20 with a receiving thick fin 22 provided on the inner surface of pressure vessel 14 and a press flange 23 of plug member 15 . to support the separating member 20 , there is provided a supporting cylinder 24 in the compartment a into which the separating member 20 contracts . this supporting cylinder is composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 . the wire spacings thereof are so close that the separating member 20 cannot be pressed into their meshes . wire nets having different meshes are superimposed one another , or wire nets having the same mesh are superimposed one another with displacing the positions of the mesh of a wire net from those of the mesh of adjacent wire nets . thus - formed layer of wire nets is rolled to form a thimble having desired diameter . or , the layer of wire nets is sintered by heating to integrate and is rolled to form a thimble . the formed thimble is suspended within the compartment a by fitting the edge of its opening in receiving recess 29 provided in the above - mentioned plug member 15 . fig1 and 11 illustrate other examples of supporting cylinder 24 . in the embodiment of fig1 , a reinforcing cylinder 25 made of metal is arranged on the inner side of supporting cylinder 24 , i . e . on the side opposite to the side to contact with the separating member 20 . the reinforcing cylinder 25 is for bearing the supporting cylinder 24 and is provided with many equidistant communicating holes 26 having a relatively large diameter . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the supporting cylinder 24 is provided with not only a reinforcing cylinder 25 on the side opposite to the side toward the separating member 20 , but also a reinforcing cylinder 27 on the side toward the separating member 20 . the latter reinforcing cylinder 27 is made to have communicating holes 28 , the size and the spacing of communicating holes 28 being different from those of communicating holes 26 . to use an accumulator provided with one of these embodiments in accordance with this invention , one of compartments separated by separating member 20 in the pressure vessel 14 , i . e . compartment a into which the separating member 20 contracts , is permitted to communicate with the port 16 for feed fluid . the other compartment b is permitted to communicate with the port 17 for operating liquid . when an operating liquid is not fed to the compartment b , a feed fluid flows into the compartment a via the port 16 because the separating member 20 expands to enlarge the compartment to the maximum volume . in this state , when the operating liquid is forced to flow into the compartment b from the port 17 for operating liquid and applies pressure on the separating member 20 , the separating member 20 contracts and delivers the feed fluid contained therein from the port 16 . the repetition of these procedures works as if a single piston pump would work . the feed fluid , in this case , smoothly flows in or out through the supporting cylinder 24 with less pressure loss , as the supporting cylinder 24 for the above - stated separating member is composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 superimposed one another with their meshes not in register and , thus , approximately uniform open pores having less resistance to flow are formed throughout the entire periphery of the cylinder . moreover , when the separating member 20 is pressed against the periphery of supporting cylinder 24 due to a pressure drop of feed fluid , minute open pores of supporting cylinder 24 which are constituted by superimposing wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 one another with their meshes not in register sustain safely the separating member 20 , as the structure of such open pores is so strong and so fine that the material of pressed separating member 20 cannot enter the pores . in addition , open pores of the supporting cylinder 24 composed of plural wire nets n 1 , n 2 and n 3 superimposed one another with their meshes not in register make a large number of branched paths with high tortuosity in the direction of arrows in fig5 . accordingly , even though the supporting cylinder 24 is interposed between the reinforcing cylinder 25 and 27 and the positions of communicating hole 26 of reinforcing cylinder 25 are shifted from the positions of communicating hole 28 of reinforcing cylinder 27 as shown by fig1 , the fluid can flow smoothly and surely from communicating holes 26 to communicating holes 27 and vice versa . as mentioned above , the device according to this invention comprises a supporting cylinder for a separating member which divides the interior of a container into two separate compartments . as said supporting cylinder is constructed by superimposing plural wire nets one another so that the positions of mesh of one wire net are displaced from those of mesh of adjacent wire nets . consequently , the resulting supporting cylinder has a large number of nearly uniform open pores having low resistance to fluid flow over the entire peripheral surface thereof . when this device is employed in an accumulator for absorbing pulsation , the resulting accumulator shows a higher performance than those of other accumulators for the same purpose . when this device is employed in an accumulator for transfer barrier , the resulting apparatus has a high operating efficiency as transfer barrier . in addition , as the wire nets constituting the supporting cylinder are superimposed one another so as to have their meshes not in register , the formed open pores are fine ones of nearly equal sizes . the material of a separating member cannot be pressed into such a fine pore even under the pressure of operating fluid . thus , the objective protection for separating member is achieved . moreover , the above - stated open pores constitute many branches having high tortuosity through the layer . accordingly , even if the supporting cylinder has been provided with a reinforcing cylinder on one side or reinforcing cylinders on both sides , the fluid flows readily from one side to the other side to advantage . furthermore , the supporting cylinder composed of wire nets has not the drawback that any detached metal particles from sintered body enter the liquid in the case of prior supporting cylinder made of sintered metal , nor the drawback that the supporting cylinder comprising valve plates damages the separating member . | 5 |
reference will now be made in detail to the present embodiments of the invention , which are illustrated in the accompanying figures . turning now to the drawings , wherein like components are designated by like reference numbers throughout the various figures , attention is directed to fig1 - 2 . fig1 - 2 show a hand operated tactile device 10 incorporating the invention . the hand - held device 10 is particularly suitable for use as a means of communication or interaction with others or as a source of entertainment and amusement . as is shown for example in fig1 the device 10 generally includes a tactile body 12 which fits comfortably and unobtrusively in the user &# 39 ; s hand , allowing the user to discretely use the device in a variety of situations without disrupting others or calling attention to the user . thus , the hand - held device is particularly suitable for use in classrooms , seminars , meetings and the like where the device may be used to communicate with others participating in the activity or located at remote locations , or to entertain the user , relieving boredom or restlessness while still allowing the user to concentrate on the speaker . although a portable device is of particular advantage , it is to be understood that the tactile body 12 may be mounted to a base or other structure which supports the tactile body as it is manipulated by the user &# 39 ; s hand . the tactile body 12 is adapted to exchange tactile signals with the hand of the user ; that is , the tactile body 12 receives a first tactile signal from the user &# 39 ; s hand and the control system 14 activates the tactile body to transmit a second tactile signal to the user &# 39 ; s hand . in the illustrated embodiment of the invention , the tactile signals are provided by manipulating portions of the tactile body 12 . however , it is to be understood that in other modifications of the invention , the tactile body 12 may provide other sensations in addition to or instead of manipulating portions of the tactile body such as a mild shock , vibrations , and the like . for example , vibrations or shocks may be used to add emphasis , communicate a victory or defeat in a competitive activity , or add a beat or rhythm in a collaborative dance activity . in the embodiment shown in fig1 - 4 , tactile body 12 includes a pair of articulated members or knobs 16 coupled to opposite ends of an intermediate support 18 . it is to be understood that the configuration of the knobs 16 is subject to considerable variation in accordance with user preference . in the illustrated embodiment , the knobs 16 have a round or spherical shape and are preferably formed of a material which feels comfortable to the hand . examples of suitable materials include , but are not limited to , metals , rubber , plastic and the like . instead of a spherical shape , the knobs 16 may be formed in the shape of a rod , a square , a triangle , a pyramid and other geometrical shapes as well as random three - dimensional shapes which comfortably and ergonomically fit in the hand . although not shown , finger grips , detents and the like may be formed on the knob surface to facilitate movement of the knobs . as is shown in fig1 the lower knob 16a is larger than the upper knob 16b so that the tactile body 12 is easier to hold for most individuals . however , in other modifications of the invention the knobs 16a , 16b may be of substantially the same size or the upper knob may be larger than the lower knob . for some users , a tactile body 12 in which the upper knob is larger than the lower knob is easier to hold . the knobs 16 may be removable to allow the user to customize the tactile body 12 to his personal preference , selecting knobs of the desired size , shape , material , color and appearance . the removable knobs may be attached using any suitable means such as threaded fasteners , slot - key arrangements and the like . the knobs 16 are each coupled to the intermediate support 18 . the intermediate support may be formed of the same material as the knobs 16 or a different material , and is preferably resilient to cushion the hand and provide greater comfort . a pivotal connector 20 couples the knobs 16 to the support 18 such that the knobs 16 may be pivoted relative to the support 18 . preferably , the knobs 16 are moved in different directions depending upon whether the tactile signal is initiated by the user &# 39 ; s hand or the control system 14 . for example , in the illustrated embodiments the knobs 16 may be pivoted back and forth in the direction of arrow a by the user to supply a first tactile signal to the tactile body 12 , while the knobs may be moved back and forth in the direction of arrow b by the control system 14 to provide a second tactile signal to the user &# 39 ; s hand . the directions of arrow a and arrow b are preferably orthogonal so that the user can clearly identify those signals received from the device . however , it is to be understood that movement along directional arrows intersecting at other angles is within the scope of this invention . providing different directions of movement for signals initiated by the user and signals imitated by the device is of particular advantage in that the user may easily and clearly distinguish between those signals created by tie user &# 39 ; s hands and those initiated by the control system 14 . however , an input / output tactile device in which the motions of the articulated members are the same for user - initiated and device - initiated tactile signals is within the scope of this invention . as is shown particularly in fig2 and 3 , the pivotal connector 20 includes a stem 22 mounted to the knob 16 . a pivot 24 couples the stem 22 to a three position rocker switch 28 which defines three discrete positions for the knob 16 relative to the support 18 in the plane defined by arrow a -- a neutral position with the knob 16 substantially aligned with the longitudinal axis of the intermediate support 18 , and forward and backward positions in which the knob 16 is oriented at an angle relative to the neutral position . the control system 14 is coupled to the switch 28 and , when the user moves the knob 16 relative to the intermediate support 18 , the switch 28 is used to detect the position of the knob 16 . it is to be understood that means other than pivot 24 and rocker switch 28 may be used to pivot the knob 16 relative to the intermediate frame 26 and to communicate the position of the knob 16 to the control system 14 . the rocker switch 28 is pivotally mounted to the intermediate frame 26 by arms 29 for pivotal movement of the rocker switch 28 , stem 22 and knob 16 back and forth in the direction of arrow b . an actuator , generally designated at 32 , is coupled to the rocker switch 28 for producing pivotal movement of the rocker switch in the direction of arrow b . in the illustrated embodiment , the actuator 32 includes sections of wire 34a and 34b coupled to the tab 30 of the rocker switch and extending around opposite sides of a frame 36 . the wire is nitionol wire , a titanium nickel alloy also known as memory wire which contracts when power is applied to the wire and is allowed to stretch or expand when the supply of power to the wire is discontinued . although not shown , the actuator 32 further includes a power source and a switch coupled to selectively supply power to one of the sections 34a or 34b in response to a signal from the control system 14 and cause the associated wire to contract , pivoting the rocker switch 28 away from the shrinking wire . the opposite wire section is allowed to stretch so that pivotal movement of the rocker switch 28 is not impeded by the wire . the forward and backward positions are determined primarily by the length of the contracted wire . instead of actuator 32 with wire sections 34a and 34b , other means may be used to pivot the stem 22 and rocker switch 28 assembly . fig5 shows another embodiment of an actuator 32c for pivoting the rocker switches in the direction of arrow b . actuator 32c includes a pin 38 which is coupled to the rocker switch . the pin 38 is mounted to a belt 40 which travels in a path around a drive roller 42 driven by a reversible motor 44 and guide rollers 46 . the belt is moved forward and backward in the direction of the arrows to pivot the rocker switch 28c and knob 16c relative to the intermediate support 18c . the motor 44 is coupled to the control system , which selectively actuates the motor 44 to produce the desired movement of the knobs to communicate with the user . providing the hand - held device 10 with two knobs , as shown in fig1 and 2 , is of particular advantage because the device 10 is provided with a linear arrangement which fits comfortably in the hand . another advantage of two knobs 16 is that a variety of different tactile signals are available with two knobs as is discussed in more detail below in relation to fig6 . however , in other modifications of the invention the hand held device may have a single knob 16c or more than two knobs . as is shown particularly in fig1 in the illustrated embodiment the intermediate support 18 includes an outer shell 60 covering the frame 26 , rocker switches 28 and the components of the control system 14 . the outer shell 60 is preferably formed of a resilient material which feels comfortable in the hand . the outer shell 60 may also include an inner layer of insulating material which isolates the frame 26 and the components attached thereto from the user &# 39 ; s hand while protecting these components from shock or damage during normal operation and handling of the device 10 . although not shown , instead of knobs 16 projecting outwardly from the intermediate support 18 , the hand - held device may include an outer shell which extends around skeletal articulated members . control system 14 generally includes a circuit board 66 carried by the frame 26 of the intermediate support 18 . the circuit board 66 , which includes the circuitry necessary for sensing movement of the knobs 16 by the user in the direction of arrow a and actuating the knobs 16 for movement in the direction of arrow b , is electrically connected to the rocker switches 28 and actuator 32 . a power source ( not shown ), such as a miniature battery , supplies the power for the control system 14 . in accordance with this invention , the control system 14 may be configured to communicate with other hand - held devices 10 . in this instance , the circuit board 66 also includes a transmitter and a receiver for transmitting signals to and receiving signals from other devices . the device may be a duplicate of the tactile device 10 or the device may be a different device which is configured to cooperate with the device 10 . the circuit board 66 is programed to translate the signals from the rocker switches 28 into an output signal which is sent to the other device via the transmitter , and to translate input signals received from other device into instruction signals for actuating the actuator 32 . the actuator 32 selectively supplies power to one of the wire sections 34a or 34b to move the knobs 16 relative to the hand as discussed above , with the resulting tactile signal being initiated by the other device . by repeatedly sending and receiving output signals and input signals , two or more devices may be used to communicate via a tactile language or to interact with others by competing in a game , dance and the like . in the illustrated embodiment , the control system 14 includes an rf transmitter and receiver providing an operating range of at least 100 feet . however , cellular or network transmission systems may be employed to increase the range of communication if desired . in addition , if operation only within a limited range is desired , the transmitter and receiver may be replaced by a wire system coupling two or more devices together . in another modification of the invention , the control system 14 may be configured to operate the tactile device 10 as a stand - alone device . in this instance , the control system 10 includes a memory unit for storing tactile signal patterns . the circuit board is programed to receive the signal from the rocker switches 28 and transmit a response signal to the actuator 32 , moving the knobs 16 in the direction of arrow b , in accordance with one of the signal patterns retained in the storage device . in this manner , the user may manipulate the knobs 16 to play solitaire games retained in the storage device . if desired , the control system 14 may be configured to operate the tactile device in both modes . in this instance , the control system 14 further includes a switch actuable by the user for switching between the multi - player mode , where signals are transmitted to and received from other devices , and a stand - alone mode where the user operates the tactile device alone . with this modification of the invention , the user may operate the device 10 even in situations where other players are not available . turning to fig6 the hand - held tactile device 10 is diagrammatically illustrated with the knobs 16 moved to different positions by the user in the direction of arrow a . it is to be understood that the movements of the knobs 16 by the control system 14 in the direction of arrow b are identical to those shown in fig6 except that the plane of arrow b is rotated about 90 ° from the plane of arrow a . as discussed above , in this embodiment of the invention the knobs may be pivoted to three distinct positions in each direction -- a neutral position , a forward position and a backward position . this configuration is of particular advantage in that the user can sense the state of the device 10 through touch , it is not necessary to visually inspect the device . it is to be understood that the pivotal connector 20 may be configured to provide a greater or lesser number of distinct positions for each knob . moving the knobs until they are seated in distinctly defined positions facilitates the detection of the knob position as the knobs 16 are moved by the user as well as the ability of the user to interpret the tactile signal conveyed when the knobs are moved by the control system 14 . however , a device in which the knobs may be moved to an unlimited number of positions is within the scope of the invention . in fig6 the knobs 16 of the device 10 n are positioned in the neutral position , with the knobs being substantially aligned along the longitudinal axis of the device . the device may be manipulated into eight other positions by selectively moving the knobs to the forward , backward or neutral position . device 10 f has both knobs 16 in the forward position while device 10 b has both knobs in the backward position . providing the device 10 with two knobs provides a variety of different positions while maintaining simplicity . however , as is discussed above , in other modifications of the invention the device may have one knob or more than two knobs . in the illustrated embodiment , the forward and backward positions are each oriented at an angle of about 15 ° to 20 ° relative to the neutral position . a plurality of the different signal positions shown in fig6 may be combined to form a tactile signal . a plurality of tactile signals , originating alternately with the user and the control system 14 , may be combined to form a tactile signal pattern . this signal pattern may be a ( game , a repetitive dance , a form of communication , and the like . fig7 a and 7b illustrate examples of tactile signal patterns . as is apparent from the foregoing , the hand - held device 10 of this invention may be used to communicate with others through tactile signals , without words , sounds or noticeable hand movements . the device also may be used to entertain and amuse the user without impairing the user &# 39 ; s ability to concentrate on other activities or disrupting others in the vicinity of the user . the foregoing descriptions of specific embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description . they are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed , and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching . the embodiments were chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and its practical application , to thereby enable others skilled in the art to best utilize the invention and various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . it is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and their equivalents . | 0 |
in fig1 is shown a front perspective view of the preferred embodiment of a pda text scanner device comprised of an optical reader assembly 200 mechanically attached to a rectangular shaped pda unit 100 by four screws 140 a , 140 b , 140 c and 140 d secured from the rear via holes 240 a , 240 b , 240 c and 240 d . the top surface of reader assembly 200 is approximately co - planar with and faces the same direction as the front surface of the pda unit 100 . text print , printed figures or written objects form an optical target 180 that lies on a surface 181 that is beneath the bottom surface of optical reader assembly 200 . the surface 181 is located ideally from 0 to 2 cm below the bottom surface of the optical reader assembly . the top and bottom surfaces of optical reader assembly 200 are approximately parallel . the optical reader assembly is further shown in fig2 . those familiar with pda devices will realize that the mechanical means by which the optical reader assembly attaches to the pda unit is dependent upon the specific geometry of the pda unit and that the invention may easily encompass other means of attachment . for example , in other embodiments it may be beneficial to include a spring - loaded ball - and - detent attachment mechanism ( not shown ) or a molded plastic form that releasably connects to the body of the pda to allow for rapid and easy removal of the optical reader assembly when it is not in use or where access to certain features of the pda ( such as the camera ) is required . pda unit 100 has a viewing screen 120 and control buttons 130 situated on the front surface just below the viewing screen 120 and a built - in camera unit 151 on the rear surface . in use , scanned characters 185 appear on the pda viewing screen 120 as the optical target 180 is scanned into the device . an acquire button 220 is mounted on the top surface of the optical reader assembly as shown along with an optical reader indicator led 225 , also mounted on the optical reader assembly &# 39 ; s top surface . referring to fig2 , the optical reader assembly 200 includes an optical block 210 that is transparent and made of clear acrylic material 210 in the preferred embodiment . other materials such as glass or crystal can be used in alternated embodiments . colored transparent materials may also be used for special applications of the invention ( such as in a low light embodiment or for aesthetic appeal such as in a children &# 39 ; s toy ). the electrical connection between the optical reader assembly 200 and the pda unit 100 is accomplished using pda electrical interface 150 . acquire button 220 and optical reader indicator led 225 are connected by electrical traces ( not shown ) to the electrical connector 250 which mates with pda electrical interface 150 . in other embodiments , the optical reader assembly 200 may incorporate the use of driver electronics between the pda electrical interface and said components to accomplish electronic connections . continuing with fig2 a and 2b , optical reader assembly 200 incorporates alignment marks . in particular , there are a set of horizontal alignment marks 231 a and 231 b inscribed on the bottom surface of optical reader assembly 200 and a vertical alignment mark 232 inscribed on the top surface of the optical reader assembly 200 . mirrors 270 a and 270 b and lens 280 guide light from the bottom of the optical reader assembly 200 to the back of the pda unit 100 . further details of the optical components are disclosed in fig3 . as shown in fig3 , a rhomboid shape optical cavity 252 is included in the optical reader . the cavity forms a void in optical block 210 and is defined by parallel surfaces 253 and 254 , inner surface 255 , outer surface 257 and lens mount 256 . pda camera unit 151 is typically recessed into pda unit 100 behind the pda viewing screen 120 . mirror 270 a is affixed with adhesive to surface 254 of the cavity with its reflective surface facing optical target 180 at an angle of about 45 degrees from the optical axis 274 . optical axis 274 is the axis defined by a line on which the centers of the optical components lie and is approximately perpendicular to the back of the pda as it exits optical reader assembly 200 . mirror 270 b is adhered to surface 253 of the cavity with its reflective surface facing pda camera unit 151 at an angle of about 45 degrees from optical axis 274 . pda camera unit 151 incorporates a first optical lens 280 , aperture stop 285 and optical image detector 290 as shown and it is built - in to the pda unit 100 . the first optical lens 280 is positioned such that an optical image of optical target 180 is formed on the surface of optical image detector 290 . aperture stop 285 serves to define the field of view and depth of field of the camera unit . in the preferred embodiment , optical reader assembly 200 incorporates a second optical lens 281 which is centered on optical axis 274 and located just inside the bottom surface of optical reader assembly 200 attached to lens mount 256 . mirrors 270 a and 270 b are fixed in such a way as to define optical ray paths 275 from the surface of optical detector 290 to mirrors 270 to optical target 180 thereby allowing optical target 180 to be imaged on optical detector 290 . in the preferred embodiment the lenses are made of glass or plastic substrate and assembled as separate elements . in an alternate embodiment , at least one of the lenses may be molded as a part of the block 210 . in other embodiments , at least one of the optical lens functions may be combined with the mirror function by using a curved mirror surface ; the lens positions and overall magnification may vary as long as the object is imaged onto the detector surface . the equations for determining lens position relative to the object and detector are well known in the art . in the preferred embodiment , the mirrors are front silvered flat glass substrates inserted into optical reader assembly 200 and fixed in place by an adhesive . there are other means of accomplishing the function of the mirrors such as using multiple silvered substrates , silvering one or more surfaces of the optical reader assembly 200 or inserting one or more prisms into the optical cavity 252 . in the preferred embodiment , optical image detector 290 is a charge - coupled device ( ccd ) having approximately 500 by 500 pixels and lateral dimensions of one - half inch or less . the invention comprehends that other technology may be deployed in the pda to accomplish the optical to electronic conversion of the image — for example , a cmos imaging device may be deployed in other embodiments . in the preferred embodiment , camera unit 151 is integral to the pda unit 100 and may accomplish functions known in the art such as autofocus and zoom in conjunction with software resident on the host pda . for example , the autofocus function will allow the optical target 180 to be placed at different distances from the scanning unit . the resident software may also operate the integrated camera in a “ black and white ” mode whereby the color information is discarded , thereby creating further efficiencies in the scanning process . within the scope , it is envisioned that the user can quickly remove the optical reader assembly so that optical images of text or other material could be taken in photographic mode and processed accordingly . in an alternate embodiment shown in fig4 a , optical reader assembly 300 is shown . the optical reader assembly 300 has optical body 310 made of clear acrylic and has two mounting tabs 342 a and 342 b for mounting the device on the pda unit . the mounting is accomplished by inserting the mounting tabs into matching recesses into the pda unit 100 and utilizing set screws to hold the mounting tabs 342 in place . those familiar with pda devices will realize that the mechanical means by which the optical reader assembly attaches to the pda unit is dependent upon the specific geometry of the pda unit and that the invention may easily encompass other means of attachment . for example , in other embodiments it may be beneficial to include a spring - loaded ball - and - detent attachment mechanism or a molded plastic form that snaps to the body of the pda to allow for rapid and easy removal of the optical reader assembly when it is not in use . optical body 310 includes an acquire button 320 , indicator led 325 attached to the top surface and an electrical connector 350 that mates with pda electrical interface 150 to connect said devices with pda unit 100 . horizontal alignment marks 331 a , 331 b and vertical alignment mark 332 are inscribed into the main body 310 : the horizontal and vertical marks indicate the position of optical target 180 placement relative to the main body 310 . an optical cavity 352 is included in the optical body generally centered at the horizontal midpoint marked by vertical alignment mark 332 as shown in fig4 a and fig4 c . referring to fig4 b , optical cavity 352 is defined by reflector support surface 353 , inner surface 354 , camera housing 355 , lens mount 356 , illuminator light guide 360 and illuminator housing 358 . the reflector support surface , inner surface , camera housing , illuminator light guide and illuminator housing form a void in the main body and comprise a housing for the optical components of the system . mirror 370 , in the preferred embodiment , is a front silvered partially reflecting mirror of about 50 % reflectivity attached by its non - reflective surface to reflector support surface 353 using an adhesive . the reflective surface of mirror 370 is facing optical target 378 at an angle of about 45 degrees from the optical axis 374 . optical axis 374 is a line through the centers of the optical components and is approximately perpendicular to the bottom face of the pda unit as it exits optical reader assembly 300 . in other embodiments , mirror 370 may be replaced by a back silvered mirror or a triangular prism positioned to reflect light from optical target 378 into the other optical components of the system . in other embodiments , where the illuminator light guide is not directly behind the mirror surface 353 , the function of the mirror 370 can also be performed by a reflective coating applied directly to reflector surface 353 . optical reader assembly 300 incorporates an optical lens 380 fixed to lens mount 356 , aperture stop 385 which is fixed to and supported by camera housing 355 , and optical image detector 390 affixed to camera housing 355 . the optical lens 380 is centered on the optical axis 374 and located just inside the bottom surface of optical reader assembly 300 ; it is positioned approximately mid - way between the optical target 378 and the optical detector 390 at about twice its focal distance from optical target 378 so that an image of optical target 378 is formed on the surface of optical detector 390 with approximately unit magnification . aperture stop 385 serves to define the field of view and depth of field . optical ray paths 375 trace light from optical target 378 to lens 380 to mirror 370 to optical detector 390 , thereby allowing optical target 378 to be imaged by optical detector 390 . optical lens 380 may incorporate an anti - reflection coating to reduce stray light reflections . in the present embodiment the lens is made of glass or plastic substrate and assembled as a distinct element . in another embodiment , the lens may be molded as a part of optical block 310 . in other embodiments , the optical lens function may be combined with the mirror function by using a curved mirror surface ; the lens position and overall magnification may vary as long as the object is imaged onto the detector surface . the equations for determining lens position relative to the object and detector are well known in the art . optical reader assembly 300 has an illuminator light guide 360 which is a tapered hole situated just behind partially silvered mirror 370 . illuminator housing 358 is a hole connecting to illuminator light guide 360 both of which are generally centered on the optical axis 374 as projected through the mirror 370 . light source 340 is fixed inside illuminator housing 358 so that it protrudes into the illuminator light guide 360 at approximately the rear focal plane of lens 380 . light from light source 340 propagates through the partially silvered mirror 370 , through the lens 380 and exits optical reader assembly 300 approximately collimated to illuminate the optical target 378 . light source 340 is typically a light emitting diode ( led ) chosen to match the spectral response of the optical detector 390 , but other sources of illumination are possible within the scope of the invention . light source 340 is powered by current received from pda unit 100 via electrical interface 150 and flexible wires ( not shown ) which interconnect to electrical connector 350 . electrical connector 350 provides a mating interface with pda electrical interface 150 . in alternate embodiments of the invention the illumination guide is accomplished by the insertion of one or more optical waveguides such as a void in the optical block or optical fibers . the illuminator light spectrum and optical waveguide may be chosen to match the wavelength peak sensitivity of the optical detector , such as in the infrared range so as to illuminate a large area of text in the vicinity of the optical reader . the illumination light spectrum may also be chosen in the visible spectrum to enhance the user &# 39 ; s ability to see the material to be scanned , especially in the absence of ambient light . in such embodiments where an optical waveguide is deployed , the partially silvered mirror may be replaced by a fully reflecting mirror or prism . optical image detector 390 is a charge - coupled device ( ccd ) having approximately 500 by 500 pixels and lateral dimensions of one - half inch or less . optical detector 390 can be model tc237 680 × 500 pixel monochrome ccd made by texas instruments of dallas , tex . the invention comprehends that other technology may be used to accomplish the optical to electronic conversion of the image — for example , a cmos imaging device may be deployed in other embodiments . the camera may accomplish functions known in the art such as autofocus and zoom in conjunction with software resident on the host pda . for example , the autofocus function will allow the optical target 378 to be placed at different distances from the optical reader assembly . the resident software may also operate the integrated camera in a “ black and white ” mode whereby the color information is discarded , thereby creating further efficiencies in the scanning process . within the scope , it is envisioned that the user can easily remove the optical reader assembly so that optical images of text or other material could be taken in photographic mode and processed accordingly . optical detector 390 is physically connected to control circuit board 395 . control circuit board 395 provides on - board memory , clocking , electrical buffering and computer interface functions . control circuit board 395 is electronically connected to the pda unit 100 via flexible cabling ( not shown ) which interconnects to electrical connector 350 which mates with pda electrical interface 150 . optical reader assembly 300 may incorporate the use of other driver electronics ( not shown ) between the pda electrical interface 150 , light source 340 , acquire button 320 or indicator led 325 to accomplish electronic connection . in a third embodiment shown in fig7 a - 7d , optical reader assembly 700 is shown . the optical reader assembly 700 includes optical body 710 made of clear acrylic and has two mounting tabs 742 a and 742 b for mounting the device on pda unit . the mounting is accomplished by inserting the mounting tabs into matching recesses into pda unit 100 and utilizing set screws to hold mounting tabs 742 a and 742 b in place . those familiar with pda devices will realize that the mechanical means by which the optical reader assembly attaches to the pda unit is dependent upon the specific geometry of the pda unit and that the invention may easily encompass other means of attachment . for example , in other embodiments it may be beneficial to include a spring - loaded ball - and - detent attachment mechanism or a molded plastic form that snaps to the body of the pda to allow for rapid and easy removal of the optical reader assembly when it is not in use . optical reader assembly 700 includes an optical body made of clear acrylic material 710 , an acquire button 720 , indicator led 725 attached to the top surface and an electrical connector 750 that mates with pda electrical interface 150 to connect said devices with the pda unit 100 . horizontal alignment marks 731 a , 731 b and vertical alignment mark 732 are inscribed into the optical body 710 : the horizontal and vertical marks indicate the position of optical target 180 placement relative to the optical body 710 . optical cavity 752 is included in optical body 710 and centered at generally the horizontal midpoint marked by vertical alignment mark 732 as shown in fig7 a . referring to fig7 c , the optical cavity 752 is defined by reflector support surface 753 , inner surface 754 and lens mount 756 . the reflector support surface and inner surface form a void in the main body and comprise a housing 755 for the optical components of the system . mirror 770 , in the present embodiment , is a front silvered mirror of high reflectivity attached by its non - reflective surface to reflector support surface 753 . the reflective surface of mirror 770 faces optical target 180 at an angle of about 45 degrees from the optical axis 774 which is a line generally through the centers of the optical components and is approximately perpendicular to the bottom face of the pda unit as it exits the optical reader assembly 700 . in other embodiments , mirror 770 may be replaced by a back silvered mirror or a triangular prism positioned to reflect light from the optical target 180 into the other optical components of the system . in other embodiments , the function of the mirror 770 can also be performed by a reflective coating applied directly to reflector surface 753 . optical reader assembly 700 incorporates a primary optical lens 780 fixed to lens mount 756 . the primary optical lens 780 is centered on the optical axis 774 and located just inside the bottom surface of optical reader assembly 700 . continuing with fig7 c and fig1 , pda camera unit 151 faces the vertical and is recessed into the pda unit 100 at the upper end of the pda . pda camera unit 151 incorporates a camera lens 781 , aperture stop 785 and optical image detector 790 mounted to support 755 as shown . primary optical lens 780 is positioned approximately its focal distance away from optical target 180 such that optical rays 775 are rendered nearly parallel as they enter pda camera unit 151 resulting in an optical image of optical target 180 on the surface of optical image detector 790 . the aperture stop 785 serves to define the field of view and depth of field of the camera unit . in the third embodiment , lens 180 is made of glass or plastic substrate and assembled as a distinct element . in an alternate embodiment , the lens may be molded as a part of optical block 710 . in other embodiments , the optical lens function may be combined with the mirror function by using a curved mirror surface ; the lens position and overall magnification may vary as long as the object is imaged onto the detector surface . the equations for determining lens position relative to the object and detector are well known in the art . also in the third embodiment , the mirror is a front silvered flat glass substrate inserted into optical reader assembly 700 and fixed in place by an adhesive . there are other means of accomplishing the function of the mirrors such as using multiple silvered substrates , silvering one or more surfaces of optical reader assembly 700 or inserting one or more prisms into optical cavity 752 . in the third embodiment , optical image detector 790 is a charge - coupled device ( ccd ) having approximately 500 by 500 pixels and lateral dimensions of one - half inch or less . the invention comprehends that other technology may be used to accomplish the optical to electronic conversion of the image — for example , a cmos imaging device may be deployed . the camera unit 151 is integral to the pda unit 100 and may accomplish functions known in the art such as autofocus and zoom in conjunction with software resident on the host pda . for example , the autofocus function will allow the optical target 180 to be placed at different distances from the scanning unit . the resident software may also allow the integrated camera to operate in a “ black and white ” mode whereby the color information is discarded , thereby creating further efficiencies in the scanning process . within the scope , it is envisioned that the user can easily remove the optical reader assembly so that optical images of text or other material could be taken in photographic mode and processed accordingly . as shown in fig7 d , optical reader assembly 700 has an illuminator light guide 760 which is a hole in optical block 710 from the interface surface 744 to the bottom surface 743 . fig7 a and 7b show top and side views of the illuminator light guide 760 . a light source 740 with it collimating lens 741 is a part of the pda unit 100 . the position and angle of the illuminator light guide 760 is made to match the positions of the collimating lens 741 and optical target position 180 . light from light source 740 propagates through the illuminator light guide 760 along optical rays 776 and exits the optical reader assembly 700 to illuminate the optical target 180 . other embodiments of the invention are conceived in which the illumination light guide is accomplished using different shaped voids than the present embodiment or optical fibers inserted into the optical block 710 . the illuminator light spectrum and optical waveguide may also be chosen so as to illuminate a large area of text in the vicinity of the optical reader to enhance the user &# 39 ; s ability to see the material to be scanned , especially in the absence of ambient light . the illumination light spectrum may also be chosen to match the peak sensitivity of the optical detector . in a fourth embodiment shown in fig8 , optical reader assembly 800 is shown . the optical reader assembly 800 is made of clear acrylic and has two mounting tabs 842 a and 842 b for mounting the device on pda unit 100 . the mounting is accomplished by inserting the mounting tabs into matching recesses into pda unit 100 and utilizing set screws to hold mounting tabs 842 in place . those familiar with pda devices will realize that the mechanical means by which the optical reader assembly attaches to the pda unit is dependent upon the specific geometry of the pda unit and that the invention may easily encompass other means of attachment . for example , in other embodiments it may be beneficial to include a spring - loaded ball - and - detent attachment mechanism or a molded plastic form that snaps to the body of the pda to allow for rapid and easy removal of the optical reader assembly when it is not in use . optical reader assembly 800 includes an optical body made of clear acrylic material 810 , an acquire button 820 , indicator led 825 attached to the top surface and an electrical connector 850 that mates with pda electrical interface 151 to connect said devices with pda unit 100 . horizontal alignment marks 831 a , 831 b and vertical alignment mark 832 are inscribed into optical body 810 : the horizontal and vertical marks indicate the position of optical target 180 placement relative to the optical body 810 . a cylindrical optical cavity 852 is included in optical body 810 and generally centered at the horizontal midpoint marked by vertical alignment mark 832 as shown in fig8 a and fig8 b . referring to fig8 c , optical cavity 852 includes a threaded inner surface 854 and bottom opening 886 forming a void in the optical body and comprising a housing for the optical components of the system . the optical components are mounted and threaded into the cylindrical optical cavity 852 in inner surface 854 and held in place by adhesive . optical axis 874 is a line generally through the centers of the optical components and is approximately perpendicular to the pda unit as it exits optical reader assembly 800 . reader assembly 800 incorporates an optical lens 880 fixed to lens mount 856 which is threaded into optical cavity 852 . aperture stop 885 is fixed to and supported by optical cavity 852 . optical image detector 890 is affixed to camera electronics 895 which abuts electronics mount 897 and is held in place by cap 896 threaded into the top of optical cavity 852 . optical lens 880 is positioned approximately mid - way between optical target 180 and optical detector 890 at about twice its focal distance from optical target 180 so that an image of optical target 180 is formed on the surface of optical detector 890 with approximately unit magnification . aperture stop 885 serves to define the field of view and depth of field . optical ray paths 875 trace light from optical target 180 to lens 880 to optical detector 890 , thereby allowing optical target 180 to be imaged by optical detector 890 . optical lens 880 may incorporate an anti - reflection coating to reduce stray light reflections . in the present embodiment the lens is made of glass or plastic substrate and assembled as a separate element . in another embodiment , the lens may be molded as a part of optical block 810 . the equations for determining lens position relative to the object and detector are well known in the art . optical image detector 890 is a charge - coupled device ( ccd ) having approximately 500 by 500 pixels and lateral dimensions of one - half inch or less . the invention comprehends that other technology may be used to accomplish the optical to electronic conversion of the image — for example , a cmos imaging device may be deployed in other embodiments . the camera may accomplish functions known in the art such as autofocus and zoom in conjunction with software resident on the host pda . for example , the autofocus function will allow optical target 180 to be placed at different distances from the optical reader assembly . the resident software may also operate the integrated camera in a “ black and white ” mode whereby the color information is discarded , thereby creating further efficiencies in the scanning process . optical detector 890 is physically and electrically connected to camera electronics 895 . camera electronics 895 provides on - board memory , clocking , electrical buffering and computer interface functions . camera electronics 895 is electronically connected to pda unit 100 via cabling 892 which interconnects to the electrical connector 850 which mates with pda electrical interface 150 . optical reader assembly 800 may incorporate the use of other driver electronics ( not shown ) between pda electrical interface 150 , acquire button 820 or indicator led 825 to accomplish electronic connection . in a fifth embodiment shown in fig9 and 10 a - 10 c , optical reader assembly 800 is rotatably attached to pda unit 100 by a hinge 905 attached to the optical reader assembly and a mounting assembly 906 . mounting assembly 906 includes a frame and a cavity 908 . mounting assembly 906 is attached to pda unit 100 by a releasable friction fit between cavity 907 and pda unit 100 . optical reader assembly 800 is electrically connected to flexible connector 910 . flexible connector 910 is electrically connected to connector 850 . connector 850 is , in turn , connected to the pda . optical reader assembly 800 includes a pocket 930 to store excess flexible connector material . in use , hinge 905 enables the pda to be held at a different angle than the optical reader assembly . the angle allows a more comfortable and natural angle for scanning lengthy text subjects and therefore accommodates the user . the electronic architecture of the invention is shown in fig5 . pda unit 100 includes a microprocessor 110 and electronic memory 115 . certain software programs may be stored in memory 115 and executed by microprocessor 110 to operate on pda unit 100 to accomplish tasks that will be described . the type of microprocessor 110 and the storage capability of the electronic memory 115 are not critical to the invention except that they should be chosen to efficiently accomplish the tasks that will be described . for example , in another embodiment , microprocessor 110 may be composed of two processors , one processor dedicated to the user interface and normal functioning of the pda ; the other processor dedicated to image and ocr processing . either or both processors could be a risc class processor . microprocessor 110 accepts user stimulus electronically from the acquire button 220 and pda buttons 130 to control the scanning process . as the optical target 180 is scanned , microprocessor 110 displays text characters 185 on pda viewing screen 120 . during the scan process , certain states and conditions of the process may be indicated by pda viewing screen 120 or the indicator led 225 . in the alternate embodiments , the acquire buttons and indicator leds interact with the microprocessor in a similar way to the preferred embodiment . to scan text , pda camera unit 151 acquires an electronic image 155 of a character of text in optical target 180 . the electronic image 155 is a bit - mapped pixilated representation of the optical image that exists on the surface of optical detector 290 and would typically contain 500 by 500 bytes i . e . 250 kbytes total . that image is stored momentarily in the on - board memory of camera unit 151 until the pda microprocessor 110 extracts the electronic image 155 from the camera unit 151 and stores it in electronic memory 115 . microprocessor 110 then acts on the electronic image 155 stored in memory 115 to convert the electronic image 155 into a byte or word digital character representation , such as the ascii representation . the byte or word representing the digital character , which in turn represents the character of text in optical target 180 that was scanned , is then stored into an available location in memory 115 . the portion of memory 115 that holds the electronic image 155 is then freed to be used for the next character in the scan . fig6 is a flow chart of a scan process that accomplishes the overall text scanning task . the process begins with step 501 when a text scanning application software program 500 residing in the electronic memory 115 of the pda unit 100 is initiated . once the program starts , it performs the step 505 of activating the acquire button 220 and camera unit 151 , then step 508 of verifying the electronic integrity of the optical reader assembly 200 and lighting indicator 225 , thereby signaling the operator that the pda unit 100 is ready to scan text . upon ready signal , step 510 is performed where the optical reader assembly 200 is placed over optical target 180 and aligned with alignment marks 231 and 232 . after alignment the software program 500 waits to take further action until the acquire button is pressed in step 512 . when acquire button 220 is pressed down , the software program 500 leaves step 512 and moves to step 513 in which it sets scanning state to “ on ”. in subsequent step 516 , the electronic image data 155 is acquired from camera unit 151 and this image represents the current character situated in the optical path 275 . microprocessor 110 processes the electronic data 155 utilizing optical character recognition ( ocr ) software code in step 519 . if the ocr process is successful , a valid byte or word digital character within the available character set will be selected and in step 522 the ocr process will return a valid character to the microprocessor 110 signaling that it was successful . if the ocr process is unable to match a valid character , it will return a flag to the microprocessor 110 indicating failure . ocr algorithms are well known in the art such that commercially available software code may be utilized to accomplish this task . if ocr step 522 indicates success , then software program 500 proceeds to step 525 in which microprocessor 110 stores the character in memory 115 and on to step 526 in which the microprocessor 110 displays the character on the pda viewing screen 120 . moving to step 528 then , the microprocessor 110 checks the state of the acquire button 220 : if the button is still pressed down , then the software program 500 flows back to step 516 to repeat . if acquire button 220 is released , then the scanning state is changed to “ off ” in step 550 and the operator is queried in step 555 to scan again or to stop . if the operator selects to continue scanning , the scanning process is repeated beginning with step 510 . if the operator selects to stop scanning then the process moves to step 560 . in step 560 and subsequent steps 563 and 565 , the scanned and processed text is edited if the operator chooses to , is saved to a text file and the program exits , respectively . if ocr step 522 indicates failure , then the scan process proceeds immediately to step 545 in which the microprocessor 110 displays an error condition on the pda viewing screen 120 indicating to the operator that the last character was not valid and that the operator must rescan . the software program proceeds to check that the acquire button is still depressed in step 528 . if the button is depressed , then the device acquires a new image and the conversion process repeats . if the acquire button is released , the scanning state is switched to “ off ” in step 550 and the scan process moves to step 555 to query the user to continue scanning or not . the software program 500 proceeds as described before from that point . in other embodiments , the pda may signal the operator with the indicator led 225 or with audio sounds instead of or in concert with the visual signals on the pda viewing screen . in another embodiment of the invention , the scan process is altered by inserting a step between step 516 and step 519 . the new software step deconvolves and transforms the electronic image data 155 using the known transfer function for the optical components so as to remove the distortion effects of optical aberrations . while this invention has been described in reference to illustrative embodiments , this description is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense . various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments , as well as other embodiments of the invention , will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description . it is therefore intended that the appended claims encompass any such modifications or embodiments . | 7 |
a general description of the course of a driving stability control is shown in fig1 . the vehicle 1 forms the controlled system . the variables given by the driver , namely , the driver brake pressure p brake and the steering angle δ , act on the vehicle 1 . the variables resulting from this , namely , the motor moment m motor , the lateral acceleration a trans , the yaw rate ψ , the wheel speeds and hydraulic signals , such as wheel brake pressures , are measured on the vehicle . to evaluate these data , the dsc system has four electronic controllers 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 , which are associated with the anti - locking system abs , the traction slip control system tsc , the electronic brake effort proportioning system ebv , and the yawing moment control system ymc , respectively . the electronic controllers for abs 7 , tsc 8 and ebv 9 may correspond to the state of the art without change . the wheel speeds are sent to the controllers for the anti - locking system 7 , the traction slip control system 8 and the electronic brake effort proportioning system 9 . the controller 8 of the traction slip control system additionally receives data on the actual engine torque , the motor moment m motor . this information is also sent to the controller 10 for the yawing moment control system ymc . in addition , controller 10 receives the data on the lateral acceleration a trans and the yaw rate ψ of the vehicle from the sensors . since a vehicle reference velocity v ref , on the basis of which an excess brake slip of one of the wheels can be determined , is determined in the controller 7 of the abs via the individual wheel speeds of the vehicle wheels , such a reference velocity does not need to be calculated in the ymc controller 10 , but it is taken over from the abs controller 7 . whether the vehicle reference speed is calculated or a separate calculation is performed for the yawing moment control makes only a slight difference for the process of the yawing moment control . this also applies , e . g ., to the longitudinal acceleration along of the vehicle . the value for this also can be determined in the abs controller 7 , and sent to the ymc controller 10 . this applies to the determination of the coefficient of friction μ of the road surface with restrictions only , because a more accurate coefficient of friction determination than is determined for the anti - locking system is desirable for yawing moment control . all four electronic controllers of the dsc , i . e ., the controllers for ymc 10 , abs 7 , tsc 8 and ebv 9 , develop brake pressure set values p ymc , p abs , p tsc , p ebv for the individual wheels simultaneously and independently from one another based on their own control strategies . in addition , preset values m tsc and m adjustm for the engine torque are calculated by the tsc controller 8 and the ymc controller 10 simultaneously . the pressure preset values p ymc of the ymc controller 10 for the individual wheel brake pressures are determined as follows : the ymc controller 10 first calculates an additional yawing moment m g , which leads to stabilization of the driving condition within a curve if it is generated by a corresponding brake actuation . this m g is sent to a distribution logic unit 2 , which could also be represented as part of the ymc controller 10 . in addition , the possible desire of the driver to decelerate the vehicle , which is recognized from the driver brake pressure p brake , is also sent to this distribution logic unit 2 . the distribution logic unit 2 calculates yawing moment control brake pressures p ymc for the wheel brakes , which may differ from the preset yawing moment m g and the desired driver brake pressure very greatly for the individual wheels . these yawing moment control brake pressures p ymc are sent to a priority circuit 3 for the wheel brake pressures , for function optimization along with the pressure preset values calculated by the other controllers 7 , 8 and 9 for abs , tsc and ebv . this priority circuit 3 determines desired wheel pressures p desired for optimal driving stability , taking into account the driver &# 39 ; s desire . these desired pressures may either correspond to the pressure preset values of one of these four controllers , or represent a superimposition . the procedure followed in the case of the engine torque is similar to the procedure with the wheel brake pressures . while abs and ebv act only on the wheel brakes , intervention with the engine torque is also provided in the case of ymc and tsc . the preset values m adjustm and m tsc calculated separately for the engine torque in the ymc controller 10 and in the tsc controller 8 are again evaluated in a priority circuit 4 and superimposed to a desired torque . however , this desired torque m desired may also just as well correspond only to the calculated preset value of one of the two controllers . driving stability control by intervention with the brakes and the engine can now be performed based on the calculated desired preset values for the wheel brake pressure p desired and for the engine torque m desired . hydraulic signals or values , which reflect the actual wheel brake pressure , are also sent for this purpose to the pressure control unit 5 . from this , the pressure control unit 5 generates valve signals , which are sent to the control valves of the individual wheel brakes in the vehicle 1 . the engine management controls the drive motor of the vehicle according to m desired , as a result of which a changed motor moment is again generated . this will then again lead to new input variables for the four electronic controllers 7 , 8 , 9 and 10 of the dsc system . fig2 shows in a block diagram how the additional yawing moment m g is determined within the ymc controller 10 for the distribution logic unit 2 . the steering angle δ , the vehicle reference velocity v ref from the abs controller 7 , the measured lateral acceleration a trans , and the measured yaw rate ψ meas are entered for this as input variables . the vehicle reference velocity v ref passes through a filter 17 , which sets a constant value above zero at low velocities , so that the denominator of a fraction will not become equal to zero during the further calculations . the unfiltered value of v ref is sent only to an activation logic unit 11 , which recognizes the standstill of the vehicle . this direct determination of the vehicle reference velocity v ref by the activation logic unit 11 may also be omitted if standstill of the vehicle is assumed when the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil assumes its constant minimum . a vehicle reference model 12 , which calculates a preset value for a change in the yaw rate δψ on the basis of the steering angle δ , the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil as the measured yaw rate ψ meas , is placed in the ymc controller . to keep the preset values within the physically possible range , the coefficient of friction μ of the road surface , which is calculated as an estimated value μ in a coefficient of friction and situation recognition unit 13 , is also needed for these calculations . if the coefficient of friction determined within the framework of the anti - locking control has sufficient accuracy , this coefficient of friction may be used as well , or the coefficient of friction calculated in the ymc controller 10 may be taken over in the abs controller 7 . the coefficient of friction and situation recognition unit 13 uses for its calculations the filtered reference velocity v reffil , the measured vehicle lateral acceleration a trans , the measured yaw rate ψ meas and the steering angle δ . the situation recognition unit distinguishes different cases , such as straight travel , travel in curves , reverse travel and standstill of the vehicle . standstill of the vehicle is assumed when the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil assumes its constant minimum . this information may also be sent to the activation logic unit 11 to recognize standstill of the vehicle instead of the unfiltered vehicle reference velocity . the fact that at a given steering angle δ , the orientation of the measured yaw rate ψ is opposite that during forward travel is utilized to recognize reverse travel . the measured yaw rate ψ meas is compared for this purpose with the desired yaw rate ψ desired preset by the vehicle reference model 12 . if the signs are always opposite , and this also applies to the time derivatives of the two curves , the vehicle is traveling in reverse , because ψ desired is always calculated for forward travel , since the usual speed sensors do not detect information on the direction of rotation of the wheels . finally , a kinematic velocity of the side slip angle determination , or a kinematic determination for short , is performed on the basis of the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil , the measured vehicle lateral acceleration a trans , and the measured yaw rate ψ meas . to cut off peaks in the case of great variations in the side slip angles , the calculated value of velocity of the side slip angle passes through a first - order low - pass filter 15 , which sends an estimated value β for the velocity of the side slip angle to the activation logic unit 11 and to a program 16 for converting the yawing moment control law . program 16 also uses the preset values for changing δψ for the yaw rate , which is the difference of the measured yaw rate ψ meas and the desired yaw rate ψ desired calculated on the basis of the vehicle reference model 12 . the additional yawing moment m g for the vehicle , which is to be mediated via the brake pressures , is calculated from this . the program 16 operates permanently to keep ready current control variables all of the time . however , whether these controlling torques are transmitted to the distribution logic unit 2 shown in fig1 depends on the activation logic unit the activation logic unit 11 receives not only the value of the unfiltered vehicle reference velocity v ref and , as was described , the velocities of the side slip angles β , but also the amount of the deviation | δψ | of the desired yaw rate ψ desired from the measured yaw rate ψ meas , and information from the situation recognition unit 13 during reverse travel . if the vehicle is traveling in reverse , the transmission of m g is interrupted . this also happens when standstill of the vehicle is recognized or when neither the estimated velocity of the side slip angle β nor the preset value for the change in the yaw rate , δψ , reaches a value that would make control necessary . the logic circuit for calculating the engine controlling torque m adjustm is not shown . the logic processes taking place in the coefficient of friction and situation recognition unit 13 are shown in the form of flow charts in fig3 and 5 . fig3 pertains to the situation recognition . eight different driving situations can be distinguished with the process shown : based on a given situation 51 to be determined , it is first determined in block 52 whether or not the vehicle is at a standstill . if the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil assumes its minimum v min , standstill of the vehicle , i . e ., situation & lt ; 0 & gt ;, is assumed . if v reffil is greater than v min , the result of the preceding run of situation recognition is polled in block 53 . if the situation last determined was recognized as reverse travel , i . e ., situation & lt ; 6 & gt ;, reverse travel continues to be present , because standstill of the vehicle did not occur in the meantime , because situation & lt ; 0 & gt ; would have otherwise been recognized in block 52 in the meantime . if the preceding run of the situation recognition recognized a situation other than & lt ; 6 & gt ;, the value of the lateral acceleration a trans is polled in block 54 . if this is lower than a defined threshold value a transmin , it is assumed that the vehicle is traveling straight , i . e ., that one of the situations & lt ; 1 & gt ; through & lt ; 3 & gt ; prevails . this is also true when the value of the measured lateral acceleration a trans is above the threshold value a transmin , but it is recognized in block 55 in the next step that value of the steering angle δ is lower than a threshold value δ min . the measured lateral acceleration a trans is an error of measurement that results from the fact that lateral acceleration meters are usually securely mounted in the transverse axis of the vehicle and are tilted with the vehicle in the case of an inclination of the road surface , so that a lateral acceleration that does not actually occur is indicated . consequently , if the vehicle is traveling straight , the value of the longitudinal acceleration a long is examined in block 59 . if this is lower than a threshold value a longmin , constant straight travel is assumed . however , if the value of the longitudinal acceleration a long is greater than this threshold value , block 60 makes a distinction between positive and negative longitudinal acceleration . if the value of a long is above the threshold value a longmin , the vehicle is in an accelerated straight travel , i . e ., in situation & lt ; 2 & gt ;. if the value of a long is below the threshold value a longmin , this means nothing else but negative longitudinal acceleration , e . g ., decelerated straight travel , namely , situation & lt ; 3 & gt ;. if none of the situations & lt ; 0 & gt ; through & lt ; 3 & gt ; occurs and a steering angle value that is greater than the threshold value δ min is recognized in block 55 , a polling is performed in block 56 to determine whether the vehicle is currently traveling in reverse . the recognition of reverse travel is necessary only at this point , because the yaw rate ψ hardly differs from zero during straight travel anyway , and no control intervention is therefore performed . reverse travel must be ruled out with certainty only when travel in a curve is recognized , in which the yawing moment control itself becomes active . this is not possible based solely on the signals of the wheel speed sensors , because such sensors only transmit the value of the speed , without making it possible to infer the direction of travel from it . as was described above , situation & lt ; 6 & gt ; is determined by comparing the measured yaw rate ψ meas with the desired yaw rate ψ desired determined in the vehicle reference model 12 . if the signs are opposite , and if this is also true of the time derivatives of the two variables , namely , the yaw acceleration ψ meas and ψ desired , the vehicle is in a curve , traveling in reverse . the signs of the yaw accelerations are therefore compared , to rule out that the opposite signs of the yaw rates originate not only from a phase shift , which is due to the time - delayed calculation of the desired values . if the conditions for reverse travel are not satisfied , there is travel in a curve in the forward direction . whether or not this travel in the curve takes place at constant velocity is investigated in block 57 . as was done before in blocks 59 and 60 in the case of straight travel , the value of the longitudinal acceleration a long is first examined in block 57 . if it is lower than the threshold value a longmin , there is constant travel in a curve , i . e ., situation & lt ; 7 & gt ;. in the case of longitudinal acceleration a long whose value is greater than the threshold value a longmin , it is further examined in block 58 whether the longitudinal acceleration a long is positive or negative . the vehicle is in an accelerated travel in a curve , i . e ., situation & lt ; 8 & gt ;, in the case of positive longitudinal acceleration a long , while a decelerated travel in a curve , corresponding to situation & lt ; 9 & gt ;, is recognized in the case of negative longitudinal acceleration a long . the longitudinal acceleration a long can be recognized in different ways . it can be determined , e . g ., from the reference velocity v ref provided by the abs controller 7 , in which case it should be borne in mind that such a reference velocity v ref may deviate from the actual vehicle velocity during an abs intervention . consequently , a correction of v ref is justified in an abs case . however , the longitudinal acceleration a long can also be taken over under certain circumstances directly from the abs controller if such calculation is performed there . the situation recognition according to fig3 is continually run through again , and the situation last determined remains stored and is available in block 53 . a possible process for determining the coefficient of friction of the road surface is shown in fig4 and 5 . according to this process , the coefficient of friction is determined only when the yawing moment controller enters the control . however , since no estimated coefficient of friction is still available at the time of entry into the control , the coefficient of friction μ = 1 is set at the beginning of the control . if the yawing moment control system responds on the basis of an instantaneous driving situation , it can be assumed that the vehicle is at least in the vicinity of the borderline range to unstable driving situations . the instantaneous coefficient of friction of the road surface can therefore be inferred from an examination of the current measured variables of the vehicle . the coefficient of friction then determined at the time of entry into the control will subsequently serve as the basis for limiting the desired yaw rate ψ desired and consequently also for the control deviation for the yaw rate δψ , which is transmitted to the ymc control law unit 16 . the coefficient of friction is determined for the first time at the time of entry into the control , associated with a subsequent phase of updating for the limitation of the desired yaw rate to physically meaningful values . based on the originally preset coefficient of friction μ = 1 , a maximum coefficient of friction μ is determined at the time of entry into the control , and the calculation of the additional yawing moment m g will then be based on this value . an internal coefficient of friction μ int is first determined for this from the measured lateral acceleration a trans and a calculated value for the longitudinal acceleration a long , which value corresponds to the instantaneous coefficient of friction if complete utilization of the frictional connection is assumed . however , since it must be assumed that the maximum frictional connection is not yet reached at the time of entry into the control , a higher coefficient of friction μ is associated with the internal coefficient of friction μ int by means of a table , a characteristic curve or a constant factor . this coefficient of friction μ is then sent to the control system . it is thus possible to calculate with a desired yaw rate ψ desired adjusted to the coefficient of friction of the road surface in the next step of the calculation and to improve the control . while the yawing moment control system acts on the vehicle , the estimated coefficient of friction μ must be further updated , because a change in the coefficient of friction might take place during the control . if the control system is not activated based on the adjustment of the coefficient of friction in the vehicle reference model due to the resulting changed control deviation of the yaw rate δψ , the coefficient of friction μ is further updated in t . sub . μend number of steps . if the yawing moment control system is not activated even during this phase of updating , the estimated coefficient of friction μ is reset to 1 . the adjustment or updating of the estimated coefficient of friction μ may also be omitted in certain situations . such situations are , e . g ., straight travel , travel in reverse or standstill of the vehicle , i . e ., situations & lt ; 0 & gt ; through & lt ; 4 & gt ;. these are situations in which no yawing moment control is performed anyway , so that an estimation of the coefficient of friction is also unnecessary . updating the coefficient of friction may be omitted if the time derivative of the coefficient of friction μ , i . e ., μ , is negative and the value of the time derivative of the steering angle δ , i . e ., | δ |, exceeds a predetermined threshold . it can be assumed in the latter case that a change in the lateral acceleration atrans is based on a change in the steering angle δ , rather than on a change in the coefficient of friction . it is generally true of the coefficient of friction calculated in this manner that it is a mean coefficient of friction for all four wheels of the vehicle . the coefficient of friction cannot be determined in this manner for the individual wheels . the process of the coefficient of friction determination will now be explained on the basis of fig4 . the behavior of the vehicle is affected by the prevailing coefficient of friction of the road surface according to field 61 in each driving situation . to determine the corresponding coefficient of friction of the road surface , the measured lateral acceleration atrans is first filtered according to step 62 , i . e ., either the measured values are smoothed , or the curve passes through a low - pass filter , so that no extreme peaks appear . step 63 comprises the situation recognition according to fig3 . the driving situation recognized is later significant for the phase of updating in step 74 . a polling is performed in block 64 to determine whether a control intervention is necessary . such a calculation is first based on the initial coefficient of friction μ = 1 . if control is considered to be necessary , a polling is performed in block 65 to determine whether this was also the condition at the end of the preceding run of the coefficient of friction determination . if an entry into control is involved here , control was not recognized before , so that an internal coefficient of friction μ int is determined for the first time in step 67 . it is calculated from the following equation : ## equ3 ## the parameter reg old for step 65 is set at 1 in step 68 . in addition , the counting parameter tμ is set at 1 , corresponding to the fact that the first determination of the internal coefficient of friction μ int has been performed . an estimated coefficient of friction μ is associated with the calculated internal coefficient of friction μ int in step 69 . this is done under the assumption that the existing acceleration components are not based on a complete utilization of the frictional connection , either . the estimated coefficient of friction μ is consequently usually between the internal coefficient of friction μ int thus determined and 1 . the determination of the coefficient of friction is thus concluded . consequently , assuming an unchanged driving situation , reg old = 1 is decided in block 65 during the next run of this coefficient of friction determination . a μ int , which replaces the μ int determined in the preceding run , is later determined here as well . the parameters determined in field 68 are not updated , because the updating of μ int was performed during a control . reg old had been set at 1 already in the run before that , and it remains unchanged . the number tμ of runs performed continues to be 1 , because counting is continued only if no control takes place . as was described above , an estimated coefficient of friction μ is also associated with the updated value of μ int by means of a table , a nonlinear relationship , or a constant factor . if it is determined in one run in block 64 that control is not necessary , a polling is then performed in block 71 to determine whether the parameter reg old for the control was last set at 0 or 1 . if it was set at 1 in the last run , the number tμ of runs is polled in block 72 . this t . sub . μ equals 1 if control was performed in the last run . if control was performed only in the run before last , t . sub . μ = 2 , etc . if t . sub . μ has not yet reached a certain t . sub . μend in step 72 , it is increased by 1 in step 73 , and a repeated updating of the internal coefficient of friction μ int is performed in step 74 . if the number t . sub . μend is then reached in one of the next runs without control having taken place , the parameter reg old is again reset to 0 for the control . the estimated coefficient of friction μ is equated with the initial coefficient of friction μ = 1 . the phase of updating for the coefficient of friction μ is thus terminated . if it is then again recognized in the next run in block 64 that no control is necessary , the initial coefficient of friction μ = 1 is retained in field 76 in block 71 with reg old = 0 . a coefficient of friction determination is again performed only if the necessity of a control intervention is recognized in field 64 . the criteria for updating the internal coefficient of friction μ int after step 74 are shown in fig5 . based on the instruction in field 77 that the internal coefficient of friction μ int is to be updated , the time derivatives of the estimated coefficients of friction μ or μ int formed before , as well as of the steering angle δ are formed in step 78 . when it is then recognized in block 79 that the vehicle is neither at a standstill nor is it traveling straight , i . e ., that one of the situations & lt ; 6 & gt ; through & lt ; 9 & gt ; occurs , the results from step 78 are evaluated in step 80 . a coefficient of friction determination is performed , as was explained above , only if a decreasing coefficient of friction cannot be attributed to a steering maneuver . no updating of the coefficient of friction is performed if the vehicle is traveling straight , forward or in reverse , or if it is at a standstill , or if a reduction in the estimated coefficient of friction μ can be attributed to a steering maneuver . the prevailing side slip angle β as well as its time derivative , the velocity of the side slip angle β are an indicator of the stability of a driving condition . the determination of these values will be explained below . the kinematic determination of β , 14 , is nothing else but the determination of the velocity of the side slip angle β , separated from any vehicle model , from measured variables or from variables calculated on the basis of measured values , according to purely physical considerations : the acceleration a trans of the center of gravity of the vehicle at right angles to its longitudinal axis in the plane of movement is measured . the center of gravity of the vehicle moves with the velocity vector v relative to an inertial system : ## equ4 ## the yaw angle is designated by ψ and the side slip angle by β . the acceleration vector a is obtained as a derivative over time t as : ## equ5 ## the acceleration sensor measures the projection of the acceleration vector to the transverse axis of the vehicle : ## equ6 ## after linearization of the trigonometric functions ( sin β = β ; cosβ = 1 ), the equation can be rewritten as ## equ7 ## the velocity of the side slip angle β corresponding to the above differential equation can now be calculated . besides the lateral acceleration a trans , the yaw rate ψ , the scalar velocity of the vehicle v and its time derivative v are included as measured variables . to determine β , β from the previous calculation can be numerically integrated , and v = 0 is assumed for the first determination of β . a simplification is obtained if the last term is generally ignored , so that no β needs to be determined . the proposed procedure offers the advantage that the velocity of the side slip angle β is directly derived from the sensor signals and thus it can also be determined in the nonlinear range of the transverse dynamics . the disadvantages are the sensitivity of the procedure to measurement noise and the cumulative integration of errors of measurement , as a result of which the determination of the side slip angle may become highly inaccurate . these disadvantages are circumvented by the combination with a model - supported procedure . fig6 which can be inserted in place of the block 18 drawn in broken line in fig2 shows such a combination of the kinematic determination with the observer model - supported determination of the velocity of the side slip angle β . the steering angle δ , which is indicated by an arrow drawn in broken line , is also included as an additional input variable in such a model - supported procedure . the mutual influences and correction of the combined methods of determination of the velocity of the side slip angle β also make it possible to calculate the side slip angle β itself with less error , so that it can then also be made available to the control as β . this is also indicated by an arrow drawn in broken line . 