Split (3)

train · 25k rows

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referring to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals represent like elements , there is disclosed in fig1 a unitary sheet 100 of substantially rigid or semi - rigid , self - supporting material , such as stiff paper , cardboard - like material and the like . a preferred material is 0 . 12 gauge paper board . the sheet 100 has been cut , conventionally by cold die cutting , so as to be formable into a partially enclosed member for receiving a plurality of articles such as cigarette packs as to be described hereinafter . specifically , the sheet 100 includes a bottom wall 102 and a pair of spaced apart end walls 104 , 106 . the end walls 104 , 106 are integrally joined on either side of the bottom wall 102 by means of a pair of parallel spaced fold lines 108 , 110 . a pair of side flaps 112 , 114 are integrally joined to the sides of the bottom wall 102 along respective parallel spaced fold lines 116 , 118 . finally , a pair of end flaps 120 , 122 are integrally joined to the end walls 104 , 106 along respective parallel spaced fold lines 124 , 126 . referring to fig2 the sheet 100 has been folded into the shape of a partially enclosed first member generally designated by reference numeral 128 . initially , the sheet 100 is folded in a common direction about the fold lines 108 , 110 , 116 , 118 to assume a u - shape . the end flaps 120 , 122 are maintained unfolded in a common plane with their respective end walls 104 , 106 . the partially enclosed first member 128 provides an open receiving cavity 130 for storing a plurality of articles such as cigarette packs 132 as shown in fig4 . referring to fig3 a partially enclosed second member 128 &# 39 ; is formed from a sheet 100 &# 39 ; as shown in fig1 and provides a receiving cavity 130 &# 39 ; for a plurality of cigarette packs 132 as also shown in fig4 . as thus far described , it should be understood that the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; are of identical construction by being formed from two identical sheets 100 , 100 &# 39 ;. the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; are arranged adjacent each other in end - to - end relationship . specifically , the end wall 104 of partially enclosed first member 128 is arranged abutting in overlying relationship with the end wall 106 &# 39 ; of the partially enclosed second member 128 &# 39 ;. if desired , a suitable adhesive having a relatively weak bond strength may be provided between the end walls 104 , 106 &# 39 ; to initially maintain the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; in their adjacent relationship as shown , while enabling their separation as to be described hereinafter . referring to fig4 a plurality of cigarette packs 132 are received within the receiving cavities 130 , 130 &# 39 ; five packs within the partially enclosed first member 128 and five packs within the partially enclosed second member 128 &# 39 ;. the end flaps 122 , 120 &# 39 ; of respective partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; are folded inwardly about their respective fold lines 126 , 124 &# 39 ; to a position overlying the side surface of an adjacent cigarette pack 132 . similarly , the end flaps 120 , 122 &# 39 ; of respective partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; are folded outwardly about their respective fold lines 124 , 126 &# 39 ; to a position overlying a side surface of an adjacent cigarette pack 132 the end flaps 120 , 120 &# 39 ;, 122 , 122 &# 39 ; and side flaps 112 , 112 &# 39 ; provide adhesive bonding regions as to be described hereinafter in completing the construction of the separable container in accordance with the present invention . referring to fig5 there is shown a unitary sheet 134 of substantially rigid or semi - rigid , self - supporting material , such as stiff paper , cardboard - like material and the like having a generally rectangular shape . the sheet 134 is divided into three panels which form a top wall 136 and spaced apart front and rear walls 138 , 140 when assembled with the partially enclosed first and second member 128 , 128 &# 39 ;. the front and rear walls 138 , 140 are integrally joined to the top wall 136 by means of a pair of parallel spaced apart fold lines 142 , 144 . a line of perforations 146 is formed transversely across the sheet 134 so as to divide the top wall 136 , front wall 138 and rear wall 140 into an upper section 148 and a lower section 150 which may be of equal size and symmetrical with each other as shown in accordance with one embodiment . the perforations 146 may optionally be interrupted within , for example , the top wall 136 by means of an elongated opening 152 for the purposes to be described hereinafter . referring to fig6 the assembly of sheet 134 with the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; will now be described in completing the construction of a separable container in accordance with one embodiment of a separable container in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . the sheet 134 is formed in a u - shaped member by folding the front wall 138 and rear wall 140 downwardly about their respective fold lines 142 , 144 . sheet 134 , as formed into a u - shaped member , is positioned about the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; and secured thereto by means of a suitable adhesive . more specifically , the end flaps 120 , 122 of the partially enclosed first members 128 and the end flaps 120 &# 39 ;, 122 &# 39 ; of the partially enclosed second member 128 &# 39 ; are adhesively bonded to the inside surface of the top wall 136 formed from sheet 134 . in a like manner , the side flaps 112 of the partially enclosed first member 128 and side flaps 112 &# 39 ; of the partially enclosed second member 128 &# 39 ; are adhesively bonded to the inside surface of the front wall 138 , while side flaps 114 , &# 39 ; 114 are bonded to the inside surface of and rear wall 140 formed from sheet 134 . the resulting assembled separable container 154 for storing a plurality of cigarette packs 132 is shown in fig7 . it is contemplated that the front wall 138 or rear wall 140 formed from sheet 134 may be temporarily tacked using a fugitive adhesive in a closed position to the side flaps 112 , 112 &# 39 ; and 114 , 114 &# 39 ; such that the container 154 when used for cigarette packs 132 , may be case packed , shipped and then reopened by the distributor whereby tax stamps or tax decals can be added to the ends of the cigarette packs upon opening of the temporarily tacked front wall or rear wall . the container 154 can then be sealed closed using a more permanent bonding adhesive . referring to fig8 the container 154 has been separated into individual cigarette cartons 156 , 158 formed from the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; and upper and lower sections 148 , 150 of sheet 134 . this has been achieved by separating the sheet 134 along the perforated line 146 thereby dividing the container into the individual cigarette cartons 156 , 158 . in this regard , the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; each form the bottom wall and spaced apart end walls of the individual cigarette cartons 156 , 158 . on the other hand , sheet 134 forms the top wall , front wall and rear wall of the individual cigarette cartons 156 , 158 . as additionally shown in the figures , the sheet 134 is provided with an elongated opening 152 interrupting the line of perforations 146 within the top wall 136 of the sheet 134 . the opening 152 facilitates separating the sheet 134 into the two sections 148 , 150 by weakening the perforated line 146 . it is also contemplated that other shapes for the opening 152 may be employed , such as a plurality of circles , a slit and the like . referring to fig9 an alternate sheet 160 or 160 &# 39 ; to be formed into a partially enclosed member for receiving a plurality of cigarette packs 132 is shown . the sheet 160 includes a bottom wall 162 and a pair of spaced apart end walls 164 , 166 . the end walls 164 , 166 are integrally joined on either side of the bottom wall 162 by means of a pair of parallel spaced fold lines 168 , 170 . the sheet 160 includes a side glue flap 172 integrally joined to one side of the bottom wall 162 along fold line 176 . side panel or wall 174 is integrally joined to the remaining side of the bottom wall 162 by means of a fold line 178 . top panel or wall 180 is integrally joined to the side panel 174 by means of fold line 182 . glue flaps 184 , 186 are integrally joined to each side of the top wall 180 by means of parallel spaced fold lines 188 and 190 , respectively . glue flaps 192 and 194 are integrally joined to the side wall 174 by means of parallel spaced fold lines 196 and 198 , respectively . the sheet 160 , as shown in fig1 , is formed into a partially enclosed first container 200 for cigarette packs 132 by adhering the outer surfaces of glue flaps 184 and 192 to the inner surface of end wall 166 ; and by adhering the outer surfaces of glue flaps 185 and 194 to the inner surface of end wall 164 . a partially enclosed second container 200 &# 39 ; is similarly prepared from a sheet 160 &# 39 ; and arranged adjacent the first container 200 in end - to - end relationship for receiving a plurality of cigarette packs 132 . the cigarette container is completed using a unitary sheet 202 as shown in fig1 , which is similar in construction to the unitary sheet 134 shown in fig5 . the unitary sheet 202 is constructed of substantially rigid or semi - rigid , self - supporting material , such as stiff paper , cardboard - like material and the like having a generally rectangular shape . the sheet 202 is divided into three panels which form a top wall 204 and spaced apart front and rear walls 208 , 206 , respectively , when assembled with the partially enclosed first and second containers 200 , 200 &# 39 ;. the front and rear walls 208 , 206 are integrally joined to the top wall 216 by means of a pair of parallel spaced apart fold lines . a line of perforations 214 is formed transversely across the sheet 202 so as to divide the top wall 204 , front wall 208 and rear wall 206 into two sections which may be of equal size and symmetrical with each other as shown in accordance with one embodiment . the perforations 214 may optionally be interrupted within , for example , the top wall 204 by means of a diamond or other shaped opening 216 for the purposes as previously described . the sheet 202 is positioned over the two adjacent partially enclosed containers 200 , 200 &# 39 ; so as to be fixedly secured thereto . in particular , permanent bonding adhesive is employed to secure the inner surface of front wall 208 of sheet 202 to the outer surface of side wall 174 of sheets 160 , 160 &# 39 ; as well as the inner surface of top wall 204 of sheet 202 to the outer surface of top wall 180 of sheets 160 , 160 &# 39 ;. as such , rear wall 206 of sheet 202 can act in combination with glue flaps 172 , 172 &# 39 ; of sheets 160 , 160 &# 39 ; to seal the carton assembly shut , e . g ., by applying a hot melt or &# 34 ; tack &# 34 ; adhesive to the outer surface of the glue flaps and the inner surface of rear wall 208 . the present invention has thus far been described as a container separable into individual containers of smaller but equal size for each storing a plurality of articles such as cigarette packs 132 and the like . in the preferred aspect , the container is separable into two individual half containers or cartons , each half carton containing five cigarette packs 132 . however , it is contemplated that the container 154 may be separated into unequal sized individual containers by providing the partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; of unequal size and positioning the perforated line 146 at an appropriate proportional position within the sheet 134 . thus , a single row of ten cigarette packs 132 may be divided unequally , for example , four packs and six packs , three packs and seven packs and the like . in addition , the cigarette packs 132 may be arranged in other than a single row , for example , in a double row of , for example , two by six , two by four or the like . this enables the container 154 to be separated into cigarette cartons containing six or four packs each when separated equally . in addition , it is also contemplated that more than two partially enclosed first and second members 128 , 128 &# 39 ; may be provided within a single container 154 thereby enabling the separation of the container into multiple individual containers of the same or different size and the like as desired . accordingly , it can be appreciated that the separable container of the present invention is versatile in meeting the very needs of the retailer in selling less than a full carton of cigarette packs or other such articles as previously required by known cigarette cartons . although the invention herein has been described with references to particular embodiments , it is to be understood that the embodiments are merely illustrative of the principles and application of the present invention . it is therefore to be understood that numerous modifications may be made to the embodiments and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention as defined by the claims .	1
fig1 presents a flow chart of a process for character or symbol classification . it is disclosed in detail in the aforementioned copending application titled &# 34 ; imaged symbol classification &# 34 ;. in block 10 , the character image is captured and stored in a frame buffer . in blocks 20 and 25 , the image is cleansed of &# 34 ; smudges &# 34 ; and other extraneous strokes , and scaled to a preset size . in blocks 30 and 40 the cleansed and scaled image is deskewed to remove the slant in the character , and skeletonized to make the image lines as thin as possible . blocks 50 and 60 extract the features of the thin and upright image , and block 70 reduces the size of the signal vector that describes the found features . lastly , block 80 classifies the available feature information into one of a set of characters that is known to the classifier . a number of the fig1 blocks are realizable with pattern matching circuits , but the block that gains most from a two - layer , analog weight , pattern matching network is block 80 . the reason why the two - layer , analog weight , network is so useful for realizing block 80 is that , although we recognize that certain important features of characters are important , we do not exactly know how we recognize them . for example , we neither know how we recognize a &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ;, nor the limits of when we can recognize a &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; and when we are so unsure as to decline to make a decision . yet , we know a &# 34 ; 4 &# 34 ; when we see one ! current research attempts to solve this problem by having the classifier circuit &# 34 ; learn &# 34 ;, through trial and error , to reach the correct decisions . the structure that has the potential for such &# 34 ; learning &# 34 ; is the two - layer , analog weight structure depicted in fig2 . this learning technique is commonly referred to as &# 34 ; back propagation .&# 34 ; see d . e . rumelhart et al . in &# 34 ; learning internal representations by error propagation &# 34 ;, in d . e . rumelhart , j . l . mcclelland ( eds . ), parallel distributed processing : explorations in the microstructure of cognition , mit press , 1986 , chap . 8 . fig2 comprises interconnection networks 81 and 82 that are serially connected . the input signal set is applied at the input of network 81 , and the output signal set appears at the output of network 82 . each of the networks has a plurality of input and output leads , and each input lead is connected to all of the output leads . more specifically , each input lead i is connected to each output lead j through a connection weight w ij . in the fig1 application , network 81 has 270 input leads and 40 output leads . network 82 has 40 input leads and 10 output leads . the number of input leads of network 81 is dictated by the length of the applied signal vector . the number of outputs of network 82 is dictated by the number of characters in the classifying set . the number of intermediate leads ( in this case , 40 ) is determined heuristically . training of the fig2 circuit is carried out by applying a feature vector developed from a known character , and adjusting the weights in both network 81 and 82 to maximize the output signal at the designated output lead of network 82 corresponding to the known character . all available samples of all the characters in the set to be classified are applied to the network in this fashion , and each time , the weights in the interconnection network are adjusted to maximize the signal at the appropriate output lead . in this manner , a set of weights w ij is developed for both networks . it may be appropriate to explicitly mention that since connection weights w ij are analog in nature , the fig2 circuit also operates in an analog fashion . that is , the voltage at any output lead of network 81 is a sum of the contributions of the &# 34 ; fired up &# 34 ; weights connected to that output lead . each weight is &# 34 ; fired up &# 34 ; by the binary signal on the input lead to which the weight is connected . thus , the output at lead j equals ## equ1 ## where b i is the value of the i th input lead ( 0 or 1 ). though the concept of such a learning network is fairly well understood , the task remains to realize such an analog circuit efficiently and compactly . the requirements on such a circuit are not trivial . for example , the minimum weight change , or modification , must be fairly small if optimization of the network is to be achieved . the iterative improvement methodology described above is based on the heuristic assumption that better weights may be found in the neighborhood of good ones , but that heuristic fails when the granularity is not fine enough . we found that for our small network 81 , at least 8 bits of analog depth are necessary . larger networks may require even finer granularity . the weights must also represent both positive and negative values , and changes must be easily reversible . during the learning and training session the number of changes to the weights can be quite large . therefore , a practical circuit must allow for quick modification of the weights . taking these and other requirements into account , we have created an efficient analog connection weight circuit with mos vlsi technology . whereas each connection weight in fig2 is depicted with merely a black dot , fig3 presents our circuit for implementing these dots . more particularly , fig3 shows our connection weight circuit with its connection to input lines 83 and output line 84 , as well as some common circuitry . primarily , the interconnection weight portion of the fig3 circuit includes capacitors 801 and 802 , small mos switches 803 and 804 , a relatively large mos transistor 805 , a differential amplifier 806 , and a multiplier 807 . secondarily , the circuit of fig3 includes a charge - coupling switch 808 , a sensing switch 809 and various control leads . the circuit operates as follows . capacitors 801 and 802 are charged to different voltage levels , and the difference in voltage levels is reflected in the output voltage of differential amplifier 806 . amplifier 806 has its two inputs connected to capacitors 801 and 802 . the output of amplifier 806 , which represents the connection weight , is connected to multiplier 807 . multiplier 807 can be any conventional transconductance amplifier . also connected to multiplier 807 is input lead 83 of the interconnection network . the output of converter 807 is connected to an output lead of the interconnection network . thus , multiplier 807 sends a current to the output lead that is a product of the signal at the input lead and the value of the connection weight . the connection weight is represented by the differential voltage developed by amplifier 806 in response to the difference in voltages between capacitors 801 and 802 . we have found that the difference in voltages on capacitors 801 and 802 is maintained for a long time ( relative to the operations involved in ocr systems ) and that no refreshing is necessary when the circuit is kept at reasonably low temperatures . for example , at 77 degrees kelvin no detectable loss has been noted with time . it may be observed that one advantage of our circuit is that the weight is proportional to v c . sbsb . 801 - v c . sbsb . 802 and , therefore , even a loss in charge -- when it is the same at both capacitors -- results in no change to the weight . nevertheless , it is clear that an avenue must be provided for refreshing the information on capacitors 801 and 802 . moreover , an avenue must be provided for setting a voltage ( charge ) value on capacitors 801 and 802 and for modifying the set values to allow for the above - described &# 34 ; learning &# 34 ; procedure . this is where the remaining switches and controls come in . to bring a connection weight to a desired level , switch 808 is closed momentarily to allow a fixed voltage level to be applied to capacitor 801 from voltage source 816 . that voltage corresponds to a fixed charge . thereafter , switch 808 is turned off . at this point , the weight of the connection is at a maximum positive level because capacitor 801 is connected to the non - inverting input of amplifier 806 and carries a positive voltage , while capacitor 802 is connected to the inverting input of amplifier 806 . a change in the connection weight is accomplished in the following way . first , transistors 803 and 805 are turned on . transistor 803 is very small compared to transistor 805 and for the sake of a better understanding of what happens , transistor 803 can be thought of as being merely a switch . by comparison , transistor 805 is long and narrow and when it is on it can be thought of as a capacitor . when switch 803 is closed and transistor 805 is turned on , the charge on capacitor 801 is distributed between the capacitor ( 801 ) and the inversion charge on the turned on transistor 805 . transistor 803 is then turned off , thereby trapping the charge in transistor 805 . transistor 804 is then turned on and when transistor 805 is slowly turned off , the mobile charge in its channel diffuses through switch 804 into capacitor 802 . the above steps thus move a quantum of charge from capacitor 801 to capacitor 802 . that corresponds to a change in the capacitors &# 39 ; voltages and in the interconnection weight . the above sequence can be repeated as many times as necessary to bring the connection weights to the desired levels . hence , the optimization of the connection weights can proceed during the training period in this manner , with the result that each interconnection weight in networks 81 and 82 is set to the correct level . the above description addresses the training aspect of the circuit . once the learning process is over , means should be provided for 1 ) determining the values of the weights and 2 ) refreshing the weights to compensate for losses with time , etc . this is accomplished with the aid of sensing switch 809 , a conventional a / d converter , a conventional d / a converter , and a non - volatile memory . to determine the value of the weights in an interconnection network , sensing switches 809 are sequentially turned on to allow each amplifier &# 39 ; s voltage to appear on sensing bus 810 . that voltage is applied to a / d converter 811 and the resulting digital information is stored in memory 812 . all of the weight are converted to digital form in this manner and stored in memory 812 . during a refresh operation , each connection weight is isolated in the manner described above , but this time the voltage output on sensing bus 810 is compared in amplifier 814 to the analog voltage of d / a converter 813 , to which the digital output of memory 812 is applied . of course , memory 812 is caused to deliver the digital output that corresponds to the refreshed connection weight . based on the comparison results , the sequence of switching elements 803 , 804 , and 805 is controlled by the output signal of amplifier 814 to either increase or diminish the voltage of capacitor 801 relative to capacitor 802 . the control of directing the output of bus 810 to either a / d converter 811 or to comparator amplifier 814 is effected by switch 815 . should it be necessary to completely discharge both capacitors 801 and 802 , the voltage of source 816 can be reduced to zero and switches 803 , 804 , and 805 can be turned on . all control signals emanate from control block 850 . as an aside , capacitors 801 and 802 can be created within the semiconductor material that the other mos transistors are created . in certain circumstances , such as during the &# 34 ; training &# 34 ; process , it may be advantageous to reduce the magnitude of one of the analog weights . such a perturbation , or noise , helps the minimization process by allowing the fig2 network to escape local minima . without first determining whether capacitor 801 carries a larger potential than capacitor 802 , it is difficult to perform this function simply with the circuit of fig3 . fig4 presents such a circuit . fig4 is very similar to fig3 . the only difference between the two is that mos transistor 805 of fig3 is replaced in fig4 with the series connection of mos transistors 825 , 826 , and 827 . transistor 826 is of minimum size and , like transistors 803 and 804 , can be thought of as a mere switch . transistors 825 and 827 are relatively large transistors , and they can be thought of as capacitors , when they are on . the fig4 circuit operates as follows . during a training session when the direction in which charge is to be moved is known , transistor 826 is closed , and transistors 825 and 827 are controlled as a single element . these transistors , therefore , simply combine to form a single capacitor when they are turned on . the circuit &# 39 ; s operation follows exactly the procedure described above in connection with fig3 . on the other hand , when it is desired to merely equalize the charges somewhat , transistors 803 , 825 , 827 , and 804 in fig4 are turned on concurrently while transistor 826 is turned off . charges flow from capacitor 801 to the capacitance formed at transistor 825 , and from capacitor 802 to the capacitance formed at transistor 827 . after a while , transistors 803 and 804 are turned off , and transistor 826 is turned on . this causes the charges on transistors 825 and 827 to equalize . finally , transistors 803 and 804 are turned on and transistors 825 and 827 are turned off . this causes the charges on transistor 825 to migrate to capacitor 801 , and the charges on transistor 827 to migrate to capacitor 802 .	6
the present invention is disclosed , by way of example , in the context of mobile terminals such as mobile phones , wireless phones , or wireless computing devices . at some places herein they might also be referred to as mobile stations . the invention is also disclosed by way of subscriber identity information contained within a memory store within a subscriber identity module ( sim ). it should be noted that these embodiments are shown as examples only . for example , subscriber identity information , according to the invention , could be stored in a non - removable form such as random access memory ( ram ) or other permanently wired semiconductor memory . also , the devices involved that are either supplying subscriber identity information or using remote subscriber identity information do not have to be mobile stations . it is possible for one device or the other to be a fixed terminal such as a pay phone or personal computer . in addition , the sim card is evolving into various forms that enable e - commerce and wireless internet access . the invention can be implemented with any of these forms of subscriber identity modules . a typical sim card according to the gsm standard includes a semi - conductor chip carried by a mechanical support . the chip includes a small microprocessor connected via a small bus with memory and an i / o interface . the i / o interface includes conventional signaling circuitry coupled to a connector with a set of metal contacts . subscriber identity information or identity data is organized in data files , which are read by the mobile terminal or other device that uses the sim . the following standards relate to sim cards as used in gsm . these standards are well known and are promulgated by the european telecommunication standards institute ( etsi ). the latest version of these standards as of the time of the filing of this application are incorporated herein by reference . gsm 11 . 11 : “ digital cellular telecommunications system ( phase 2 +); specification of the subscriber identity module — mobile equipment ( sim — me ) interface ” gsm 11 . 12 : “ digital cellular telecommunications system ( phase 2 ); specification of the 3 volt subscriber identity module — mobile equipment ( sim — me ) interface ”. gsm 11 . 14 : “ digital cellular telecommunications system ( phase 2 +); specification of the sim application toolkit for the subscriber identity module — mobile equipment ( sim — me ) interface ”. in addition , the following standards pertain to the newer universal mobile telecommunication system ( umts ), otherwise known as “ 3g .” these standards are well - known and are promulgated by the international telecommunications union ( itu ). the latest version of these standards as of the filing date of this application are incorporated herein by reference . [ 0023 ] fig1 illustrates the overall method of the invention according to an example embodiment . fig1 is presented as fig1 a and 1b for convenience . at step 101 , a user decides to use the remote sim function according to the invention . the user enters a command through the i / o interface of the mobile station or other terminal at step 102 . at step 103 a check is made to determine if the using mobile station is registered with the network . if so , it de - registers at step 104 . in either case , the mobile station is now put in a mode to listen for remote sim communications on a local communication interface at step 106 . it is important to note that it may be necessary for the mobile station that is to use the remote subscriber identity information to de - register with the network . this might be the case for example , if this mobile station contained its own sim with its own local subscriber identity information . essentially , the unit would switch over from using its own local subscriber identity to using remote subscriber identity information received from another device over a local communication link . at step 108 , the other mobile station or terminal , which is to supply the remote subscriber identity information , receives a command to supply the information at step 108 . this command could be received from a user via the i / o of the supplying device . alternatively , the supplying mobile station could receive some type of command from the using station , specifically requesting the use of the remote subscriber identity information . for purposes of the rest of this disclosure , it will be assumed that the subscriber has entered a command on the terminal that is to supply the remote subscriber identity information . at step 110 a check is made to determine if the supplying mobile station is registered with the network . if so , it will be necessary for the supplying mobile station to de - register at step 112 . this de - registration is necessary because the network prohibits two stations with the same subscriber identity to be registered on the network at the same time . currently , wireless systems are set up with this prohibition to prevent unlawful or illegitimate use of subscriber accounts . at step 114 the local communication link to provide remote sim functions is set up and appropriate messaging begins so that remote subscriber identity information can be sent from the supplying mobile station &# 39 ; s sim to the using mobile station . it is of some importance that the usage of this convenience be made secure so that nobody can make unauthorized use of a subscriber &# 39 ; s subscription information . one security measure that can be implemented is the requesting of a personal identification number ( pin ) or other user authentication information at the terminal which is using the remote sim function . this pin can be the normal pin that is commonly stored in the sim , or a special pin established for the remote function . this request is made through the using mobile station &# 39 ; s i / o at step 116 . at step 118 the user inputs the pin . at step 120 the using mobile station registers with the network using the remote subscriber identity information from the sim in the supplying mobile station . at step 122 the user has decided that he or she is finished with the communication . at step 124 the user enters a command to cease the remote sim operation . this may involve entering a command on each mobile station that in effect says “ leave remote sim mode ” or it may involve entering such a command on only one station . in the later case , the station that receives the command would communicate it to the other station . at step 126 both mobile stations resume their normal mode of operation . [ 0027 ] fig2 - 5 each illustrate a different , specific sequence of commands that take place on the terminals involved in order to implement some embodiments of the present invention . the figures also illustrate block diagrams of one type of communication terminal that can implement the invention , namely a mobile or wireless phone . in these figures , the mobile terminal which is designated mobile station a or “ ms a ” is supplying remote user identity information from a sim . mobile station b designated “ ms b ” is using remote subscriber identity information . ms b may or may not contain a sim . for purposes of illustration , it is shown as containing a sim . steps are given sequence numbers , which appear in circles in the drawings . the various components inside a mobile station are illustrated with reference numerals on ms a in fig2 . it can be assumed for purposes of illustration that the mobile stations are identical to the one shown as ms a in fig2 . therefore , the reference numerals will not be repeated so as not to obscure other details of the subsequent drawings . turning to the specifics of fig2 ms a , 200 , includes an antenna , 202 , and a radio communication section , 204 . the radio communication section includes what is typically known as the radio frequency ( rf ) block , and the baseband ( bb ) logic . within the rf block , receive and transmit information is converted from and to radio frequencies of the various carrier types . filtering is also supplied as understood in the art . the base - band logic performs basic signal processing including synchronization , channel coding , decoding , and burst formatting as understood in the art . input / output ( i / o ) section 206 encompasses the audio interface , control logic , and the keypad and liquid crystal display ( lcd ) or other display type . mobile terminal 200 also includes sim a , 208 . the sim ms b is labeled sim b . these sim &# 39 ; s include a memory store containing subscriber identity information as previously described . processor system 210 includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) and memory . this processor system executes some form of software , typically known as microcode , which controls the operation of the phone to implement all of its functions , including the functions of the invention . it should be noted that in this example embodiment , the memory store , which includes subscriber identity information , is within sim 208 . memory within the processor system , 210 , stores other information and code necessary to operate the phone . it cannot be over - emphasized that this is an example only . for example , the memory within the processor system , 210 , could also be used as the memory store for the subscriber identity information . communication interface 212 is a local communication interface , not to be confused with the communication interface implemented by the radio communication section and antenna , 204 and 202 , respectively . the local communication interface is used to establish a local communication link between the two mobile stations involved in implementing this embodiment of the invention . this link can use any of a variety of communication methods , including infrared , wireless local area network ( wlan ), or even a physical cable such as might be the case with a serial interface . the local communication interface could also use short - range wireless technology such as the well - known “ blue tooth ” technology . the specific choice of the communication protocol is not important to the invention and will not be discussed further . in any case , two mobile terminals can establish a local communication link , 214 , in order to carry out the invention . we now turn to the signaling that takes place within and between implementing the invention , as illustrated in fig2 through 5 . fig2 in addition to illustrating the components of a mobile terminal , also illustrates what happens when a command to use a remote sim is entered at ms b . initially , the i / o unit of ms b receives the operation command from the user and sends the request on to the cpu within the processor system at step 1 . if ms b is already registered with the network , the cpu sends a request to the radio communication section to transmit a request to de - register from the network at step 2 . in gsm , the request would be a “ detach indication ” message . if ms b were engaged in data communication using the general packet radio service ( gprs ) portion of gsm , the message would be a “ detach request ” message . at step 3 , the rf block transmits the de - registration message to the network . if there is a sim present in ms b , as illustrated in the drawing , the cpu then deactivates this local sim . it should be noted that ms b may not have a sim . in this case , the de - registration and deactivation steps would be omitted . once this process is complete , ms b is now “ listening ” for communication over its local communication interface . [ 0032 ] fig3 illustrates the process when ms a is given a command to supply remote subscriber identity information , or remote sim function , to ms b . ms a first receives a command to enter the “ supply remote sim ” mode of operation . in this example , this command is received from a user through the i / o section . if the protocol used to establish the local communication link requires an address for terminal to terminal communication , the address of ms b is also entered into the i / o section and sent to the cpu . the command and address are sent to the cpu at step 1 . if ms a is already registered with the network , the cpu sends a request to the radio communication section to transmit a request to de - register from the network at step 2 . the rf block within the radio communication section transmits the de - registration message at step 3 . at step 4 , the cpu within the processor system requests that the local communication interface set up a secure communication link with ms b . in this example , ms a sends to ms b a “ supply remote sim mode started ” message so that ms b can establish a remote sim operation . at step 5 a terminal to terminal communications link is established using the appropriate protocol . if a wireless protocol is used that does not provide for encryption , the units will establish an encryption protocol layer on top of the used protocol . at step 6 this message is forwarded to the cpu and ms b . at step 7 , if the cpu and ms b accepts the remote sim operation , it sends and acknowledgement with a request to ms a to activate sim a for its use . if it did not accept the request , it would send an appropriate message . the request might not be accepted , for example , because of an error condition or because ms b has not been put into a “ use remote sim ” operation mode . at step 8 the message is forwarded back to ms a . at step 9 the message is forwarded to the cpu . the cpu sends an activation request to sim a at step 10 , activating it for remote use by ms b . communication now takes place between ms a and ms b as if the cpu in ms b and the sim in ms a are in one physical device . subscriber identity information needed to register with the network is sent from ms a to ms b . if a pin is used for sim a , part of the activation procedure will be that the pin code must be entered on ms b in order for the activation to be completed . when ms b registers with the network , further communications with sim a are triggered , all according to existing known standards . the path for this communication from ms b is processor system in ms b , local communication interface in ms b , local communication interface in ms a , processor system in ms a , and sim a . [ 0034 ] fig4 illustrates the process when msa is given a command to stop supplying remote subscriber identity information or to leave the “ supply remote sim ” mode . initially , the i / o unit receives the “ leave supply remote sim ” command and sends the request on to the cpu at step 1 . alternatively , this command can come over the local communication interface from ms b . assuming that the later is not the case , the cpu in ms a will send a message that the remote sim mode has ended . the message will be sent through the local communication link at step 2 . at step 3 the message is forwarded to ms b . at step 4 the message is forwarded from the local communication interface at ms b to the cpu in the processor system of ms b . at step 5 , the cpu in ms b notifies the radio communication section to deregister with the network . the rf block transmits the de - registration message to the network at step 6 . at step 7 , the cpu in ms b sends a confirmation message to the local communication interface which is forwarded to ms a at step 8 . at step 9 this message is sent from the local communication interface to the processor system of ms a . at step 10 the sim is deactivated for use by ms b and reactivated for use by ms a . the cpu will go through the normal registration procedures , transmitting information to the radio communication section at step 11 so that ms a then re - registers with the network at step 12 . note that if ms a had received a message first , that it was leaving the “ use remote sim ” mode , as described in fig5 ms a would have simply deactivated its sim for use by ms b and proceeded from step 10 . [ 0035 ] fig5 illustrates the process when ms b , the using terminal , is given the command to “ leave use remote sim mode .” the i / o unit receives the command through the i / o section and forwards that command to the processor system at step 1 . the cpu in the processor system immediately directs the radio communication section to de - register with the network at step 2 . the appropriate de - registration message is transmitted to the network at step 3 . note , it is possible that ms b has already de - registered . assuming that ms b has not received any messages from ms a that the remote subscriber identity information is to stop being supplied , the cpu and ms b will send a message to the local communication interface at step 4 to be forwarded to ms a . the message tells ms a that ms b no longer needs remote subscriber identity information . the message is forwarded to ms a at step 5 . it is then forwarded from the local communication interface in ms a to the processor system at step 6 . a response message is forwarded from the cpu in ms a to the local communication interface at step 7 . the message is then forwarded on to ms b at step 8 . the message is then forwarded from the local communication interface in ms b to the cpu in ms b at step 9 . this message confirms that the remote sim operation is being ended . the process above ends if ms b does not contain its own subscriber identity information in either sim b , or another memory store . if ms b does contain its own local subscriber identity information , the cpu in ms b activates the sim or memory store at step 10 . if this sim uses a pin , activation procedures will proceed in the normal fashion , that is , requiring pin code entry . at this point , the cpu within the processor system of ms b notifies the radio communication section at step 11 that msb is to reregister with the network using local subscriber identity information . the rf block within the radio communication section of msb registers with the network at step 12 . [ 0037 ] fig6 presents a series of drawings , which illustrate the operation of a state machine that may be programmed into a supplying terminal to implement the method of the present invention . fig6 is divided into views , which are presented as fig6 a through 6j . each view represents the transition between two or three specific states or modes of operation by the supplying terminal with respect to remote subscriber identity information . again , as before , it is assumed that the devices involved are mobile terminals or mobile stations and that at least one of them is equipped with a sim card which provides the subscriber identity information . the state transition diagrams use notation that is familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art . [ 0038 ] fig6 a illustrates the operation of the state machine in a supplying device starting in normal mode at 602 . the i / o command to enter the “ supply remote sim ” mode is received by the processor at 604 . at 606 the state machine checks to determine if there is a local sim card available . if not , an error message is generated at 608 and normal mode resumes at 602 . if so , a check is made at 612 to see if the supplying mobile station is registered with the network . if not , a secure local communications link to the other mobile station is established at 614 . if so , the supplying mobile station must de - register with the network at 616 . at 618 , the supplying mobile station sends a “ supply remote sim mode started ” message to the other mobile station , that is , the mobile station that is to make use of the remote subscriber identity information . the state machine then implements a timer to restrict the amount of time that the “ supply remote sim ” mode can be pending . this timer is started at 620 . the state machine has now entered the “ supply remote sim pending ” mode 622 . turning to fig6 b , the supplying mobile station is in the “ supply remote sim pending ” mode 622 as before . at 624 , it receives a confirmation message from the using mobile station . at step 626 , the pending timer is stopped . at step 628 , a check is made to see if the sim in the supplying terminal is active . if not , it is activated at step 630 to supply subscriber identity information to the other terminal . if so , it is deactivated at step 632 and then activated again . the supplying unit is now in the “ supply remote sim ” mode 634 . [ 0040 ] fig6 c illustrates what happens if the pending timer times out . the supplying mobile station is in the pending mode 622 as before . at 636 , the timer times out . at 638 , an error message is generated within the cpu and sent to the i / o section of the mobile station terminal informing a user about the time out . the unit then returns to normal mode 602 . [ 0041 ] fig6 d shows what happens if the using mobile station terminal notifies the supplying terminal that it does not need to use remote sim capability . again , the supplying terminal is in pending mode 622 . at 640 the message is received from the other terminal . the supplying terminal then returns to normal mode 602 as before . [ 0042 ] fig6 e and 6f both illustrate operations within the “ supply remote sim ” mode , 642 . in fig6 e , a message is received from the sim and is then forwarded to the other terminal at 646 . in fig6 f , a sim message is received from the other terminal at 648 and then forwarded to the sim within the supplying mobile station at 650 . [ 0043 ] fig6 g illustrates how the state machine transitions from the “ supply remote sim ” mode to the “ supply remote sim termination ” mode . the state machine starts out in “ supply ” mode 624 . at 652 , an i / o command is received from the i / o section to terminate the supplying of remote subscriber identity information . at 654 the state machine causes the cpu to send a message to the other terminal that the supplying mobile station will no longer supply the remote sim information . at 656 a pending timer is started again , to limit the amount of time that the “ supply remote sim end ” command can be pending . the supplying unit is now in the “ supply remote sim termination ” mode , 658 . in fig6 h , the state machine transitions from “ supply remote sim termination ” mode 658 back to normal mode 602 . at step 660 , a “ supply remote sim ended confirm ” message is received from the other terminal . the pending timer is stopped at step 662 . the sim is deactivated for supplying remote sim information at 664 . the sim is then reactivated to begin servicing the local mobile station at 666 . at 668 , the state machine causes the supplying terminal to re - register with the network . [ 0045 ] fig6 i shows what happens if the pending timer for the above operation times out . in fig6 i , the supplying mobile station or terminal is transitioning from “ supply remote sim termination ” mode 658 to normal mode 602 . at 672 the timer times out . at 674 an error message is sent to the local i / o section to inform the user of the time - out condition . at 676 the sim is again deactivated from supplying remote subscriber identity information . at 678 the sim is again activated for local use , and at 680 the supplying terminal re - registers with the network using the sim . in fig6 j , the supplying terminal is again in the “ supply remote sim ” mode 642 . in this case , a “ user remote sim ended ” message is received from the using mobile station at 682 . the sim within the supplying terminal is deactivated at 684 . a confirmation message is sent to the other terminal at 686 . the supplying terminal is now in “ supply remote sim ended ” mode 688 . in fig6 k , from the “ supply remote sim ended ” mode 688 , a command from the user input at the i / o section at 690 confirms that the user desires to end the operation . the sim in the supplying terminal is again activated at 692 , and the unit reregisters with the network at 694 . normal operation , 602 , is resumed . the remaining state machine diagrams illustrate state machine operation for the using mobile station or terminal , that is , the terminal that is accessing remote subscriber identity information from a memory store , for example , a remote sim . fig7 a begins with the using terminal in normal mode 702 . at 704 , an i / o command is received from the user through the i / o section of the terminal to use a remote sim . at 706 , a check is made to see whether or not the using mobile station is registered with the network . if not , a check is made at 708 to see if there is an active local sim card . if not , the mobile station goes into “ use remote sim pending ” mode 710 . if it had been registered with the network , it would have de - registered at 712 . also , if there had been a local sim , it would have been deactivated at 714 . the state transition diagram of fig7 b begins at the “ use remote sim pending ” mode , 710 . a “ supply remote sim started ” message is received from the other , supplying mobile station at 716 . at 718 the using mobile station replies with an “ activate remote sim ” message . this message results in the using terminal entering the “ use remote sim ” mode , 720 . [ 0050 ] fig7 c illustrates what happens during normal mode 702 when the using station has not been put in the “ use remote sim ” mode . if a “ supply remote sim mode started ” message is received from the other terminal at 722 , a “ not needed ” message is returned at 724 . [ 0051 ] fig7 d and 7e illustrate the operation in the “ use remote sim ” mode , 720 . in fig7 d , a message is received from the sim in the supplying terminal at 726 and the message is processed at 728 . this message may include the subscriber identity information from the store within the remote sim . in fig7 e , when a determination is made that a message needs to be sent to the remote sim at 730 , that message is sent at 732 . [ 0052 ] fig7 f illustrates how the state machine in the using terminal transitions from the “ use remote sim ” mode , 720 , to the “ use remote sim termination ” mode , 734 . an i / o command to leave the “ use remote sim ” mode is received from the user at 736 . the terminal de - registers with the wireless network at 738 . it sends a “ use remote sim ended ” message to the other mobile station at 740 . a pending timer is then started at 742 . [ 0053 ] fig7 g begins with the using terminal in the “ use remote sim termination ” mode , 734 . a confirmation message is received from the other mobile station at 744 . the pending timer is stopped at 746 . a check is made at 748 to determine if there is a local sim card that should be reactivated . if not , the using terminal returns to normal mode 702 . if so , the local sim is activated at 750 and the mobile station re - registers with the network at 752 . [ 0054 ] fig7 h illustrates how the state machine transitions from the “ use remote sim termination ” mode , 734 , to normal mode 702 when the pending timer times out . if the timer times out at 754 , an appropriate error message is sent to the i / o section of the unit to inform the user of the condition at 756 . the timer is reset at 758 . again , at 760 , a check is made for a local sim card . if it is not present , normal mode , 702 , resumes . otherwise , the sim is activated at 762 and the terminal re - registers with the network at 764 . [ 0055 ] fig7 illustrates what happens in a using terminal if “ use remote sim ” mode , 720 , is ended by receiving a message from the other mobile station . at 766 the message is received from the other ms . at 768 the using mobile station de - registers with the network so that it no longer uses the subscriber identity information from the remote sim . at 770 a confirmation message is sent to the other mobile station . this puts the using terminal in the “ use remote sim pending ” mode , 772 . finally , in fig7 j , the transition back to normal mode from the aforementioned “ use remote sim pending ” mode , 772 , is illustrated . the user confirms the ending of the “ use remote sim ” mode at 774 . at 776 a check is made for a local sim card . if there is no local sim card , the normal mode , 702 , resumes . if a local sim card is present , the sim is activated at 778 and the unit re - registers with the network using its own local subscriber identity information from its own sim at 780 . much of the description herein has focussed on the context of mobile terminals or mobile stations . as previously mentioned , the invention can be implemented in other types of terminals and devices . even within the context of mobile terminals , that term is synonymous with wireless terminals , wireless communication terminals , cellular telephones , personal communication system terminals , personal data assistance , as well as conventional laptop or palmtop computers or other appliances , which include wireless terminal functions . a wired communication terminal can also be used for some of the function described , whether or not the wired communication terminal uses a wireless protocol for the local communication interface . in the context of this disclosure , a desktop computer with access to a network is considered a communication terminal . it should also be noted that elements of the invention may be embodied in hardware and / or software , including firmware or microcode . depending on the type of communication terminal device , software which implements the invention may even take the form of a computer program product on a computer usable medium or storage medium . this may be the case , for example , if a personal computer is serving the function of a communication terminal according to the invention . in the context of this document , a computer usable or computer readable medium may be any medium that can contain , store , communicate , propagate , or transport the program for use by or in connection with the apparatus or device . this medium may be electronic , magnetic , optical , or a propagation medium . the medium could even be paper or another suitable medium upon which the program is printed , as the program can be electronically captured , via , for instance , optical scanning of the paper or other medium . specific embodiments of an invention are described herein . one of ordinary skill in the telecommunication arts will quickly recognize that the invention has other applications in other environments . in fact , many embodiments and implementations are possible . the appended claims are not intended to limit the scope of the invention to the specific embodiments described above . in addition , the recitation “ means for ” is intended to evoke a means - plus - function reading of an element in a claim , whereas , any elements that do not specifically use that recitation are not intended to be read as means - plus - function elements , even if they otherwise include the word “ means .”	7