2 . 2 . 2 . combination of the kinematic determination of β with an observer vehicle model the area 18 bordered in broken line in fig2 can also be replaced with the representation according to fig6 . it will thus become possible to determine not only the existing velocity of the side slip angle β , but also the prevailing side slip angle β . contrary to a purely kinematic calculation of the velocity of the side slip angle β , an observer vehicle model 84 is used here to determine the driving condition , in addition to the kinematic determination of β . just like the vehicle reference model 12 for determining the yaw rate , the observer vehicle model 84 receives the steering angle δ as the input variable . the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil is included as a parameter . the measurable output variables , namely , the lateral acceleration atrans and the yaw rate ψ meas , are needed for the kinematic determination of β , 83 , but not for the observer vehicle model 84 , which creates these variables , in principle , itself . . . another term y , which is identical in the simplest case to the additional yawing moment calculated by the control law unit , represents the changes in the vehicle behavior , which are caused by a control intervention . y is also used to expose the observer &# 39 ; s simulated vehicle to the same conditions as the real vehicle . besides a velocity of the side slip angle β obs , the observer vehicle model also gives a value for the yaw acceleration ψ obs . the variable for the velocity of the side slip angle β , which originates from the kinematic determination of β , is multiplied by a weighting factor k after passing through the low - pass filter , while the variable for the velocity of the side slip angle β obs , which originates from the observer vehicle model , is multiplied by a weighting factor ( 1 - k ). the value of k is always between 0 and 1 . we would have k = 1 without the observer vehicle model . after adding the two velocities of the side slip angles , the sum is integrated into an estimated side slip angle β . besides the kinematic velocity of the side slip angle β , this is also made available to the control . in addition , the side slip angle β is transmitted to both the kinematic determination of β and the observer vehicle model 84 . a similar correcting variable is the yaw acceleration ψ obs calculated by the observer vehicle model 84 . this is first integrated to a yaw rate and returns to the observer vehicle model 84 , on the one hand , and is subtracted from the measured yaw rate ψ , on the other hand . this difference is multiplied by a factor h that determines the value of the next control steps in the correction of the observer vehicle model 84 and is provided with the dimension 1 / s . the yaw rate multiplied by this factor h has consequently the same dimension as the yaw acceleration ψ , so that the two variables can be added up and form a returning correcting variable for the yaw rate after further integration . in the course of a yawing moment control , the term y assumes values different from zero , corresponding to the additional yawing moment m g applied . by being divided by the moment of inertia in yaw 0 of the vehicle , the term y also acquires the dimension of a yaw acceleration and is added to the sum of the yaw accelerations , so that the integrated correction variable also takes into account the control effects or influences . if an observer vehicle model 84 according to fig6 is present , which makes possible a more reliable determination of the side slip angle β than would be possible with a purely kinematic determination of the velocity of the side slip angle β and integration , the side slip angle β thus determined can also be transmitted to the yawing moment controller 10 proper . the kinematic determination of β , which takes place in combination with an observer vehicle model , is shown in fig7 . as is apparent even from fig6 the lateral acceleration atrans and the yaw rate ψ meas are included in the calculation 91 according to equation f 2 . 6 as measured output variables . the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil is differentiated in field 93 to provide the vehicle reference velocity v ref , which is divided in field 94 by the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil , which leads to a factor f . sub . β after nonlinear multiplication 95 . this nonlinear multiplication 95 leads to the factor f . sub . β being set to equal zero at low quotients of v ref and v reffil , so that this factor , which precedes the side slip angle β , can be ignored . the side slip angle β is taken into account in the kinematic determination of β only when the vehicle acceleration v ref reaches a significant value . the β used here is the combined β , which is used both as a variable for the control and for feedback according to fig6 . after calculation 91 , the value determined for the velocity of the side slip angle passes through a low - pass filter 92 , as was described above , and it yields the estimated velocity of the side slip angle β . fig8 shows how the observer vehicle model 84 from fig6 operates . a matrix representation was selected , in which &# 34 ;→&# 34 ; are scalar and &# 34 ;=& gt ;&# 34 ; multidimensional formations . the matrix representation is based on equations f 1 . 1 through f 1 . 3 . the phase variables β and ψ are combined into a phase vector x ( t ), so that the following set of equations is obtained : with the system matrix a ( v ( t )), the input matrix b ( v ( t )), the phase vector x ( t ) and the input vector u ( t ): ## equ8 ## the input vector u ( t ) contains as the input variables the steering angle δ and the term y , which is the additional yawing moment generated by the yawing moment control system . instead of weighting factors , a weighting matrix k 1 and a weighting vector k 2 are used for the weighted addition of the variables determined . ## equ9 ## to eliminate the phase variables , two vectors , cβ and cψ , are introduced , which cancel one component of the phase vector each : the dynamics of the observer vehicle model , i . e ., the value of the correction steps , is determined by a vector h , whose first component , h 1 , is dimensionless , and whose second component , h 2 , has the dimension ( 1 / s ): ## equ10 ## based on the vehicle model in the description of the phase space ( f 1 . 1 and f 1 . 2 ), the structure described below is then obtained for determining the side slip angle β by means of an observer according to fig8 . the vehicle 101 is shown in fig8 only to distinguish between input variables and output variables . it is not a part of the combined procedure for determining the velocity of the side slip angle β . the system equations according to f 2 . 7 are formed in the adder 104 . to do so , the system matrix a is multiplied by the phase vector x , and the input matrix b is multiplied by the input variables and y , i . e ., with the input vector u . the current vehicle reference velocity v reffil is included as the only variable parameter in both the system matrix a and the input matrix b . the time derivative x of the phase vector x , formed in the adder 104 by addition , is now multiplied by the weighting matrix k 1 according to f 2 . 9 and is sent to another adder 105 . simultaneously to these processes , a velocity of the side slip angle β is estimated in the direct procedure 103 . the filtered vehicle reference velocity v reffil , as well as its time derivative v ref , determined in the differentiator 102 ( identified by 93 in fig7 ), the measured lateral acceleration a trans , as well as the measured yaw rate ψ meas according to equation f 2 . 6 are used for this . the last term of the equation is ignored in the first step , because no value of the side slip angle β is available as yet . after the velocity of the side slip angle is determined , it still passes through the low - pass filter 92 , as was shown in fig7 after which the resulting estimated velocity of the side slip angle β is made available for the further calculation . this β corresponds to the β which is output from the shaded field in fig2 . the scalar β is multiplied by the weighting factor k 2 , so that a vector is obtained from this , whose first component has the dimension of an angular velocity , and whose second component equals zero . this vector is also sent to the adder 105 . the vector resulting from the sum of the time derivative x of the phase vector x formed according to equation f 2 . 7 and of the vector obtained from the multiplication with k 2 is integrated in the integrator 106 into the phase vector x . one of the components β and ψ is eliminated from the phase vector by scalar multiplication of the vectors c . sub . β and c . sub . ψ and is further processed . while the estimated is sent to the ymc control law unit 16 , on the one hand , and to the direct process 103 , on the other hand , the calculated is used within the combined process only as a state variable within the observer and for determining the error of estimation . the difference between the yaw rate ψ determined from the observer vehicle model and the measured yaw rate ψ meas is formed for this purpose in the adder 107 . this difference is multiplied by a vector h , whose first component is dimensionless and sets the value of the correction steps for the velocity of the side slip angle β , and whose second component has the dimension s - 1 and determines the value of the control steps during the correction of the yaw rate ψ . the side slip angle β is also returned as a correcting variable ; specifically , it is fed back into the direct procedure of the kinematic determination of β according to fig7 so that the last term of equation f 2 . 6 can also be assigned a value in the subsequent control step . a substantially more accurate determination of the side slip angle β is possible due to the mutual correction of the two calculation procedures , i . e ., the calculation on the basis of a vehicle model and the calculation on the basis of kinematic considerations , so that this side slip angle can also be sent as a controlled variable to the ymc control law unit 16 . the vehicle reference model will be explained below on the basis of fig9 and 12 through 17 . fig9 shows an even more simplified version of the control circuit according to fig1 and fig2 for controlling the driving stability of a vehicle . the controllers 7 through 9 in fig1 the corresponding priority circuit 3 and the motor management 6 are omitted , and the distribution logic unit 2 is shown combined with the pressure control unit 5 . an additional yawing moment m g around the vertical axis is calculated and set within the control circuit , so that the curve path desired by the driver is maintained . the additional yawing moment m g is generated by specific braking processes on the individual wheels , and the course of the braking processes and the selection of the wheels to be braked are set by the distribution logic 2 . the desired direction of travel is set by the driver by selecting a corresponding angular position of the steering wheel . the steering wheel is coupled with the steered wheels at a fixed transmission ratio ( steering ratio ). a defined steering angle δ of the wheels is thus set . a so - called vehicle reference model 12 ( fig2 )= 302 ( fig9 ), which is supplied with input data ( velocity v , represented by v ref , steering angle ), is provided in the ymc controller 10 . the size of the change in the yaw angle ( yaw rate ψ desired ) is calculated in the vehicle reference model 302 on the basis of the input data . the desired value of the yaw rate ψ desired is compared with the measured actual value of the yaw rate ψ meas in a downstream comparison unit 303 . the comparison unit 303 sends as an output value an output variable δψ , which corresponds to the difference between ψ desired and ψ meas . the difference value thus determined is sent to a control law unit 16 for controlling the yawing moment . on the basis of δψ , the control law unit calculates an additional yawing moment m g , which is sent to the distribution logic unit 2 . based on the additional yawing moment m g and possibly the driver &# 39 ; s desire to build up pressure in the brakes , p brake , the distribution logic unit 2 sets output variables . these may be brake pressure values or valve switching times . optimal mode of operation of the vehicle reference model 302 is also important in the range of low velocities . to ensure this , the vehicle reference model 302 may also be provided with a stationary circular travel model 306 , in addition to the above - described linear dynamic single - track model 311 . here , v = front ; h = rear ; m = weight ; l = distance between the axle and the center of gravity ; ψ korr , β korr = correction terms for , ψ , β respectively . the system equations f 1 . 1 and f 1 . 2 are valid for the linear dynamic single - track model . the switching over between the calculation models 306 and 311 is performed automatically by a change - over switch ( not shown in the drawing ) in the vehicle reference model 302 as a function of the velocity of the vehicle . a hysteresis of a few km / h is provided for switch - over processes from one model to the other . below the switching threshold , the desired yaw rate ψ desired is calculated according to the model of stationary circular travel . if the velocity , increasing from a lower value , exceeds the threshold that applies to this direction , the calculation of the desired value of the yaw rate ψ desired is performed by means of the dynamic single - track model 311 . the dynamic processes that are particularly important for control at higher velocities are thus incorporated in the model . the desired values calculated by the circular travel model , such as ψ desired and β , are used as the starting values for the single - track model when switching over from the circular travel model 306 to the single - track model 311 . as a result , transient effects during switch - over are avoided . further calculation is performed by means of the single - track model 311 until the velocity drops below the velocity threshold , which is lower for decreasing velocity . to minimize transient effects here as well , the correction factors ψ korr and β korr necessary for the circular travel model are calculated with the values for ψ desired and β , which were calculated before in the single - track model , as well as with the velocity v ref and the steering angle δ as the input variables . the effect of these correction factors decreases exponentially over time according to the equation : in which λ may assume values between 0 and less than 1 . the calculation runs are counted with n and n + 1 . sudden changes are avoided as a result , because the two calculation methods yield different results in the stationary case . thus , the changeover between calculation models offers the possibility of determining the desired values for the control system at a rather high accuracy to velocities of v = 0 km / h . it was explained in connection with fig9 that different models can be considered for use as vehicle calculation models . the stationary circular travel may be a preferred model . the yaw rate ψ desired can be calculated according to this model from the above formula . if such a vehicle calculation model is to be represented , it is possible to send the measured values and v ref to a calculation circuit 350 and to subsequently poll the desired value of the yaw rate ψ desired as an output value . an extremely simple model for determining a desired yaw rate will be described below . it shall be an alternative to the above - described combination model . it is characterized in that an acceptable result is obtained with a small amount of calculations . the desired yaw rate ψ desired is calculated according to this model as follows : ## equ14 ## this equation is obtained from f 2 . 12 , with equations f2 . 14 and f2 . 15 if the rigidities c r and c 1 are assumed to be very high . in the vehicle reference model described above , the desired yaw rate ψ desired is calculated either by means of a dynamic vehicle model ( e . g ., a single - track model ) or by a static model ( called stationary circular travel value ) and is compared with the measured yaw rate ψ meas . however , the preset value ( and consequently also the control intervention ) depend directly on the quality of the vehicle model in each of these hypotheses . since these are linear equivalent models , the model markedly differs in some cases from the actual behavior of the vehicle . if the real behavior of the vehicle additionally changes due to , e . g ., load or wear of individual components , the model describes the vehicle only insufficiently . consequently , adaptation of the model should be performed by means of a continuous parameter estimation , in connection with which the following problems arise : an excitation must be present for the estimation , i . e ., the driver should sufficiently excite the vehicle by means of a steering instruction in the linear range (& lt ; 0 . 4 g ). this hardly applies to normal driving . furthermore , it is not possible to directly estimate all parameters of the linear single - track model . thus , certain parameters should be preselected as fixed parameters . consequently , control on the basis of model hypotheses can always offer a satisfactory solution only regarding the model preset values . it may therefore be sufficient in many cases to proceed according to a simple control principle . one important goal of driving stability control is to coordinate the driving behavior such that the response of the vehicle to steering , braking and gas pedal inputs of the driver is always predictable and readily controllable . consequently , understeering and oversteering operating conditions of the vehicle must be recognized and corrected to neutral behavior by a corresponding braking or engine management intervention . the idea of a simplified control principle is that a direct indicator of the understeering / oversteering behavior is used as a controlled variable . according to a definition of the steering behavior of a motor vehicle the mean king pin inclinations of the front axle and rear axle ( α v , α h ) are compared for this purpose . in the case of greater king pin inclinations of the front axle , the vehicle thus exhibits an understeering behavior , and , in the opposite case , an oversteering behavior . according to the definition , neutral behavior is present if the king pin inclinations front and rear are equal . thus , ## equ15 ## based on the difference of the king pin inclinations , it is consequently possible to directly determine the instantaneous driving condition of the vehicle . if the single - track vehicle model ( fig1 ) is used as a hypothesis , the king pin inclinations can be derived from this as a function of the steering angle δ , the side slip angle β , the yaw rate ψ and the velocity of the vehicle v , as follows : ## equ16 ## since the side slip angle cannot be directly measured or calculated in a simple manner , an explicit calculation of the individual king pin inclinations must be performed . however , if their difference is formed , it is possible to calculate this variable on the basis of the existing measured variables ( steering angle , yaw rate ) of the vehicle reference velocity v ref known from the abs controller and from the constant wheel base 1 . ## equ17 ## thus , a variable that can be used as an indicator of understeering / oversteering is available . if the known relationship between the instantaneous curve radius r of the curve path of the center of gravity of the vehicle and the difference of the king pin inclinations is also considered ## equ18 ## it can be recognized that if a neutral state of the vehicle ( f 2 . 19 ) is assumed the curve radius r can be determined only by the steering angle , namely , ## equ19 ## a control that directly uses the calculated king pin inclination difference as the controlled variable is therefore possible . the instruction for this control is to keep the value of this controlled variable as small as possible in order thus to achieve an approximately neutral behavior . it may be meaningful to assume this tolerance threshold to be asymmetric , so that the tolerance can be selected to be smaller in the direction of oversteering behavior . the desired yaw rate ψ desired can be calculated according to these considerations ( f 2 . 18 ). this yaw rate ψ desired is then compared with ψ meas and is used as the basis of the control according to fig1 . controlling the driving behavior of the vehicle makes sense only as long as the adhesion of the wheels of the vehicle on the road surface permits the calculated additional torque to act on the vehicle . it is undesirable , e . g ., for the control to always force the vehicle to the curve path predetermined by the steering angle δ when the steering wheel was turned in excessively or too rapidly in relation to the existing velocity of the vehicle . ψ desired should therefore be prevented from always being selected as the preset value under all circumstances , according to the vehicle reference model selected , because if the reference model alone is followed , it may happen under unfortunate circumstances that if the steering wheel angle is accidentally set at an excessively high value , and the velocity is also high at the same time , the actual yaw rate ψ will be changed so much , due to the fact that ψ desired is also too high in this case , that the vehicle will rotate around its own axis in the extreme case , while its center of gravity is moving in an essentially straight line at the same time . this condition is even much more unfavorable for the driver than the condition in which the vehicle is unable to obey the driver &# 39 ; s desire due to the poor friction conditions and pushes out in a strongly understeering manner , because the vehicle will at most only travel straight in this case , without also rotating around its own axis . to avoid these consequences , which are disadvantageous in special cases , calculation algorithms , which make it possible to set the maximum yaw rate ψ desiredmax valid for the velocity just measured via the coefficient of friction μ , are additionally provided in the vehicle reference model . μ is determined in the coefficient of friction recognition unit 13 . the calculation algorithms are based on the theory of stationary circular travel , for which ψ = a trans / v ( f 2 . 18 ). the maximum allowable lateral acceleration a qlim can be determined essentially as a function of the coefficient of friction , the velocity v , the longitudinal acceleration a long , and possibly other parameters . thus , it is therefore possible to set a limit value for the yaw rate , which does not take the driver &# 39 ; s wish directly into account any longer , but it contributes to preventing the vehicle from additionally rotating around its vertical axis when it swings out . details of the suitable determination of μ will be described under 2 . 1 . provisions can also be made to permit a control intervention only under certain prevailing conditions . one possibility for this may be , e . g ., for the activation logic unit 11 in fig2 to not transmit any current m g to the distribution logic unit 2 when an excessively large side slip angle β is determined , which can happen depending on the just occurring velocity . the program structure of the control law unit 16 of the yawing moment controller 10 will be described below . from four input variables , the program calculates the additional yawing moment m g around the vertical axis of the vehicle that is necessary to obtain a stable vehicle behavior especially during travel in a curve . the yawing moment m g calculated is the basis for the calculation of the pressures to be applied to the wheel brakes . the following input variables are available for the control law unit ( see fig1 ): if the king pin inclination difference is used as a basis , δψ is present at the input 500 and δψ is present at the input 501 . input 503 is facultative . it is available especially when a so - called observer vehicle model 84 is provided in the overall calculation system . the value at input 500 is obtained as the difference between the measured yaw rate ψ meas and the desired yaw rate ψ desired calculated by means of a vehicle reference model 12 . the value at input 501 is obtained either as a change in the variable at input 500 over time from one calculation loop to the next , divided by the loop time t 0 , or as a difference between the time derivative of the measured yaw rate and the time derivative of the calculated desired yaw rate . a calculation loop is defined as a calculation run through the dsc driving stability controller according to fig1 . due to its structure , such a loop requires a certain amount of real time , the loop time t 0 . this must be kept sufficiently short for an effective control . the values at the inputs 500 and 501 , namely , δψ and δψ , are first sent to a respective low - pass filter 510 or 511 . the two low - pass filters are , in principle , of the same design , and have the structure shown in fig2 . the input variable 520 of the low - pass filter according to fig2 is designated by u , and the output variable 521 is designated by y . the output variable 521 is sent to a register 522 and is available as a previous value y ( k - 1 ) at the time of the next calculation . the output value 521 for the calculation loop can then be calculated according to the formula in which λ may assume values between 0 and 1 . λ describes the quality of the low - pass filter . the recursion function is eliminated at the limit value λ = 0 : the previous values y ( k - 1 ) are of no significance for the calculation of the new output value 521 . the more closely λ approaches the value of 1 , the stronger will be the effect of the previous values , so that the current input value 520 becomes established as an output value 521 only slowly . the low - pass filtration just described is performed for both input values 500 and 501 , and it leads to filtered values 515 , 516 . an identical low - pass filtration 512 is performed for the input variable 502 , namely , β . the filtered value 517 is sent , just as the unfiltered value 503 , to nonlinear filters 523 , 524 . these filters 523 , 524 have the task of setting the output value to 0 for low input values and of transmitting an input value reduced by the limit value for input values that are above a certain limit value . the limitation is performed in the negative and positive ranges alike . the limit values β th and β th may be fixed values implemented in the program , but they may also be variables that depend on other parameters , e . g ., the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road surface . the limit values are calculated separately as a linear function of the coefficient of friction in this case . all four variables , namely , 515 , 516 , 518 and 519 , are weighted with a linear factor each in a next step 530 , 531 , 532 and 533 , respectively . these factors are implemented as fixed values in the calculation system . they can be calculated , in terms of their order of magnitude , from corresponding vehicle models , but they need , in general , a fine adjustment by driving tests . a corresponding set of linear factors is thus set for each vehicle or for each model of vehicle . the input variables 500 , 501 , 502 , 503 thus weighted are added up , and ( addition member 540 ) the additional yawing moment m g is obtained , which is used as the basis for the further calculation process of the program . however , it was found in practice that modifications of the calculated yawing moment are still necessary . 2 . the calculated yawing moment m g is subjected to filtration . attempts are made with both statements to perform the control not only in consideration of the yaw rate , but also in consideration of the side slip angle . as was explained , a desired value is calculated for the yaw rate by means of a vehicle reference model . since the vehicle reference model cannot completely agree with the actual conditions , it is usually necessary to correct the result of the model calculation once again . the values which are provided by a yaw rate sensor , as well as a steering angle sensor , are essentially evaluated in the reference model . correction of the calculated desired yaw rate can be performed by additionally taking into account the values provided by a lateral acceleration sensor . the evaluation may be performed in various manners . one way is proposed below , according to which the measured lateral acceleration is first converted into a velocity of the side slip angle β . a correction of the desired value for the yaw rate is performed with this value . the calculation of β is performed , e . g ., by the kinematic determination of β 14 , 15 ( fig2 ). the procedure is carried out according to the scheme shown in fig2 . the estimated value of the velocity of the side slip angle β is compared with a first threshold value th 1 ( block 400 ), if desired , after a low - pass filtration . the meaning of this comparison will appear only after a correction of the desired value of the yaw rate ψ desired , and it is therefore explained in greater detail below . if | β |& gt ; th 1 , the value of β is compared with a second threshold value th 2 ( block 401 ), and the second threshold value is higher than the first threshold value th 1 . if this threshold value is also exceeded , integration 402 of the velocity of the side slip angle β over time is first performed . to do so , the velocity of the side slip angle β is multiplied by the loop time to and added to the previous integration result intg i - 1 . the integration steps are counted with n , so that the number n is increased by 1 after the integration ( step 403 ). the integration time is thus represented by the number n of integration steps performed . the integration result intg n ( β ) is compared with a threshold value β s ( block 404 ). the amount of the threshold value represents a maximum allowable deviation from a side slip angle that is theoretically to be maintained . the threshold value β s is on the order of magnitude of approx . 5 °. if this threshold value is exceeded , the desired yaw rate ψ desired is newly evaluated by an additive constant s ( step 405 ), which depends on the instantaneous velocity of the side slip angle β and the number n of integration steps . this means that the desired yaw rate is further reduced with each new loop in which the threshold value β s is exceeded . the additive constant s is either added or subtracted , depending on the sign of ψ desired , so that the value of the desired yaw rate is reduced at any rate . if intg n does not reach the threshold value β s , ψ is not limited ( step 407 ). the estimated velocity of the side slip angle is checked again in a repeated loop to determine whether its value is lower than the threshold th 1 . if so , this is interpreted as meaning that the vehicle has again stabilized . the consequence of this is that n in step 406 is again set at 0 and that the further calculation in step 407 is based on a desired yaw rate that is not corrected , i . e ., it is identical to the value obtained as the result of the vehicle reference model . in addition , the start value intg n - 1 of the integration is set to equal zero . if the value of a velocity of the side slip angle exceeds th 1 , but not th 2 , the old value intg n remains unchanged , i . e ., the integration is omitted for one loop . the previous limitation is preserved . should the threshold value th 2 be exceeded again , the integration is continued . another possibility is to manipulate the yawing moment m g , which is calculated by the control law unit 16 . to do so , the difference between the previous value m 1 ( k - 1 ) and the current value m 1 ( k ) is formed . the subscript 1 indicates that these values are the direct result of the yawing moment controller , i . e ., they were not yet calculated on the basis of the next correction . this difference is related to the loop time t 0 and yields δm 1 . a correction gradient , which is obtained from β multiplied by a correction factor , is added to this gradient δm 1 . the gradient thus corrected is multiplied by the loop time t 0 and is added to the yawing moment m ( k - 1 ) of the preceding calculation . this leads to the current moment m g ( k ), which is used as the basis for the further calculation . this calculation is performed by a logic unit as is shown in fig2 . the calculated moments , which are obtained from the &# 34 ; control law unit 16 &# 34 ; subprogram , are sent into a shift register 420 . the current value m 1 ( k ) always stands in the first place 421 of the shift register 420 ; the previous value m 1 ( k - 1 ) stands in the second place 422 of the shift register 420 . as soon as a new value m 1 is available , the value is shifted from register 421 into register 422 , and the value in register 421 is replaced with the new value . the values in the registers 421 and 422 are sent to a calculation logic unit 430 , which calculates a δm according to the following formula : in addition , the estimated velocity of the side slip angle β is sent to the calculation logic unit 430 for this from the kinematic determination of β . furthermore , a value for a correction factor a , with which the velocity of the side slip angle is converted into a change in moment , is set in a memory . the new moment m ( k ) is calculated according to the formula the current value of the corrected moment is stored in register 431 , and the value from the previous calculation is stored in register 432 . the value in register 431 is used as the basis for the further calculation . to achieve stable travel of the vehicle even in a curve , it is first necessary to determine the steering angle . the steering angle represents the curved path of the vehicle desired by the driver . in the case of stable , stationary travel in a curve , the vehicle shall travel through the curve at an approximately constant side slip angle and constant yaw rate . deviations from this side slip angle or from this yaw rate must be compensated by the driver by steering in the opposite direction . however , this is not always possible when the driver travels through the curve at the limit velocity for the curve . it is necessary in such situations to specifically brake the vehicle and to apply additional moments around the vertical axis to the vehicle , which are to bring about an adjustment of the actual yaw rate to the desired yaw rate . calculation algorithms which describe this were described before , so that they do not need to be explained in greater detail here . however , there remains the problem that an additional yawing moment m g calculated by the calculation algorithm must be put into practice in an appropriate manner by specifically applying brake forces . in the case of hydraulic brakes , the task is therefore practically to set a brake pressure for every individual wheel brake . the moment to be obtained around the vertical axis shall be obtained with the lowest possible pressures in the individual brakes . it is therefore proposed that a coefficient be determined for each wheel and that the brake pressures be calculated from the vehicle yawing moment to be generated and the actual weighted coefficient . as was explained above , it is favorable , especially in vehicle brake systems operating hydraulically , to determine the coefficients such that the brake pressure for the individual wheel brakes can be directly determined . the weighting of the coefficients is performed by dividing every individual coefficient by the sum of the squares of all coefficients . each coefficient determines the relationship between the wheel brake pressure and the individual wheel brake forces thus generated as a percentage of the yawing moment of the vehicle . parameters which change during the travel of a vehicle are included as variables in the determination of the individual coefficients . they are , in particular , variables which are included in the calculation of the coefficients and are vehicle - specific or brake - specific are , e . g ., the following , for a disk brake system : the coefficient of friction μ r between the disk and the brake lining , the ratio s of the effective friction radius to the dynamic tire radius , and the method of calculation proposed has the advantage that the corresponding brake pressures can be calculated very rapidly from a predetermined additional yawing moment . should the above - described parameters change during travel , this is taken into account via a change in the coefficients in the calculation of the brake pressure . while some influencing variable are used linearly in the calculation of the coefficients , especially the dependence of the coefficients on the steering angle δ is nonlinear . however , it was found that a linearized estimation of the dependence between the individual coefficients and the steering angle yields sufficiently good results . fig2 schematically shows a vehicle during straight travel with four wheels 601 , 602 , 603 , 604 . a wheel brake 605 , 606 , 607 , 608 is associated with each of the wheels . these can be actuated independently from one another , and brake forces are generated by the wheel braking moments exerted by the wheel brakes on the contact surfaces of the tires on the road surface . for example , a braking force f , which in turn generates a moment m ( positive in the example ) around the vertical axis , is generated on wheel 601 when the wheel brake 605 is actuated . such moments around the vertical axis of the vehicle can be used specifically to keep a vehicle stable on a path desired by the driver . furthermore , sensors are present in the vehicle . they include wheel sensors , which detect the angular velocity of the wheels 601 , 602 , 603 , 604 . in addition , the steering wheel angle is detected with a steering sensor 612 . in addition , a sensor 613 for the yaw rate is provided . a yawing moment , which , when applied , is able to make the yaw rate of the driver as well as its side slip angle agree with the driver &# 39 ; s desire , can be calculated with these sensors , which detect the driver &# 39 ; s desire , on the one hand , and the behavior of the vehicle , on the other hand . the wheel brakes 605 , 606 , 607 , 608 are actuated for this purpose , with a control device , which is part of a complex program for controlling the driving stability , being provided with this purpose . the general situation is shown in fig2 . a program module , which calculates the yawing moment m g , is designated by 16 . fig2 shows a control device , which calculates the pressures pxx that are to be introduced into the individual wheel brakes 605 , 606 , 607 , 608 . the pressure values 622 , 623 , 624 , 625 determined can be subjected to further evaluation and can be converted into corresponding control signals for the wheel brakes 605 , 606 , 607 , 608 . the control device itself consists of two parts , namely , a first part 630 , in which coefficients c xx for the individual wheels are calculated . the coefficients c xx establish a linear relationship between the pressure in the wheel brake and the proportionate yawing moment , which is brought about by the brake force on the corresponding wheel . the individual pressure values pxx 622 , 623 , 624 , 625 are calculated in the second part 631 by weighting the individual coefficients and taking into account the yawing moment m g to be applied . the pressure values as well as the coefficients are designated with subscripts : ______________________________________v : front h : rearl : left r : rightx : either v / l or h / r . ______________________________________ the first calculation part 630 takes into account the steering angle , which is made available to the calculation process via an evaluation 632 of the steering sensor 612 . to calculate the coefficient , the coefficient of friction μ , which is derived from the wheel rotation behavior in an evaluation unit 633 ( cf . section 2 . 1 . ), is taken into account . the wheel rotation behavior is in turn determined by a signal of the wheel sensors at the individual wheels . the mass of the vehicle as well as the load distribution n z , which are determined in an evaluation unit 634 , in which the behavior of the vehicle is analyzed in different situations , are included as well . the first program part 630 has access to a memory 635 , which contains the above - mentioned vehicle - specific and wheel brake - specific values . a coefficient c xx is calculated from the above - mentioned values for each wheel ; the values 640 , 641 , 642 , 643 may be calculated simultaneously or consecutively . the calculation is performed according to a function implemented in the program . the known relationships between the brake pressure and the brake force are taken into account in this function . the relationship is usually linear . only the steering angle δ must be taken into account separately . how the steering angle can be taken into account in a suitable manner will be described below . the pressure values for the individual wheel brakes are determined in the second calculation step 631 either simultaneously or consecutively from the individual coefficients 640 , 641 , 642 , 643 according to the following formula : ## equ21 ## calculating the individual pressures according to this formula offers the advantage that only relatively low pressures must be introduced into the wheel brakes to reach the calculated braking moment . furthermore , the brake pressure control is able to respond very sensitively and rapidly to changes especially in the steering angle and in the coefficients of friction . the steering angle δ is taken into account in the calculation of the coefficients as follows : fig2 shows for this a schematic representation of a vehicle , in which the front wheels 601 and 602 are shown turned in . the distance between the front wheels is designated by s , and the distance between the center of gravity 610 and the front axle is designated by l v . the wheel planes 650 , 651 form steering angles 652 , 653 with the longitudinal axis of the vehicle . the steering angles δ 652 , 653 are assumed to be equal for simplicity &# 39 ; s sake . the effective lever arm h l or h r relative to the brake force f , which acts in the wheel plane 650 , 651 , is calculated from approximation considerations for small steering angles as follows . since the &# 34 ; small steering angle &# 34 ; approximation is not always satisfied , it was found to be favorable to calculate possibly with the following formula . ## equ22 ## should the calculated lever arms become smaller than zero , they are set equal to zero . the wheel coefficients c xx can be calculated as follows : where c hydxx ≈ μ · m · n z · a · n · μ r · s · η ( see definitions above ) in which all parameters except for the steering angle δ are taken into account in c hydxx . the coefficients can thus be represented as the product of two terms , in which one term determines the effective lever arm , and the other term is independent from the steering angle . one method of applying brake forces acting on one side is to actuate the wheel brakes such that the wheels will be braked with different intensity . one procedure that brings this about was described in the preceding section . this procedure reaches a limit when a driving stability control is to be performed during pedal braking , i . e ., when a certain brake pressure has already been set in the wheel brakes because of braking by the driver . the above - described procedure can be applied , in principle , to this case as well . instead of absolute pressures , changes in the brake pressures already set are determined . however , the following problems arise . if a very high pressure has already been introduced into a wheel brake , so that very high brake forces are reached , an increase in the brake pressure would not necessarily lead to an increase in the brake force , because the limit of adhesion between the tire and the road surface has been reached . the linear relationship between the brake pressure and the brake force , which was assumed in the above - mentioned model , is no longer present in this case . the limit of the brake force on one side of the vehicle , which is not to be exceeded , can be compensated in terms of a yawing moment control by reducing the braking force on the other side of the vehicle . however , this has the disadvantage that the deceleration of the vehicle is also reduced with the reduction in the brake force . this is not always acceptable , because the vehicle is to be stopped over the shortest possible distance when a braking process is initiated by the driver . an excessive reduction in the actual deceleration of the vehicle compared with the driver &# 39 ; s desire cannot therefore generally be accepted . the following approach is taken to solve this problem . the wheel brakes of at least one wheel are actuated such that the longitudinal slip 2 of the wheel is set such that it is greater than the longitudinal slip at which the maximum frictional connection is reached . this procedure is based on the fact that the brake force transmitted , i . e ., the longitudinal force on the tire , reaches its maximum at a longitudinal slip of approx . 20 % ( 0 %= freely rolling wheel ; 100 %= locked wheel ), and the brake force that can be transmitted decreases only slightly at values above 20 %, so that there is no appreciable loss during the deceleration of the vehicle at wheel slips between 20 % and 100 %. however , if the lateral force that can be transmitted , i . e ., the force that acts at right angles to the wheel plane , is also taken into account at the same time , a strong dependence on wheel slip is seen , which is manifested in that the lateral force that can be transmitted greatly decreases with increasing slip . in the slip range above 50 %, the wheel exhibits a behavior similar to that of a locked wheel , i . e ., hardly any lateral forces are applied . controlled skidding of the vehicle can be provoked by judiciously selecting the wheels on which a high longitudinal slip is set , and the change in the yaw angle brought about by the skidding shall correspond to the desired change . since the longitudinal forces are essentially preserved in this procedure , but the lateral forces are markedly reduced , the yaw rate can be controlled without excessively reducing the deceleration of the vehicle . the wheel that is driven , at least briefly , with an increased longitudinal slip is selected according to the following rules . let us examine travel in a curve to the right , which is intended by the driver . corresponding &# 34 ; mirror - image &# 34 ; rules apply to traveling in a curve to the left . the case may occur in which the vehicle will not turn into the curve as sharply as expected . in other words , the vehicle is understeered . the rear wheel that is the inner wheel in the curve is operated with increased slip values in this case . however , if the vehicle turns too sharply into the curve this case is called oversteering -- the front wheel that is the outer wheel in the curve is operated with high slip values . in addition , the pressure can be prevented from decreasing on one front wheel . this is done according to the following rules . in a driving situation in which the vehicle exhibits understeering behavior , the brake pressure is prevented from decreasing on the front wheel that is the outer wheel in the curve . the pressure is prevented from decreasing on the front wheel that is the inner wheel in the curve in a situation in which the vehicle exhibits oversteering behavior . the actual control of the brake pressure may be performed as follows . as was explained before , the brake pressure in the individual wheel brakes is determined individually as a function of the yawing moment to be reached and the weighted wheel coefficients . a factor which is independent from the brake slip can be introduced in the calculation of the coefficients ; this factor is adjusted such that the above - described desired brake slip will become established . the reduction in pressure on a wheel can be limited by setting a lower threshold for the corresponding coefficient . the procedure implemented in the control program of the brake system will be explained in greater detail below . based on weighted coefficients , the control program calculates the brake pressure that must be produced in every individual wheel brake . the calculation becomes more problematic when the vehicle is braked , especially when it is being decelerated while utilizing the limit of frictional connection between the tire and the road surface . it is quite possible in such cases that an anti - locking control will first begin before a superimposed driving stability control becomes necessary . the basic considerations for an unbraked vehicle cannot be taken over in such cases , because , e . g ., the corresponding brake force does not increase linearly upon the increase in pressure in a wheel brake , since the limit of frictional connection has been reached . an increase in the pressure in this wheel brake would not consequently produce any additional brake force and consequently any additional moment . even though the same effect of generating an additional yawing moment can be produced by reducing the wheel brake pressure of the other wheel of the axle , this would cause , on the whole , a reduction in the braking force , which in turn conflicts with the requirement that the vehicle is to be stopped over the shortest possible distance . the behavior of vehicle wheels shown in fig2 is therefore utilized . this diagram shows slip values λ between 0 % and 100 % on the x axis , where 0 % indicates a freely rolling wheel and 100 % a locked wheel . the y axis shows the frictional force and lateral force values μ b and μ s , respectively , in the range of 0 to 1 . the solid lines show the dependence of the coefficient of friction on slip for different king pin inclinations . it is seen , especially in the case of small king pin inclinations , that the curve has a maximum in the slip range of λ = 20 %. the coefficient of friction slightly decreases toward 100 %. the maximum coefficient of friction equals approx . 0 . 98 for a king pin inclination of 2 °, while it is still 0 . 93 at λ = 100 %. however , an examination of the values of the lateral force shows an extreme reduction over the slip range , especially for great king pin inclinations . the value of the lateral force for a slip value of 0 % is 0 . 85 at a king pin inclination of 10 , to drop to 0 . 17 for slip values of almost 100 %. thus , it can be determined from the curves in fig2 that relatively strong brake forces , but weak lateral forces can be transmitted at slip values in the range of 40 % to 80 %. this behavior of the wheel can be utilized to specifically reduce the lateral force of a given wheel of the vehicle . the wheel is selected according to the following scheme , which will be explained in greater detail on the basis of fig2 a and 27b . fig2 a , b show a schematic representation of a vehicle in a right curve . corresponding to the radius of the curve and the velocity of the vehicle , the vehicle must turn around its vertical axis , i . e ., there must be a defined clockwise yaw rate . as was explained above , the vehicle has a yaw angle sensor . if the measured yaw rate ψ meas deviates from the ψ desired to be reached , an additional moment m g around the vertical axis of the vehicle must be applied . if the measured yaw rate deviates from the yaw rate to be reached to such an extent that the vehicle does not turn sufficiently , a so - called understeering behavior is present . an additional moment , which is counted as negative in this situation , must be applied . it shall cause the vehicle to turn into the curve . this could be achieved in this case by increasing the brake pressure in the right - hand wheels of the vehicle . however , if the vehicle is already being braked by the driver , it may be possible that these wheels already transmit maximum brake force . if this is determined by an electronic evaluation unit , the pressure in the right rear wheel brake is increased such that the wheel runs at slip values in the range of 40 % to 80 %. wheel 604 is therefore marked with a &# 34 ; λ .&# 34 ; as was explained above , this leads to a considerable reduction in the lateral force . consequently , only weak lateral forces are built up on the right rear wheel , as a consequence of which the vehicle swings out with its tail to the left , i . e ., a clockwise turning begins . the minimization of the lateral force is maintained until the actual yaw rate ψ meas corresponds to the desired ψ desired of the vehicle . fig2 b shows the situation of an oversteering vehicle . the vehicle turns around the vertical axis faster than it would correspond to a calculated desired yaw rate . it is proposed that the lateral force on the front left wheel 601 be reduced in this case . this is also done by introducing slip values between 40 % and 80 % on this wheel . wheel 601 is therefore marked with a &# 34 ; λ .&# 34 ; a subprogram that brings about a further reduction in pressure on the front wheel 601 ( that is , the outer wheel in the curve for the case of understeering ( fig2 a )) or on the front wheel 602 ( that is , the inner wheel in the curve for the case of oversteering ( fig2 b )) can be inserted in the control program for both cases . these wheels are marked with &# 34 ; p min .&# 34 ; the corresponding actuations are laterally reversed for travel in a curve to the left . the pressure in the individual wheels can be controlled by determining a coefficient , which describes the relationship between the change in pressure and the calculated additional yawing moment m g , for every individual wheel . these coefficients are a function of parameters that describe the vehicle or the wheel brakes , and of variables which change during travel . these are especially the steering angle δ and the coefficient of friction μ for the road / tire pairing ( cf . section 3 . 1 .). a dependence on the longitudinal slip of the corresponding wheel is now additionally introduced for the above - mentioned control . the pressure on individual wheels can be prevented from decreasing by defining lower limits for the coefficients , replacing the calculated value of the coefficients with the minimum if the actual value drops below the minimum . a corresponding algorithm is shown in fig2 . the additional yawing moment m g is first calculated ( program 640 ). the corresponding changes in the brake force and in the brake pressure are calculated from this moment for the individual wheels ( program part 641 ). the brake pressures determined are compared with thresholds p th , which are determined , among other things , by the road / tire coefficient of friction pairing ( block 642 ). the thresholds p th determine whether a further increase in the wheel brake pressure with a simultaneous increase in brake force is possible . if the pressures to be introduced remain below these limit values , the control is performed according to the procedure mentioned in section 3 . 1 . if the calculated brake pressures are above these threshold values , the pressures are calculated according to the scheme 644 described above . the pressures to be introduced into the wheel brakes are calculated from the additional yawing moment m g by means of a distribution logic unit ( section 3 ). based on these pressure values , control signals for inlet and outlet valves are sent by a subordinate pressure control circuit . the actual wheel brake pressures are harmonized with the calculated ones in this subordinate pressure control circuit . if control signals of other controllers ( abs7 , tsc8 , ebv9 ) are to be included as well ( section 1 ), it is also necessary first to convert their control signals into pressure values by means of a hydraulic model of the wheel brakes stored in the computer . the pressure requirements of the ymc controller 10 are then related to the pressure requirements of the abs controller and other controllers . this is done in a priority circuit , which decides what requirements are to be prioritized , and whether averaged pressures are to be sent to the pressure control unit 5 for the wheel brakes . the pressure control unit 5 in turn converts the pressures into valve switching times . instead of desired pressures , desired changes in pressure may also be sent to the priority circuit ( cf . section 7 ). in this case , the priority circuit 3 sends the changes in pressure δ p to its output according to the rule that the requirement to reduce the pressure on one of the wheels is preferentially satisfied , and the requirement to maintain the pressure in one wheel brake has priority over the requirements to increase the pressure . thus , the individual requirements on the priority circuit are processed according to the rule that when there is a requirement to reduce the pressure , requirements to maintain the pressure or to increase pressure are ignored . in the same manner , no pressure is increased when maintenance of pressure is required . another method can also be used as an alternative to this . the distribution logic unit calculates valve switching times directly , like the other controllers as well , rather than pressures , from the additional m g . the valve switching times of the ymc can thus be compared with the required valve switching times of the abs . unlike before , different valve switching times rather than different pressure requirements are then evaluated in the priority circuit . to obtain valve switching times , the distribution logic unit first calculates changes in pressure to be set for each wheel brake . switching times for actuating the individual wheel brakes are calculated from the changes in pressure by means of a downstream , nonlinear control element . this counter converts the preset changes in pressure into cycle counts . to do so , the loop time t 0 is divided into approx . 3 to 10 switching intervals ( cycles ). the maximum number of cycles per loop time is a fixed quantity , which is determined according to the quality of control to be reached . how long a valve within a loop time is to be actuated is determined by the calculated cycle count . since there are , in general , two valves per wheel brake , with one valve ( inlet valve ) regulating the feed of the pressure medium to the wheel brake , and the other valve ( outlet valve ) regulating the release of the pressure medium from the wheel brake , a total of eight signals are to be generated . these cycle counts are sent to the priority circuit , which receives the cycle counts of other controllers in additional channels . the priority circuit decides which controller is to be given preference , i . e ., which cycle count is taken over for the actual valve control . the response of the vehicle to the brake forces generated by the actuation of the wheel brakes is a changed yaw rate . this is detected by the ymc controller 10 , which will again determine a new additional yawing moment . consequently , brake pressures are not calculated or set at any point of the control circuit . therefore , the control algorithms need no information on the wheel brake , and , in particular , no information on the relationship between the volume received by the wheel brakes and the resulting brake pressures . one possibility of calculating the cycle times is explained on the basis of fig2 . brake pressures , which are to be built up in the individual wheel brakes , are calculated from the additional yawing moment m g via the distribution logic unit 700 . how this is done can be found described in sections 3 . 1 . and 3 . 2 . as a result of the calculation within the distribution logic unit , there are four pressure values p 1 through p 4 for a four - wheel vehicle . these variables must be converted into switching times for the valves , which control the feed of pressure medium ( pressure build - up ) and the release of the pressure medium ( pressure reduction ) and from the wheel brakes . as was mentioned above , the switching times for the valves are calculated from the change in the preset pressure value rather than from the absolute values of the preset pressure value . each value p n ( n = 1 through 4 ) is therefore sent to a shift register 701 . the current value is written to the first register place 702 . the previous value from the first register place 702 is received in the second register place 703 , so that the pressure requirement from the preceding calculation loop is written there . this value is designated by p n *. the current pressure requirement is read from the first register place 702 in the next step 705 . if this value is 0 or lower than a minimum , the program branches into a loop 706 , with which it shall be ensured that so much pressure medium is removed from the wheel brake that the pressure becoming established becomes zero . to do so , the inlet valve is closed and the outlet valve is opened for at least one loop time t 0 . if the current required pressure value is above this minimum , the difference of the two register values 702 and 703 is formed . this is done in the subtractor 707 . the calculated change in pressure δ p may be either greater or less than 0 . if it is greater than 0 , the pressure must be increased in the corresponding wheel brake . if it is less than 0 , the pressure must be reduced in the corresponding wheel brake . in the case of a pressure build - up , the program runs through the right - hand decision path 710 . taking the pressure difference to be set and the pressure requirement or , if corresponding signals are present , based on the actual pressure in the wheel brake , an opening time δt in is calculated for the inlet valve . the opening time δt out of the outlet valve is set to zero . conversely ( decision path 711 ), the opening time δt in of the inlet valve is set to zero if a reduction in pressure is required , while the opening time δt out of the outlet valve is calculated from the required pressure difference and the actual pressure in the wheel brake or the required pressure , which is written in the first register place 702 . as a rule , there is a linear relationship between the opening time δt and the intended change in pressure δp i . as was explained , the calculation is performed with cycle counts rather than with the opening times . this is explained in greater detail in the diagram in fig1 . the above - described calculations are performed at constant time intervals ( loop time t 0 ), and the control signals for the valves of the wheel brakes in the next loop are set as the result of a calculation . one loop time t 0 is approx . 3 msec . depending on how fine the control is to operate , each loop time t 0 is divided into n time intervals . the diagram in fig1 shows a division into 6 steps . the switching times for the valves are no longer issued as time variables , but as the number of cycles within one loop , during which the valve is to be opened . as can be determined from fig3 , an opening time of 1 . 5 msec is obtained , e . g ., for n = 3 . should the required opening time be longer than the loop time , n is set at the corresponding maximum value n ( to 6 in the example shown ). this calculation is performed for each wheel brake , i . e ., four times for a four - wheel vehicle . the calculations may be performed simultaneously or consecutively . as a result , 8 values are available ; 4 values for inlet values and 4 values for outlet valves . these values are sent to a modified priority circuit 720 . the switching time requirement , likewise expressed in cycle times , of an abs controller and additional controllers are sent to this priority circuit 720 as well . this actuation is performed such that a change in the pressure in the wheel brakes is obtained . the pressure forces and consequently the moments exerted on the vehicle will thus change . thus , a change is obtained in the variables which describe the driving dynamics of the vehicle . these are directly or indirectly detected by sensors and are in turn sent to the calculation . this again leads to a changed moment requirement , which , as was described above , is converted into new control signals for the valves . the calculation of the pressure differences to be set is based on the pressure requirements from the preceding calculation loop . however , these do not have to have been actually set , so that the actual pressures in the wheel brakes differ from the corresponding calculated pressure requirements . it is therefore necessary to adjust the actual pressure in the wheel brake to the pressure requirements in certain situations . this can be done in the simplest manner when the pressure requirement is zero , i . e ., the distribution logic unit 700 requires a value that corresponds to the pressure zero in a wheel brake . the difference from the preceding value is not formed , and the control signals are not derived from this in such a case , but it is branched off in step 705 into the loop 706 for calculating the switching times , and this loop is to ensure that a pressure value of zero is indeed set . this is done by setting the switching time δt out for the outlet valve to at least the loop time t 0 . it may also become necessary to send corresponding information to the priority circuit 720 , so that this time requirement , which is to lead to zero pressure in a wheel brake , will not be superimposed by preset values of the other controllers . in addition , it can be determined in this information that the reduction in pressure shall take place over several loop times , so that it is ensured that a complete pressure reduction will indeed take place . the dsc pressure controller described up to section 4 provides brake pressure values for the wheel brakes as a result . these preset values must be put into practice . one method is to measure the pressures in the wheel brakes and to compare them with the preset values . a pressure controller that operates according to the usual laws adjusts the wheel brake pressure to the predetermined desired value . this procedure requires one pressure sensor per wheel brake , i . e ., four pressure sensors for a four - wheel vehicle . attempts will be made , in general , even for cost reasons to make do with as few sensors as possible . in addition , each sensor represents another potential source of disturbance . the failure of one sensor may lead to the necessity to switch off the entire control system . it is therefore proposed that an evaluation system be provided , which derives a pressure variable that corresponds to the pressure in the wheel brakes on the basis of data available from the already existing sensors . the following concept is proposed for doing so . as was explained above , the pressure in each wheel brake is controlled by two valves . the inlet valve controls the feed of the pressure medium , while the outlet valve controls the release of the pressure medium . the signals sent by a pressure controller are therefore control times which indicate how long a valve shall be opened or closed . one loop time is divided into a fixed number of time intervals ( cycles ). the control times can thus be represented as a cycle count , which indicates over how many time intervals a valve shall be opened or closed . the basic consideration is that these control signals shall be sent not only to the wheel brakes , but as calculated variables also to a vehicle model . the real vehicle responds to the brake pressures introduced , and a certain velocity v of the center of gravity and wheel speeds ω i of the individual wheels will become established . the velocity of the vehicle is not directly measured , but it is also derived from the speeds ω i of the individual wheels in special calculation steps . they are therefore called the reference velocity v ref . a correcting variable for the pressure in the individual wheel brakes can be determined from a comparison of the actual values of ω i , v ref with the calculated values of ω i and v ref or on the basis of the values of ω i and v ref estimated on the basis of the vehicle model , and a pressure calculated via a hydraulic model can be modified by means of the correcting variable , so that a better estimate of the wheel brake pressures can be given . the general structure just described is explained in greater detail in fig1 . a pressure control unit , which has number 5 in fig1 is designated by 800 . the pressure control unit calculates control times for the valves of the wheel brakes from a first value 801 , which characterizes the pressure to be set , and from a second value 802 , which marks an existing , estimated or measured pressure in the wheel brake . the control times are represented as an output variable 803 here . the vehicle is designated by 810 . this is to illustrate that the vehicle responds to forces which are caused by the pressures set in the wheel brakes . the speeds ω i of the individual wheels change now as well . wheel sensors , which detect the speeds of the wheels , so that the ω i values are immediately available , shall also belong to the vehicle 810 . an evaluation unit ω i also belongs to the vehicle 810 ; this evaluation unit usually represents a partial area of an abs controller , which calculates a so - called reference velocity v ref , which is to correspond to the actual velocity of the vehicle , from the wheel speeds ω i of the individual wheels under certain boundary conditions . a slip λ i can be calculated for each wheel from the individual wheel speeds and the vehicle reference velocity . the values ω i , v ref are available as output values 811 . the slip λ i is available as the value 812 . the calculation model used is designated as a whole by 820 . it contains three submodels , namely , in two approximation formulas , the hydraulic model 821 describes the relationship between the brake pressure p and the volume v enclosed in the wheel brake , and the change δv in volume when the inlet or outlet valve is opened for a certain time . the parameters a , b and c are variables which describe the brake system and are stored as values in corresponding memories . p describes the current pressure in the wheel brake . v describes the current volume enclosed in the wheel brake . δp is measured either across the inlet valve or across the outlet valve ; the difference between a pressure source and p is determined in the case of measurement across the inlet valve , while the difference between p and the pressure in a tank , which is usually 1 bar and therefore cannot be ignored , is determined in the case of measurement across the outlet valve . if it is assumed that the pressure in the wheel brakes and the enclosed volume can be set to zero at the beginning of a control , the change in volume and hence the change in pressure in the individual wheel brakes can be reconstructed by monitoring the valve opening times . at any rate , it is clear that the formulas shown can describe the actual conditions only very approximately , so that a corresponding correction is necessary . in model 822 , the vehicle is described , in general , by a rigid body , which stands on a plane in four contact points ( tire contact points ). the center of gravity ( cg ) of this body is above the plane . the distance between the cg and the ground is h . the body can move in parallel to the plane , i . e ., in the x and y directions , and rotate around its center of gravity , with the axis of rotation being at right angles to the plane of movement . the forces acting on the body are the brake forces in the contact surface of the tires and air resistance forces . the wheel loads f z , v and f z , h which are directed perpendicular to the plane can be calculated based on these considerations as follows : ## equ24 ## such a model is usually sufficient for performing the desired pressure correction . the model can , of course , be refined , if necessary . for the further calculation , the model provides essentially the loads f x of the tire contact surfaces as a function of the deceleration of the center of gravity . the wheel is considered to be a rotatable disk , which has a certain moment of inertia . ## equ25 ## the decelerating torques acting on the wheel are determined linearly from the wheel brake pressure . it is assumed in the tire model that the utilization of the frictional connection , f , namely , the ratio of the braking force to the wheel load , changes linearly with the slip of the wheel . the equations given make it possible to calculate the wheel speed of each wheel and the reference velocity of the vehicle model . these values can be compared with the actual values 811 . this is done at the reference point 830 . taking a correction factor k into account , an additional volume can be determined from the difference between the measured and estimated speeds of each wheel . this additional pressure medium volume δv is added to the calculated desired volume to obtain the new desired volume , from which a wheel brake pressure , which corresponds to the actual wheel brake pressure relatively accurately , can be derived according to formula 6 . 1 . the accuracy of the estimation depends , of course , on the correction factor k , which may have to be determined by experiments in advance . this factor differs from one vehicle to the next , and it also depends , among other things , on how well the vehicle model describes the actual conditions . the additional volume may also include a tolerance volume , with which the fact that the volume throughput through the valves is not proportional to the switching times is taken into account . the opening cross section of the valve increases or decreases only slowly during the opening and closing of a valve , so that only a reduced volume will flow during the time intervals in which the actual opening cross section still increases toward or decreases from the full opening cross section . the yaw rate is a particularly distinctive variable for the above - described control , because it is used as a controlled variable , whose deviation δψ is to be minimized . however , as will be described below , other controlled variables may be advantageously used as well . the following designations will be used in this section for simplification : ψ meas = g i as the measured actual value of the yaw rate , ψ meas = g i as the measured actual value of the yaw acceleration , d / dt / ψ meas = g 1 as the measured actual value of the change in yaw acceleration ( yaw angle pressure ). this also applies analogously to the desired values according to fig9 which are always marked with the subscript &# 34 ; s .&# 34 ; the measured yaw rate in fig1 is usually determined by means of a yaw rate sensor 321 , which issues the output signal g i however , such known yaw rate sensors with direct issuance of the yaw rate are of a rather complicated design and therefore very expensive . this is also true of the downstream comparison unit and the controller belonging to the control circuit . it is therefore desirable here to seek a way out here and to offer simpler sensor systems and a controller of a simpler design . fig1 shows the sketch of the mode of operation of a novel sensor 321 , which has a first lateral acceleration meter 322 and a second lateral acceleration meter 323 . the two acceleration meters 322 , 323 are arranged on the longitudinal axis of the vehicle above the front axle and the rear axle , respectively . the lateral acceleration meters may be arranged , in principle , at any point outside the center of gravity sp , in which case a corresponding conversion is performed . fig1 indicates the rectangular outline 324 of a vehicle with its tires 325 and sensors . based on this arrangement , the front lateral acceleration meter 322 measures the lateral acceleration a qv at the level of the front axle 326 , and the rear lateral acceleration meter 323 measures the lateral acceleration a qh at the level of the rear axle 327 . the two lateral acceleration meters are able to furnish a variable that depends on the yaw rate . it can be shown from mathematical deductions that the yaw acceleration and the lateral acceleration a trans of the center of gravity sp can be determined from the measurement results of the lateral acceleration meters as follows : ## equ26 ## as is apparent from fig1 , l v , l h are the distances between the respective lateral acceleration meters 322 , 323 , on the one hand , and the center of gravity sp , on the other hand , while v is the velocity of the vehicle , and β is the side slip angle . the yaw acceleration g i can thus be determined from the lateral accelerations and the distances of the acceleration meters 322 , 323 . it is therefore proposed that the yaw acceleration g i be used instead of the yaw rate proposed in the previous sections , or it is also possible to perform a linear weighting of the individual input values for the comparison unit , similarly to the prior - art condition control . the yaw rate g and the side slip angle β can be calculated from the yaw angle pressure g i and the velocity of the side slip angle β by means of a band - limited integration or a first - order , scaled , low - pass filter in order to obtain variables whose dimension corresponds to the output variables of the vehicle reference model 302 ( section 2 . 3 . 1 .) from sensor 321 . for the band - limited integration : ## equ27 ## while the following dependence is obtained by using a low - pass filter : ## equ28 ## the velocity of the side slip angle is obtained after evaluating the equation thus , it is seen that even through a prior - art yaw rate meter can be replaced by using two lateral acceleration meters , the measures just described must be taken to transform the yaw acceleration into the yaw rate . however , the measures just described must be taken to transform the yaw acceleration into the yaw rate . after forming δg and δg , the control law unit 16 from fig1 can follow unchanged . the moment m g thus calculated is additionally converted in the control law unit 16 into a change in moment m by a derivation with respect to time . however , it is more expedient under certain circumstances to pass over to a nonlinear control according to fig1 , in which the yaw acceleration g is sent to the comparison unit 303 both as an actual value and as a desired value as a result from the vehicle reference model 302 . to do so , corresponding derivatives must be formed within the vehicle reference model . as a consequence , the deviation of the yaw acceleration δg , rather than the yaw rate difference δg , is present at the output of the comparison unit 303 and is sent as an input variable to the control law unit 16 . furthermore , as is apparent from fig1 , the velocity of the side slip angle β can be additionally sent to the yawing moment control law unit 16 for the more accurate determination of the change in the moment . as was mentioned in connection with fig1 , it is possible to abandon an additional yawing moment m g as an output signal of the control law unit 16 , and to use the change in moment m , as the output signal , instead . the change in moment , m , i . e ., the derivative of the additional yawing moment m g , is converted into individual changes in pressure in a modified distribution logic unit . this means that the changes in pressure are distributed among the individual wheel brakes such that the desired additional yawing moment m g is obtained , on the whole . details of this will be described below in connection with fig1 . it should be borne in mind that at the same time , there may be a certain pressure distribution in the wheel brakes due to the driver actuating the brake . it is more favorable in this case to determine the moment m g by integrating the change in moment m , after which the pressure differences that must be brought about with respect to the pressure occurring in every individual wheel brake can be directly determined from the moment m g . the above - described advantageous variant , in which the derivatives of the controlled variables used in sections 1 through 3 are used , may also be combined with the distribution logic unit according to section 3 . two control principles are available here ; one of them yields an additional yawing moment m g , and the other a change in the additional yawing moment m as a preset value . switching over between the principles may be provided for . switching over to the other control principle must be performed especially when the other calculation of additional controlled variables ( side slip angle , etc .) according to one principle cannot be performed with sufficient accuracy ( cf ., e . g ., section 2 . 2 . 2 .). it should also be noted that δg can also be sent as a correcting variable to the control law unit 16 according to fig1 , in addition to δg i besides adapting amplifiers k1 , k2 , k3 , two threshold value switches s2 , s3 are shown in the control law unit 16 according to fig1 ; these threshold value switches are to improve the control behavior within the control law unit 16 and to optimally adapt the influence of the introduced variables to the ideal control behavior as a function of the velocity . the amplifiers k1 through k3 have a comparable task . the individual values are then added in an adder and sent as an output signal to the ymc controller 10 . general explanations for the control law unit , which correspondingly apply here , can be found in section 2 . 4 . how the pressure preset values at the output of the controllers 7 , 8 , 9 are linked with the pressure preset value of a distribution logic unit 2 in a priority circuit 3 was shown in connection with fig1 . the use of pressure preset values always requires a corresponding prior conversion in the devices that issue these preset values . the effort involved in the exchange of information between the program modules of the control circuit can be simplified by the measures described below . the control circuit for controlling the driving stability according to fig9 and 14 is shown in an even more simplified form in fig1 ; the designations introduced there are maintained . the ymc controller 10 according to fig1 is modified here inasmuch as the change m in the additional yawing moment m g , which is sent to the distribution logic unit 2 together with the pressure distribution on the brakes desired by the driver ( desire to brake ), is present at the output . fig1 is referred to for the calculation of m . the distribution logic unit 2 has a logic block 340 and a pressure gradient circuit 341 . the essential task of the logic block 340 is to ensure that despite the intervention of the driving stability control , the vehicle as a whole is not braked more strongly than is desired by the driver by presetting a pressure signal at the input of the distribution logic unit 2 . this is to prevent instabilities from being additionally introduced by the driving stability control system . consequently , when a brake pressure is provided on a wheel based on the driver &# 39 ; s desire to brake , and , on the other hand , a pressure build - up on one or two wheels is required via the dsc controller and a reduction in pressure on the opposite wheels is required in order to reach the additional yawing moment , there may be mutually contradictory requirements with respect to the individual wheels , namely , a pressure build - up with a simultaneous reduction in pressure . regarding other wheels , it may be required to increase the pressure not only based on the driver &# 39 ; s desire to brake , but at the same time also based on the stability control . the logic block ensures that the brake pressure is first reduced in the corresponding wheels , after which an increase in brake pressure beyond the driver &# 39 ; s desire up to a certain limit value can take place . it is thus ensured that the average brake force will not become greater , considering all wheels and taking the additional torque brought about by the dsc control into account , than that desired by the driver . as was explained in section 3 . 2 ., a specific increase in the longitudinal slip λ on one wheel can be used to reduce the lateral forces , while the brake force is preserved in the longitudinal direction . consequently , a yawing moment can thus be generated without the deceleration of the vehicle decreasing . the changes in pressure δp xx on the individual wheels xx are calculated in the pressure gradient circuit 341 of the distribution logic unit 2 on the basis of predetermined constants c xx and the change in moment m , and the difference between the brake pressure desired by the driver , p brake , and the brake pressure actually measured , p xxist , is also included in the calculation . thus , the following equation applies ## equ29 ## and the actual brake pressure p xxist is determined either by a pressure gauge at the corresponding wheel , or it is calculated via a brake model , which follows the changes in pressure specified for the wheel and is therefore an image of the pressure occurring on the wheel ( section 6 ). the pressure requirements calculated are sent to a priority circuit 3 and they are evaluated there ( see section 4 , above ). the above description presupposes that pressure gradients were directly processed in the priority circuit . however , this is not necessary . it is also possible to process valve switching times δt in the priority circuit 3 ( section 5 ). however , a valve switching time circuit 343 must be inserted in this case between the distribution logic unit 2 and the priority circuit 3 , and valve switching times δt will be sent by the other controllers 7 , 8 , 9 as well . the priority circuit now processes the valve switching times at entered according to a corresponding scheme , as was described in section 4 for the brake pressures . the output variables of the priority circuit are valve switching times . the required changes in pressure δt xx of the individual wheels xx are converted into valve switching times δp according to the equation here , kr xx is a gain factor that depends on the actual pressure of the individual wheels and is calculated during pressure build - up according to the following rule : ## equ30 ## while ## equ31 ## applies to a reduction in pressure . here , xx is again a subscript indicating the position of the individual wheels . although the invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments , it is not limited thereo . rather , the appended claims should be construed to include other variants and embodiments of the invention which may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the true spirit and scope of the present invention . | 1 |