a streaming - on - demand mechanism is one key aspect of the invention , where both the client and server are involved . on the server side , focus is on transmitting only the essential data ( e . g ., portion of a page ) and only when it is needed . hence , the server must keep track of where the active viewing area is to avoid transmitting excessive data . this mechanism requires significantly less bandwidth than conventional streaming . additionally , the transmission rate may be dynamically adjusted and also data packets may be discarded or removed according to client feedback . on the client side , the present invention monitors all client requests and server responses , and informs the server about the client &# 39 ; s present status and any user decisions . for example , once an active viewing area is moved , position information is immediately sent back to the server to request additional data . if a delay is detected between a particular request and the arrival of corresponding data packets , the server can be informed as what to do next . further , since only a relatively small amount of data is processed at a time , the client application effectively utilizes device resources , and offers mobile users the ability to view each requested portion of content almost immediately even with a low bandwidth connection . the streaming - on - demand feature of this invention requires much lower bandwidth than what is required by live streaming , although it works in much the same way as live streaming . small packets of data are sent to the client to be viewed . packets are sent only when requested , for example , by tapping and dragging a screen . only the packets of data corresponding to the current viewing area are sent for display . therefore , unlike live streaming , a client can request the very same packets of data more than once . another important aspect of the invention is the ability to preserve the original look and feel of each document when presented to users , which facilitates document recognition and the approval process with minimum bandwidth usage . specifically , the content of each page is transmitted either on a page - by - page basis using thumbnails of an original document or on - demand for an active viewing area with the original fidelity , using a document streaming - on - demand mechanism . once the thumbnail or the original look and feel of a page is presented on a device , the original layouts can be immediately identified , along with the corresponding document . these features greatly improve the ability for quick document identification . furthermore , the original look and feel display offers a high quality image and resolution that is close to what is on the desktop , so that users can view or read details of the content , if necessary . or , as an alternative to reading on a small screen , the system may provide an internet printing service that enables the document to be printed or faxed to any subscribed internet printer via a global printer directory . the following will describe the overall system architecture as illustrated in fig1 . on the client side , a document viewer 100 communicates with a corporate network 120 through either a modem dial - up connection 105 , a virtual private network ( vpn ) 106 , or the internet 107 . communication via the vpn 106 or the internet may require the services of an internet service provider ( isp ) 102 . on the server side , communication with the client may be accomplished by a document streaming server 122 , a worldwide web ( www ) server 124 , and a printing server 126 . the document streaming server 122 , www server 124 , and printing server 126 are operatively connected to a document repository 128 . the document viewer 100 is a web component for mobile devices that enables a user to access and view documents , such as , for example , a microsoft office document ( e . g ., powerpoint , word , excel ) with quality and resolution that is close to what is available on the desktop , without the need to download it to a local device . users may select documents from their private folders in the document repository 128 , view a thumbnail of each page of the document , or zoom in and out of each page of the document , and navigate to the previous and next page of the document . the document viewer 100 also allows a user to print or fax the selected documents to any printer residing on the internet from their mobile device . a list of available printers on the internet can be presented to the user . the user can select a printer , query the printer status and / or receive notification once printing is finished . the document viewer 100 may also include a web browser that acts as a container for web components , and provides the mechanism needed for dynamic installation of the web components when the components are not installed locally . the document streaming server 122 is a key component on the server side . once a new connection request is established , the document streaming server 122 then processes the selected document on the fly , on a page - by - page basis , for both a thumbnail view and a requested portion of each original page corresponding to the active viewing area . it may place data into a queue and transfer the data upon request to the active viewing area , and periodically check with client devices to prepare for incoming requests . additionally , the document streaming server 122 can monitor network traffic , optimize data transmission rates and make decisions as to where or when to remove packet data from the data queue , according to the current condition of the device and network . the printing server 126 is an optional off - the - shelf component that is used when internet printing or faxing is desired . internet printing / faxing is the process of sending a print data stream directly to a printer / fax machine that is connected to the internet . the printing server 128 interacts either with the document repository 128 ( when it is within a local network 120 ) or with the www server 124 ( when it is outside of the corporate network 120 as a service provider , as shown in fig2 ). in either case , the printing server 126 transfers the selected document to a designated internet printer upon request . the printer server 126 may use a third party product , which supports internet printing without requiring the native application be installed on a printing client . in addition , the printing server 126 may support internet printing / faxing to printers protected by a firewall , since the data stream has to be able to come into a secured network , for example , a hotel network . in any case , the printer must be recognized by the printing server 126 in order to transfer the selected documents to it , which can be achieved by either hosting the printing server or subscribing to a provided service . the document repository 128 hosts all documents for access by mobile users . mobile users may view , print , or fax documents contained in the document repository 128 . the document repository 128 may include a file system on a local or a network drive , a document server , or a physical repository that requires users to upload documents before use . documents for each user may be stored in private folders , and authentication may be required for connection to the document repository 128 . both the streaming server 122 and the printing server 126 can interact with the document repository 128 to transfer documents for viewing , printing or faxing purposes . the worldwide web ( www ) server 124 interacts with the client components , and acts as a request router to forward client commands or requests to either the document streaming server 122 , the printing server 124 , or to obtain relevant information from the document repository 128 to be passed back to a mobile device . the standard hypertext protocol ( http ) may be used for this purpose , and is also an off - the - shelf component . in operation , a user interacting with the document viewer 100 may remotely access , view , print or fax documents via the dial - up connection 105 , the vpn connection 106 , or the internet connection 107 . users can be challenged to validate their authenticity when first connected to the www server 124 . authenticated users may be able to change or set up their own preferences or have default preferences assigned . the preferences may include the addresses of internet printers , for example . once authenticated , users may be presented with options for browsing a list of documents , deleting documents , and selecting documents for viewing , printing , or faxing . when viewing a document is selected , the www server 124 routes the request to the document streaming server 128 , which thereupon takes over control and communication with the document viewer 100 . the www server 124 processes other incoming requests . a very similar sequence of actions occurs when printing or faxing a document is selected , except that the printing server 126 takes over control and communication . optionally , printing - and faxing - related requests may be routed to a printing service provider 200 through the www server 124 , as shown in fig2 . the following will describe the functioning of the document streaming server 122 of fig3 . the document streaming server 122 includes a server commander 310 , a document processor 320 , a rate adjuster 330 , a data queue manager 340 , and a data sender 350 . the server commander 310 is operatively connected to the document processor 320 , which , in turn , is operatively connected to the data queue manager 340 and the document repository 128 . additionally , the server commander 122 is operatively connected to the rate adjuster 330 , which , in turn , is operatively connected to the data sender 350 . the server commander 310 is also operatively connected to the data manager queue , which , in turn , is operatively connected to the data sender 350 . a connection listener 300 is operatively connected to the streaming server 122 ( specifically , the server commander 310 ). in operation , once a new connection request 302 is received by the communication listener 300 , a new thread may be started . the communication listener 300 then hands over control to the server commander 310 , which informs the document processor 320 to process and parse a particular document from the document repository 128 into segments , and places the necessary data packets that correspond to the active viewing area into a queue in the data queue manager 340 to be transmitted by the data sender 350 via a link 352 to the client . the data transmission ends once the queue in the data queue manager 340 is empty . the data sending rate is controlled by the rate adjuster 330 , which can be dynamically adjusted according to client feedback information passed via a link 315 to the server commander 310 . at the same time , data packets in the data queue manager 340 may be discarded or removed if the feedback from the client indicates that they will not be needed or that the data cannot arrive in time ( e . g ., because of network congestion ). the following will describe the functioning of the document viewer 100 of fig4 . the document viewer 100 includes an event - driven commander 400 , a data controller 405 , a display buffer 410 , a data assembler 415 , a data receiver 420 , and a graphical user interface ( gui ) 425 . the event - driven commander 400 , the data controller 405 , and the display buffer 410 are operatively connected to the graphical user interface 425 . additionally , the display buffer 410 is operatively attached to the data assembler , which , in turn , is operatively connected to the data receiver 420 . the data receiver 420 is also operatively connected to the data controller 405 , and can receive data packets from the document streaming server 122 via a link 352 . the event - driven commander 400 may issue all requests and handle all responses from the document streaming server 122 and the printing server 126 . for example , once a viewing command is acknowledged , data packets can be read by the data receiver 420 and passed onto the data assembler 415 . the data assembler 415 can decompress and reassemble segments for display in the display buffer 410 . meanwhile , the data controller 405 can monitor all incoming requests and any delays between a particular request and the arrival of corresponding data packets . further , the data controller 405 can make decisions on whether the data in the display buffer 410 is to be displayed or discarded . in addition , the event - driven commander 400 may be aware of such decisions , and can inform the streaming server 122 , if necessary . the following will describe the integration of a third - party printing service with an embodiment of the present invention , as illustrated in fig5 . a printing service 500 includes a global printing directory 510 , an internet printing service provider 520 , and an internet printing server 530 . the internet printing service provider 520 is operatively connected to the global printer directory 510 and the internet printing server 530 . the internet printing server is also operatively connected to an internet printer / fax device 540 and to the document repository 128 . once printing or faxing of a document is issued , the event driven commander 400 can be directed to the internet printer server 530 , which may communicate with the internet printing service provider 520 , and , in turn , with the global printer directory 540 , to validate the default internet printer / fax , or return a list of available devices to the user . once a printer or fax device is selected or the default one is validated , the internet printing server 530 may fetch the requested document from the document repository 128 , and sends the requested document to the internet printer / fax 540 . the printer / fax status or notification may be sent to the user through the event driven commander 400 , it is to be understood that the present invention may be implemented in various forms of hardware , software , firmware , special purpose processors , or a combination thereof . preferably , the method steps of the present invention are implemented in software as a program tangibly embodied on a program storage device . the program may be uploaded to , and executed by , a machine comprising any suitable architecture . preferably , the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units ( cpu ), a random access memory ( ram ), and input / output ( i / o ) interface ( s ). the computer platform also includes an operating system and microinstruction code . the various processes and functions described herein may either be part of the microinstruction code or part of the program ( or combination thereof ) which is executed via the operating system . in addition , various other peripheral devices may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage device and a printing device . it is to be understood that , because some of the constituent system components and method steps depicted in the accompanying figures are preferably implemented in software , the actual connections between the system components ( or the process steps ) may differ depending upon the manner in which the present invention is programmed . although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various other changes and modifications may be affected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention .	7
referring now to the drawings , an embodiment of the present invention will be described . fig1 a to 1 f are cross - sectional views showing the steps of a method of fabricating a semiconductor device according to the present invention . as shown in fig1 a , a low trench interconnection layer 11 is formed in a substrate 1 using cu , and a protective film 12 serving as a first insulation film is then deposited in order to protect the interconnection . the protective film 12 is formed by forming a silicon nitride film using plasma cvd . the silicon nitride film is formed by plasma cvd under a film formation temperature of 360 ° c ., an rf power of 420 w , and 500 pa using monosilane ( sih 4 ), nitrogen ( n 2 ), and ammonia gas ( nh 3 ). an organic sog film is then applied over the protective film 12 and sintered . ions are implanted into the organic sog film , thereby forming a modified sog film 13 a . the modified sog film 13 a serves as a second insulation film . the composition of the organic sog film is [ ch 3 si ( oh ) 3 ]. in a method of forming the organic sog film , a solution obtained by dissolving a silicon compound in an organic solvent is dropped on the substrate 1 , and the substrate 1 is rotated , to form a film of the solution on the protective film 12 . by successively performing , in an atmosphere of nitrogen , heat treatment for one minute at 100 ° c ., for one minute at 200 ° c ., for one minute at 300 ° c ., for 30 minutes at 200 ° c ., and for 30 minutes at 300 ° c ., alcohols are vaporized , and polymerization reaction progresses , thereby forming an organic sog film having a flat surface . argon ions ( ar + ) are doped into the organic sog film under conditions of an acceleration energy of 140 kev , and a dosage of 1 × 10 15 atoms / cm 2 using ion - implantation . by the ion - implantation , an organic component in the organic sog film is decomposed , and the amount of moisture and a hydroxyl group contained in the film is decreased . accordingly , the organic sog film is modified into an sog film containing no organic component and containing a small amount of moisture and a hydroxyl group . in the present invention , the sog film is referred to as a modified sog film 13 a . the modified sog film 13 a is formed to a uniform thickness because there exists no step caused by the interconnection . a technique for implanting argon ions into an organic sog film , to decompose an organic component in the film , and decreasing the amount of moisture and a hydroxyl group contained in the film is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 6 , 071 , 807 , for example . an etch stopper film 14 serving as a third insulation film is then formed . the etch stopper film 14 is formed by forming a silicon nitride film using plasma cvd . the etch stopper film 14 is formed similarly to the protective film 12 . an organic sog film is then applied over the etch stopper film 14 and sintered , and ions are implanted , to form a modified organic sog film 15 a , similarly to the modified sog film 13 a . the modified sog film 15 a serves as a fourth insulation film . the modified sog film 15 a is formed to a uniform thickness because there exists no step caused by the interconnection . although in the above - mentioned example , description was made of a method of modifying the organic sog films 13 a and 15 a by implanting ions twice , the organic sog films may be modified by implanting ions once or a plurality of times . as shown in fig1 b , a resist pattern 16 is then formed by a normal exposure method , and a via hole 17 is provided by anisotropic etching . the anisotropic etching is performed by rie ( reactive ion beam etching ) under 10 pa using o 2 , c 4 f 6 , or ar gas , for example . since the etching selection ratio of the modified sog film 13 a to the protective film 12 is high , the protective film 12 remains with the modified sog film 13 a removed . thereafter , as shown in fig1 c , a resist pattern 18 is formed by a normal exposure method , and an opening 19 for a trench interconnection is then formed by anisotropic etching , similarly to the above - mentioned etching . since the etching selection ratio of the modified sog film 15 a to the protective film 12 and the etch stopper film 14 is high , the protective film 12 and the etch stopper film 14 remain with the modified sog film 15 a removed to form the opening 19 . as shown in fig1 d , the resist 18 is then removed . in the step , the organic sog film can be processed without being brought into a void state because it is modified . moreover , it is significantly effective not to degrade the lower interconnection layer 11 because the protective film 12 remains . as shown in fig1 e , the modified sog film 15 a to which ions have been implanted is then used as a mask , to etch the protective film 12 and the etch stopper film 14 which are exposed . the etching is performed by rie under 10 pa using cf 4 , chf 3 , o 2 , or ar gas , for example . although in a normal dual damascene structure , an etch stopper film just below a trench interconnection remains , the method according to the present embodiment has the effect of reducing capacitance between interconnections because the etch stopper film just below the trench interconnection is removed without remaining . thereafter , as shown in fig1 f , an embedded contact an embedded interconnection are simultaneously formed by filling with the conductive material 20 . examples of the conductive material include copper , aluminum , and tungsten . when copper is used as a conductive material , the copper is easily diffused into a silicon oxide film , which is formed by plasma cvd , frequently used as an interlayer insulation film . in order to restrain the diffusion , therefore , a barrier metal such as ti , ta , tin , tan , tiw , or taw is generally formed before forming the copper . when such a barrier metal is formed , however , the resistance of the barrier metal is higher than that of the copper . therefore , the interconnection resistance of the entire trench interconnection is higher , as compared with that in a case where the trench interconnection is formed of only the copper . on the other hand , in the present embodiment , the modified sog film having a low copper diffusion rate , which is approximately the same as that of a silicon nitride film , is used as an interlayer insulation film . accordingly , the barrier metal can be thinned or omitted . as a result , it is possible to prevent the interconnection resistance from being increased . as described in the foregoing , according to the present embodiment , the ratio of a silicon nitride film can be made lower , and an interconnection having lower resistance and higher reliability can be formed , as compared with those in the conventional method . although the modified sog films 13 a and 15 a are formed by implanting impurities thereinto by ion - implantation , the same effect as that of the present invention is obtained even if the organic sog film is replaced with polyimide or a polysiloxane - denatured polyimide film , and a film modified by implanting impurities thereinto by ion - implantation is used as an interlayer insulation film . the above - mentioned films , including the organic sog film , are generically referred to as an organic polymer ( or an organic rotary coating film ). when the organic sog film is replaced with an inorganic sog film having no organic component contained in a silicon compound , and the film is modified by implanting impurities thereinto using ion - implantation , the amount of moisture and a hydroxyl group contained in the inorganic sog film can be decreased . even if the modified sog film is used , the same effect as that in the present invention can be expected . although in the above - mentioned embodiment , argon ions are used as ions to be implanted into the organic sog film , any ions may be used , provided that they modify the organic sog film . specifically , argon ions , boron ions , and nitrogen ions are most suitable . the effect can be sufficiently expected even by using the following ions in addition to the above - mentioned most suitable ions . there are inert gas ions other than argon ions , for example , helium ions , neon ions , krypton ions , and radon ions . the same effect can be expected even by using element unitary ions of the groups iiib , ivb , vb , vib , and viib other than boron ions and nitrogen ions and their compound ions , and particularly element unitary ions of oxygen , aluminum , sulfur , chlorine , gallium , germanium , arsenic , selenium , bromine , antimony , iodine , indium , tin , tellurium , lead , and bismuth , and their compound ions . with respect to the metal element ions out of the ions , the dielectric constant of the organic sog film after ion - implantation may be reduced . however , the amount of the ions to be implanted is very small . therefore , there is no problem in practical use in cases other than a case where an interlayer insulation film having a particularly high dielectric constant is required . the same effect can be expected even by using element unitary ions of the groups iva and va and their compound ions , and particularly element unitary ions of titanium , vanadium , niobium , hafnium , and tantalum , and their compound ions . an oxide of the element of each of the groups iva and va has a high dielectric constant , thereby making it possible to increase the dielectric constant of the organic sog film after ion - implantation . furthermore , the plurality of ions may be used in combination . in this case , it is possible to obtain a more superior effect by a synergistic effect of the ions . although in the above - mentioned embodiment , the ions are implanted into the organic sog film , the ions may be replaced with atoms , molecules , or particles having a kinetic energy ( they shall be generically referred to as impurities in the present invention ). as described in the foregoing , according to the present invention , an interlayer insulation film composed of an insulation film which has been modified by containing impurities in a coating film is applied to a dual damascene structure , thereby making it possible to form a semiconductor device having interconnections between which resistance is reduced and which have low resistance and high reliability . although the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail , it is clearly understood that the same is by way of illustration and example only and is not to be taken by way of limitation , the spirit and scope of the present invention being limited only by the terms of the appended claims .	7
an embodiment of the invention is shown in fig4 . in this embodiment , the same component parts as in the prior art circuit of fig1 are designated by the same reference characters . in fig4 two cascade - connected twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 are connected to an input terminal 1 . on the output side of the twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 are serially connected a resistor r 1 and a low - pass filter 5 . the resistor r 1 is provided for decreasing the peak value of the frequency band below the frequency f 1 to the peak value between the frequencies f 1 and f 2 . the low - pass filter 5 is provided for decreasing the peak value of the frequency band above the frequency f 2 to the peak value between the frequencies f 1 and f 2 . the signal having the equalized peak values obtained through the resistor r 1 and the low - pass filter 5 is derived from an output terminal 2 as the right channel signal h ( s ) through an amplifier 6 . the amplifier 6 equalizes the signal level with that of the input signal before conducting the subtraction , reinforcing the level by the amount of decrease in the peak level to compensate for the decrease in the level . if , for example , there is decrease of - 12 db , the amplifier 6 is so set that it will have a gain of 12 db . the subtractor 3 subtracts the output signal h ( s ) of the amplifier 6 from the signal applied to the input terminal 1 and delivers difference 1 - h ( s ) to the output terminal 4 as the left channel signal . an example of construction of the twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 is shown in fig5 . each of these circuits is composed by combining resistors and capacitors as shown in the figure and its transmission characteristics is ## equ1 ## q is 1 / 4 . according to the circuit of fig4 the level of the output of the twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 in the section between the two null points is decreased as in the prior art circuit . assuming f 1 = 150 hz and f 2 = 4 . 5 khz , the level drops by about 12 db as shown by a solid line in fig6 ( a ) and therefore the peak values in frequency characteristics do not match each other . the output of the twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 has been attenuated in the low frequency below the frequency f 1 by passing the low frequency signal attenuating resistor r 1 and has been attenuated in the high frequency above the frequency f 2 by passing through the low - pass filter 5 so that the signal provided from the low - pass filter 5 has been attenuated in its entire frequency band by - 12 db as shown by a broken line in fig6 ( a ) with a result that the peak values thereof are equalized at - 12 db . accordingly , by amplifying the output of the low - pass filter 5 by 12 db , i . e . the amount of attenuation , by the amplifier 6 , a signal whose peak values are equalized at 0 db as shown in fig6 ( b ) is obtained . this enables the peak value of the output signal of the subtractor 3 to be also equalized at 0 db . thus , the right and left channel signals h ( s ) and 1 - h ( s ) whose respective peak values are equalized at 0 db as shown in fig6 ( c ) and which thereby are well balanced in the frequency band are obtained from the output terminals 2 and 4 . a specific example of the circuit of fig4 is shown in fig7 . in the circuit of fig7 the frequencies f 1 and f 2 are set at f 1 = 150 hz and f 2 = 4 . 5 khz and the output derived from the twin - t circuits t 1 , t 2 in the section between the two null points has its level attenuated by 12 db . since the low frequency signal attenuating resistor r 1 is set at 6 . 8 kω in this example , characteristics which have been attenuated in the frequency band below f 1 by ## equ2 ## is obtained . the cut - off frequency of the low - pass filter 5 is set at 15 khz whereby characteristics whose peak value has been attenuated by - 12 db in the frequency band above f 2 is obtained . accordingly , the output of the low - pass filter 5 is a signal attenuated in its entire frequency range by 12 db . the amplifier 6 is so designed that it has a gain of about 12 db and amplifies the output of the low - pass filter 5 by 12 db to make its peak value 0 db . the subtractor 3 subtracts the output of the amplifier 6 from the input signal and thereupon produces a signal which is complementary to the output of the amplifier 6 and has a peak value of 0 db . fig8 shows frequency characteristics of the right and left channel signals h ( s ) and 1 - h ( s ) obtained in the circuit of fig7 . in the above described embodiment , a couple of twin - t circuits are provided . the invention however is applicable also to a circuit in which three or more twin - t circuits are provided . in the above described embodiment , the amplifier 6 is provided on the output side of the low - pass filter 5 to amplify the output signal of the low - pass filter 5 by 12 db . since the amplifier 6 is provided for equalizing the levels of the input signal and the signal h ( s ) before the subtraction , an attenuator may alternatively be provided on the input side of the subtractor 3 to attenuate the input signal to the subtractor 3 by 12 db . next to be described is an embodiment in which the above described sound field forming device is utilized for producing rear sounds in a device reproducing 4 - channel stereophonic signals in a simulated fashion . in fig9 the same components as in the prior art circuit shown in fig3 are designated by the same reference characters . in fig9 a left channel signal of input 2 - channel stereophonic signals is applied to an input terminal 10 and a right channel signal to an input terminal 12 . these input signals are applied to front left and right channel loudspeakers 24 and 26 through power amplifiers 16 and 22 . the input left and right channel signals are also applied to a subtractor 33 which in turn produces a difference signal between the left and right channel signals . this difference signal contains mainly reverberation component of the input signals and sound components peculiar to the left and right channels distant from a central position . the difference signal thus taken out is applied to two cascade - connected twin - t circuits 34 , 36 having different null point frequencies . the output of the twin - t circuits 34 , 36 is delivered through a buffer amplifier 37 and applied to a subtractor 38 . in the subtractor 38 , the output of the buffer amplifier 37 is subtracted from the output signal from the subtractor 33 . thus , the subtractor 38 and the buffer amplifier 37 produce signals 1 - h ( s ) and h ( s ) having frequency characteristics complementary to each other as shown in fig6 ( c ). these signals 1 - h ( s ) and h ( s ) are supplied to rear left and right channel loudspeakers 28 and 30 through power amplifiers 18 and 20 . accordingly , sounds containing mainly reverberation component and components of sound peculiar to left and right channels distant from a central position in the sounds sounded from the front loudspeakers 24 and 26 are sounded from the rear loudspeakers 28 and 30 whereby 4 - channel stereophonic sounds free from unnaturalness and full of feeling of presence is realized . a specific example of the circuit of fig9 is shown in fig1 . the circuit of fig1 has a function of producing 2 - channel signals from a monophonic signal in a simulated fashion in addition to the function of producing 4 - channel signals from 2 - channel signals in a simulated fashion and one of these functions can be selected by operation of switches . switches sw1 , sw2 and sw3 are provided for this purpose . these switches are interlocked or ganged to one another and contacts a are selected when 2 - channel stereophonic signals are produced from a monophonic input signal whereas contacts b are selected when 4 - channel signals are produced from 2 - channel stereophonic signals . switching operation for the switches sw1 , sw2 and sw3 may be made manually , or automatically in response to detection as to whether the input signal is a monophonic signal or 2 - channel stereophonic signals . description will firstly be made about a case in which the input signals are 2 - channel stereophonic signals . when the input signals are 2 - channel stereophonic signals , the switches sw1 , sw2 and sw3 all select the contacts b . the input signal of the left channel is applied to the input terminal 10 and applied directly to a front left channel loudspeaker 24 through attenuator 40 , the switch sw3 and a power amplifier 16 . the input signal of the right channel is applied to the input terminal 12 and applied directly to a front right channel loudspeaker 26 through an attenuator 42 , the switch sw2 and a power amplifier 22 . the input signals of left and right channels are also applied to a subtractor 33 and subtracted one from the other . the output signal of the subtractor 33 is applied to cascade - connected twin - t circuits 34 , 36 . in the example of fig1 also , the null point frequencies f 1 and f 2 of the twin - t circuits 34 , 36 ( see fig6 ( a ) are set at f 1 = 150 hz and f 2 = 4 . 5 khz . the signal having passed through the twin - t circuits 34 , 36 is delivered out through a low - frequency signal attenuating resistor r 1 , a low - pass filter 44 and an amplifier 46 . the output signal h ( s ) of the amplifier 46 and the direct signal from the subtractor 33 which has not passed through the twin - t circuits 34 , 36 are applied to a subtractor 38 where they are subtracted one from the other . the subtractor 38 therefore produces a signal 1 - h ( s ) having frequency characteristics which is complementary to the output h ( s ) of the amplifier 46 . the output signal of the amplifier 46 is applied to a rear right channel loudspeaker 30 through the attenuator 42 and an amplifier 20 . the output signal of the subtractor 38 is applied to a rear left channel loudspeaker 28 through the attenuator 40 and a power amplifier 18 . the attenuators 40 and 42 are provided for balancing levels of the front and rear sounds . these attenuators 40 and 42 are interlocked or ganged with each other and , by operating these attenuators in the direction of arrow a , the level of the front sounds is decreased whereas by operating them in the direction of arrow a , the level of the rear sounds is decreased . the above mentioned low - frequency signal attenuating resistor r 1 , the low - pass filter 44 and the amplifier 46 are provided for equalizing the peak values of the respective signals in the respective bands in the same manner as the resistor r 1 , the low - pass filter 5 and the amplifier 6 in the embodiment shown in fig4 through 8 . now description will be made about an operation of the circuit shown in fig1 when a monophonic signal is applied . when the input signal is a monophonic signal , the switches sw1 , sw2 and sw3 all select the contacts a . the monophonic input signal is applied commonly to the input terminals 10 and 12 . since the contacts b of the switches sw2 and sw3 are all opened and signal lines 50 and 51 therefore are interrupted , the monophonic signal applied to the input terminals 10 and 12 is supplied to the subtractor 33 only . the subtractor 33 acts as an adder because the switch sw1 at this time selects the contact a , delivering out the input monophonic signal directly . the output of the subtractor 33 is taken out through the twin - t circuits 34 , 36 , the low - frequency signal attenuating resistor r 1 , the low - pass filter 44 and the amplifier 46 . the output h ( s ) of the amplifier 46 is subtracted from the output signal from the subtractor 33 to provide the signal 1 - h ( s ). the output signal h ( s ) of the amplifier 46 is applied to the front right channel loudspeaker 26 through the attenuator 42 , the switch sw2 and the power amplifier 22 . it is also applied to the rear right channel loudspeaker 30 through the attenuator 42 and the power amplifier 20 . the output 1 - h ( s ) of the subtractor 38 is applied to the front left channel loudspeaker 24 through the attenuator 40 , the switch sw3 and the power amplifier 16 and also to the rear left channel loudspeaker 28 through the attenuator 40 and the power amplifier 18 . in this case also , the level of the front and rear sounds may be balanced by operating the interlocked attenuators 40 and 42 .	8
in the figures , where like numerals identify like elements , there is shown a number of embodiments of a dispensing cap for a container or the like ( not shown ). it is contemplated that the container may be separately formed from the dispensing cap , with structures provided on the cap for adhering the cap to the open end of the container and to retain the quantity of material to be stored within the container . alternatively , the cap may be integrally formed with the container body or otherwise secured to the container . in fig1 - 5 , there is shown an embodiment of a dispensing cap , which is generally identified by the numeral 10 . the cap 10 comprises a rectangular body portion 12 and slider 14 . side rails 16 and 18 are formed parallel to one another and project from opposite sides of an upper surface 20 of the body 12 . as illustrated in cross section in fig5 , the rails 16 , 18 have an inwardly projecting portion , which overlaps with a portion of the slider 14 to retain the slider within an elongated sliding track on the upper surface 20 of the body 12 . an opening 22 is provided in the body 12 for access to the interior of the container ( not shown ) to which the cap 10 is to be attached . as shown in fig5 , a downwardly projecting flange 24 is formed on the bottom of the body 12 . the flange 24 is used to secure the cap 10 to the upper rim of the container to enclose the opening formed thereby . the slider 14 is normally positioned within the sliding track formed by the rails 16 , 18 . a frangible tab 28 is positioned at one end of the slider 14 , as shown in fig1 . separation of the frangible tab 28 from the slider 14 permits the slider to move away from a stop member 26 formed at the end of the body 12 ( see fig2 ). the frangible tab 28 is positioned within a retention slot 30 provided in the stop member 26 . as shown in fig3 and 4 , the slider 14 is moveable along the sliding track and covers at least a portion of the body opening 22 . the slider 14 may be moved into a number of positions , as represented by fig3 and 4 , to adjust the size of the opening 22 . changing the size of the opening 22 serves to control the flow of material from the container through the dispensing cap 10 . further movement of the slider 14 to increase the exposed opening permits greater flow of material through the opening 22 . as graphically shown in fig6 a and 6b , the body portion 12 and slider 14 may be formed in an injection molding process . a number of mold parts 32 , 34 and 36 , as illustrated in fig6 a , combine to form a cavity for molding of the body portion 12 . in this figure , a simplistic formation of the mold is illustrated . after molding the body portion 12 , mold parts 32 are moved inwardly to clear the formed rails and then moved upwardly to move out of the way . as illustrated in fig6 b , a further mold part 38 is positioned over the formed body portion 12 , creating a cavity for molding the slider 14 . the cavity for the slider 14 is in - part defined by the formed portions of the body 12 . thus , the slider is formed in an in - mold assembly process . an in - mold assembly of the cap 10 is accomplished by a strategic resin selection for the body portion 12 and the slider 14 . for example , the material of the body can be chosen to have a melt temperature higher than the material of the slider . thus , the slider material does not fuse with or chemically bond to the material of the body , or its associated rails , during the molding of the slider . it is contemplated that the body portion of the cap may be formed from polypropylene , which may have a talc filling therein . this type material will assist in marrying the cap with the container and allow for the use of ultrasonic bonding of elements , if desired . this type material is also compatible with various type spices and other products . the talc is used to deter excessive shrinkage and can contribute to proper adhesion . the slider is preferably made from a crystal polystyrene . this type material is compatible with the polypropylene of the cap in the in - mold assembly process . polystyrene and polypropylene tend to not create a molecular bond when molded against one another . although the melting temperatures of these materials are relatively close , the lack of a molecular bond during the molding process is contemplated to produce the desired freedom between the body and slider for in - mold assembly . in addition , the use of a polystyrene for the slider is contemplated to provide the tab portion of the slider with the appropriate level of stiffness so as to be easily broken off when opening is desired . in the in - mold assembly of the cap 10 , the frangible tab 28 of the slider 14 is formed within the retention slot 30 of the stop member 26 . the tab 28 is integrally formed with the slider 14 . a frangible extension connects the tab 28 forming a t - shaped projection . the slider 14 is formed under the rails 16 , 18 during the in - mold assembly process and the tab 28 is formed on the opposite side of the stop member 26 from the slider 14 . thus , deformation of the slider 14 is not required in order to assemble the cap 10 . a destructive force is required to remove the tab 28 in order to free the slider 14 from a locked position stop member 26 . the tab 28 is preferably formed in this manner to identify tampering . in fig7 , a dispensing cap 110 is illustrated having a generally cylindrical body 112 with a slider 114 positioned in a sliding track formed within the body upper surface 120 . as shown in fig8 , the slider 114 is moved away from a stop member 126 , positioned at the end of the side rails 116 , 118 . the side rails 116 , 118 form a sliding track on the upper surface 120 of the cap 110 . a retention slot 130 is provided in the stop member 126 for receipt of a frangible tab 128 , which is connected to the slider 114 . removal of the tab 128 permits the slider 114 to move within the sliding track to expose the body opening 122 . the dispensing cap 112 and its constituent parts may be formed by an in - mold assembly as described above with respect to the embodiments of fig1 - 5 . in the embodiment shown in fig9 - 13 , a dispensing cap 210 is illustrated having a body 212 and a slider 214 positioned between two parallel rails 216 , 218 . in fig9 , the slider 214 is locked in a closed position by tab 218 , which is positioned within a retention slot 230 formed in one rail 218 . as shown in fig1 , removal of the tab 228 from the slider 214 permits the slider 214 to move within the sliding track formed by the rails 216 , 218 . movement of the slider 214 within the sliding track exposes the upper surface 220 and its corresponding opening 222 . in fig1 - 13 , the cap 210 is shown from underneath , illustrating the bottom surface 232 of the slider 214 and the bottom surface 234 of the body 212 . on the bottom surface 232 of the slider 214 is provided a stop member 226 . the stop member 226 is a downward projection which is normally positioned within the opening 222 of the body 212 . in fig1 , the stop 226 engages with one end of the opening 222 . the engagement of the stop 226 defines the maximum open area for the opening 222 . in fig1 , the stop 226 is positioned in engagement with the opposite end of the opening 222 . in this position , the slider 214 exposes a plurality of secondary openings 236 , which are provided at the opposite end of the body 212 from the position of engagement of the stop 226 . the secondary openings 236 serve as a sifting - type mechanism , as an example , for powdered or granular material retained within a container ( not shown ). in fig1 , the slider 214 is centered over the openings 222 and 236 , placing the cap 210 in a closed position . the stop 226 is centered within the opening 222 in the cap body 212 . the cap 210 of fig9 - 13 is contemplated to be made by an in - mold assembly process as described above . as such , the stop member 226 as well as the frangible tab 228 may be integrally formed with the slider 214 as part of the molding process . further , because the slider 214 is molded within a cavity that is in - part defined by the body 212 of the cap 210 , deformation of the slider 214 is not required in order for final assembly to be accomplished . thus , the tab 228 is preferably formed within the retention slot 230 within the rail 218 and the stop 226 is projected into the opening 222 formed in the body 212 upon molding . additional structures may be added to the slider and the body by the in - mold assembly process whereby separate assembly may require deformation of the parts if a separate assembly process is required after molding . the present invention has been described and illustrated with respect to a number of exemplary embodiments thereof . it should be understood by those skilled in the art from the foregoing that various other changes , omissions and additions may be made therein , without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention , with the scope of the present invention being described by the foregoing claims .	8
fig1 shows a block diagram of a characteristic karaoke vod system according to one embodiment of the present invention . the characteristic karaoke vod system comprises a remote server 1 , a network 2 and a client server 3 . for example , the client server 3 is a network - connectable device such as a network television , a set - up - box network television , a smart phone or a personal computer . the remote server 1 comprises a remote central processing unit ( cpu ) 11 , a remote communication unit 12 , a storage unit 13 , a verification unit 14 , a determination unit 15 and an application program processing unit 16 . the remote cpu 11 controls and processes a song request signal transmitted from the client server 3 . for example , the song request signal is at least one phonetic symbol or at least one universal symbol . the remote communication unit 12 is connected to the remote cpu 11 via network 2 and serves as a data transceiving and communication interface . the remote server 1 connects to the client server 3 by the remote communication unit 12 via the network 2 . the verification unit 14 is connected to the remote cpu 11 . as a user chooses to log in the characteristic karaoke vod system , the verification unit 14 compares the log - in information entered by the user to verify identification of the logged user . the determination unit 15 is connected to the remote cpu 11 , and in real - time determines and searches content inputted by the song request signal when the user enters the song request signal . the application program processing unit 16 is connected to the remote cpu 11 , and performs a corresponding operation according to the song request signal and transmits an image signal of the performed operation back to the client server 3 for output . the storage unit 13 comprises a character / symbol database 131 , a song database 132 , a client database 133 and a reference index database 134 , and is connected to the remote cpu 11 . the character / symbol database 131 comprises a universal symbol database 1311 , a phonetic symbol database 1312 and a synonym database 1313 . the universal symbol database 1311 stores traditional chinese , simplified chinese , english alphabet , japanese hiragana , japanese katakana , korean , roman symbols . . . etc . the synonym database 1313 stores words having similar meanings . the user is also allowed to define a meaning of a particular word in the synonym database 1313 to increase search convenience . when inputting the song request signal , the determination unit 15 compares at least one phonetic symbol or at least one universal character inputted with the character / symbol database 131 , and finds at least one similar artist or song name according to a comparison result . the song database 132 stores associated information of the at least one song for search or playback . the user database 133 comprises a database controller 1331 serving as a control and a transceiving interface . the database controller 1331 is connected to user basic information 1332 , user song request history information 1333 , user community relation information 1334 and the remote cpu 11 , as shown in fig2 . the user basic information 1332 stores user identification verification and basic information , according to which the verification unit 14 compares the user log - in information to verify whether the user identification is correct . the user song request history information 1333 stores at least one song that is previously requested by the at least one user for accordingly providing a recommendation table . the user community relation information 1334 stores a relationship between the logged - in user and at least one of other users , and records the extent of interaction between the logged - in user and the at least one of other users , so as to allow the characteristic karaoke vod system to provide the recommendation table . the reference index database 134 stores associated information having at least one reference index relationship with the at least one artist and the at least one song . the reference index database 134 comprises an artist reference index 1341 and a song reference index 1344 , and is connected to the remote cpu 11 . when a user inputs a song request signal , the signal transmits from client 3 to determination unit 15 through network 2 and remote cpu 11 . the determination unit 15 decides where it can search the similar or matched information stored either in artist reference index 1341 or song reference index 1344 of the reference index database 134 . the similar or matched information can be searched and listed and then transmitted to application program processing unit 16 through remote cpu 11 . the application program processing unit 16 decides how the searched and listed information will be presented . and then the information processed by application program processing unit 16 is transmitted back to client server 3 through remote cpu 11 , remote communication unit 12 and network 2 . referring to fig3 , the artist reference index 1341 comprises a reference index controller 1343 , an artist genre 13411 , a choral artist 13412 , a choral song 13413 , a rank of requested songs 13414 , a released album 13415 , a latest song 13416 , artist peripheral information 13417 , an artist concert and music video 13418 , an artist music instrument relation 13419 , a system - defined artist relation 13420 , a community artist relation 13421 , a user - defined artist relation 13422 and a user &# 39 ; s requested song history 13423 . the reference index controller 1343 serves as a control and transceiving interface , and is connected to the remote cpu 11 , as well as the artist genre 13411 , the choral artist 13412 , the choral song 13413 , the rank of requested songs 13414 , the released album 13415 , the latest song 13416 , the artist peripheral information 13417 , the artist concert and music video 13418 , the artist music instrument relation 13419 , the system - defined artist relation 13420 , the community artist relation 13421 , the user - defined artist relation 13422 and the user &# 39 ; s requested song history 13423 . the artist genre 13411 stores artists &# 39 ; information of a same gender , a same song genre , or a same type of look . for example , when the user inputs “ country artist a ” as the song request signal at the client server 3 , the requested signal is transmitted to the remote communication unit 12 through the network 2 . and then it is transmitted to the determination unit 15 through the remote cpu 11 . afterward , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the information of other similar or matched “ country artists ” with country artist a in the artist genre 13411 through remote cpu 11 . the similar or matched information of country artist b , country artist c , and country artist d could be searched and listed . the searched and listed information is transmitted back to the application program processing unit 16 through the reference index controller 1343 and the remote cpu 11 . the application program processing unit 16 decides the list of country artist b , country artist c , and country artist d will be presented into a table . the recommended table of similar or matched information of country artist b , country artist c , and country artist d is transmitted to the client server 3 through the remote cpu 11 , the remote communication unit 12 and the network 2 . the user could choose the desired “ country artist ” in the table . the way how to present the searched and listed information decided by the application program processing unit 16 could be any other forms . the choral artist 13412 stores the artists &# 39 ; information about artists who have sung one song together . when the user inputs “ artist a ” as the song request signal , the song request signal is transmitted to the determination unit 15 . the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the similar or matched information stored in the choral artist 13412 . other artists who have performed a song with artist a could be searched and listed . the searched and listed information is transmitted back to the application program processing unit 16 . the application program processing unit 16 decides the list of the result will be presented into a table . the recommended table is transmitted to the client server 3 and seen by the user . the information about songs which has been performed by more than one artist is stored in the choral song 13413 . when the user inputs “ artist b ”, the song request signal is transmitted to the determination unit 15 . the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the similar or matched information stored in the choral song 13413 . the songs which have been performed by artist b together with other artists could be searched and listed . the searched and listed information then is transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about most frequently requested songs which have been performed by the artist with years in the characteristic karaoke vod system is stored and particularly listed the most frequently requested one from the top , in the rank of requested songs 13414 . when the user inputs “ artist c ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the songs performed by “ artist c ” stored in the rank of requested songs 13414 . the matched songs are listed in an order of requested times and the most frequently requested song is listed from the top . the result of list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about songs in albums performed by the artist is stored in the released album 13415 . the information of songs is listed with the released date of albums . when the user inputs “ artist d ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the songs in the albums performed by “ artist d ” stored in the released album 13415 . the result of songs &# 39 ; information is listed in an order of released date of the albums . the result of list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about songs which are performed by the artists is stored in the latest song 13416 . the information of songs of the artists is listed with the most recently released songs listed from the top . when the user inputs “ artist e ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the songs performed by “ artist e ” and listed with the most recently released song from the top in the latest song 13416 . the result of list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the peripheral information about the artists involving in products , brands , activities , programs and movies is stored in the artist peripheral information 13417 . when the user inputs a song request signal , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the any peripheral information of artists relating to the song request signal in the artist peripheral information 13417 . the result of the artists list is then transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about songs performed by the artists in concerts and music videos is stored in the artist concert and music video 13418 . when the user inputs “ artist f ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the information about the songs which have performed by “ artist f ” in any concerts and music videos in the concert and music video 13418 . the result is then transmitted to the client server 3 . the information of instruments which are played by the artists is stored in the artist music instrument relation 13419 . when a user inputs “ piano ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching that which artists are skilled in playing the piano or who have played piano in the artist music instrument relation 13419 . the result is then transmitted to the client server 3 . the information of the artists who have been reported by tabloids as being involved in a relationship and being related to other system - defined types of relationships with the other artists is stored in the system - defined artist relation 13420 . when the user inputs “ artist g ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the artists who have been reported by tabloids as being involved in a relationship and be relative to , or other types of relationships with “ artist g ”. the result is then transmitted to the client server 3 . the communication artist relation 13421 is a community relation of the user with at least one other user , e . g ., a community relation with a friend , a relative or a classmate . when the user inputs “ artist h ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the songs performed by “ artist h ” in the community artist relation 13421 . the songs were searched first according to the song request signal , “ artist h ”, and secondly referring to the song request history information 1333 from the friend , the relative or the classmate of the user . in addition , the songs are listed from the top according to the at least one of other users having a highest level of interaction with the user . the user could define the relationship to the artists and then the user - defined relationship is stored the user - defined relationship in the user - defined artist relation 13422 . when the user inputs a song request signal , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the information stored in the user - defined artist relationship 13422 . the songs or the artists are searched and listed based on the user - defined relationship defined by the user . the result list of songs or artists is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of artists whose songs have previously requested by the user is stored in the user artist song request history 13423 . the data of previously requested songs performed by the artists should refer to the user &# 39 ; s the user song request history information 1333 . when the user inputs a song request signal , “ artist i ”, the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching songs of “ artist i ” which have been previously requested . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . it should be noted that , in order to access the communication artist relation 13421 , the user - defined artist relation 13422 and the user artist song request history 13423 , the user first needs to log into the characteristic karaoke vod system . referring to fig4 , the song reference index comprises a reference index controller 1343 , a song genre 13441 , a performing artist 13442 , an album song 13443 , a lyricist 13444 , a composer 13445 , a song peripheral information 13446 , a concert and music video 13447 , a song music instrument relation 13448 , a system - defined song relation 13449 , a community song relation 13450 , a user - defined song relation 13451 and / or a user song request history 13452 . the song reference index 1344 comprising the reference index controller 1343 serves as a control and transceiving interface and is connected to the remote cpu 11 . the reference index controller 1343 is further connected to the song genre 13441 , the performing artist 13442 , the album song 13443 , the lyricist 13444 , the composer 13445 , the song peripheral information 13446 , the concert and music video 13447 , the song music instrument relation 13448 , the system - defined song relation 13449 , the community song relation 13450 , the user - defined song relation 13451 and the user song request history 13452 . the information of songs grouped into a same group based on the same type of music , the same genre , is stored in the song genre 13441 . the genre of songs could comprise soul / r & amp ; b , country , rock , rap / hip - hop , etc . when the user inputs a song belonged to r & amp ; b , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the information stored in the song genre 13441 . other songs grouped into r & amp ; b were searched and selected . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of songs performed by the same artist is stored in the performing artist 13442 . when the user inputs a song named a , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the other songs performed by the same artist of song a in the performing artist 13442 . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of songs included in an album is stored in the album song 13443 . when the user inputs a song named b , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the other songs in the same album with song b in the album song 13443 . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of the lyricist of a song is stored in the lyricist 13444 . when the user inputs a song named c , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the other songs written by the same lyricist of song c in the lyricist 13444 . a song most frequently or most recently requested is listed from the top . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of the composer of a song is stored in the composer 13445 . when the user inputs a song named d , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the other songs written by the same composer of song d in the composer 13445 . a song most frequently or most recently requested being listed from the top . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . a song &# 39 ; s peripheral information comprising products , brands , activities , programs and movies , is stored in the song peripheral information 13446 . when the user inputs a name of the brand , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the theme songs or songs which are related to the brand inputted by the user in the song peripheral information 13446 . the result of the song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information about songs in a concert and the information of a song comprising the information indicating to other songs are stored in the concert and music video 13447 . when the user inputs one song named e , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching the other songs which have been performed in the same concert with song e and searching other music videos whose names have shown in the lyrics of song e in the concert and music video 13447 . the result of song list is transmitted to client server 3 . the information of songs which are played on instruments is stored in the song music instrument relation 13448 . when a user inputs “ piano ” as the song request signal , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching songs which are played on piano , music videos in which a piano has shown , or songs with piano in the chorus of the songs in the song music instrument relation 13448 . the result of the song list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about system - defined relationship is stored in the system - defined song relation 13449 . for example , when the user inputs an artist l as the request song signal , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching songs performed by other artists who were reported by tabloids that the artists are involved in an affair with artist l or relatives to the artist l . the inputted song request signal is not limited by the name of the artist . the result of song list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the information about songs which have been requested by at least one of the other users is stored in the community song relation 13450 . when the user inputs one song named f , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching other songs which were requested with song f by the at least one of the other users in the community song relation 13450 . the requested songs of the at least one of other users in the community song relation 13450 are referred to other users &# 39 ; the user song request history information 1333 . songs from the at least one of other users who has interacted with the user most in the vod system are listed from the top . the result of song list is transmitted to the client server 3 . the relationships between songs can be defined by the user and then stored in the user - defined song relation 13451 . when a user inputs a song request signal , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching songs or artists in the user - defined song relation 13451 . the recommended results are transmitted to the client server 3 . the information of other songs also previously requested by the user is stored in the user song request song history 13452 . the previously requested songs of the user refer to the user &# 39 ; s the user song request history information 1333 . when the user inputs a song named g , the determination unit 15 makes the decision of searching other songs which was previously requested with song g the result of the song list is transmitted to the client server 3 . in order to access the community song relation 13450 , the user - defined song relation 13451 and the user song request history 13452 , the user needs to first log into the characteristic karaoke vod system . the client server 3 comprises a client cpu 31 , an input device 32 , a display unit 33 and a client communication unit 34 . the client cpu 31 controls and processes a received signal . the input device 32 is connected to the client cpu 31 , and inputs the song request signal . for example , the input device 32 is a portable device , a remote controller , a keyboard or a mouse . the display unit 33 is connected to the client cpu 31 , and displays a song request image . the client communication unit 34 is connected to the client cpu 3 1 and is connected to the remote server 1 via the network 2 , and serves as a data transceiving and communication interface . fig5 shows a flowchart of an operating process of a characteristic karaoke vod system . the operating process comprises steps of : a ) a user connecting to a remote server 1 ; b ) logging into a characteristic karaoke vod system ; c ) entering the characteristic karaoke vod system ; d ) the user inputting a song request signal ; e ) according to the song request signal , selecting at least one artist or at least one song name matching or close to the song request signal ; wherein , in a process of inputting the song request signal , the at least one artist or the at least one song name is listed according to at least one phonetic symbol or at least one universal symbol inputted ; f ) according to the selected artist or a song name , listing a recommendation table having at least one reference index relationship ; g ) determining whether the user selects a song or not , if the user selects a song , then performing step ( h ), or else , performing step ( d ); and h ) listing the selected song in a requested song list and recording the selected song to user song request history information 1333 . fig6 shows a flowchart of an operating process of a characteristic karaoke vod system according to another embodiment of the present invention . the operating process comprises steps of : i ) a user connecting to a remote server 1 ; ii ) entering the characteristic karaoke vod system ; iii ) the user inputting a song request signal ; iv ) according to the song request signal , selecting at least one artist or at least one song name matching or close to the song request signal ; wherein , in a process of inputting the song request signal , the at least one artist or the at least one song name is listed according to at least one phonetic symbol or at least one universal symbol inputted ; v ) according to a selected artist or a song name , listing a recommendation table having at least one reference index relationship ; vi ) determining whether the user selects a song or not , if the user does so , performing step ( vii ), or else performing step ( iii ); and vii ) listing the selected song in a requested song list . while the invention has been described by way of example and in terms of the preferred embodiments , it is to be understood that the invention is not limited thereto . on the contrary , it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements and procedures , and the scope of the appended claims therefore should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements and procedures .	6
several runs were carried out in which a north dakota lignite analyzing as follows , on a substantially moisture - free basis , was subjected to oxidation using nitric acid as the oxidant : 65 . 03 weight percent carbon , 4 . 0 weight percent hydrogen , 27 . 0 weight percent oxygen , 0 . 92 weight percent sulfur , 0 . 42 weight percent nitrogen and 0 . 04 weight percent moisture . the ash was further analyzed and found to contain 43 weight percent oxygen , 7 . 8 weight percent sulfur and the remainder metals . in each run , the data of which are summarized below in table iii , 70 percent aqueous nitric acid was used . in each run , 100 milliliters of the defined nitric acid was gradually added to the stirred slurry containing 100 grams of powdered lignite defined above ( corresponding to 67 . 5 grams of moisture - free feed ) and 370 grams of water while maintaining the contents at selected temperature levels and atmospheric pressure . nitrogen oxides were permitted to escape from the reaction zone as they evolved . at the end of the reaction period the product slurry was withdrawn from the reaction zone and filtered to obtain a solids fraction and a filtrate . the solids were extracted with acetone at atmospheric pressure . the acetone solution was then subjected to evaporation at reduced pressure to obtain acetone - soluble solids . the novel acetone - insoluble portion was dried at reduced pressure and was found to be readily soluble in sodium hydroxide . the filtrate in runs nos . 6 and 7 was found to consist essentially of unreacted nitric acid , water and inorganic materials ( ash ). however , in each of the remaining runs acetone soluble , water - soluble organic acids were also found . the work - up of the filtrate was carried out as follows . initially the filtrate was subjected to distillation to separate unreacted nitric acid and water therefrom . the remaining solids were subjected to extraction with acetone . the acetone solution was dried to remove acetone therefrom , resulting in the recovery of the acetone - soluble , water - soluble organic acids substantially completely soluble in sodium hydroxide . the residue was mainly ash . the data obtained are summarized below in table iii . table iii__________________________________________________________________________ reaction acetone - soluble , water - acetone - insolublerun temperature , time , insoluble organic acids , organic acids , analysis of organic acids , weight per centno . ° c . hours grams grams carbon hydrogen nitrogen oxygen sulfur ash__________________________________________________________________________1 70 2 51 . 1 18 55 . 52 . sup . a 3 . 72 4 . 70 35 . 13 0 . 30 0 . 63 60 . 69 . sup . b 3 . 81 3 . 34 23 . 70 0 . 36 8 . 102 80 5 47 . 1 23 . 4 52 . 31 4 . 13 4 . 69 38 . 14 0 . 33 0 . 40 58 . 24 3 . 47 2 . 32 29 . 35 0 . 31 6 . 313 90 2 52 . 5 24 . 5 53 . 94 4 . 38 4 . 61 36 . 39 0 . 25 0 . 43 57 . 08 3 . 45 3 . 77 28 . 08 0 . 27 7 . 354 100 2 49 18 52 . 08 4 . 16 4 . 57 38 . 14 0 . 28 0 . 77 57 . 09 3 . 37 3 . 57 27 . 48 0 . 42 8 . 075 110 2 35 . 5 28 54 . 53 4 . 36 4 . 51 35 . 35 0 . 27 0 . 98 55 . 34 3 . 72 3 . 59 28 . 93 0 . 33 8 . 096 130 2 7 . 1 39 . 4 56 . 8 4 . 20 4 . 31 33 . 59 0 . 24 0 . 86 nt nt nt nt nt nt7 150 2 4 . 7 32 . 8 61 . 65 5 . 06 4 . 03 27 . 95 0 . 26 1 . 05 nt nt nt nt nt nt__________________________________________________________________________ row . sup . a in each case is the analysis of the acetone - soluble acids row . sup . b in each case is the analysis of the acetone - insoluble acids nt means no analysis was made . although we have stated above that the novel composition is acetone - insoluble and we have shown the use of acetone as suitable in the process defined herein , this has been done merely as a characterization of the composition and to exemplify one embodiment of our process . many polar solvents can be used in place of acetone herein . among the polar solvents that have been used are methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , methyl ethyl ketone , tetrahydrofuran , dioxane , cyclohexanone , etc . the use of such solvents , therefore , falls within the scope of the invention claimed herein . since the novel mixture claimed herein has abundant functionality in both carboxyl and nitro groups , it is apparent that the mixture lends itself to many known chemical reactions , for example , esterification of the carboxyl groups , hydrogenation of nitro groups that may be present to amines , etc . we have found that the novel mixtures defined herein can be converted to their corresponding anhydrides using conventional dehydrating conditions and that such anhydrides can be used as curing agents for epoxy resins to produce a cured epoxy resin suitable for many uses , for example , in encapsulation of electrical parts , such as resistors . curing of an epoxy resin with the anhydride is illustrated below . there was charged to a quart ball mill jar containing two dozen borundum balls 45 grams of epon 1004 ( an epoxy resin having an ep equivalent of 0 . 05 and an epoxy equivalent weight of 900 , manufactured by shell chemical co . ), 20 grams of the anhydride obtained from the acid mixture resulting from run no . 1 above , having an anhydride equivalent of 0 . 05 and an anhydride equivalent weight of 400 , and 0 . 45 gram of tine octanoate catalyst . the mixture was milled for two hours and there was recovered molding powder passing through a 100 mesh screen . ten grams of the above powder was molded in accordance with the procedure defined in astm - d - 647 to form a disc 1 / 8 - inch thick having a diameter of two inches . the mold was cured in a steam - heated hydraulic press at 175 ° c . and 2000 pounds per square inch gauge ( 140 . 5 kilograms per square centimeter ) for 30 minutes and then cooled to room temperature while maintaining said pressure . the resulting disc was a hard black solid having a smooth , continuous surface . obviously , many modifications and variations of the invention , as hereinabove set forth , can be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof and , therefore , only such limitations should be imposed as are indicated in the appended claims .	2
turning now descriptively to the drawings , in which similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views , the figures illustrate elements in the form of symbols which in other embodiments could be but are not limited to patterns , circles , images , or colors which have been located in positions along the perimeter of shapes in predetermined or randomly determined positions . fig1 shows the high level flow chart . generally , the user begins operation of the game where licensing is verified and introduction screens are presented . a menu system is presented to the user . when the menu is presented to the user , the user has the option to set playing difficulty levels or to begin play . when play is begun a new game screen is generated with elements positioned along the perimeter of a shape in this case a circle and then the inner shape of elements begins to rotate . by activating the user input device the player chooses when to stop the rotation of the elements . when rotation of the elements is stopped by the user , the number of matches is calculated and displayed on the display device . when the user input device is activated again either 1 ) rotation begins again if retries are available or 2 ) a new screen is generated and rotation of the new screen begins . the user again activates the input device to stop rotation of the elements . matches are computed and this process is repeated until the best match rotations for a certain amount of predetermined screens are completed where a final score is computed . fig2 shows a flow chart of a typical game . in fig2 , the screen is created and the rotation of the elements is started until a user input stops the rotation . then a score is calculated . rotation is started again by user input until the game is completed . when a new game is started or when a rotation is completed and no additional rotations are available to a user , then a new game screen is generated for presentation to the user . these screens are generated randomly using random number generators to determine the combinations of the elements . in other embodiments these screens , for element selections could be pre - generated or predetermined . illustrated in fig3 is an example of the possible elements to choose from . a new screen is created by choosing a smaller group of n elements from the total available group of elements . n is determined by the level of game play chosen by the player . if a player has selected the easy play level then n may be set to four elements . if medium play has been selected then n may be set to five elements . if the player has selected the hard play level then n may be set to six elements . other embodiments could vary the value of n to vary the level of difficulty however n cannot be less than two . new elements are placed on each position around the perimeter of each circle . in this example , there are 8 positions and therefore 8 elements per circle . these 8 positions are filled by making a random selection of elements from the group of elements . also , in this example , there are two circles selected as the shapes . the 2 circles are comprised of an inner circle and an outer circle . other embodiments could vary the number of positions for elements to be placed along the perimeter of circles to vary the level of difficulty . a minimum of 2 circles of elements are required , but more difficult embodiments could have more than 2 circles , some of which are stationary and some of which rotate . fig4 illustrates a typical game screen displaying the elements . elements are located in 8 positions along the perimeter of an inner circle and 8 elements are located along the perimeter of an outer circle . the actual circles are shown as well as the elements to better illustrate the positioning of the elements along the perimeter of the circles . however , the circles do not need to be shown in the game as it is the elements which are of primary interest to the game player since it is the elements which are used for making matches . in another embodiment , elements could be embodied in pie shaped wedges or circles with unique colors for backgrounds . fig5 illustrates an animation of the elements of the inner circle rotating along the perimeter of the inner circle in a real time fashion at a rate which gives the user enough time to determine matches and yet fast enough to yield results in a timely fashion . this embodiment uses a rotate rate of approximately 1 element per second . difficulty may be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the rotation rate . in this embodiment , levels of difficulty selected by the player will determine if additional rotations are to be granted per screen after a rotation has been stopped by the user input . easy level of play is granted 3 rotations per screen , medium level of play is granted 2 rotations per screen , and hard level of play is granted 1 rotation per screen . additional rotations per screen are not needed if a maximum number of matches is achieved by the user after rotation is stopped . a maximum number of matches would be achieved if a player matched the maximum possible matches available when rotation was stopped . in other embodiments , the number of additional rotations granted per screen may be varied to vary the level of difficulty . in other embodiments , the rate of rotation of the elements could be varied to vary the level of difficulty . in other embodiments , rotation of elements or number of screens could be limited by a timer to vary the difficulty . the user input control starts and stops the elements from rotating . the control works in a toggling fashion . push the control once to stop the rotation . push control again to start the rotation . push the control again to stop the rotation , etc . the control may be but is not limited to any single user input device . in this embodiment , many keys including the 0 - 9 , *, # and fire key on a mobile phone are mapped redundantly as the control button which gives the user the flexibility of finding the most advantageous input to suit their particular mobile phone . fig6 provides an example of the inner circle in a stopped position so the matches of elements may be scored . the scoring system counts the number of matches on a screen when the rotation is stopped . matches are found by comparing the element positions on the inner circle with that of the outer circle . fig4 shows an example of the elements position locations . if upon stopping of the rotation ( see fig6 ), the same element is found at position 2 on the inner circle as is found on position 2 on the outer circle then that counts as 1 match . the other seven positions on the circles are compared in the same fashion and a total number of matches for the current stop of rotation is calculated . in the example shown in fig6 , there are 4 matches shown when rotation is stopped . in this embodiment , the player is presented with 10 unique screens . in the hard level of play , matches from 10 rotations are added together to compute a final game score because only one rotation of the elements is allowed per screen in the hard level of play . in the easy or medium level of play , the best number of matches is added together after rotations for 10 screens . the number of rotations in the easy of medium level of play is a variable because additional rotations are granted at these levels of play to allow the player to achieve the maximum possible number of matches . high scores are saved to permanent storage and may be available for viewing or may be available to be posted to network high score lists . other embodiments could vary the number of rotations available to achieve the maximum number of matches for each screen to vary the difficulty . additional embodiments could vary the number screens per game to vary the level of difficulty . what has been described and illustrated herein are preferred embodiments of the invention along with some of its variations . the terms , descriptions and figures used herein are set forth by way of illustration only and are not meant as limitations . those skilled in the art will recognize that many variations are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention in which all terms are meant in their broadest , reasonable sense unless otherwise indicated . any headings utilized within the description are for convenience only and have no legal or limiting effect . it should be understood that manipulations within the apparatus are often referred to in terms such as creating , comparing , moving , displaying , determining , selecting , playing , and the like , which may be associated with manual operations performed by a human operator . the operations described herein are machine operations performed in conjunction with various inputs provided by a human operator or user that interacts with the apparatus . in addition , it should be understood that the programs , processes , methods , etc . described herein are not related or limited to any particular apparatus or apparatus , nor are they related or limited to any particular communication architecture . rather , various types of general purpose machines may be used with program modules constructed in accordance with the teachings described herein . similarly , it may prove advantageous to construct a specialized apparatus to perform the method steps described herein by way of dedicated apparatus systems in a specific network architecture with hard - wired logic or programs stored in nonvolatile memory , such as read only memory . from the foregoing description , it will be appreciated that the present invention provides a system and method for creating a game based on elements which rotate along the perimeter of circles where the rotation is stopped by a player using an input device and where matches of elements from adjacent circles where the elements are located in the same positions along the perimeters are counted are used to determine player &# 39 ; s score . the foregoing system may be conveniently implemented in one or more program modules that are based upon the flow charts in fig1 and 2 and illustrated in fig3 , 4 , 5 , and 6 . no particular programming language has been required for carrying out the various procedures described above because it is considered that the operations , steps , and procedures described above and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are sufficiently disclosed to permit one of ordinary skill in the art to practice the present invention . moreover , there are many apparatus and operating systems which may be used in practicing the present invention and therefore no detailed apparatus program could be provided which would be applicable to all of these many different systems . each user of a particular apparatus will be aware of the language and tools which are most useful for that user &# 39 ; s needs and purposes . the present invention has been described in relation to particular embodiments which are intended in all respects to be illustrative rather than restrictive . the particular embodiments described are of a mobile phone game where the concepts are demonstrated . however , those skilled in the art will understand that the principles of the present invention apply to any apparatus environment . alternative embodiments will become apparent to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains without departing from its spirit and scope . accordingly , the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the foregoing description .	0