the following detailed description will present a preferred embodiment of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig5 illustrates a one dimensional object model according to the animation method of the invention . when a conventional mass - spring model is used to form the one dimensional deformable object model as shown in fig5 , the one dimensional deformable object model collapses under the application of an external force such as gravity because it has no force for maintaining its present shape against the external force . therefore , the conventional mass - spring model further needs a spring for maintaining its shape in addition to springs for expressing its shape . however , this requires a number of experiences or trials and errors . fig2 schematically illustrates an oriented material point and generalized spring model based upon an animation method of deformable objects according to an embodiment of the invention . referring to fig2 , a material point a 201 and a material point b 202 have their own local coordinates . herein , the term of an oriented material point means a material point having local coordinates . in an equilibrium situation , it is assumed that the two material points and the spring are equal to those in fig1 . as shown in fig2 , if there is a modification to the posture of the material point b 202 , the generalized spring creates a restoring force against bending or bending - restoring force 204 and a restoring force against twisting or twist - restoring force 203 in addition to an expansion or contraction force ( refer to fig1 ). the bending - and twist - restoring forces are calculated using angles of rotation between the local coordinates of the respective material points . it can be understood that the restoring forces are appropriate , when associated with the behavior of a real spring . although there is a deformation as shown in fig2 , the conventional mass - spring model shown in fig1 has only the expansion or contraction force according to the distance between the two material points . fig3 schematically illustrates the oriented material point and generalized spring model shown in fig2 to explain force and torque calculation . referring to fig3 , a material point a 301 and a material point b 302 are connected together via a generalized spring 303 . herein , the term of the generalized spring means that the spring creates bending - and twist - restoring forces calculated from postural differences of the material points in addition to the afore - described one dimensional expansion or contraction force . for the restoring forces , each material point has two reference vectors with respect to one spring connected to the material point . in fig3 , the reference numeral 304 designates a reference bending vector , i . e ., a reference vector of the material point a 301 expressing its bending with respect to the generalized spring , the reference numeral 306 designates a reference twist vector , i . e ., a reference vector of the material point a 301 expressing its twisting with respect to the generalized spring . similarly , the reference numeral 305 designates a reference bending vector of the material point b 302 , and the reference numeral 307 designates a reference twist vector of the material point b 302 . the force acting via the generalized spring of the invention consists of three components : the expansion force owing to the unique property of the one dimensional spring , the bending - restoring force and the twist - restoring force . because a negative expansion force means a contraction force as a result , hereinafter the expansion force will be described without distinction from the contraction force . the expansion force indicates a force proportional to the length variation of the spring as in the conventional one dimensional spring , and the bending - restoring force indicates a torque based upon the angle difference between a reference bending vector of a material point and a spring length vector . the twist - restoring force indicates a torque based upon the angle difference between the two reference twist vectors 306 and 307 of the two material points 301 and 302 when the reference twist vectors 306 and 307 are projected onto a plane normal to the spring length vector . in fig3 , the reference numeral 309 designates an expansion force acting on the material point a 301 , and the reference numeral 310 designates a reaction force with respect to the expansion force 309 . the expansion force is expressed as f =− k * x , wherein k indicates spring constant . the reference numeral 308 designates the rotational axis of the material point a 301 used for expressing the bending - restoring force . the rotational axis 308 is a straight line that is normal to both the reference bending vector 304 of the material point a 301 and the expansion force 309 acting on the material point a 301 and passing through the center of the material point a 301 . a restoring force is created based upon the angle difference between a reference vector and a spring length vector , in which a torque 311 acting on the material point a 301 is a function of the reference bending vector 304 of the material point a 301 and the spring length vector . the torque 311 acts to rotate the reference bending vector 304 in a direction same as that of the spring length vector , and its magnitude may be proportional to the angle between the vector 304 and the spring length vector . thus , the torque 311 applies a force 312 , which is normal to a plane defined by the rotational axis 308 and the spring length vector , to the material point b 302 . the force 312 is inverse proportional to the distance between the material point a 301 and the material point b 302 . the reference numeral 313 designates a reaction force against the force 312 , in which the reaction force 313 acts on the material point a 301 to bring equilibrium of force . the restoring torque 314 against twisting acting on the material point a 301 is determined by the reference twist vector 306 of the material point a 301 , the reference twist vector 307 of the material point b 302 and the spring length vector . in more detail , the two reference twist vectors 306 and 307 are projected onto a plane normal to the spring length vector . assuming the projected reference twist vectors of the material point a 301 and the material point b 302 as v 1 and v 2 respectively , the twist - restoring force acting on the material point a 301 is the torque 314 acting to align v 1 with v 2 , and its rotational axis is the spring length vector . the material point b 302 is applied with a reaction torque 315 which has the magnitude same as that of the torque 314 but is oriented opposite . hereinafter explanation will be made about an example of calculating forces and torques acting on the oriented material points via the generalized spring . where the material point a 301 and the material point b 302 have position vectors pa and pb , velocity vectors va and vb , reference bending vectors dbend_a and dbend_b , reference twist vectors dtwist_a and dtwist_b and angular velocity vectors wa and wb ; spring constant is kp ; restoring torque constant against bending is jb_p ; restoring torque constant against twisting is jt_p ; and unstretched spring length is l . all reference vectors are assumed to have unit length . pseudo codes of a function for calculating a force vector fa and an angular acceleration vector ta acting on the material point a and a force vector fb and an angular acceleration vector tb acting on the material point b are expressed as follows : function [ fa , ta , fb , tb ]= spring ( pa , va , dbend_a , dtwist_a , wa , pb , vb , dbend_b , dtwist_b , wb , kp , jb_p , jt_p , l ) vec_ab = pb − pa ; // vector from the material point a to the material point b or vector ab d = norm ( vec_ab ); // norm of vector ab or distance between the material points a and b vec_ab = normalize ( vec_ab ); // magnitude of vector ab is normalized to 1 vec_ba =− vec_ab ; // vector ba theta = acos ( dbend_ · vec_ab ); // angle defined by dbend_a and vector ab ta =( dbend_a × vec_ab )* jb_p * theta ; // bending - restoring torque acting on a fb = normalize ( dbend_a − vec_ab *( dbend_a · vec_ab ))* kp * theta / d ; // force acting on b owing to bending - restoring torque acting on a fa =− fb ; // reaction force of above force having equal magnitude but opposite direction theta = acos ( normalize ( dtwist_a − vec_ab *( dtwist_a · vec_ab ))· normalize ( dtwist_b − vec_ba *( dtwist_b · vec_ba ))); // angle defined by two projected reference twist vectors ta = ta + normalize (( dtwist_a − vec_ab *( dtwist_a · vec_ab ))×( dtwist_b − vec_ba *( dtwist_b · vec_ba )))* jt_p * theta − damping ( wa ); // twist - restoring torque acting on material point a and damping torque against rotation of material point a tb =− ta ; // twist - restoring torque acting on material point b fa = fa + kp * vec_ab *( d − l ); // addition of expansion force acting on material point a fb = fb − kp * vec_ab *( d − l ); // addition of expansion force acting on material point a theta = acos ( dbend_b · vec_ba ); // angle defined by dbend_b and vector ba tb = tb +( dbend_b × vec_ba )* jb_p * theta − damping ( wb ); // addition of bending - restoring torque and damping force acting on b fa = fa + normalize ( dbend_b − vec_ba *( dbend_b · vec_ba ))* kp * theta / d − damping ( va , vb ); // addition of force acting on material point a owing to bending - restoring torque and damping force fb = fb − normalize ( dbend_b − vec_ba *( dbend − b · vec_ba ))* kp * theta / d − damping ( va , vb ); // addition of reaction force of above bending - restoring torque and damping force of material point b herein angular velocity vector is a concept in contrast with linear velocity . for example , an angular velocity vector w indicates the rotation at a rotation rate | w | around a rotational axis w . angular acceleration vector indicates a value obtained by differentiating angular velocity vector with respect to time . damping force is generally applied in order to solve numerical instability which may occur in integration for the purpose of position calculation . damping force is proportional to the magnitude of the relative velocity of an object , and directed opposite thereto . those portions expressed as damping ( ) in the above pseudo codes indicate damping force . it will be understood by those skilled in the art that more physically proper expressions can be made based upon the above example of calculating forces and torques and structural features of a deformable object can be variously established by varying constants according to material properties . fig4 is a flowchart of the animation method of deformable objects according to the embodiment of the invention . as the operation begins ( s 401 ), an initialization step s 402 is executed to model a deformable object into oriented material points and generalized springs and initialize various spring constants . then , a force / torque initializations step s 403 is executed , in which previous calculation results of forces and torques are deleted in order to calculate expansion and restoring forces owing to the generalized springs . in a collision detection and external force calculation step s 404 , forces acting on the material points according to collision of the material points and external forces such as gravity are calculated . then , a force / torque calculation step s 405 is executed to accumulatively calculate forces and torques acting on the material points with respect to all of the springs in the same fashion as the above example of calculating forces and torques . the forces and torques calculated in s 405 are added to the respective material points . an integration step s 406 processes numerical integration based upon calculation results of s 405 to calculate new positions and postures of the material points . numerical integration may be executed using any of methods well - known in the art , and can be carried out variously by those skilled in the art without no difficulty . as a simple example , a euler &# 39 ; s method can be applied . a position , velocity , posture and angular velocity upgrade step s 407 substitutes previous values by resultant values obtained in s 406 . a display or data storage step s 408 displays the deformable object on a screen based upon the positions of the material points obtained in s 407 or store data related with the positions for future use . next , s 409 is executed to inspect whether termination conditions of deformable object animation are satisfied . if the termination conditions are not satisfied in s 409 , execution returns to s 403 to repeat following steps s 404 to s 409 . if the termination conditions are satisfied , the animation method according to the embodiment of the invention ends ( s 410 ). fig5 illustrates a one dimensional object model according to the animation method of the invention , fig6 illustrates a two dimensional object model according to the animation method of the invention , and fig7 illustrates a three dimensional object model according to the animation method of the invention . as described above , if those models shown in fig5 to 7 are formed according to the conventional mass - spring model , all of the models are structurally unstable , and their shapes may collapse under any external force such as gravity . in contrast with the conventional mass - spring model , if the models are formed of the oriented material points and the generalized springs of the invention , all of the above three models form structurally stable deformable objects so that animation can be smoothly performed . fig8 illustrates the offset of material points according to the animation method of the invention . referring to fig8 , white material points indicate real material points , in which the respective material points have offset upward or downward , and black virtual material points indicate offset positions . by offsetting the material points and displaying the material points as if they exist in the offset positions , a deformable object such as wrinkled cloth can be partly simulated even in the conventional mass - spring model . this method of course can be applied to the oriented material point and generalized spring model of the invention . the offset may include position transformation as well as rotational transformation , and applying the offset enables complicated deformable objects to be animated with a relatively simple mass - spring model . as set forth above , instead of the conventional methods which rarely ensure structural stability , have sophisticated shapes owing to additional structure - reinforcing springs , and require expertise , the animation method of deformable objects using a material point and spring model of the present invention use the oriented material points and the generalized springs to realize intuitive modeling of deformable objects . further , the animation method of the invention can generate various restoring forces compared to the conventional methods to advantageously animate deformable objects of various characteristics . thus , the animation method of the invention is expected to be widely utilized in 3 d animations and special effects from now on according to the enhancement of computing performance . the animation method of deformable objects using an oriented material point and generalized spring model according to the preferred embodiment of the invention has been described for illustrative purposes only . rather , it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments but those skilled in the art can make various modifications and changes without departing from the scope of the invention defined by the appended claims . | 6 |
when there is a lack of space and a requirement for fast production flow and high production efficiency , for example , longitudinally divided work pieces ( 1 ), the invention of a deburring machine described below and named &# 34 ; exburrer &# 34 ; for distinction will produce more noise and dust but is an economic solution for the deburring task for flat work pieces ( 1 ). the principle of the exburrer is that discs are hurled around by a fast rotating shaft with a camshaft - type appearance with different axis portions and having relatively big interior bores . fig6 and 7 shows the invented lay - out of an exburrer . a knocking shaft ( 40 ) carried by side bearings ( 43 ) is arranged under the work piece ( 11 ). knocking discs ( 41 ) with oversized interior bores are pushed onto shaft ( 40 ) between two end bushes ( 42 ). when shaft ( 40 ) is rotated rapidly by the drive ( 44 ), friction between the knocking shaft ( 40 ) and the knocking discs ( 41 ) causes the discs to be rotated . if the distance between the cutting burr ( 2 ) and the lower surface of the work piece ( 1 ) is smaller than the difference between the diameter of the knocking shaft ( 40 ) and the interior diameter of the knocking disc ( 41 ), then the knocking disc ( 41 ) must strike against the lower surface of the work piece ( 1 ), as shaft ( 40 ) is moved towards the cutting burr ( 2 ). with a high number of rotations many such strikes occur which reach the cutting burr ( 2 ) when shifting the work piece ( 1 ) and knock the burr off in more or less smaller pieces depending in size , firmness , composition and temperature . it appears to be important that the direction of rotation , i . e ., the knocking direction , is always directed from under the lower surface of the work piece ( 1 ) against the cutting burr ( 2 ), no matter in which direction the work piece ( 1 ) or the exburrer ( 40 - 44 ) are moving . to ensure a hurling effect , i . e ., to become more independent from the friction between knocking shaft ( 40 ) and the knocking discs ( 41 ), the knocking shaft ( 40 ) is manufactured with eccentric steps as shown in fig8 and 9 , so that shaft ( 40 ) whirls around the knocking discs ( 41 ) like a camshaft or a crankshaft . to lower the complete exburrer ( 40 - 44 ) outside the deburring operation for safety reasons , and to dampen unwanted forces , it is positioned on pneumatic lifting elements ( 45 ). because of the large mass of the knocking discs ( 41 ) and the high number of rotations of the knocking shaft ( 40 ) asymmetrical , forces may be generated irregularly . accordingly , the bearings ( 43 ) may be supported by shock absorbers ( 46 ) in a bearing frame ( 47 ), as shown in fig1 and 11 . fig1 ( a )-( g ) shows possible shapes of knocking discs ( 41 ) which reach from round , over oval , rhombic , squared , multicornered to special shapes with knocking faces to knocking shoulders . fig1 and 14 show a knocking shaft ( 40 ) with one knocking disc ( 41 ) which can perform deburring vertically or nearly vertically under the work piece ( 1 ), i . e ., hurling eccentrically . for this the knocking shaft ( 40 ) is reduced in one step and held in a compressed air filled knocking shaft body ( 50 ) with two sealing - equipped sleeves ( 49 ). on the lower end a bushing ( 52 ) with a shifting clutch ( 51 ) is provided for a shifting transfer of rotating forces produced by a drive ( 44 ). for this the compressed air presses the step of the knocking shaft ( 40 ) up and the drive ( 44 ) makes the knocking disc ( 41 ) on the upper end rotate eccentrically . the knocking shaft body ( 50 ), mounted in bearings ( 43 ), is brought against a stop not shown into a suitable angle against the lower surface of the work piece ( 1 ). for deburring the hurling knocking disc ( 41 ) is shifted parallel with the burr by means of the slide ( 53 ) carrying the bearings ( 43 ) and by the side drive ( 55 ) formed by a spindle in a slide guide ( 54 ). instead of applying any kind of knocking disc ( 41 ) with above mentioned horizontal axis it is as well possible , as shown in fig1 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 and 20 to form the knocking disc ( 41 ) like a brush with clamping ring ( 56 ) and spring wires ( 57 ) or with clamping brackets ( 58 ) and spring wires ( 57 ). this design is desirable at higher speeds because of lower masses , but has possible advantages with little burrs and far lower wear costs . | 8 |
hereinafter , preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 illustrates a functional block diagram of a lead acid storage batttery and a lead acid storage batttery system according to a first embodiment of the present invention , which are to be applied to a natural energy utilization system . the lead acid storage batttery system of the invention is composed of a lead acid storage batttery 101 , a storage batttery state measurement unit 102 , an soc model 103 , an soc estimation unit 104 , an soc transition db 105 , an soc transition history management unit 106 , a degradation model 107 , an equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 , an soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit 109 , and an equalized charge control unit 110 . the function of each of the aforementioned components will be described . the storage batttery state measurement unit 102 has a current measurement unit 102 a , a voltage measurement unit 102 b , and a temperature measurement unit 102 c such that a state of the lead acid storage batttery , such as current ( a ), voltage ( v ), and temperature (° c . ), etc ., of the lead acid storage batttery 101 , is measured . the soc model 103 is a model representing the relationship between current , voltage , and temperature , etc ., of the lead acid storage batttery , and a storage batttery soc thereof , and is created in advance by checking the characteristics of the lead acid storage batttery . a method of creating an soc model is described , as an example , in detail in “ modeling method for lead acid storage batttery simulation using step changing current ” ( publication of power and energy society b , vol . 128 no . 8 , 2008 ), which also includes a procedure of creating a model . the soc estimation unit 104 estimates an soc of the lead acid storage batttery from the information measured by the storage batttery state measurement unit 102 and the information from the soc model 103 . fig2 illustrates an example in which an soc is estimated by using the soc model ( discharge model ) representing the relationship between current , voltage , and temperature of the lead acid storage batttery and a storage batttery soc thereof . a method of estimating an soc of a lead acid storage batttery using an soc model is described in detail in japanese patent application no . 2009 - 225996 , which is a prior application of the present application . the soc transition db 105 is a database for recording how an soc of the lead acid storage batttery makes a transition . the soc estimation unit 104 records and adds the information on an soc estimation result in the soc transition db 105 . an soc estimation result is recorded or updated when needed in a method , or soc estimation results are recorded every certain period of time in another method . the soc transition history management unit 106 records , in the soc transition db 105 , the soc value estimated by the soc estimation unit 104 and extracts the information on the soc transition situation in the past from the soc transition db 105 . for example , the soc transition history management unit 106 extracts and provides the data on the soc transition situation for an immediately preceding certain period of time , according to the demand of the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 . the degradation model 107 includes the relationship between an operation situation of the storage batttery including an soc thereof and degradation , and the information indicating an soc and an optimal interval and method , etc ., of the equalized charge corresponding to the soc . the degradation model 107 is created in advance by checking the relationship between an operation of the lead acid storage batttery and the life and degradation thereof . a method of creating a model representing the relationship between an operation situation of a storage batttery including an soc of a lead acid storage batttery and degradation is described in detail in japanese patent application no . 2009 - 001345 , which is a prior application of the present appreciation . the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 has an equalized charge interval determination unit 108 a and an equalized charge method determination unit 108 b that are configured to acquire an soc transition situation from the soc transition history management unit 106 and determine an optimal equalized charge interval and method of the lead acid storage batttery in accordance with each soc transition situation such that the degradation is prevented and the life of the lead acid storage batttery is extended . with the aforementioned configuration , the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 determines an optimal method of performing the equalized charge , in which the predicted life of the lead acid storage batttery is made longest , by using the information from the degradation model 107 . the soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit 109 outputs outside the information on the soc transition situation stored in the soc transition db 105 and the information on the performance schedule of the equalized charge determined by the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 . the equalized charge control unit 110 performs the equalized charge ( recovery charge ) on the lead acid storage batttery 101 in accordance with the plan determined by the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 . subsequently , an soc model and estimation of an soc using the soc model will be described with reference to fig2 and 3 . fig2 and 3 illustrate examples of an soc model ( discharge model ) representing the relationship between current , voltage , and temperature of the lead acid storage batttery , and a storage batttery soc thereof . the curve in fig2 illustrates an example ( temperature : 25 ° c ., discharge current : 8 a ) of an soc model representing the relationship between the current , voltage , and temperature of the lead acid storage batttery and a storage batttery soc thereof . in the graph , the vertical axis represents a terminal voltage ( v ) and the horizontal axis represents an soc . accordingly , it is assumed that , when temperature is , for example , 25 ° c ., current of 8 a is made to flow and a terminal voltage at the time is 2 . 04 ( v ). in this case , it can be estimated that an soc of the lead acid storage batttery is 0 . 85 ( 85 %) from the soc model , as illustrated in fig7 . fig2 illustrates only one example where temperature is 25 ° c . and discharge current is 8 a ; however , even if it is limited to a model where temperature is , for example , 25 ° c ., there exist multiple characteristic curves for every current , as illustrated in fig3 . further , there exists a model having such multiple curves for every temperature characteristic and degradation ( it is desirable that characteristic curves are further prepared for every temperature characteristic and every degradation ). an soc model and a method of estimating an soc using the soc model ( fig2 and 3 ) are described in detail in the previously described japanese patent application 2009 - 225996 . in addition , a method of creating an soc model is described , as an example , in detail in “ modeling method for lead acid storage batttery simulation using step changing current ” ( publication of power and energy society b , vol . 128 no . 8 , 2008 ), which also includes a procedure of creating a model . subsequently , examples of an soc transition situation stored in the soc transition db will be described with reference to fig4 to 6 . the examples of the diagrams illustrate an soc transition at each time , and an average soc and a transition width for a certain period of time , etc . fig4 illustrates the case where an average soc is 60 % and a transition width is between 30 % and 90 %. fig5 illustrates the case where an average soc is 80 % and a transition width is between 70 % and 90 %. the soc of fig5 makes a transition in a range higher than that of fig4 ( a range where sulfation of the negative electrode hardly occurs ). fig6 illustrates the case where an average soc is 40 % and a transition width is between 30 % and 50 %, and accordingly the soc of fig6 conversely makes a transition in a range lower than that of fig4 ( a range where sulfation of the negative electrode is likely to occur ). subsequently , examples of the degradation model 107 of the lead acid storage batttery will be described with reference to fig7 to 9 . the example of fig7 represents the relationship between the center of an soc transition and the equalized charge interval optimal for the center of an soc transition , i . e ., in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be made longest . the example of fig8 represents the relationship between an soc staying level and the equalized charge interval optimal for the soc staying level , i . e ., in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be made longest . although an soc staying level changes momentarily , it is also possible to determine an optimal equalized charge interval by , for example , weighing the soc staying level in accordance with its staying period of time . it is also effective that an equalized charge interval is determined by “ every certain days ” as illustrated in fig7 , or by “ after certain ah - charge / discharge ( after certain ah - discharge )” as illustrated in fig8 . the example of fig9 represents the relationship between an soc staying level and an overcharge amount at equalized charge optimal for the soc staying level . thus , the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended by optimizing a timing of the equalized charge ( equalized charge interval ), a method of the equalized charge , and an overcharge amount , etc ., in accordance with an soc transition situation . a method of creating a degradation model is also described in detail in the aforementioned japanese patent application no . 2009 - 225996 . subsequently , the processing flow according to the first embodiment will be described for each step with reference to fig1 . the storage batttery state measurement unit 102 first measures a state ( current , voltage , temperature , etc .) of the lead acid storage batttery 101 ( s 201 ). subsequently , the soc estimation unit 104 estimates a current soc of the lead acid storage batttery by using the soc model 103 representing the relationship between the current , voltage , and temperature of the lead acid storage batttery , and an soc ( s 202 ). then , the soc transition history management unit 106 records an soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery 101 in the soc transition db 105 ( s 203 ). the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 inquiries for an soc transition situation to the soc transition history management unit 106 , and the soc transition history management unit 106 communicates an soc transition situation to the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 after referring to the soc transition db 105 . the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 determines , by using the degradation model 107 that is the information on operations of the lead acid storage batttery and degradation thereof , optimal operational conditions ( equalized charge interval and equalized charge method ) for the soc transition history , in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended ( s 204 ). the soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit 109 outputs the information on an soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery , the information on the performance schedule thereof , and the information on the performance thereof ( s 205 ). that is , the soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit 109 outputs outside the information on the soc transition situation stored in the soc transition db 105 and the information on the performance schedule of the equalized charge determined by the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 . the equalized charge performance unit 110 performs equalized charge on the lead acid storage batttery in accordance with the method determined by the equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 ( s 206 ). with the aforementioned processing , an optimal equalized charge can be performed in accordance with a status of use ( soc transition situation ) of the lead acid storage batttery , in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended . fig1 a and 11b illustrate output examples ( displays ) according to the first embodiment . an soc transition situation and an equalized charge performance notice are displayed in the outputs . the portion with an soc of 100 % ( or more ) in the graph represents the time when the equalized charge is being performed . to achieve the extension of the life of the lead acid storage batttery , a timing of an equalized charge interval is changed in accordance with an soc transition situation . as illustrated in fig1 a and 11b , however , it becomes easy for users of the lead acid storage batttery to operate and control the lead acid storage batttery with an equalized charge performance timing , which can be predicted from the up - to - now soc transition situations , being notified . subsequently , in a second embodiment of the present invention , a detailed functional block diagram , which is expected to be more accurate , will be illustrated in fig1 . the functional block according to the second embodiment is composed of a lead acid storage batttery 101 , a storage batttery state measurement unit 102 , an soc model 301 , an soc estimation model selection unit 302 , an soc estimation unit 303 , a temporary soc estimation result db 304 , an soc determination unit 305 , an soc model reliability db 306 , an soc transition db 105 , an soc transition history management unit 106 , a degradation model 107 , an equalized charge optimal planning unit 108 , an soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit 109 , an equalized charge performance unit 110 , and a learning unit 307 . of every function according to the second embodiment , the portions different from those in fig1 will only be described . the soc model 301 is a model representing the relationship between output factors of the lead acid storage batttery , such as current , voltage , and temperature , etc ., and an soc thereof . the soc model 301 consists of : an soc model at discharge 301 a representing the relationship between output factors of the lead acid storage batttery at discharge , such as current , voltage , and temperature , etc ., and an soc thereof ; and an soc model at charge 301 b representing the relationship between the current , voltage , and temperature , etc ., of the lead acid storage batttery at charge , and an soc thereof . herein , the soc model consisting of the soc model at discharge 301 a and the soc model at charge 301 b is created in advance by collecting the characteristic data of the lead acid storage batttery while discharge and charge are being performed such that the characteristics of the lead acid storage batttery are checked . a method of creating an soc model is described , as an example , in detail in “ modeling method for lead acid storage batttery simulation using step changing current ” ( publication of power and energy society b , vol . 128 no . 8 , 2008 ), which also includes a procedure of creating a model . the soc estimation model selection unit 302 checks a current state of the lead acid storage batttery , either “ at discharge ” or “ at charge ”, by checking the current flowing in the lead acid storage batttery through the storage batttery state measurement unit 102 . and then , the soc estimation model selection unit 302 selects either of the soc model at discharge 301 a and the soc model at charge 301 b in accordance with the current state , the selected one being suitable for the estimation of an soc . the soc estimation unit 303 estimates an soc of the lead acid storage batttery by using the selected one of the soc model at discharge 301 a and the soc model at charge 301 b and assumes the estimated soc to be a temporary soc . the determined temporary soc estimation value is divided into an estimation result at discharge 304 a and an estimation result at charge 304 b to be stored in the temporary soc estimation result db 304 . the soc determination unit 305 determines a current soc by weighing the temporary soc estimation result at discharge and the temporary soc estimation result at charge , which are stored in the temporary soc estimation result db 304 , based on the information from the soc model reliability db 306 . a final soc can be determined by checking in advance the reliability of the soc model in which , for example , the reliability of the soc model at discharge 301 a is almost the same as that of the soc model at charge 301 b in a region where an soc is low while the reliability of the soc model at discharge 301 a is higher than that of “ the model at charge ” in a range where an soc is high , and then by weighing the temporary soc value in accordance with the reliability or the closeness from the time when estimation is desirably performed . for example , in the case where the lead acid storage batttery is currently being in “ a range where an soc is high ” and currently being “ charged ”; however , the lead acid storage batttery was “ discharged ” just before and there remains the temporary soc value at the time , a current soc can be determined by weighing the temporary soc estimation result ( temporary soc estimation value divided into “ at discharge ” and “ at charge ”) based on the information on the reliability and on how away it is from the time when the soc is desirably to be determined ). the determined soc is stored in the soc transition db 105 followed by the determination of an equalized charge interval and a method thereof with a similar way . alternatively , it may be made that the information in the soc model reliability db 306 is updated and learned , when needed , by providing the learning unit 307 . with the aforementioned configuration , an equalized charge interval and a method thereof can be determined based on the soc model at discharge 301 a , the soc estimation model at charge 301 b , and the “ reliability ”, while an soc is being estimated accurately . subsequently , the processing flow according to the second embodiment will be described briefly with reference to fig1 . the storage batttery state measurement unit measures a state ( current , voltage , temperature , etc .) of the lead acid storage batttery ( s 401 ). it is checked whether a state of the storage batttery is in a discharge state or a charge state ( s 402 ), and when in a discharge state , the soc model selects the soc model at discharge ( s 402 a ). when in a charge state , the soc model selects the soc model at charge ( s 402 b ). the soc estimation unit estimates a current soc of the lead acid storage batttery by using the selected soc model and assumes the estimated current soc to be a temporary soc estimation value ( s 403 ). the temporary soc estimation value is stored in the temporary soc estimation result db in accordance with a state of the storage batttery ( discharge or charge ) ( s 404 ). with reference to the soc transition db , the immediately before soc state and charge / discharge state , and the reliability of the soc model in the state are checked ( s 405 ). a current soc ( estimation result ) is determined by using the nearest soc estimation result and the temporary soc estimation result in accordance with the state of the storage batttery and the reliability of the soc model in the previous step ( s 406 ). the soc transition history management unit records an soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery in the soc transition db and evaluates the soc transition situation ( s 407 ). the equalized charge optimal planning unit inquiries for the soc transition situation to the soc transition history management unit , and determines , for the soc transition history , the optimal operational conditions ( equalized charge interval and method thereof ) in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended , by using the degradation model ( s 408 ). the soc transition information - equalized charge information output unit outputs the information on the soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery , the information on the performance schedule of the equalized charge , and the information on the performance thereof ( s 409 ). the equalized charge performance unit performs equalized charge on the lead acid storage batttery in accordance with the method determined by the equalized charge optimal planning unit ( s 410 ). with the aforementioned processing , optimal equalized charge can be performed in accordance with a status of use ( soc transition situation ) of the lead acid storage batttery , in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended . subsequently , a method by which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended will be described as a third embodiment of the present invention with reference to fig1 and 15 , in which , when a predicted value of the wind power generation , as natural energy , can be obtained , a charge / discharge plan and a charge / discharge target by which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended are set by using an soc transition history and a degradation model . fig1 illustrates a functional block according to the third embodiment of the present invention . the functional block is composed of a lead acid storage batttery 101 , a storage batttery state measurement unit 102 , an soc model 103 , an soc estimation unit 104 , an soc transition db 105 , an soc transition history management unit 106 , an wind power generation prediction db 501 , an wind power generation prediction unit 502 , a degradation model 503 , a charge / discharge planning unit 504 , an wind power generation information - soc transition information - charge / discharge information output unit 505 , a charge / discharge performance unit 506 , and a learning unit 507 . the third embodiment is characterized by the fact that the charge / discharge planning unit 504 plans charge / discharge of the lead acid storage batttery by obtaining predicted values of the future wind power generation from the wind power generation prediction db 501 and the wind power generation prediction unit 502 and by taking into consideration the situation of the lead acid storage batttery at the time , soc transition situation thereof , and knowledge ( degradation model 503 ) regarding operation and degradation thereof . subsequently , the processing flow will be described with reference to fig1 . the storage batttery state measurement unit first measures a state ( current , voltage , temperature , etc .) of the lead acid storage batttery ( s 601 ). subsequently , the soc estimation unit estimates a current soc of the lead acid storage batttery by using an soc model representing the relationship between the current , voltage and temperature of the lead acid storage batttery , and an soc ( s 602 ). then , the soc transition history management unit records an soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery in the soc transition db ( s 603 ). the wind power generation prediction unit predicts how a wind power generation amount makes a transition in the future by using the wind power generation prediction db ( s 604 ). the charge / discharge planning unit plans optimal charge / discharge by using the soc transition situation , the predicted result of the future transition of a wind power generation amount , and a degradation model representing the relationship between an operation ( charge / discharge ) of the lead acid storage batttery and the degradation thereof ( s 605 ). the soc transition information - charge / discharge information - wind power generation information output unit outputs the predicted information on the wind power generation , the information on the soc transition of the lead acid storage batttery , and the information on the charge / discharge thereof ( s 606 ). the charge / discharge performance unit performs charge / discharge of the lead acid storage batttery in accordance with the plan determined by the charge / discharge planning unit ( s 607 ). in addition , the learning unit updates the wind power generation prediction db ( predicted result and actual result of the wind power generation ), the degradation model ( relation between operation ( charge / discharge ) of the lead acid storage batttery and degradation thereof ), and the soc model ( model representing the relationship between current , voltage , and temperature , and soc ) and learns from them ( s 608 ). with the aforementioned processing , a method by which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended can be performed , in which , when a predicted value of the wind power generation , as natural energy , can be obtained , a charge / discharge plan and a charge / discharge target by which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended are set by using an soc transition history and a degradation model . fig1 a and 16b illustrate output examples of a charge / discharge plan . for example , it is assumed that the wind is expected to be drastically weakened xx hours later from now such that the output thereof is drastically decreased , and in order to cover that , the lead acid storage batttery is expected to be demanded for much discharge . then , the charge / discharge planning unit 504 can make a plan in which a charge / discharge target value is set to be high within the soc use range to prepare for large discharge . it can be expected that the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be further extended by planning an operation in which the life of the lead acid storage batttery can be extended while the future situation of the lead acid storage batttery is also being predicted , as stated above . fig1 a and 17b illustrate output examples ( output of the wind power generation information - soc transition information - charge / discharge information output unit 505 ) according to the present embodiment . bedsides an soc transition situation ( graph ), the predicted information on the wind power generation , a charge / discharge target value , and a performance schedule of the equalized charge , etc ., are displayed on the output screen . in this example , the wind power generation is predicted such that “ the windmill is to be cut out xx hours later from now due to strong wind ”. when the windmill is cut out , the output of the windmill is decreased to zero from the “ maximum ”, and hence there are increased demands for discharge to the lead acid storage batttery . accordingly , in this example , the sentence of “ a charge / discharge target value will be set to be high ( soc 75 %) within the soc use range ” is displayed . people who operate the lead acid storage batttery can utilize the lead acid storage batttery systematically by outputting a predicted result of the wind power generation and a charge / discharge target , etc ., in this way . it also becomes possible for users controlling the lead acid storage batttery to easily operate and control the lead acid storage batttery by a notice of a timing when the equalized charge is performed . fig1 illustrates the system configuration when the present invention is applied to a wind power generation system . in fig1 , a power generation output of the wind power generation is equalized by the power storage system output of the lead acid storage batttery or lead acid storage batttery system and supplied to the system as an stabilized system output . in the wind power generation system , the life of the lead acid storage batttery or lead acid storage batttery system according to the present invention can be extended by being operated at proper frequencies based on the information on an soc transition , thereby greatly contributing to an efficient operation of the whole natural energy system . 505 wind power generation information - soc transition information - charge / discharge information output unit | 6 |
the present application relates to methods for processing segments of a multimedia program . for purposes of illustration only , the following discussion is presented in the context of a personal video recorder ( pvr ), sometimes referred to as digital video recorder ( dvr ). it should however be understood that this is not intended as a limitation , and that various media players , such as tvs , video cassette recorders ( vcr ), personal computer ( pc ), media players , etc . can also be used in alternative embodiments . in this application , a program refers to any media presentation , such as video , audio , video plus audio , a set of still images with associated audio , and offers types of programs that run in time and can be played on a media player . fig1 illustrates one embodiment of the described system , showing a pvr 1000 as a stand alone device . the pvr 1000 comprises a general purpose processor 1030 and a memory 1040 for storing instructions capable of providing “ time warping ” and trick mode features . time warping is a feature that allows a user to play back a program at a time other than the time that the programs was recorded . time warping feature may be used to allow storing of one or more programs while simultaneously playing back one or more other programs . trick mode features are features use for altering the direction and the speed of program playback , such as pause , rewind , and fast forward to a live broadcast or a pre - recorded television or radio program . memory 1040 may be any sort of memory capable of storing instructions for execution in a general purpose processor 1030 , such as for example , random access memory ( ram ), read - only memory ( rom ), etc . in a preferred embodiment a multimedia program may be stored in memory 1020 in a number of ways . memory 1020 is a device capable of random access , including reading and writing , to large amounts of program data , and is typically a hdd but may be other forms of memory including ram , etc . the program may be received as a part of a live broadcast , copied from another media , such as cd , dvd , tape , etc ., copied from another media system capable of playback , such as another pvr , vcr , cd player , tape player , dvd , computer , etc ., downloaded from the internet , etc . memory 1040 is a general purpose memory , holding instructions executed on the general purpose processor 1030 . such memory may be a read only memory ( rom ), flash memory , or any other type of memory capable of keeping information when the pvr 1000 is powered down . the pvr 1000 produces video and audio output that is transmitted to output systems by the video / audio output block 1060 . the output block 1060 connects to an output device 1070 capable of reproducing both video and audio signals , such as a television set , or to separate devices such as a computer monitor and speakers . as shown , the pvr 1000 accepts inputs using the controls block 1010 . in a preferred embodiment , an infrared ( ir ) remote control 1050 is used to supply input signals , as known in the art . however , input signals may be supplied in a number of different ways , such as by pressing buttons on the chassis of the pvr 1000 , control over a computer network , and with the any controller connected to the pvr 1000 over a wire , such as game computer control , or wirelessly . the control need not necessarily be activated by pressing a button , it may be activated in different embodiments by voice commands or mouse clicks . fig2 illustrates a pvr implemented in another embodiment in distributed fashion . in this implementation , a digital media render ( dmr )/ digital media adaptor ( dma ) 1155 connected to the storage of the program in a media server 1150 over a data network 1165 , which may be wireless or may use a physical connection . the media server 1150 comprises a general purpose processor 1130 , a memory 1120 for storing one or more programs , and a memory 1140 for storing instructions , similar to the corresponding elements illustrated in fig1 . media server 1150 comprises data transceiver 1110 that is connected to data transceiver 1160 of dmr / dma 1155 over a communications network 1165 . data transceiver 1160 passes information received from media server 1150 to video / audio decoder 1180 which applies codecs to the data received from the media server 1150 . dmr / dma 1155 has a video / audio output block connects to a video / audio equipment 1185 such as a television set , computer monitor , and speakers as discussed above in connection with element 1070 . the video / audio output block transmits analog or digital information capable of being processed by the video / audio equipment 1185 . dmr / dma 1155 has an input block 1170 similar to the input block 1010 of the pvr 1000 in fig1 , which receives input signals from remote control 1195 . fig3 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the remote control 1050 shown in fig1 and 1195 in fig2 . in the illustrated embodiment , remote control 1050 has a rewind button 901 , a play button 902 , a fast forward button 903 , a stop button 904 , a pause button 905 , a skip delete button 906 , a thumbnail delete button 907 , arrow buttons 908 , 910 , 912 , 914 , an enter button 911 , a zoom button 913 , an undo button 915 , the digit buttons ( 0 - 9 ) 917 , and an infinite loop button 916 . in alternative embodiments , the remote control may have different buttons in different configurations and layout . it will be understood that the names of the buttons recited above are for illustration only and do not affect their functionality . in alternative embodiments , the buttons used in the remote control may be “ overloaded ” in which case one button can configured to perform multiple functions in different contexts . for the purposes of this application , “ pressing ” a button means depressing it and then releasing it , where releasing the button does not cause any action . “ pressing ” in the following description is distinguished from “ pressing and holding ” in which case releasing the button that was held causes an action , and the amount of time that the button was held also may have functional significance . in a different embodiments , when processing a segment of a program , the segment of the program is marked , and then some operation , such as deletion or storing multiple repetitions , is performed on this marked segment . these operations may be performed by actually removing or inserting multiple copies of the segment . alternatively , pointers for skipping over the selected segments or for going back to the beginning of the segment may be used for the performance of these operations . in different embodiments , feedback related to the status of operations may be provided if desired to the user via visual , auditory , or other means . in a preferred embodiment feedback is provided as on - screen messages . in the first embodiment , the skip - delete button used in accordance with this disclosure is pressed and held down . in this embodiment , the beginning of a segment of the program is marked , and then the program begins to move forward rapidly . when the button is released , the end of the segment of the program is marked , and the rapid forward movement of the program stops . in a specific embodiment , the marked segment is then removed from the program . it has been observed that , when using fast forwarding , users overshoot , back up , and then go forward a small amount to continue with the program . this observation is taken into account in this embodiment by subsequent adjustment of the boundaries of the program segment . fig4 illustrates a method of removing a segment from a program using the skip - delete button . in step 100 the program is played back normally . when the user observes the beginning of a segment that he wishes to edit the user presses the skip - delete button . in step 110 , and with further reference to fig1 and 2 , the signal caused by pressing and holding of the skip - delete button is received by the pvr . that causes the pvr to store a time stamp a associated with time t o in step 120 . the time stamp a may be some time offset ( i . e . later ) than the actual beginning of the segment that the user wishes to delete . in step 130 , the pvr rapidly advances through the program while the skip - delete button remains depressed . in step 140 , a signal that the skip - delete button has been released is received by the pvr . that causes the pvr to store time stamps b and c associated with time t x in step 150 , where t x is greater or equal to t o . in step 155 , the user may consider whether there was a significant overshoot in the program play . if there was an overshoot that the user wishes to correct , the rewind button is pressed by the user and the signal caused by pressing the rewind button is received by the pvr in step 160 . in step 165 , the user searches for the end of the segment , while the program moves back rapidly . in an alternative embodiment , receiving the signal caused by pressing the rewind button in step 160 causes the program to move back at a fraction of the usual rewind rate , for example ½ . in step 170 , the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the play button . that causes a change in time stamp c , which becomes associated with time t y in the program in step 175 . in step 180 , the pvr applies mathematical formulas to the times of the three marked points and calculates the beginning and the end of the segment that the user wishes to edit for example by removing it from the program . to determine the beginning and the end times of the segment , in one embodiment , the pvr computes the lenth of the segment to be deleted by applying the formula : length = min ( c , b )+ y − a + z , where y is a configurable number of seconds of expected final overshoot and z is a configurable number of seconds of expected initial overshoot . the default values for y and z are typically 5 seconds . if in step 155 the user does not act within a preconfigured time period , then step 180 , where the pvr determines the beginning and the end of the segment , is performed , bypassing steps 160 - 175 . in an alternative embodiment , marking of point a is accomplished by pressing the skip - delete button . marking of point b ( and initially c ) is accomplished by pressing the play button . in this embodiment , each additional press of the skip - delete button while the program is moving forward rapidly , causes the speed of the forward movement to increase by a preconfigured factor ( such as x2 ). in another alternative embodiment , only marking of point a is accomplished by pressing the skip - delete button , and the accelerated forward motion of the program is accomplished by pressing the fast forward button . fig5 illustrates an alternative method for removing a segment from a program using the thumbnail delete button . in step 200 , a user is watching ( or listening ) to a program . when the user observes the beginning of a segment that the user wishes to delete , the user presses the thumbnail delete button . in step 205 the signal caused by pressing the thumbnail delete button is received by the pvr . this results in a pause in the playback of the program at time t p . in step 210 , the pvr generates a set of still images ( also called “ thumbnails ”). the images in the set correspond to times in the interval between t p − t w and t p + t w uniformly sampled at t s , where t w and t s are configurable and are typically 60 and 5 seconds , respectively . if the media is video , the thumbnails are still images . also , each thumbnail can have an activity marker . before a video thumbnail is displayed , a motion activity detector software program can be used in a preferred embodiment to process the video . the results of the activity detection software program can be displayed as a solid color overlay within each thumbnail image , with the color indicating the presence or absence of motion . motion activity detection programs are known in the art and will not be considered separately . if the media is audio only , each thumbnail displays a portion of the continuous time domain audio waveform . when an audio thumbnail is selected by pressing one or more arrow buttons , and then the play button is pressed , a short audio segment corresponding to the thumbnail is played back . the waveform is appropriately anti - aliased to be displayable on a tv screen . fig6 illustrates time - domain continuous waveform thumbnails . alternatively , the audio can be displayed as continuous time - frequency spectrogram , where the audio energy in db within each frequency band is shown as a function of time using various color levels . preferably , each thumbnail contains an image of the audio spectrogram , where abscissa is time and ordinate is frequency . the spectrogram &# 39 ; s parameters , such as sampling frequency , low pass filter , windowing function , window length , discrete fourier transform length , window placement , sampling time , and color look up table are optimized to display audio information based on the audio source type ( such as music or speech ) and t w . fig7 illustrates a continuous spectrogram . in alternative embodiments , each audio thumbnail can have an activity marker overlain each of the thumbnails to indicate the presence of speech activity . this may be accomplished by processing a segment of audio to be displayed as thumbnails with a voice activity detection ( vad ) algorithm . such vad algorithms are known in the art and will not be considered separately . in some embodiments , the audio thumbnails may include visual attributes to facilitate differentiation between them . in alternative embodiments , the audio thumbnails contain a number of symbols that supports the requirement of visual differentiation between the audio thumbnails . also , in this case the thumbnails are not contiguous initially , allowing a wider range of time to be covered . with reference to fig3 , when the signal caused by pressing of the zoom button is received , the thumbnails may become temporally contiguous . in this embodiment , navigating to a thumbnail and pressing the play button to listen to the audio is expected to be the primary means by which the user decides where to mark the boundary of a program segment . referring back to fig5 , in step 220 , the user decides whether a thumbnail corresponding to the beginning of the segment to be deleted is visible . if such thumbnail is not visible , the user presses the fast forward or the rewind button to shift the displayed thumbnails forward or backward , respectively . the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing one of those buttons in step 225 . the pvr displays another set of thumbnails in step 230 and the user decides whether the thumbnail corresponding to the beginning of the segment is visible in step 220 . this sequence of steps 220 - 230 repeats until the user determines that the appropriate starting thumbnail of the segment is visible at which point the method proceeds to step 235 . in step 235 , the user determines whether the resolution achieved by the sampling frequency 1 / t s is sufficient , in other words , whether the sampling interval t s is short enough to be able to precisely identify the beginning of the segment . if the user determines that the resolution is not sufficient , the user may press a zoom button used in a preferred embodiment and illustrated in fig3 . the signal caused by pressing the zoom button is received by the pvr in step 240 , which results in shortening t s by a preconfigured factor f , where f is greater than 1 ( such as a factor of 2 ). the pvr displays the re - sampled set of images in the interval between t p − t w / f and t p + t w / f in step 245 . this may result in some images that were displayed before pressing the zoom button no longer being displayed . the user has an option of making the determination of whether the thumbnail corresponding to the beginning of the segment is visible in step 220 after step 245 . steps 220 - 245 are performed until the pvr displays a set of thumbnails sampled with a satisfactory resolution , and containing the thumbnail corresponding to the beginning of the segment to be edited . in step 250 , the pvr receives the signal caused by the user selecting a thumbnail from the ones displayed by the pvr by navigating to it with the arrow buttons on the remote control device and pressing the enter button once the desired thumbnail is highlighted . in step 255 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing a button ( such as fast forward ) on the remote control . it causes a rapid update of the thumbnails on the screen in step 260 . in step 265 the user stops the rapid update by pressing another button ( such as thumbnail delete ) on the remote control . at this point the users sees a set of thumbnails displayed by the pvr . the user follows the steps identical to steps 220 - 250 to select a thumbnail corresponding to the end of the segment to be deleted . in step 275 , the user presses the play button on the remote control . in one embodiment , the playback resumes at the point in the program when the thumbnail delete button was pressed for the first time in step 205 . in another embodiment , the playback resumes before the deleted segment , so the quality of the editing may be immediately verified . the choice between these two options may be configurable . fig8 illustrates a method of programming a number of repetitions of a segment to be stored on the mass storage media as a part of the program for future viewing . in step 300 , a user is watching a program and identifies the beginning of the segment that the user wishes to repeat . the user takes no action and lets the program run normally until he identifies the end of the segment . in step 310 , the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop is received by the pvr . that causes marking of the point a associated with time t o at the end of the segment to be repeated in step 320 . in step 330 the user may decide whether to store one more repetition of the segment . if additional repetition is desired , the user presses the repeat loop button , and the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop button is received by the pvr in step 340 . after the user has pressed the repeat loop button the desired number of times and determines that the desirable number of repetitions has been programmed , he takes no action for a preconfigured time interval in step 350 . after the pvr receives no signals within time interval b , it retrieves a pre - configured value t x corresponding to the duration of the loop and calculates the beginning time of the loop in step 360 . in step 370 the pvr stores the selected segment to its mass storage as many times as was specified by the user in steps 330 - 340 . in step 380 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the play button and the playback is restored at the point where the repeat loop was first pressed . fig9 illustrates a modification of the method illustrated in fig8 . in step 400 a user is watching a program and identifies the beginning of the segment that he wishes to repeat . the user takes no action and lets the program run normally until he identifies the end of the segment . in step 410 , the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop button is received by the pvr . that causes marking of the point a associated with time t o at the end of the segment to be repeated in step 420 . in step 430 the user decides if he desires to store more than one repetition of the segment . if additional repetitions are desired , the user presses one of the digit buttons ( button m ), and the signal by pressing the button is received by the pvr in step 440 . after the pvr receives no signals within x seconds , it retrieves a pre - configured value t x corresponding to the duration of the loop and calculates the beginning time of the loop in step 450 . in step 460 the pvr stores the selected segment to its mass storage m times , as was specified by the user in steps 430 - 440 . in step 470 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the play button and the playback is resumed at the point where the repeat loop was first pressed . fig1 illustrates a modification of the method illustrated in fig9 . in step 500 a user is watching a program and identifies the beginning of the segment that he wishes to repeat . the user takes no action and lets the program run normally until he identifies the end of the segment . in step 510 , the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop is received by the pvr . that causes marking of the point a associated with time t 2 at the end of the segment to be repeated in step 520 . in step 530 , the user decides if he desires to store more than one repetition of the segment . if additional repetitions are desired , the user presses one of the digit buttons ( button m ), and the signal caused by pressing the button is received by the pvr in step 540 . in step 550 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the rewind button . this results in the program moving backward rapidly . when the user reaches the beginning of the segment to be repeated , the user presses the repeat loop button . in step 560 , the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop button . in step 565 , the pvr marks time stamp b associated with time t 5 at the beginning of the segment . in step 570 the pvr stores the selected segment to its mass storage m times as was specified by the user in steps 530 - 540 . in step 580 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the play button and the playback is restored at the point where the repeat loop was first pressed . in an alternative embodiment , the beginning and the end of the segment can be marked by using thumbnails and the thumbnail delete button . fig1 illustrates another modification of the method of programming a number of repetitions of a segment to be stored on the mass storage media as a part of the digital media for future viewing . in step 600 , a user is watching a program and identifies the beginning of the segment that he wishes to repeat . the user takes no action and lets the program run normally until he identifies the end of the segment and presses the repeat loop button . in step 610 the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the repeat loop button . that causes marking of time stamp a associated with time t 2 and the end of the segment to be repeated in step 620 . in step 625 the user makes a decision whether the desired duration of the repeated segment should be greater than the preconfigured value , which is typically 30 seconds . if the user decides that the duration should be greater , then he presses the repeat loop button . in step 630 , the pvr receives the caused by pressing the repeat loop button . in step 640 , the duration of the segment increases by the preconfigured value e . the sequence of steps 625 - 640 will repeat until the user is satisfied with the duration . after the user determines that the duration is appropriate , the user decides whether he wants to store more than one repetition of the segment in step 650 . if an additional repetitions are desired , the user presses one of the digit buttons ( button m ), and the signal caused by pressing the button is received by the pvr in step 660 . if only one repetition of the segment is desired then step 660 is bypassed . in step 670 the pvr stores the segment to be repeated the specified number of m times . in step 680 , the pvr receives the signal caused by pressing the play button and the program playback resumes at the point when the repeat loop button was pressed . if the user wishes to view the repeated segment , he rewinds the program to the point in the program preceding the repeated segment . in some embodiments , the user may press the infinite loop button 916 in fig3 before pressing the play button , causing the looped segment to be repeated until the play button is pressed . alternatively the infinite loop operation may be used as a default . the selected segment would play in an infinite loop until the play button is pressed . another alternative for all modifications of the method for programming the repeated playback of a segment is that pressing the play to resume the playback causes the playback to be resumed in the beginning of the repeated segment . those of skill in the art will appreciate that the above description of the preferred embodiments is for illustration purposes only , and is not limiting on the scope of the invention , which is defined in the following claims . | 7 |