fig1 is a top cross sectional view of an exemplary water dispensing system 10 located in an exemplary lower portion 12 of an exemplary refrigerator 14 . refrigerator 14 includes a fresh food compartment 16 and a freezer compartment 18 . compartments 16 and 18 are separated by an insulation barrier 20 and two plastic coating layers 22 and 24 . system 10 is located in thermal communication with compartment 16 , and , in one embodiment is positioned in fresh food compartment 16 adjacent a floor thereof . it is recognized , however , that the benefits of the present invention accrue to many types of refrigerators beyond exemplary refrigerator 14 , and further that the benefits may be realized by positioning water dispensing system 10 elsewhere in a refrigerator than , for example , lower portion 12 . system 10 includes an inlet line 26 , a water tank 28 , and an outlet line 30 . water tank 28 is fabricated from known methods , such as blow molding , and is serpentine shaped , i . e . curves back and forth , to increase a length of its flow path between an inlet line 26 and outlet line 30 while conserving space . serpentine water tank 28 is shaped like an inverted “ s ”, although other serpentine shapes could be used having any desired number of bends 32 . serpentine water tank 28 is attached to a rectangular bar 34 with two openings 36 and 38 . lower portion 12 has two vertical studs ( not shown ) which pass through openings 36 and 38 . wing nuts 40 and 42 are attached to the vertical studs to hold bar 34 to a floor 44 of refrigerator lower portion 12 . inlet line 26 passes through floor 44 and into compartment 16 where it is connected to an inlet 46 of tank 28 . outlet line 30 is connected to an outlet 48 of tank 28 and then passes through barrier 20 and a freezer door 50 to a water dispenser ( not shown ) by way of a vertical portion 52 of outlet line 30 . system 10 receives water entering system 10 through inlet line 26 as shown by arrow 53 . unfiltered water is cooled during its passage through serpentine tank 28 and ultimately filtered and discharged as cooled water through outlet line 30 to a water dispenser ( not shown .) just prior to use . serpentine tank 28 includes a longitudinally extending inlet leg 54 , a longitudinally extending center leg 55 and a longitudinally extending outlet leg 56 . inlet leg 54 receives warm water 57 , which passes through leg 54 for a sufficient time to allow heat to escape from warm water 57 to produce slightly cooled water 58 . slightly cooled water 58 exits inlet leg 54 and enters center leg 55 . additional heat escapes from slightly cooled water 58 during its passage through center leg 55 to produce cooled water 59 . cooled water 59 exits center leg 55 and enters outlet leg 56 . during its passage through outlet leg 56 , further heat escapes from cooled water 59 before passing through a cylindrical filter media 60 and a collection center tube 62 into outlet tube 48 . filter media 60 is fabricated from known materials and is held within outlet leg 56 by an outlet cover such as end cap 64 or other known cover members . end cap 64 includes a boss 66 that holds center tube 62 within filter media 60 . while the illustrated embodiment includes a substantially parallel inlet leg 54 , center leg 55 , and outlet leg 56 , it is recognized that the legs of the water tanks need not be parallel in alternative embodiments to achieve at least some of the benefits of the present invention . additionally , it is appreciated that the benefits of the invention may be obtained in alternative embodiments with u - shaped water tanks , or other non - serpentine shaped water tanks apparent to those in the art . filter media 60 is spaced radially inward from outlet leg 56 , and collection center tube 62 includes a plurality of perforations or inlet openings 66 to facilitate uniform flow of water through media 60 and into center tube 62 . this configuration allows use of larger surface area filters , providing smaller pressure drops during flow than known comparable compact removable filter elements . consequently , cooled , filtered water flows from center tube 64 to outlet tube 48 , where outlet tube 48 delivers cooled , filtered water to outlet line 30 . from outlet line 30 , water is dispensed by a dispensing system ( not shown ) upon user demand . fresh food compartment door 68 forms a seal 70 with a door opening 72 , to keep compartment 16 cool by normal operation of refrigerator 14 , which , in turn , cools water in system 10 . in one embodiment , the dispenser mechanism also dispenses crushed ice and cubed ice , and is located on a front of freezer door 50 to provide a relatively direct path for ice . in alternative embodiments , the dispenser mechanism is located elsewhere on refrigerator 14 . water tank 28 with integral filter media 60 may be easily removed by disconnecting wing nuts 40 and 42 from bar 34 to release tank 28 . the entire tank 28 , together with filter media 60 , is disconnected from inlet line 26 and outlet line 30 and removed through door opening 72 . another tank 28 and integral filter media 60 is replaced by reconnecting inlet line 26 and outlet line 30 and fastening wing nuts 40 and 42 to bar 34 . thus , a reliable water filter assembly is provided within the water storage tank to conserve space of the refrigerator fresh food compartment , and simple hand installation and removal without tools reduces assembly costs and maintenance difficulties . fig2 is an exploded top view , in partial cutaway , of outlet leg 56 . an upstream direction is shown by arrow 76 and a downstream direction by arrow 78 . center tube 62 includes an annular base 84 attached to a center tube upstream end 86 that restrains filter media 60 against movement upstream . cylindrical filter media 60 includes a central opening therethrough to receive center tube 62 . end cap 90 is ultrasonically welded to boss 66 on a downstream end 94 of tube 82 to capture filter media 60 between base 84 and cap 90 . filter media 60 is a thick cylindrical tube configured to fit within outlet leg 56 . filtering of water in outlet leg 56 allows storage of water in tank 28 ( shown in fig1 ) in an unfiltered condition until just before use . thus , bacterial suppressing chlorine treatments frequently employed in municipal water treatment systems are not filtered from the water in the tank until just before use , thereby minimizing bacterial re - growth in water tank 28 that may otherwise occur if water was filtered within water tank inlet leg 54 or center leg 56 ( shown in fig1 ). in alternate embodiments , outlet leg 56 and filter media 60 vary in length . further alternate embodiments include varying numbers of water tank legs , subject to limitations of the size of compartment housing . other leg configurations of inlet leg 54 ( shown in fig1 ) and center leg 55 ( shown in fig1 ) may be employed in various alternative embodiments within the scope of the present invention . end cap 90 is ultrasonically welded to a downstream end 96 of leg 56 to form a permanently sealed water dispensing system 10 . system 74 is removably attached with wing nuts ( not shown ) as described above in relation to fig1 . while in the described embodiment , the storage tank and filter media are a disposable unit , it is contemplated that a removable end cap may be provided such that the filter media may be replaced and the water tank be reused in an alternative embodiment within the scope of the invention . in a further embodiment , the above - described integral filter / tank of dispenser system 10 is positioned horizontally or slightly inclined to facilitate escape of air in the tank when the tank is initially filled , as well as facilitating uniform passage of cooling air around the serpentine tank . horizontal placement of the tank also permits the tank to be placed adjacent a floor of a fresh food compartment of the refrigerator where freezing of water in the tank is least likely . a disposable and easily replaced integral tank and filter is therefore provided that eliminates plumbing joint connections to and from conventional water filters located adjacent , or outside , conventional storage tanks . replacement of the water tank at the time the filter replacement reduces likelihood of late - in - life water tank leaks . while the invention has been described in terms of various specific embodiments , those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the claims .	5
fig4 and 5 show an embodiment of the invention . as illustrated , a wiring pattern 5 and lands 6 are formed on the bottom surface ( lower or rear side ) of a main pw board 7 , and leads 3 &# 39 ; of various component parts 3 mounted on the top surface ( upper or front side ) are inserted or made to penetrate through the through - holes of the lands 6 and are soldered to the wiring pattern 5 or the lands 6 by solder 4 . an auxiliary pw board 8 is mounted or fixed to the desired portion of the main pw board 7 , e . g ., the portion where jumper wiring is to be made . the auxiliary pw board 8 is formed of a flexible board or sheet made of a material such as polyimid , polyester or the like and , as better illustrated in fig6 and 7 the auxiliary pw board 8 is provided with a wiring pattern 9 and lands 10 to provide the same electrical connection as the jumper wires 2 shown in fig1 and 2 . a through - hole 11 is formed in each land 10 . moreover , a both - sided pressure - sensitive ( tacky adhesive ) sheet 15 , having adhesive character on both sides or surfaces , is attached to one side of the auxiliary pw board 8 , with one or lower side of the sheet 15 being bonded to the one or upper side of the auxiliary pw board 8 . the auxiliary pw board 8 is produced in the following manner . first , a desired pattern of wiring 9 and lands 10 is formed on a flexible base material or substrate by means of known techniques such as etching . an adhesive sheet 15 is then attached to the flexible substrate 8 . finally , through - holes 11 are formed at the centers of the lands to penetrate through the flexible substrate 8 and the adhesive sheet 15 to produce a flexible pw board 8 . the mounting of the auxiliary pw board 8 onto the main pw board 7 is achieved by bringing the auxiliary pw board 8 into engagement with the main pw board 7 in such a manner that the adhesive sheet 15 is interposed between the two boards 7 and 8 , and that the through - holes 11 of the auxiliary pw board 8 are in alignment with the corresponding through - holes of the lands 6 of the main pw board 7 and applying a pressure on the auxiliary pw board 8 thereby bonding the auxiliary pw board 8 to the main pw board 7 . the alignment is facilitated if one or more positioning marks 18 as shown in fig9 ( a ), 9 ( b ) and 9 ( c ) are provided on the auxiliary pw board 8 . in the example of fig9 ( a ), positioning patterns 18 in the form of a cross are formed on the auxiliary pw board 8 at positions corresponding to two selected lands 6 &# 39 ; selected from the lands 6 in that region of the main pw board 7 which is covered by the auxiliary pw board 8 . a perforation 19 is provided at the center of each cross pattern 18 to enable visual observation or confirmation of the land 6 &# 39 ; through the perforation 19 . correct positioning is ensured by aligning the perforations 19 at the centers of the cross patterns 18 with the corresponding lands 6 &# 39 ; when bonding the auxiliary pw board 8 to the main pw board 7 . in the example of fig9 ( b ), rectangular patterns 18 are formed in place of the cross patterns . the example of fig9 ( c ) is usable where the auxiliary pw board 8 has a sufficient degree of transparency to permit the lands 6 or the through - holes in the lands , or the patterns 5 to be observed through the auxliary pw board 8 . in this example , the perforations 19 are not provided but only the cross patterns 18 are formed . during the bonding , the centers of the cross patterns 18 are aligned with the corresponding lands 6 &# 39 ;. the patterns may alternatively be superimposed on and aligned with part of the wiring patterns 5 formed on the main pw board . in each of the examples shown in fig9 ( a ), 9 ( b ) and 9 ( c ), the positioning patterns 18 may be formed of the same material ( e . g ., copper foil ) as the jumper wiring pattern 9 , or of a paint . choosing the same material as the jumper wiring pattern 9 is advantages in that the positioning patterns 18 can be formed simultaneously with the wiring pattern 9 , and no additional production step is required . the use of the adhesive sheet 15 for bonding the auxiliary pw board 8 to the main pw board 7 is advantageous in that the auxiliary pw board 8 can be readily peeled or removed when need for removal arises , such as when the auxiliary pw board 8 is bonded at an incorrect position or when it is necessary to alter the jumper wiring formed on the auxiliary pw board 8 . electrical connection between the auxiliary pw board 8 and the main pw board 7 is accomplished by having , after the auxiliary pw board 8 is bonded to the main pw board 7 , the leads 3 &# 39 ; of the electronic component parts 3 penetrate through the through - holes 11 of the lands 10 of the auxiliary pw board 8 , as well as the through - holes of the main pw board 7 , as shown in fig8 and bringing that side of the auxiliary pw board 8 which is opposite to that bonded to the main pw board 7 into contact with molten solder to effect soldering . if the through - holes 11 of the auxiliary pw board 8 are made to be a little larger than the through - holes of the lands 6 , the molten solder will flow through the through - holes 11 and reach the lands 6 when the auxiliary pw board 8 bonded to the main pw board 7 is brought into contact with the molten solder . mounting the electronic parts 3 can be conducted by the use of an automatic part inserting device ( an ic insertor ) since the auxiliary pw board 8 is formed of a flexible substrate and is hence thin , and accordingly the added or bonded auxiliary pw board 8 does not produce any considerable adverse effect on the use of the automatic part inserting device . soldering can also be conducted by means of automatic soldering provided that the flexible substrate 8 and the adhesive sheet 15 are made of heat resistant materials . as an alternative to the pressure sensitive adhesive sheet 15 , an adhesive material such as a thermo - setting synthtic resin may be interposed between the auxiliary pw board 8 and the main pw board 7 , and a heat press may be applied on that side of the auxiliary pw board 8 which is opposite to that facing the main pw board 7 to effect adhesion between the two boards 7 and 8 . in this case , the auxiliary pw board 8 is produced in the following manner . first , a desired pattern of wiring 9 and lands 10 are formed on a flexible substrate by means of etching and the like . next , an adhesive material 15 such as a thermosetting resin is applied on the flexible substrate 8 . finally , through - holes 11 are formed at the centers of the lands 10 to penetrate through the flexible substrate 8 and the adhesive material layer to produce a flexible pw board 8 it has been described that the electronic component parts 3 are mounted after the auxiliary pw board 8 is bonded to the main pw board 7 . but the auxiliary pw board 8 may be bonded to the main pw board 7 after the electronic component parts 3 are mounted and soldered to the main pw board 7 . more particularly , the leads 3 &# 39 ; may first be inserted in and soldered to the lands 6 of the main pw board , and the auxiliary pw board 8 is thereafter superimposed on the main pw board 7 in such a manner that the leads 3 &# 39 ; are inserted in the lands 10 , and the leads 3 &# 39 ; an soldered to the lands 10 . the through - holes 11 of the auxiliary pw board should preferably be a little larger to avoid the fillet 16 ( indicated by a broken line in fig8 ) of the solder produced as a result of soldering of the leads 3 &# 39 ; to the main pw board 7 . the lands 10 of the auxiliary pw board may be so formed as to have exposed portions on both sides , and the wall of the through - holes 11 may also be copper clad . this will facilitate flow of the solder and ensure firm electrical connection and fixing of the auxiliary pw board 7 . in the above - described cases , the auxiliary pw board 8 is fixed to the main pw board 7 by means of soldering . the use of an adhesive for bonding can therefore be omitted . but if the two boards 7 and 8 are bonded by an adhesive in advance the soldering is facilitated , so that use of an adhesive for bonding is preferrable . where the electronic parts 3 are mounted to the main pw board 7 by the use of an automatic part inserting device the leads 3 &# 39 ; are generally a little bent in the predetermined directions to prevent coming - off of the leads 3 &# 39 ;. if the through - holes 11 are circular , mounting the auxiliary pw board 8 to the main pw board 7 having the electronic parts 3 already mounted thereto may be difficult because of the bent leads 3 &# 39 ;. in such a case , it is preferrable that the through - holes 11 be elongated in the direction of the bent to facilitate the mounting of the auxiliary pw board 8 . fig1 and 11 show another embodiment of the invention , which is generally identical to the embodiment of fig4 and 5 . the difference is that the auxiliary pw board 8 is provided with perforations 12 at various positions corresponding to the positions at which the wiring pattern 5 is cut and / or at positions at which there is a certain degree of possibility that such cutting becomes necessary because of design modification or the like . the perforations 12 enables visual observation of the wiring pattern 5 to ascertain whether the wiring pattern is actually cut , and thereby enabling easy and quick inspection . moreover , when the need arises for cutting of that portion of the wiring pattern 5 which lies under the auxiliary pw board 8 , a cutter may be inserted through the perforation 12 and the wiring pattern 5 may be cut . this obviates the necessity of removing the auxiliary pw board 8 for the cutting . instead of providing perforations 12 , the auxiliary pw board 8 may be formed of a material having a certain degree of transparency ( i . e ., perfectly transparent or semi - transparent to enable visual observation of the wiring pattern 5 on the main pw board 7 . in this case , by forming the auxiliary pw board 8 of a material which is easy to cut , the wiring pattern 5 as well as that part of the auxiliary pw board 8 coverng the wiring pattern 5 can be cut and removed . in this case too , the auxiliary pw board 8 need not be peeled for the cutting . where a wiring pattern or lands are formed on that side of the auxiliary pw board 8 which faces the main pw board 7 , insulating means may be employed , e . g ., an insulating layer may be formed to cover such wiring pattern or lands to prevent their contact with the wiring pattern on the main pw board 7 . where the wiring patterns are formed on both sides of the auxiliary pw board 8 , the wiring density ( amount of wiring per unit area ) of the auxiliary pw board 8 is increased . moreover , when a copper foil or layer is formed on the wall surfaces of the through - holes 11 of the auxiliary pw board 8 , the flow of solder through the through - holes 11 is facilitated and it will be less likely that any failure should occur in electrical connection between the lands 6 and 10 . since the auxiliary pw board 8 is formed of a thin , flexible pw board , the work for mounting the auxiliary pw board 8 to the main pw board 7 is much improved since the auxiliary pw board 8 can for example be easily stuck . moreover , the length of the projection of the bottom surface of the auxiliary pw board 8 from the bottom surface of the main pw board 7 is reduced , so that soldering ,, circuit testing conducted by having a contactor in engagement with the lands , and the like are facilitated . furthermore , the cutting of the wiring pattern 5 is further facilitated . a problem associated with the use of a flexible substrate for the auxiliary pw board 8 is that it is relatively easy for the auxiliary pw board to tear or break , particularly at a position where the edge is inwardly curved . to solve this problem , a reinforcement dummy pattern 20 may be formed to extend along the edge , or periphery as shown in fig1 ( a ), and fig1 ( b ). in the example of fig1 ( a ), the dummy pattern 20 is formed to cover only the inwardly curved edge portions where a tear is most likely to occur . in the example of fig1 ( b ), the dummy pattern 20 is formed to extend all along the entire periphery . by providing the dummy pattern 20 , any tear developing from the edge of the auxiliary pw board is prevented from further developing or penetrating into the area inside of the dummy pattern 20 . in either case , the dummy pattern 20 is formed of the same material as the wiring pattern 9 to facilitate the production of the auxiliary pw board . another problem associated with the use of a flexible pw board 8 , is that warp or twist may occur when the wiring pattern 9 is not uniformly distributed over the surface of the pw board 8 . this is due to the difference in thermal expansion coefficient between the conductor ( e . g ., copper ) forming the wiring pattern and the substrate material ( e . g ., polyimid ) of the auxiliary pw board 8 , when warp or twist occurs in the auxiliary pw board 8 , intimate contact between the main and the auxiliary pw boards 7 and 8 cannot be achieved , which lowers the efficiency of work on the boards and may cause failures or errors in the wiring . to solve this problem , an additional dummy pattern 21 for preventing warp or twist may be formed to cover the entire blank area where the wiring pattern 9 required to provide the electrical circuit function is not formed . the dummy pattern 21 is not electrically connected to the wiring pattern 9 , and is formed of the same material as the wiring pattern 9 . the provision of the dummy pattern 21 will result in a better uniformity as regards the thermal expansion coefficient throughout the entire surface of the board 8 , and prevent warp and twist . the dummy pattern 21 , which in the embodiment described above , is formed to cover the entire blank area where the wiring pattern 9 is not formed , may alternatively be formed to cover part only of the blank area where the wiring pattern 9 is not formed , in such a manner that the aggregation of the wiring pattern 9 and the dummy pattern 21 is distributed evenly throughout the auxiliary pw board 8 . the various problems discussed above are encountered wherever a flexible board is used so that their solution can be applied to any electrical circuit device with a flexible board . the application of the auxiliary pw board is not limited to a situation when the wiring pattern formed on the auxiliary pw board is a jumper wiring pattern . for instance , where it is not necessary to add a whole wiring layer but is necessary to add part only of a wiring layer to meet the demand for increase in the amount of wiring an auxiliary pw board as described above may be mounted to the main pw board . the cost for adding a whole wiring layer is about the same as the cost of a single - layer pw board . substituting an auxiliary pw board as described above will substantially reduce the cost . as has been described , according to the invention , a wiring pattern such as a jumper wiring pattern is formed on an auxiliary pw board constituted by a flexible substrate , and the auxiliary pw board is mounted to the main pw board by means of adhesive or soldering . the efficiency of the work for wiring , such as jumper wiring , is therefore much improved . moreover , because the auxiliary pw board is thin , its projection from the bottom surface of the main pw board is small , so that automatic processing made on the bottom side of the pw board such as soldering and testing is in no way obstructed . in addition , it is ensured that the ends of the leads of the electronic component parts which penetrate through the auxiliary pw board are exposed on the bottom side of the auxiliary pw board , so that circuit tests which are conducted by having a contactor contacted with the lands are facilitated . furthermore , by providing that the part or parts of the wiring pattern on the main pw board be visible through the auxiliary pw board after its mounting , confirmation of the state of the wiring pattern on the main pw board and its cutting are facilitated .	7
there are many possible variations of geometry between the stationary and moving parts of electric motors . and the relative motion can be linear , rotary , cylindrical , spherical , or any combination comprising one , two , or many degrees of freedom . this invention is not limited by geometry or type of motions supported . there are also many motor constructions , such as servomotors , stepper motors , micro steppers , coreless motors , and induction motors . some are brushed , some are brushless , some have permanent magnets , and some not . this invention applies to any motor type in which electrical current must be supported through at least one motor winding , whether or not position feedback is required . for descriptive clarity , the disclosure of this invention uses generally accepted terminology related to a common permanent - magnet , brushless servomotor : an external set of stationery coils ( stator ) arranged cylindrically outside a cylindrically - shaped spinning ( rotor ) shaft carrying permanent magnets . the term “ motor ” is used in the description of the invention , even though , in many modern applications , and as used herein , the distinction between motor and generator dissolves , with the power flow between electrical and mechanical frequently reversing . for descriptive clarity , this disclosure uses the term “ motor body ” to refer only to the part of the assembly that includes the windings , magnets , shaft , frame , and bearings . the term motor body is distinguished from the position sensor and the controller in this disclosure . for descriptive clarity , the meaning of the word “ machine ” in the context of motor drives can range among automobiles , robotic arms , large industrial machines , and even small toys . while the description herein refers or illustrates use of the present invention in connection with a large industrial servomotor driven machine , the scope of the present invention shall not be so limited . the term “ position sensor ” shall be understood to mean or describe a sensor that measures or estimates position and / or any time - based derivative of position , such as velocity and / or acceleration . the motion - control industry applies two meanings to the word “ controller .” in the first definition , the “ controller ” modulates the low - level winding voltages and power currents based on mechanical or increasingly sophisticated electronic commutation to control the position , velocity , acceleration , and / or torque of a single motor . other terms for such a low - level motor controller include “ current amplifier ” and “ servo - drive .” in the second definition , a high - level controller that is in communication with all motors in the system orchestrates the position , velocity , acceleration , and / or torque of the whole set of motors to achieve coordinated machine motion . the distinction blurs somewhat when a processor located on the current amplifier has both high - bandwidth communication and computation capability powerful enough to perform all of the functions of a high - level controller . although the primary value of this invention is in its low - level capabilities , it is also simultaneously capable of coordinating a set of motors in a network to create coordinated machine motion . furthermore , the high - level computational burden can be shared by several of the low - level current amplifiers , which scales well , since the job of the high - level controller grows with the number of axes . referring now to fig1 - 18 c there is shown an ultra - compact motor controller 100 that is suitable for robotics applications and the like according to the present invention . according to one aspect of the present invention , such as shown in fig1 the ultra - compact motor controller 100 is configured and arranged so as to embody conduction cooling techniques . in particular such an ultra - compact motor controller 100 includes a high - thermal - conductivity epoxy casting 101 or , as it is also termed herein , a “ matrix ,” or “ encasement ” to provide both heat conduction and electrical insulation . while complete encapsulation is described to protect the components from dust and liquids , it is contemplated and thus within the scope of the present invention , if a particular application allows , for less than a complete encapsulation to be used . in alternative embodiments , an enclosure in combination with an electrically insulating material is used , where the enclosure is a metallic or other material with good heat conduction properties . the electrical insulator is disposed within and in contact with the enclosure . the best practical epoxies ( those without highly toxic chemical components ) have less than 1 % of the thermal conduction of aluminum . in an illustrative embodiment , the casting 101 of the ultra - compact motor controller 100 is a high - thermal - conductivity epoxy ( 35 × 10 − 04 cal / sec - cm - c ) that maintains excellent electrical insulation ( 200 × 10 14 ohm / cm ) while physically protecting the components . except for the ( protected ) optical lens 102 facing the motor and electrical contacts 106 , the module is substantially sealed from liquid spills and potentially - conductive or heat insulating dust . while simple power - conversion devices are sometimes encapsulated in epoxy , higher - capacity controllers (˜& gt ; 100 w ) are generally air - cooled because , at scales of several centimeters and larger , the heat - insulating properties of even the best epoxies become intolerable . an advantageous feature of the present invention is that at ultra - small size , characteristic heat conduction distances shrink to the point where known thermally conductive epoxies exhibit acceptable heat conduction characteristics . as such , conduction lends itself to rejecting the heat produced by heat sources within a device such as a controller via abutting , typically flat surfaces on a metal component to which the controller is mounted , typically a motor housing , that acts as a separate heat sink . as described in more detail below with respect to the illustrative exemplary embodiment , the invention also includes features such as flutes 104 formed in a side surface , to enhance the dissipation of heat conduction through the epoxy matrix to the surrounding ambient air . the controller 100 of the present invention is capable of roughly 3a rms continuous output , and several times that at peak operation . stated more generally , the conventional wisdom has been to use convection air cooling for multi - watt motor controllers . to do so effectively , and to protect heat - sensitive components , the conventional wisdom has been to separate components and to avoid encapsulating or otherwise interfering with air flows that produce convection cooling at heat sources within the controller or the like . these design considerations lead to large controllers . while ultimately the ultra - compact size of the controller 100 of the present invention is determined functionally — providing the requisite degree of cooling for the needed performance — controllers according to the invention for multi - watt robotic and like applications , have a volume of less than about 20 cm 3 . the required capacity ( and so size ) of any controller is ultimately limited by the anticipated temperature of its hottest component ( relative to its rated temperature ). in a conventional larger - scale air - cooled controller , there are many hot spots that are thermally isolated by relatively long distances across air . since it is often impractical to monitor all of the hot spots , and since many factors such as ambient temperature affect the degree of air cooling , controllers must generally be conservatively oversized for a particular application . the ability to monitor the hottest temperature at all times throughout the controller 100 of the present invention means that the smallest possible controller can be used more safely in a particular application . more specifically , the relatively good heat conductivity of the ultra - small controller 100 of this invention produces and is characterized by , temperature differences within the controller that become smaller than in conventionally - sized controllers of comparable power rating . as a result , it is easier to measure the hottest temperature in the controller with fewer temperature sensors , and even only one temperature sensor . in a preferred embodiment this invention uses only one temperature sensor inside the controller ( in addition to an external thermistor embedded in the motor windings ). as illustrated in fig1 , the electronics of the controller of the present invention are substantially enclosed in a tough , protective , gas / liquid - tight high - thermal - conductivity epoxy casting 101 . the methods used for creating and applying such epoxy castings are well known in the art of epoxy - encapsulating electronic modules . the lens 102 protects the laser emitting and read optics of a high - resolution ( 40 , 960 count per revolution ) optical incremental encoder with index pulse . it is surrounded by protective epoxy 108 , which rises ˜ 0 . 