the purpose of the failure detection system is to identify the satellites whose clock drifts are within specification and to use only those satellites within specification in estimating the user &# 39 ; s position . as shown in fig1 the failure detection system 1 operates in conjunction with a gps receiver 3 and an inertial reference system 5 to produce navigation data for the platform on which it is installed by means of a kalman filter process . the preferred embodiment of the failure detection system utilizes an intel 80960 microprocessor and memory resources . the interrupt routine shown in fig2 details the operations regularly performed by the failure detection system at δt intervals where at for the preferred embodiment is 1 second . in step 7 , input data is obtained from the gps receiver 3 and the inertial reference system 5 . the gps receiver 3 supplies arinc 743 quantities comprising the pseudorange pr i to each satellite i within view and the coordinates x si , y si , and z si of each satellite in an earth - fixed / earth - centered coordinate system . the failure detection system is designed to accommodate up to n satellites at a time . thus , the index i takes on values from 1 to n . the value of n for the preferred embodiment is 8 . the platform to which the failure detection system and the associated gps and irs equipments are mounted is a dynamic system which exists in a state that can be characterized by a state vector — a set of state variables that define in whole or in part the platform &# 39 ; s position and orientation in space and the first and second derivatives with respect to time of its position . it is convenient in the present case to deal with the error - state vector which is the difference between the true state vector for the platform and the state vector as determined by the irs . the irs supplies the following arinc 704 quantities relating to the position , velocity , acceleration , and attitude of the irs / gps / failure detection system platform at intervals δt . the transition matrix φ ( t ) is defined by the equation φ ( t ) = i + ∑ n = 1 t f ( n ) δ t ( 1 ) where i (= kronecker delta δ ij ) is the unit matrix and the integer t measures time in increments of δt . the integer takes on values from 1 to t , t being a design parameter . the value of t for the preferred embodiment is 150 . the value of the increments in t in the preferred embodiment are one second increments . although equation ( 1 ) is taken here as a definition of the transition matrix , it is sometimes necessary to add second order terms , which correspond more closely to the exact definition given in standard references on kalman filters ( e . g . a . gelb , ed ., applied optimal estimation , the analytical sciences corporation , the m . i . t . press , cambridge , mass ., 1974 ). in step 9 of fig2 the transition matrix φ ( t ) is obtained by adding f ( t ) δt to the prior value of φ ( t ), the prior value of φ ( t ) being the unit matrix when t equals 1 . the dynamics matrix f =[ f ij ] transforms the error - state vector into the time rate of change of the error - state vector , as shown by the equation for m = 8 the dynamics matrix has 24 rows and 24 columns . the non - zero components of the dynamics matrix are defined as follows : the quantities r x and r y are the radii of curvature in the x and y directions respectively of the oblate spheroid that is used to model the earth . the values of these quantities are obtained from the equations 1 r x = cos 2 α r n + sin 2 α r m 1 r y = cos 2 α r m + sin 2 α r n ( 3 ) the radius of the earth along a meridian r m and the radius normal to a meridian r n are defined by equations ( 4 ) in terms of the equatorial radius a , the eccentricity e of the oblate spheroid that is used to model the earth , the wander - azimuth angle α , and the latitude φ . r m = a ( 1 - e 2 ) ( 1 - e 2 sin 2 φ ) 3 / 2 r n = a ( 1 - e 2 sin 2 φ ) 1 / 2 ( 4 ) the wander - azimuth angle α is the angle of rotation of the y - axis counter - clockwise from north . the wander - azimuth angle is obtained from the equation α ( t ) = α 0 + ∑ n = 1 t v e ( n ) r n tan φ ( n ) δ t ( 5 ) where α 0 is equal to the irs platform heading ψ h for the first summation and is equal to the α ( t ) of the previous summation for each subsequent summation . the irs platform acceleration components in the x - y - z coordinate system are given by the equations the angular velocity components in the x - y - z coordinate system are given by the equations the components in the x - y - z coordinate system of the irs platform angular velocity ρ are given by the equations ρ x = - v y r y ρ y = v x r x ρ z = 0 ( 8 ) the components in the x - y - z coordinate system of the earth angular velocity ω e are given by the equations the coordinate transformation matrix c =[ c ij ], where the indices i and j take on the values x , y , and z , transforms vector components referenced to a body - fixed coordinate system on the irs platform to vector components referenced to the x - y - z coordinate system . for example , the transformation from body - fixed acceleration components [ a b ij ] to x - y - z components [ a ij ] is accomplished in the following way . [ a x a y a z ] = [ c xx c xy c xz c yz c yy c yz c zx c zy c zz ] [ a x b a y b a z b ] ( 11 ) the direction cosines c ij in these equations are computed from the irs arinc 704 heading , pitch , and roll outputs . the τ &# 39 ; s are the correlation times for the correlated error states . the values are as follows : τ g = 3600 s , τ a = 300 s , τ r = 600 s , τ h = 1200 s , and τ r = 3600 s . the diagonal elements of the process noise covariance matrix q are obtained from the correlation times and the steady - state ( s . s .) values for the diagonal elements of the error - state covariance matrix p ( s . s .) by means of the equation q rr = 2 p rr ( s . s . ) τ n ( 12 ) the values for the initial error - state covariance matrix are as follows : p gg ( 0 )=( 0 . 01 degrees / hr ) 2 , p aa ( 0 )=( 25 μg ) 2 , p rr ( 0 )=( 0 . 1 m / s ) 2 , p hh ( 0 )=( 100 m ) 2 , and p rr ( 0 )=( 30 m ) 2 . in the case of kalman filters denoted below by indices between 1 and m , the value of p rr ( 0 ) for the satellite being tested is ( 1000 m ) 2 . the double subscripts are intended to identify the quantities and also to indicate that the quantities are the diagonal elements of the covariance matrix . the zero in parentheses indicates that the quantities are initial values . for satellite - related quantities , the elements are inserted when a satellite first comes into view . for irs quantities , the elements are inserted at equipment startup . the 24 components of the error - state vector x ( t )=[ x i ] for the kalman filter processing are defined as follows : the error - state terms are referenced to a local - level wander - azimuth coordinate system having its origin at the irs . the error - state terms have the following meanings . error in barometric altitude at 30k feet minus dh b0 ; the error - state vector extrapolated to time t is defined by the equation where x m + 1 ( k = k ) is the present estimate of the error - state vector obtained during the previous execution of the main program . in step 11 of fig2 x ( t ) is obtained using equation ( 13 ). the measurements vector z ( t ) is obtained from the components of x ( t ). new values of longitude , latitude , and altitude are first determined from the equations the quantities λ arinc704 , φ arinc704 , and h b arinc704 in equation ( 16 ) denote the arinc 704 values of λ , φ , and h b . the updated values of λ , φ , and h b from equation ( 16 ) are used to calculate updated values for the position coordinates x i , y i , and z i of the irs in an earth - fixed / earth - centered coordinate system by means of the equations x i =( r n + h b ) cos φ cos λ y i =( r n + h b ) cos φ sin λ z i =[ r n ( 1 − e 2 )+ h b ] sin φ ( 17 ) the ranges r ci to the satellites and the direction cosines of the vector connecting the irs platform to each of the satellites in the earth - fixed / earth - centered coordinate system are calculated using equations ( 18 ) and ( 19 ). the index i denotes a particular satellite . r ci = ( x si - x i ) 2 + ( y si - y i ) 2 + ( z si - z i ) 2 ( 18 ) e xi e = ( x si - x i ) r ci e yi e = ( y si - y i ) r ci e zi e = ( z si - z i ) r ci ( 19 ) the direction cosines to local level reference axes are obtained using equation ( 20 ). the symbol “ c ” denotes “ cosine ” and the symbol “ s ” denotes “ sine ”. [ e xi e yi e zi ] = [ c α s α 0 - s α c α 0 0 0 1 ] [ 1 0 0 0 c φ - s φ 0 s φ c φ ] [ c λ 0 - s λ 0 1 0 s λ 0 c λ ] [ 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 ] [ e xi e e yi e e zi e ] ( 20 ) the computed pseudorange to the i &# 39 ; th satellite pr ic is obtained using equation ( 21 ). the quantity b is the gps receiver clock bias . finally , the value of zi for each satellite is obtained using equation ( 22 ) and the pre - filtered measured pseudorange pr i + . equation ( 22 ) is solved with the digitally - implemented processor shown in block diagram form in fig3 . the function of the processor is to reduce the high - frequency noise due to “ selective availability ”. “ selective availability ” is the process by which the gps managers deliberately introduce satellite timing and position errors into the satellite transmissions for the purpose of reducing the accuracy of position determination by civilian and unauthorized users of the system . the processor in fig3 consists of the scaler 25 , the lowpass filter 27 , the adder 29 , and the adder 31 . the output of the adder 31 is the difference e i between the filtered pseudorange pr + i and the pseudorange pr i supplied by the gps receiver . this difference is substantially increased in amplitude by the scaler 25 and then filtered by the lowpass filter 27 having a time constant of about tδt thereby rapidly attenuating noise components with frequencies above about 1 / tδt hz . the output z i of the lowpass filter 27 is subtracted from pr ic by adder 29 to give pr + i in accordance with equation ( 22 ). the sum of z ( t ) over all values of t , denoted by sm . z ( t ), is defined by the equation sm . z ( t ) = ∑ n = 1 t z ( n ) ( 23 ) the quantity sm . z ( t ) is obtained by adding z ( t ) to the prior value of sm . z ( t ). the vector z ( t ) (=[ z i ( t )]) is related to the error - state vector x ( t ) (=[ x j ]) by the equation the matrix h (=[ h ij ]) is called the observation matrix . the vector components v i ( t ) are measurement noise . the index i denotes an association with the i &# 39 ; th satellite and takes on the values from 1 to m . the index j takes on the values from 1 to 24 , the number of error - state components . the values of h ij are zero except as follows : h i , 1 =− r y e yi , h i , 2 = r x e xi , h i , 13 = 1 , h i , 15 = e zi , h i , 16 =( h b / 30k ) e zi , h i , i + 16 1 . the values of h ij are calculated in step 17 . the weighted sum of h ( t ), denoted by wt . sm . h ( t ), is defined by the equation wt . sm . h ( t ) = ∑ n = 1 t h ( n ) φ ( n ) ( 25 ) in step 19 of fig2 wt . sm . h ( t ) is obtained by adding h ( t ) φ ( t ) to the prior value of wt . sm . h ( t ). in step 21 the value of t is tested . if t is not equal to t , t is incremented in step 22 and a return to the main program is executed . if t is equal to t , the vectors x ( t ) and ( 1 / t ) sm . z ( t ) and the matrices φ ( t ) and ( 1 / t ) wt . sm . h ( t ) are stored in memory in step 23 with the following names : x ( t = t ) = x ( k = k + 1 ) x ( t = 0 ) = x z ( k = k ) 1 t sm . z ( t = t ) = z ( k = k ) φ ( t = t ) = φ ( k = k ) 1 t wt . sm . h ( t = t ) = h ( k = k ) ( 26 ) a “ new data ” flag is set and a return to the main program is then executed . previously stored data are assigned k - values ranging from 1 to k , the k = 1 data being the oldest and the k = k data being the most recent . newly - calculated data replaces the oldest data so that there are always k sets of data available in memory . the parameter k is equal to 12 in the preferred embodiment . a range bias validity flag vrb i ( k ) is associated with each set of k - indexed data . if satellite i goes out of view , vrb i is set equal to 0 . if satellite i is new in view , vrb i is set equal to 1 . the main program is comprised of m + 3 kalman filters — filters 1 through m for testing each of the m satellites , the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th filter for updating present position , and the ( m + 2 )&# 39 ; th filter for updating position 12 iterations in the past . the ( m + 3 )&# 39 ; th filter is for testing failures of the inertial or barometric reference systems . additional filters can be added to test additional failure modes . a kalman filter is a minimal mean - square - error method for estimating the error - state vector x ( k ) and its covariance matrix p ( k ) based on new measured data z ( k ), the previous estimates x ( k − 1 ) and p ( k − 1 ), the transition matrix φ ( k ), and the observation matrix h ( k ). since the kalman filter methodology is well understood in the art and details are readily available in a number of textbooks ( e . g . a . gelb , ed ., applied optimal estimation , the analytical sciences corporation , the m . i . t . press , cambridge , mass ., 1974 ), details of the kalman filter calculations will not be discussed herein . satellite data for a maximum of m satellites are saved in tables in the k - indexed portion of memory . as each satellite goes out of view , its entries in the table are zeroed , and the corresponding row and column of the covariance matrix for the range bias for that satellite are zeroed . the diagonal element is reinitialized with the initial variance of the range bias error . when a new satellite comes into view , the data associated with the new satellite is placed in the first available empty position in the table . when a satellite represented in the table goes out of view , its data entries in the k - indexed memory are zeroed . the measurements for a newly - viewable satellite and its observation matrix are entered into the first available satellite slot at k = k . the value of m is chosen such that the probability of more than m satellites being viewable at one time is low . however , if more than m satellites are viewable , those satellites that will remain in view for the longest periods of time are entered and allowed to remain in the tables . the flow diagram for the main program is shown in fig4 . in step 41 , the microprocessor continually checks the status of the “ new data ” flag . when the flag indicates that new data is available in memory , the microprocessor proceeds to simultaneously test the validity of individual satellite data for all satellites represented in the satellite tables by means of m kalman filters operating in parallel . the i &# 39 ; th kalman filter , which is used to test satellite i , has an extra error - state component drb ri which is defined as the range bias rate error for satellite i . for m = 8 , this component becomes error - state component x 25 . the additional non - zero dynamics matrix elements for this state are : f 16 + i , 25 = 1 and f 25 , 25 =−( 1 / τ rr ). the value of the correlation time τ rr is 3600 s . the value of the diagonal element in the covariance matrix is : p rrrr ( 0 )=( 1 m / s ) 2 . each of the testing kalman filters uses all of the measured satellite pseudorange data but is initialized with large variances for the range bias error and the range bias rate error for the satellite it is testing when that satellite first comes into view . in step 43 the m kalman filters update their calculations of the error - state vector and the covariance matrix utilizing the k = k data . the error - state vector used in calculating the measurement vector z i ( k = k ) was x z ( k = k )= x ( m + 1 ) ( k = k ) from the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter . the error - state vector x j ( k = k −) was obtained by the j &# 39 ; th kalman filter as a result of the previous updating . a measurement vector z ij ( k = k ) consistent with x j ( k = k −) is obtained from the equation z ij ( k = k )= z i ( k = k )+ h [ x j ( k = k − )− x z ( k = k )] ( 27 ) using x j ( k = k −) and z ij ( k = k ) the m testing kalman filters update the error - state vector and the covariance matrix . the updated error - state vector and covariance matrix are stored in memory locations indexed by k = 1 which will be reindexed later in the program to k = k prior to the next updating . in step 45 the validity flags vrb i are set . the kalman filter model for testing a satellite is based on the assumption that the particular satellite it is testing may be out of specification insofar as the satellite &# 39 ; s clock drift is concerned . if for satellite i , the i &# 39 ; th kalman filter estimated standard deviation of the range bias error is less than a specified maximum acceptable standard deviation for testing , and the estimated range bias error is less than a specified maximum acceptable value , the validity flag vrb i ( k ) is set equal to 2 for k = k . if for satellite i , the kalman filter estimated standard deviation of the range bias rate error is less than a specified maximum acceptable standard deviation for testing , and the range bias rate error estimate is less than a specified maximum acceptable value , the validity flag vrb i ( k ) is set equal to 3 for all values of k for which the satellite has been in view . the test period is equal to ktδt which for the preferred embodiment is equal to 30 minutes . the probability of two satellites unexpectedly failing during the same 30 - minute interval is negligible . it is therefore reasonable to assume that all satellites other than satellite i are within specification when testing satellite i for failure . the test hypotheses are therefore : h 0 ( i ): all satellites other than satellite i are within specification and satellite i is also within specification ; h 1 ( i ): all satellites other than satellite i are within specification and satellite i is out of specification . when the failure hypothesis for all satellites in view has been tested , all satellites which have been determined to be within specification 30 minutes in the past with validity flag vrb i ( k = 1 )= 3 are used by the ( m + 2 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter to determine the error - state vector x m + 2 ( k = 1 +) and the associated covariance matrix in step 47 . the kalman filter utilizes error - state vector x m + 2 ( k = 1 −), its associated covariance matrix , and the other data indexed at k = 1 . the error - state vector used in calculating the measurement vector z i ( k = 1 ) was x z ( k = 1 ) from the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter with k = k at that time in the past . the error - state vector x m + 2 ( k = 1 −) was obtained by the ( m + 2 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter as a result of the previous updating . a measurement vector z ii ( k = 1 ) consistent with x m + 2 ( k = 1 −) is obtained from the equation z ii ( k = 1 )= z i ( k = 1 )+ h [ x m + 2 ( k = 1 −)− x z ( k = 1 )] ( 28 ) in step 49 all satellites which have been determined to be within specification with validity flag vrb i ( k )& gt ; 1 are used by the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter in the k &# 39 ; th iteration to determine the error - state vector x m + 1 ( k = k +) and its associated covariance matrix . the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter begins the updating process with the k = 1 data . the kalman filter utilizes error - state vector x m + 2 ( k = 1 −), its associated covariance matrix , and the other data indexed at k = 1 to obtain updated error - state vector x m + 1 ( k = 1 +). the error - state vector used in calculating the measurement vector z i ( k = 1 ) was x z ( k ) from the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter with k = k at that time in the past . the error - state vector x m + 2 ( k = 1 −) was obtained by the ( m + 2 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter as a result of the microprocessor &# 39 ; s previous execution of the main program . the measurement vector z ii ( k = 1 ) is again defined by equation ( 27 ). the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter continues the updating process with the k = 2 data . the kalman filter utilizes error - state vector x m + 1 ( k = 2 −)= φ ( k = 1 ) x m + 1 ( k = 1 +), its associated covariance matrix , and the data indexed at k = 2 to obtain updated error - state vector x m + ( k = 2 +). the error - state vector used in calculating the measurement vector z i ( k = 2 ) was x z ( k = 2 ) from the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter with k = k at that time in the past . the error - state vector x m + 1 ( k = 1 +) was obtained by the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter as a result of the k = 1 updating . a measurement vector z ii ( k = 2 ) consistent with x m + 1 ( k = 1 +) is obtained from the equations z ii ( k = 2 )= z i ( k = 2 )+ h [ x m + 1 ( k = 2 −)− x z ( k = 2 )] ( 29 ) the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter continues the updating process in the same manner for k = 3 , k = 4 , . . . , k = k . at each step , the residuals for each measurement are saved in memory . after k = k , the residuals for each satellite are averaged over the entire interval to detect a slow satellite clock drift . in step 51 the k indices of the memory locations are decremented by 1 so that k becomes k − 1 , k − 1 becomes k − 2 , . . . , 2 becomes 1 , and 1 becomes k . the measurements z i ( k = k ) and x z ( k = k ) will not be available until they are calculated in equation ( 26 ) as z ( k = k ) and x ( k = k ) in step 23 of fig2 . in step 53 the “ new data ” flag is reset . the updating process is now complete and the microprocessor returns to the beginning of the main program . the preferred embodiment as described herein performs the measurements that establish the quality of the measurements supplied by the gps for determining platform position . in particular , if a slow clock drift for a particular satellite is detected , that satellite &# 39 ; s measurements are not used . the failure detection system could also perform its intended function if the quality measurements were supplied by an external source . it was stated above that at each step , the residuals for each measurement are saved in memory , and after k = k , the residuals for each satellite are averaged over the entire interval to detect a slow satellite clock drift . a new approach to obtaining such an average is described below . r ( k )= z ( k )− h ( k )· x − ( k ) ( 30 ) where x − ( k ) is the error state estimate prior to measurement update . the covariance of the residual vector is defined by the equation where e [ ] stands for the expected value of the quantity in brackets . the covariance of the averaged residual vector over the entire interval is calculated by first calculating its inverse : v avg - 1 = ∑ k v - 1 ( k ) ( 32 ) v ( k )= h ( k )· p − ( k )· h t ( k )+ r ( k )+ r ( k ) ( 33 ) p ( k ) is the covariance matrix prior to measurement update , and r ( k ) is the measurment noise power spectral density . the average of the residual vector is then obtained as r avg = ( v avg - 1 ) - 1 · ∑ k v - 1 ( k ) · r ( k ) ( 34 ) a threshold is set on the magnitude of s avg 2 , which is the statistic used to detect failures . if the threshold is exceeded , a failure is indicated . to detect fast , medium , and slow failures , the residual is averaged over short , medium , and long intervals . in the preferred embodiment , with kalman filter cycles of 150 seconds , the short , medium and long intervals are respectively 1 cycle ( 2 . 5 minutes ), 4 cycles ( 10 minutes ), and 12 cycles ( 30 minutes ). if a failure is detected by the ( m + 1 )&# 39 ; th kalman filter for estimating position , the single test filter from 1 through m which has the smallest corresponding normalized sum - squared average residual statistic is assumed to correspond to the bad satellite . this is true since it has a larger initial covariance and also a larger than normal process noise for the bad satellite so that its hypothesis of failure of the satellite will cause smaller normalized residuals . this principle is also applied to the ( m + 3 )&# 39 ; th test filter for detecting irs or barometric altitude failures . if the normalized sum - squared average residuals of this filter are smallest , the irs or barometric altitude is identified as the source of the failure . there may be an insufficient number of satellites in view at system turn - on to detect and identify failures using new satellite information alone . for this reason , if the position and altitude errors at the end of the previous flight are small , as indicated by the corresponding covariance matrix , the position and altitude are stored for the next flilght . this enables the kalman filter to be initialized with small initial position errors to assist in detecting and identifying initial satellite errors . to determine that the aircraft has not been moved since the previous flight , the heading at the end of the previous flight is also stored , and compared with the heading determined during alignment after the present turn - on . a comparison heading change tolerance of one degree is used in the preferred embodiment . when used for precision approach with differential gps , as when using the wide area augmentation system ( waas ), it is desirable to store gravity anomalies and gravity deflections of the vertical along the final approach path to improve the accuracy of the irs for detecting dgps failures , and for improved coasting , in case the dgps signal is lost due to intentional or unintentional interference . in this case , additional error - states for the estimated gravity errors are added to the lowpass filter labeled 27 in fig3 . | 6 |
fig1 shows a wind turbine 1 having a tower 2 and a nacelle 3 . on the nacelle 3 a rotor 4 is mounted . the nacelle 3 is connected to the tower 2 via the yaw drive 5 which can rotate the nacelle 3 in the horizontal plane . the yaw drive 5 is part of the yaw system that comprises a yaw control device , which control a motor and a breaking mechanism . the yaw control device can get input from the wind turbine control system and / or directly from the wind vane 6 . the wind vane 6 has a wing 15 which will change position in relation to the wind direction and a base 12 that is connected to the nacelle . in the embodiment shown in fig1 , the wind vane 6 is positioned on the nacelle 3 behind the rotor 4 in relation to the wind when the wind turbine is in operation . this is the conventional position for a wind vane 6 . this also means that the wind vane 6 is leeward in relation to the rotor 4 and consequently the changes and disturbance in the wind generated by the rotor 4 will influence on the wind vane 6 . this will lead to a yaw error of the wind turbine 1 , meaning that the rotor 4 is not directly upwind . during testing of the present invention it was found that most wind turbines have a yaw error between 5 and 20 degrees . fig2 discloses a part of a wind turbine 1 with a spinner anemometer . a sensor 7 , which can determine the wind speed , is placed on the spinner 8 , the sensor is connected to a spinner anemometer controller 9 . then the wind direction can be determined , based on the information received from the sensor 7 and an angular sensor , which measures the angular position of the spinner 8 and / or the rotor 4 . the spinner anemometer controller 9 can thus calculate the wind direction on the spinner 8 and the rotor 4 . if the wind does not hit the rotor directly head on , there is a yaw error and the wind turbine does not use the full force of the wind . in addition , the loads on the wind turbine will be unnecessary large , which will wear out the wind turbine and reduce its lifetime . the spinner anemometer controller 9 determines if a yaw error is present and then sends a signal to the servo controller 10 . the servo controller 10 controls a servomechanism 11 , which can rotate the base 12 of the wind vane 6 . the servo controller 10 then sends a signal to the servomechanism 11 , which rotates the base 12 . the wing 15 will then change direction in relation to the base 12 . this will be detected by the wind turbine control 13 and a signal will be sent to the yaw drive 5 , which will change and appropriately adjust the yaw of the wind turbine 1 . for example , if the spinner anemometer finds that the wind turbine is 10 degrees off , it will rotate the base 10 degrees in the opposite direction , which will result in an activation of the yaw drive , which will rotate the nacelle 10 degrees against the wind and place the rotor so the wind will attack the rotor head on . this is illustrated in fig3 . here the wind turbine has a yaw error of 10 degrees , illustrated as a difference of 10 degrees between the wind ( represented as an arrow ) and the axle of rotation of the rotor 4 on fig3 a ). this is detected by the spinner anemometer and therefore the base 12 is rotated 10 degrees . the original set point 14 of the wind vane 6 on the base 12 is therefore rotated 10 degrees as can be seen on fig3 b ). the wind turbine control 13 will then realise that the yaw needs to be corrected as the set point in relation to the wing 15 is changed , the yaw drive 5 is activated and the wind turbine is positioned at the new yaw angle as can be seen in fig3 c ). when the turbine 1 is in a start - up process , the data from the spinner anemometer will sense and report that the rotor 4 does not rotate . this will result in a signal to the servo controller 10 informing it that it needs to reset the wind vane 6 to the original position . this is because the spinner anemometer cannot appropriately determine the wind direction when the rotor 4 is not rotating . if the set point 14 is not reset and the rotor 4 may never be positioned upwind and then never start to rotate . it is therefore preferred that there is a reset function in the servo controller 10 , which electronically or mechanically resets the wind vane 6 ( e . g . reset set point on the base 12 ) to an unaltered state when the wind turbine 1 is not in operation or an error message is received from the spinner anemometer controller 9 . further , the servomechanism 11 can be limited to only a certain degree change of the set point , if larger adjustments of the wind turbine yaw not be acceptable . it can for example be limited to 5 , 10 , 15 , 20 , 25 , 30 , 40 degrees of displacement of the set point . although not shown in a figure , the base 12 can also be spring - loaded so that when no signal is sent to the servomechanism 11 or an error in the servo system occur , the set point 14 is reverted to the original , non - modified position of the original turbine wind vane ( can also be called neutral state ). this can be viewed as a failsafe mechanism for the present invention , which ensures that the wind turbine can always be reverted to operate as it was originally installed . there is little risk for introducing larger loads on the wind turbine when using the present invention . on the contrary the load on the wind turbine is expected to be reduced as the yaw ensures a more correct positioning of the rotor 4 . in the above - mentioned example the wind sensor system is a spinner anemometer . the skilled person will realise that a lidar can also be used to determine the wind direction in front of a wind turbine and therefore appreciate that the spinner anemometer can be substituted for a lidar . both nacelle mounted and ground positioned lidars are known and can be used . instead of the rotating of the base 12 as described above , the invention can also be implemented in a wind turbine by having the spinner anemometer or lidar ( or any other instrument that can determine the yaw error ) modify the signal from the wind vane 6 to the wind turbine control 13 or a signal inside the wind vane 6 . instead of using a rotating base the invention can also be implemented by using other mechanical devices directly interfering with and modifying the function of the existing turbine wind vanes . a further alternative to rotating the base of the existing wind vane is thus to influence the wing 15 directly . this can be done e . g . by manipulating the wind that attack the wing 15 , for example by fins that change the direction of the wind or a fan that can affect the wing 15 . the wing 15 can also be attached to springs or elastic devices , which can be used to manipulate the wind vane 6 . as yet a further alternative the invention can take over the control of the wind vane 6 , meaning that the direction of the wing 15 can be controlled by the signal from the wind sensor system ( e . g . spinner anemometer ) and thereby disregard the wind acting on the wing 15 . | 8 |
fig2 is a cross - sectional view of one exemplary embodiment of a unibody purge valve 100 embodying aspects of the present invention . as used herein the expression “ unibody ” refers to an integral structure for the body of the valve , as opposed to a multi - part body . as shown in fig2 valve 100 includes a normally closed reed 102 that may deflect to an open condition , represented by reed position 103 , in response to an appropriate voltage signal connected to an associated electromagnetic reed actuator 104 , such as may be made up of an armature 106 and a winding 108 . purge valve 100 , in response to the voltage signal applied to actuator 104 , allows to selectively communicate an inlet port 110 with an outlet port 112 through an opening 114 . in one exemplary embodiment the inlet port may be connected to a canister port , and the outlet port may be connected to the intake manifold of an internal combustion engine . the inlet port in operation may be at atmospheric pressure while outlet port 112 may be at the engine intake manifold pressure ( e . g ., vacuum ). that is , at a pressure less than atmospheric pressure . the inventor of the present invention has innovatively recognized that lowering the mass of the moving member of the valve may substantially decrease acoustic energy generated by the valve , i . e ., noise . the exemplary embodiment illustrated in fig2 comprises a valve wherein reed 114 comprises a generally flexible , resilient ferromagnetic member , such as may be made up of magnetic stainless steel or other such materials . in one exemplary embodiment , the body of the valve comprises a unibody construction that may be made of plastic or any other suitable polymer material using standard molding or injection techniques . to simplify the manufacturing process , the reed may be insert molded into the body of the valve . as can be appreciated in fig2 the reed 102 may include a step - wise structure 105 that allows for even a more secure mechanical connection of the reed relative to the body of the valve . the step - wise structure also provides an advantage from an electromagnetic point of view being that such step - wise structure effectively decreases the air gap g 1 between the reed and the armature and consequently the sensitivity of the reed to the electromagnetic actuator is enhanced . the solenoid actuator 104 may be externally affixed to the body of the valve using standard techniques for affixing a solenoid relative to a plastic body . in another exemplary embodiment , the body of the valve may be produced using zinc - casting techniques , such as may be commercially available from fishercast div . of fisher gauge limited , canada , or injection molding of thixotropic semi - solid alloy available from thixomat of ann arbor , mich ., usa . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art , insert molding or insert casting can be highly efficient techniques as compared to more traditional techniques for constructing the valve that rely on the assembly of discrete parts , such as through soldering , connectors , fasteners , adhesives , etc . the benefits of insert molding / casting over such traditional techniques may include at least the following : reduced assembly and labor cost , reduced size and weight , increased reliability and increased design flexibility . for readers desirous of background information regarding zinc casting , see , for example , article titled “ revolution in zinc casting ” by william mihaichuk , as reprinted from “ machine design ” dec . 8 , 1988 , which article is herein incorporated by reference . as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art , a valve having a metal body would be particularly useful for applications that require stricter control of fuel vapor diffusion through the walls of the valve since a metal valve would have reduced permeability relative to the fuel vapors passing through the valve , as compared to a plastic valve . the use of the expression zinc casting is meant to use terminology well - understood in the art of casting and is not meant to limit the invention to the use of zinc material since other metals , such as aluminum , magnesium and alloys , such as zinc / aluminum and zamak alloys could be employed in lieu of zinc . in one exemplary embodiment in order to keep the length of the air gap g between the tip of the reed and the armature relatively small , it may be desirable to configure the cross section of the canister port rectangular in lieu of circular so that the air gap g corresponds to the smaller dimension of the rectangular cross section . in essence , the aspect ratio of the rectangular cross section would be selected to meet the volumetric flow requirements of the valve while ensuring that the air gap is sufficiently small so that no excessive electromagnetic energy is required to actuate the reed . it will be appreciated that the present invention is not limited to circular or rectangular cross - sections since other configurations , such as elliptical could be used . fig3 is a cross - sectional view of another exemplary embodiment of a unibody purge valve 200 embodying aspects of the present invention . as shown in fig2 valve 200 includes a normally closed diaphragm 202 that may deflect to an open condition , represented by diaphragm position 203 , in response to an appropriate voltage signal connected to an associated electromagnetic diaphragm actuator 204 , such as may be made up of an armature 206 and a winding 208 . purge valve 200 , in response to the voltage signal applied to actuator 204 , allows to selectively communicate the inlet port 110 with the outlet port 112 through an opening 214 . diaphragm 202 comprises a generally flexible , resilient ferromagnetic member , such as may be made up of magnetic stainless steel or other such materials . as shown in fig3 the diaphragm may be configured to provide a circumferentially - extending spring structure 210 that normally urges the diaphragm against the opening 214 , and , in response to the actuating force from the actuator 204 , allows the diaphragm to extend to the open condition . as described in the context of fig2 the body of the valve may comprise a unibody construction that may be made of plastic or any other suitable polymer material using standard molding or injection techniques . in this embodiment , the diaphragm may be insert molded into the body of the valve . the diaphragm may include a plurality of anchor holes that would allow the molding or casting material to form an even stronger insert connection . while the preferred embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described herein , it will be obvious that such embodiments are provided by way of example only . numerous variations , changes and substitutions will occur to those of skill in the art without departing from the invention herein . accordingly , it is intended that the invention be limited only by the spirit and scope of the appended claims . | 5 |
further advantages and objects of the present invention will become more apparent with the following detailed description and the appended claims . furthermore , it is to be noted that although the present invention is described with reference to the embodiments as illustrated in the following detailed description , it should be noted that the following detailed description is not intended to limit the present invention to the particular embodiments disclosed , but rather the described embodiment merely exemplifies the various aspects of the present invention , the scope of which is defined by the appended claims . with reference to fig2 a - 2 i , an illustrative example of forming a field - effect transistor according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described . fig2 a shows a schematic cross - section of a field - effect transistor at a specific stage of a manufacturing process according to the present invention . the structure shown in fig2 a includes a gate insulation layer 102 , comprised of , for example , silicon dioxide ( sio 2 ), formed over a semiconductor substrate 101 , comprised of si , ge , or the like , a gate electrode 103 having a gate length 105 and formed above the gate insulation layer 102 , a gate cover layer 104 positioned over the gate electrode 103 , and a sidewall spacer 106 formed around the sidewalls of the gate electrode 103 and the gate cover layer 104 . the sidewall spacer 106 and the gate cover layer 104 may preferably be comprised of a material such as silicon nitride ( sin ) that can selectively be etched with respect to the semiconductor material of the substrate . the process steps involved in patterning a resist ( not shown ) for producing the gate electrode 103 , the gate cover layer 104 , and the sidewall spacers 106 are of common knowledge to the skilled person , and usually include the employment of short exposure wavelengths , such as wavelengths in the duv range , while performing the required photolithography steps . according to the anisotropic etching necessary for formation of the sidewall spacers 106 , due to a relation of sidewall height to spacer thickness at the bottom , depending on the slope of the sidewall spacers 106 , their lateral extension can be determined by the thickness of the gate cover layer 104 . hence , by increasing the sidewall height , substantially thicker sidewall spacers 106 can be formed , employing a standard anisotropic etch process for sidewall spacer formation , which otherwise is commonly known , so that the detailed description thereof will be omitted . fig2 b shows a schematic top view of the field - effect transistor of fig2 a after deposition of a mask 107 over the gate cover layer 104 , over the sidewall spacers 106 , and over the thin gate insulation layer 102 . the deposition of this mask 107 is made such that both end caps 108 of the gate cover layer 104 , and , therefore , both end caps of the gate electrode 103 , and all remaining parts of the sidewall spacers 106 around the end caps 108 , are exposed . all the exposed parts have to be selectively removed until the thin gate insulation layer 102 is exposed ( not shown ) resulting in two opposing sidewall spacers 106 in both directions of the gate length 105 . fig2 c shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 b after conventional etching all parts of the thin gate insulation layer 102 , as well as the substrate 101 , which are not covered with the gate cover layer 104 or the sidewall spacers 106 , and thereby forming trenches 109 . these trenches 109 are needed for shallow trench isolations ( stis ), as described below . fig2 d shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 c after growing a thin thermal oxide layer 110 , which is of benefit to trench corner rounding . fig2 e shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 d after an insulating material layer 111 , comprised of , for example , silicon dioxide ( sio 2 ), is formed over the field - effect transistor depicted in fig2 d . this covering step , including overfilling , is needed for a secure filling of the trenches 109 for the shallow trench isolations ( stis ) with necessary insulating material . fig2 f shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 e after polishing said insulation layer 111 to a plane level 112 . this polishing process is executed until just a top part of the gate cover layer 104 is exposed . fig2 g shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 f after isotropically etching the insulation layer 111 . this etching process results in completed shallow trench isolations ( stis ) 113 with a top surface 114 that is located above the gate insulation layer 102 for the benefit of a reduced probability of shorts to the drain and source regions to be formed . such shorts may occur due to the relatively small overlap of the end caps 108 with the shallow trench isolations 113 . preferably , the top surface 114 is located above the gate insulation by at least an amount that ensures compensation for oxide consumption of the shallow trench isolation 113 during subsequent process steps . fig2 h shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 g after removing the gate cover layer 104 and the sidewall spacers 106 . the shallow trench isolations ( stis ) 113 define an active region 115 with a length dimension 116 in the substrate 101 . the length dimension 116 is defined by the length dimension 105 of the gate electrode and the bottom thickness of the sidewall spacers 106 . that is , both the length and the location of the active region are determined by well - controllable deposition and etching processes without the necessity of any additional ( mechanical ) aligning steps . this will hereinafter also be referred to as self - aligned . moreover , since the length and the location of the active region with respect to the gate electrode are related to the gate length , a down - scaling of the gate length may also be translated in a corresponding down - scaling of the active region . furthermore , for a given gate length , the length dimension of the active region may be controlled by adjusting the thickness of the sidewall spacers so that a length of the drain and source regions may be controlled in accordance to design requirements irrespective from the channel length ( gate length ). finally , fig2 i shows a schematic cross - section of the field - effect transistor of fig2 h after conventional device processing is performed to complete the field - effect transistor . lightly doped drain ( ldd ) and source regions 119 were formed in the active region 115 by a shallow ion implantation with a low dose . the implanted ions are diffused by rapid thermal annealing ( rta ) so as to partially extend in the area below the thin gate oxide layer 102 . silicon dioxide ( sio 2 ), or other similar material , was blanket deposited and subsequently anisotropically etched in order to form sidewall spacers 117 adjacent to the gate electrode 103 and to the lightly doped drain and source regions 119 . thereafter , source and drain regions 118 are completed by a deep ion implantation with a high dose . the source and drain regions 118 are limited by the lightly doped drain and source regions 119 , which connect to a channel 120 . after the formation of the gate electrode 103 , the gate insulation layer 102 , the active region 115 , and the shallow trench isolations ( stis ) 113 , manufacturing of the field - effect transistor is continued by commonly known standard techniques . since these techniques are known to the skilled person , the production steps for these standard techniques are not described in this description . the present invention provides a method of forming a field - effect transistor in an integrated circuit , wherein the source region and the drain region are self - aligned with respect to the gate electrode , i . e ., the gate electrode is substantially centrally positioned within the active region without the need of a separate aligning step . additionally , the transistor length , particularly the source length and the drain length , can be reduced , regardless of the critical dimension of the gate electrode . hence , the source and drain lengths may be optimized in conformity with design requirements so as to significantly reduce the parasitic capacitances as well as the circuit - density . therefore , the overall product performance is improved and the production costs are reduced . due to the self - alignment technique of the shallow trench isolations ( stis ) 113 and of the active region 115 relative to the gate electrode 103 as described above , the length dimension 116 of the active region 115 may be tuned to minimum desired dimensions without lithographic processing and therefore without lithographic restrictions . thus , the production of field - effect transistors according to the present invention requires less masks as compared to conventional processing for the benefit lower production cost . according to a modification of the above - described embodiment of the present invention , the first sidewall spacers 106 are formed without the gate cover layer 104 over the gate electrode 103 . in order to achieve sidewall spacers 106 of sufficient bottom thickness for defining the active region 115 , the process for depositing the spacer material and / or the anisotropic etch process for forming the sidewall spacers 106 is accordingly adjusted to lead to spacer flanks of a shallower slope so as to achieve a greater thickness to height ratio of the sidewall spacers 106 . since anisotropic etching and depositing of material layers are well - controllable within a range of few nm to several μm , any desired bottom thickness is adjustable so that corresponding drain and source lengths may be manufactured . according to another modification of the above - described embodiment of the present invention , the sidewall spacers 106 are not removed after the formation of the active region 115 . in this case , the sidewall spacers 106 are trimmed , e . g ., by an etch process , yielding sidewall spacers 117 having a shorter lateral extension than the sidewall spacers 106 . afterwards , the lightly doped drain and source regions 119 will be formed in the active region 115 under said sidewall spacers 117 by diffusion of ions or by oblique ion implantation with a low dose . thereafter , source and drain regions 118 are formed by a deep ion implantation with a high dose . the remaining production steps according to the above - mentioned embodiment describing the drawings remain the same . the particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only , as the invention may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein . for example , the process steps set forth above may be performed in a different order . furthermore , no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown , other than as described in the claims below . it is therefore evident that the particular embodiments disclosed above may be altered or modified and all such variations are considered within the scope and spirit of the invention . accordingly , the protection sought herein is as set forth in the claims below . | 7 |
cardboard sheets 10 which are used in the folding box industry have stamped or punched blanks for folding boxes or the like , wherein waste pieces 12 and 12 a are produced in the blanks or on the blanks . downstream of a stamping station which is not shown in the drawing for the sake of clarity thereof , the stamped cardboard sheet 10 passes on to a break - out board or die 14 on which its waste pieces 12 and 12 a are removed therefrom ; the waste pieces 12 and 12 a are disposed above apertures 16 which are of a configuration depending on the contours of the waste pieces . as can be seen from the cross - sectional view in fig2 the aperture 16 has an upper frame - like portion 17 with a vertical wall , followed by a downward opening cone portion . small edge zones of the waste pieces 12 , 12 a lie on the break - out board 14 while other regions of edges 12 &# 39 ; of the waste piece 12 , 12 a extend at a spacing a within the contour of the aperture 16 at the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 . that relationship results in support zones as indicated at r in fig2 with a comparatively high level of frictional resistance , and regions indicated at n , with a lower level of friction . break - out members 20 press downwardly on to the waste pieces 12 , 12 a , the break - out members 20 pressing against the waste pieces in a punctiform manner when being in the form of pins or with linear contact when being for example in the form of pressing edges 20 s , as shown at the right in fig1 and 2 . it is also possible to use break - out members of different configurations , although they are not shown . the waste pieces 12 , 12 a are separated from the cardboard sheet 10 and carried away downwardly in the break - out direction indicated by x . fig3 shows a break - out tool with a clamping or bottom pin 22 , the surface of which bears against the underneath surface of the waste piece 12 coaxially with respect to the upper break - out pin 20 , co - operating with the latter in order clampingly to hold the waste piece 12 in position and thus also to carry it out of the aperture 16 . fig4 shows a typical waste piece 12 t which has a plurality of arms and which is subjected to the action of eight break - out pins 20 , corresponding to the marked pressure points 20 &# 39 ;. of the eight break - out pins 20 , only two ( indicated by the black spots in fig4 ) are supported against respective coaxially disposed bottom pins 22 . the portion shown by way of example from a break - out board 14 according to the invention , as illustrated in fig5 to 8 , illustrates a substantially rectangular aperture 16 for a waste strip piece 12 which is to be broken out . adjoining the aperture 16 and disposed transversely with respect to its longitudinal axis m is an aperture arm 24 for receiving a support profile member 26 of a stepped configuration ; the support profile member 26 is secured by a short mounting portion 27 to the underside 15 t of the break - out board 14 at one end by means of screws 25 or the like in such a way that a support portion 28 which is longer than the mounting portion 27 extends adjacent to the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 , while the end edge 29 thereof extends at a small spacing b from the parallel edge 16 &# 39 ; of the aperture . disposed closely against the underneath surface of the support portion 28 is a spring tongue 30 which is secured to the support portion 28 by means of its rearward end region , by riveting or the like , and is otherwise adapted to pivot resiliently downwardly away therefrom . formed in the spring tongue 30 at its free end is mounting step 32 which is arranged in front of the end edge 29 of the support portion 28 and which is directed in a cranked configuration upwardly . in the rest position shown in fig6 the mounting step 32 is disposed in the aperture 16 , with the top side thereof being substantially aligned with the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 . the free length i of the spring tongue 30 of approximately 35 millimeters almost corresponds in the selected embodiment to three times the thickness q of the break - out board 14 or the height of the aperture 16 therein . the cone angle t of the cone portion 18 of the aperture 16 is more than 50 °. when the break - out pin 20 which is provided with a pressure tip 21 which has a periphery of a concave configuration as shown in fig9 presses against the waste strip portion 12 which extends over the mounting step 32 of the spring tongue 30 , the waste strip piece 12 is pushed downwardly and held clampingly between the step 32 and the break - out pin 20 until the step 32 forms a deflection angle w of about 45 ° with respect to the horizontal support portion 28 and the broken - out waste strip portion 12 can rapidly move away laterally ( as indicated by the arrow z ). that release operation is promoted by virtue of the shape of the pressure tip 21 of the break - out pin 20 , but it can also be performed when using break - out pins 20 with a flat end ( see fig1 and 11 ). as fig5 shows , the step 32 of the spring tongue 30 , in the region of its free end 33 , has a part - circular opening 34 ; the path of movement of the break - out pin 20 , which is defined by the axis a of the pin , extends within the part - circular opening 34 . the spring tongue 30 in the embodiment shown in fig1 is curved in a loop - like configuration in cross - section between the mounting step 32 and the fixing end thereof , and is fixed under the support portion 28 of a u - shaped support profile member 26 a , the transverse wall of which has a cut - out portion 36 through which the spring tongue 30 passes ; the edges of the cut - out portion 36 delimit deflection of the spring . as shown in fig1 and 12 , instead of the above - mentioned support profile member 26 , a pin or bolt 38 can be secured in the aperture arm 24 , the pin or bolt 38 holding and passing through the spring tongue 30 a which is rolled in a spiral configuration at its mounting end 31 . in this case , instead of the above - described edge opening 34 , it is possible , as also in other embodiments , to provide a slot 34 n at a spacing relative to the free edge 33 , wherein the path of movement of the pin 20 passes through the slot 34 n . as shown in fig1 , a spring tongue 30 which is fixed at one end at a spacing relative to the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 is bent upwardly with its free end and folded to form a double - layer mounting step 32 d ; that configuration considerably increases the elasticity of the device . correspondingly folded free ends are also possible in relation to spring tongues 30 v as shown in fig1 , which project along substantially vertical lines into the aperture 16 . the construction shown in fig1 comprises a spring tongue 30 h which is disposed at a spacing relative to the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 , and a clamping pin 22 which is thus mounted resiliently and which projects upwardly from the spring tongue 30 h and which terminates slightly below the surface 15 . instead of a spring tongue 30 which bends , it is possible for a roller 40 to be mounted in the aperture arm 24 on a horizontal spindle or shaft 38a in such a way as to be rotatable in a stepwise manner ; the roller 40 has a cross - sectional contour which is of a cross - like configuration or which is in the form of a clover leaf configuration , consisting in this case of four part - circles ; the elongate bulge configurations which are formed in that way at the outside surface of the roller 40 , as indicated at 41 , form supports which are movable downwardly , for the break - out pin 20 or the waste piece 12 which is disposed therebetween . the roller 40 is also provided with a central peripheral groove 44 for the axis a of the pin to pass therethrough . instead of the roller 40 with its peripheral groove 44 , it is also possible for two roller discs 40 a to be fixed at a spacing e from each other on the shaft 38 a ( see fig1 ). as shown in fig1 , the axis b of a bottom clamping pin 22 a is arranged in a bush or sleeve 46 inclined at an angle f &# 39 ; of about 20 ° and the clamping pin 22 a is held in the gripping position shown by the force of a spring 48 . the clamping pin 22 a is provided with an abutment head 50 whose surface 51 includes an angle f in relation to a line which is radial with respect to the axis b , while the surface 51 extends substantially parallel to a fixing collar 52 of the bush or sleeve 46 . the construction shown in fig2 to 22 has , in the aperture 16 , an angle member 58 which is capable of limited tilting movement against the force of a spreading spring 56 about a pin or bolt 54 which extends parallel to the break - out board 14 . one leg 59 of the angle member 58 extends at the surface 15 of the break - out board 14 while the pin or bolt 54 passes through the other mounting leg 60 of the angle member 58 and possibly also a vane portion 61 formed thereon . the pin or bolt 54 is mounted in side walls 62 of a mounting member 64 which in turn is fixed in position by means of wing - like flanges 65 which engage under the break - out board 14 . the side walls 62 are connected by a front transverse web portion 63 of the mounting member 64 , in which a free end 55 of the spring 56 is fixed ; the other radial end 57 is disposed under the pin or bolt 54 in the mounting leg 60 . fig2 shows two substantially vertical leaf springs 30 v on both sides of the aperture 16 . the leaf springs 30 v flank a passage gap 66 ( see fig2 ) which defines the path of movement of a break - out pin 20 s with a flat end edge or a knife or cutting edge . such a gap 66 , as shown in fig2 , is delimited by resilient rubber projections 68 or brush - like inserts 70 ( see fig2 ). bristles 72 of the brushes 70 extend transversely with respect to the axis a of the pin and are of a length which decreases in the pressing direction so that on the one hand they are capable of serving as a support while on the other hand they permit the waste piece 12 to be carried away downwardly . | 1 |
as illustrated in fig3 a bus - hold input circuit 20 of the present invention includes a sense circuit 30 designed to compare the potentials associated high - potential power rail vcc and the potential applied at input node in . it is to be noted that node in may be coupled to a bus for the reception of signals , or to internal circuitry for signal transmission to the bus . sense circuit 30 is coupled to vcc and to in and may preferably include a differential comparator to be described with respect to fig4 . the bus - hold circuit 20 further includes arbiter circuit 40 coupled to in , vcc , and to sense circuit 30 . arbiter circuit 40 is designed to define the potential associated with a pseudo high - potential rail pr as a function of the output of the sense circuit 30 . specifically , the arbiter circuit 40 couples rail pr to either of vcc or in dependent upon which of the two is of a higher potential . the pseudorail pr is in turn coupled to the high - potential node of the latching inverter iv2 so that the potential differential between the input node and high - potential node of inverter iv2 is always fixed so as to block simultaneous conduction . input inverter iv1 remains operable in the same manner as stated in regard to the prior art . a preferred detailed design of the bus - hold circuit 20 of the present invention for overvoltage tolerance is shown in fig4 . in that structure , input inverter iv1 includes pull - up pmos transistor mo and pulldown nmos transistor m1 having their gates coupled to circuit input in and their drains coupled to circuit output out . the source of mo is coupled to high - potential power rail vcc of some defined nominal value , and the source of m1 is coupled to low - potential power rail gnd . the drains of mo and m1 are also coupled to the input of latching inverter iv2 formed of nmos transistor m2 and pmos transistor m3 . the drains of transistors m2 and m3 are tied back to in for latching purposes in a manner well know to those skilled in the art . the source of m2 is coupled to gnd . contrary to the design of the prior - art bus - hold circuit 10 , the source of transistor m3 is coupled to pseudorail pr rather than directly to vcc for the purposes stated in regard to fig3 . with continuing reference to fig4 the circuit 20 includes novel sense circuit 30 and arbiter circuit 40 as previously described . sense circuit 30 includes a comparator 31 , a comparator gain stage 32 , and optional sense signal inverters iv3 and iv4 . the comparator 31 is preferably a differential comparator that is coupled as follows . always - on tail transistor m12 is coupled to stable independent voltage supply v1 to provide current to the differential comparator . although supply v1 is something of a current drain , the trade - off in saving the circuit 20 from simultaneous conduction in an overvoltage situation is favorable . first differential nmos transistor m13 has its gate coupled to in such that its operation is defined by the potential at that node . second differential nmos transistor m14 has its gate coupled to vcc such that it is always on . transistors m13 and m14 have their sources coupled to the drain of always - on supply transistor m12 . the drain of transistor m14 is coupled to the gates of pmos transistors m15 and m16 such that they are always on , each having its gate coupled to vcc . the drain of transistor m15 is coupled to the drain of transistor m13 while the drain of transistor m16 is coupled to the drain of always - on transistor m14 . it is to be noted that the drains of transistors m13 and m15 are also coupled to the comparator gain stage 32 to be described . differential pmos transistor pair m15 and m16 provide the full - rail differential signal output of the circuit 31 as a function of the signals applied by in to the gate of transistor m13 . specifically , when in is at a logic high , whether that logic high is at a vcc or higher potential , transistor m13 is on so as to pull the output of comparator 31 down to a logic low . that output of the comparator 31 is coupled to gain stage 32 including nmos transistor m9 and pmos transistor m10 . always - on nmos transistor m9 ensures that the activation of transistor m10 controls the signal from the comparator 31 in that its gate is tied to that output and its source is coupled to vcc . inverter iv3 formed of transistors m6 and m7 , has its input coupled to the output of gain stage 32 so as to invert that signal . the source of pmos transistor m7 is coupled to vcc and its drain is coupled to the drain of pulldown nmos transistor m6 . finally , inverter iv4 , including pseudorail pull - up transistor m5 and pulldown transistor m4 , has its input coupled to the output of iv3 and its output coupled to arbiter circuit 40 in a manner to be described herein . it is important to note that the source of transistor m5 is coupled to the pseudorail pr rather than to vcc in order to ensure that the arbiter circuit 40 establishes the appropriate higher - potential node coupling to pr . with continuing reference to fig4 the arbiter circuit 40 acts to tie either of vcc or in to the pseudorail pr , pursuant to the design of the sense circuit 30 . specifically , arbiter circuit 40 includes first pmos arbiter transistor m8 and second pmos arbiter transistor m11 . transistor m8 has its gate coupled to the output of sense circuit inverter iv4 , its source coupled to vcc , and its drain coupled to pr . transistor m11 has its gate coupled to vcc , its source coupled to in , and its drain coupled to pr . in essence , when transistor m8 is activated , the pseudorail pr is coupled to vcc during non - overvoltage conditions . when transistor m11 is activated , the pseudorail pr is coupled to in during overvoltage . in operation , the bus - hold circuit 20 of the present invention provides overvoltage tolerance in the following manner . while inverters iv1 and iv2 operate in standard fashion during expected on logic low , on logic high , and high impedance states , the remainder of circuit 20 block overvoltage problems . specifically , transistors m8 and m11 act to pass the input overvoltage at in to rail pr so as to hold the power supplied to inverter iv2 to the higher of the potential of vcc and in . for any high potential input , whether an overvoltage condition or not , the gate of m3 is low , thereby passing any initial overvoltage to pr . transistors m9 / m10 of gain stage 32 and transistors m12 - m16 of comparator 31 senses if the potential at in is greater than at vcc . that turns on transistor m13 which in turn activates gain transistor m10 . a logic high at the input of iv3 produces a logic low at the input of inverter iv4 such that the output of inverter iv4 to the gate of m8 is equivalent to the potential at pr . when the input potential at in is an overvoltage potential in comparison to the potential of vcc , transistor m8 is turned off , thereby effectively blocking the coupling of the high - potential node of latching inverter iv2 through pseudorail pr to the lower potential supply rail vcc . at the same time , during an overvoltage condition of sufficient differential , transistor m11 will be activated so as to couple the pseudorail pr to in . finally , during normal operating conditions , the gate of m8 will be driven low , thereby coupling pr to vcc under suitable conditions . while the present invention is directed principally to overvoltage tolerance of a bus - hold circuit , it is to be noted that the same characteristics may be applied to protect against undervoltage conditions in suitable circumstances . as illustrated in fig5 bus - hold circuit 200 with undervoltage tolerance includes standard input inverter iv1 and latching inverter iv2 as before . however , in order to protect against an undervoltage condition , the low - potential node of inverter iv2 is coupled through the source of nmos transistor m2 to pseudo low - potential rail prn . rail prn is coupled to undervoltage sense circuit 300 and to undervoltage arbiter circuit 400 as shown . specifically , the output of inverter iv6 is coupled to the gate of nmos blocking transistor m17 such that a logic low output from iv6 blocks the coupling of prn to gnd when the potential at in is less than the potential associated with low - potential power rail gnd . at the same time , transistor m18 couples prn to in such that simultaneous conduction will not occur through iv2 . in normal operation , the output of iv6 is a logic high , thereby turning on m17 and ensuring that prn is coupled directly to gnd . the remainder of the circuit operates in a substantially similar but inverted manner to that described in detail in regard to fig4 . in summary , sense circuit 300 includes comparator 301 with transistors m19 - m22 arranged such that transistor m21 controls the signal applied to gain transistor m24 of gain stage 302 . the output from that stage is transmitted to the input of inverter iv5 formed of transistors m25 and m26 . the output of inverter iv5 is coupled to the input of inverter iv6 formed of transistors m27 and m28 configured such that the source of nmos transistor m28 is coupled to the pseudo low - potential rail prn . the advantages of the present invention with regard to the overvoltage tolerant bus - hold circuit 20 of fig4 can be seen in a comparison of the i - v curves for that circuit 20 and the prior - art bus - hold circuit 10 of fig1 . specifically , fig6 illustrates through curve 50 the current through circuit 10 using only inverters iv1 and iv2 in the manner noted when the potential of vcc is a nominal 3 . 3 v when the circuit 10 is in a high - impedance state . it can be seen that at about 4 v , the current increases sharply up to about 9 milliamperes when the input potential at in is about 5 v . the present invention of fig4 on the other hand , provides effective blocking of current through the circuit 20 during overvoltage conditions . as illustrated in fig7 through curve 60 , the circuit 20 substantially limits current therethrough when it is supposed to be in the high - impedance state and an overvoltage is applied to the input in and the high - potential rail vcc is a nominal 3 . 3 v . after some very small initial current fluctuation during a signal switch from logic low ( 0 . 0 v ) to a logic high , there is essentially no current through the circuit as the potential at in passes beyond 3 . 3 v . the blocking of the sense circuit 30 in combination with the arbiter circuit 40 coupled to the latching inverter iv2 in the manner shown and described in fig4 can be seen to be particularly effective in comparison to the bus - hold circuit of the prior art . while the present invention has been described with specific reference to particular embodiments , it is to be understood that all modifications , variants , and equivalents are deemed to be within the scope of the following appended claims . | 7 |
fig1 illustrates an exemplary gas turbine group 1 suitable for carrying out an exemplary method disclosed herein . the gas turbine group 1 , known per se from the prior art , has a compressor 11 , a combustion chamber 12 , a turbine 13 and a generator 14 which is arranged on a common shaft together with the compressor 11 and the turbine 13 . the compressor 11 has , furthermore , an adjustable initial guide blade cascade 15 . this can throttle or release the compressor inflow to a different extent , with the result that the mass airflow of the gas turbine group 1 is adapted to the load state in a manner which is known per se and is described sufficiently elsewhere . the supply airflow 21 flows to the compressor through an inflow duct 2 ; normally , in or on the inflow duct 2 , further devices , such as weather protection slats , air filter devices , silencer devices and the like , are arranged , which , however , are familiar per se to a person skilled in the art and are therefore not illustrated , since they are not directly relevant to the implementation of the exemplary embodiment . a smoke gas flow 16 flows out of the turbine 13 . its residual heat may likewise be further utilized in a manner known per se . arranged in the inflow duct is a device 3 , by means of which a liquid mass flow can be introduced into the supply airflow 21 of the compressor . the evaporation of the liquid in the supply airflow cools the inflow to the compressor and consequently increases the air density and , in the case of a constant position of the initial guide blade cascade 15 , the mass airflow . if more liquid is introduced via the device 3 that can evaporate upstream of the compressor in the supply airflow , liquid drops penetrate into the compressor 11 . these drops evaporate there with progressive compression and consequently bring about an intensive internal cooling of the compressor 11 . a heat exchanger 6 may be used to discharge heat from the supply airflow . by virtue of this process , the power consumption of the compressor falls , and the useful power available for driving the generator 14 rises . moreover , if the useful power remains the same , the temperature level in the hot gas part of the gas turbine group is markedly reduced . during inflow into the compressor , the air is accelerated in the blade cascades of the compressor , with the result that the temperature at the compressor inlet falls . this lowering of temperature becomes all the more pronounced , the greater the extent to which the inflow is throttled by means of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade , that is to say the further the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is closed . this lowering of temperature may lead to the condensation of moisture from the suction - intake air and ultimately to the formation of ice . the build - up of ice in the inflow region of the compressor , on the one hand , can lead to a deterioration in aerodynamics ; on the other hand , ice fragments which come loose , if they penetrate into the compressor , may lead to serious damage to the compressor blades . the build - up of ice in the inflow region of the compressor can therefore as far as possible be avoided . in the prior art , various possibilities have been disclosed for supplying heat to the compressor inflow and thereby avoiding icing at the compressor inlet . by contrast , the injection of a liquid in the inflow duct 2 increases the risk of icing under unfavorable conditions . on the one hand , the temperature of the air is lowered further as a result of the evaporation of the liquid ; on the other hand , further moisture is supplied which may freeze in the compressor inlet . consequently , under specific ambient conditions , the introduction of liquid upstream of the compressor is deactivated . the gas turbine group illustrated has at least one sensor 41 for the ambient temperature t amb and , optionally , for the atmospheric moisture φ amb of the ambient air . alternatively , this measurement point may also be arranged in the inflow duct , upstream of the initial guide blade cascade ; the inflow temperature is then measured . the measurement values are evaluated in the function block 4 . the function block 4 determines from the measured values whether a permissible or an impermissible operating state for liquid injection is present and generates correspondingly a binary signal 0 / 1 which acts on the actuating member 31 and as a result of which the device 3 for introducing a liquid mass flow into the compressor inflow is activated or deactivated . that is to say , if the temperature t amb undershoots a permissible minimum value , the device is deactivated . on the other hand , the device is activated automatically when a temperature limit value which reliably allows operation is overshot . these temperature limit values could optionally be fixed as a function of the ambient atmospheric moisture and / or other parameters . furthermore , at a measurement point 42 , the position vigv of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade 15 is determined , and this is likewise evaluated in the function block 4 . in this case , furthermore , the limit temperatures at which activation or deactivation of the device 3 takes place are fixed as a function of the position of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade . in this case , these selected temperatures are higher , the further the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is closed , since an adjustable initial guide blade cascade closed to a great extent is accompanied by a correspondingly greater lowering of temperature in the initial guide blade cascade . the liquid mass flow introduced when a device 3 is activated is in this case fixed , for example , in proportion to the mass airflow sucked in by the compressor . fig2 illustrates an example of how the regions in which the device for introducing the liquid mass flow is activated or deactivated can be fixed as a function of the ambient temperature and of the initial guide blade cascade . in this case , the ambient temperature t amb is plotted on the vertical axis , and the position vigv of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is plotted on the horizontal axis . thus , a position of the initial guide blade cascade of 0 ° means that the initial guide blade cascade is open to a maximum . the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is closed increasingly toward negative angular positions . that is to say , the maximum closed position of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is found on the left in the graph at − 50 ° and the maximum open position of the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is found on the right at 0 °. the area of the graph is subdivided into three regions i , ii and iii . the line designated by a represents the profile of the activation limit temperature against the position of the initial guide blade cascade . the line designated by b represents the profile of the deactivation limit temperature against the position of the initial guide blade cascade . when the line a leaves the region iii and enters the region i , the activation signal for the means for introducing the liquid mass flow is set at active . that is to say , in the region i , the injection device 3 is always activated . if the line identified by b leaves the region iii and enters the region ii , the activation signal is set at inactive . that is to say , in the region ii , the device 3 is always deactivated . the activation status is not changed if the overshooting of lines a and b in each case takes place in reverse . the deactivation limit temperature in this case always lies below the activation limit temperature . the region iii is formed between these . in this region , the injection device — or other means for cooling the suction - intake air , as appropriate — may be both activated and deactivated . this intermediate region prevents an oversensitive reaction of the automatic activation and deactivation algorithm . the lines designated by c and d designate absolute limit values of the ambient temperature and of the position of the initial guide blade cascade , below which values the device is always deactivated . the method explained above for the automatic activation and deactivation of means for cooling the inflow of a compressor of a gas turbine group , for example a device for introducing a liquid mass flow into the inflow of a compressor of a gas turbine group , makes it possible to activate these means whenever the operating state of the gas turbine group and the ambient conditions allow this . in this case , the means are activated even below the basic full load of the gas turbine group at which the adjustable initial guide blade cascade is fully open . the advantages afforded by cooling , in particular the increased efficiency on account of the lower power consumption of the compressor , are therefore utilized whenever possible , without the constant attentiveness of the operating personnel being required for this purpose . of course , within the scope of the invention , a possibility may also be provided for permanently deactivating the means manually , for example in order to save water . in the case of a low part load of the gas turbine group , cooling is deactivated automatically , for example to save water , without the attentiveness of the operating personnel being required . the invention is described by way of example in terms of the injection of a liquid mass flow into the inflow of the compressor ; the transfer of the automatic activation and deactivation algorithm to general means for cooling the compressor inflow will easily become apparent to a person skilled in the art . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention can be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof . the presently disclosed embodiments are therefore considered in all respects to be illustrative and not restricted . the scope of the invention is indicated by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description and all changes that come within the meaning and range and equivalence thereof are intended to be embraced therein . 3 cooling means , device for introducing a liquid mass flow d absolute limit value of the position of the initial guide blade cascade | 5 |
before the description proceeds , it is noted that like parts are designated by like reference numerals throughout the drawings . referring to fig4 to 10 , reference numeral 20 is a magnetic head carriage assembly , 21 and 22 are clamp shoes , 23 is a magnetic head , 24 is a magnetic head supporting spring . other parts are designated by the like reference numerals shown in fig1 to 3 . the clamp shoe 21 mounted on the carriage 3 is formed in a generally flat rectangular shape having sizes l1 of 8 . 0 mm and l2 of 6 . 0 mm which are larger than the sizes of the magnetic head 23 of w1 of 3 . 8 mm and w2 of 0 . 6 mm . a groove 25 is defined on the central portion of the upper surface of the clamp shoe 21 so as to form two sliding surfaces 21a and 21b on both sides of the groove 25 . in one example the widths l3 and l4 of the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b are 1 . 5 mm . a head insertion hole 26 of a rectangular shape is defined through the sliding shoe 21 at the central portion of the groove 25 . the head insertion hole 26 has the sizes of l5 of 1 . 00 mm and l6 of 4 . 5 mm . the clamp shoe 21 is secured to a mounting base 27 provided on the free end portion of the carriage 3 so that the groove 25 is directed perpendicular to the radius direction of the magnetic disc . 8 . the clamp shoe 22 mounted on the clamper 7 is the same shape as the clamp shoe 21 except for that the head insertion hole 25 is not defined . a pair of sliding surfaces 22a and 22b are formed on both sides of a groove 28 . the clamp shoe 22 is secured to a gimbal spring 29 suspended on the clamper 7 so that the groove 28 is directed perpendicular to the radius of the magnetic disc 8 . a pivot 7a having a conical shape is formed integral with the clamper 7 so as to project downwardly for detachably engaging the sharpened end with the central portion of the top surface of the gimbal spring 29 . by this arrangement , the pivot 7a acts to confine the movement of the clamp shoe 22 in a vertical direction against the surface of the magnetic disc . as the materials of clamp shoes 21 and 22 , various materials can be used so far as the sharpened edge does not injure the magnetic disc , and it is desired to use a hard material with having a suitable slidability such as ferrite for making the core of the magnetic head . for example there are used barium titanate , calcium titanate and zinc ferrite . in order to make the contact against the disc smooth , it is desired to supply to the contact surface of the clamp shoe solid lubricant such , as molybdenum disulfide , graphite , amoruphous carbon , teflon or fluid lubricant such as silicon oil , ester of fatty acid or fluorine oil by way coating or sintering . it is desired to define the area of the sliding surfaces 21a , 21b , 22a and 22b almost equal to the area of the conventional slider in which the magnetic head is embeded to keep the sliding resistance unchanged . in case the pressure of the clamp shoe 22 is smaller than the pressure of the conventional clamp shoe , the area of the clamp shoe can be increased so that the same sliding resistivity is obtained . according to the present invention the magnetic head 23 is solely disposed in position without slider or supporting member . the magnetic head 23 is mounted on the carriage 3 through a magnetic head mounting spring 24 so that a sliding surface 23a of the magnetic head 23 can be projected higher than the the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b of the clamp shoe 21 through the head insertion hole 26 . in this arrangement , the step s between the sliding surface 23a of the magnetic head 23 and the sliding surfaces 21a , 21b of the clamp shoe 21 is set so that the pressure per unit area applied to the sliding surface 23a of the magnetic head 23 is in an allowable range in view of the abrasion resistance of the magnetic disc under such condition that the magnetic head 23 projected above the sliding surface is drawn to such a level that the contact surface 23a of the magnetic head 23 is flush with the contact surface of the clamp shoe 21 by the force applied from the magnetic disc 8 . the magnetic head 23 can be secured to the spring 24 by various conventional means such as bonding or mechanical means such as bolt . in any way however it is desired to interpose anti magnetizable material between the magnetic head 23 and the spring 24 for keeping a good magnetic characteristics of the magnetic head . in the embodiment of the magnetic head carriage assembly mentioned above , since the magnetic disc 8 is clamped between the clamp shoes 21 and 22 which are mounted on the carriage 3 and clamper 7 each being confined with respect to their vertical movement , the fluttering of the magnetic disc can be effectively suppressed . also since each of the clamp shoes 21 and 22 is provided with the grooves 25 and 28 at the central portion of the clamp shoes and the sliding surfaces 21a , 21b , 22a and 22b are formed on both sides of the grooves 25 and 28 , in the case it is assumed that the total area of the sliding surfaces 21a , 21b , 22a and 22b is equal to the amount of the area of the sliding surface of the conventional slider , the length of the sliding surface of the clamp shoes 21 and 22 in the running direction of the magnetic disc 8 can be made longer than the length of the conventional slider . as a result , the magnetic disc 8 is pressed towards the magnetic head 23 at the position far away from the magnetic gap 23c of the magnetic head 23 , so that the magnetic disc 8 can easily contact with the magnetic gap 23c . thus the head contact can be improved . in addition , since the total amount of the sliding area of the sliding surfaces 21a , 21b , 22a and 22b are generally equal to the conventional slider , the sliding resistance of the magnetic disc is not increased . furthermore , since the magnetic head 23 is supported by the spring 24 independent of the clamp shoe 21 so as resiliently to move in the direction perpendicular to the surface of the magnetic disc 8 , the trackability of the magnetic head onto the magnetic disc can be improved . thus even if the clamper 7 is sprung upward due to the fluttering of the magnetic disc 8 , the head contact of the magnetic head 23 and the magnetic disc 8 can be assured . in the experiments by the inventor , read - write characteristics of the magnetic head carriage assembly according to the present invention is measured using the carriage assembly comprising a metal - in gap head having a track width of 142 μm , head gap length 0 . 25 μm , contact force 3 g . f , and 10 g . f of contact force of the clamp shoe 21 . also 100 sheets of the metal floppy disc of coercive force of 1500 oe and residual magnetic flux density of 1500 gauss were used . the modulation fault ratio was improved from 24 % of the prior art shown in fig3 to 6 % in the present invention . the output of the linear recording density of 40 kfoci increased by 13 %. the modulation including more than 10 % was judged as the fault condition . another embodiment of the the present invention will be explained with reference to fig1 showing a magnetic head carriage assembly for use in a dual sided recording device . referring to fig1 , reference numeral 30 shows a carriage assembly , 31 and 32 show clamp shoes respectively , 33 and 34 show gimbal springs , 35 and 36 show magnetic heads , 37 and 38 show magnetic head securing springs . the gimbal springs are used to support the clamp shoe so as to be rotatable in the rotational direction of the disc for assuring a correct contact between the disc and the clamp shoe . the clamp shoes 31 and 32 are respectively similar to the clamp shoe 21 shown in fig4 . the clamp shoe 31 is secured on the top surface of the gimbal spring 33 suspended on the top surface of the free end of the carriage 3 . the clamp shoe 32 is secured on the bottom surface of the gimbal spring 34 suspended on the bottom face of the free end of the clamper 7 . the magnetic heads 35 and 36 are respectively similar to the magnetic head used in the embodiment shown in fig4 . each magnetic head is composed of the magnetic head itself without using a slider or supporting member . the magnetic head 35 is supported on the carriage 3 by springs 37 , having its sliding surface 35a passed through the head insertion hole 39 of the clamp shoe 31 so as to project in position higher than the top sliding surface 31a of the clamp shoe 31 . the magnetic head 36 is supported on the clamper 7 by springs 38 , having its sliding surface 36a passed through the head insertion hole 40 of the clamp shoe 32 so as to project in position lower than the bottom sliding surface 32a of the clamp shoe 32 . the magnetic head carriage assembly shown in fig1 can operate in the same manner as the magnetic head carriage assembly shown in fig4 . it is noted that the essential construction of the magnetic head carriage assembly according to the present invention is in that the clamp shoe is so mounted at a position where the carriage and clamper opposes as to confine the movement of the clamp shoe in the direction perpendicular to the rotation plane of the magnetic disc , and one magnetic head is secured on at least any one of the carriage and clamper through a resilient member so that the sliding surface of the magnetic head can be in a level near the sliding surface of the clamp shoe . therefore , the material , shape , position of the clamp shoe , the material , shape of the spring for supporting the magnetic head and means for connecting the magnetic head and the spring may be selected as desired and not limited those described herein . in the embodiments mentioned above , the magnetic head of a simple substance is used , however the magnetic head having a magnetic head core protected by a slider 13 as shown in fig3 may be used . although in the embodiment mentioned above , the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b of the clamp shoe 21 is so arranged as to slidably press the magnetic disc at both frontward and rearward positions relative to the magnetic head carriage 3 , it is not essential to provide the sliding surface in the rearward position against the direction of rotation of the magnetic disc . however , to provide the sliding surfaces on both frontward and rearward position is effective to improve the stability of the head contact . the clamp shoe 21 may be made in an annular shape as shown in fig1 with the outer diameter of the clamp shoe 21 to be 6 . 0 mm , inner diameter 4 . 5 mm . in this case , the magnetic head carriage 8 of 3 . 8 mm length and 0 . 6 mm width may be disposed at the central portion of the clamp shoe 21 so that the magnetic head carriage can be projected or retracted from the surface of the clamp shoe 21 . in fig1 , 30 shows a magnetic gap of the magnetic head 23 . the shape of the clamp shoe may be an elliptical shape . also , the clamp shoe 21 shown in fig1 may be used in such a manner that the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b are directed parallel to the direction x of rotation of the magnetic disc . various modifications of the arrangement of the clamp shoe 21 are shown in fig1 to 22 . in fig1 , the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b of the clamp shoe 21 are slanted on both sides of the magnetic head 23 so that two sliding surfaces 21a and 21b are closer at the lower stream of the disc rotation than the upper stream . in fig1 , the sliding surfaces 21a and 21b of the clamp shoe 21 are slanted on both sides of the magnetic head 23 so that two sliding surfaces 21a and 21b are closer at the upper stream of the disc rotation than at the lower stream . in fig1 and 19 the clamp shoe 21 is formed in the form of a v shape . in fig2 , the clamp shoe 21 having an elliptical shape is used with its short axis directed to the direction of rotation of the magnetic disc . in fig2 , the clamp shoe 21 having an elliptical shape is used with its long axis directed to the direction of rotation of the magnetic disc . it is one advantage of the magnetic head carriage assembly according to the present invention that since the clamp shoe is so mounted to the carriage assembly that the movement of the clamp shoe in the direction perpendicular to the direction of rotation of the magnetic disc is confined , the fluttering of the magnetic disc can be suppressed . it is another advantage of the magnetic head carriage assembly according to the present invention that since the magnetic head can be moved in the direction perpendicular to the rotation plane of the magnetic disc , the trackability of the head to the magnetic disc in terms of the direction perpendicular to the rotation plane of the magnetic disc can be improved and even if the clamper is sprung up against the resilient force of the spring member supporting the clamper , contact between the magnetic disc and the magnetic head can be assured , resulting in a good head touch . | 6 |
referring now to the drawings wherein similar reference numerals are used to designate similar parts , a key ejecting lock mechanism 10 of the type contemplated by the present invention includes a body member 12 , plug means or barrel 14 , a latch or bolt 16 , an ejecting / locking mechanism 18 and a suitable key operating means 20 . the body member 12 serves as the mounting means for the lock mechanism . it includes a tubular main portion 30 having a hollow bore 32 passing throughout the entire length of the body with a laterally extending flange or face piece 34 at one end , said face piece 34 having a reduced diameter aperture 36 co - axial with the bore 32 and forming an inwardly directed shoulder 38 . the shoulder 38 carries a plurality of axially extending , circumferentially spaced engaging means or locking teeth 40 , for purposes best set forth hereinafter . the body 30 is provided with opposed flat faces 42 for use in restraining rotation of the device in mounted position . a slot 44 intersects the wall of the body 30 and communicates with the inner bore 32 . the slot 44 has a predetermined angular extent and in the present instance provides an included angle of approximately 90 °. the main body portion 30 , in this embodiment , has one or more resilient spring arms 48 provided with shoulder means 50 at their extremities in opposition to the underside of the flanged head 34 . additionally , the body is generally recessed at 52 so that when the spring arms 48 are compressed during insertion in an apertured workpiece they will be accepted within the recess 52 until the flange 34 is brought into engagement with an outer face of the workpiece , the shoulders 50 being spaced from the underside of the flange 34 a distance approximately equal to the thickness of the workpiece , and thence the arms 48 will spring outwardly to underlie the workpiece , as best seen in fig2 . it will be appreciated that the body could be provided with a groove adjacent the undersurface of the flanged head 34 , not shown , in place of the arms 48 , and a suitable c - ring snap fastener utilized for mounting the body relative to the workpiece . the plug means or barrel 14 is a one - piece elongated member having a main body portion 60 , in the present instance consisting of a central columnar portion 62 and a reinforcing rib 64 extending along one side thereof . extending outwardly from the opposite side of columnar member 62 is a resilient retaining means or leg 66 presenting shoulder means 68 and an underlying flat blade - like portion 70 having a greater axial length and breadth than the locking leg 66 , for purposes best set forth hereinafter . at opposite ends of the body 60 are a pair of circumferential flanges 74 and 76 , each of said flanges 74 and 76 having a diameter substantially equal to the diameter of the bore 32 and complementarily accepted therein for rotation with the bore 32 . adjacent flange 74 and axially spaced therefrom is a flexible sealing flange 78 having a diameter slightly in excess of bore 32 whereby it will flex when inserted therein and serve as a sealing member . at the opposite end of main portion 60 and axially spaced from flange 76 there is located a fourth flange means 80 having a diameter greater than the diameter of bore 32 and adapted to abut the end of main body portion 30 opposite the flange head 34 . the flange 80 is spaced from the shoulder means 68 a distance substantially equal to the distance from the end of main body portion 30 to the edge of slot 44 closest adjacent to that end of the body 30 . projecting co - axially from one end of the main portion 60 is an integral driver means in the form of a non - circular shaft 84 , in the present instance the shaft 84 having a pentagonal configuration . mounted on driver shaft 84 is the spring loaded key ejecting / locking mechanism 18 . mechanism 18 in this embodiment is a one - piece device having a generally cylindrical sleeve 90 provided with a non - circular bore 92 complementary to the shaft 84 , in this instance pentagonal . extending laterally from sleeve 90 is a flanged head 94 carrying on its exposed face a plurality of circumferentially spaced teeth 96 that are complementary to the interdental spacing of teeth 40 that extend axially within bore 32 . the outside diameter of flanged head 94 is complementary to and acceptable for rotation within the bore 32 . spring means 98 encircles the sleeve 90 and extends axially beyond the free end thereof . in this embodiment the spring element 98 is a twin helix integrally connected to the underface of the flanged head 94 . the normal unstressed length of spring 98 is substantially greater than the axial length of the shaft 84 , as will be explained hereinafter . in this embodiment the latch or bolt means 16 is formed integral with the plug means or barrel 14 and extends axially from the flange 80 and then curves to form a hook - like element 100 . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the latch means 16 and its hooked portion 100 are a matter of design choice for the particular application and structure with which the locking mechanism is to be utilized . as will be seen , the second embodiment incorporates a different approach to this end of the lock and should be considered to be applicable to this style of lock as well . to assemble the lock 10 the ejecting / locking mechanism 18 is mounted on the driver shaft 84 and the plug means 14 with its mounted mechanism 18 is telescoped within the bore 32 of body 30 . the spring leg 66 is depressed as it encounters the end of the bore and the barrel 14 is located by flange 74 until the spring leg 66 and its shoulder 68 reach the lower edge of slot 44 whence the spring leg 66 springs outwardly to bring its back - up flange 70 into engagement with the wall of the bore 32 . as was previously pointed out , the flange 80 will ride on the end of body 30 opposite flanged head 34 and in cooperation with shoulder 68 permits rotation of the body 60 within the bore . the teeth 96 carried on the head 94 are brought into engagement with the teeth 40 extending axially from the shoulder means 38 , as best seen in fig4 . the three piece assembly is then mounted in aperture 110 of the workpiece 112 . normally the hooked arm 100 would be inserted in a position approximately 90 ° from that shown in fig2 which is primarily the locked position as illustrated . to operate this lock mechanism there is provided a suitable key operating means 20 having a handle 120 a sleeve 122 and a non - circular counterbore 124 that is complementary to the shaft 84 , in this instance pentagonal in section . to operate the lock the key 20 is positioned in axial alignment with the bore 36 in head 34 , as seen in fig4 and is moved axially within the bore 36 until it engages the upper face 97 that surrounds the bore 92 and is spaced inwardly from the teeth 96 . axial movement of the key within the lock compresses the spring 98 , disengages the teeth 96 from the complementary teeth 40 and permits rotation of the body 60 within the bore 32 . the limits of such rotation are defined by the angular extent of slot 44 and the engagement of the spring leg 66 within said slot 44 . in the present embodiment the slot 44 permits a quarter turn or approximately 90 ° rotation of the locking hook 100 . a distinct advantage of the present invention is the fact that with the large number of teeth 96 the removal of an axial force on key 20 will cause the spring 98 to react and axially eject the key at a multiplicity of positions between the locked and unlocked position . this embodiment utilizes a pentagonal shape on the shaft 84 and the bore 124 of the key 20 whereby standard tools or pliers cannot be used to tamper with the lock . to facilitate rapid assembly of the parts , regardless of orientation of the ejecting / locking mechanism 18 , there are 20 teeth 96 provided on mechanism 18 while there are also 20 teeth 40 projecting into the bore 32 . this permits rapid assembly of the three parts by unskilled labor and also insures that in all positions the key 20 will be ejected from the lock for safety purposes and requires the user to carefully store the key to prevent inadvertent opening of the appliance , which in this case is normally a freezer chest or box and thereby eliminate the possibility of small children gaining access thereto . in the present embodiment all four pieces are fabricated of injection molded thermoplastic material . this provides the low co - efficient of thermal conductivity that is desired in such applications . referring now to fig9 through 16 there is illustrated a second embodiment of the present invention wherein similar parts will be designated by similar numerals with the addition of the suffix &# 34 ; a .&# 34 ; in this embodiment the lock mechanism 10a is quite similar to the first embodiment described in that it includes a body member 12a having a tubular main portion 30a provided with flats 42a to prevent rotation when assembled in an apertured workpiece . at one end of the main portion 30a is a flanged head 34a having a central bore 36a communicating with and being smaller in diameter than the main bore 32a that traverses the main portion 30a . extending axially from head 34a adjacent the bore 36a are a plurality of circumferentially spaced teeth 40a . intermediate the extremity of tubular main portion 30a is an angularly disposed slot 34 that communicates with the bore 32a and adjacent thereto are one or more resilient arms 48a for mounting the body portion 12a in the apertured workpiece . in this embodiment the plug means or barrel 14a includes a main body portion 60a having at one end thereof a locating flange 74a and an adjacent axially spaced sealing flange 78a while at the opposite end there is a complementary flange 76a adapted to be located and accepted within the bore 32a and an annular shouldered flange 80a for abutting the end of the main tubular portion 30a opposite to the flanged head 34a , similar to the first embodiment . likewise , there is also provided a resilient leg 66a having shoulder means 68a for cooperation with one edge of the slot 44a , plus a back - up flange 70a which operates in the same fashion as the first embodiment in that it prevents leg 66a to be overstressed and popped out of slot 44a . in this embodiment the axially extending shaft 84a is also non - circular and more particularly is square in configuration . as opposed to the first embodiment , however , driver shaft 84a is provided with a slot 130 which extends axially from the end face . slot 130 for safety reasons and also to preclude tampering is a non - linear slot , i . e . it is provided with straight edges and a curved center portion to eliminate the possibility of using a screwdriver or similar tool for operation of the lock . in this embodiment the plug means or barrel 14a at its end opposite to the shaft 84a carries a non - circular extension 140 having a pair of resilient axially extending elements 142 that each carry one or more snap catches 144 thereon . the latch or bolt 16a is an independent member having a complementary bore 146 that passes through the latch 16a and a reinforcing hub 148 . the bore 146 is acceptable on the axial extension 140 and is adapted to flex the elements 142 inwardly until the snap catches 144 are located on the opposite side of the hub 148 and with the latch in engagement adjacent flange 80a . this configuration provides adaptability in that a single lock mechanism is capable of accepting a plurality of differently configured latches 16a which are designed to be accepted by the particular structure of the freezer mechanism with which it is to be utilized . in this embodiment the ejecting / locking mechanism 18a includes a sleeve 90a having a non - circular bore 92a extending therethrough . in this instance the bore 92a is substantially square in configuration to be complementary to the driver shaft 84a . in this embodiment the head 94a carries four locking teeth 96a spaced in quadrature and extending axially from the outer face of head 94a . also included in this embodiment are a plurality of axially extending segments 150 that have a curved outer edge , the diametral extent of which is substantially equal to the bore 36a in head 34a and serve as locating means therein . as with the prior embodiment , the mechanism 18a includes spring means in the form of a helically disposed spring element 98a . it will be recognized that the interdental spacing between the teeth 40a in the main body member 12a is such that they will readily accept the teeth 96a at a plurality of positions , in the present instance there being 12 of the teeth 40a . the assembly of this device is substantially identical to the prior embodiment in that the ejecting / locking mechanism 18a is telescoped onto the driver shaft 84a and the plug means 14a is telescoped within the bore 32a of the body member 12a until the spring leg 66a is captured within slot 44a and the flange 80a abuts the end opposite the head 34a , as seen in fig1 . the latch 16a can be preassembled to the plug means 14a either before assembly with the body 12a or subsequent thereto . in this embodiment the suitable key operating means 20a includes a gripping or handle means 120a reinforced by a transverse rib 124 and having a non - linear blade means 122a complementary to the slot 130 . basically the blade means 122a includes flat edge portions 126 and an axially disposed curvalinear rib 128 that is complementary in curvature to the curve in slot 130 . it should be noted that the overall width of the engaging means 122a of key 20a is substantially greater than the side - to - side measurement of driver shaft 84a whereby when the key 20a is axially moved into the lock it will overlap the edges of shaft 84a and engage the end face of the ejecting / locking mechanism 18a . the operation of the lock is substantially identical to the previously described embodiment in that axial movement of the key disengages the teeth 96a from the teeth 40a while the spring means 98a provides a reaction force against the key so that it cannot in any position remain within the lock and thereby be overlooked by the owner of the freezer . such constant ejection of the key insures that its presence will be known in all circumstances and thus will not be available for small children to use and thereby have access to the interior of the freezer . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that for additional sealing means an o - ring , not shown , could be positioned between the sealing flange 78a and the locating flange 74a to further add to the seal capabilities of the lock . further , in certain instances the design of the freezer chest may be such that it would preclude the heavy body sections of an all plastic latch 16a . therefore , it is contemplated that the latch could be fabricated from rigid thin sheet metal having a hook shape configuration and provided with suitable hub and bore means similar to those shown at 146 and 148 . the location of such a latch of sheet metal within a freezer chest would not affect the thermal conductivity of this lock mechanism . also the key 20 in the first embodiment could be formed of die - cast material rather than plastic material . it will be appreciated that applicant has provided a locking mechanism fabricated from injection molded , thermoplastic members which can be easily assembled by unskilled labor , is readily adaptable to a multiplicity of environments and is economical to fabricate . it provides safe , tamper - proof means for controlling access to freezer chests and through it the mechanism of its constant ejecting forces acting on the key precludes the possibility of the key being inadvertently left in the lock and made available to youngsters . it , therefore , eliminates the possibility of a small child having access to the interior of a freezer chest which could be inadvertently closed or locked by a playmate and result in suffocation therein . while two embodiments of the preferred invention have been disclosed , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that modifications thereto can be made . | 4 |
generally , the method for generating a circular periodic structure for magnetic storage media starts with the design of a suitable number of transmission diffraction gratings . at least two of those gratings will create the desired interference pattern when illuminated by spatially coherent light . fig1 therefore shows a schematic layout of a first transmission diffraction grating configuration 2 which comprises three different types of transmission diffraction gratings 4 , 6 and 8 . these gratings 4 , 6 and 8 have the design to generate a pattern of periodic partitioned dots 14 on circular tracks . when illuminated with spatially coherent light this mask design yields an interference pattern with periodic intensity peaks along circular tracks as shown in fig2 that depicts an optical micrograph of an array of holes ( dots ) 14 in a photoresist layer 12 obtained with the first transmission diffraction grating configuration 2 . the holes / dots 14 are positioned along circular tracks running parallel to the long axis of the oval shaped holes 14 . the radius of the curvature of the tracks is about 6 mm so that the track curvature is not noticeable at magnifications large enough to resolve individual holes 14 as shown in fig2 . the desired pattern on the photoresist layer 12 , disposed on a suitable substrate , is obtained in this example by the interference of three mutually coherent beams of laser light . this periodic light pattern can then be used to create patterned magnetic bit cells with the desired circular symmetry in a single exposure step . the light beams diffracted by the three transmission diffraction gratings 4 , 6 and 8 coincide in a region 10 at a certain distance from the diffraction masks to form the desired interference pattern . the gratings 4 and 8 are designed to define circular tracks in the radial direction whereas the spiral grating 6 is designed to define the partition of the circular tracks into individual intensity peaks along the circumferential direction . even though , the functions of these three transmission gratings 4 , 6 and 8 seem to be distinct , they are in this example required to be present simultaneously to obtain the desired interference pattern . possible variations in the design of the gratings as shown in fig1 include exchanging the relative radial locations of the different gratings 4 , 6 and 8 . the spatial periods of the gratings , their diameters , the angle ( theoretically between 0 and 90 °, preferably between 20 to 70 °) of the spiral - like grating with respect to the radial direction can all be changed according to the application requirements , i . e . the desired storage density , size of the patterned region etc . the number of gratings can also be varied to obtain interference of two , three or four beams . even a larger number may not be excluded . a promising possibility is the use of a multiple exposure process in order to obtain the desired pattern . therefore , a second and a third transmission diffraction grating configuration 16 resp . 18 in fig3 resp . 4 are shown to support this possibility . for example , a basic support material can be exposed first with two transmission diffraction gratings 20 , 22 having circular patterns in order to obtain necessary exposure for circular tracks ( fig3 a ). this first exposure step is followed by a second exposure step using two transmission diffraction gratings 24 , 26 having spiral gratings in order to obtain necessary exposure for a circumferential partitioning of the circular tracks obtained by the first exposure step . another possible multiple exposure process scheme includes according to the third transmission diffraction grating configuration 18 in fig4 a first exposure step with two transmission diffraction gratings 28 , 30 having a combined circular and spiral grating in order to obtain necessary exposure for a first track pattern . in a second exposure step , two gratings 32 , 34 having a combined circular and spiral grating , too , are used to obtain necessary exposure for a partitioning of the first track pattern . for this purpose , the directions of the spiral grating of the transmission diffraction gratings 28 and 32 are oriented opposite to each other . a fourth transmission diffraction grating configuration is shown in fig5 . fig5 a ) depicts beams 36 which are diffracted by a diffraction grating 38 in the shape of a spoke pattern . that means that the angle of the lines of a spiral grating ( as shown in fig3 and 4 ) with respect to the radial direction becomes zero . the resulting pattern will also be a spoke pattern when using the interference between positive and negative diffraction orders from this grating 38 . on a basic support material an interference pattern also in the shape of a spoke pattern is recorded . the spoke pattern obtained accordingly has twice the number of lines as the diffraction grating 38 used to create it . such spoke pattern can additionally be used in angular encoders that are used to measure or control the angular position or speed of a rotary device . for this reason , the method may generally be applied in applications where such radial pattern are needed , including potentially the magnetic storage device . this example shows up with significant simplicity since only one diffraction grating 38 is required to generate the radial partitioning of the latter magnetic bit cell structure . the magnetic bit cell structure then is generated in an interference zone 40 in which the beams 36 from the spoke - shaped diffraction grating 38 and beams 44 being diffracted by a periodic circular diffraction grating 42 . therefore , the radial spoke pattern is used in combination with a circular grating to create periodic interference peaks along circular tracks , as similar described above for the other example . the main advantage of this forth transmission diffraction grating configuration consists in the limited number of gratings and a much easier opportunity to avoid undesired diffraction orders in the interference zone 40 . periodic circular track pattern 50 can be printed by the interference of light beams 48 being created by a single circular diffraction grating 46 as shown in fig6 . the recorded pattern period is equal to half of the diffraction grating period . again , a simplified technique is used requiring only one diffraction grating 46 . undesired diffraction orders are securely avoided . an additional advantage becomes apparent from fig6 , too . the obtained pattern 50 is not limited to an annular region 10 or 40 but the pattern 50 extends from a central focus point having a radius equal or close to zero . the described method yields a circular pattern in an annular region , such as the region 10 in fig1 or the region ( interference zone ) 40 in fig5 b ). in order to cover larger radial sections a multiple exposure process with different transmission diffractions masks can be used . this measure assists in maintaining a high spatial resolution in outer regions of the patterned area as the number of magnetic bit cells along the circumferential length is constant in the ensemble of circular tracks generated by one of the transmission diffraction grating configurations , such as the ones shown in fig1 or 3 to 6 . the afore - mentioned technique can be considered as a form of replication process even though the pattern of the master ( the transmission diffraction masks ) and the replica ( the circular pattern for magnetic bit cells ) are rather different . a noteworthy advantage in this replication process is that the spatial frequency of the resultant circular pattern for the magnetic bit cells is higher than that of the transmission diffraction masks . a frequency multiplication by a factor between 1 and 2 is possible and often obtained . therefore , the spatial resolution requirements in the manufacturing of the transmission diffraction masks are relieved with respect to the desired magnetic pattern resolution . additionally , this technique allows to generate a pattern having partitioned cells with a distinct length to width ratio . elongated cells own the advantage that the cells have a certain long axis for easy magnetization , and two opposite well defined magnetization states . the transfer of the interference intensity pattern generated by exposing light via the transmission diffraction masks to a basic support material for the latter storage device into the magnetic bit cell structure can be done in various ways . well known lithographic techniques using photoresist films can be used . it shall be mentioned that in this regard the photoresist film is considered as the basic support material . the photoresist film itself can be disposed on a suitable carrier material , made from plastic , ceramic and / or metal which may or may not be already coated with the magnetic media to be patterned . in this patterning technique the photoresist film is exposed to the interference field . the pattern is created in the photoresist film after a development process where either the exposed or unexposed areas of the photoresist are dissolved depending on the tone of the photoresist ( positive or negative resp .). the photoresist pattern is then transferred into a magnetic bit cell pattern using either a subtractive ( dry or wet etching ) or additive ( lift - off or electroplating ) process . other possibilities include direct generation of the magnetic bit cell pattern by the influence of the interference light on the material to be patterned . for example , patterns of magnetic bit cells have been created by exposing the materials directly with laser beams and ion beams . working without a photoresist has the general advantage in avoiding the dissolving process what means in particular that a possible damaging effects of the photoresist processing steps on the magnetic material is suppressed . additionally , a photoresist - less processing creates the magnetic bit cell pattern while maintaining the original smooth surface with no or to a very limited extend added topography . this is an important desired feature for patterned magnetic media since the magnetic read / write head hovers over the surface with an extremely small ( several tens of nanometers ) gap between the head and the spinning storage disc . therefore , topographic features on the surface may disrupt the smooth hovering flight of the head or even collide with the head . the interference lithography technique can be used in combination with the nanoimprint lithography . in that case , the circular interference lithography can be used to create stamps which can be later used in the nanoimprint process for mass replication . the advantage here is to produce the stamps in a much higher throughput process than using electron beam lithography . unlike masks in photon based technique , the lifetime of a nanoimprint stamp is limited due to the contact nature of the process requiring a considerable number of stamps to be produced . the interference process is able to create patterns having perfect periodicity properties which is of superior importance in the synchronization of the read / write signals . well defined circular tracks may be used to create a sufficient feedback signal for the head to follow the tracks . this can be accomplished either by using the signal from the read head directly or by including additional elements on the head which picks up signal from several tracks in the adjacent vicinity . | 6 |
referring now to fig1 of the drawings , a game board ( 10 ) is shown having thereon three concentric squares ( 12 , 14 , 16 ) of different sizes , each being divided into a plurality of subsections . the three squares ( 12 , 14 , 16 ) are shown sharing two common dividing lines ( 18 ) which pass through their four corners and cross at the center ( 20 ) of the game board ( 10 ), thus dividing each square ( 12 , 14 , 16 ) into four equal parts . the smaller two squares ( 12 , 14 ) are shown having each of their four equal parts further divided by three lines ( 22 , 24 ) which extend from the center ( 20 ) of the game board ( 10 ) to three equally spaced locations along the side of the square ( 12 , 14 ), thus forming sixteen subsections ( 26 , 28 ) in each of the smaller two squares ( 12 , 14 ). that portion of the larger square ( 16 ) which extends outside the two smaller squares ( 12 , 14 ) is shown further divided into twelve subsections ( 46 , 48 ), said subsections ( 46 , 48 ) being formed by lines ( 32 ) which extend perpendicularly from the sides of the largest square ( 16 ) to the sides of the next smaller square ( 14 ), the lines ( 32 ) being located so that they meet the next smallest square ( 14 ) at the subsection dividing lines ( 22 ) which are on either side of its corners . each of the subsections ( 28 , 46 , 48 ) in the two largest squares ( 14 , 16 ) is provided with one indicia ( 34 ), or a combination thereof ( 36 ), that is permanently affixed thereto in a balanced arrangement of locations which allows the players to easily reach at least one location of the desired indicia ( 34 ) or combination thereof ( 36 ), from any side of the game board ( 10 ). the game board ( 10 ) is shown having odds assigned to the subsections ( 28 , 46 , 48 ) of the two largest squares ( 14 , 16 ), the odds being labeled ( 38 , 40 , 42 ) on the subsections ( 28 , 30 ) in order to facilitate betting by the players . one example of such an arrangement would be as follows : that portion of the second largest square ( 14 ) which extends outside the smallest square ( 12 ) has its subsections ( 28 ) labeled , going clockwise , with the numbers 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 4 , 2 , 3 , 2 , and with &# 34 ; double &# 34 ; odds labels ( 38 ) connecting the combinations 1 - 3 , 2 - 1 , 4 - 2 , 3 - 2 , 1 - 3 , 2 - 1 , 4 - 2 , 3 - 2 ; that portion of the largest square ( 16 ) which extends outside the next smaller square ( 14 ) has its corners ( 44 ) alternately labeled with the numbers 5 and 6 , each of the numbers being bisected by the corner dividing lines ( 18 ), with the subsections ( 46 ) on either side of the corner dividing lines ( 18 ) being labeled by &# 34 ; triple &# 34 ; odds labels ( 40 ); the remaining subsections ( 48 ) being alternately labeled with the combinations ( 36 ) of 1 - 3 - 5 and 2 - 4 - 6 , each also having the label &# 34 ; even &# 34 ; ( 42 ) attached thereto . fig2 and 3 show a means for indicating the indicia ( 34 ) or game command ( 52 ) to be used when the player takes his turn spinning the means . the indicating means comprises a four - sectional top - shaped chance member ( 50 ) with a pointed shaft ( 54 ) which is spun on the smallest square ( 12 ) of the game board ( 10 ). the chance member ( 50 ) comprises two hexagonal - shaped sections ( 56 ) which are removably mounted on a shaft ( 54 ), each having a top ( 58 ), a base ( 60 ), a longitudinal bore ( 62 ), and a circumferential periphery ( 64 ). the circumferential periphery ( 64 ) is divided into six longitudinal faces ( 66 ) wherein each face ( 66 ) extends from the top ( 58 ) to thebase ( 60 ). each face ( 66 ) of one of the sections ( 56 ) contains one of the indicia ( 34 ) identically corresponding to those indicia ( 34 ) on the game board ( 10 ). along each face ( 66 ) of the other section ( 56 ) are contained six different game commands ( 52 ). these game commands ( 52 ) for the six faces ( 66 ) are : take all ; pay one ; pay two ; take two ; take one ; all pay . the shaft ( 54 ) extends through the longitudinal bore ( 62 ) of both sections ( 56 ), wherein the shaft ( 54 ) is of increasing radius ( 68 ) near the pointed end ( 70 ), providing a removable friction fit for the shaft ( 54 ) in the longitudinal bore ( 62 ) of one of the sections ( 56 ) so that the section ( 56 ) does not rotate about the shaft ( 54 ) when the chance member ( 50 ) is spun , thereby providing a sufficient mass near the pointed end ( 70 ) to give stability to the spinning chance member ( 50 ). an &# 34 ; o &# 34 ; ring spacer ( 71 ) is fitted about the tapered section of the shaft ( 54 ) and is received within an annular groove or detent ( 71a ). the purpose of the &# 34 ; o &# 34 ; ring spacer ( 71 ) is to enhance the friction fit and ensure that the lower chance section ( 56 ) is in vertical alignment . the tops ( 58 ) of both sections ( 56 ) each have a washer - shaped spacer ( 72 ) permanently affixed thereto which facilitates freedom of rotation of one of the sections ( 56 ) when it is mounted on the shaft ( 54 ) so that its base ( 60 ) rests upon the top ( 58 ) of the other of the sections ( 56 ). a rubber o - ring or other resilient bushing ( 74 ) is shown friction - fitted around the shaft ( 54 ) above the second section ( 56 ) so that when the chance member ( 50 ) is spun , the second section ( 56 ) may rotate about the shaft ( 54 ) relative to the first section ( 56 ) without slipping off the shaft ( 54 ), the chance member ( 50 ) coming to a stop with a face - up indicia ( 34 ) and a face - up game command ( 58 ) which determine the immediate outcome of the spinning player &# 39 ; s turn . depending on the game being played , the use of a second section ( 56 ) may not be necessary , in which case the second section ( 56 ) may be removed from the chance member ( 50 ). the sections ( 56 ) are identically - shaped so that their mounting positions are interchangeable for singular use or in combination with each other . a plurality of games may be played using both the game board and the spinning chance member ( 50 ), one of which is played as follows : each player places one ante in the smallest square ( 12 ) of the game board ( 10 ). each player then spins the chance member ( 50 ) having both sections ( 56 ) mounted thereon . ignoring the game commands ( 52 ), the player who spins the highest number on the numbered section ( 56 ) will be the first player to spin the chance member ( 50 ) during the game . the first player then spins the chance member ( 50 ). if , for example , the chance member ( 50 ) comes to a stop with the game command ( 52 ) pay two and the number 5 face up , the spinning player will then have to place two antes on any one of the subsections ( 28 , 46 , 48 ) labeled with the number 5 . the players then all take turns , in rotation , at spinning the chance member ( 50 ). when the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the game command ( 52 ) take two face up , the spinning player may then take two antes from any one of the subsections ( 28 , 30 ) that is labeled with the number that corresponds to the face up number on the chance member ( 50 ). if there are not enough antes , in all of the subsections ( 28 , 30 ) combined , which correspond to the number that is face up on the chance member ( 50 ), the spinning player will take as many antes as are available , up to the maximum of the game command ( 52 ) amount of two . similarly , if the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the game command ( 52 ) take one face up , the spinning player is allowed to take a maximum of one ante from any one of the subsections ( 28 , 30 ) which is labeled with the same number that was face up on the chance member ( 50 ). should the chance member ( 50 ) stop with the game command ( 52 ) all pay face up , every one of the players has to place one ante in the smallest square ( 12 ) on the game board ( 50 ). if the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the game command ( 52 ) take all face up , the spinning player may then take all of the antes which are on all of those subsections ( 28 , 46 , 48 ) that are labeled with the same number that is face up on the chance member ( 50 ). when the players desire to end the game , the game command section ( 56 ) is ignored and the player who rolls the highest number will be the first to begin spinning the chance member ( 50 ) to end the game . ignoring the numbered section ( 56 ), the players then take turns spinning the chance member ( 50 ) and paying into , or taking from , the smallest square ( 12 ) on the game board ( 10 ) as the game command ( 52 ) dictates . the game ends when the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the game command ( 52 ) take all face up , the spinning player taking all of the antes that are on the entire game board ( 10 ). another game can be played as follows : one player is designated as the house . the house assignment may be for a specific player for a series of games , or may rotate from player to player as desired . the game command section ( 56 ) is removed from the chance member ( 50 ) so that only the numbered section ( 56 ) is used . the players may then place bets on any of the numbered subsections ( 28 , 46 , 48 ) of the game board ( 10 ). whichever player who so desires may then spin the chance member ( 50 ) on the game board ( 10 ). if , for example , the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the number 2 face up , the house must pay to each betting player who placed a bet on the 2 - 4 , 2 - 3 , or 1 - 2 combination double the amount of whatever his bet was . the house would also pay to each betting player who placed a bet on the 2 - 4 - 6 combination ( 36 ) an amount equal to the amount of his bet . the house would then collect and keep all other bets that had been placed on the game board ( 10 ). the chance member ( 50 ) may then be passed to the next player who desires to spin it . all bets would thus be paid similarly , depending on the odds ( 38 , 40 , 42 ) labeled on the game board ( 10 ) which correspond to the bets placed whenever the chance member ( 50 ) stops with the applicable number face up . since obvious changes may be made in the specific embodiment of the invention described herein , such modifications being within the spirit and scope of the invention claimed , it is indicated that all matter contained herein is intended as illustrative and not as limiting in scope . | 0 |
in fig1 , reference numeral 10 generally designates an airport constructed in accordance with the invention . the airport 10 includes an apron portion 11 having an upper surface at ground level that supports aircraft for movement to and from runways and that supports aircraft at positions in a passenger loading / unloading area generally indicated by reference numeral 12 and in servicing areas generally indicated by reference numerals 13 and 14 . passenger facilities are positioned underground below the apron 11 and the loading / unloading area 12 as hereinafter described . aircraft 15 and 16 are depicted as moving toward runways and while aircraft 17 and 18 are depicted as moving from runways toward the loading / unloading area 12 or servicing areas 13 and 14 . rectangles 20 , 21 and 22 diagrammatically indicate expansion areas which may be incorporated in airport plans for expansion of the areas 12 , 13 and 14 , each of the expansion areas 20 - 22 being usable to provide additional passenger loading / unloading or aircraft servicing positions . a terminal 23 is provided adjacent one side of the loading / unloading area 12 and along a driveway 24 for vehicular traffic . passengers entering the terminal 23 at ground level may move through escalators , elevators or stairs to an underground passenger concourse that includes a portion providing gates that underlie aircraft in positions in loading / unloading area 12 . the arrangement results in very short distances between many gates and the terminal 23 . a parking region 26 may be provided along the driveway and may have a number of levels . access from the parking region to the underground passenger concourse and to people movers may be provided as diagrammatically indicated by broken lines 27 and 28 . although shown at ground level , the terminal 23 , driveway 24 and parking regions may be located underground at the same level as the passenger concourse . as shown in fig1 , the aircraft positions in the passenger loading / unloading area 12 are arranged in four rows with twelve positions in each row and with five aisles in which aircraft may move . a first aisle 30 is provided between the terminal 23 and a first row that is closest to the terminal . a second aisle 31 is provided between the first row and a second of the four rows . a third aisle 32 is provided between the second row and a third of the four rows . a fourth aisle 33 is provided between the third row and the fourth of the four rows . a fifth aisle 34 is provide between the fourth row and the illustrated expansion area 20 . the twelve aircraft positions in each row are arranged in six pairs . in each pair of aircraft positions the aircrafts face in opposite directions . thus , as shown , aircrafts 35 and 36 in the left - most pair of the first row face in opposite directions , aircraft 35 facing toward the terminal 23 and aircraft 36 facing away from the terminal . the aircraft 35 may have been moved in a forward direction from aisle 31 to reach the position shown and , after loading or unloading , may again move in a forward direction and into the aisle 30 . similarly , the aircraft 36 may have been moved in a forward direction from aisle 30 to reach the position shown and , after loading or unloading , may again move in a forward direction and into the aisle 31 . to facilitate movements , each aisle is preferably used for movement in only one direction . thus aisles 30 , 32 and 34 may only be used for movements to the right as illustrated while aisles 31 and 33 may only be used for movement to the left as illustrated . as has been noted , rows and aisles , although being shown as extending in straight lines , may extend arcuately about a common center and with different radii , forming complete concentric circles if desired . in that case , the parked positions of aircraft can be such that aircraft are moved only in a forward direction , but it may be desirable to allow bi - directional movement of aircraft in certain aisles , especially aisles between outer rings of parked positions . in the underground passenger concourse , a pair of gates are associated with each pair aircraft positions and six corridors extend away from the terminal 23 for access to such pairs of gates . for the purpose of identification of gates and their locations , such six underground corridors may be identified by reference characters a , b , c , d , e and f and positioned as shown in fig1 . with four rows of aircraft positions as shown in fig1 , eight gates are accessible from each corridor . the eight gates associated with each corridor may be identified by numerals 1 through 8 with an odd number indicating a gate on the left and a even number indicating a gate on the right , thus the gate associated with the position of aircraft 35 may be identified as gate a 1 while the gate associated with the position of aircraft 36 may be identified as gate a 2 . the gate associated with the right - most aircraft position farthest from the terminal may be identified as gate f 8 . fig2 is a top plan view corresponding to a portion of fig1 but on a greatly enlarged scale , showing the aircraft 35 and 36 in a pair of adjacent loading / unloading positions . fig2 also shows structures that are not shown in fig1 to avoid confusion , including an illumination dome structure 38 and including ramp structures 39 , 40 , 41 and 42 which are operated by actuators 43 , 44 , 45 and 46 . the illumination dome structure 38 includes a frusto - spherical top wall of transparent or translucent material to use ambient light for illumination of underlying space during daylight hours . ramp structures 39 and 40 are usable for fore and aft loading or unloading of aircraft in the position of aircraft 35 and ramp structures 41 and 42 are usable for fore and aft loading or unloading of aircraft in the position of aircraft 36 . such ramp structures are shown in fig2 in inactive positions to be out of the way of aircraft such as aircrafts 35 and 36 when moved into and out of loading / unloading positions . fig3 shows the ramp structures 39 , 40 , 41 and 42 after being moved by actuators 43 , 44 , 45 and 46 to active positions for loading or unloading of passengers . in doing so , the actuators 43 , 44 , 45 and 46 operate to pivot the structures about axes 47 , 48 , 49 and 50 and to lift the ends of the structures as required to place the ends of the structures opposite passenger - receiving openings in the fuselages of the aircraft . then the actuators 43 - 46 operate to extend the lengths of the ramp structures 39 - 42 as required to place the ends of the ramp structures against the fuselages of the aircraft , the ramp structures 39 - 42 having telescopingly expandable portions for this purpose and to allow use with different types of aircraft . the angles of rotation from positions as shown in fig2 to positions as shown in fig3 vary with different types of aircraft but are approximately 90 degrees , the structures 39 and 42 being rotated in clockwise directions while structures 40 and 41 are rotated in counter - clockwise directions . fig3 also shows four escalators 51 , 52 , 53 and 54 usable to move passengers between a lower level and landings 55 , 56 , 57 and 58 which are adjacent to ends of the ramp structures 39 , 40 , 41 and 42 and which are approximately at ground level . a portion of the illumination dome 38 and a portion of the apron 11 are shown broken away to show escalators 51 and 52 and landings 55 and 56 in full lines while escalators 53 and 54 and landings 57 and 58 are shown in dotted lines . to enter the aircraft 35 , a passenger may ride the escalator 51 to the landing 55 or ride the escalator 52 to the landing 56 and then use the ramp structure 39 or the ramp structure 40 to reach the aircraft . the ramp structures may be mechanized with a conveyor belt arrangement to provide a moving support that slowly carries a standing passenger , or a passenger on a wheel chair , up to the aircraft or down from the aircraft . although not visible in the drawings , elevators are preferably provided for carrying handicapped persons or others to and from the landings 55 - 58 . fig3 also shows in broken lines the positions of walls of the lower passenger level . walls 61 , 62 , 63 and 64 border a space under the illumination dome 38 that provides gate areas for loading / unloading of aircraft in the positions of aircrafts 35 and 36 . a corridor bordered by walls 65 and 66 , a second corridor bordered by walls 67 and 68 , a third corridor bordered by walls 69 and 70 and a fourth corridor bordered by walls 71 and 72 extend in four directions from the space under the illumination dome 38 . the corridor bordered by walls 65 and 66 and the corridor bordered by walls 69 and 70 form part of a corridor identifiable by reference character a as shown in fig and previously discussed . corridors such as those bordered by walls 67 and 68 and by walls 71 and 72 allow passengers to move from one to another of the previously discussed corridors a through f . corridors are thus provided to allow passengers to walk from and to the terminal 23 and to walk between gates , as when transferring between flights , through distances which are relatively short as compared to those required in airports of conventional construction . fig4 shows that no interference is encountered with movement of the aircraft 35 to and from its loading / unloading position from either the dome structure 38 or from the ramp structures 39 and 40 , when in inactive conditions , although such structures extend upwardly from the ground level . fig4 and 5 provide cross - sectional drawings of the apron 11 , of an underlying horizontal floor slab 75 which provides the floor of the passenger concourse and of a still lower floor slab 76 which provides the floor of corridors that underlie the corridors of the passenger concourse . automated shuttles move on rails in such corridors to automatically carry passengers between gates and the terminal 23 and between gates and parking regions . each shuttle may preferably have an “ open top ” construction . access between corridors of the main passenger level and the underlying corridors may be provided by escalators such as escalators 77 and 78 as shown and by elevators , not shown , at appropriate locations . alternatively , the shuttles may move on rails in the concourse level and bridges may be provided over intersecting corridors . in this case , the lower floor slab 76 may not be required . fig4 and 5 also show a tunnel 80 in which conveyors can be provided to carry baggage to and from locations from which baggage can be moved by additional conveyors to baggage - receiving openings in an aircraft in the position of aircraft 35 and of other aircraft at positions in rows b , c and d aligned with the position of aircraft 35 . such additional conveyors may be pivotally moved from an inactive position out of the path of movement of aircraft and to an active position at which they are elevated , with movements similar to those described in connection with the passenger ramps 39 - 43 . it is noted that while tunnel 80 in the arrangement illustrated in fig1 will service only aircraft in the position of aircraft 35 and three others aligned therewith , other tunnels may service three pairs of aircraft . for example with reference to fig1 , a tunnel may be positioned to the right of aircraft 36 and midway between aircraft 36 and the aircraft immediately to its right . it will be understood that modifications and variations may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the novel concepts of this invention . | 1 |
generally speaking , the user interface of a digital displaying device ( e . g ., a digital tv ) is displayed as an on - screen display ( osd ). furthermore , the manufacturer of the digital displaying device may want to develop different types of osds for various models of the digital displaying devices . these osds may vary in only minor ways , such as having different shapes of the buttons or fonts and colors . according to the above - mentioned demands , the present invention provides a firmware developing process , which divides the development of firmware into two parts , the data part and the function part . herein , the firmware developer does not need to compile the entire source codes each time when the firmware developer reedits the source codes . instead , if development of the function portion of the firmware has been completed , for subsequent development , the developer can focus on the data part ( e . g ., the graphic interface ui ) of firmware without affecting other functions of firmware . moreover , for the development of osd , the present invention also discloses a development tool , which allows the firmware developer to execute development more easily . please refer to fig2 . fig2 is a diagram illustrating the development of the user interface 200 according to the present invention . as shown in fig2 , the firmware developer uses a graphic interface development tool 230 to develop the graphic interface of the user interface . these elements may include the osd graphics , buttons , fonts , etc . after the development process is completed , the graphic interface development tool 230 outputs a description file 231 according to the editing result 232 , which corresponds to the editing result 232 . for example , the editing result 232 comprises information about the size , color , and location of each graphic object . the above - mentioned description file 231 describes the properties ( e . g ., length , width , color , and initial position ) of each graphic object . in this embodiment , the description file 231 can be an xml file or an ini file . in addition , the description file 231 contains color information and position information for each of the graphic objects and information corresponding to the size and type of strings or fonts . for example , in an xml file , “ tags ” can store the properties of a graphic object . furthermore , the description file 231 also stores codes of graphic objects and a mapping relationship between codes of graphic objects and their corresponding graphic objects in the graphic interface development tool 230 . furthermore , an ini file is similar to a note ( i . e ., text ) file , which can be used to modify parameters of an executable file . in other words , the ini file can be open by a normal note ( i . e ., text ) editing software program . if the developer wants to make the firmware generate the desired result , the developer can directly modify the description file 231 to achieve the purpose . after the ini or xml file is modified , the desired result will be generated when the microprocessor executes the firmware again and the ini file or the xml file is read . the firmware and the description file 231 are then stored into a memory device of the digital tv such as a flash memory or a rom . when the digital displaying device is activated , the microprocessor reads ( e . g ., from the memory device ) and executes a main program 240 ( e . g ., the application software program ) to execute a series of instructions . furthermore , the microprocessor of the digital tv further executes a parser 241 , which was previously stored inside the memory device . the parser 241 is used to read the description file 231 such that the information contained in the description file 231 is converted into a data structure 242 capable of being read by a program ( e . g ., the application software program ). therefore , the microprocessor can understand the locations and other information contained inside the description file 231 and combine this information with the functions of the user interface contained within the application program 240 itself . in this way , a complete user interface can be implemented and displayed for use by a user . from the above disclosure , it can be seen that the present invention divides the development of the user interface into two parts , a data part and a function part . the data part ( i . e ., the parameters of each object ) of the user interface is developed by using a dedicated graphic interface development tool 230 to generate the description file 231 . the function part ( i . e ., including the functions of the user interface ) is already stored into the application program 240 itself and then integrated with the data part . as mentioned previously , for a same hardware configuration , only one application software program 240 is needed . the graphic interface development tool 230 is utilized to make the user interface comply with the hardware configuration and define appropriate object parameters to generate the user interfaces having different graphic interfaces . surely , the application program 240 can be provided by the hardware supplier of the digital tv such that the firmware developer only needs to focus on the design of graphic interface . this significantly increases the efficiency of the development of the user interface . please note , the graphic interface development tool 230 is a software program , which can be executed by a personal computer to generate a development environment . please refer to fig3 , which is a diagram of the development environment of the graphic development tool 230 . in this embodiment of the present invention , the graphic interface development tool 230 is a “ what you see is what you get ” tool . therefore , the firmware developer can easily see the editing result through the graphic interface development tool 230 . in other words , the developer can use the graphic objects and font objects embedded in the graphic interface development tool 230 to directly create the surface ( i . e ., appearance ) of the user interface . for example , the developer can use a mouse to change shape , position , and size attributes of each of the graphic object such that the user interface is modified . please note , the resulting user interface must comply with the hardware configuration of the digital tv . therefore , the present invention graphic interface development tool 230 embeds some checking rules dependent to the hardware configuration of the digital tv into the graphic interface development tool 230 . in the development process , these checking rules can be used to in - time check whether an invalid editing result exists ( for example , an editing result that the digital tv cannot support ) to ensure that the developed user interface complies with the hardware configuration of the digital tv . in other words , the present invention graphic interface development tool 230 is different from the prior art . the graphic interface development tool 230 is able to in - time check the editing result to prevent from generating incorrect parameters . this means that the developer can immediately know the bugs of the editing result without compiling the entire source codes . in this way , the source codes ( or editing results ) do not need to be repeatedly compiled . this increases the development efficiency . for example , the osd of the digital displaying device may show the graphics by different layers , sections , or zones . therefore , as shown in fig3 , in this embodiment of the present invention , the graphic interface development tool 230 can be implemented according to the hardware of the digital tv . it means that the graphic interface development tool 230 also has several graphic objects , such as layers 310 , sections 320 , and zones 330 as shown in fig3 . at this time , if the hardware configuration has some limitations ( e . g ., the number of zones in a single zone cannot exceed a certain threshold , etc . ), the corresponding checking rules are embedded in the graphic interface development tool 230 . in this way , when the developer puts too many zones in a zone , the graphic interface development tool 230 tells the firmware developer that the allocation of the graphic objects is invalid and the added zone is rejected . surely , the graphic interface development tool 230 may have more checking rules according to the supporting ability of the hardware . for example , these checking rules may be : two zones cannot overlap , a zone must be inside a layer , a zone must be inside a section , a maximum number of layers , a maximum number of sections , a maximum number of zones , or a maximum number of sections along a horizontal line . in this way , the firmware developer does not need to worry about whether hardware of the digital displaying device supports the editing result . in other words , the object parameters of the description file 231 must be supported by the hardware of the digital tv . from the above , because the graphic interface development tool 230 can help the firmware developer to check the bugs , the firmware developer can directly design the user interface without being familiar with the hardware limitations of the digital displaying device , such as the resolution of a frame . this further increases the development efficiency . moreover , please note , in the above - mentioned cases , the digital tv mixes and overlaps these data ( e . g ., zones and sections ) of different layers to display the user interface . therefore , the graphic interface development tool 230 also provides a preview function accordingly . please refer to fig4 . fig4 depicts an entire preview display and a single - layer preview display provided by the graphic interface development tool 230 . as shown in fig4 , the single - layer preview display allows the developer to see the display result of a single layer ( e . g ., the first layer or the second layer in fig4 ) or the display result of multiple overlapped layers . additionally , the entire preview display allows the developer to see the actual effect that the digital displaying device will display to the end user . that is , the entire preview display shows the overlapped display result of all layers to the developer . in this way , the developer can allocate each of the graphic objects more accurately to achieve a better effect . after the developer completely edits the graphic interface , the graphic interface development tool 230 generates the above - mentioned description file . please refer to fig5 . fig5 depicts how the graphic interface is described in the description file according to the present invention . as shown in fig5 , each graphic and font corresponds to a tag , which records an id ( e . g ., pic 0 and text 0 ) corresponding to the graphic or font and corresponding coordinates such as x , y , w , and h . therefore , as shown in fig5 , through the description file , the positions and attributes of the graphics and fonts of the user interface can be known . in addition , the present invention can be used in panels ( i . e ., hardware of the digital tv ) having different sizes or resolutions . please refer to fig6 ( a ), which illustrates a parser 241 by using a hardware structure . as shown in fig6 ( a ), the digital displaying device comprises a digital display 61 , a microprocessor 62 , and a memory 63 . the memory 63 stores a data part and a program part . the program part comprises an application program 240 and parser 241 , and the data part comprises a description file 231 . please refer to fig6 ( b ), which is a flow chart illustrating the process of how the osd is displayed in different resolutions . it comprises following steps : step 611 : the microprocessor reads a stored value ( representing the resolution of the panel ) from a storage unit and determines a scaling rate according to the stored value ; step 613 : the microprocessor calculates the corresponding positions and related properties of each of the graphic objects to generate a data structure according to the scaling rate and the related properties of the description file ; and step 614 : the microprocessor generates a needed osd according to the data structure , where the size of the osd corresponds to the panel . in the above - mentioned embodiment of the present invention , the application software program 240 and the parser 241 are realized separately and perform their functions independently . but , the parser 241 can be implemented inside the application software program 240 . in other words , the parser 241 can also be part of the application software program 240 . that is , the parser 241 can be a sub - program of the application software program 240 . this change also obeys the spirit of the present invention . furthermore , in step 614 , the parser 241 further establishes a resource manager according to the mapping relationship contained in the description file 231 . for example , the resource manager can include a mapping table storing the mapping relationship of the resources ( e . g ., the corresponding relationships between the graphics , strings , fonts and corresponding codes ). for instance , the resource manager can have a corresponding relationship between a code and its meaning ( e . g ., for a color , an id inside an xml file may be color 1 and it can be converted to a program - executable data “ red ” in the data structure ; for a graphic , an id inside an xml file may be pic 1 and it can be converted to an address of the memory or codes in the data structure ). therefore , the parser 241 can generate an executable data structure 242 for the application software program 240 according to the resource manager and the calculated positions and related properties of each graphic object . in the prior art , the firmware developer has to know the resolution of the digital displaying device and modify the size and the coordinates of each graphic object according to that known resolution . but in this embodiment of the present invention , the firmware developer only needs to use the graphic interface development tool 230 to draw the desired graphics such that an appropriate user interface is developed . please note , additionally , the firmware developer can use the embedded graphics and fonts inside the graphic interface development tool 230 and the firmware developer can import any needed fonts and graphics . this is easily accomplished and is well - known to those having average skill in this art . for example , as long as the graphics and fonts are imported into the graphic interface development tool 230 and the corresponding relationships and their corresponding codes are added into the graphic interface development tool 230 , the graphic interface development tool 230 is able to store the codes corresponding to the added graphics and / or fonts into the description file . furthermore , the parser 241 can also establish the resource management of the added graphics and / or fonts . in this way , the firmware developer can smoothly use the added graphics and / or fonts . this change also falls in the scope of the present invention . those skilled in the art can understand and implement the above - mentioned graphic interface development tool , the parser , and the application software program , and further illustrations of developing them are omitted herein . please note , although the firmware developer uses the graphic interface development tool to generate the description file ( e . g ., ini file and the xml file ) in the above embodiment , this is only regarded as an embodiment , not a limitation of the present invention . for example , in the actual implementation , the firmware developer can directly edit the description file . this also obeys the spirit of the present invention . in contrast to the prior art , the present invention allows the firmware developer to focus on the development of the graphic interface without developing the functions of the user interface . in addition , the firmware developer does not have to worry about the relationship between the user interface and the resolution of the digital displaying device . the parser can perform related modifications . this increases development efficiency . while certain exemplary embodiments have been described and shown in the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that such embodiments are merely illustrative of and not restrictive on the broad invention , and that this invention should not be limited to the specific construction and arrangement shown and described , since various other modifications may occur to those ordinarily skilled in the art . | 6 |
referring now to fig1 the present invention , generally depicted as sand mold handling system 20 is comprised of sand mold forming station 22 , weight and jacket installation station 24 , pouring station 26 , pouring conveyor 28 , weight and jack removal station 30 , cooling conveyor 32 , and discharge station 34 . as depicted by the directional arrows shown in fig1 the motion of sand mold 36 from start to finish , defines a linear flow path , the importance of which will be discussed in further detail . although the present invention is directed toward the mold handling system , for completeness and clarity of function the machine depicted in fig1 also shows a sand mold forming station 22 which produces sand molds 36 . it is to be understood that sand mold forming station 22 is of a conventional matchplate forming design in which sand 38 is compressed within a flask about a matchplate . the sand mold is typically formed from two portions ( not shown ), an upper cope mold , and a lower drag mold . one cope mold and one drag mold are combined to form a unitary sand mold 36 comprised of compressed sand and having an internal cavity of the desired shape for the casting . those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that cores can be inserted into the cavity so as to form internal apertures within the resulting castings . such cores are also typically formed from compressed sand . such a process is described in the aforementioned hunter u . s . pat . no . 5 , 022 , 512 , the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein . as shown in fig1 sand molds 36 exit from sand mold forming station 22 in the direction depicted by arrow 40 . sand molds 36 exit station 22 on transport platforms 42 , and are provided with inlets , or sprues , 44 for the entrance of molten metal 46 . first conveying mechanism 48 is provided to transport sand molds 36 from sand mold forming station 22 to weight and jacket installation station 24 . a second conveying mechanism 50 is provided to transport platform 42 back to sand mold forming station 22 in the direction depicted by arrows 52 after molds 36 are moved to weight and jacket installation station 24 . upon reaching the end of first conveying mechanism 48 , sand molds 36 are moved from first conveying mechanism 48 to weight and jacket installation station 24 in the direction depicted by arrow 54 . weight and jacket installation station 24 is located along upper track 86 of pouring conveyor 28 . as shown in fig3 a , this motion is accomplished through the use of pusher arm 56 which is indexable between position 58 and position 60 shown in shadow in fig3 a . pusher arm 56 is powered by pneumatic or hydraulic ram 62 which is of a simple and conventional design . pusher arm 56 includes substantially rectangular flap 63 which engages sand molds 36 . sand molds 36 are moved from platforms 42 to baseplates 68 at weight and jacket installation station 24 . as best shown in fig2 baseplates 68 are provided with casters 70 to provide locomotion to sand molds 36 , and raised comers to provide support to the comers of sand mold 36 and align the jacket 74 therewith as will be described with further detail herein . after being placed on baseplate 68 , jacket 74 is installed around the middle of sand mold 36 , and weight 76 is placed on top of sand mold 36 . in the preferred embodiment , weights 76 include spacers 77 to separate weights 76 from jackets 74 . the sides of sand mold 36 are slanted to facilitate this installation . the installation of jacket 74 and weight 76 are best depicted in fig3 c wherein the motion of jacket 74 and weight 76 as they are being placed onto sand molds 36 is depicted by arrow 78 . gripper arms 80 are provided to grasp and release jacket 74 and weight 76 through frictional , magnetic , or other methods . gripper arms 80 are adapted to move up and down along main shaft 82 , and auxiliary rods 83 as best shown in fig2 . in the preferred embodiment , gripper arms 80 are provided with hooks which engage ledges 75 ( fig3 c - 3e ) provided on jackets 74 . from weight and jacket installation station 24 , sand molds 36 , equipped with jacket 74 and weight 76 , proceed to pouring station 26 along upper track 86 of pouring conveyor 28 . as depicted in fig1 it is at pouring station 26 , that molten metal 46 is introduced into sand molds 36 through sprue 44 . in the embodiment depicted in fig1 molten metal 46 is introduced into sand molds 36 from vat 84 , although other mechanisms for such action are certainly possible . in the preferred embodiment , vat 84 is mounted on an overhead track ( not shown ) which allows vat 84 to be manually transported from a source of molten metal to pouring station 26 . it is to be understood that although pouring station 26 is shown in a specific location , pouring station 26 may be moved to a number of positions along pouring conveyor 28 . referring now to fig2 pouring conveyor 28 is shown in detail . it is pouring conveyor 28 which transports sand molds 36 from weight and jacket installation station 24 to pouring station 26 and ultimately to weight and jacket removal station 30 in a continuous loop . pouring conveyor 28 is comprised of upper track 86 and lower track 88 wherein communication between upper track 86 and lower track 88 is accomplished by elevator 90 and communication between lower track 88 and upper track 86 is accomplished through elevator 92 . it is important to note that pouring conveyor 28 is not a &# 34 ; conveyor &# 34 ; in the traditional sense in that it does not include any internal driving mechanism , but rather is comprised of rails along which baseplates 68 having casters 70 are pushed via rams 98 and 104 provided on elevators 90 and 92 , respectively . as shown in fig2 each baseplate 68 is in engagement with other baseplates 68 situated both fore and aft . elevators 90 and 92 not only provide motion between upper track 86 and lower track 88 , and vice versa , but also provide locomotion along upper track 86 and lower track 88 through the use of rams 98 . as shown in fig2 after elevator 90 moves sand mold 36 from upper track 86 to a position adjacent lower track 88 ( shown in dashed lines ), ram 98 pushes sand mold 36 from pallet 100 to lower track 88 . the force of this motion directs sand mold 36 onto lower track 88 , and by engaging the other sand molds 38 on lower track 88 , pushes the other sand molds 36 , and ultimately pushes one sand mold 36 onto pallet 102 of the second elevator 92 . elevator 92 then lifts sand mold 36 to upper track 86 , and through the use of ram 104 pushes sand mold 36 onto upper track 86 . therefore , it can be seen that pouring conveyor 28 is comprised of a multiple , yet discrete number of positions and sand molds 36 are indexed serially from one position to the next . as best shown by elevator 92 shown in fig2 the elevators of the present invention are adapted to tilt backward to allow sufficient clearance during each lift . upper pivot 101 and lower pivot 103 cooperate to tilt pallet 102 so that front lip 105 of pallet 102 is raised to a height sufficient to clear upper track 86 and lower track 88 . this arrangement substantially eliminates the possibility of baseplate 68 not being raised to a sufficient height and thereby engaging the end of each track and preventing movement of the baseplate from the pallet and to the upper and lower tracks . it is to be understood that as molten metal 46 is introduced into sand molds 36 at pouring station 26 molten metal 46 immediately begins to cool . as sand molds 36 traverse pouring conveyor 28 , molten metal 46 continually cools to a semi - solid state . therefore , upon reaching weight and jacket removal station 30 , weights 76 and jackets 74 can be removed as depicted in fig3 c without molten metal 46 affecting the integrity of sand mold 36 . the removed jacket 74 and weight 76 are then placed back on base plate 68 and indexed to weight and jacket installation station 24 in the direction depicted by arrows 106 . as alluded to earlier , raised comers 72 of baseplates 68 are used to align jackets 74 on top of baseplates 68 . at weight and jacket installation station 24 , gripper arms 80 again grasp jacket 74 and weight 76 and lift them upward along shaft 82 as best shown in fig3 e by directional arrow 108 . after jacket 74 and weight 76 have been lifted at weight and jacket installation station 24 to the position shown in fig3 e , a newly formed sand mold 36 is pushed onto upper track 86 by pusher arm 56 as discussed earlier and as depicted in fig3 a . as shown in fig3 c , at weight and jacket removal station 30 , gripper arms 80 move downward in the direction of arrow 79 to grip the weights and jackets and then upward to lift the weights and jackets off sand mold 36 . sand mold 36 is then moved to cooling conveyor 32 in the direction of arrow 109 shown in fig3 b , and the weight and jacket set just removed is placed back down onto baseplate 68 as shown in fig3 d in the direction of arrow 81 . turning now to fig4 and 5 , cooling conveyor 32 is shown in detail . after jackets 74 and weights 76 have been removed from sand molds 36 , pusher arm 110 pushes sand molds 36 into tray 112 . pusher arm 110 is similar to pusher arm 56 in that it is powered by a hydraulic ram , in this case , ram 114 , and includes flap 113 for engagement with sand molds 36 . as best shown in fig5 tray 112 is adapted to receive three sand molds 36 in the preferred embodiment , although trays which are capable of accommodating fewer or more sand molds 36 are certainly possible . pusher arm 110 is therefore capable of indexing to any one of three positions a , b , and c as shown in fig5 and as controlled by proximity switches 111 . when arm 110 reaches a proximity switch 111 , a signal is sent to ram 114 to stop movement of ram 110 . this positions sand mold 36 appropriately and allows arm 110 to be retracted to be in position to move another sand mold 36 . by accurately controlling the positioning of sand molds 36 , the air gaps 65 around sand molds 36 are more precisely controlled , the cooling of molten metal 46 is therefore more uniform , and the resulting castings 136 are more mechanically sound . moreover , by adjusting the number of sand molds 36 placed on each tray 112 , the volume of processed molds can be altered . after a given tray 112 is filled to capacity , each tray 112 is indexed ahead , and a new tray 112 is provided in line with pusher arm 110 to receive additional sand molds 36 from pouring conveyor 28 . although trays 112 of various shapes can be employed , in the preferred embodiment of the present invention , trays 112 include bottom 109 , two opposed sides 113 and 113 &# 39 ;, and two open ends 115 . side 113 includes angled top edge 117 while side 113 &# 39 ; includes angled top edge 117 &# 39 ; to hinder the progression of sand falling from sand molds 46 into the working elements of secondary cooling station 32 . side 113 &# 39 ; is provided at a greater height than side 113 so that angled edge 117 &# 39 ; engages side 113 at the nexus between side 113 and edge 117 . therefore , when trays 112 engage one another to index along cooling conveyor 32 , the sides 113 and 113 &# 39 ; act like bumpers , and edges 117 and 117 &# 39 ; overlap to prevent sand from falling downward . similar to the construction of pouring conveyor 28 , cooling conveyor 32 is provided with upper track 116 , lower track 118 , elevator 120 for communicating trays 112 from upper track 116 to lower track 118 , and elevator 122 for communicating trays from lower track 118 back up to upper track 116 . also similar to primary cooling station 22 , the source of locomotion for trays 112 along upper track 116 and lower track 118 is provided through rams 124 which push trays 112 from pallets 126 onto tracks 116 and 118 . as best depicted in fig4 each tray 112 is provided on a cart 128 with casters 130 adapted to roll along rails 132 ( fig5 ). also shown in fig5 the lower surface of each tray 112 is provided at a level equal to the level of each baseplate 68 . therefore , when sand castings 36 are moved from pouring conveyor 28 to cooling conveyor 32 , the sand molds 36 need not be lifted up or down , but can simply be moved horizontally across by pusher arm 110 . as will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art , cooling conveyor 32 provides ample dwell time for molten metal 46 to cool within sand molds 36 . by the time sand molds have traversed upper track 116 and lower track 118 , and have been lifted back to upper track 116 , molten metal 46 has hardened into casting 136 . therefore , sand residue 138 can be removed from castings 136 at discharge station 34 ( fig1 ). in the preferred embodiment , this is accomplished through the use of pusher arm 140 in conjunction with ramp 142 and breakdown bin 144 . breakdown bin 144 is provided with a vibrating conveyor to facilitate separation of residue 138 from castings 136 . as best shown in fig1 pusher arm 140 is adapted for hydraulic movement via ram 145 along beam 146 to remove sand molds 36 from trays 112 . upon reaching ramp 142 sand molds 36 fall to breakdown bin 144 through the effects of gravity as depicted by arrow 148 . the force of this downward movement causes sand molds 36 to contact side walls 150 of breakdown bin 144 , which in turn causes residue 138 to fall away from castings 136 . vibrating removal conveyor 152 is provided to facilitate removal of sand residue 138 , and separate mechanisms are provided for recycling sand residue 138 , and for removing castings 136 for harvest . in operation , the present invention provides a mold handling system wherein the travel of the individual sand molds 36 is substantially linear to more easily allow for an adjustable throughput volume and a more variable cooling cycle as opposed to carousel systems , wherein potential volume is limited by the diameter of the carousel , and which can only be adjusted by replacing the carousel with another unit of a different diameter . in contrast , the throughput of the present invention can be more easily adjusted simply by moving elevator 120 outward , extending the length of cooling conveyor 32 and adding additional trays 112 . in the preferred embodiment , the present invention involves the use of eight trays 112 , but as is shown in fig1 larger systems are certainly possible . another significant advantage of the present invention is the simplified handling of weights 76 and jackets 74 , as well as the very limited number of weights and jackets actually needed to operate the entire system . as best shown in fig1 weights 76 and jackets 74 are removed from sand molds 36 before the molds are transferred to cooling conveyor 32 . the weights and jackets therefore are only used at pouring conveyor 28 , which therefore limits the number of weights and jackets required for the whole system . this necessarily reduces the cost of the mold handling system 20 . in addition , since the present invention is numerically controlled via control 64 , and is capable of dynamic modification through operator input module 66 , the dwell time or cooling time of the metal within each sand mold 36 is also adjustable . the speed with which sand molds 36 are generated from sand mold forming station 22 is adjustable , as is the speed of primary cooling station 28 and secondary cooling station 32 . since each of these functions is centrally controlled as are the movements of pusher arms 56 , 110 , and 140 , the parameters of the entire system 20 can be uniformly increased and decreased . from the foregoing , it will be appreciated that the present invention brings to the art a new and improved sand mold handling system wherein the volume of molds capable of being processed , and the cooling time of the sand molds are more adjustable . when it is desired to increase the volume or cooling time , the length of the cooling conveyor can be increased and additional trays can simply be added to the secondary cooling conveyor . similarly , when it is desired for the volume or cooling time to be decreased , the number of trays can be reduced , or the number of sand molds placed on each tray can be reduced . by controlling the length of trays and accurately indexing the sand molds into the appropriate positions within each tray , the cooling of the castings is more uniform , and thus the yield of the overall system is more reliable . | 1 |