1 mm 110 above the lens surface to resist scratching while handling and during installation . concentric cylindrical steps 114 and perpendicular flat surfaces are used for precision mounting the module while making good thermal contact between the one face of the outer casting of the controller 100 and the motor back plate and / or other heat sink . any surfaces not used for alignment can be textured to enhance the dissipation of the heat conducted from the interior of the controller , through the module 100 , to an outer surface where convection cooling can occur . a pin hole 112 locks in the angular location of the module so that it can be removed and returned without losing calibrated position with respect to the index pulse . although not shown , it is a simple matter to embed thread inserts on the faces of the flat epoxy surfaces . this technique of embedding thread inserts is straightforward in the art of casting electronics . each flute 104 can expose an electrical contact 106 from one ( or both ) of the boards . the contacts are formed , for example , by locating conventional plated through - holes around a diameter during the normal board - fabrication process , and then routing across the diameters of the bias to cut them in half , exposing the plated face , during the normal process of releasing the circuit boards from their panels . counter to conventional practice ( for insulated layers ), however , it is necessary to anchor every via on each of the printed - circuit - board layers with a ring of copper that intersects the via face . the penetration of the anchors in the preferred embodiment is at least 0 . 2 mm . referring to fig2 a , b , there is illustrated an implementation of three controller modules 100 according to the present invention in the robotic wrist , fig2 a , of a robotic arm and fig2 b illustrates the installation features . the alignment pin 116 and engagement 118 of the cylindrical alignment shoulder properly aligns the controller within a plane . fully seating the controller face 120 with preload from a belleville spring washer 122 , adjusted by cap threads 124 , ensures proper perpendicularity and standoff distance ( 1 . 75 mm ) between the reflective surface of the micro - e brand glass encoder scale 126 ( which is adapted 128 to the motor shaft ) and the encoder lens surface 130 . fig3 , 4 present how the controller of the present invention can be applied to an alternate structure , such as a hybrid , bare - die system 131 with an integrated laser optical encoder 130 plus the following subcomponent die types 134 : power mosfets and diodes , analog and digital ics , mixed - signal ics , and opto - electronic ics . integrating dissimilar semiconductor dies 134 onto a single substrate in this manner yields even smaller size , better heat transfer , and further reduces inter - component spacing . single asic controller design would also yield a tighter geometry allowing the design innovations of this application to be optimally met . for the bare - die example , using epoxies selected for proper cte ( coefficient of thermal expansion ), the discrete and low density dies 134 could be bonded to the ceramic substrate 140 . cracking risks due to thermal cycling can be minimized by matching the ctes of the die , epoxy , and substrate . after die attachment , the die pads 134 can be wire bonded 136 to the substrate 140 . attaching the large , power mosfets is a similar process , except that it &# 39 ; s preferable to use a eutectic bonding alloy in lieu of epoxy for better heat transfer . a flip - chip mounting strategy for high density devices , such as the processor , is recommended . the power converter transformer , normally the tallest electrical component , can be wound into the ceramic substrate with flat copper tracks 142 . ferrite material can be located above and below the wound portion of substrate to efficiently conduct magnetic flux . beyond cooling and compactness , planar magnetics 142 offer ease of manufacture and highly predictable properties . it also is contemplated that careful shielding techniques are employed to mitigate the risk of the winding voltage transients capacitively coupling into neighboring circuits . power semiconductor die thermal resistance values can be well below 1 ° c ./ w . but once packaged , that value can jump to 10 &# 39 ; s or 100 &# 39 ; s of ° c ./ w . without manufacturer packaging , heat can be pulled directly out of the dies into ambience . an assembly potted using a thermally conductive , highly filled epoxy resin is ideal . less than a millimeter of epoxy between the dies and the outside package surface 144 could be achieved . epoxy shrinkage during curing should not be an issue , as a good epoxy formulation is not expected to shrink significantly on such a small package . j - leads 132 would make it easy to provide a simple socket - pluggable package . for machines that use several motors , known motor - wiring topologies are generally categorized as either : 1 ) home - run ( most installed systems today ) illustrated in fig5 a and fig5 b ; or 2 ) or network or distributive systems illustrated in fig6 a and fig6 b . nearly all machine systems 150 today use the home - run topology illustrated in fig5 a , in which each motor 152 receives its electric power from , and returns position - sensor information to , a controller cabinet 156 located off the moving structure of the machine . the controller cabinet 156 generally contains one current amplifier module 158 per motor - driven axis . for example , general - use robotic arms typically have six motor - driven axes and so require six current amplifiers . in general , the cabinet also houses power - supply modules 160 that provide both motor - winding and logic voltages to the current amplifiers . the motor 152 of fig5 a , which is detailed in fig5 b , is a typical prior art motor with at least one winding . it consists of the motor body 162 that transmits motions and torques 166 through a rotating shaft or rotor 164 . three power wires 170 , 170 a carrying phase a power , 170 b carrying phase b power , and 170 c carrying phase c power , together provide the power to three motor windings ( three windings is the most common case ), combined in either a delta or y - shaped topology . the preferred embodiment connects the windings inside the motor body in a y - shaped topology , because the delta winding can allow an unobservable and uncontrollable current around the delta that degrades the precision of torque control and increases torque ripple . separate earth grounding for safety and emi control ( not shown in figures ) is achieved by any connected combination of electrically - conducting machine structure and grounding braids . position sensing of the angular orientation of the rotor 164 is typically in the form of three hall - effect sensors embedded in the windings of the motor body and an optical incremental encoder 168 . these devices transmit position information through signal wires 172 and 174 . the motor 152 uses the following signals are used for position feedback in the general case : 172 a is hall power ; 172 b is hall return ; 172 c is hall 1 ; 172 d is hall 2 ; 172 e is hall 3 ; 174 a is encoder led power ; 174 b is encoder led return and ground potential ; 174 c is a + pulse train ; 174 d is a − pulse train ; 174 e is b + pulse train ; 174 f is b − pulse train ; 174 g is index +; and 174 h is index −. when the optical incremental encoder 168 of a brushless motor is initially powered on , it can report position changes , including direction . however , until the encoder has rotated past its once - per - revolution index pulse , it does not know the absolute rotor position and cannot support electronic commutation . until each motor has rotated far enough to identify its index pulse , the five signal wires 172 a - 172 e support hall - effect transducers provide crude - but - immediate six - step motor commutation information allowing each motor to be powered and rotate far enough to identify its index pulse . once the index pulses have been located under six - step control , the eight signal wires 174 a - 174 h are used to transmit optical incremental encoder signals which have much higher precision than the hall - effect sensors . although not all optical encoders output differentially driven signals ( 174 d , 174 f , 174 h ), it is conventional prudent practice , given the long and electrically noisy transmission distances between the motors and the controller cabinet along where it is often impractical to separate substantially the power and signal lines . there are many other approaches and variations to measuring motor position , including brushed commutation without position feedback , estimating position based on back - emf , absolute optical encoders , resolvers , potentiometers , and hall - only sensors . each has performance and reliability tradeoffs , but for high reliability and high performance , the 13 wire arrangement ( 172 a - e and 174 a - h ) for position feedback is a generally accepted practice . some motors may have fewer than the sixteen wires ( 170 a - 174 h ), by using a different position - sensing scheme , or may have more than sixteen wires when , for example , motor temperature is monitored or a brake is implemented at the motor . typical robotic arms have six motor - driven axes , so it is common to have 50 to 100 wires or more exiting the base of a robotic arm 154 , carried through a conduit to its remote controller cabinet 156 . these wires are also carried into the moving structure of the machine 150 where they must withstand high flexing and abrasion . the design of the machine must accommodate , manage , and shield these wires while having extra power to overcome their resistance to flexing . even though the routing of wires through a complex and constantly flexing multi - joint machine creates serious design and reliability issues , the overwhelming majority of industrial machinery relies on this scheme because it minimizes bulk in the active part of the machine while consolidating power supplies , and protecting sensitive electronics from dirt and liquids . a network or distributive topology , e . g ., the network controller illustrated in fig6 a , though far less common than home - run motor systems , has potential benefits which have been understood for many years . the network topology dramatically reduces the number of wires 180 carried through the machine . it relocates the bulk ( volume and weight ) of controllers 186 out on the machine structure , next to the associated motors 178 . the increased mass must be carried by the often - moving structure . and , importantly , if the effective motor dimensions increase from the added controller bulk , the machine may need very - expensive mechanical redesign before adoption can be considered . furthermore , a network controller is limited by the communications bandwidth of a shared serial bus . fig6 b details the key components of a networked controller , in which motor body 162 and position sensor 168 are connected to a local controller 186 by power wires 190 , encoder wires 188 , and hall - effect wires 189 . this additional controller bulk 186 is a significant fraction of the motor + encoder + controller bulk and may explain why network controllers have not been more widely adopted . wires 192 exiting the networked motor 178 consist of : bus power + 192 a , bus power return 192 b , bus serial communications + 192 c , and bus serial communications return 192 d . these wires are connected to the machine bus wires 180 . nominally , network controllers operate on four wires 180 ( plus a ground path for safety ) consisting of two bus power wires 182 and two bus serial communications wires 184 . often , more wires are used because the electronics that are now located at the motor generally need additional ( logic - level ) power supply voltages , for example to power optical isolators . if these additional power levels are generated locally at each motor controller , the controller bulk increases even further . the added - bulk drawback is a major reason why networked motors have remained uncommon . if network controllers added zero bulk , they would be far more appealing to machine manufacturers , who could retrofit their existing installed base of machines . they could also rapidly adopt the technology in new machines without costly and disruptive major mechanical redesigns . the controller 100 of the present invention can be used in a new topology described with reference to fig7 a and 7b . the machine 194 of fig7 a contains a network of motors 196 that share the same bus 180 as typical conventionally networked motors . however , as illustrated in fig7 b , the encoder and hall sensors can be integrated into the controller 200 , attached directly to the motor body 162 , so that the entire system occupies zero additional bulk over otherwise equivalent conventional home - run systems . the reduction of a significant bulk of wires and associated connectors , and soldered connections near the motor between fig6 to fig7 is substantial , and the opportunities for the injection of electrical noise over several centimeters of wire is reduced to only several millimeters of printed circuit - board traces . while motor - body size 162 tends to scale with power requirements , position sensors and sensor wiring remain relatively constant in size . the three motor phase leads 198 a - c terminate directly onto the edge of the controller , protected by channels termed herein “ flutes ” 104 : 198 a ( phase a ); 198 b ( phase b ); 198 c ( phase c ). bus wires 192 a - d terminate from the other direction in four more edge flutes 104 of the controller 200 . with wireless or signal - over - power bus techniques , the total number of bus wires may be reduced to only two , though the preferred embodiment uses four wires to make integration with other systems more straight forward . according to another aspect of the invention , which also departs from conventional controllers , involves folding the encoder ( and optionally the hall - sensors ) directly into the controller electronics . this eliminates a great deal of redundant electronics , packaging , and hook - up wiring . the reduction of wires and connectors subtracts substantial bulk and eliminates their role in behaving as emi ( electro - magnetic interference ) antennae . much of the support electronics required in an encoder , except for the actual laser optics , are already available on the controller electronics . therefore , a great deal of electronics bulk is eliminated . in the exemplary controller described below in detail , laser - optic components that support 40 , 960 encoder counts per motor turn occupy less than 1 cm 3 . also , there is no isolation required , as conductors carrying signals from the encoder to control circuitry can be , as noted above , very short and have a sufficiently large cross - sectional area that their inductance l is negligible for motor current switched at the high - frequencies normally associated with motor drives . wire connections are critical in a controller design of this small scale . while the multiple amp currents remain large , the space is exceedingly small . any conventional connector , such as a miniature - d - sub connector , would double the effective size of the module . the preferred embodiment integrates a connection scheme that adds substantially zero volume to the overall motor - plus - controller package . fig8 and 9 illustrate an arrangement where power 206 and signal 208 wires are permanently soldered to the module . in each case , the insulation 202 , 204 is held firm in a flute 210 , 212 that is sized to be just slightly less wide than the insulation diameter . the tight fit with insulation ensures good strain relief 218 , 220 with the module . the ends of the flute are rounded 226 to protect insulation from abrasion as it exits the flute . tinned conductors 214 , 216 are exposed within the flute region and match the wire diameter 206 , 208 for a secure solder joint 222 , 224 . as seen most clearly in fig9 , the depth of the flutes may be designed , as they are in the preferred embodiment , to extend the insulations very slightly ( e . g . ˜ 0 . 1 mm ) above the cylindrical outer diameter of the electronics module so that a ring , tape , or tangs may be used to further clamp the insulations in place to maximize robust strain relief . fig8 and 9 also show an auxiliary cylindrical alignment feature 114 , 228 that can accommodate alternate mounting strategies . fig1 and 11 illustrate one of many possibilities for treating the entire controller module as a single , multi - conductor connector through the use of flexible contacts . even in cases where the module will ultimately be permanently soldered in place , such a connector feature facilitates efficient quality checking of modules before and after being cast in epoxy to form the casting 101 . variations can be used for installations of the controller 100 into particular machines . the controller module 100 fits into connector 230 which consists of a printed - circuit board host ring 232 , the outer edge 234 of which can be extended outwardly in any shape to support any quality - checking electronic hardware or connection headers . plated through holes 236 in the printed circuit board host accommodate flexible power 238 and signal 240 beryllium - copper pins , anchored by solder 242 , 244 . a bend 246 , 248 in the pins combined with chamfered ends 250 , 252 enable the pins to slide smoothly in the flute and up on top of the electrical contacts . thread inserts on the epoxy face 254 , combined with the alignment shoulder 228 or the opposite features on the other ( hidden in this view ) side of the controller can help to hold the module firmly aligned . alternately the entire module may be clamped against the alignment shoulder on the opposite face . in fig1 a , the 35 - mm controller outer diameter 255 is centered within the connector ring , allowing some clearance in the flute 268 for the associated anchored pins 270 . the cross - section of the connection in fig1 b exposes the epoxy matrix 276 from which the flutes are formed . pins are guided by the flute sidewalls 272 upon installation . when in final position , spring pressure maintains a reliable electrical contact 274 . the cross - section of the ring 277 in fig1 c illustrates the spring motion resulting from removal of the controller . a toroidal transformer 260 in fig1 , the largest single component in the controller , is nested just inside the semi - circle of mosfets . the transformer is at the heart of the ability to convert the single motor - bus voltage from 18 - 100 vdc into multiple logic vcc voltages . since the toroid is a major emi emitter , it is shielded separately in its own clam - shell - like insulated solid - copper - foil shield 280 that is varnish insulated and grounded at a single point 284 . fig1 illustrates that inside the surrounding , protective epoxy module 100 , the controller has top 256 and bottom 258 ten - layer , generally mutually parallel spaced , printed - circuit boards that segregate the volume of the motor controller substantially into three layered regions , a signal - level , a somewhat quiet top region 288 ( normally facing the associated motor back ); a tall , noisy , sandwiched region 290 ; and a quiet bottom region 292 ( facing away from the motor ). large power - supply capacitors 296 associated with the transformer are stacked in order to optimize utilization of the available vertical sandwiched space 290 . to help contain the emi to the sandwiched region , one or more of the board layers closest to the sandwiched region contain copper ground shields 280 . in one form , the shields are conventional metallic shielding that is embedded in the p . c . boards 256 , 258 , and selectively activated by an electrical connection . other known shielding can be used . in particular , circuits and discrete circuit components that are particularly noisy can be specially shielded . though it could be any shape , the preferred shape for the boards 256 and 258 is essentially circular and flat to fit within the form factor of most conventional optical incremental encoders , and to minimize the maximum distance of the farthest component from centroid of the controller 100 . this compactness consideration is significant not only because of the emi , inductance , and heat considerations noted above , but also because in encapsulating the circuit elements in epoxy , as the epoxy cures , it shrinks . as it shrinks or otherwise degrades , it can pull components on a board and shear them away , or degrade the electrical connection . the compactness of the present invention resists this effect . note that alternate embodiments of this invention could take many other forms , including , but not limited to : a single board containing both circuits 256 and 258 , or circuits 256 and 258 on two separate boards connected by flexible mylar interconnect . in the exemplary design of fig1 , six power mosfets 298 are placed side - by - side , standing upright in a semicircle just inside of the outer edge of the board with their heat sinks 304 facing outwards to optimize heat transfer to the surrounding epoxy matrix 276 for conduction and elimination from the controller . of course , while six mosfets is ideal for the preferred application described herein , a d . c . brushless motor of a robotic device , those skilled in the art will recognize that a different number may be more appropriate in other cases . board - to - board electrical connections 294 are implemented in the illustrated embodiment shown in fig1 by eighteen stiff , “ vertical ” ( axially oriented ) solid - wire conductors located along the periphery of the boards for assembly accessibility . the boards are fixtured during soldering so that the wires space the boards , e . g . at 9 . 5 mm . the top region 288 is dominated by a cpu ( central processing unit ) 300 . optionally , there is space for integral hall - sensor motor - position sensing 302 . a micro - e brand optical - incremental - encoder read - head 266 is integrated directly onto the top board , offset from the board center in this illustrative embodiment by 6 mm so that the read - head is aligned with an optical radius from a conventional reflective optical wheel mounted on the end of the rotating motor shaft . the combination yields 40 , 960 a - b counts per revolution of the motor shaft plus one index pulse . at this level of precision , the controller can be used for metrology applications as well as commutation . the incremental cost for adding position sensing , even at this level of precision , is currently only us $ 50 , which is competitive with stand - alone encoders of much lower precision . the optics have built - in correction for misalignment . testing has validated that the controller modules work reliably when simply installed without further alignment . a small proximity sensor ( not shown ) can be placed on the centerline of the module 100 to measure distance between the controller module and the end of the associated motor shaft . in the robotics application described in the aforementioned u . s . published application no . us - 2004 - 0103740 - a1 for “ intelligent , self - contained robotic hand ”, when the motor shaft drives a worm gear , torque on the worm - wheel axially deflects the slight , inherent motor - shaft compliance away or toward the module . calibrating output torque versus proximity reading allows dsp ( digital signal processor ) 300 to calculate worm - wheel torque , which can then be built into a control algorithm , for example , to protect the fingers of a robot hand by actively limiting maximum torque . these boards are termed herein as “ tater ” and “ fet ,” respectively . description of the tater board in fig1 begins with the implementation of a central processing unit ( cpu ) 300 in fig1 . fig1 then maps out the functions of the fet board 258 in fig1 . fig1 discloses the ground and power distribution scheme . fig1 further illustrates grounding and shielding , and fig1 shows the shielding technique of the toroidal transformer , 260 in fig1 b . tater board design of this exemplary embodiment is centered on a high - temperature , bga ( ball - grid array ) version of the texas instruments tms320f2812 , a 32 - bit dsp 306 in fig1 . tater runs the dsp 306 at an 80 mhz clock rate , within the 150 mhz rating of the dsp . the bga package size of this dsp is also very small , measuring only 10 × 10 × 1 mm = 0 . 1 cm 3 . in fig1 , dsp 306 contains two event managers , eva 308 and evb 310 , each of which is capable of providing the specialized space - vector commutation pulses that are essential to commutate and control a motor . there is no reason why one cannot control two motors with the basic design as disclosed here , except for a small size penalty . however , the illustrated embodiment uses only eva to control one motor to keep controller size within the package size of most encoders of similar performance to the encoder feature of this controller . some evb ports have been reassigned as gpio ( general - purpose input / output ). the serial bus communications 312 uses a tiny common - mode choke 314 to filter electrical noise in place of the more - commonly used opto - isolation technique . the serial communications follows the canbus protocol , which is supported natively in the dsp 306 . an rs232 serial transceiver 316 and programming and debugging interface 318 enable auxiliary communications for use in programming , development and debugging . canbus and the rs232 serial communications are routed to available electrical contacts in the flutes , even though a customer will normally need only the two canbus contacts . the programming , development and debugging contacts are only available before the epoxy is cast as they are not routed to outside flute contacts . a 256k bit serial eeprom 320 complements the ram and flash memory that are available onboard the dsp . duty - cycle current modulation from unregulated 6 vdc is available from two 50 ma auxiliary power sources 322 that can actuate an auto - tensioner ( as implemented on the preferred embodiment wam robotic arm ) and / or a robotic braking device exploits the available evb 204 pins that support pulse - width modulation . for each of these power sources the pulse - width modulation controls the duty cycle of a mosfet . when applied to other products , these power sources become available for other purposes . the single current sensor feedback 324 is a measure of the current on a single wire or at a single connection point in each of the three phases in very fast sequence during space - vector commutation . as discussed above , measuring in this way overcomes a performance problem with normal two - and three - sensor current amplifiers in that it is very difficult to match perfectly the slightly different gains and biases of the different sensors . not matching these sensors well is a common and significant source of torque ripple . a conventional thermistor that is embedded in the motor windings is fed back to the tater at 326 . bus voltage sensing is fed back at 328 . auxiliary analog signal sensing is fed back at 330 . hall - sensor 332 and strain - gage signals 334 are also fed to the controller . the analog signals can be low - pass filtered and clamped for overvoltage or noise suppression in the signal conditioning block 325 before being fed into the cpu &# 39 ; s analog to digital converter 327 . logic voltage and current are fed back at 336 . a “ watch - dog ” circuit 338 monitors the unregulated 6 vdc logic voltage and disables the inverter if voltage droops too low . a dc power conditioning circuit 340 implements a filter . finally , the dsp clock is implemented in circuit 342 . the hall - effect feedback conditioning circuit 344 allows for different “ stuffing options ” depending on the type of halls to be implemented . the microe encoder read - head circuit 346 and a selection circuit for choosing between the onboard encoder or an external encoder is in the chip encoder 348 and the differential voltage circuit 350 shows the strain - gage signal - conditioning schematic with stuffing options for filter tuning . differential voltage generation circuit 352 shows regulation of the dirty ( unregulated ) logic - voltage , which are initiated in fixed sequence per cpu manufacturer specifications ; accompanied by cpu “ watchdog circuitry ”. logic - power sensing circuitry is shown in circuit 354 . the fet - board schematic is shown in fig1 . it consists of a dc - dc converter circuit 356 that uses a transformer with two secondary windings to produce two lower , unregulated voltages from the main power bus : a voltage for the mosfet drivers and a voltage that is delivered to the tater board for further refinement to regulated logic voltages . the motor drive 358 consists of six mosfets ( although a different number might be used depending on the type of motor ) to modulate the winding currents based on current feedback from the current sensing and conditioning circuit 360 . the single temperature - sensing chip for the entire controller is represented by 362 . bus voltage is measured by circuit 364 . according to yet another aspect of the present invention , and contrary to conventional design practice , is the use of one winding - current sensor , such as sensor 324 in fig1 , preferably applied to all of the windings in fast sequence . one sensor is smaller , and wastes less power , than the two or more sensors conventionally used to sense and control winding currents . space - vector control , used in the preferred embodiment for robotics applications , is a high - torque - precision electronic commutation technique that provides very high precision control of winding currents ( and therefore motor torque ), while boosting power efficiency over common six - step commutation . but space - vector control requires precise current measurements . a major and unexpected benefit of using only one current sensor is that , while it provides less direct measurement than two sensors , it actually improves the precision of current - control . a central challenge in current sensing with multiple sensors is that each sensor has a slightly different bias and gain which drift slightly differently with temperature . the differences between any pair of sensors leads to current - sensor errors , a major source of added torque ripple . by using only one sensor the sensor bias and gain remain identical under all conditions . a single sensor in the controller of the present invention makes torque ripple ( which occurs at the frequency of the number of poles per revolution ) not detectable when this controller was used to drive a wam - brand robotic arm system sold by barrett technology inc . of cambridge , mass ., hereinafter “ the wam arm .” slight motor cogging , which is generated by the magnets passing close to the islands of iron separating t - slots in the iron core still exists at the frequency of the number of t - slots in the iron core per revolution , but this disturbance torque is easy to cancel , e . g . by using a calibration look - up table . the table can be stored permanently on the controller &# 39 ; s eeprom and accessed in real time allowing the table to be applied at any frequency , independent of the serial - bus bandwidth . fig1 illustrates how grounding is done in the controller , and how derivative voltage levels are created and distributed . the flyback converter 356 , fed by the main bus voltage 368 and high power return 386 , creates two output voltages : v_logic_raw 370 to v_logic_return 372 ( hereinafter referred to as simply v_logic_raw ), which is a floating output , and inverter_pwr 374 which is referenced to high power return 386 . v_logic_raw feeds power to the voltage regulators on the tater board 286 on fig1 : the 3 . 