broadly , the present invention contemplates the use of an activating inhibitor and surface tension reducing agent , specifically , a phosphate compound , preferably , disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate ( in particular , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate ), combined with a stabilized chlorine dioxide solution , to make possible the lowering of the ph of the mixture to an optimal value of less than about 7 . 2 at the time the mixture is used to prevent and treat abnormal conditions of the epithelium of bodily orifices , such as those caused by fungal and bacterial infections of the rectal , vaginal , urethral , oral , nasal , ocular , and auditory canal orifices , and other abnormal conditions of the epithelium , including leukoplakia . the present invention can be used to control the above - described bodily orifice maladies in humans , and animals which are human companions , such as dogs , cats , horses , etc ., by reducing the presence of fungal and bacterial infections and leukoplakia in bodily orifices of the human and animal population , to prevent transference and cross infection from person to person or animal to person or animal to animal . thus , the present invention can be used in both human and veterinary applications . clinical observations and in vitro and in vivo studies by the inventor have led to the discovery that an activating inhibitor phosphate such as disodium monohydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , or , preferably , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , causes a reduction in surface tension , as well as stabilizing chlorine dioxide , so that the chlorine dioxide remains effective at a lower ph than was previously thought possible . in addition , the phosphate is a detergent which is used in place of other detergents for lowering surface tension and lo allowing the activated chlorine dioxide to become available to the convoluted surfaces of the body orifices . the preferred concentration ranges are between about 0 . 005 %- 2 . 0 % chlorine dioxide , and between about 0 . 02 %- 3 . 0 % phosphate . for most patients , the preferred concentration of chlorine dioxide will be in the range of between about 0 . 005 - 0 . 5 %; in the case of extremely immunocompromised patients having runaway bacterial or fungal infections or severe leukoplakia , it is preferred to increase the concentration of chlorine dioxide up to about 1 . 0 - 2 . 0 %. the permeability of mucus epithelial tissue is increased substantially by exposure to thiol compounds including hydrogen sulfide ( h 2 s ) and methylmercaptan ( ch 3 -- sh ) and dimethylsulfide ( ch 3 -- s -- ch 3 ). in a candida infection , there is increased inflammation and degeneration of epithelial cells , which break down into thiols , including the above sulfur compounds . a vicious cycle is established , leading to an environment for the increase of candida growth . if the patient is immunocompromised with aids , the problem is exacerbated with ulcerations that could increase the probability of sexually transmitted disease . likewise , a non - aids patient could be more exposed to sexually transmitted disease . the following examples further illustrate various features of the invention but are intended in no way to limit the scope of the invention which is defined in the appended claims . the stability of chlorine dioxide at ph 6 . 8 in the presence of phosphate . 1 . purogene ( 2 % c10 2 ), lot # 8907 . 41 , 1 gallon , manufactured by bio - cide , international , p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . a 10 % solution of monobasic sodium phosphate was prepared in distilled water . ten ml was placed into each of four beakers . one of each of the four beakers received 1 , 2 . 5 , 5 , and 10 ml of chlorine dioxide concentrate ( 2 % c10 2 ), respectively . all solutions were diluted to 90 ml with distilled water , adjusted to ph 6 . 8 with 1 n naoh and 1 n hcl , diluted to 100 ml and placed in screw cap bottles . solutions containing dibasic and tribasic sodium phosphate and a distilled water blank control were prepared in a similar manner . chlorine dioxide content and ph was determined for each solution on days 0 , 7 , 14 , 21 and 28 in accordance with standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 17th edition , 1989 . as shown in table 1 , the content of chlorine dioxide was stable in all sodium phosphate solutions and distilled water control over the 28 day test period . the ph of all samples ranged from 6 . 1 to 7 . 6 . table i__________________________________________________________________________results showing the stability of chlorine dioxide solution at ph 6 . 8 indistilledwater and 1 % sodium phosphate , monobasic , dibasic , and tribasic day theroetical 0 7 14 21 28solution % clo . sub . 2 ph % clo . sub . 2 ph % clo . sub . 2 ph % clo . sub . 2 ph % clo . sub . 2 ph % clo . sub . 2__________________________________________________________________________distilled water 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 9 0 . 02 6 . 9 0 . 02 6 . 5 0 . 02 6 . 5 0 . 02 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 9 0 . 05 6 . 9 0 . 05 7 . 1 0 . 05 6 . 9 0 . 05 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1 7 . 0 0 . 1 7 . 7 0 . 1 7 . 6 0 . 1 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 7 . 2 0 . 2 7 . 2 0 . 21 % na . sub . 2 hpo . sub . 4 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 1 0 . 02 6 . 7 0 . 02 6 . 7 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 ( disodium 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05hydrogen phosphate ) 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2nah . sub . 2 po . sub . 4 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 7 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 7 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 ( sodium 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 6 . 9 0 . 05dihydrogen 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1phosphate ) 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 21 % na . sub . 3 po . sub . 4 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 8 0 . 02 6 . 4 0 . 02 6 . 9 0 . 02 7 . 0 0 . 02 ( trisodium 0 . 05 6 . 8 0 . 05 7 . 0 0 . 05 7 . 1 0 . 05 6 . 9 0 . 05 7 . 0 0 . 05phosphate ) 0 . 1 6 . 8 0 . 1 7 . 5 0 . 1 7 . 5 0 . 1 7 . 0 0 . 1 6 . 9 0 . 1 0 . 2 6 . 8 0 . 2 7 . 0 0 . 2 7 . 1 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2 6 . 9 0 . 2__________________________________________________________________________ the stability of chlorine dioxide at ph 6 . 8 in the presence of 0 . 2 % phosphate the following is an example of how to test the stability of chlorine dioxide at ph 6 . 8 in the presence of 0 . 2 % phosphate . 1 . purogene ( 2 % c10 2 ), lot # 8907 . 41 , 1 gallon , manufactured by bio - cide , international , p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . a 0 . 2 % solution of monobasic sodium phosphate is prepared in distilled water . ten ml is placed into each of four beakers . one of each of the four beakers receives 1 , 2 . 5 , 5 , and 10 ml of chlorine dioxide concentrate ( 2 % c10 2 ), respectively . all solutions were diluted to 90 ml with distilled water , adjusted to ph 6 . 8 with 1 n naoh and 1 n hcl , diluted to 100 ml and placed in screw cap bottles . solutions containing dibasic and tribasic sodium phosphate and a distilled water blank control are prepared in a similar manner . chlorine dioxide content and ph is determined for each solution on days 0 , 7 , 14 , 21 and 28 in accordance with standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 17th edition , 1989 , in order to determine the stability of chlorine dioxide over time . the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in phosphate mixture against candida albicans 1 . purogene ( 2 % chlorine dioxide ), lot # 8907 : 41 , manufactured by bio - cide international , inc ., p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . 10 . mcfarland nephelometer tube no . 1 . density of this tube is equivalent to a bacterial suspension of 3 × 108 organisms per ml . 13 . sodium dihydrogen phosphate , nah 2 po 4 . 7h 2 o . 14 . trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o . 15 . sodium monofluorophosphate , na 2 fpo ., ref no . ob 12837 , manufactured by albright and wilson , p . o . box 80 , oldbury , narley , west midlands , b694ln , england . dpd reagent and phosphate buffer reagent were prepared in accord with standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 17th edition , p . 9 - 54 ( 1989 ). a ten percent sodium dihydrogen phosphate solution was prepared in distilled water . ten ml was placed into each of five beakers . one of each of the five beakers received 0 , 1 , 2 . 5 , 5 , and 10 ml of chlorine dioxide concentrate ( 2 % c10 2 ), respectively . all solutions were diluted to 90 ml with distilled water , adjusted to ph 6 . 0 with 1 n naoh and 1 n hcl , diluted to 100 ml and placed in screw cap bottles . solutions containing 0 ppm chlorine dioxide were filter sterilized prior to use . solutions containing trisodium phosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate were prepared in a similar manner . suspensions of the candida albicans organism were prepared in butterfield &# 39 ; s buffer from 48 hour agar cultures and turbidity adjusted to a mcfarland tube # 1 . subsequently 0 . 1 ml of this suspension was diluted in 50 ml of saline . the diluted microorganism suspensions were now ready for use . one ml of test suspension was aliquoted into each of five sterile 16 × 125 mm screw cap tubes . each of the five tubes received 4 ml of a solution containing either 0 , 200 , 500 , 1000 , or 2000 ppm chlorine dioxide in 1 % sodium dihydrogen phosphate . each tube was shaken for ten seconds and immediately inactivated with 0 . 25 ml 15 % sodium thiosulfate . solutions containing 1 % trisodium phosphate and 1 % sodium monofluorophosphate were handled in a similar manner . one ml of test suspension was dispensed into two sterile 16 × 125 mm screw cap tubes . each tube received 4 ml 2000 ppm chlorine dioxide in 1 % sodium dihydrogen phosphate . the first tube received 0 . 25 ml sodium thiosulfate , while the second tube received none . subsequently each tube was tested for residual chlorine dioxide by adding 0 . 3 ml phosphate buffer reagent and 0 . 3 ml dpd reagent to each tube . neutralized tubes were colorless , while nonneutralized tubes were pink . solutions of trisodium phosphate and sodium monofluorophosphate containing 2 , 000 ppm chlorine dioxide were handled in a similar manner . one ml test suspension of the candida albacans organism was treated with 4 ml butterfield &# 39 ; s buffer and 0 . 25 ml 10 % sodium thiosulfate as a negative control . sterility tests on all reagents were run parallel to experiments by plate counted method . the plate counted method and sterility tests were conducted in accord with standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater , 17th edition , p . 9 - 54 ( 1989 ). as shown in table 2 , 99 - 100 % of the candida albicans organisms were killed when challenged with 1 , 000 ppm ( 0 . 1 %)- 2 , 000 ppm ( 0 . 2 %) chlorine dioxide in either 1 % sodium dihydrogen phosphate or trisodium phosphate . chlorine dioxide concentrations of 200 ( 0 . 02 %) and 500 ppm ( 0 . 05 %) in the presence of phosphates demonstrated marginal bacteriocidal activity against c . albicans ( 39 - 51 % kill ). table 2______________________________________results showing the bacteriocidal activity ofchlorine dioxide in phosphate solutions atph 6 . 0 against candida albicansphosphate solutionclo . sub . 2 negative ( ppm ) control * 1 % nah . sub . 2 hpo . sub . 4 1 % na . sub . 2 po . sub . 4______________________________________ 0 95 , 000 ** 64 , 000 ( 33 )*** 55 , 000 ( 42 ) 200 nd 58 , 000 ( 39 ) 64 , 000 ( 33 ) 500 nd 47 , 000 ( 51 ) 32 , 000 ( 66 ) 1000 nd 250 ( 99 ) 0 ( 100 ) 2000 nd 17 ( 99 ) 5 ( 99 ) ______________________________________ * butterfield &# 39 ; s buffer ** organisms / ml *** percent kill nd = not done the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in phosphate mixture against candida albicans in the presence and absence of serum 1 . purogene , lot # 8907 : 41 , 1 gallon ( contains 2 % c10 2 ), manufactured by bio - cide international ; inc ., p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . 2 . test organism : candida albicans ( atcc # 18804 ) obtained from american type culture collection , ( atcc ) 12301 parklawn drive , rockville , md . 20852 . 3 . 15 % sodium thiosulfate ( na 2 s 2 o 3 ) 5 . newborn calf serum , colostrum free , lot # 30p7485 , gibco laboratories , grand island , n . y ., 14072 . 7 . trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o , sigma chemical co ., st . louis mo . 63178 . chlorine dioxide solution having concentrations of 0 , 200 , 500 , 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 mg / l were prepared from purogene concentrate . each c10 2 concentration was prepared to contain 0 . 5 % tribasic sodium phosphate ( i . e ., trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o ). in a similar manner , chlorine dioxide solutions of 0 , 200 , 500 , 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 mg / l were prepared , with each solution containing 1 . 0 % tribasic sodium phosphate . the ph of the chlorine dioxide / phosphate mixture was adjusted to 6 . 5 with 1 n and 6 n hydrochloric acid . tryptic soy broth ( 100 ml ) was innoculated with candida albicans and incubated 24 hours at 35 ° c . after incubation , the cells were washed three times with butterfield &# 39 ; s buffer and resuspended in 100 ml buffer . chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions ( 100 ml ) were dispensed into sterile 16 × 125 mm screw cap tubes , 9 ml / tube . three tubes were prepared for each c10 2 concentration . one ml of washed c . albicans suspension was added to one tube of each c10 2 concentration , and mixed vigorously for 10 seconds . one minute after addition of c10 2 , 2 ml of 15 % sodium thiosulfate ( na 2 s 2 o 3 ) was added to each tube and well mixed to inactivate the mixture . the procedure was repeated twice with the remaining tubes except that c10 2 was inactivated with sodium thiosulfate after 2 and 5 minutes respectively . serial ten - fold dilutions ( 10 - 1 - 10 - 5 ) of candida albicans / c10 2 mixtures were prepared in butterfield &# 39 ; s buffer . simultaneously , one ml of each dilution was transferred to a sterile 15 mm petri dish . then 10 ml of plate count agar at 45 - 47 ° c . was added to each plate , and the plates were swirled and allowed to solidify . plates were inverted and incubated 76 hours at 35 ° c ., and colonies counted . chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions , were aliquoted , 8 ml / tube . three tubes were prepared per c10 2 concentration . fifty ml washed c . albicans suspension was added with 50 ml newborn calf serum . 2 ml of the serum - c . albicans suspension was added to test tubes and processed as described above . results showing percent kill of candida albicans as a result of application of chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions are shown in tables 3 and 4 . table 3______________________________________results showing bacteriocidal activity of chlorine dioxide - phosphate ( 0 . 5 %) solutions at ph 6 . 5 against candida albicanstime clo . sub . 2 w / out serum ( ppm ) clo . sub . 2 w / serum ( ppm )( seconds ) 200 500 1000 2000 200 500 1000 2000______________________________________1 33 * 44 99 + 99 + & lt ; 10 27 18 362 13 33 99 + 99 + 40 30 30 305 29 35 99 + 99 + 13 & lt ; 10 & lt ; 10 nd______________________________________ * percent kill nd = not done + = greater than table 4______________________________________results showing bacteriocidal activity of chlorine dioxide - phosphate ( 1 %) solutions at ph 6 . 5 against candida albicanstime clo . sub . 2 w / out serum ( ppm ) clo . sub . 2 w / serum ( ppm )( seconds ) 200 500 1000 2000 200 500 1000 2000______________________________________1 30 * 65 99 + 99 + & lt ; 10 10 & lt ; 10 & lt ; 102 37 47 99 + 99 + 19 & lt ; 10 29 195 17 nd 99 + 99 + & lt ; 10 & lt ; 10 & lt ; 10 & lt ; 10______________________________________ * percent kill nd = not done + = greater than the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in phosphate mixture against actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in the presence and absence of serum 1 . purogene , lot # 8907 : 41 , 1 gallon ( contains 2 % c10 2 ), manufactured by bio - cide international , inc ., p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . 2 . actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , atcc # 29522 , obtained from american type culture collection , 12301 , parklawn drive , rockville , md . 20852 . 3 . 15 % sodium thiosulfate ( na 2 s 2 o 3 ) 5 . newborn calf serum , colostrum free , lot # 30p7485 , gibco laboratories , grand island , n . y ., 14072 . 7 . trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o , sigma chemical co ., st . louis mo . 63178 chlorine dioxide solutions having concentrations of 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 mg / l were prepared from purogene concentrate . each c10 2 concentration was prepared to contain 0 . 2 % sodium phosphate , tribasic ( i . e ., trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o ). the ph of the chlorine dioxide / phosphate mixture was adjusted to 6 . 5 with 1 n hydrochloric acid . three chocolate agar plates were inoculated with actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and incubated 48 hours at 35 ° c . in a candle jar . after incubation , cells were scraped from the plates with a cotton swab and suspended in 100 ml buffer . 50 ml of this suspension was diluted with 50 ml buffer , while the other 50 ml was diluted with 50 ml serum . chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions ( 100 ml ) were dispensed into sterile 150 ml beakers containing magnetic stir bars . while stirring on a magnetic mixer , a 10 ml portion of a . actinomycetemcomitans -- buffer suspension was added . at 10 , 30 and 60 second intervals , 10 ml was removed from the beaker and transfered to a 16 × 125 mm tube which contained 2 ml 15 % sodium thiosulfate . the tube was capped , mixed , and a plate count was performed employing chocolate agar as the growth media , in accord with the methods described in fda bacteriological analytical manual , 6th edition , 1984 , chapters 4 , 17 , herein incorporated by reference . testing in the presence of serum was handled in a similar manner , except that an actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - serum suspension was subtituted for the actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - buffer suspension . results showing percent kill of actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans following application of the chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions are shown in table 5 . table 5______________________________________results showing bacteriocidal activity of chlorine dioxide - phosphate ( 0 . 2 %) at ph 6 . 5 against actinobacillusactinomycetemcomitanstime clo . sub . 2 w / out serum ( ppm ) clo . sub . 2 w / serum ( ppm )( seconds ) 1000 2000 1000 2000______________________________________10 99 * 99 + 99 + 99 + 30 99 + 99 + 99 + 99 + 60 99 + 99 + 99 + 99 + ______________________________________ * percent kill + = greater than the effectiveness of chlorine dioxide in phosphate mixture against porphyromonas gingivalis in the presence and absence of serum 1 . purogene , lot # 8907 : 41 , 1 gallon ( contains 2 % c10 2 ), manufactured by bio - cide international , inc ., p . o . box 2700 , norman , okla . 73070 . 2 . porphyromonas ( formerly known as bacteroides ) gingivalis , atcc # 33277 , obtained from american type culture collection , 12301 parklawn drive , rockville , md . 20852 . 3 . 15 % sodium thiosulfate ( na 2 s 2 o 3 ) 5 . newborn calf serum , colostrum free , lot # 30p7485 , gibco laboratories , grand island , n . y ., 14072 . 7 . trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o , sigma chemical co ., st . louis mo . 63178 . chlorine dioxide solutions having concentrations of 1 , 000 and 2 , 000 mg / l were prepared from purogene concentrate . each c10 2 concentration was prepared to contain 0 . 2 % sodium phosphate , tribasic ( i . e ., trisodium phosphate , na 3 po 4 . 12h 2 o ). the ph of the chlorine dioxide / phosphate mixture was adjusted to 6 . 5 with 1 n hydrochloric acid . three anaerobic bap plates were inoculated with gingivalis ( atcc 33277 ) and incubated 72 hours at 35 ° c . after incubation , cells were scraped from the plates with a cotton swab and suspended in 100 ml buffer . 50 ml of this suspension was diluted with 50 ml buffer , while the other 50 ml was diluted with 50 ml serum . chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions ( 100 ml ) were dispensed into sterile 150 ml beakers containing magnetic stir bars . while stirring on a magnetic mixer , a 10 ml portion of p . gingivalis - buffer suspension was added . at 10 , 30 and 60 second intervals , 10 ml was removed from the beaker and transferred to a 16 × 125 mm tube which contained 2 ml 15 % sodium thiosulfate . tube was capped , mixed , and an anaerobic plate count was performed using anaerobic blood agar in accord with the methods described in fda bacteriological analytical manual , 6th edition , 1984 , chapter 17 . testing in the presence of serum was handled in a similar manner to that described immediately above , except that a porphyromonas gingivalis - serum suspension was substituted for the porphyromonas gingivalis - buffer suspension . results showing percent kill of porphyromonas gingivalis by application of chlorine dioxide - phosphate solutions are shown in table 6 . table 6______________________________________results showing bacteriocidal activity of chlorine dioxide - phosphate ( 0 . 2 %) solutions at ph 6 . 5 against porphyromonas gingivalistime clo . sub . 2 w / out serum ( ppm ) clo . sub . 2 w / serum ( ppm )( seconds ) 1000 2000 1000 2000______________________________________10 89 * 99 + 82 8630 99 + 99 + 84 9760 99 + 99 + 94 99______________________________________ * percent kill + = greater than a boy diagnosed as having thrush was treated with the drug ketonideozole for two weeks . the candida were not controlled . the boy was then treated with a mouthrinse solution and toothpaste both of which contained as the effective ingredient a composition comprising 0 . 1 % chlorine dioxide together with 0 . 2 % trisodium phosphate . the boy &# 39 ; s thrush infection was brought under control within 3 days . the treating pediatrician was surprised and did not understand how the boy &# 39 ; s recovery could happen so quickly . the present inventor has treated hairy leukoplakia present on the tongue of aids - infected patients . the daily use of a toothpaste and mouthrinse , both of which contained as the effective ingredient a composition comprising 0 . 1 % chlorine dioxide together with 0 . 2 % trisodium phosphate , resulted in the disappearance of the hairy leukoplakia within 14 days . when the chlorine dioxide / phosphate - containing products were withdrawn , the hairy leukoplakia returned within 14 days . when the same products were again administered , the hairy leukoplakia again disappeared . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the vagina of a patient afflicted with vaginitis . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of vaginitis symptoms as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the vagina of a patient afflicted with leukoplakia vulvae . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of the leukoplakia vulvae symptoms as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the urethra of a patient infected in that orifice with actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the vagina of a patient infected in that orifice with porphyromonas gingivalis . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the rectum of a patient infected in that orifice with porphyromonas gingivalis . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the auditory canal of a patient infected in that orifice with actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the nasal canal of a patient infected in that orifice with porphyromonas gingivalis . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the ocular canal of a patient infected in that orifice with actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of symptoms of the infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . preferable phosphate compounds include disodium hydrogen phosphate , sodium dihydrogen phosphate , trisodium phosphate , or sodium monofluorophosphate , in particular trisodium phosphate or sodium monofluorophosphate . the above composition may be applied on a daily basis to the bodily orifices of a severely immunocompromised patient afflicted with leukoplakia , and with opportunistic bacterial and fungal infections . it is predicted that the patient will experience a cessation of leukoplakia and symptoms of infection as a result of the regular administration of the composition . a secretary in the employ of the present inventor developed a vaginitis . she called for an appointment with her gynecologist only to learn that she could not be seen for several days . because of the extreme itching , and knowing , as a consequence of her employment with the present inventor , that activated chlorine dioxide would kill candida , she of her own initiation and volition used as a douche a mouthrinse developed by the present inventor , which mouthrinse contains 0 . 1 % activated chlorine dioxide and 0 . 2 % trisodium phosphate . she reported that she was asymptomatic immediately upon application of the above composition , with no itching . she took a wet cloth and applied the above composition locally , in the vicinity of the vagina , for three or four days , with no recurrent symptoms . in the practice of methods to use the compounds of the present invention , an effective amount of the chlorine dioxide / phosphate composition is administered to the subject in need of , or desiring , such treatment . these compounds or compositions may be administered by any of a variety of routes depending upon the specific end use , including topically , as a lotion , creme or solution , by lavage , suppository , or as a nasal drop or spray . the most suitable route in any given case will depend upon the use , particular active ingredient , the subject involved , and the judgment of the medical practitioner . a further aspect of the present invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions containing as active ingredients a compound of the present invention which compositions comprise such compound in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable , nontoxic carrier . as mentioned above , such compositions may be prepared for use for topical application , particularly in the form of liquid solutions , suspensions , semi - solids , salves or creams , suppositories , or intranasally particularly in the form of nasal drops or aerosols . it will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a number of modifications and changes can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . therefore , it is not intended that the invention be limited by the illustrative examples but only by the claims which follow . | 8 |
several preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings . first , an active matrix liquid crystal display tft array according to the first embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to fig1 , 13a to 13f , and 14a to 14f . fig1 is a plan view showing the arrangement of electrodes and interconnections of one element in this tft array . fig1 a to 13f and 14a to 14f are sectional views showing a process of fabricating sections taken along lines xiii -- xiii and xiv -- xiv , respectively , in fig1 in order of fabrication steps . the tft array fabrication process according to the present invention will be described below with reference to fig1 , 13a to 13f , and 14a to 14f . as shown in fig1 a and 14a , a 100 - to 300 - nm thick metal film of , e . g ., cr , al , ta , or mo is formed on a transparent insulating substrate 100 such as a glass substrate by sputtering . after that , a resist film having a pattern for forming a gate bus line 101 and a gate electrode 102 is formed . this resist film is used as a mask to etch the metal film of , e . g ., cr , al , ta , or mo and form the gate bus line 101 and the gate electrode 102 . after the resist film is removed , as shown in fig1 b and 14b , a 200 - to 600 - nm thick silicon nitride film serving as an insulating film ( gate oxide film ) 103 is deposited by plasma cvd using silane and ammonia gas as main constituents . additionally , a 50 - to 300 - nm thick a - si ( i ) film serving as a channel layer 104 is deposited by plasma cvd using silane as a main constituent . also , a 30 - to 100 - nm thick a - si ( n + ) film serving as a contact layer 105 for electrically connecting the channel layer 104 to a drain electrode 107 and a source electrode 108 ( to be formed later ) is deposited by plasma cvd using silane and phosphine gas as main constituents . as shown in fig1 c , a resist film having a pattern for forming the channel layer 104 and the contact layer 105 is formed and used as a mask to perform etching and form a predetermined shape . the resist film is removed , and another resist film is formed which has a pattern for etching away a portion of the insulating layer 103 from the surface of the metal film of , e . g ., cr , al , ta , or mo in a peripheral terminal portion ( not shown ) for mounting an external driving circuit for applying a signal to the gate bus line 101 and a drain bus line 106 ( to be formed later ) . this resist film is used as a mask to etch the insulating layer 103 into a predetermined shape and form a through hole ( not shown ). after the resist film is removed , a 100 - to 300 - nm thick metal film of , e . g ., cr , al , ta , or mo is formed by sputtering . after that , a resist film having a pattern for forming a predetermined shape is formed and used as a mask to perform etching and form the drain bus line 106 , the drain electrode 107 , and the source electrode 108 . after the resist film is removed , as shown in fig1 d and 14d , the drain electrode 107 and the source electrode 108 are used as masks to etch away an unnecessary portion of the contact layer 105 from the channel layer 104 , in order to divide the contact layer 105 into a portion on the drain electrode 107 side and a portion on the source electrode 108 side . next , to form an insulating layer 109 for separating the drain bus line 106 from a pixel electrode 110 ( to be formed later ), a 100 - to 400 - nm thick silicon nitride film is formed by plasma cvd using silane and ammonia gas as main constituents . after that , as shown in fig1 e and 14e , a resist film is formed which has a pattern for forming a predetermined shape , i . e ., for forming a contact hole 113 for electrically connecting the source electrode 108 to the pixel electrode 110 and contact holes 114 for electrically connecting an interconnection redundant film 111 ( fig1 f ), made of the same material as the pixel electrode 110 , to the drain bus line 106 . after the resist film is formed , etching is performed . after the resist film is removed , a transparent conductive material such as ito is formed by sputtering . a resist film having a pattern for forming a predetermined shape is formed and used as a mask to perform etching . consequently , as shown in fig1 f and 14f , the pixel electrode 110 and the interconnection redundant film 111 are formed , and a tft array substrate is completed . in the tft array substrate according to the first embodiment obtained as described above , as shown in fig1 , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed on the insulating layer 109 at the intersection between the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 where the drain bus line 106 is readily disconnected . also , the drain bus line 106 and the interconnection redundant film 111 are electrically connected through the contact holes 114 formed in portions corresponding to the two sides of the gate bus line 101 . consequently , the drain bus line 106 at the intersection has a two - layered structure . the contact holes 114 formed on the two sides of the interconnection redundant film 111 to form the two - layered structure of the interconnection redundant film 111 and the drain bus line 106 are 4 to 5 μm square or more in order to reliably form the contact with the drain bus line 106 . in the widthwise direction of the drain bus line 106 , however , the contact holes 114 are formed about 1 μm inside the end face of the drain bus line 106 so that the insulating layer 103 is not etched when the overlying insulating layer 109 is etched . the interconnection redundant film 111 has an enough size to well cover the intersection of the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 and the contact holes 114 formed on the two sides of the gate bus line 101 . it is generally known that the patterning accuracy when the contact holes 114 and the interconnection redundant film 111 are formed is 1 μm or less and the overlay accuracy of the contact holes 114 and the interconnection redundant film 111 is about 1 μm . in the first embodiment , therefore , to allow the interconnection redundant film 111 to cover the contact holes 114 even if misalignment occurs due to the above accuracy , the size of the interconnection redundant film 111 is so set that the end portion of the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed apart 3 to 4 μm from the end portion of the contact hole 114 . in the first embodiment , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed as described above . when the drain bus line 106 is etched , a solution such as ammonium ceric nitrate may permeate from the step portion and etch the metal pattern of , e . g ., cr , or the drain bus line 106 may crack from the step portion . even if this occurs , a line defect resulting from disconnection of the line can be prevented because the interconnection redundant film 111 with a redundant structure is formed in the step portion . additionally , the redundant structure of the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed only at the intersection between the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 . this minimizes a decrease in the aperture ratio . in the first embodiment , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed by using the same patterning step as for forming the pixel electrode 110 . also , the two - layered structure is formed by electrically connecting the drain bus line 106 , in a portion where the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 intersect each other with the insulating layer 103 being interposed between them , to the interconnection redundant film 111 . accordingly , the contact holes 114 are formed in the insulating layer 109 in the same patterning step as for forming the contact hole 113 for electrically connecting the source electrode 108 to the pixel electrode 110 in the insulating layer 109 . consequently , the number of patterning steps remains the same as that for conventional tfts , so the fabrication process is not complicated . next , an active matrix liquid crystal display tft array according to the second embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to fig1 , 16a to 16f , and 17a to 17f . fig1 is a plan view showing the arrangement of electrodes and interconnections of one element in this tft array . fig1 a to 16f and 17a to 17f are sectional views showing a process of fabricating sections taken along lines xvi -- xvi and xvii -- xvii , respectively , in fig1 in order of fabrication steps . note that the order of the tft array fabrication steps shown in fig1 , 16a to 16f , and 17a to 17f is the same as in the first embodiment shown in fig1 , 13a to 13f , and 14a to 14f , so a detailed description of the same fabrication steps will be omitted . the difference from the first embodiment is that , as shown in fig1 e , a contact hole 114 for electrically connecting an interconnection redundant film 111 ( fig1 f ), made of the same material as a pixel electrode 110 , to a drain bus line 106 is formed by etching away an insulating layer 109 from the intersection between a gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 where the drain bus line 106 is readily disconnected . as shown in fig1 and 17f , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed on the drain bus line 106 exposed in the contact hole 114 . this gives the drain bus line 106 a two - layered structure at the intersection between the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 . in the widthwise direction of the drain bus line 106 , the contact hole 114 for forming the two - layered structure of the interconnection redundant film 111 and the drain bus line 106 is formed by patterning about 1 μm inside the end face of the drain bus line 106 so that an insulating layer 103 is not etched when an overlying insulating layer 119 is etched . also , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed by patterning 4 to 5 μm outside the end face of the gate bus line 101 at the intersection of the drain bus line 106 and the gate bus line 101 . the interconnection redundant film 111 has an enough size to well cover the intersection of the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 and the contact hole 114 . it is generally known that the patterning accuracy when the contact hole 114 and the interconnection redundant film 111 are formed is 1 μm or less and the overlay accuracy of the contact hole 114 and the interconnection redundant film 111 is about 1 μm . in the second embodiment , therefore , to allow the interconnection redundant film 111 to cover the contact hole 114 even if misalignment occurs due to the above accuracy , the size of the interconnection redundant film 111 is so set that the end portion of the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed apart 3 to 4 μm from the end portion of the contact hole 114 . in the second embodiment , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed as described above . when the drain bus line 106 is etched , a solution such as ammonium ceric nitrate may permeate from the step portion and etch the metal pattern of , e . g ., cr , or the drain bus line 106 may crack from the step portion . even if this occurs , a line defect resulting from disconnection of the line can be prevented because the interconnection redundant film 111 with a redundant structure is formed in the step portion . compared to the first embodiment , the contact hole is formed only at the intersection between the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 . this relatively decreases the area of the interconnection redundant film 111 . since the size of the interconnection redundant film 111 can be decreased , it is possible to ensure a sufficient distance to the pixel electrode 110 formed in the same layer as the interconnection redundant film 111 . consequently , a bright point defect caused by a short circuit between the pixel electrode 110 and the interconnection redundant film 111 can be prevented . also , even when the insulating layer 109 is formed by a thick ( about 2 to 3 μm ) material such as a photosensitive acrylic resin , the interconnection redundant film 111 does not crack due to the step on the insulating layer 109 because the interconnection redundant film 111 directly covers the drain bus line 106 at the intersection between the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 . this increases the redundancy of the drain bus line 106 at the intersection . another advantage is that the resistance in the redundant portion lowers because it is only necessary to form the contact with the drain bus line 106 once . as in the first embodiment , the interconnection redundant film 111 is formed by using the same patterning step as for forming the pixel electrode 110 . also , the two - layered structure is formed by electrically connecting the drain bus line 106 , in a portion where the gate bus line 101 and the drain bus line 106 intersect each other with the insulating layer 103 being interposed between them , to the interconnection redundant film 111 . accordingly , the contact hole 114 is formed in the insulating layer 109 in the same patterning step as for forming the contact hole 113 for electrically connecting the source electrode 108 to the pixel electrode 110 in the insulating layer 109 . consequently , the number of patterning steps remains the same as that for conventional tfts , so the fabrication process is not complicated . the two preferred embodiments of the present invention have been described above . however , the present invention is not restricted to these embodiments and can be modified without departing from the scope of the invention described in the appended claims . for example , it is possible to form the gate bus line , gate electrode , drain bus line , drain electrode , source electrode , pixel element , interconnection redundant film , and the like by using other metals or composite films and form the insulating layers by using various insulating films or composite films . | 6 |
fig1 a illustrates a chip card as well known in the prior art . the term chip card is used herein for cards comprising integrated circuits . the terms smart card and integrated circuit card are among other terms that have also been used in the prior art . card body 110 is of standard dimensions , for example as specified by iso / iec standards . card body 110 is formed of a suitable material , usually a plastic material such as polyvinyl chloride ( pvc ), although other materials such as paper - based substrates may be used . the term front face is used herein to describe a major face of the card comprising electrical contacts . on the front face the card are electrical contacts 120 of an electrically conductive metal such as gold or aluminium . the contacts 120 provide an interface to an embedded integrated circuit ( or chip ) within the card body . the position of the contacts 120 is specified by iso / iec standards . when the card is inserted into a card reader ( not shown ) further electrical contacts in the card reader mechanism make electrical contact with the contacts 120 on the card to provide addressable access to the information stored in the card chip . fig1 b illustrates a multi - chip card according to prior art as disclosed by france patent no . fr 2627880 and international published application no . wo 98 / 14916 . in this prior art , a single chip card may contain up to four integrated circuits and associated contacts . the contacts are positioned so as to provide access to a different integrated circuit depending on how the card is orientated . card 130 has contacts 140 a and 140 b on the front face of the card , diagonally opposite each other . contacts 140 a are presented to a card reader when the card is inserted orientated in a conventional manner . rotating the card through 180 degrees presents contacts 140 b to the reader . turning the card over reveals two contacts 140 c and 140 d on the reverse of the card . these may be inserted into a card reader in a manner similar to those on the front face . fig2 a shows a multi - chip chip card 200 as viewed from the front face of the card according to embodiments of the present invention . card body 210 of card 200 has dimensions in accordance with those of known chip cards , for example in accordance with iso / iec standards for iso / iec 7810 , id - 1 format . the two major edge dimensions of the card will hereinafter be termed length for the longer and width for the shorter , and the third much smaller edge dimension will be termed thickness and will hereinafter be referred to as the card edge . electrical contacts 240 a are in the same position relative to card body 210 as are contacts 120 on known chip card 110 of the prior art of fig1 a . this position will hereinafter be termed the active position of the card . insertion of the multi - chip card 200 as illustrated in fig2 a into a card reader will cause card reader contacts to make contact with contacts 240 a and so enable the card reader to address the contents of the integrated circuit associated with contacts 240 a at this active position . multi - chip card 200 comprises card body 210 which , viewed from the front face , comprises a cutaway portion 220 spaced from each length and width edge of card body 210 and surrounded by the card body 210 . as illustrated in fig2 a , cutaway portion 220 is rectangular in shape with length and width edges parallel with , respectively , length and width edges of card body 210 . in embodiments , cutaway portion 220 comprises the full thickness of card body 210 . card 200 comprises in addition a plurality of individual smaller cards , or sub - cards , 230 a to 230 g . sub - cards 230 a to 230 g are substantially identical to each other and rectangular in shape as viewed from the front face of card 200 . each sub - card 230 a to 230 g comprises an embedded integrated circuit chip comprising contacts on at least the face visible when viewed from the front face of card 200 . a generic sub - card 230 is illustrated in fig2 b comprising electrical contacts 240 . in fig2 a , sub - card 230 a comprises contacts 240 a in the active position to be read by a card reader on insertion therein of card 200 . as depicted in fig2 a , each sub - card 230 a to 230 g is independently moveable with respect to each other and to card body 210 . each sub - card 230 a to 230 g is in a slideably engageable relationship with adjacent sub - cards and with the edges of cutaway portion 220 of card body 210 . each sub - card 230 a to 230 g is therefore retained securely within cutaway portion 220 . each sub - card 230 a to 230 g is operable for movement within cutaway portion 220 along two axes of movement parallel to respectively length and width of card 200 . cutaway portion 220 is of length and width dimensions corresponding to an integer multiple of , respectively , the length and width of each sub - card 230 a to 230 g . it will be apparent that in embodiments the number of sub - cards which may be accommodated within cutaway portion 220 of card body 210 is the product of multiplying the sub - card width multiple ( y ) by the sub - card length multiple ( x ), minus one ( xy − 1 ) to leave a space to allow sub - cards to be moved around . as shown in fig2 a , cutaway portion 220 is two sub - card widths by four sub - card lengths in size . the number of sub - cards of generic form 230 , for example sub - cards 230 a to 230 g , which may be accommodated within cutaway portion 220 and allow movement of individual sub - cards is therefore xy − 1 , or ( 2 × 4 )− 1 , i . e . seven ( 7 ) sub - cards . in fig2 a therefore , seven ( 7 ) sub - cards 230 a to 230 g are individually moveable . from the position illustrated in fig2 a , sub - cards 230 d and 230 g are adjacent to space 250 . either sub - card 230 d or sub - card 230 g may be moved to occupy space 250 . fig2 b illustrates the engaging arrangement according to embodiments of the present invention . as shown , a slideable engagement may be provided using a tongue and groove arrangement . when viewed from the front face of card 200 , each sub - card 230 comprises a tongue arrangement 260 a on two adjacent edges and a groove arrangement 260 b on the opposite two adjacent edges . in the illustrated embodiment , tongue 260 a is along top and left edges of sub - card 230 and groove 260 b is along right and bottom edges of sub - card 230 . cutaway portion 220 of card body 210 comprises groove arrangement 270 a corresponding to tongue 260 a along two adjacent edges of cutaway portion 220 , and tongue arrangement 270 b corresponding to groove 260 b on the opposite two adjacent edges of cutaway portion 220 . in operation of card 200 therefore , tongues 260 a of each sub - card 230 may mateably engage corresponding groove 270 a of card body 210 , or groove 260 b of an adjacent sub - card . fig2 a and fig2 c to 2 f illustrate the operation of embodiments of the present invention . in fig2 a , sub - card 230 a is in the active position in which contacts 240 a are read when card 200 is inserted into a card reader . four sub - cards 230 a to 230 d occupy the top row of sub - cards in cutaway portion 220 of card body 210 . the lower row of sub - cards is occupied by sub - cards 230 e to 230 g and space 250 . this arrangement means that it is impossible for sub - cards on the top row to move in the length direction when the card is inserted into a reader . likewise , sub - card 230 e is directly below sub - card 230 a and prevents movement of sub - card 230 a in the width direction . contacts 240 a of sub - card 230 a are therefore securely located in the active contact position . assume that a user of card 200 now desires to access the functions embodied by the integrated circuit chip of sub - card 230 b . the user must therefore move sub - cards 230 a to 230 g so as to position sub - card 230 b in the active position . in fig2 c , the user moves sub - cards 230 e to 230 g to the right so that 230 g occupies the space 250 , so that space 250 is now below sub - card 230 a . in fig2 d , the user moves sub - card 230 a down into space 250 , which is now in the active position . in fig2 e , the user moves sub - cards 230 b to 230 d to the left into space 250 , so that space 250 is now at the right end of the top row . sub - card 230 b is now in the active position so that electrical contacts 240 b may now be read when sub - card 200 is inserted into a card reader , and the functions of the integrated circuit of sub - card 230 b accessed . lastly , in fig2 f , the user moves sub - card 230 g into space 250 on the top row , so that space 250 now occupies the bottom right space . the top row is full of sub - cards , and in this way , sub - card 230 b is prevented from moving when card 200 is inserted into a card reader . fig3 a to 3 c illustrate in more detail the construction of an individual sub - card 230 according to embodiments of the present invention . fig3 a is a plan view of a sub - card 230 viewed from its top major face . sub - card 230 comprises an embedded integrated circuit chip comprising electrical contacts 240 . contacts 240 are faced with an electrically conductive material such as an electrically conductive metal such as gold . sub - card 230 comprises a protruding member such as tongue 260 a along two adjacent edges of the sub - card . the opposite two edges comprise a recessed member such as groove 260 b suitable for mateable and slideable engagement with a tongue of similar cross - sectional profile to tongue 260 a . fig3 b illustrates a perspective view of a sub - card 230 according to embodiments of the present invention . an embedded integrated circuit chip has electrical contacts 240 on the front major face of the sub - card . in fig3 b , tongue 260 a is arranged so that its centre in the thickness direction is substantially coincident with the centre of thickness of sub - card 230 . groove 260 b is similarly shaped so as to be suitable for mateable and slideable engagement with an adjacent sub - card tongue 260 a . tongues 260 a and grooves 260 b are similarly suitable for slideable engagement with groove 270 a and tongue 270 b of cutaway portion 220 of card body 210 ( see fig2 b ). fig3 c illustrates a cross section of sub - card 230 according to embodiments of the present invention , taken for example along the line b - b in fig3 a . sub - card 230 has electrical contacts 240 on its top , or front major face . contacts 240 connect to integrated circuit chip 310 embedded in sub - card 230 . sub - card 230 has tongues 260 a and corresponding grooves 260 b . fig4 a illustrates a cross section 400 taken through a multi - chip card according to embodiments of the present invention , for example along the line a - a of card 200 of fig2 a . in fig4 a , card body 410 has cutaway portion 415 corresponding to cutaway portion 220 of fig2 a . cutaway portion 415 is occupied by sub - cards 420 a and 420 b , corresponding respectively to sub - cards 230 b and 230 f of fig2 a . in embodiments , each of sub - cards 420 a and 420 b comprises for example a sub - card as described with reference to fig3 a to 3 c above . card body 410 comprises cutaway portion 415 occupied by sub - cards 420 a and 420 b . tongue of sub - card 420 a mates slideably with groove of card body 410 at 450 a . tongue of sub - card 420 b mates slideably with groove of sub - card 420 a at 450 b . tongue of card body 410 mates with groove of sub - card 420 b at 450 c . fig4 b illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention . in this further embodiment , cross section 425 is also taken through a position corresponding to line a - a illustrated on fig2 a . in this embodiment , however , card body 430 comprises cutaway portion 435 which does not extend through the whole thickness of card body 430 . in this embodiment , therefore , card body 430 extends over the whole of the bottom surface of cutaway portion 435 , thereby covering the whole area indicated by 225 on fig2 b . sub - cards in this embodiment , for example 440 a and 440 b , must therefore be thinner than sub - cards in previously described embodiments . tongue of sub - card 440 a mates slideably with groove of card body 430 at 460 a . tongue of sub - card 440 b mates slideably with groove of sub - card 440 a at 460 b . tongue of card body 430 mates with groove of sub - card 440 b at 460 c . one potential advantage of the arrangement of this embodiment is that sub - cards are supported over the whole of their back surfaces ( the reverse of the major faces comprising electrical contacts ). another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig5 a to 5 c . in this embodiment , the slideably engageable arrangement extends flush with the bottom surface of each sub - card . in fig5 a , a perspective view of sub - card 510 comprises electrical contacts 520 on top major face of sub - card 510 . extension 530 a and indented portion 530 b perform the function of tongue and groove slideable mating of the previously described embodiments . fig5 b illustrates a cross section corresponding to line b - b on fig3 a . integrated circuit chip 540 of sub - card 510 has contacts 520 on its top major face . fig5 c is a cross section 500 through a multi chip card according to this embodiment , and corresponds to the line a - a in fig2 a . in fig5 c , card body 550 extends over the whole of the bottom of cutaway portion 525 . this is similar to the embodiment illustrated in fig4 b . yet another embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in fig6 a to 6 d . in this embodiment , the multi - chip card 600 in fig6 a is provided with a facility to change the sub - cards loaded in cutaway portion 620 of card body 610 . in other respects , card 600 functions as described for multi - chip cards of one or another of the previously described embodiments . in fig6 a , a user of card 600 desires to introduce a new sub - card 630 x into the collection of sub - cards in multi - chip card 600 . card body 610 of card 600 comprises removable section 660 which may have substantially the same thickness dimension as each individual sub - card 630 a to 630 g and 630 x . removable section 660 also comprises a slideable mating arrangement as provided for individual sub - cards such as a tongue and groove arrangement as described with reference to previously described embodiments . removable section 660 is removed by sliding out in the direction as shown in fig6 a . a single sub - card 630 g is also then removed by sliding through the channel left by the removal of section 660 . fig6 b illustrates the insertion of replacement sub - card 630 x by sliding along the channel into cutaway portion 620 . in fig6 c , removable section 660 is replaced by sliding into the channel to retain the inserted sub - cards . fig6 d illustrates a cross section of card body 610 of card 600 taken along the line c - c shown in fig6 c . removable section 660 has tongue at 665 a mating with groove of channel in card body 610 . likewise removable section 660 has groove at 665 b mating with tongue of card body 610 channel . it will be apparent that although a tongue and groove arrangement covering the whole thickness of card body 610 has been described with reference to this embodiment as illustrated for example in fig4 a , any other suitable slideable mating engagement may be used , for example as described with reference to embodiments as illustrated in fig4 b or in fig5 c . it will also be apparent that with the currently described embodiment there is no requirement to leave a space 650 in cutaway section 620 to allow sub - cards 630 to be moved . this is because removable section 660 may be removed followed by the removal of a convenient sub - card to create a space 650 for sub - card movement as required . fig7 illustrates yet another exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in this embodiment , multi - chip card 700 has card body 710 comprising cutaway section 720 which is l - shaped as viewed from the top major face of the card 700 . sub - cards 730 a to 730 f are provided in cutaway section 720 with space 750 allowing sub - cards to be moved as in previously described embodiments . as illustrated , sub - card 730 a is in the active position so that electrical contacts 740 a of sub - card 730 a may be contacted when card 700 is inserted into a card reader to allow the contents of the integrated circuit of sub - card 730 a to be addressed . in further embodiments , one or more sub - cards may comprise a construction different from that described for sub - card 230 illustrated in fig3 a to 3 c . for example , in an embodiment , one or more of the sub - cards may comprises a non - contact integrated circuit chip addressed by means of , for example , short range wireless technology . in another embodiment , one or more of the sub - cards may comprise a dummy , or blank , sub - card which does not comprise an integrated circuit chip . the blank sub - card is provided to make up the number of sub - cards where the number of sub - cards comprising integrated circuit chips is lower than that required to occupy the card body cutaway portion in the embodiments previously described . in further embodiments of the present invention , methods of manufacturing multi - chip cards of the previously described embodiments are provided . with reference to the embodiment illustrated in fig2 a , smart card body 210 of smart card 200 may be manufactured separately from each of the sub - cards 230 a to 230 g . card body 210 may be formed in a similar manner as is known in the art for the manufacture of currently available chip cards . in an embodiment , a substrate , for example a polyvinyl chloride or similar plastic sheet , is stamped or cut or otherwise formed from a sheet of the material . it is then covered with a layer front and back with the printed indicia required for the card description , followed by a layer of transparent overlay , and the whole assembly laminated using any suitable lamination technique as known in the prior art . in a further embodiment , card body 210 may be formed by moulding , for example by injection moulding . in this case , card body 210 may be formed from an acrylonitrile butadiene styrene ( abs ) plastic . in a further embodiment , card body 210 may be formed from a paper - based substrate , or other biodegradable material , for example by stamping or cutting from a sheet of the substrate material . in each case , the cutaway section edge profile 270 a , 270 b , may be formed by any suitable technique , for example by cutting or during the moulding process , as appropriate . in a further embodiment , a sub - card , such as sub - card 230 , may be manufactured by a technique similar to that used for the formation of known chip cards . the integrated circuit chip and its contacts may be manufactured using any of the techniques as known in the prior art for manufacturing known chip cards of the contact type . it is typically then embedded in a suitable material , such as an epoxy resin , to form a package . as for card body 210 , the body of the sub - card 230 may be manufactured in a manner similar to the method for making a conventional chip card body , as known in the art . the chip package is attached in a shaped recess in a sub - card body by gluing or other suitable attachment method . in like manner as for card body manufacture , the edge profile 260 a , 260 b , of the sub - card 230 may be formed by any suitable technique , for example by cutting or during moulding , as appropriate . it will be understand that the above description covers a number of embodiments which are described by way of example only , and are not intended to be limiting . it will be understood that other constructions , methods of use and methods of manufacture may be envisaged without departing from the scope of the invention as described in the attached claims . | 6 |
it has been discovered that the novel choline and n - methyl - d glucamine salts of amoxicillin not only form suitable parenteral solutions and meet the above criteria but also are suitable for use in oral and topical pharmaceutical preparations . both the choline and the n - methyl - d - glucamine salts of amoxicillin have antibacterial activity of the scope of the activity of amoxicillin . they possess a wide spectrum of activity against gram - positive and gram - negative microoganisms . the salts provided by the present invention can be used for the treatment and prophylaxis of infectious diseases and as disinfection agents . suitable dosages to combat bacterial infections vary with the patient being treated . however , individual dosages of about 0 . 25 g . to about 2 g . from one to four times per day can be administered to adults to achieve satisfactory results . because the salts provided by the present invention have excellent water - solubility ( more than 10 %), they are particularly suitable for parenteral administration . the acute toxicity ( ld 50 in mg ./ kg .) of the choline salt and of the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin ( compounds x and y , respectively , in the table below ) upon intravenous and subcutaneous administration to mice , as well as the activity ( cd 50 in mg ./ kg .) of these two salts aginast escherichia coli upon subcutaneous administration to mice are given in the following table . ______________________________________ ld 50 mg ./ kg . ( lethal dose ) cd 50 mg ./ kg . compound i . v . s . c . ( curative dose ) ______________________________________x 250 - 500 2000 - 4000 5 . 9y 500 - 1000 & gt ; 5000 5 . 0______________________________________ pharmaceutical preparations containing the choline salt or the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin can be made with a compatible non - toxic pharmaceutical carrier material . such a carrier material can be an organic or inorganic non - toxic inert carrier material suitable for enteral or in the preferred embodiment , parenteral administration , such as , for example , water , gelatin , gum arabic , lactose , starch , magnesium stearate and the like . the pharmaceutical preparations can be made up in a solid form , e . g ., as tablets , dragees , suppositories or capsules or , preferably , in a liquid form , e . g ., as aqueous solutions . the pharmaceutical preparations may be sterilized and / or may contain adjuvants , salts for varying the osmotic pressure or buffers . the pharmaceutical preparations may also contain compatible therapeutically valuable materials other than the salts provided by the present invention . preferably , the choline salt or the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin is provided as a powder in a dry ampule . the vehicle most suitable for intramuscular ( im ) and intravenous ( iv ) injection in conjunction with the active salts of this invention is sterile water . the concentration of salt in the im and iv solutions is preferably sufficient to provide from about 5 % to 25 % by weight amoxicillin free acid based on the weight finished formulation . for use in intavenous drip administration , normal saline or a 5 % aqueous dextrose solution are suitable . in the intravenous drip formulations the most suitable concentration of the active ingredient is that amount of the choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine salt which provides from about 0 . 2 to 5 % by weight of amoxicillin free acid based on the weight of the finished formulation . the choline salt and the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin are manufactured by reacting amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine , cleaving off any amino protecting group which may be present and isolating the thus obtained choline salt or n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin . the amoxicillin used as the starting material can contain an amino group provided with a protecting group instead of a free amino group . such a protected amino group is then converted , following the reaction with choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine , into a free amino group by conventional means . thus , for example , an optionally substituted benzyloxycarbonylamino group can be re - converted into a free amino group by catalytic hydrogenation . in the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine there are preferably used molar equivalent amounts of both reactants . however , a molar excess of up to about 10 % of choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine can be used , if desired . the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents , e . g ., methanol , ethanol , dimethyl sulfoxide , dimethylformamide and the like , or a mixture thereof , or in the presence of water . the preferred solvent is ethanol . the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with n - methyl - d - glucamine can be carried out in the presence of organic solvents , e . g ., methanol , dimethyl sulfoxide , dimethylformamide and the like , or a mixture thereof , or in the presence of water , or in the presence of a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol , propanol or isopropanol . the preferred solvents are methanol or a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol , propanol or isopropanol . the reactions are conveniently carried out at a temperature between about 0 ° c . and 40 ° c . when the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline or n - methyl - d - glucamine is carried out in the presence of water as a solvent , the isolation of the choline salt or the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin from the reaction mixture can be carried out by lyophilization . when the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with choline is carried out in the presence of methanol , ethanol , dimethyl sulfoxide , dimethyl - formamide or the like or a mixture thereof or when the reaction of amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof with n - methyl - d - glucamine is carried out in the presence of methanol , dimethyl sulfoxide , dimethylformamide or the like or a mixture thereof , the isolation of the choline salt or the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin from the reaction mixture can be carried out by stirring the reaction mixture in a second solvent in which the choline salt or the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin is insoluble , e . g ., diethylether , ethyl acetate or the like . at least 5 volumes of the second solvent are conveniently used per volume of the first solvent . when the reaction n - methyl - d - glucamine with amoxicillin or a hydrated form thereof is carried out in a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol , propanol or isopropanol , there are conveniently used 30 - 50 volumes , preferably 40 volumes , of propyleneglycol per 100 volumes of ethanol and 60 - 100 volumes , preferably 75 volumes , of propyleneglycol per 100 volumes of propanol or isopropanol . when such a mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol , propanol or isopropanol is used as a solvent , the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin can be isolated from the reaction mixture by stirring the reaction mixture in a solvent in which the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin is insoluble conveniently ethyl acetate , propanol or isopropanol . in order to precipitate the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin , there are conveniently used 7 volumes of one of these three solvents per volume of the mixture of propyleneglycol with ethanol , propanol or isopropanol . choline is added portionwise to a suspension of 4 . 2 g . of amoxicillin trihydrate in 150 ml . of water and stirred at 5 ° c . until almost complete dissolution has taken place . undissolved material is filtered off under suction and the resulting filtrate is lyophilized . there is thus obtained the choline salt of amoxicillin . melting point : about 130 ° c . [ α ] d 25 = + 174 . 8 ° ( c = 1 . 0 in water ). 3 g . of n - methyl - d - glucamine are added to a suspension of 6 g . of amoxicillin trihydrate in 80 ml . of water and stirred at 5 ° c . insoluble material is fitered off under suction and the resulting filtrate is lyophilized . there is thus obtained the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin . melting point : about 160 ° c . ( decomposition ). [ α ] d 25 = + 133 ° ( c = 1 in water ). an ethanolic solution of choline obtained by reacting 3 . 4 g . of choline chloride with 0 . 5 g . of sodium in 40 ml . of absolute ethanol and having the resulting precipitated sodium chloride filtered off is stirred at room temperature and treated with 8 . 4 g . of amoxicillin trihydrate . the resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for a further 5 minutes . resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction and the filtrate is introduced into 400 ml . of diethyl ether while stirring . there is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in example 1 , i . e ., the choline salt of amoxicillin . a solution of 2 . 6 g . of choline in 50 ml . of absolute ethanol was reacted with 8 . 4 g . of amoxicillin with stirring . the resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for a further 5 minutes . resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction and the filtrate is introduced into 600 ml . of diethyl ether while stirring . the resulting precipitate is filtered off under suction , washed with diethyl ether and dried in vacuo at 40 ° c . there is thus obtained a compound which is identical to the product obtained in example 1 , i . e ., the choline salt of amoxicillin . 8 g . of amoxicillin trihydrate are added to a stirred suspension of 4 . 3 g . of n - methyl - d - glucamine in 40 ml . of methanol . the resulting mixture is then stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes and resulting insoluble material is filtered off under suction . the resulting filtrate is then introduced into 400 ml . of ethyl acetate while stirring . the resulting precipitate is washed with ethyl acetate , filtered off under suction and dried at 40 ° c . there is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in example 2 , i . e ., n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin . 8 g . of amoxicillin trihydrate are added within 15 minutes to a suspension of 4 . 3 g . of n - methyl - d - glucamine in a mixture of 36 ml . of absolute ethanol and 14 ml . of propyleneglycol while being vigorously stirred at 5 ° c . the resulting mixture is then stirred at 5 ° c . for a further 60 minutes . the resulting precipitate is filtered off under suction and washed with a mixture of 7 . 2 ml . of ethanol and 2 . 8 ml . of propyleneglycol . the resulting filtrate is introduced into 300 ml . of isopropanol at - 5 ° c . while stirring . the resulting precipitate is washed with isopropanol and diethyl ether and dried in vacuo at 40 ° c . there is thus obtained a compound which is identical with the product obtained in example 2 , i . e ., n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin . a lyophilizate of the following composition , based on 4 ml . of ready - for - use injection solution , is manufactured in a conventional manner : ______________________________________ingredient amount______________________________________choline salt of amoxicillin 320 mg . methyl p - hydroxybenzoate 1 . 1 mg . propyl p - hydroxybenzoate 0 . 135 mg . ______________________________________ a lyophilizate of the following composition , based on 4 ml . of ready - for - use injection solution , is manufactured in a conventional manner : ______________________________________ingredient amount______________________________________n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin 385 mg . methyl p - hydroxybenzoate 1 . 1 mg . propyl p - hydroxybenzoate 0 . 135 mg . ______________________________________ 640 mg . of the choline salt of amoxicillin are filled into a dry ampule by conventional means . in order to prepare a ready - for - use injection solution , 5 ml . of sterile water or 5 ml . of a sterile physiological sodium chloride solution are added to the salt . 770 mg . of the n - methyl - d - glucamine salt of amoxicillin are filled into a dry ampule by conventional means . in order to prepare a ready - for - use injection solution , 5 ml . of sterile water or 5 ml . of a sterile physiological sodium chloride solution are added to the salt . | 8 |
the present description is directed in particular to elements forming part of , or cooperating more directly with , apparatus in accordance with the invention . it is to be understood that elements not specifically shown or described may take various forms well known to those skilled in the art . figures shown and described herein are provided to illustrate principles of operation according to the present invention and are not drawn with intent to show actual size or scale . because of the relative dimensions of the component parts for the laser array of the present invention , some exaggeration is necessary in order to emphasize basic structure , shape , and principles of operation . embodiments of the present invention address the need for laser projection displays with minimal artifacts due to source coherence . in projection display applications it is desirable to utilize lasers because of their purity of spectrum , providing increased color gamut , inherent polarization and most importantly the reduced etendue ( angular and spatial extent of the sources ). as discussed earlier , fig2 describes etendue matching in an optical system . light source 12 has a defined angular and spatial extent ( etendue ). in order to utilize this light efficiently optics 18 must deliver the light to the light modulator 20 such that the etendue at the light modulator 20 matches the etendue at the light source 12 . if the etendue is not matched , either light will be lost or the complexity of the optics will be unnecessarily increased . the reduced etendue of lasers enables optical components , optical modulators , and optical coatings to function over a smaller angular range . this generally enhances the optical efficiency and contrast ratio of the display . additionally , these reduced requirements simplify the optical elements , thereby substantially reducing the cost and complexity of the system . laser coherence , the property of light waves having a particular phase signature , tends to be detrimental to creation of quality images . interference between beams of relative phase causes unwanted intensity structure . single coherent lasers impinging upon optical defect structures in an optical system lead to random interference patterns known as speckle . therefore , it is well - understood that using multiple laser sources of independent phase parameters is advantaged in that the combination of these sources reduces the inherent phase coherency of the combined beam . this essentially creates a measure of incoherence , thereby reducing the speckle . increasing the number of lasers decreases the phase structure and further reduces the speckle creation . while the use of multiple lasers tends to reduce the general coherence of the lasers to substantially reduce speckle , there can be residual coherence , especially in the case of small screens where fewer lasers are used . while speckle artifacts affect the quality of a laser projection image as a result of the interaction of coherent light with optical defects , other artifacts may occur as well . optical interference from coherent light will occur from any overlapping of phase fronts in the optical system . ghost reflections from poorly coated optics are one possible cause of these interference fringes . one of the most likely sources of this phase front interference is caused by the desire to have uniform illumination delivered to the spatial light modulator . in a conventional lamp based projector an optical integration device is utilized to mix the light from the illumination source . typically these optical integration devices utilize either an integrating bar or a set of paired lenslet arrays . the optical integration devices are designed to mix the light either spatially or angularly or a combination of the two means . typically , the illumination beam is broken up into beamlets based on angle and / or position and recombined by overlapping the various beamlets . a greater number of beamlets offers a greater degree of uniformity for the resulting mixed output beam . this is a highly effective method for uniformizing incoherent light . however , utilizing this method with coherent light provides the ideal conditions to create overlapping phase fronts and the resulting optical interference fringes associated with such overlaps . thus , non - uniform interference artifacts typically result from the uniformized illumination delivered to the spatial light modulator . in order to better understand the present invention , it is instructive to describe the overall context within which apparatus and methods of the present invention can be operable . the schematic diagram of fig3 shows a basic arrangement for a projection apparatus 39 that can utilize the present invention . three light modulation assemblies 40 r , 40 g , and 40 b are shown , each modulating light for one of the primary red , green or blue ( rgb ) colors . for each color channel , an illumination combiner 42 combines light from a plurality of light sources . an optional lens 50 then directs light through an integrator 51 , such as a fly &# 39 ; s eye integrator or integrating bar , for example . this light is relayed by lens 54 to a light modulator 60 . light modulator 60 is a micro - electromechanical systems ( mems ) device , an lcd ( liquid crystal device ) or any other type of optical modulation component . for simplification purposes the primary embodiment will concentrate on a mems spatial light modulator , where the devices can be considered as “ polarization state neutral ”. this means that the device does not modulate light at each pixel by modulating the polarization state of the pixel ; any change to the polarization state of the incident light for any pixel is inadvertent , and will be a function of its incident angle when reflected from the mems surfaces for that pixel . the incident angle of light to the mems spatial light modulator can be adjusted to minimize any unwanted polarization effects as shown in fig4 by orienting the input and output polarization state either in plane or orthogonal to the plane of the micromirror 74 . axis a indicates the hinge pivot line for a dlp micromirror . for this embodiment the modulator must take light of two orthogonal input polarization states and output light of two orthogonal polarization states that correspond to the respective input states . the output polarization states may , however , be rotated with respect to the input states . projection optics 70 , indicated generally in a dashed outline in fig3 due to its many possible embodiments , then direct the modulated light to a display surface 80 . the overall arrangement shown in fig3 is used for subsequent embodiments of the present invention , with various arrangements used for illumination combiner 42 . fig5 a shows one embodiment of an illumination combiner 42 for combining laser light array 44 and additional laser light arrays 44 ′ to form a larger array . in this configuration , one or more interspersed mirrors 46 may be used to place the optical axis of the additional laser light arrays 44 ′ in line with the optical axis of the laser light array 44 . however , it can be appreciated that heat and spacing requirements may limit how many laser light arrays can be stacked in this manner . optically it is desirable to have the lasers combined into the smallest spatial and angular combination so as to reduce the etendue and simplify the optical system . in many laser projection display designs , the combined laser arrays would be focused either into an optical integrating bar or waveguide . the near - field or fresnel condition combined light would be focused down to a smaller source by lens 50 , thus be further mixed both spatially and angularly by this method . the combined light source would be kept relatively small in this manner as the divergence of the lasers is typically small , thus reducing the size of the focusing optic and the integration optic to simplify packaging and reducing the cost . this approach is desirable to reduce laser speckle under most circumstances as the integrating bar or optical waveguide ( for example an optical fiber ) reduces coherence by mixing the polarization , phase , angles and spatial content of the independent sources in addition to , or in place of , the integrating bar or optical waveguide , lenslet arrays or “ fly &# 39 ; s eyes ” often are utilized as a polarization maintaining optical integrator . unlike integrating bars or rods , no polarization scrambling reflections are utilized in lenslet integrator configurations , such as that shown in fig5 a . lenslet integrators are typically made up of two lenslet arrays . first lenslet array 52 a is typically made up of multiple lens elements in the aspect ratio of the illuminated device ( optical modulator ). in one embodiment , the first lenslet array 52 a images the laser sources and is illuminated with the far - field illumination of the laser sources . optional lens 50 may be used to angularly manage the light into the first lenslet array . typically , the first lenslet array is illuminated with nearly collimated light . the first lenslet array 52 a images the light onto the second lenslet array 52 b . in this manner the second lenslet array 52 b acts as a field lens in conjunction with lens 54 and images each of the lenslets in the first array onto the optical modulator in an overlapping fashion . the more lenslets that are used in the array , the more mixing will occur and the better the uniformity of the output illumination will be , although more lenses translate to optical losses due to the imperfect nature of the lenslet arrays . since the polarization has less opportunity to be scrambled when utilizing a lenslet integrator as a uniformizer , this provides further impetus for interference artifacts in the coherent illumination path . fig5 b shows another embodiment of an illumination combiner 42 that provides an even more compact arrangement of illumination using laser arrays than the embodiment shown in fig5 a . in this embodiment , light redirecting prism 30 has two redirection surfaces 36 , accepting light from laser light arrays 44 that are facing each other , with opposing emission directions d 1 and d 1 ′. each redirection surface 36 has two types of facets : a light - redirecting facet 38 and an incidence facet 28 that is normal to the incident light from the corresponding laser light array 44 . this allows for easier alignment of the various laser modules to the light - redirecting prism 30 by retro - reflection of a small residual light from an anti - reflection coated face on facet 28 back into each of the lasers . the light - redirecting facets 38 are arranged so as to redirect the light from the laser light arrays 44 into parallel beams in output direction d 2 . the coherent interference artifacts in the illumination of the spatial light modulator may be reduced or effectively eliminated by temporally shifting the phase of the optical wavefront . as the phase of the wavefront is varied , the phase of the resulting interference artifacts varies accordingly . if the wavefront is varied fast enough , human observers will temporally average the resulting patterns , thus masking the visibility of the interference artifacts . devices for temporally shifting the phase , angle or spatial location of the coherent light beam may be placed in the optical path either before or after the optical integrator , but must be placed prior to the spatial light modulator . fig6 shows one embodiment of the present invention using three illumination combiners , 42 r , 42 g and 42 b , for the red , green and blue color channels of a laser projection system . each illumination combiner 42 r , 42 g and 42 b has an associated optical path including lens 50 , integrating device 53 , lens 54 , temporal shifting device 55 and light modulator 60 . dichroic surfaces 84 are used to combine light beams from the three illumination combiners 42 r , 42 g and 42 b and direct the combined light beams through projection optics 70 . integrating device 53 has an input plane 56 , which is the plane where light enters the integrating device 53 , and an output plane 57 , which is the plane where the light exits the integrating device 53 . in the fig6 configuration , temporal shifting device 55 is located prior to the input plane 56 of integrating device 53 . in this embodiment temporal shifting device 55 is shown adjacent to input plane 56 . in the context of this disclosure the term adjacent is taken to mean that there are no intervening optical elements . in some cases , it will be desirable to place the temporal shifting device 55 at or substantially at the input plane 56 . by placing temporal shifting device 55 prior to integrating device 53 , the impact of the temporal shifting device 55 on illumination uniformity are averaged over the entire spatial area , and therefore there is a lower risk of causing additional artifacts . fig7 shows an alternate embodiment of the present invention which is analogous to the fig6 configuration except that with temporal shifting device 55 adjacent to the exit plane 57 of integrating device 53 rather than the input plane 56 . in some cases , it will be desirable to place the temporal shifting device 55 at or substantially at the input plane 57 . types of temporal shifting devices 55 that may be considered for this stage could be a vibrating optical element such as a mirror or plate . random liquid crystal phase pattern generators or acousto - optic modulators may also be used . fig8 shows a configuration according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention where a rotating optical element is used as the temporal shifting device . laser light arrays 44 are combined using light redirecting prism 30 to generate a light beam which is directed through rotating disk 65 onto lens 50 . the rotating disk 65 is driven by a motor 66 . the rotating disk 65 may be a refractive optical element that is wedged , diffused , or aberrated to provide the temporal shifting characteristics . in each case , a time - varying optical path difference is created in the illumination path , which changes the residual interference without an associated depolarization . this occurs over a period in which the spatial light modulator is able to average out over each frame &# 39 ; s exposure period . this averaging should be faster than 60 hertz to prevent this artifact from being visible . preferably , one or more surfaces of the rotating disk 65 are anti - newton glass surfaces , which have been roughened very slightly , in order to disrupt the phase of the incident light . the temporal shifting device must impact the optical artifact enough to average out the intensity levels to the baseline illumination . in order to do this by utilizing optical phase shifting , it is important to create enough phase change to fully shift an intensity peak in the interference pattern to an intensity trough . this requires at minimum a 180 ° phase shift . therefore , if a phase coating is used , 180 ° phase steps or greater are needed and the motion must move the phase steps , such that at least one 180 ° phase step moves over each region of artifact during the temporal period . additional movement or phase steps over the temporal period will further enhance illumination averaging . the phase steps may be created by surface treatment such as holographic layers , polishing , etching , molding or other structural means . it is preferred that the angular extent of the resulting surface is minimally changed with respect to the angular input , thereby resulting in minimal light loss . alternately , both sides may be polished , but not optically flat such that multiple waves of optical path difference are induced into the light beams varying at the rotational frequency . this is preferred over an essentially non - polished surface in that it does not substantially increase the angular content of the illumination light and therefore increase the etendue and associated light losses . in yet another embodiment of the present invention , the randomizing optical element is a diffractive optical element that diffracts the incident light . the embodiment shown in fig8 uses a rotating optical element as the temporal shifting device . in alternate embodiments of the present invention , the randomizing optical element may be spatially moved by translation . for example , a piezoelectric device can be used to randomly or periodically deflect the position of the randomizing optical element . similarly , a motor with an off - axis cam can be used to shift the position of the randomizing optical element . the invention has been described in detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof , but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention . for example , where laser arrays are described in the detailed embodiments , other laser emissive components could be used as an alternative . supporting lenses and other optical components may also be added to each optical path . in optical assemblies shown herein , the order of the light integration and relaying can be reversed without significant difference in effect . thus , what is provided is an apparatus and method reducing coherent interference illumination artifacts in an electronic projection display ? | 6 |
in the following detailed description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof , and in which are shown by way of illustration embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced . it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural or logical changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present disclosure . therefore , the following detailed description is not to be taken in a limiting sense , and the scopes of embodiments , in accordance with the present disclosure , are defined by the appended claims and their equivalents . various operations may be described as multiple discrete operations in turn , in a manner that may be helpful in understanding embodiments of the present invention ; however , the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are order dependent . the description may use perspective - based descriptions such as up / down , back / front , and top / bottom . such descriptions are merely used to facilitate the discussion and are not intended to restrict the application of embodiments of the present invention . the terms “ coupled ” and “ connected ,” along with their derivatives , may be used . it should be understood that these terms are not intended as synonyms for each other . rather , in particular embodiments , “ connected ” may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact with each other . “ coupled ” may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact . however , “ coupled ” may also mean that two or more elements are not in direct contact with each other , but yet still cooperate or interact with each other . for the purposes of the description , a phrase in the form “ a / b ” or in the form “ a and / or b ” means ( a ), ( b ), or ( a and b ). for the purposes of the description , a phrase in the form “ at least one of a , b , and c ” means ( a ), ( b ), ( c ), ( a and b ), ( a and c ), ( b and c ), or ( a , b and c ). for the purposes of the description , a phrase in the form “( a ) b ” means ( b ) or ( ab ) that is , a is an optional element . the description may use the phrases “ in an embodiment ,” or “ in embodiments ,” which may each refer to one or more of the same or different embodiments . furthermore , the terms “ comprising ,” “ including ,” “ having ,” and the like , as used with respect to embodiments of the present invention , are synonymous . in various embodiments a material for body gear is disclosed that may use a pattern of heat management material elements coupled to a base fabric to manage , for example , body heat by directing the heat towards or away from the body as desired , while still maintaining the desired transfer properties of the base fabric . for example , referring to fig1 b - 1e , in one embodiment , a plurality of heat management or heat directing elements 10 may be disposed on a base fabric 20 in a generally non - continuous array , whereby some of the base fabric is exposed between adjacent heat management elements . the heat directing function of the heat management elements may be generally towards the body through reflectivity or away from the body through conduction and / or radiation or other heat transfer property . the heat management elements 10 may cover a sufficient surface area of the base fabric 20 to generate the desired degree of heat management ( e . g . heat reflection toward the body to enhance warmth , or heat conductance away from the body to help induce cooling ). a sufficient area of base fabric may be exposed to provide the desired base fabric function ( e . g ., stretch , drape , breathability , moisture vapor or air permeability , or wicking ). in accordance with various embodiments , the base fabric may be a part of any form of body gear , such as bodywear ( see e . g . fig1 a and 4 - 13 ), sleeping bags ( see e . g . fig1 ), blankets , tents ( see e . g . fig1 b ), rain flys ( see e . g . fig1 a ) etc . bodywear , as used herein , is defined to include anything worn on the body , including , but not limited to , outerwear such as jackets , pants , scarves , shirts , hats , gloves , mittens , and the like , footwear such as shoes , boots , slippers , and the like , sleepwear , such as pajamas , nightgowns , and robes , and undergarments such as underwear , thermal underwear , socks , hosiery , and the like . in various embodiments , single - layer body gear may be used and may be comprised of a single layer of the base fabric , whereas other embodiments may use multiple layers of fabric , including one or more layers of the base fabric , coupled to one or more other layers . for instance , the base fabric may be used as a fabric lining for body gear . in various embodiments , the array of heat management elements may be disposed on a base fabric having one or more desired properties . for example , the underlying base material may have properties such as air permeability , moisture vapor transfer and / or wickability , which is a common need for body gear used in both indoor and outdoor applications . in other embodiments , the separations between heat management elements help allow the base material to have a desired drape , look , and / or texture . in some embodiments , the separations between heat management elements my help allow the base material to stretch . suitable base fabrics may include nylon , polyester , rayon , cotton , spandex , wool , silk , or a blend thereof , or any other material having a desired look , feel , weight , thickness , weave , texture , or other desired property . in various embodiments , allowing a designated percentage of the base fabric to remain uncovered by the heat management material elements may allow that portion of the base fabric to perform the desired functions , while leaving enough heat management material element surface area to direct body heat in a desired direction , for instance away from or toward the body of a user . for example , the heat management elements may be positioned in such a way and be made of a material that is conducive for directing heat generated by the body . in one embodiment , the heat management elements may be configured to reflect the user &# 39 ; s body heat toward the user &# 39 ; s body , which may be particularly suitable in cold environments . in another embodiment , the heat management elements may be configured to conduct the user &# 39 ; s body heat away from the user &# 39 ; s body , which may be particularly suitable in warmer environments . in various embodiments , the base fabric may include heat management elements disposed on an innermost surface of the body gear such that the elements are disposed to face the user &# 39 ; s body and thus are in a position to manage body heat , as discussed above ( e . g . reflect heat or conduct heat ). in some other embodiments , the heat management elements may be disposed on the exterior surface of the body gear and / or base fabric such that they are exposed to the environment , which may allow the heat management elements , for example , to reflect heat away from the user , while allowing the base fabric to adequately perform the desired functions . in some embodiments , the heat management elements may perform these functions without adversely affecting the stretch , drape , feel , or other properties of the base fabric . in some embodiments , the heat management elements may be an aluminum - based material ( particularly suited for reflectivity ), copper based material ( particularly suited for conductivity ) or another metal or metal alloy - based material . non - metallic or alloy based materials may be used as heat directing materials in some embodiments , such as metallic plastic , mylar , or other man - made materials , provided that they have heat reflective or conductive properties . in various embodiments , the heat management elements may be permanently coupled to the base fabric in a variety of ways , including , but not limited to gluing , heat pressing , printing , or stitching . in some embodiments , the heat management elements may be coupled to the base fabric by frequency welding , such as by radio or ultrasonic welding . in various embodiments , the heat directing properties of the heat management elements may be influenced by the composition of the base fabric or the overall construction of the body gear . for example , a base fabric may be used that has significant insulating properties . when paired with heat management elements that have heat reflective properties , the insulative backing / lining may help limit any conductivity that may naturally occur and enhance the reflective properties of the heat management elements . in another example , the base fabric may provide little or no insulative properties , but may be coupled to an insulating layer disposed on the side of the base fabric opposite the heat directing material elements . the separate insulation layer may help reduce the potential for heat conductivity of the elements and enhance their reflectivity . in some embodiments , the heat management elements may become more conductive as the air layer between the garment and the wearer becomes more warm and humid . such examples may be suitable for use in cold weather applications , for instance . in various embodiments , a base fabric may be used that has little or no insulative properties . when paired with heat directing elements that are primarily configured to conduct heat , as opposed to reflecting heat , the base fabric and heat - directing elements may aid in removing excess body heat generated in warmer climates or when engaging in extreme physical activity . such embodiments may be suitable for warm weather conditions . in various embodiments , the heat management material elements may be applied in a pattern or a continuous or discontinuous array defined by the manufacturer . for example , as illustrated in fig1 a - 1e , heat management material elements 10 , may be a series of dot - like heat reflective ( or heat conductive ) elements adhered or otherwise secured to the base fabric 20 in a desired pattern . such a configuration has been found to provide heat reflectivity and thus warmth to the user ( e . g ., when heat reflective elements are used ), or , in the alternative , heat conduction and thus cooling to the user ( e . g ., when heat conductive elements are used ), while still allowing the base fabric to perform the function of the desired one or more properties ( e . g . breathe and allow moisture vapor to escape through the fabric in order to reduce the level of moisture build up ). although the illustrated embodiments show the heat management material elements as discrete elements , in some embodiments , some or all of the heat management material elements may be arranged such that they are in connection with one another , such as a lattice pattern or any other pattern that permits partial coverage of the base fabric . in various embodiments , the configuration or pattern of the heat management elements themselves may be selected by the user and may take any one of a variety of forms . for example , as illustrated in fig2 a - 2b , 3 a - 3 e , and 4 - 6 , the configuration of the heat management elements 10 disposed on a base fabric 20 used for body gear may be in the form of a variety of geometrical patterns ( e . g . lines , waves , triangles , squares , logos , words , etc .) in various embodiments , the pattern of heat management elements may be symmetric , ordered , random , and / or asymmetrical . further , as discussed below , the pattern of heat management elements may be disposed on the base material at strategic locations to improve the performance of the body wear . in various embodiments , the size of the heat management elements may also be varied to balance the need for enhanced heat directing properties and preserve the functionality of the base fabric . in embodiments , the density or ratio of the surface area covered by the heat management material elements to the surface are of base fabric left uncovered by the heat management material elements may be from about 3 : 7 ( 30 %) to about 7 : 3 ( 70 %). this range has been shown to provide a good balance of heat management properties ( e . g ., reflectivity or conductivity ) with the desired properties of the base fabric ( e . g ., breathability or wicking , for instance ). in particular embodiments , this ratio may be from about 4 : 6 ( 40 %) to about 6 : 4 ( 60 %). in various embodiments , the placement , pattern , and / or coverage ratio of the heat management elements may vary . for example the heat management elements may be concentrated in certain areas where heat management may be more critical ( e . g . the body core ) and non existent or extremely limited in other areas where the function of the base fabric property is more critical ( e . g . area under the arms or portions of the back for wicking moisture away from the body ). in various embodiments , different areas of the body gear may have different coverage ratios , e . g . 70 % at the chest and 30 % at the limbs , in order to help optimize , for example , the need for warmth and breathability . in various embodiments , the size of the heat management elements may be largest ( or the spacing between them may be the smallest ) in the core regions of the body for enhanced reflection or conduction in those areas , and the size of the heat management elements may be the smallest ( or the spacing between them may be the largest ) in peripheral areas of the body . in some embodiments , the degree of coverage by the heat management elements may vary in a gradual fashion over the entire garments as needed for regional heat management . some embodiments may employ heat reflective elements in some areas and heat conductive elements in other areas of the garment . in various embodiments , the heat management elements may be configured to help resist moisture buildup on the heat management elements themselves and further enhance the function of the base fabric ( e . g . breathability or moisture wicking ). in one embodiment , it has been found that reducing the area of individual elements , but increasing the density may provide a better balance between heat direction ( e . g . reflectivity or conductivity ) and base fabric functionality , as there will be a reduced tendency for moisture to build up on the heat management elements . in some embodiments , it has been found that keeping the surface area of the individual heat management elements below 1 cm 2 can help to reduce the potential for moisture build up . in various embodiments , the heat management elements may have a maximum dimension ( diameter , hypotenuse , length , width , etc .) that is less than or equal to about 1 cm . in some embodiments , the maximum dimension may be between 1 - 4 mm . in other embodiments , the largest dimension of a heat management element may be as small as 1 mm , or even smaller . in some embodiments , the topographic profile of the individual heat management elements can be such that moisture is not inclined to adhere to the heat management element . for example , the heat management element may be convex , conical , fluted , or otherwise protruded , which may help urge moisture to flow towards the base fabric . in some embodiments , the surface of the heat management elements may be treated with a compound that may help resist the build up of moisture vapor onto the elements and better direct the moisture to the base fabric without materially impacting the thermal directing property of the elements . one such example treatment may be a hydrophobic fluorocarbon , which may be applied to the elements via lamination , spray deposition , or in a chemical bath . in various embodiments , the heat management elements may be removable from the base fabric and reconfigurable if desired using a variety of releasable coupling fasteners such as zippers , snaps , buttons , hook and loop type fasteners ( e . g . velcro ), and other detachable interfaces . further , the base material may be formed as a separate item of body gear and used in conjunction with other body gear to improve thermal management of a user &# 39 ; s body heat . for example , an upper body under wear garment may be composed with heat management elements in accordance with various embodiments . this under wear garment may be worn by a user alone , in which case conduction of body heat away from the user &# 39 ; s body may typically occur , or in conjunction with an insulated outer garment which may enhance the heat reflectivity of the user &# 39 ; s body heat . in various embodiments , the heat management elements may be applied to the base fabric such that it is depressed , concave , or recessed relative to the base fabric , such that the surface of the heat management element is disposed below the surface of the base fabric . this configuration may have the effect of improving , for example , moisture wicking , as the base fabric is the portion of the body gear or body gear lining that engages the user &# 39 ; s skin or underlying clothing . further , such contact with the base fabric may also enhance the comfort to the wearer of the body gear in applications where the skin is in direct contact with the base fabric ( e . g . gloves , mittens , underwear , or socks ). fig8 - 15 illustrate various views of a patterned heat management fabric used in a variety of body gear applications , such as a jacket ( fig8 a - d ), boot ( fig9 ), glove ( fig1 ), hat ( fig1 ), pants ( fig1 ), sock ( fig1 ), sleeping bag ( fig1 ), tent rain fly ( fig1 a ) and tent ( fig1 b ). each of the body gear pieces illustrated include a base material 20 having a plurality of heat management elements 10 disposed thereon . while the principle embodiments described herein include heat management elements that are disposed on the inner surface of the base fabric , in various embodiments , the heat management material elements may be used on the outside of body gear , for instance to reflect or direct heat exposed to the outside surface of the gear . for instance , in some embodiments , base fabric and heat reflective elements , such as those illustrated in fig1 b - 3e , may be applied to an outer or exterior surface of the body gear , such as a coat , sleeping bag , tent or tent rain fly , etc in order to reflect heat away from the user . in some embodiments , the body gear may be reversible , such that a user may determine whether to use the fabric to direct heat toward the body or away from the body . an example of such reversible body gear is illustrated in fig1 a . in this embodiment , the heat management elements may be included on one side of a tent rain fly . in one embodiment , the rain fly may be used with the heat management elements facing outward , for example in hot weather or sunny conditions , in order to reflect heat away from the body of the tent user . conversely , in cold weather conditions , for example , the tent rain fly may be reversed and installed with the heat management elements facing inward , toward the body of a user , so as to reflect body heat back toward the tent interior . although a tent rain fly is used to illustrate this principle , one of skill in the art will appreciate that the same concept may be applied to other body gear , such as reversible jackets , coats , hats , and the like . fig1 b illustrates an example wherein at least a portion of the tent body includes a fabric having a plurality of heat management elements disposed thereon . in the illustrated embodiment , the heat reflective elements are facing outward and may be configured to reflect heat away from the tent and thus away from the body of the tent user . in other embodiments , the elements may be configured to face inward . although certain embodiments have been illustrated and described herein , it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that a wide variety of alternate and / or equivalent embodiments or implementations calculated to achieve the same purposes may be substituted for the embodiments shown and described without departing from the scope of the present invention . those with skill in the art will readily appreciate that embodiments in accordance with the present invention may be implemented in a very wide variety of ways . this application is intended to cover any adaptations or variations of the embodiments discussed herein . therefore , it is manifestly intended that embodiments in accordance with the present invention be limited only by the claims and the equivalents thereof . | 8 |
the following description of the preferred embodiment ( s ) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention , its application , or uses . referring now to fig2 a , a cross - sectional schematic view of a thermal management valve 10 is shown . in the present embodiment of the invention , the thermal management valve 10 is a rotary valve having a housing 12 with at least one bore , in particular , an outlet bore 14 , a first inlet bore 16 and a second inlet bore 18 . the housing 12 defines a chamber 20 wherein a rotor 22 is configured to rotate within the chamber 20 and interact with the outlet bore 14 , first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 , in order to open and close the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 to control the flow of fluid through the thermal management valve 10 . the thermal management valve according to the present invention operates by having fluid flow through the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 , through an aperture 23 in the rotor 22 and into the chamber 20 , when the rotor 22 is rotated to the open position . from the chamber 20 the fluid flows through the valve outlet bore 14 . when the rotor 22 is in the closed position fluid is blocked from leaving the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 past the rotor 22 into the chamber 20 . it is within the scope of this invention for the valve to operate in the reverse manner , where fluid flows into the thermal management valve 10 through the outlet bore 14 and exits through the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 . the rotor 22 is rotatably positioned on a shaft 24 that extends through the housing 12 and chamber 20 . the shaft 24 is configured to rotate about a longitudinal axis 26 and is rotatably supported on bearings 28 positioned on the walls of the housing 12 . the shaft 24 of the rotor 22 has an actuation end 30 extending outside of the housing 12 for interacting with an actuator 29 that controls the rotation of the shaft 24 and rotor 27 about an axis 26 . the features of the thermal management valve 10 allow for smaller actuators 29 to be used since the amount of torque needed to rotate the shaft 24 will be lowered . the first inlet bore 16 and the second inlet bore 18 have a low - drag seal 32 positioned within each of the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet 18 . the low - drag seal 32 selectively contacts the rotor 22 and creates a sealed connection between the low - drag seal 32 and the rotor 22 when the rotor 22 rotates between a closed position , an open position or an intermediate position allowing the flow of fluid through the respective first inlet bore 16 or second inlet bore 18 . referring now to fig2 b and 2c , the details of the low - drag seal 32 are shown . in particular , the low - drag seal 32 shown in fig2 a and 2b have a face seal piston 34 that is positioned within the respective first inlet bore 16 or second inlet bore 18 . while the embodiments of the invention shown in fig3 a - 3b depict a first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 , it is within the scope of this invention for there to be a greater or lesser number of inlet bores that can interact with the rotor 22 and control the flow of fluid through the thermal management valve 10 . it is also within the scope of the invention for the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 to be inlet bores where fluid is flowing out of the thermal management valve 10 rather than fluid flowing into the thermal management valve 10 as configured in the embodiment of the invention shown in fig2 a . referring to fig1 b , the face seal piston 34 has a portion 36 coated with a low - friction material in order to minimize the amount of friction generated between the contact area 38 between the face seal piston 34 and rotor 22 as well as a portion 45 coated with low - friction material at the seal contact area 40 between the outer surface of the face seal piston 34 and a quad - seal 37 . in operation the reduced friction in the portion causes an inside edge 39 of the face seal piston 34 to begin forming a tight seal against the rotor 22 , which when creates a tight seal across the portion 36 . while the face seal piston 34 is described as being coated , it is also within the scope of this invention for the low - friction material to be solid low friction material formed with or into a surface 37 of the face seal piston 34 as shown in fig2 b . in the embodiments shown in fig1 a and 2b , the portion 36 of the face seal piston 34 coated with low friction material is the surfaces where the contact area 38 and seal contact area surfaces 40 are located ; however , it is within the scope of this invention for the entire surface of the face seal piston 34 to be coated with low friction material . the low friction material can be polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ). other examples of possible low - friction materials include , but are not limited to , ceramic , nylon , high density polyethylene ( hdpe ), graphite or other suitable friction materials having a static friction coefficient generally in the range of 0 . 2 to 0 . 6 , preferably 0 . 2 to 0 . 5 and ideally equal to or less than 0 . 04 . the face seal piston 34 had an inner surface 19 that is smooth and does not have any ridges or grooves . this allows fluid to flow through the bore 16 , 18 without being inhibited or deflected by any features on the inside surface of the face seal piston 34 . the quad - seal 37 is positioned within a circumferential groove 42 formed in each of the first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 . the circumferential groove 42 circumscribes a portion of the face seal piston 34 such that the face seal piston 34 extends through and slides back and forth through the quad - seal 37 . the quad - seal 37 creates a seal between the respective first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 and the respective face seal piston 34 . the face seal piston slides bi - directionally through the quad - seal 37 in a manner that the quad - seal 37 maintains a sealed connection between the respective first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 and the face seal piston 34 . the present embodiment of the invention describes the use of a quad - seal 37 ; however , it is within the scope of this invention for the quad - seal 37 to be an o - ring 344 as shown in fig1 d . it is also within the scope of this invention for the quad seal 37 to be a lip seal or other suitable seal member . the face seal piston 38 has two points of contact 44 that contact the surface of the face seal piston 34 . the two points of contact 44 provide improved sealing between the quad - seal 37 and face seal piston 34 . in particular the quad seal 37 gets squeezed between the bore 16 , 18 and the outer diameter surface of the face seal piston 34 when the face seal piston moves axially in the bore 16 , 18 as shown in fig1 c . the squeezing effect helps to center the face seal piston in the bore 16 , 18 , particularly when the length to width ratio of the face seal piston 34 is low . also having two points of contact 44 allows for less material of the quad seal 37 to get squeezed . each first inlet bore 16 and second inlet bore 18 have a spring seat 46 extending into the bore above the face seal piston 34 . between the spring seat 46 and a top surface 48 of the face seal piston 34 is a resilient member 50 . in the present invention , the resilient member 50 is a spring having a first end in contact with the top surface 48 of the face seal piston 34 and second end in contact with the spring seat 46 of the first inlet bore 16 or second inlet bore 18 . the resilient member is configured to apply force on the face seal 34 in the direction of the rotor 22 . as shown in fig1 a and 2b , the resilient member 50 applies force in a downward direction as shown in the fig1 a , 2b . the present invention utilizes the quad - seal 37 positioned within the circumferential groove 42 in order to provide a better seal and reduce the amount of friction between the quad - seal 37 and the moving face seal piston 34 . the face seal piston 34 , as described above , has a low friction material coating the seal contact area 40 in order to reduce the amount of friction between the quad - seal 37 and the outer surface of the face seal piston 34 . the combination of using low friction material and a quad - seal having two points of contact 44 reduces the amount of drag or friction between the face seal piston 34 and the quad - seal 37 as the face seal piston 34 moves along a longitudinal axis when contacting the rotor 22 . this reduces the amount of torque necessary to rotate the rotor 22 , thereby reducing the size of the actuator 29 and size of the spring 50 needed to rotate the shaft 24 of the rotor 22 . additionally , the combination of elements described and the thermal management valve 10 reduces the amount of force that the resilient member 50 must supply in order to force the face seal piston 34 into contact with the rotor 22 , resulting in a more efficient use of the amount of force from the resilient member 50 , by allowing it to apply downward force more effectively without having to use some of the force of the resilient member 50 , to overcome the friction or drag between the face seal piston 34 and the quad - seal 37 . the present invention is also a distinct advantage over the traditional wiper seals , where a wiper seal having an acceptable radial sealing performance would have a much greater amount of drag between the seal member and the wall of the bore . in the prior art , the seal member is connected to the moving piston and contacts the bore , which is made of polyphenylene sulfide which results in a greater amount of friction between the seal and the wall of the bore . the increased amount of friction does not allow for efficient use of a resilient member , which must be larger in order to overcome the friction force between the seal and the wall of the bore as well as providing enough force to effectively contact and seal the face seal piston against the rotor . referring now to fig3 , an alternate embodiment of the low - drag seal arrangement 132 is shown . like reference numbers have been used to designate similar structures in the embodiment of fig2 a , 2b , 2c with the reference numerals differing by 100 . as shown in fig3 , a face seal piston 134 is shown in contact with a rotor 122 . face seal piston 134 has a reduced diameter portion 139 that reduces a contact area 141 between the face seal piston 134 and rotor 122 . by reducing the contact area 141 compared to the contact area 38 shown in fig2 b and 2c , the high pressure area hp located above the rotor 122 flowing through the bore toward the rotor 122 will focus the high pressure onto the inner diameter of the face seal piston 134 in order to make a more absolute seal between the face seal piston 134 and the rotor 122 , when the face seal piston 134 is in the closed position . the embodiments described above all pertain to arrangements where the low - drag seal 32 , 132 is connected to the housing 12 ; however , it is within the scope of this invention for the low - drag seal 32 , 132 to be positioned on the rotor 22 , 122 in order to close a bore formed within the housing 12 . fig4 shows an alternate embodiment of the invention showing a low - drag seal arrangement 200 where a face seal piston 234 has a circumferential groove 242 formed on the surface of the face seal piston 234 . within the circumferential groove 242 is a quad - seal 237 which has two points of contact 244 that contact an inside surface of a bore 218 formed through a housing 212 of the low - drag seal arrangement 200 in accordance the present embodiment of the invention . the inside surface of the bore 218 has a portion 236 adjacent the two points of contact 244 that is either a coating of low friction material or low friction material formed into the material of the bore 218 . an inner surface 219 of the face seal piston 234 is smooth and uniform without any ridges or ledges . the description of the invention is merely exemplary in nature and , thus , variations that do not depart from the gist of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention . such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention . | 5 |
fig1 is a sectional illustration of a geared turbine engine 20 that extends along an axis 22 between a forward airflow inlet 24 and an aft airflow exhaust 26 . the engine 20 includes a fan section 28 , a low pressure compressor ( lpc ) section 29 , a high pressure compressor ( hpc ) section 30 , a combustor section 31 , a high pressure turbine ( hpt ) section 32 , and a low pressure turbine ( lpt ) section 33 . these engine sections 28 - 33 are arranged sequentially along the axis 22 and housed within an engine case 34 . each of the engine sections 28 - 30 , 32 and 33 includes a respective rotor 36 - 40 . each of the rotors 36 - 40 includes a plurality of rotor blades arranged circumferentially around and connected ( e . g ., mechanically fastened , welded , brazed , adhered or otherwise attached ) to one or more respective rotor disks . the fan rotor 36 is connected to a gear train 42 . the gear train 42 and the lpc rotor 37 are connected to and driven by the lpt rotor 40 through a low speed shaft 44 . the hpc rotor 38 is connected to and driven by the hpt rotor 39 through a high speed shaft 45 . the low and high speed shafts 44 and 45 are rotatably supported by a plurality of bearings 46 . each of the bearings 46 is connected to the engine case 34 by at least one stator 48 such as , for example , an annular support strut . air enters the engine 20 through the airflow inlet 24 , and is directed through the fan section 28 and into an annular core gas path 50 and an annular bypass gas path 52 . the air within the core gas path 50 may be referred to as “ core air ”. the air within the bypass gas path 52 may be referred to as “ bypass air ” or “ cooling air ”. the core air is directed through the engine sections 29 - 33 and exits the engine 20 through the airflow exhaust 26 . within the combustion section 31 , fuel is injected into and mixed with the core air and ignited to provide forward engine thrust . the bypass air is directed through the bypass gas path 52 and out of the engine 20 to provide additional forward engine thrust or reverse thrust via a thrust reverser . the bypass air may also be utilized to cool various turbine engine components within one or more of the engine sections 29 - 33 . fig2 and 3 illustrate a turbine engine assembly 54 included in the engine 20 of fig1 . the engine assembly 54 includes one of the shafts 44 , 45 , a seal assembly 56 , one of the bearings 46 , and an annular shield 58 ( e . g ., a rotor shield ). the seal assembly 56 is adapted to seal a gap between one of the stators 48 and the respective shaft 44 , 45 . the seal assembly 56 includes an annular seal support 60 , an annular stator seal element 62 , and an annular rotor seal element 64 . the stator seal element 62 may be configured as a hydrostatic seal such as a lift - off face seal . the rotor seal element 64 may be configured as a face seal landing . fig4 illustrates the bearing 46 included in the engine assembly 54 of fig2 and 3 . the bearing 46 extends axially between a bearing forward end 66 and a bearing aft end 68 . the bearing 46 includes an annular inner race 70 , an annular outer race 72 , and a plurality of bearing elements 74 ( e . g ., cylinders , cones or balls ). these bearing elements 74 are arranged circumferentially around the axis 22 , and radially between the inner and the outer races 70 and 72 . the inner race 70 extends radially outward to a race outer surface 76 having a radius 78 . the outer race 72 circumscribes the inner race 70 , and extends radially inward to a race inner surface 80 having a radius 82 that is greater than the radius 78 . in the bearing 46 of fig4 , the radiuses 78 and 82 are measured at ( e . g ., on , adjacent or proximate ) the forward end 66 for ease of illustration . one or both of these radiuses 78 and 82 , however , may alternatively be measured at another location along the outer and inner surfaces 76 and 80 . the radius 78 , for example , may be measured at a radial outer most location where the outer surface 76 has the largest radius . in another example , the radius 82 may be measured at a radial inner most location where the inner surface 80 has the smallest radius . an annular gap 84 extends radially between the inner and the outer surfaces 76 and 80 at the forward end 66 . fig5 illustrates the shield 58 included in the engine assembly 54 of fig2 and 3 . the shield 58 extends axially between a shield forward end 86 and a shield aft end 88 . the shield 58 includes a tubular sleeve 90 and an annular disk 92 ( e . g ., an annular flange ). the sleeve 90 extends axially between the forward and the aft ends 86 and 88 , thereby defining an axial sleeve width 94 . the sleeve 90 extends radially from a shield inner surface 96 to the disk 92 , thereby defining a radial sleeve thickness 98 that may be less than the sleeve width 94 . the disk 92 is axially offset from the forward end 86 and / or the aft end 88 . the disk 92 extends axially between opposing surfaces 100 , thereby defining an axial disk width 102 that is less than the sleeve width 94 . the disk 92 extends radially out from the sleeve 90 to a shield outer surface 104 , thereby defining a radial disk thickness 106 . this disk thickness 106 may be greater than the disk width 102 and / or the sleeve thickness 98 . the outer surface 104 has a radius 108 that is greater than the radius 78 ( see fig4 ). this radius 108 , for example , may be substantially equal to the radius 82 as illustrated in fig2 and 3 . alternatively , the radius 108 may be less than or greater than the radius 82 . in addition or alternatively , the radius 108 may be greater than a radius 110 of a radial outer surface 112 of the rotor seal element 64 as illustrated in fig2 . referring to fig2 and 3 , the rotor seal element 64 , the shield 58 and the inner race 70 are mounted on the shaft 44 , 45 . the shield forward end 86 axially engages ( e . g ., contacts ) the rotor seal element 64 . the shield aft end 88 axially engages the inner race 70 . the disk 92 therefore substantially blocks a line of sight ( e . g ., an axial line of sight ) into the gap 84 as well as a line of sight ( e . g ., an axial line of sight ) between the gap 84 and the rotor seal element 64 . the outer race 72 is connected to the stator 48 . the stator seal element 62 is connected to the seal support 60 , and circumscribes the shaft 44 , 45 . the seal support 60 is connected to the stator 48 . the seal support 60 and the stator 48 may form an annular housing 114 . the housing 114 defines an annular chamber 116 into ( e . g ., through ) which the shaft 44 , 45 extends , and in which the seal elements 62 and 64 , the shield 58 and the bearing 46 are arranged . the seal support 60 biases the stator seal element 62 towards a seal surface 118 of the rotor seal element 64 that faces axially away from the bearing 46 . the stator seal element 62 therefore axially engages and fauns a seal with the rotor seal element 64 . alternatively , as illustrated in fig6 , the seal surface 118 may face radially away from the inner race 70 and / or the bearing 46 . the stator seal element 62 therefore may radially engage and form a seal with the rotor seal element 64 . fig7 illustrates the engine assembly 54 during a mode of engine operation where the seal elements 62 and 64 are exposed to relatively hot gas 120 within a plenum 122 located outside of the housing 114 . a portion of this gas 120 may be directed into passages 124 within the stator seal element 62 to provide a film of air ( e . g ., a buffer ) and reduce wear between the seal elements 62 and 64 . heat energy may be transferred from the gas 120 into the rotor seal element 64 . concurrently , the bearing 46 may receive relatively cool lubrication fluid ( e . g ., oil ) to lubricate and / or cool the races 70 and 72 as well as the bearing elements 74 . various methods are known in the art for providing lubrication fluid to a bearing and therefore will not be discussed in further detail . a first portion 126 of the lubrication fluid may travel out of the bearing 46 in an axially aft and radially outward direction . a second portion 128 of the lubrication fluid may travel out of the gap 84 in an axially forward and radially outward direction . the disk 92 may substantially prevent some or all of the second portion 128 of the lubrication fluid from traveling towards ( e . g ., directly axially to ) the rotor seal element 64 . the disk 92 therefore may significantly reduce the quantity of lubrication fluid that would otherwise contact and transfer heat energy out of the rotor seal element 64 . the rotor seal element 64 therefore may be subject to a relatively uniform temperature gradient , which may reduce coning of the rotor seal element 64 . fig8 illustrates an alternate embodiment turbine engine assembly 130 for the engine 20 of fig1 . in contrast to the engine assembly 54 of fig2 and 3 , the engine assembly 130 includes one or more spacers 132 and 134 ( e . g ., tubular sleeves ) and an alternate embodiment shield 136 . the first spacer 132 is mounted on the shaft 44 , 45 axially between the rotor seal element 64 and the shield 136 . the second spacer 134 is mounted on the shaft 44 , 45 axially between the shield 136 and the inner race 70 . in contrast to the shield 58 of fig2 and 3 , the shield 136 includes a disk 138 that extends radially between the shield inner surface 96 and the shield outer surface 104 . the surface 100 engages the first spacer 132 , and the second surface 100 ′ engages the second spacer 134 . fig9 illustrates another alternate embodiment turbine engine assembly 140 for the engine 20 of fig1 . in contrast to the engine assembly of fig2 and 3 , the engine assembly 140 includes a spacer 142 ( e . g ., a tubular sleeve ) and an alternate embodiment shield 144 ( e . g ., a stator shield ). the spacer 142 is mounted on the shaft 44 , 45 , and axially engages the rotor seal element 64 and the inner race 70 . in contrast to the shield 58 of fig2 and 3 , the shield 144 includes a base 146 that circumscribes an annular disk 148 ( e . g ., an annular flange ), which may include one or more apertures 149 ( e . g ., drainage apertures ) that extend axially through the disk 148 . the base 146 is connected to the stator 48 . the disk 148 extends axially between opposing surfaces 150 , thereby defining an axial disk width . the disk 148 extends radially inward from the base 146 to a shield inner surface 154 , thereby defining a radial disk thickness that may be greater than the disk width . the inner surface 154 has a radius 158 that is less than the radius 82 ( see fig4 ) of the inner surface 80 . this radius 158 , for example , may be substantially equal to the radius 78 of the outer surface 76 as illustrated in fig9 . alternatively , the radius 158 may be less than or greater than the radius 78 . the terms “ forward ”, “ aft ”, “ inner ” and “ outer ” are used to orientate the components of the engine assemblies 54 , 130 and 140 described above relative to the turbine engine 20 and its axis 22 . a person of skill in the art will recognize , however , one or more of these components such as the shields 58 , 136 and 144 may be utilized in other orientations than those described above . the shield 58 , 136 or 144 , for example , may be arranged axially downstream of the inner race 70 . the present invention therefore is not limited to any particular engine assembly or shield spatial orientations . one or more of the foregoing engine assemblies and / or their components may have various configurations other than those illustrated in the drawings and described above . for example , a control gap may be defined between the stator seal element 62 and the rotor seal element 64 . the stator seal element 62 may be configured as a ring seal element . one of the elements 62 , 64 may include one or more knife edge seals that radially and / or axially engage an ( e . g ., abradable ) portion of the other one of the elements 64 , 62 . the shield may also or alternatively be utilized to prevent lubrication fluid from directly contacting other components other than the rotor seal element . the shield may also or alternatively be configured , for example , to prevent lubrication oil from directly contacting temperature sensitive equipment such as telemetric electronics that may be housed within the chamber . the present invention therefore is not limited to any particular engine assembly or assembly component configurations . a person of skill in the art will recognize the foregoing engine assemblies may be included in various turbine engines other than the one described above . a person of skill in the art will also recognize the engine assemblies may be included in various types of rotational equipment other than a turbine engine . the present invention therefore is not limited to any particular types or configurations of rotational equipment . while various embodiments of the present invention have been disclosed , it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many more embodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of the invention . for example , the present invention as described herein includes several aspects and embodiments that include particular features . although these features may be described individually , it is within the scope of the present invention that some or all of these features may be combined within any one of the aspects and remain within the scope of the invention . accordingly , the present invention is not to be restricted except in light of the attached claims and their equivalents . | 5 |
a few embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the following examples relating to the manufacture of bafe 18 o 27 . an important aspect in the preparation in a permanent magnet ( which comprises ferrous - w - ferrite as the predominant phase is that the product to be sintered which as a result of the fe added in order to achieve a sintered product having a high density has a reducing power corresponding to too high an fe 2 + content ,) is given a ferrous content which is matched to the stoichiometric ferrous content of the overall mixture by oxidation of the unsintered ( or incomplete sintered ) product , and that the product is sintered to its final density without any substantial oxygen exchange with the gas atmosphere and without the gas atmosphere being adapted . the oxidation may be carried out at various temperatures and oxygen pressures . as the temperature and as the partial oxygen pressure are increased , the oxidation rate increases considerably so that the oxidation time can be varied considerably . for example , the fe 2 + content of a material having 8 . 3 % by weight of fe 2 + could be oxidized , by heating in air at 90 ° c . for 240 hours , to 7 . 10 % by weight of fe 2 + . alternatively the fe 2 + content of a material also having 8 . 3 % by weight of fe 2 + could be oxidized to 7 . 21 % by weight of fe 2 + by heating in air at 140 ° c . for 5 hours . a practical upper limit for the temperature of the oxidation step is approximately 1150 ° c . because above this temperature the material rapidly sinters to a dense product . a mixture of baco 3 and fe 2 o 3 was prepared . the mixture had a molar ratio of 1baco 3 : 9fe 2 o 3 and was then ground in a ball mill in ethanol for 8 hours . ( the capacity of the mill was 1000 cm 3 , and it used grinding balls having diameters of 1 . 2 , 2 . 0 and 2 . 5 cm .) the ground product was heated to a temperature of 1400 ° c . ( the heating rate is not critical ), was prefired in a nitrogen / oxygen atmosphere containing 2 % oxygen by volume at this temperature for 16 hours , and was then quenched in approximately 1 second by pouring it into water . the resulting bafe 18 o 27 ferrite powder contained 7 . 21 % by weight of fe 2 + and thus had a composition in the existence range of the ferrous - w - ferrite phase . next , 0 . 5 % by weight of sio 2 was added to this ferrite powder so as to inhibit grain growth during sintering . also 1 . 8 % by weight of bafe 2 o 4 was added to compensate for barium loss as a result of barium silicate formation . first the mixture was ground in the above - described ball mill for 4 hours . it was then ground in water in a vibratory mill for 4 hours . ( the mill capacity was 3000 cm 3 , and it used balls of 0 . 3 cm diameter .) the ground material was then dried at room temperature . after the addition of 0 . 4 % by weight of iron to the powder , the reducing power corresponded to a ferrous iron content f of 8 . 4 % by weight . this powder was oxidized by heating it in air for 60 hours at a temperature of 115 ° c . the ferrous iron content of the oxidized powder was 6 . 82 % by weight . the powder was then disagglomerated by grinding it for 2 hours in an agate mill in acetone . a pellet ( 1 . 0 × 1 . 2 × 1 . 6 cm 3 ) was compressed from the slurry in a field of 640 ka / m and the pellet was compacted at a pressure of 500 bar in a direction perpendicular to the magnetic field . the pellet was sintered in a gas atmosphere of 99 . 9 % by volume of n 2 + 0 . 1 % by volume of o 2 by heating to 1220 ° c . in 10 to 15 minutes , firing for 2 hours at 1220 ° c ., and cooling in 10 to 15 minutes . the properties of this pellet were then measured : 6 . 91 % by weight of fe 2 + , density 4 . 86 g / cm 3 ( 91 . 6 % of the rontgen density ), τ s = 7 . 85 mt cm 3 g - 1 ; b r = 447 mt ; h c = 136 ka / m ; bh m = 33 . 6 ×× 10 3 j / m 3 ( the hysteresis loop was measured in a cube in a direction parallel to the easy axis of magnetization and sheared according to the demagnetization factor 4π / 3 of a sphere . this known method may give a small error ( up to 4 %) in bh m , a considerable error ( up to 10 %) in h c . the error in b r is negligible . in the manner described in example 1 , a prefired powder with substantially the same composition was prepared starting from baco 3 and fe 2 o 3 . 1 . 8 % by weight of bafe 2 o 4 and 0 . 5 % by weight of sio 2 were added to this powder and this mixture was subjected to the same grinding treatments and provided with the same iron addition as the mixture of example 1 . this time , however , the subsequent thermal treatment was carried out differently . the pellet was heated to 1150 ° c . in 1 . 4 hours in an oxygen - containing nitrogen atmosphere having a partial oxygen pressure of 2 × 10 - 6 bar . the partial oxygen pressure was then raised to 2 × 10 - 3 bar . after heating for 30 minutes at 1150 ° c . at this oxygen pressure , the reducing power was determined to correspond to a ferrous iron content f of 6 . 9 % by weight . the temperature was then raised to 1220 ° c . in approximately 10 minutes , the oxygen pressure brought to 5 × 10 - 3 bar and the material was densely sintered at 1220 ° c . and an oxygen pressure of 5 × 10 - 3 bar . after cooling to room temperature in approximately 15 minutes , the following properties were determined for this composition : 6 . 90 % by weight of fe 2 + , density 5 . 5 ( 95 % of the rontgen density ), τ s = 7 . 93 mt cm 3 g - 1 ; b r = 477 mt ; h c = 127 ka / m , bh m = 34 . 4 × 10 3 j / m 3 . in particular due to their high remanence b r , the magnets obtained in example 1 and 2 are very suitable for use in loudspeaker systems . when the same procedure and the same low sintering temperatures as described in examples 1 and 2 was used , except that the powder to be sintered did not contain added iron , then the density of the sintered body was found to remain below 85 % of the rontgen density . in addition to the density , the grain size of the final product is also important , notably for the coercivity . the following table shows the dependence of the density ( as a percentage of the rontgen density ), the grain size and the coercive force h c on the sintering temperature . table______________________________________ sinteringsample temperature p . sub . 02 grain size d h . sub . cno . (° c .) ( bar ) ( h . sub . m ) (%) ka / m______________________________________a 1140 0 . 95 × 10 . sup .- 3 1 - 3 87 . 4 1353 1160 1 . 24 × 10 . sup .- 3 1 - 3 91 . 0 1704 1180 1 . 8 × 10 . sup .- 3 2 - 5 91 . 0 1605 1220 3 × 10 . sup .- 3 2 - 8 94 . 5 1506 1250 5 × 10 . sup .- 3 3 - 8 94 . 9 135b 1280 9 × 10 . sup .- 3 3 - 12 92 . 3 110______________________________________ the sintering experiments shown in the above table were performed with pellets obtained in the manner described in example 1 , except that compression took place in a magnetic field of 318 ka / m which was parallel to the direction of compression . from the table it appears that sintering in the temperature range from 1160 ° to 1250 ° c . leads to good properties . ( the optimum sintering range proves to be between 1200 ° and 1220 ° c .). in order to ensure that no substantial oxygen exchange between the pellet and the atmosphere takes place during sintering , a partial oxygen pressure in the range from 1 × 10 - 3 bar to 1 × 10 - 2 bar should be used . a partial pressure of approximately 1 . 25 × 10 - 3 bar was used at a sintering temperature of 1160 ° c . ( sample no . 3 ) which was raised gradually to approximately 5 × 10 - 3 bar at a sintering temperature of 1250 ° c . ( sample no . 6 ). the reducing power of the powders used was determined by means of the cerous - ceric method . there exist several possibilities for adjusting the required partial oxygen pressures as a function of the temperature . for example , the required quantities of oxygen can be mixed with an inert gas . nitrogen is a suitable inert gas in many cases . in many cases , in particular at small partial oxygen pressures , carbon dioxide may also be mixed . | 8 |
corresponding parts are labeled with the same reference signs in all the figures . fig1 to 3 shows a transport housing or protective enclosure 1 having two housing halves 2 , 3 preferably made of plastic . referred to the coordinate system shown , said halves can be locked together in the locking or displacement direction running in the x - direction by inserting one housing half 2 into the other housing half 3 . the transport housing 1 shown serves to accommodate a flat module 4 shown in fig4 . the flat module 4 comprises a printed wiring board 5 and a dip switch 6 as well as a connecting lead or connecting cable 7 . in the schematic according to fig4 the dip switch 6 is mounted on the underside 5 a of the printed wiring board 5 using smd technology , for example . the connecting lead 7 is electrically contacted by means of its conductor wires 8 on the opposite topside 5 a in a manner not shown in further detail to conductor tracks of the printed wiring board 5 . the flat module 4 can initially be inserted into the first housing half 2 which is then subsequently locked with the second housing half 3 . the first housing half 2 of the transport housing 1 comprises two housing narrow sides 2 a , 2 b disposed opposite each other and a housing rear side 2 c , also referred to in the following as a housing rear wall , as well as a housing topside 2 d and a housing underside 2 e . similarly , the second housing half 3 has two housing narrow sides 3 a , 3 b disposed opposite each other and a housing rear side 3 c , also referred to in the following as a housing rear wall , as well as a housing topside 3 d and a housing underside 3 e . on the inside of the housing , molded onto the housing rear wall 3 d of the housing half 3 are positioning or retaining studs 9 for fixing the flat module 4 in position . similarly , locating or positioning studs ( not visible ) are molded on the inside of the housing onto the housing rear wall 2 c of the first housing half 2 . by means of said positioning studs 9 disposed in pairs opposite one another , the flat module 4 is secured and its position fixed inside the transport housing 1 by way of a three - or four - point mounting . for that purpose the flat module 4 is first introduced for example into the first housing half 2 which is then locked by means of the second housing half 3 while the flat module 4 is introduced between the positioning studs 9 . the transport housing 1 is locked by inserting the two housing halves 2 , 3 one inside the other . for that purpose the housing half 2 has an insertion or introduction section 10 whose outer circumferential dimension is matched to the inner circumferential dimension of the housing half 3 . the two housing halves 2 , 3 are locked in two succeeding locking positions in the locking or insertion direction x . in this case , in the first locking position indicated in fig2 , the transport housing 1 is still not locked completely . in this first locking position an operating opening 11 provided in the second housing half 3 on its housing underside 3 e remains open in the manner of an operating window . the dip switch 6 of the flat module 4 can be accessed via said operating window 11 that is not yet closed in the first locking position according to fig2 . this enables the dip switch 6 to be set for individual device coding via its slide keys or setting elements 12 in order , for example , to produce defined connections or links between conductor tracks of the printed wiring board 5 . subsequent to a completed operation or actuation of the dip switch 6 , the transport housing 1 is completely closed by moving the two housing halves 2 , 3 into the second locking position shown in fig3 . as can be seen from fig3 and 5 , even in this second locking position of the two housing halves 2 , 3 , a pass - through opening 13 provided on the housing topside 2 d of the housing half 2 remains unclosed in order to allow the connecting lead or connecting cable 7 of the flat module 4 to be brought out . in order to produce the two locking positions of the transport housing 1 , molded elements corresponding to one another are provided on the two housing halves 2 , 3 for the purpose of establishing a molded or latching lock . for that purpose two latching hooks 14 , 15 are provided on the mutually opposing narrow sides 2 a , 2 b of the housing half 2 in the region of its insertion section 10 . like the non - visible latching hooks on the opposite housing narrow side 2 b , the two latching hooks 14 , 15 are disposed one behind the other in a staggered configuration in the locking or displacement direction x and at the same time are arranged offset with respect to each other in the x - direction as well as in the transverse direction z running at right angles hereto . the latching hooks 14 , 15 are molded on the outside onto the housing narrow sides 2 a of the housing half 2 and each have a insertion or leading bevel 14 a , 15 a and a latching edge 14 b and 15 b respectively . by means of said latching edge 14 b , 15 b the latching hooks 14 , 15 engage at the rear with corresponding latching recesses 16 and 17 which in each case are provided on the inside or inside wall on the same housing narrow side 3 a , 3 b of the housing half 3 . the latching recesses 16 , 17 likewise extend in the displacement direction x . in the first locking direction of the transport housing 1 shown in fig2 , the front ( lower ) latching hooks 14 in the locking direction x are engaged in the corresponding latching recess 16 in each case . in said first locking or latching position , in which the operating window 11 is still open to allow individual coding of the dip switch 6 , the rear latching hooks 15 in the locking direction x are not yet engaged with their corresponding latching recesses 17 . said molded elements 15 , 17 are also latched into place in order to establish the second latching position and hence the second locking position ( fig3 ). in said position of the two housing halves 2 , 3 relative to each other , in which the transport housing 1 is completely closed except for the pass - through opening 13 being left exposed for the purpose of bringing out the connecting lead 7 of the flat module 4 , the operating window 11 is also closed . in said completely closed locking position , in which the molded elements 15 , 17 are locked together , the housing rear wall 3 c serves as an insertion stop for the housing half 2 inserted into the housing half 3 via the insertion section 10 . each housing half 2 , 3 has a snap - fit element 18 . the snap - fit elements 18 serve for fixing the transport housing 1 in a clamp - type manner to a higher - order connecting cable 20 of a cable harness or a distribution network 21 . also assigned to the latter via a plug - in contact or a contact housing 22 is the connecting lead 7 of the flat module 4 disposed in the transport housing 1 . the snap - fit elements 18 are in each case formed by means of two mutually opposing latching hooks 18 a , 18 b which delimit an insertion eye 23 for receiving the connecting cable 20 . each snap - fit element 18 or each of the latching hooks 18 a , 18 b is assigned a stop element 24 acting as a stroke limiter . the respective stop element 24 stands up dome - like in the z - direction from the housing topside 2 d , 3 d of the respective housing half 2 or 3 and is arranged on the hook rear side 19 of the respective snap - fit element 18 or latching hook 18 a , 18 b facing away from the insertion eye 23 . both the snap - fit elements 18 and the stop elements 24 are in turn molded preferably as a single piece onto the respective housing half 2 and 3 . in an advantageous embodiment the stop elements 24 are embodied as l - shaped , with the comparatively short l leg 24 a fitting in a practically gap - free manner against the hook rear side 19 of the respective latching hook 18 a , 18 b . in contrast , the comparatively long l leg 24 b of the stop element 24 is spaced apart from the corresponding hook rear side 19 . the corresponding clearance therefore defines the bending stroke b possible for the corresponding latching hook 18 a , 18 b and hence for the respective snap - fit element 18 in the bending direction y , which bending stroke b is dimensioned or rated accordingly with regard to a destruction - proof bending stress of the respective latching hook 18 a , 18 b . | 7 |
fig1 illustrates electromagnetic waves 4 and 5 incident on reflective substrate 2 . reflected waves interfere with incident waves , and this interference causes a standing wave to result , characterized by a series of nodes ( points of zero field strength ) 6 and series of loops ( points of maximum field strength ) 8 . the nodes of the series of nodes 6 are spaced from one another by one - half of the wavelength of incident radiation 4 . the loops of the series of loops 8 are spaced from one another by one - half of the wavelength of incident radiation 4 . a node of the series of nodes 6 is spaced from a corresponding loop of the series of loops 8 by one - quarter of the wavelength of incident radiation 4 . the same descriptions apply to wave 5 which has a different wavelength than wave 4 , and to the nodes 7 and loops 9 . fig2 is a circuit employing a first embodiment of the photocathode . the photocathode is comprised of reflective surface 2 and dielectric layer 16 . reflective surface 2 is charged negatively with respect to anode 10 by power source 12 . incident electromagnetic radiation 4 on the photocathode releases electrons e - from the surface thereof by the photoelectric effect . the electrons e - are attracted to the positive charge of anode 10 thus producing a current in response to incident radiation 4 . dielectric layer 16 on reflective substrate 2 is of such a thickness that the optical distance of dielectric layer 16 at a first wavelength , for example 1216 å , is an integral multiple of one - half of that wavelength , and that the effective thickness at a second wavelength , for example 834 å , is an odd multiple of one - quarter of the second wavelength . thus , at the first wavelength , the standing wave will have a node at the top surface of dielectric layer 16 , while at the second wavelength , it will have a loop at the top surface of dielectric layer 16 . this means that the electromagnetic field strength for radiation at the second wavelength will be high in the vicinity of surface 5 of dielectric 16 , where the field will cause emission of a considerable photocurrent . conversely , the field strength for radiation at the first wavelength will be relatively low at surface 5 , and relatively high in the interior of dielectric 16 . thus most of the photoelectrons created by radiation at the first wavelength occur in the interior of dielectric 16 , where they are trapped and cannot contribute to photocurrent . because of this , the device of fig2 is far more sensitive to radiation of the second wavelength than to radiation of the first wavelength . fig5 illustrates how one can select the thickness of dielectric 16 . fig5 is a plot of reflectance at 834 å and 1216 å wavelengths , of an unoxidized aluminum reflector with a dielectric layer of mgf 2 , as a function of dielectric thickness . the curves in fig5 were calculated from first principles . as fig5 shows , in the vicinity of 220 å thickness of means for mgf 2 the reflectance of 1216 å radiation is high , and that of 834 å low . the same is true at about 580 å thickness , and the reverse is true at about 420 å thickness . as is commonly known , a field loop corresponds to low reflectance , and a node to high reflectance . it will be appreciated that a thickness of mgf 2 may be selected using fig5 to maximize reflectance of radiation at a 1216 å wavelength and also minimize reflectance ( i . e . maximize photoelectric yield ) of radiation at a 834 å wavelength by simply identifying at what thickness a reflectance maximum for 1216 å coincides with a reflectance minimum for 834 å radiation . examples are 240 å and 580 å thicknesses of mgf 2 . because layer 16 is dielectric , only a limited number of electrons can be emitted from surface 5 before layer 16 charges , and photoemission stops . for this reason , it is advantageous to put a layer of conductive material at surface 5 . fig3 shows a device like that of fig2 but with an additional layer 20 of electrically conductive material . valence electrons in conductors are both plentiful and weakly bound . thus placing layer 20 at surface 5 , where the field strength of the desired wavelength is high , increases photoelectric yield , and hence increases device sensitivity yet further . in the example using mgf 2 , photoemission will be enhanced at a wavelength of 834 å because the majority of photoelectrons are released close to surface 5 , 20 , but reduced at a wavelength of 1216 å because the release of photoelectrons occurs in the interior of layer 16 , further from the surface 5 , 20 . in operation , radiation incident on the photocathode penetrates absorption layer 20 and spacer ( dielectric ) layer 16 and is reflected by reflective substrate 2 so as to form a standing wave . the thickness of spacer layer 16 and absorption layer 20 are designed so that radiation of a first wavelength will cause a standing wave having a node in absorption layer 20 while radiation of a second wavelength will form a standing wave having a loop at absorption layer 20 . electrons released interior to dielectric 16 , distant from layer 20 , will be released by the photoelectric effect at depths interior to spacer layer 16 and will not migrate to anode 10 . on the other hand , electrons released because of the high field strength of the standing wave formed by incident radiation of the second wavelength at layer 20 will readily be released by the photoelectric effect in absorption layer 20 , will migrate to the surface , and will be attracted to the positive charge on anode 10 provided by power source 12 . the electrons so released will form a current which may be sensed in the circuit comprising anode 10 , power source 12 , absorption layer 20 and the drift space between absorption layer 20 and anode 10 . the choice of metal for layer 20 is critical . as an example , calculations have shown that an overcoat of heavy metal , such as tungsten , affects the properties of members 2 and 16 such that reflectance maxima and minima for radiation of 1216 å and 834 å no longer coincide . however , calculations have shown that favorable coincidence occurs with lighter metals such as nickel or oxidized aluminum for coating thicknesses of 25 - 75 å . fig6 a and 6b illustrate this . the lines on fig6 a and b represent combinations of mgf 2 thickness , and ni thickness , that produce constant reflectance . the large numbers superimposed on particular lines indicate reflectance ( in percent ) to which the lines correspond . the letters h and l indicate maxima and minima ( h -- high , for a maximum , l -- low , for a minimum ), and the small numbers indicate reflectance ( in percent ) corresponding to the maxima and minima . fig6 a shows contour plots of the calculated normal - incidence percentage reflectance for radiation having a wavelength of 834 å , for an interference photocathode coating composed of varying thicknesses of mgf 2 and nickel deposited onto unoxidized aluminum . fig6 b shows contour plots of the calculated normal - incidence percentage reflectance of radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å of an interference photocathode coating composed of varying thicknesses of mgf 2 and nickel deposited onto unoxidized aluminum . an optimal mgf 2 spacer thickness can be determined from fig6 a and 6b . for instance , a mgf 2 thickness of 225 å will produce a first order relative maximum reflectance of radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å and a relative minimum reflectance for radiation having a wavelength of 834 å . a second order optimum design has a mgf 2 thickness of 580 å . it will be appreciated that different contour plots may be produced corresponding to different spacer and nodal materials , and analyzed similarly , within the scope of the invention . fig7 shows the calculated reflectance of an interference photocathode comprised of a 580 å thick mgf 2 layer and a 40 å thick nickel layer ( solid lines ), and that of nickel alone ( dashed line ). as can be seen in fig7 the reflectance of the interference photocathode is maximized for radiation having a wavelength of about 1216 å and minimized for radiation having a wavelength of search 834 å . the reflectance of the interference photocathode for radiation having a wavelength of 834 å is 1 %, which is appreciably smaller than the reflectance of opaque nickel to radiation having the same wavelength thus indicating an appreciably greater photoelectric yield . in the case of the interference photocathode , the photoelectrons are created at the surface layer and the photoelectric yield of the interference coating is expected to be higher as compared to the photoelectric yield of opaque nickel wherein the photoelectrons are excited deeper within the metal and cannot escape . however , the reflectance of the interference photocathode to radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å is a factor of 4 times larger than the reflectance of opaque nickel to radiation having the same wavelength . accordingly , the photoelectric yield of the interference photocathode to radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å is expected to be approximately a factor of 4 times smaller than the photoelectric yield of opaque nickel to radiation having the same wavelength . the photoelectric yield of the aluminum - mgf 2 - nickel interference photocathode can be estimated by multiplying the photoelectric yield of opaque nickel by the absorbance of the interference coating and the dividing by the absorbance of the opaque nickel . fig4 is a circuit employing a third embodiment of the interference photocathode . the interference photocathode comprises reflecting substrate 2 , first spacer ( dielectric ) layer 16 , first thin absorption ( conducting ) layer 20 , and one or more second spacer ( dielectric ) layers 22 and second thin absorption ( conducting ) layers 24 intercalated between the reflective substrate 2 and first spacer layer 16 . it will be appreciated that the thickness of first spacer layer 16 and second spacer layers 22 are selected in substantially the same way as a corresponding thickness for spacer layer 16 was selected in the second embodiment shown in fig3 . it will be appreciated that second absorption layers 24 are intercalated in the interference photocathode to provide further enhancement of the standing waves . the interference photocathode is optimized for photoelectric yield to radiation having a wavelength such that , for a first ( undesired ) wavelength , field strength is minimum at both of layer 20 , 24 , and for a second ( desired ) wavelength , field strength is maximum at both layers 20 , 24 . layer 24 permits a large release of electrons responsive to the second ( desired ) wavelength , which reinforces the standing wave of the second wavelength . this offsets attenuation of the second wavelength internal to layer 16 , 22 , and thus permits all the layers to be thicker , and , e . g ., operate at higher power . the selection of thicknesses for layers 16 , 22 can proceed much as was done for the embodiments of fig1 - 2 . layers 16 , 20 , 22 , 24 form , in effect , an optical transmission line having series dielectrics 16 , 22 interleaved with conductors 20 , 24 . typically , one would determine form first principles the electromagnetic field equations within the device , generate curves such as are shown in fig6 for layers 22 , 24 , identify thicknesses of layer 22 which result in attractive coincidences of a reflectance maximum for a desired wavelength and a reflectance minimum for an undesired wavelength , and then , using these coincidences as boundary conditions , repeat the process for layers 16 , 20 . it will be appreciated that other wavelength selective filters may be formed on the interference photocathode in accordance with the teachings of this disclosure . an example is lif , whose mass and optical properties are similar to mgf 2 . metals with atomic numbers near that of ni can be used for photoemission layers . our calculations indicate that an alternative embodiment of the photocathode which would work well is one made of 110 å of mgf 2 dielectric on an unoxidized aluminum substrate , with an 80 å emissive layer atop the mgf 2 . fig8 shows a typical interference photocathode detection system employing the interference photocathode . incident radiation 42 from a distance is received at the detection system of fig8 and transmitted through interference filter 44 comprised of a plurality of dielectric layers 46 , 48 and 50 . for example , an interference filter may be formed comprising layer 46 of mgf 2 and layers 48 , 50 of indium . incident radiation 42 is reflected from interference mirror 52 comprised of a plurality of layers 54 , 56 and 58 and focused into converging beam 60 . for example , interference mirror 52 may be formed comprising reflecting substrate 54 of aluminum , spacer layer 56 of mgf 2 , and layer 58 of silicon . interference mirror 52 and sub - reflecting mirror 62 form an optic system to collimate incident radiation 42 into radiation beam 66 . radiation beam 66 transmits onto an interference photocathode comprised of mirror 2 , dielectric 18 , and conductor 20 . the entire system is enclosed in a vacuum . the detection system of this example further comprises reflector or repeller 30 , microchannel plate intensifier 34 , and position - sensitive detector 36 such as a ccd . power source 12 applies a negative charge to absorption layer 20 relative to the positive charge applied to microchannel plate intensifier 34 , which functions in an equivalent role to the anode 10 of the second embodiment . power source 32 applies a negative charge to repeller 30 relative to absorption layer 20 of the interference photocathode so that electrons yielded from absorption layer 20 as a result of radiation beam 66 on the interference photocathode , will be repelled from 30 and toward microchannel plate intensifier 34 . microchannel plate intensifier 34 functions as a electron multiplier in that electrons yielded from absorption layer 20 enter microchannels in the plate intensifier , where a number of electrons are increased by a multiplication effect . electrons exiting the microchannel plate intensifier impinge on position - sensitive detector 36 . in operation , interference filter 44 selectively enhances radiation at a desired wavelength of 834 å may be so enhanced . radiation transmitted through interference filter 44 reflects from interference mirror 52 . interference mirror 52 selectively enhances radiation at a desired wavelength relative to other wavelengths . finally , radiation beam 66 impinges on an interference photocathode which selectively enhances radiation at a desired wavelength and selectively reduces undesired radiation at a different wavelength . fig9 shows calculations indicating the performance of an interference photocathode in a detection system like that of fig8 . for the calculations of fig9 mirror 52 is constituted by a 580 å layer 18 of mgf 2 on an aluminum substrate 2 , with 40 å of nickel 20 atop the mgf 2 . the dot - dashed curve is the product ; of mirror 52 &# 39 ; s reflectance , filter 44 &# 39 ; s transmittance , and the photoelectric yield of a simple tungsten photocathode . on the other hand , the solid curve is the product of mirror 52 &# 39 ; s reflectance , the filter transmittance , and the estimated reflectance of the aluminum - mgf 2 - nickel interference photocathode 2 , 18 , 20 . it will be appreciated that the composite photoelectric yield as shown by the solid curve in fig9 shows an appreciable reduction in photoelectric yield to radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å , owing to the interference type photocathode . ( e . g . the ratio of a / b & gt ;& gt ; 1 .) the photoelectric yield of the detector to radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å is a factor 10 4 smaller than the photoelectric yield to radiation having a wavelength of 834 å , which is sufficient for imaging the ionospheric 834 å wavelength emission of singly ionized oxygen in a background of neutral hydrogen . the interference photocathode as described herein has advantages over prior art structures including reducing the photoelectric yield to radiation having a wavelength of 1216 å over the photoelectric yield to radiation having a wavelength of 834 å by a factor of 4 or more when compared to a bare metal cathode . these and other advantages will be appreciated from the disclosure herein . the invention has been described with reference to its preferred embodiments which are intended to be illustrative and not limiting . various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims . | 7 |
turning now to the drawings , more particularly to fig1 - 3 , there is shown a camera case 10 in accordance with the invention . the case 10 includes a camera body holding portion 12 and a lens holding portion 14 . the portions 12 and 14 are releasably fastened together by means of a separable ring fastening assembly 16 . the assembly 16 ( best shown in fig4 ) consists of a first ring 18 fixedly attached to front 20 of the camera body holding portion 12 . a second ring 22 is dimensioned for a friction fit within the first ring 18 . the second ring 22 is fixedly attached to end 24 of the lens holding portion 14 . first ring 18 has a circumferential groove 25 around its inner surface 26 . second ring 22 also has a circumferential groove 28 around its outer surface 30 . an o - ring 32 is mounted on the second ring 22 in the groove 28 . when the rings 18 and 22 are together , the o - ring 32 also fits into the groove 25 . in use , the camera holding portion 12 and the lens holding portion of the case 10 are easily separated by applying a force normal to the front 20 , without rotation of either ring 18 or 22 . rings 18 and 22 are free to rotate with respect to one another , due to the presence of o - ring 32 , when the rings are together . such rotation allows lens 34 within the lens holding portion 12 to be focused without removing it from the lens holding portion . the camera holding portion 12 of the case 10 is formed from two layers 36 and 38 of waterproof cordura nylon fabric on either side of a cushioning layer 40 . front 20 of the camera body holding portion 12 has a reinforcing layer 42 of canvas stitched over the nylon layers 36 and 38 . a zipper 44 extends around three sides 46 , 48 and 50 of the portion 12 to allow access to the interior of the portion 12 . inside the portion 12 , loops 52 sewn into the portion 12 and fasteners 54 attach to rings 56 on camera body 58 to hold the camera body 58 securely within the portion 12 . the lens holding portion 14 of the case 10 is formed from waterproof cordura nylon fabric sections 60 and 62 and a middle section 63 of stiffer canvas . there is also a cushioning strip 65 formed from foamed resilient polypropylene or other suitable plastic material , coextensive with the middle section 63 , on the interior of the portion 14 . an adjustable strap 64 is attached to the middle section 63 of the portion 14 , in order to allow the portion 14 to be adjusted for different diameter lenses . it is important that the fabric section 62 be flexible , so that the rest of the lens holding portion 14 can be moved toward and away from the front 20 of the camera body holding portion during use of zoom lens 34 . the lens holding portion 14 has a rigid ring 66 attached to its front end 68 , to receive a removable cap 70 . the cap 70 is attached to the strap 64 by means of line 72 and ring 74 . straps 76 and 78 are used to attach the case 10 to a user &# 39 ; s body . in use of the camera 80 , back 82 of the camera body holding portion is opened with zipper 44 to allow access to the camera 80 . cap 70 is removed from the lens holding portion 14 , and lens cap 84 , also attached to lens 34 by line 86 , is also removed . lens holding portion 14 is rotated by turning second ring 22 relative to first ring 18 as necessary to focus lens 34 . sections 60 and 63 of the lens holding portion 14 are also moved closer or further from front 20 of the camera body holding portion 12 as necessary to zoom the lens 34 . should it be necessary to observe markings on the lens 34 , the rings 18 and 22 can be temporarily separated and the section 62 pushed forward for this purpose . in this manner of operation , camera 80 and lens 34 need never be removed from the case 10 during operation , and they therefore remain secure at all times against dropping and against damage from moisture during inclement weather . it should now be readily apparent to those skilled in the art that a novel camera and lens case capable of achieving the stated objects of the invention has been provided . the camera case of this invention allows both the camera and lens to be adjusted and used without requiring that either be removed from the case . the camera and lens are therefore protected during use while executing a technical climb or other strenous activity and during inclement weather . it should be further apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details of the invention as shown and described may be made . it is intended that such changes be included within the spirit and scope of the claims appended hereto . | 0 |
referring to fig2 and 3 , the illustrated pump comprises a pump body 10 composed of a pump rotor housing 14 , a gear housing 18 and two end caps 22 , 26 . the end cap 22 is formed with two recesses that accommodate respective ball bearings 27 , 28 and the gear housing 18 is similarly formed with two recesses that accommodate respective ball bearings 29 , 30 . the outer races of the ball bearings are press fitted in the respective recesses . first and second rotor drive shafts 31 , 34 are press fitted in the inner races of the bearings and extend parallel to one another through the interior space of the pump rotor housing 14 . the interior space of the pump rotor housing is composed of two generally cylindrical cavities 36 , 37 that intersect in a region x ( fig3 ). two seals ( only one of which , designated 35 , is shown in fig5 ) surround the periphery of the interior space and are in sealing engagement with the end cap 22 and the gear housing 18 respectively . a work rotor 38 and a sealing rotor 42 are mounted on the shafts 30 , 34 respectively and are keyed for rotation with the shafts . the rotors are located in the cavities 36 , 37 respectively . the gear housing 18 is formed on the opposite side from the bearing recesses with a gear recess 46 ( fig4 ) into which the two shafts 31 , 34 extend . two spur gears 50 , 54 of equal size are fitted on the shafts 31 , 34 respectively and are located in the gear recess 46 . the two spur gears are in meshing engagement . each gear includes a cylindrical boss that projects into a recess 56 in the end cap 26 . an electric motor ( not shown ) having a drive shaft 58 is attached to the end cap 26 . a drive pinion 62 is attached to the drive shaft of the motor and is in meshing engagement with the spur gear 50 . accordingly , when the motor drives the pinion 62 , the two spur gears 50 , 54 are driven at equal speeds in opposite directions . the work rotor 38 is generally cylindrical and has two diametrically opposed vanes 66 , 68 extending parallel to the central axis of the work rotor and projecting radially therefrom . when the work rotor rotates within the cavity 36 of the interior space , a small clearance exists between the tip of the vanes and the surface bounding the cavity 36 . thus , as the work rotor rotates , the work rotor and the pump rotor housing are in an effective sealing relationship . the cylindrical surface of the lower cavity extends at least 180 degrees about the central axis of the work rotor so that there is always at least one vane between the inlet passage and the outlet passage . the pump rotor housing 14 is formed with an inlet passage 69 and an outlet passage 70 that communicate with the cavity 36 . the upper end of each passage is internally threaded to receive a suitable hose attachment fitting . the sealing rotor 42 is generally cylindrical and is formed with two peripheral notches 73 , 74 that extend longitudinally of the rotor parallel to the axis of rotation of the rotor . it will be appreciated from examination of fig3 that the configuration of the work rotor 38 corresponds to a spur gear in which all the teeth but two have been removed and the configuration of the sealing rotor 42 corresponds to a spur gear in which all the spaces but two between the teeth have been filled . the radius of curvature of the upper cavity 37 in the regions y is slightly greater than the radius of the cylindrical surface of the sealing rotor . the peripheral surface of the upper cavity in each of the regions y subtends an angle at least as great as the angle subtended by the peripheral notches 73 , 74 , so that during rotation of the sealing rotor the external surface of the sealing rotor remains in effective sealing relationship with the pump rotor housing with respect to flow of gas around the sealing rotor . the radius of curvature of the cavity 37 between the regions y is somewhat greater than in the regions y , which facilitates manufacture of the pump rotor housing because the tolerance on the dimensions of the peripheral surface of the upper cavity between the regions y may then be greater than in the regions y . as shown in fig3 , the vane 66 of the work rotor is positioned in the notch 73 of the sealing rotor . this position is referred to as the 12 o ′ clock position , having regard to the angular position of the vane 66 . as the work rotor rotates in the clockwise direction ( and the sealing rotor rotates in the counter clockwise direction ), the trailing flank of the vane 66 rolls over the flank of the notch 73 and ultimately disengages from the notch . as the rotors continue to rotate , a very narrow clearance is defined between the cylindrical surface of the work rotor and the cylindrical surface of the sealing rotor . when the work rotor has rotated through almost 180 °, the vane 68 rolls into the notch 74 and the cooperation between the surface of the vane and the surface of the notch maintains a narrow clearance between the work rotor and the sealing rotor . at all angular positions of the work rotor 38 , there is a very narrow clearance between the work rotor and the sealing rotor 42 . the narrow clearance provides an effective sealing relationship between the work rotor and the sealing rotor . the seal between the work rotor and the sealing rotor is referred to herein as the rotor seal . the notches in the sealing rotor accommodate the vanes when the work rotor rotates without destroying the rotor seal . depending on the angular position of the work rotor 38 , the sealing rotor 42 and the two vanes 66 , 68 define two or three chambers within the cavity 36 . at the position shown in fig3 , there is an inlet chamber 71 and an outlet chamber 72 . the inlet passage 69 opens into the inlet chamber 71 and the outlet passage 70 opens from the outlet chamber 72 . referring again to fig3 , as the work rotor rotates from the 12 o ′ clock position to about 2 o &# 39 ; clock , the vane 66 reaches and passes the upper edge of the inlet passage . the inlet chamber 71 is defined between the vane 68 and the rotor seal . thus , as the rotor rotates the volume of the inlet chamber 71 increases and tends to cause a reduction in pressure in the inlet chamber thereby inducing a flow of gas into the inlet chamber from the inlet passage 69 . when the vane 66 reaches the lower edge of the inlet passage , the inlet chamber 71 that was bounded by the trailing flank of the vane 68 becomes a transfer chamber and a new inlet chamber 73 is created between the rotor seal and the trailing flank of the vane 66 . the transfer chamber 71 between the leading flank of the vane 66 and the trailing flank of the vane 68 is isolated from the inlet passage . a quantity of gas is trapped in the transfer chamber , except for minor leakage between the tips of the vanes and the peripheral surface of the lower cavity 36 . advancing movement of the vane 66 pushes the trapped gas in the clockwise direction about the central axis of the working rotor . as the work rotor continues to rotate , the tip of the vane 68 reaches the lower edge of the outlet passage 70 . the outlet chamber and the transfer chamber are then in communication and a new outlet chamber is thereby created between the leading flank of the vane 66 and the rotor seal . the work rotor continues to rotate and the advancing of the vane 66 decreases the volume of the outlet chamber , tending to increase the pressure in the outlet chamber and expel gas from the outlet chamber through the outlet passage 40 . the rotor seal and the narrow clearance between the peripheral surface of the upper cavity in the region y and the cylindrical surface of the sealing rotor in the region y provides a large resistance to leakage of gas from the outlet chamber . accordingly , most gas is forced to leave the outlet chamber through the outlet passage . the term effective sealing relationship used herein does not require a perfect seal , with the external surfaces of the work rotor and the sealing rotor , for example , continuously in sealing contact . an effective sealing relationship between two members requires that the rate at which fluid can leak between the members should be small relative to the rate at which fluid is delivered from the inlet passage to the outlet passage . in a conventional external gear pump , the gear teeth divide the incoming flow of air into two streams , each of which is chopped by gear teeth into small volumes which are subsequently combined . this manner of operation consumes energy , resulting in heating of the gas . in the case of the pump illustrated in fig1 - 5 , all the gas proceeds from the inlet passage to the outlet passage along the same path and for each revolution of the work rotor , the flow of gas is chopped into only two volumes . in a modification of the pump shown in fig1 - 5 , the external surfaces of the rotors and internal surfaces of the cavities are in contact , thereby improving the rotor seal and the seals between the rotors and the pump rotor housing . in order to minimize friction between surfaces , which would result in heating of the pump components and possible bear of the pump components , the surfaces may be provided with anti - friction coatings . it will be appreciated that the invention is not restricted to the particular embodiment that has been described , and that variations may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims , as interpreted in accordance with principles of prevailing law , including the doctrine of equivalents or any other principle that enlarges the enforceable scope of a claim beyond its literal scope . for example , the invention is not restricted to the sealing rotor having the same number of notches as the number of vanes of the work rotor . with suitable adjustments in timing of rotation of the rotors , the sealing rotor may have only one notch . moreover , the work rotor may have more than two vanes , although it will be appreciated that as the number of vanes increases , the volume of the pump available for pumping fluid will decrease . unless the context indicates otherwise , a reference in a claim to the number of instances of an element , be it a reference to one instance or more than one instance , requires at least the stated number of instances of the element but is not intended to exclude from the scope of the claim a structure or method having more instances of that element than stated . the word “ comprise ” or a derivative thereof , when used in a claim , is used in a nonexclusive sense that is not intended to exclude the presence of other elements or steps in a claimed structure or method . | 5 |
for a method described in the introduction for generating operating software on a control device for a motor vehicle , according to various embodiments , from an external data source , individual operating software for the random use of the control device in question is generated on the control device . according to another embodiment , a control device of the type mentioned in the introduction may have operating software that is generated in an individual way according to the above described method . according to various embodiments , the operating software , in particular real time software , can be created for the target system in question custom - made from an external data source . to this end , the operating software is selected from or composed of an external data source and installed or programmed on the control device . in this process , it is possible to select the software from a data source and only to compile the software components on the control device for a code which can be run , i . e . in particular to compile and link or assemble it out of already linked code parts . however , it is also possible to already compile and link the software on the external data source and to transfer the complete software to the control device . in this way , additional run time and memory of the control device is saved . the operating software is executable program code for real time ( embedded ) systems , in particular control devices ( ecu ), which in each case enables the functions provided for the execution thereof . the operating software is in particular generated in the main memory or in the program memory of the control device . the external data source is a data source which is not provided on the control device itself . in particular the data source , unlike in the prior art , is not the main memory or the program memory of the control device . for the generation of the software , the external data source can be connected to the control device in a suitable manner . in such cases the custom - made , optimized and executable code according to various embodiments can be generated at a point in time that is as late as possible on the control device , for example , at the production line end of the manufacturer of the control device , at the production line end of the automotive manufacturer , in service workshops or even directly by the end customer of the motor vehicle in the field . at the earliest the operating software is generated in accordance with an embodiment after the configuration of the motor vehicle is defined to such an extent that the functions to be fulfilled by means of the control device in question are uniquely defined . the generation of the operating software from an external data source means that expensive resources are saved on the control device , in particular storage space and run time . in particular the wealth of variants of the possible operating software does not need to be stored on the control device . instead the possible variants of the operating software can be made available on the external data source and be selected by it . this reduces the costs of parts . in this process , the control device can optimally be adapted to the special conditions in operation . in this way , for example , specific motor vehicle configurations or a control provided by means of the control device or the evaluation of certain actuators or sensors can be taken into consideration ( asics , sensor interfaces / actuator interfaces , etc .). other configurations determined by the components to be controlled by the control device can also be taken into consideration . likewise , it is possible to reproduce ecu configurations , component configurations , country configurations , regional configurations , or customer - specific configurations with the operating software on the control device . because the program code generated on the control device can be designed for individual components , it is for example possible to compensate for higher manufacturing tolerances of mechanical components by supplying specific software algorithms or to implement individual codings bound to the components to be controlled . it is also possible to take account in the generation of the operating software of the composition of the fuel ( quality , type , etc .) in the tank of the motor vehicle or environmental data such as for example temperatures ( permanent cold or heat ) or the quality of the air . a plurality of application variants can be catered for in the various embodiments with only one control device , so that logistics costs can be saved . the configuration of the control device with the operating software is still possible on exchanging components of the motor vehicle or even at the end customer of the motor vehicle . it is thus conceivable to sell certain software functions as a product for the motor vehicle that can then be installed by the driver himself . in accordance with an embodiment , the operating software can be generated in a component that contains the external data source and subsequently be transferred to the control device . in the case of such a component that contains the external data source , said component can for example be a computer at the production line end ( production line end computer ) of the production line of the control device or the motor vehicle . however , said component can also for example be a component that is controlled by the control device , such as for example a sensor or an actuator . therefore , a test can for example be carried out in a production line end computer to determine which components have been built - in into the motor vehicle and corresponding software can be generated for this configuration in the production line end computer . subsequently , this software can be transferred to the control device . in accordance with a further embodiment , the individual operating software can be assembled from a plurality of software components for which provision has been made on the external data source . in this embodiment , the operating software is thus generated by means of compiling and linking individually assembled software components and subsequent programming on the control device . in this embodiment , a pool of software modules for example in the form of an obj code , libraries , or a c code is made available to the automotive manufacturer or the manufacturer of the control device . the software pool can also be provided component - specifically , i . e . depending on the components that are to be controlled by means of the control device ( for example basic code for the ecu or the code for the control of a special actuator / sensor , etc .). depending on the motor vehicle or the ecu configuration , the control device software is for example generated individually during the manufacturing of the motor vehicle or the control device and subsequently programmed . to this end , the software architecture and the interfaces for the code variants for the control device type in question are standardized . the assembly of the software components ( compiling and linking ) can still take place in the external data source , for example , parallel to the manufacture of control devices or the motor vehicle . subsequently , for example at the production line end in question , the assembled operating software can then be transferred to the control device and be generated in this way on the control device . as a result , resources , in particular run time , are saved on the control device memory . however , it is also conceivable already to carry out the compiling and the linking on the control device itself , i . e . to transfer the software components beforehand from the external data source to the control device . the software components can for example be stored in a memory of a production line end computer or in memories of a component or different components that can be controlled by means of the control device in each case and thus made available in this way . a combination of storing software components in a memory of the production line end computer and in memories of a component that can be controlled by means of the control device is also possible in each case . in accordance with a further embodiment , the individual operating software can be generated from basic software that has been made available on the external data source and at least one item of difference software that has likewise been generated on an external data source for the respective use of the control device . in this procedure general basic software or master software exists which can be combined into a new software code with one individual difference software or a plurality of individual difference software to be selected . in this process , the difference software in question corresponds to the difference between the basic software and the variants of the operating software needed for the use of the control device . in order to generate the operating software , the difference software can for example replace , change , amend , or supplement parts of the basic software . in principle , such a difference data record method is known from wo 2006 / 100232 a1 . in principle , this method can also be used in the various embodiments . however , the method known from wo 2006 / 100232 a1 is only used for the parameterizing ( data record configuration ) and not for generating a complete operating software of the control device . in addition , in the case of the known method , the basic data record and the respective difference data records in question are stored in a memory of the control device . once again this results in a high demand for resources . by contrast , in accordance with according to various embodiments the operating software is generated from an external data source . in this process , the data sources for the basic software and the difference software can be the same data source or different data sources . the master software and the difference software can for example be stored compressed at hex - file level , if required and , depending on the motor vehicle configuration or the ecu configuration , can be assembled into one individual variant software . an advantage of this embodiment may be that the fast and expensive memory of the control device ( for example flash memory ) can be used optimally and the possible variants do not already have to be defined during the development of the control device . instead variants can be taken in account even at a later date by corresponding difference software supplied later without influencing existing variants and master software . in addition there is a large degree of independence regarding the possible interfaces and parameters . in accordance with a further embodiment a plurality of storage areas can be defined on a program memory of the control device and allocated to certain functions , with the storage areas being filled at least partially with software variants that have been made available on the external data source for the generation of the individual operating software . in this embodiment functions of the control device and the related storage areas , in particular regarding their address and size , are thus defined statically in the program memory of the control device and if necessary linked . to generate the operating software , for example at the production line end , in the workshop or in the field , these areas are filled with the function variants for the function in question . after the completed programming of the operating software , the desired function variants are contained in the program memory . in this case , the associated ram occupation takes place dynamically . this embodiment may have the advantage that even “ foreign software ”, which is not made available by means of the manufacturer of the control device , can also not be integrated on the control device , for example on hex - code level . in this case , it is required that the interfaces and the storage areas have already been clearly defined during the development time of the control device . in addition the size of the storage areas in question must be designed in such a way that the largest software variant that is in each case conceivable for this storage area can be stored in said area . the external data source can for example be an external , preferably cost - effective storage medium , for example a cost - effective flash memory . the external data source can also be provided as a memory in other control devices or components built - in into the motor vehicle , as a bar code or on a transponder chip on mechanical components of the motor vehicle , as a memory in the end - of - line ( eol ) computer , as a memory in the service tester and on other storage media such as compact discs , etc . in particular the external data source can be a storage medium of the components to be controlled by means of the control device in each case . the transfer of data from the external data source to the control device can for example take place by means of a data line , for example a serial connection . however , it is also conceivable that for the generation of the individual operating software , data is transferred from the external data source by means of a computer network and / or by means of the internet to the control device . a transfer of data from a data source provided at the manufacturer of the component to be controlled by means of the control device , the manufacturer of the control device or the manufacturer of the motor vehicle to the control device is thus for example possible in this way . different possibilities are available in order to select and program the desired software variant on the control device . this can be done by means of an external tool such as for example corresponding software or by the user in question . the operating software that is to be generated individually on the control device can in particular also be selected and / or generated by means of control software . in accordance with one embodiment , the control software can be contained in a memory of the control device . the memory of the control device having the control software can for example be the main memory or the program memory of the control device . the control device itself can thus test with its control software how to configure and program itself and said device can then initiate the re - programming by itself . this can for example take place based on how the control device ( for example asics , sensor interfaces , etc .) or connected components or component parameters in the motor vehicle . the basis for the selection and / or generation of the operating software can for example be an evaluation of a corresponding diagnosis function of the control software or a special configuration program on the control device . in accordance with a further embodiment , the operating software that is to be generated individually on the control device can be selected and / or generated by means of a signal from another component of the motor vehicle , in particular another control device . in accordance with this embodiment , the programming of the operating software can be initiated by means of an external signal , i . e . a signal from an external device . for example , a corresponding signal can be sent by means of a can bus from another control device in the motor vehicle such as for example a navigation system . such an external control device , for example a navigation system , can obtain the present configuration through data transfer from a central source or can , for example , determine the desired configuration depending on the position of the motor vehicle ( for example , country - specific or terrain - specific ). the signal can come from external control software , which then also takes over the generation of the operating software on the control device . it is however also conceivable for control software to be present on the control device for the generation of the operating software , which is in this case only activated by means of the signal from the external device and subsequently carries out the corresponding programming . the operating software to be generated in each case can also be generated depending on the composition of the fuel in the tank ( quality , type , etc .) or depending on the environmental data such as for example the temperature or the quality of the air . according to yet another embodiment , a computer program has program code means with which the method in accordance with other embodiments can be carried out if the computer program is run on a computer or on a computer network . the program code means can be stored on a machine - readable data carrier . a corresponding computer program product is thus also included in which the program code means are stored on a machine - readable data carrier . in addition , according to various other embodiments , a data carrier can be provided on which a computer program is stored , that can execute the above mentioned method after having been loaded into a main memory and / or a program memory of a computer or a computer network . the single figure shows schematically a control device 1 ( ecu ) for a motor vehicle that is not shown in greater detail . in the given example , the control device 1 likewise serves to control the motor vehicle sensors , which are for example likewise not shown , such as parking distance sensors . in addition , an external data source 2 , here a cost - effective flash memory 2 is shown in the figure . in the example shown the data source 2 is delivered together with the components to be controlled by means of the control device 1 , here the parking distance sensors . in order to generate individual operating software on the control device 1 , which enables the control device 1 to control the parking distance sensors , the external data memory 2 can be connected via a serial connection to the control device 1 by means of a data line 3 . as illustrated by means of the arrow 4 on the data line 3 , data is transferred mainly from the external data source 2 to the control device 1 . however , a data transfer in the opposite direction is naturally also possible . there are a plurality of software components for the control of the different motor vehicle components on the data memory 2 and the example shows the different parking distance sensors for the different motor vehicle configurations . control software is downloaded to the main memory of the control device 1 . the control software has a diagnosis function by means of which the purpose for which the control device 1 is to be used later can be determined . in the delivered condition , the control device 1 still does not have complete operating software for later operation . in order to generate said operating software , the control software carries out the diagnosis function . as a result , the control software establishes that the control device 1 is intended for controlling the parking distance sensors in the specific way for the motor vehicle . in this case it is in particular established by the control software which type of parking distance sensors are to be controlled and read out in what way by means of the control device 1 in question in the respective motor vehicle . in accordance with this result , the control software selects from a plurality of software components that have been made available on the data source 2 for the planned control of sensors by means of the control device 1 . the selected components are then still compiled or linked or assembled from already linked code parts on the external data memory 2 by means of the control software 1 and thereby combined into an operating software . subsequently , the combined software for the generation of the operating software is transferred by means of the data line 3 from the data source 2 to the program memory of the control device 1 and installed there . as a result , the operating software that is required for the specific use of the control device 1 is thus generated individually by means of the control software on the control device 1 , and in particular in the program memory of the control device 1 . the operating software is generated on the control device 1 in the example shown not until the production line end of the manufacturer of the motor vehicle , in which the control device 1 is installed . on the other hand , the diagnosis function and the subsequent selection and compiling or linking of the software components for the operating software can however already take place during the manufacture of the control device or during the manufacture of the motor vehicle before the production line end . at this point in time , the configuration of the motor vehicle and in particular the configuration of the control device 1 is already clearly established . a flexible , individual configuration of the control device 1 is possible in accordance with various embodiments with , because an external data source 2 is used , expensive resources being saved on the control device 1 , in particular storage space and run time on the memory of the control device 1 . | 6 |
fig1 in the drawings shows a military scene in which a direction finding and signal frequency - determining system according to the present invention may be used . in the fig1 scene a tactical military aircraft 100 has ventured into the operating range of a ground based radar system 101 located in the building 102 and operating by way of an electronically steerable antenna array 104 . the radar apparatus 101 may be of a long - range search nature or of a shorter - range weapons directing type . the radar system 101 is transmitting and receiving pulses of microwave radio frequency energy along a path 106 between the antenna 104 and the aircraft 100 . a portion of the energy transmitted from antenna 104 is reflected by the aircraft 100 back to the antenna 104 and provides the signal by which the radar system 101 is viewing the aircraft 100 . of interest with respect to the present invention , another portion of this fig1 transmitted radar energy is received in a circular - configured microwave antenna 110 housed within a radome 108 both of which are disposed on a suitable external portion of the aircraft 100 . by way of this antenna 110 - received microwave radio frequency energy , it is desirable for the crew of the aircraft 100 to be appraised of both the occurrence of the fig1 represented radar lock - on and also be informed of the operating frequency and possibly other operating details concerning the radar system 101 . such informing is of course useful in confirming that the radar system 101 is indeed non friendly for example and can also alert the aircraft crew as to the searching or tracking nature of the radar and thus of the immediate possibility of incoming threat weapons . preferably such appraisal is formulated within the duration of the first pulse of radio frequency energy received from the radar system 101 or in response to this first pulse of energy or at least within a short system - delayed response to this first pulse . this is especially important if the threat signal is of short duration , is difficult to intercept or if the threat system is moving . the radar system 101 may also represent a system mounted on a vehicle including another aircraft , a system which again may be of a search or a tracking nature . the aircraft - mounted antenna represented at 110 in fig1 is preferably of an omni directional and multiple signal elevation angle reception type in order to assuredly and efficiently receive incoming signals from any possible location around the aircraft 100 . additional details of an antenna suitable for use in the location 110 are disclosed in the paragraphs following and especially in connection with the fig5 drawing herein . one aspect of the desired antenna is that it be comprised of a plurality of elements each having a principle boresight axis extending in small angular azimuth disposition with respect to the similar axis of adjacent elements . this directivity characteristic may be supplemented with steering or beamforming action . fig2 in the drawings shows the antenna 110 of the fig1 aircraft 100 together with a block diagram of a direction finding and signal frequency - determining system according to the present invention . in the fig2 drawing the antenna 110 is connected by way of a plurality of transmission line elements 200 , such as coaxial transmission lines , with the first block 202 of the fig2 system . each element of the antenna 110 connects with a different one of the transmission lines 200 and each transmission line 200 connects with a separate input node of the block 202 . the fig1 and fig2 antenna and its corresponding structure in the fig5 drawing may be described as having a sunflower petal - like arrangement of sensing elements that are disposed on an electrically insulating substrate and applied to a surface portion of the aircraft 100 . the use of an electrical network or an electrical matrix , as is embodied in the block 200 in fig2 to couple signals between the elements of a beamforming antenna array and a signal generating or signal using apparatus is now often practiced in the radio frequency electronic art . one of the most desirable network arrangements for performing this beamforming signal coupling function is known by the name of a “ butler matrix ” i . e ., an array of interconnected microwave radio frequency signal processing elements usually inclusive of power dividers , phase shifters and hybrids of plural varieties . a butler matrix is often arranged to have a differing number of signal input and signal output ports one number of ports being equal to the number of antenna elements and the other number being equal to the number of ports of the transmitting or receiving apparatus coupled to the system antenna . such electrical networks or matrices are also identified as modeformers and may be said to mathematically relate antenna signals and electrical mode signals according to a selected mathematical relationship , i . e ., a complex mathematical matrix . by way of an electrical network , or a matrix such as the butler matrix , the output energy of a radio frequency transmitter for example may be divided into phase related portions suitable for energizing the different elements of a multiple element antenna array to produce for example a beam of radiated energy directed in one specific azimuth and elevation - defined direction with respect to the antenna array . an opposite similar function is performed in the case of a radio receiver system using a butler matrix with signals from each azimuth direction around the antenna being converted to electrical waveforms of a unique phase relationship . a similar function , of perhaps more relevance in the present direction finding invention setting , is performed by such a matrix during energy reception by the antenna system with signals from each azimuth direction around the system being converted to electrical waveforms of a unique phase relationship . thus energy received by multiple elements in the fig2 antenna array 110 is so combined in phase and amplitude at the output ports of the matrix 202 that identification of the direction of arrival of the received energy with respect to the antenna array elements is possible . an early description of the butler matrix preferred for this use is found in the published article “ beam forming matrix simplifies design of electronically scanned antennas ” authored by j . butler and r . lowe and said to appear in the journal “ electronic design ” volume 9 , pages 170 - 173 , 1961 . another published article concerning the butler matrix is titled “ multiple beam on linear arrays ” authored by j . p . shelton and k . s . kelleher and appearing in the institute of radio engineers , transactions on antennas and propagation , march 1961 . additional descriptive material concerning the butler matrix is to be found in a number of u . s . patents including the u . s . pat . no . 3 , 255 , 450 patent of j . l . butler , the u . s . pat . no . 3 , 517 , 309 patent of c . w . gerst et al ., the u . s . pat . no . 3 , 731 , 217 patent of c . w . gerst et al ., the u . s . pat . no . 4 , 231 , 040 patent of s . h . walker , the u . s . pat . no . 4 , 424 , 500 patent of r . d . viola et al ., the u . s . pat . no . 5 , 373 , 299 patent of e . t . ozaki et al ., and the u . s . pat . no . 5 , 691 , 728 patent of a . c . goetz et al . schematic drawings and related text concerning a butler matrix appear in the above - identified tsui text at page 108 and 109 and in the above - identified lipsky text commencing at page 132 and also at page 169 . each of the patent publication and textbook references identified herein is also hereby incorporated by reference herein . a schematic drawing of a 32 element butler matrix and its connected antenna additionally appears as fig3 herein . continuing with discussion of the fig2 direction finding and signal frequency - determining system , the phase related signals developed in the butler matrix 202 thus have differing phase relations according to the direction of or the angle of arrival of the signals from the radar system 101 in fig1 . each new butler matrix output signal at 204 in fact comprises a signal representing the angular relationship between the aircraft 100 and the radar system 101 . the data on the reference path 205 is for example of a coarse angular relationship nature and may be viewed as being one angular signal manifestation appearing in a no signal background while the data on the path 207 represents the input data with double the resolution of the path 205 data and with two signal representations against the background ; i . e ., with two ambiguities . in a similar manner the signals on the paths 209 , 211 and 213 represent input data with successively doubled degrees of resolution but doubled number of ambiguities . by decoding these signals in combination , as accomplished in the block 224 of fig2 an accurate non - ambiguous indication of the angle of arrival of the signal along path 106 with respect to the aircraft 100 is provided at the system output port 222 . the number of signals employed at locations 204 , 208 and 213 in the present invention may be selected and may of course differ from the five signals represented in the fig2 drawing in simpler or more complex arrangements of the invention . in the block 206 of fig2 there is located a plurality of limiting amplifier circuits used to condition the phase related signals appearing at 204 on the output paths 207 , 209 , 211 , 213 and 205 of the butler matrix in block 202 . these limiting amplifier circuits improve the accuracy of the fig2 system by increasing the amplitude of each signal at 204 to such degree that only the zero crossings or other manifestations of signal phase remain discernable in the limiting amplifier output signal . amplifier circuits that are driven into saturation are commonly used for embodiment of limiting amplifiers as represented in block 206 . cost limited lower performance arrangements of the fig2 system may possibly omit the amplifiers of block 206 with the realization that resulting angle of arrival determinations can be less accurate especially in the instance of weaker input signals . the output signals of the limiting amplifiers of block 206 appear collectively at 208 and are applied to the respective individual monobit receivers 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 in the fig2 system embodiment . fundamentally the monobit receivers 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 serve to determine the fourier transformation or the frequency components of each signal applied along the paths at 208 . these frequency components clearly identify the signal being received by the fig2 system by its component parts and thereby implement the signal identification function desired from the system . for search speed enhancement and superior frequency resolution it is desired that each monobit receiver 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 have as many frequency channels as are needed to cover the desired bandwidth of the system , a bandwidth of about 1 gigahertz being desirable for the overall fig2 system . individual channels in the receivers 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 are desirably rather narrow , of about 10 megahertz bandwidth , in order to segregate signals separated by more than 10 megahertz in the provided signal identification . other bandwidths and resolutions are however possible . as indicated earlier herein the radio receivers 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 may be embodied in the form of several possible receiver types however for the present airborne and reasonable cost and complexity system the use of the monobit microwave receiver ( mbr ) described in the identified patents originating in our same laboratory and involving inventor j . b . y . tsui is considered preferable . this receiver employs the unit value approximated kernel function in a discrete fourier transformation realization and is thereby of considerably reduced complexity and physical size with respect to the other receivers usable at 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 in the fig2 system . the monobit receiver has somewhat limited two tone instantaneous dynamic range , a characteristic resulting in the fig2 system processing only the stronger of two signals that are separated by more than five db of signal strength . if two incoming signals are of signal strength within five db of each other the monobit receiver can report one or more frequencies correctly and under most simultaneous signal conditions does not generate erroneous frequency information as other receivers do . the simultaneous signal condition is found to be better resolved by the monobit receiver of the present invention than by other possible receivers . since the monobit receiver is based on the discrete fourier transformation the received phase relationships are maintained in the receivers 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 and the discrete fourier transformation outputs are complex quantities . in these output signals phase relationships may be determined from the relationship : in the fig2 described system each of the five illustrated phase channels is preferably arranged to be capable of reporting one hundred frequency outputs . as shown in the fig6 with a representative input signal an output signal appears at the same frequency channel for each of the five receivers at 210 , 212 , 214 , 216 and 218 in the fig2 system . the vertical scales in the fig6 drawings represent signal amplitude , i . e ., an amplitude that may be determined from the relationship : the equation 2 relationship indicates only the location of a signal because in the present invention the input is . hard limited by the limiting amplifiers shown at 206 in fig2 and therefore does not provide accurate amplitude information . in other words changes in receiver input signal magnitude are not accurately reflected at the output of the limiting amplifiers 206 in view of such limiting action . nevertheless however such an input signal does generate an output signal having real and imaginary components which sum in the manner indicated by equation 2 to provide some form of an output signal . the maintenance of phase relationship in the monobit receiver however enables the comparison of phase among the five phase channels to produce the desired angle of arrival data from the multiple simultaneous signals . the described system therefore provides frequency and angle of arrival information from multiple simultaneous signals . in the system , frequency information is obtained through the monobit receivers and angle of arrival information is obtained from the combination of the butler matrix and the circular antenna array . at 224 in the fig2 system is shown the encoding logical circuitry serving to obtain at 222 one angle of arrival value from the five monobit receiver phase output signals at 213 . this encoding logic performs the phase angle to angle of arrival conversion function using the signal from the fifth monobit receiver 218 as a reference signal . the output of each other monobit receiver is compared to this reference signal to obtain the described signals of differing resolution and degrees of ambiguity . according to this arrangement each monobit receiver measures the same signal and reports it frequency . by using multiple receivers and comparing their outputs to the reference the multiple results are used to determine what is ambiguous and select the non - ambiguous . the signal paths 219 and 220 and the video amplifier 217 in the fig2 system provide a conveyance by which a video signal from one butler matrix output port reaches the encoding logic of block 224 . the encoding logic of block 224 includes both frequency discrimination and selection logic to identify signals of interest . the encoding logic 224 also includes a phase comparison function that is preferably disposed in software form . threshold logic also in the encoding logic of block 224 can additionally determine the frequencies and direction of other simultaneous signals within a given margin such as ten megahertz resolution ; such resolution depends on tradeoffs and system needs including sampling speed , memory , hardware size , discrete fourier transform length , logic complexity and hardware size . fig4 in the drawings shows the kernel function locations preferred for use in the approximated fourier transformation of the present invention . the fig4 drawing originates as fig2 in one of the above identified and incorporated by reference herein previous u . s . patent applications involving inventor j . b . y . tsui and colleagues , the application of ser . no . 09 / 944 , 616 . in the fig4 drawing four kernel function values of precisely unit magnitude length appear at 408 , 410 , 412 and 414 and four kernel function values of actually 1 . 414 magnitude , a magnitude that can be successfully regarded as also having unit length are shown at 400 , 402 , 404 and 406 . as is disclosed in the ser . no . 09 / 944 , 616 application the combination of these fig4 eight kernel function values is found to provide an approximate kernel function realization achieving increased instantaneous dynamic range and possibly other benefits with respect to a monobit receiver using either of two previously disclosed four value kernel function approximations . the present invention is of course not limited to the fig4 kernel function values and may be used with either of the four unit value kernel function approximations or other approximations . in the present document the various approximation kernel function values of unity or near unity magnitude are referred - to as having substantially unit value . the arrangement shown in fig5 is representative of an antenna system usable with the present invention . the fig5 antenna system 500 may be fabricated on an insulating substrate material , as appears at 512 and 514 in fig5 ; such materials as the plastic - impregnated woven cloth or other electrical insulating sheet stock including the fiberglass duroid material , may be used . antennas of this type are also available from suppliers such as anaren microwave corporation of new york , usa . the fig5 antenna system includes a total of thirty - two individual antennas or elements as are represented by the typical elements 502 and 504 . the fig5 system is shown slightly enlarged , is actually of some three and thirteen sixteenths inches or nine and seven tenths centimeters overall diameter and is comprised of individual elements of seven eighths of an inch or two and two tenths centimeters length as are disposed annularly in angular separations of 360 / 32 or 11 . 25 degrees ; other separations such as ten degrees are also possible depending on the size , number and placement of the elements . the fig5 antenna system is feasible for use with a direction finding arrangement of the present invention type , a system operating for example in the frequency range of ten gigahertz . at the innermost end of each element of the fig5 antenna system is disposed an impedance matching transformer having the appearance of a hole 506 received in the typical copper antenna conductor material 508 , a hole disposed between adjacent roots of the typical sunflower petal - like antenna elements 502 and 504 . coaxial cable transmission lines connect to each element of the fig5 antenna at the narrow air gap region 510 just external of the matching transformer holes 506 . in this connection arrangement each element terminates its own coaxial cable center conductor and the surrounding shield conductor of an adjacent element . the foregoing description of the preferred embodiment of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description . it is not intended to be exhaustive nor to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed . obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings . the embodiment was chosen and described to provide illustration of the principles of the invention and its practical application and to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the invention ( s ) in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the scope of the invention determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly , legally and equitably entitled . | 7 |
fig1 is a flowchart of an exemplary process 10 for weighting a security in a long - only portfolio . the process 10 can be used as an implementable testing strategy to test the performance of a long - only portfolio being constructed , e . g ., to evaluate the efficacy of an investment strategy . data from table 1 is referenced as an illustrative example of the process 10 . in the process 10 , a universe of securities is selected ( 14 ). the universe of securities can be a set of securities from an index fund , a mutual fund , an institutional fund , or a standard set of securities . suitable standard sets of securities can also include , but are not limited to , the dow jones industrial average , the nasdaq composite index , the s & amp ; p 500 , the wilshire 5000 index , the russell 2000 index , or a similar market index . each security can be a single security or a collection of securities . a security can be , for example , a stock , bond , mutual fund , treasury bill , group of stocks , or other evidence of debt or of ownership , etc . in column 1 of table 1 , the universe of securities includes widely held stocks listed on a public market . the process 10 also includes selecting a signal value ( 18 ) to be evaluated ( 22 ). the signal value can be , but is not limited to , a yield of a security , a dividend of a security , a price of a security , the annual percentage yield , a performance figure in excess of a benchmark figure , a risk attribute , a valuation ratio , a price - to - book ratio , a price - to - earnings ratio , or other performance characteristic of a security . more than one signal value can be selected and evaluated as well . column 2 of table 1 shows the signal value ( e . g ., the yield ) for the stocks listed in column 1 . the securities can be divided into one or more subsets of securities , with each subset being appropriate for securities having a signal value representing a particular state . each security can be assigned to a subset based on the signal value or on the state of the signal value . the states can be a good state and a bad state , or a favorable state and an unfavorable state . the states can also include a neutral state , although additional states can be used as well . the states of the subsets of securities can be buy , hold , and sell , although other combinations can be used . in one detailed embodiment , the states are strong buy , buy , hold , sell , and strong sell . in some embodiments , the good state can correspond to a positive attribute of a security , while in other embodiments , the good state corresponds to a negative attribute of a security . a user can define a predetermined number of states , and each state can have a predetermined range of signal values for which the state is appropriate . for example , for dividing securities between three states , e . g ., a good state , a bad state , and a neutral state , the good state can be appropriate for securities having a yield greater that 2 %; the neutral state can be appropriate for securities having a yield between 1 % and 2 %; and the bad state can be appropriate for securities having a yield less than 1 %. after determining the yields of the securities , the securities can be assigned to a respective state . in some embodiments , the signal values can be determined , and then based on the overall range of signal values , appropriate discrete ranges for individual states can be defined . for example , yields between 0 % and 16 % may be observed . the good state can correspond to values from 10 % to 16 %, the neutral state can correspond to values greater than 4 % and less than 10 %, and the bad state can correspond to values from 0 % to 4 %. all states need not be populated , however . for example , two or more states may be defined , yet the signal values of the securities evaluated may dictate that all of the securities fall within only a single predetermined range . therefore , only a single state is populated . column 3 of table 1 shows the state ( e . g ., good , neutral , or bad ) determined by the value of the yield of the stock in column 1 . for this exemplary weighting process , the good state is appropriate for yields greater than 6 . 0 %, the neutral state is appropriate for yields between 2 . 5 % and 6 . 0 %, and the bad state is appropriate for yields less than 2 . 5 %. each security in the universe of securities includes a benchmark weight ( e . g ., a percentage weight or a normalized weight ). column 4 of table 1 lists the benchmark weight for each stock in the universe . column 5 lists the percentage weight of only those stocks in the good state , while column 6 shows the percentage weight of those stocks in the bad state . in some embodiments , the benchmark value can be related to an allocation of the security in a standard set of securities ( e . g ., the dow jones industrial average , the nasdaq composite index , the s & amp ; p 500 , the wilshire 5000 index , or the russell 2000 index ). a revised weight is assigned to each security in each subset of securities . the revised weight can be automatically assigned . referring to fig1 , for example , the securities in the good state receive revised weights ( 26 ) based on the benchmark weights of the subset of securities corresponding to the bad state . a revised weight equal to zero is assigned to each security in the subset of securities corresponding to the bad state ( 30 ). each security in the subset of securities corresponding to the neutral state can be assigned a revised weight equal to the benchmark weight of that security ( 34 ). each security in the universe of securities can be assigned a revised weight so that the allocation of the long - only portfolio can be revised ( 38 ). the revised weight of each security in the good state can include an active weight component , also referred to herein as a bet . fig2 is a flowchart of an exemplary process 42 for determining an active weight component and a revised weight of a security in a good state . the bets for each security can be equal ( e . g ., equal active weight ) or the bets for each security can be unequal ( e . g ., cap active weight ) ( 46 ). in one embodiment , the revised weight 50 or 54 includes the bet ( from 46 ) and the benchmark weight 58 . for example , an equal active revised weight 50 can include an equal active weight bet and the benchmark weight 58 . alternatively , a cap active revised weight 54 can include a cap active weight bet and the benchmark weight 58 . for a long - only portfolio , regardless of using a equal active bet or a cap active bet , the total of the revised weights is 100 % ( or substantially 100 %), and the total of the bets themselves is equal to zero ( or substantially zero ). the equal active weight bet can be calculated by dividing the sum of the benchmark weights of all the securities in the bad state by the number of securities in the good state . for example , column 7 of table 1 lists the values for the equal active bets . the values for the stocks in the good state are the total of column 6 ( i . e ., 33 %) divided by the number of stocks in the good state ( i . e ., 6 ). the bets for the neutral stocks are zero . the bets for the stocks in the bad state are set to the negative value of the corresponding benchmark so that the revised weight is offset to zero . column 9 shows the revised weights for the equal active bets in column 7 . the values for the stocks in the good state are the sum of the benchmark weight of the respective stock and the equal active bet . the revised weights for the neutral stocks are equal to the respective benchmark weight . the revised weights for the stocks in the bad state are zero . the cap active weight bet is proportional to the respective benchmark weight of the security . the cap active weight bet can be ( 1 ) the product of ( i ) the respective benchmark weight of the respective security of the subset of securities corresponding to the good state and ( ii ) the sum of the benchmark weights of each security in the subset of securities corresponding to the bad state over ( 2 ) the sum of the benchmark weights of each security in the subset of securities corresponding to the good state . for example , column 8 of table 1 lists the values for the cap active bets if the bets for the stocks in the good state are unequal . the values for the stocks in the good state are proportional to the benchmark weights of the stocks in the good state . the bets for the neutral stocks are zero . the bets for the stocks in the bad state are set so that the revised weight is zero . column 10 shows the revised weight for the cap active bet in column 8 . the values for the stocks in the good state are the sum of the benchmark weight of the respective stock and the cap active bet for that stock . the revised weights for the neutral stocks are equal to the respective benchmark weight . the revised weights for the stocks in the bad state are zero . in various embodiments , the set of securities includes securities from a group of a securities market ( e . g ., an industrial group , a regional group , or a market cap group ). the group of the securities market can be used as a portfolio constraint , which can partition the universe of securities into a discrete group of stocks , or further partition a subset of securities in the universe of securities into a discrete group . the securities in each group of securities can be divided into a subset of securities having a plurality of states . after the allocation of each group of securities is revised , the groups can be recombined to form a revised long - only portfolio . for example , in an exemplary embodiment where the universe includes 45 % of stocks in a high technology group and 55 % of stocks in a financial group , the high technology group can be divided into three states and the financial group can be divided into three states . after evaluating the signal values of each group separately and revising each group separately , the two groups can be recombined so that the relative weight of the high technology group remains 45 % and the relative weight of the financial group remains 55 %. the performance of the long - only portfolio can be tested using the methodology of the invention . testing can be used to determine the efficacy of the investment strategy as it is applied to the long - only portfolio . testing can be used to determine the security selecting success over a historical period . if the selecting scheme is determined to yield a positive result ( e . g ., a greater yield than the benchmark allocation ), the scheme can use used to construct a long - only portfolio . testing can include comparing performance against a historical average of a universe of securities or a standard set of securities . although any time period can be used for testing , relevant time periods include , for example , a day - to - day basis , a month - to - month basis , a year - to - year basis , or on the order of tens of years , etc . the above - described techniques can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry , or in computer hardware , firmware , software , or in combinations of them . the implementation can be as a computer program product , i . e ., a computer program tangibly embodied in an information carrier , e . g ., in a machine - readable storage device or in a propagated signal , for execution by , or to control the operation of , data processing apparatus , e . g ., a programmable processor , a computer , or multiple computers . a computer program can be written in any form of programming language , including compiled or interpreted languages , and it can be deployed in any form , including as a stand - alone program or as a module , component , subroutine , or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment . a computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network . method steps can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing a computer program to perform functions of the invention by operating on input data and generating output . method steps can also be performed by , and apparatus can be implemented as , special purpose logic circuitry , e . g ., an fpga ( field programmable gate array ) or an asic ( application - specific integrated circuit ). processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include , by way of example , both general and special purpose microprocessors , and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer . generally , a processor will receive instructions and data from a read - only memory or a random access memory or both . the essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data . generally , a computer will also include , or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to , or both , one or more mass storage devices for storing data , e . g ., magnetic , magneto - optical disks , or optical disks . data transmission and instructions can also occur over a communications network . information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non - volatile memory , including by way of example semiconductor memory devices , e . g ., eprom , eeprom , and flash memory devices ; magnetic disks , e . g ., internal hard disks or removable disks ; magneto - optical disks ; and cd - rom and dvd - rom disks . the processor and the memory can be supplemented by , or incorporated in special purpose logic circuitry . the terms “ module ” and “ function ,” as used herein , mean , but are not limited to , a software or hardware component which performs certain tasks . a module may advantageously be configured to reside on addressable storage medium and configured to execute on one or more processors . a module may be fully or partially implemented with a general purpose integrated circuit ( ic ), fpga or asic . thus , a module may include , by way of example , components , such as software components , object - oriented software components , class components and task components , processes , functions , attributes , procedures , subroutines , segments of program code , drivers , firmware , microcode , circuitry , data , databases , data structures , tables , arrays , and variables . the functionality provided for in the components and modules may be combined into fewer components and modules or further separated into additional components and modules . additionally , the components and modules may advantageously be implemented on many different platforms , including computers , computer servers , data communications infrastructure equipment such as application - enabled switches or routers , or telecommunications infrastructure equipment , such as public or private telephone switches or private branch exchanges ( pbx ). in any of these cases , implementation may be achieved either by writing applications that are native to the chosen platform , or by interfacing the platform to one or more external application engines . to provide for interaction with a user , the above described techniques can be implemented on a computer having a display device , e . g ., a crt ( cathode ray tube ) or lcd ( liquid crystal display ) monitor , for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device , e . g ., a mouse or a trackball , by which the user can provide input to the computer ( e . g ., interact with a user interface element ). other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well ; for example , feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback , e . g ., visual feedback , auditory feedback , or tactile feedback ; and input from the user can be received in any form , including acoustic , speech , or tactile input . the above described techniques can be implemented in a distributed computing system that includes a back - end component , e . g ., as a data server , and / or a middleware component , e . g ., an application server , and / or a front - end component , e . g ., a client computer having a graphical user interface and / or a web browser through which a user can interact with an example implementation , or any combination of such back - end , middleware , or front - end components . the components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication , e . g ., a communication network . examples of communication networks include a local area network (“ lan ”) and a wide area network (“ wan ”), e . g ., the internet , and include both wired and wireless networks . communication networks can also all or a portion of the pstn , for example , a portion owned by a specific carrier . the computing system can include clients and servers . a client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network . the relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client - server relationship to each other . the invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments . the alternatives described herein are examples for illustration only and not to limit the alternatives in any way . the steps of the invention can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results . other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims . | 6 |
orthogonal phases of achiral banana - shaped liquid crystal molecules have been observed . banana - shaped or “ bent core ” liquid crystal molecules are individually symmetric and therefore have no chirality individually . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the present invention is directed to making an orthogonal nematic , smectic or columnar liquid crystal phase , which is uniaxial in absence of electric field , but becomes biaxial when electric field is applied normal to the director ( in between electrodes for planar alignment , or in - plane electric field in case of homeotropic alignment ). in this description , this electric field induced biaxiality ( efib ) mode will be explained according to an example of an interdigitated banana sma ( also known as b 6 phase ) in fig1 . it should be understood though , that the principle is the same however for all dielectric orthogonal nematic , smectic or columnar bent - core phases . at zero fields in the bent - core sma phase , the molecules can freely rotate around their long axes , i . e ., all elements of the director orientation are present . this structure has the same property in any direction normal to the average molecular axis , corresponding to a uniaxial situation . due to the biaxial nature of the individual molecules ( properties are different in parallel and normal to the molecular plane of a bent - core unit ), an electric field applied normal to the long axis of the molecules ( which have negative dielectric anisotropies due to their symmetric bent shape ) will reorient the molecular plane either parallel or perpendicular to the electric field , depending on the sign of the biaxiality value . this effect leads to a fast change of the effective birefringence both in the bookshelf alignment as shown in fig1 a and 1b , where layers are normal to the substrates , and in the homeotropic arrangement of fig2 a and 2b , where layers are parallel to the substrates . in case of the bookshelf structure of fig1 a and 1b , the electric field is applied across the film and the structure is changing the birefringence from a non - zero value to either a lower or higher value depending on the sign of biaxiality . in case of the vertical ( homeotropic ) alignment as shown in fig2 a and 2b , the electric field is supplied parallel to the substrates by means of electrode stripes patterned in one of the substrates ( in plane switching ). it should be understood that a feature of this switching is that the effective birefringence of the sample is zero for normal light incidence ( black between crossed polarizers ) when the electric field is zero , and it is non - zero ( i . e ., in the order of n a · sin 2 θ , where n a is the birefringence and μ is the kink angle of the molecules ) when an electric field is applied . as an example , the invention will be described relative to two symmetrical bent - core mesogens , substituted 1 , 3 - phenylene bis { 4 ′-[( ethoxycarbonyl ) oxy ]- 1 , 1 ′- biphenyl }- 4 - carboxylates materials , which molecular structures are depicted in fig3 . in the material shown in fig3 , a first mesogen has the substituents x , y and z are hydrogen , whereas the second mesogen , x and z are hydrogens , whereas y is a chlorine . these two mesogens will be referred to as material i and material ii respectively for purposes of this description . material i has only a uniaxial smectic phase between 175 ° c . and 141 ° c ., whereas ii has iso 137 ° c . n 107 ° c . sma & lt ; 23 ° c . cr phase sequence . x - ray investigations show a periodicity exactly half of the molecular length indicating an intercalated smectic phase similar to that shown in fig1 , which in bent - core liquid crystal materials is also known as b 6 phase . in this example , the b 6 range of material ii already has the required mesophase in a wide temperature range , including room temperature . also , to further reduce the phase transition temperatures one can make mixtures , or add small bent - core molecules , such as meta - xylene , which can decrease the phase transitions , the viscosity and threshold switching fields . the electro - optical observations in the smectic phase of materials i and ii reveal strong and fast field - induced biaxiality . as an example , textural changes in a 5 . 5 μm film of material i are shown in fig4 a - 4c . in these figs . the 5 . 5 μm film of material i is shown in planar alignment at 162 ° c . for applied voltages of 0v in fig4 a , 64v in fig4 b and 120v in fig4 c . the pictures indicate a change of the color relating to the field - induced increase of the birefringence . in these photomicrographs , the polarizers are along the edges of the pictures . the focal conic domains as shown in fig4 indicate orthogonal smectic structure , where the electric field results in a strong color change from yellow to blue . the color change represents up to 15 % change of the birefringence at 20v / μm fields , and depending on other characteristics , variable birefringence can be controlled for a particular application . the resulting devices may be manipulated such that they may be reversibly changed from a light scattering state to a transparent state and vice versa . these devices include , but are not limited to flexible displays , lctv &# 39 ; s , computer displays , computer monitors , signs , shutters , beam steering devices , optical gratings , other optical devices or any other device that transmits , reflects or modulates light of any wavelength . the reversibility between states is preferably performed with application of electric fields , but could also be accomplished in other known manners . for many optical devices , the phases of the bent core molecules may be obtained by applying electric fields of different magnitude and / or frequency . also , the magnitude and shape of the applied electric field such as square or triangular , may be used to obtain a desired state . all of these states are obtained without the need of alignment layers , although the use of alignment materials may be desirable for some applications . further information regarding the nature of the bent core molecules is set forth in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 924 , 009 , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference . for this example , the birefringence and its change were quantitatively measured by analyzing the transmission spectra in between crossed polarizers , with the results shown in fig5 . in fig5 , the transmission spectra of 5 . 5 μm slab at 155 ° c . in planar alignment between crossed polarizers . the shift of the minima and maxima with the applied field shows that the birefringence is increasing . from the analysis of the positions of the minima and maxima , these measurements of a specific example indicate birefringence is increasing from 0 . 31 to 0 . 33 @ 500 nm . as seen in fig5 , the birefringence is very large ( 0 . 31 at 500 nm ) even at zero voltage and 0 . 33 under 10v / μm fields . the optical switching between the different birefringent states is less than one microsecond ( limited by the speed of the photodiode and of the voltage source ), and does not involve change of the optical axis . the optical switching was not accompanied by a polarization current , indicating its dielectric origin . the dielectric nature of switching is also seen in textural studies under low frequency rectangular electric fields , where only transient color change was observed . the birefringence change is not accompanied by ferroelectric or antiferroelectric type polarization peaks in the electric current measurements , indicating the dielectric origin of the optical effect , as shown in fig6 , where the time dependence of the electric current under triangular electric field excitation is shown . the absence of the peak indicates dielectric origin of the response . also , material ii shows a strong field - induced - variation of birefringence in the smectic phase . characteristic textures of material ii are shown in fig7 a - 7c , with fig7 a showing a photomicrograph of the texture at a temperature of 135 ° c ., indicating the n phase . fig7 b shows the texture at a temperature of 100 ° c . sma phase at zero electric fields . fig7 c shows texture at 100 ° c . sma phase at 8v / μm rectangular electric field applied to the right side of the texture ( electrode area ). in this example , the arrow shown in fig7 b is 0 . 1 mm long , and its direction indicates the rubbing direction . typical texture at the border line of electrode and non - electrode area of a 5 μm film is shown in fig7 c . it can be seen that the birefringence is much larger in the area where 8v / μm 23 hz rectangular field is applied . material ii also show characteristics similar to material i as shown in fig6 . the threshold voltage to induced birefringence also shows a strong temperature dependence (˜ 4v / μm at 105 ° c ., 8v / μm at 78 ° c . ), but is still observable down to room temperature under 30v / μm fields . in accordance with this embodiment of the invention , it is noted that the dielectric response means the direction of the kink remains alternating in between layers , even when field is applied . from the color change , the value of the field - induced biaxialilty is estimated as δn = 0 . 02 at 5 - 10v / μm electric fields . this biaxility is about one ( three ) orders magnitude larger than that observed in bent - core ( calamitic ) nematic liquid crystals . as the birefringence is increasing with applied electric fields , on average the molecular dipole moment is larger in the plane of the molecules , than normal to it . further , as an example shown in fig8 a and 8b , a planar 8 μm film provides time dependencies of the transmittances which are less than a millisecond . in fig8 a , the time dependency of the 8 μm film is shown in association with turning off the applied electric field , while in fig8 b , the time dependency is shown after turning on the electric field . the time dependence of the transmittances show that both the fall time and rise time are less than a millisecond . the rise time depends strongly on the applied field , whereas the fall time is mainly independent of the voltage and is determined by the strength of the uniaxial order . in the present invention , the paraelectric - ferroelectric transition does not require it be induced by the applied electric field where the polarization has to be fully ( 180 degrees ) rotated by means of rotation of the director around the long axis during each period of the applied ac field . in the present invention , due to the intercalated layer structure of the b 6 phase as for example , the rotation of the polarization of the individual layers is not possible , because it would disrupt the intercalated structure . this ensures that the kink orientations of the next layer molecules remain antiparallel with respect to each other , i . e ., the ferroelectric coupling is ineffective and only the dielectric biaxiality can be used for switching , as shown in fig1 a and 1b . the electric field induced biaxiality does not require a 180 degree rotation , but only less than 90 degrees rotation of the director around the long axis . also , the director does not need to be rotated back and forth during the application of a constant ac field . this makes the power consumption much less than in ferroelectric switching . the electric field induced biaxiality could also be observed in the nematic phase as shown in fig9 , where the time dependence of the transmittance in the nematic phase at 118 ° c . is shown . although switching times are somewhat slower , such characteristics may be useful for certain applications . the devices according to the invention provide high switching speed combined with a large change in the effective birefringence and constant optical axis , which provides useful features for various applications . the variable birefringence allows compensating the birefringence of plastic substrates , or equivalently with a proper driving scheme , allows fast switching flexible displays with excellent black and white grey - scale . thus , the invention makes it possible to construct a flexible device that will allow the characteristics of the induced biaxiality , such as in a vertically aligned in - plane electric field induced biaxiality ( va - efib ) display . liquid crystal materials suitable for use in the methods and devices of the present invention , being banana - shaped or bent core molecules may be used to prepare a light modulating device comprising a pair of opposed substrates , which may be glass , plastic or other material commonly known in the art . transparent electrodes may be disposed on substrates to provide applied electric fields and perform switching functions . as an example , the electrodes may be indium - tin oxide . a power source is selectively attached to electrodes , such as by means of a switch , which can be controlled through an electronic driving scheme and system . for displays , the use of an electronic driver circuit may allow particular areas of a matrix cell device to be addressed , which in turn allows high contrast between the areas . the banana - shaped lc material is disposed between substrates by any known method in the art , such as capillary action , for example , and the cell may be sealed . the liquid crystal devices of the present invention have commercial application possibilities in all the areas where pdlc &# 39 ; s or pnlc &# 39 ; s are currently used . this includes lc television , flexible displays , beam steering devices , spatial light modulators , deep fade protector , modulated retro - reflector , etc . and many other optical or electro - optical devices and the like . in addition , because the performance of the devices according to the present invention is superior in various aspects , including large viewing angle , extremely fast switching times , large variation in effective birefringence and constant optical axis , the application possibilities are very broad . a device according to the invention could also be used in electronic newspapers , or in other optical data storage devices for example . in addition , a display can be switched to a video mode , and switched at a video rate for viewing motion pictures or video . these capabilities make displays according to the invention possibly would make it useful in cellular phones , smart phones , pda &# 39 ; s , laptops or palmtops , flexible displays , etc . they also can be used in guest - host type displays with dichroic dyes . furthermore , it is envisioned that they could be used in one and two dimensional switchable gratings for beam steering , and as optical switches for example . the invention provides multistable storage devices with desired black and white gray scale properties . thus , it can be seen that the examples set forth various structures and methods for uses as presented above . while the invention has been described with reference to specific examples , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto or thereby . accordingly , for an appreciation of true scope and breadth of the invention , reference should be made to the following claims . | 6 |
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