3v / 1 . 9v regulator 378 on fig1 , and the 5v regulator 380 . the regulated 3 . 3v is filtered via the cpu manufacturer &# 39 ; s recommendation for the analog to digital converter 327 ( fig1 ) in passive filtering 382 in fig1 . the filtered voltage is referenced to an analog ground 376 established on tater 286 ( fig1 ). the filtered voltage is then fed into a voltage reference 383 ( fig1 ) to create 3 . 0v for an analog signal sensing voltage reference . return currents are sent to voltage converter 366 via v_logic_return 372 . however , the logic ground 384 is tied to high power return 386 , at a single point 390 , via an electrically quiet , thick , non - current carrying path 388 . the shielding layers 400 in fig1 in the fet board ( 258 in fig1 ) are also tied to high power return 386 in fig1 through a single point 391 , and thick connection 392 . shield ground is represented by 394 . as well as being used on the tater board 286 ( fig1 ), 5v , 3 . 3v , and adc3 . 3v are passed to fet 258 . their return currents are conducted back to tater through conductor 395 on fig1 , and back to logic ground via a single point connection 396 . power and communications bussing are done in a network topology . since there is only one power bus , ground looping between multiple power busses is not an issue . there is also only one network communication bus . the can bus is protected from spikes of common mode noise and ground currents through a common mode choke 314 fig1 inline with the can connection in the controller . fig1 shows the physical shielding and grounding scheme inside the controller . the copper routing layers 408 carry sensitive signals . these layers are shielded from the noisier routing layers 424 , by shielding layers 400 . shield layers 400 are tied together at a single point 402 , and tied to the high power return layer 282 at that same point 402 . the single point connection 402 eliminates current loops within the layers . the positive bus node plane 414 is connected to the bus wire 410 . bus power return 282 is connected at location 412 . bus power return sets the common point for the entire controller , and thus is given a thick 1 oz . copper plane so that it conducts high , switched currents with minimal resistive and / or inductive effects . the high power return layer 282 is tied to logic ground 422 via a single point connection 406 , or as alternately seen at non - current carrying path 388 in fig1 . power can be seen going from the dc - dc converter 416 on fig1 on the fet board 258 in fig1 to the tater board 286 via 426 in fig1 and low inductance conductors 428 . the regulator shown at 418 establishes 3 . 3v between planes 420 and 422 . due to the electrically noisy nature of the components between the fet 258 and tater 286 boards in fig1 , there is only one tater 286 routing layer 408 in fig1 between the power and ground planes 420 and 422 and the center cavity . all other tater 286 in fig1 routing layers 430 in fig1 benefit from the shielding properties of the plane layers 420 and 422 . one of the primary emi noise emitter in the controller is the toroidal transformer 260 . therefore it is wrapped in a copper foil shield 280 , which then gets tied to high power return through the high power return layer 282 . the shielding blocks harmful emi from leaving the toroid and infecting sensitive circuitry , which could cause undesired controller operation . another noise emitter are the mosfets 298 which are carefully placed around the edge of the controller away from the more sensitive circuitry located toward the center . the mosfets are populated with their metal drain - connected tabs facing radially outward , so that during voltage switching transients the tabs don &# 39 ; t spray electrostatic noise into controller circuitry . the controller 100 in fig1 can be organized in functional blocks . the single power bus provides power to 1 ) the motor amplifier , gate drivers and mosfets as shown at block 460 in fig1 a , and 2 ) a voltage converter 462 that in turn powers the feedback block 464 , auxiliary drivers block 468 , the microprocessor , logic and memory block 470 , and a communication transceiver block 472 that acts as an i / o interface to external data , whether via wires , wireless , or communication over power line modes . the feedback block receives signals output by sensors such as conventional hall sensors , encoders , temperature sensors , and strain gauge sensors , all described herein , and otherwise known . the auxiliary drivers block powers actuators that control , for example , tension in cable drives , if used , and joint brakes , if used . the block can , for example , utilize two mosfets that turn on and off a power source that in turn operates an actuator such as a solenoid . the mosfets can operate at high frequencies such as 10 khz . the motor amplifier , gate driver and mosfet functional block generates conventional motor drive outputs for a dc brushless motor , or the like . as a further size reduction alternative , beyond the alternate embodiment illustrated in fig3 and fig4 , the functional blocks shown in fig1 a could be consolidated into functionally similar application specific integrated circuits ( asics ) and grouped closely together on a substrate , as shown logically in fig1 c . the functional chip groupings of the embodiment that makes sense are : fet driver , autotensioner driver , communication line drivers 480 ; current sensing and amplification / conditioning , strain gage amp , temperature sensing , and position sensing 486 ; power mosfets 482 ; and dsp , memory and discrete logic 484 . to achieve the voltage conversion function , presently done by 356 in fig1 it is further contemplated that smaller profile voltage conversion options include : charge pump ; different shape transformers ( built into the connectors to the puck controller ); use of an ac bus with step - down transformer and rectifier ( commutation becomes more difficult but this disadvantage may be offset by other considerations ); transformer and other big power conversion circuitry built into motor phase windings ; or use of planar magnetic 142 techniques to wind the transformer into the substrate material . a second further size reduction implements the motor controller circuitry of the puck controller 100 in fig1 as one asic chip utilizing very large scale integration ( vlsi ) on a single silicon chip as shown in fig1 b . both the vlsi chip embodiments , fig1 c and fig1 b produce a much smaller profile than the puck controllers 100 utilizing discrete - components on pcb &# 39 ; s . the ready presence and combination of a powerful processor with plenty of volatile and nonvolatile memory at the motor , a wealth of local sensing information , and a knowledge of the state of all motors via the shared communications bus , enables many important functions to be calculated locally , simultaneously improving performance , reducing burden on the serial bus , and reducing the computation and memory of processors outside the network system . the invention as implemented in the illustrated embodiment ( s ) exploits this unique capability in several ways . residual motor - cogging is mapped into a look - up table stored on the eeprom . then the local controller modifies the last torque command , being received at 500 hz or every 2 msec , as the encoder senses position changes . with such a high - resolution encoder , the number of pulses that will be received within the 2 msec canbus delay is significant . consequently performance is improved by the ability to calculate and filter state variables such as velocity and acceleration faster than the communications bandwidth . even at low velocities , logging the precise time that encoder pulses are received dramatically improves velocity estimation and filtering , which normally suffer from gross discretation errors . several control calculations that depend on precise , real - time state information can then react and change the motor &# 39 ; s controlled output without waiting for the next 2 - msec update . for example , in haptics , the timely estimation of velocity and acceleration directly impact the user &# 39 ; s haptic perceptions of damping and inertia . the ability to poll sensors and recalculate an array of other important values quickly compared to the bus frequency can also be applied to gravity compensation and gravity - vector estimation with the on - board accelerometer . a shared knowledge by each motor controller of the state , of all the motors in the system at 500 hz also allows parallel processing of higher - level kinematic matrix calculations . an example is the calculation of the jacobian matrix , whose coefficients are functions of all motor positions . this calculation need not be accomplished as fast as 500 hz , because it changes only gradually with position changes , but the computational burden , which would normally require a higher - level processor outside the network system , is no longer required . although a preferred embodiment of the invention has been described using specific terms , such description is for illustrative purposes only , and it is to be understood that changes and variations may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the following claims . all patents , published patent applications and other references disclosed herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference in their entireties by reference . those skilled in the art will recognize , or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation , many equivalents of the specific embodiments of the invention described herein . such equivalents are intended to be encompassed by the following claims .	7
preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig2 is a block diagram schematically showing the arrangement of a digital vtr according to one embodiment of the present invention . an analog image signal indicative of a moving image to be recorded is inputted through an input terminal 40 . an a / d converter 42 digitizes the analog image signal inputted through the input terminal 40 . if recording has not yet been started , a variable - length coding circuit 44 encodes the output data of the a / d converter 42 by intraframe coding . if an instruction to start recording is inputted from an operating switch 46 , the variable - length coding circuit 44 starts intraframe and interframe variable - length coding of the output data of the a / d converter 42 . if an instruction to stop recording is inputted from the operating switch 46 , the variable - length coding circuit 44 stops the intraframe and interframe variable - length coding . the variable - length coding circuit 44 will be described in detail later . a modulating circuit 48 executes suppressed low - frequency modulation of the output of the variable - length coding circuit 44 . the output of the modulating circuit 48 is amplified to a predetermined level by a recording amplifier 50 . a switch 52 is arranged to be selectively connected to the contacts &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; during recording and reproduction , respectively . the output of the recording amplifier 50 is applied to a magnetic head 54 through the switch 52 , whereby the output is recorded on a magnetic tape 56 . during reproduction , the signal recorded on the magnetic tape 56 is reproduced by the magnetic head 54 and the output of the magnetic head 54 is applied to a demodulating circuit 60 through the switch 52 and a reproducing amplifier 58 . a variable - length decoding circuit 62 is a decoding circuit corresponding to the variable - length coding circuit 44 , and serves to decode the output of the demodulating circuit 60 and output a digital reproduced image signal . the output of the variable - length decoding circuit 62 is converted into an analog signal by a d / a converter 64 , and the analog signal , i . e ., an analog reproduced image signal , is outputted for external use through an output terminal 66 . fig3 is a block diagram of the arrangement of the variable - length coding circuit 44 which is a feature of the present embodiment , and shows in detail quantizing and predictive coding parts . the shown arrangement includes an input terminal 70 through which the output of the a / d converter 42 is inputted , and a blocking circuit 72 for forming raster - scan image data inputted through the input terminal 70 into blocks each having horizontal i pixels × vertical j pixels . the values of i and j are normally approximately 8 to 16 . a delay circuit 74 is provided for delaying the output of the blocking circuit 72 by three frames . the shown arrangement also includes subtracters 76 , 78 and 80 for calculating a prediction error for predictive differential coding . the subtracter 76 subtracts a local decoded value obtained three frames before from the output of the blocking circuit 72 . the subtracter 78 subtracts from the output of the three - frame delay circuit 74 image data obtained by interpolating and integrating a local decoded value obtained one frame before and a local decoded value obtained four frames before . the subtracter 80 subtracts from the output of the three - frame delay circuit 74 image data obtained by interpolating and integrating a local decoded value obtained two frames before and a local decoded value obtained five frames before . the shown arrangement also includes a switch 82 for selecting the output of the blocking circuit 72 ( the contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ;), the output of the subtracter 76 ( the contact &# 34 ; b &# 34 ;), the output of the subtracter 78 ( the contact &# 34 ; c &# 34 ;) or the output of the subtracter 80 ( the contact &# 34 ; d &# 34 ;). the shown arrangement also includes a dct circuit 84 for executing discrete cosine transform of data selected by the switch 82 , a quantizing circuit 86 for quantizing the output ( frequency coefficient ) of the dct circuit 84 by a different quantum step for each frequency coefficient , and an inverse quantizing circuit 88 for executing inverse quantization of the output of the quantizing circuit 86 . the size of the quantum step used in the quantizing circuit 86 greatly influences the compression ratio of information . the respective characteristics of the quantizing circuit 86 and the inverse quantizing circuit 88 can be altered on the basis of a control variable inputted through an input terminal 90 . normally , the control variable is determined according to the occupancy of a data buffer provided at a rear stage , and the respective quantizing characteristics of the quantizing circuit 86 and the inverse quantizing circuit 88 are feedback - controlled . the shown arrangement also includes an entropy coding circuit 92 for subjecting the output of the quantizing circuit 86 to entropy coding ( for example , huffman coding ) utilizing the statistical nature of continuous - zero data , and an output terminal 94 through which the output of the entropy coding circuit 92 is supplied to the modulating circuit 48 of fig2 . the shown arrangement also includes an inverse dct circuit 96 for executing inverse discrete cosine transform of the output of the inverse quantizing circuit 88 , an adder 98 for adding zero or a predetermined predicted value to the output of the inverse dct circuit 96 , a delay circuit 100 for delaying the output of the adder 98 by three frames , a product - sum operation circuit 102 for performing a predetermined weighted product - sum operation on the output of the adder 98 and the output of the three - frame delay circuit 100 and outputting the resultant interpolated and integrated data , a delay circuit 104 for delaying the output of the product - sum operation circuit 102 by one frame , and a delay circuit 106 for delaying the output of the delay circuit 104 by one frame . the shown arrangement also includes a switch 108 for selecting zero ( the contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ;), the output of the delay circuit 100 ( the contact &# 34 ; b &# 34 ;), the output of the delay circuit 104 ( the contact &# 34 ; c &# 34 ;) or the output of the delay circuit 106 ( the contact &# 34 ; d &# 34 ;), and a control circuit 110 for controlling the switches 82 and 108 on the basis of a control signal inputted through an input terminal 112 by the operating switch 46 . each of the switches 82 and 108 is connected to the associated contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; irrespective of each frame before a start of recording . if recording is started , each of the switches 82 and 108 is switched every frame in the switching sequence shown in fig4 . as will be described in detail later , if the switches 82 and 108 are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; a &# 34 ;, intraframe coding is executed . if they are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; b &# 34 ;, interframe coding of two frames spaced apart by a difference of three frames is executed . if they are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; d &# 34 ;, interframe coding ( bidirectional coding ) based on an interpolated and integrated value of one frame and a subsequent frame spaced apart by two frames is executed . the operation of the circuit shown in fig3 will be described below with reference to fig5 ( a ) and 5 ( b ). fig5 ( a ) shows the frame order of image data inputted through the input terminal 70 , while fig5 ( b ) shows the frame order of image data recorded on the magnetic tape 56 . immediately after a recording start switch of the operating switch 46 has been operated , that is , when a frame # 7 is inputted , each of the switches 82 and 108 is connected to the associated contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; as shown in fig4 . the blocking circuit 72 converts raster - scan image data into an array of blocks each consisting of i × j pixels . the output of the blocking circuit 72 is applied to each of the contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ; of the switch 82 , the subtracter 76 and the delay circuit 74 . at the instant when the blocking circuit 72 outputs image data relative to the frame # 7 , the delay circuit 74 outputs image data relative to the frame # 4 which was inputted three frames before the frame # 7 . the dct circuit 84 transforms the image data blocked by the blocking circuit 72 into a frequency domain by discrete cosine transform , thereby outputting a conversion coefficient . the quantizing circuit 86 quantizes the output of the dct circuit 84 by a quantum step having a different size for each conversion coefficient . the size of the quantum step used in the quantizing circuit 86 is controlled by a control coefficient inputted through the input terminal 90 . the entropy coding circuit 92 executes entropy coding of the output of the quantizing circuit 86 , and the output of the entropy coding circuit 92 is supplied to the modulating circuit 48 of fig2 through the output terminal 94 . the image obtained at this time is an intraframe - coded frame ( hereinafter referred to as the &# 34 ; i frame &# 34 ;) which is compressed and coded within one frame . the inverse quantizing circuit 88 executes inverse quantization of the output of the quantizing circuit 86 , and the inverse dct circuit 96 executes inverse quantization of the output of the inverse quantizing circuit 88 . since the switch 108 is connected to the contact &# 34 ; a &# 34 ;, the adder 98 outputs the output of the inverse dct circuit 96 as it is inputted . the output of the adder 98 is applied to each of the three - frame delay circuit 100 and the product - sum operation circuit 102 . at this time , the output of the delay circuit 100 is local decoded image data relative to the frame # 4 and the product - sum operation circuit 102 outputs interpolated and integrated image data obtained by performing a weighted product - sum operation on the frames # 7 and # 4 . at the instant when a frame # 8 which is the second frame is inputted , the switches 82 and 108 are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; c &# 34 ; as shown in fig4 that is , the switch 82 selects the output of the subtracter 78 . at this time , the delay circuit 74 outputs image data relative to a frame # 5 , the delay circuit 100 outputs local decoded data obtained from intraframe - coded data relative to the frame # 5 , and the delay circuit 104 outputs interpolated and integrated data obtained from the frames # 7 and # 4 . the subtracter 78 subtracts the interpolated and integrated data ( bidirectional - predicted image data ) obtained from the frames # 7 and # 4 , from the image data relative to the frame # 5 . the output of the subtracter 78 is applied to the dct circuit 84 through the switch 82 . the output of the subtracter 78 is subjected to discrete cosine transform by the dct circuit 84 , and the output of the dct circuit 84 is quantized by the quantizing circuit 86 . the entropy coding circuit 92 executes entropy coding of the output of the quantizing circuit 86 , and the output of the quantizing circuit 86 is supplied to the modulation circuit 48 of fig2 through the output terminal 94 . the image obtained at this time is an image which has been subjected to differential coding based on a predicted value which is an integrated value of the frames # 4 and # 7 which are inputted before and after the frame # 5 of interest . such an image is hereinafter referred to as the &# 34 ; bidirectional - prediction · interpolation frame &# 34 ; ( called &# 34 ; b frame &# 34 ;). bidirectional - predictive - coded data relative to the frame # 5 is inversely transformed through the inverse quantizing circuit 88 and the inverse dct circuit 96 , and interpolated and integrated data ( bidirectional - predicted image data ) obtained from the frames # 7 and # 4 is added to the output of the inverse dct circuit 96 in the adder 98 , whereby the image data indicative of the frame # 5 is decoded . the decoded image data is applied to each of the delay circuit 100 and the product - sum operation circuit 102 . at the instant when a frame # 9 which is the third frame is inputted , the switches 82 and 108 are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; d &# 34 ; as shown in fig4 that is , the switch 82 selects the output of the subtracter 80 . at this time , the delay circuit 74 outputs image data relative to a frame # 6 , the delay circuit 100 outputs local decoded data obtained from intraframe - coded data relative to the frame # 6 , and the delay circuit 106 outputs interpolated and integrated data obtained from the frames # 7 and # 4 . the subtracter 80 subtracts the interpolated and integrated data ( bidirectional - predicted image data ) obtained from the frames # 7 and # 4 , from the image data relative to the frame # 6 . the output of the subtracter 80 is applied to the dct circuit 84 through the switch 82 . the output of the subtracter 80 is processed similarly to the preceding frame through the dct circuit 84 , the quantizing circuit 86 and the entropy coding circuit 92 , and the output of the entropy coding circuit 92 is supplied to the modulating circuit 48 of fig2 through the output terminal 94 . the image obtained at this time is an image which has been subjected to differential coding based on a predicted value which is an integrated value of the frames # 4 and # 7 which are inputted before and after the frame # 6 of interest . accordingly , the image constitutes the bidirectional - prediction · interpolation frame ( b frame ). bidirectional - predictive - coded data relative to the frame # 6 is decoded through the inverse quantizing circuit 88 , the inverse dct circuit 96 and the adder 98 . the decoded image data relative to the frame # 6 is applied to each of the delay circuit 100 and the product - sum operation circuit 102 . at the instant when a frame # 10 which is the fourth frame is inputted , the switches 82 and 108 are connected to the respective contacts &# 34 ; b &# 34 ; as shown in fig4 that is , the switch 82 selects the output of the subtracter 76 . at this time , the delay circuit 100 outputs local decoded data obtained from intraframe - coded data relative to the frame # 7 . the subtracter 76 subtracts the local decoded value ( interframe - predicted image data ) obtained from the frame # 7 , from image data relative to the frame # 10 . the output of the subtracter 76 is applied to the dct circuit 84 through the switch 82 . the output of the subtracter 76 is compressed and coded through the dct circuit 84 , the quantizing circuit 86 and the entropy coding circuit 92 , and the output of the entropy coding circuit 92 is supplied to the modulating circuit 48 of fig2 through the output terminal 94 . the image obtained at this time is an image which has been subjected to differential coding based on a predicted value which is a decoded value of the frame # 7 which is inputted three frames before the frame # 10 of interest . such an image is hereinafter referred to as the interframe - coded frame ( called &# 34 ; u frame &# 34 ;). the interframe - coded data relative to the frame # 10 is decoded through the inverse quantizing circuit 88 , the inverse dct circuit 96 and the adder 98 . the decoded image data relative to the frame # 10 is applied to each of the delay circuit 100 and the product - sum operation circuit 102 . subsequently , two b frames , one u frame and two b frames are formed in that order , and then one i frame is formed . subsequently , formation of i , u and b frames is repeated in a similar manner . the operation of stopping recording will be described below . in the present embodiment , it may be necessary to record frames inputted after an instruction to stop recording has been inputted , because of the presence of a bidirectional - prediction · interpolation frame . for example , as shown in fig5 ( a ), it is assumed that an instruction to stop recording is inputted from the operating switch 46 between frames # 15 and # 16 . in this case , since the frame # 15 is a bidirectional - prediction · interpolation frame , data relative to the frame # 16 is needed to decode the frame # 15 . for this reason , the frames # 14 , # 15 and # 16 are recorded in the order of # 16 , # 14 and # 15 . fig6 shows the relations of correspondence which are established between frames inputted at the time of stop of recording and recorded frames if recording is started with the frame # 7 . fig7 shows one example of a track pattern formed on the magnetic tape 56 by variable - length coded image data relative to each frame . since each frame is variable - length coded , each frame has a different amount of recorded data , and data relative to one frame is often recorded over a plurality of tracks . in fig7 frame numbers are added after the respective characters &# 34 ; b &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; u &# 34 ; and &# 34 ; i &# 34 ; indicative of the b , u and i frames , and if one frame is recorded over a plurality of tracks , subnumbers are added after the associated frame numbers . it is assumed that a user desires to record an image after the frame # 15 by tag recording in the pattern shown in fig7 . in this case , in the present embodiment , the operator performs the operation of returning the magnetic head 54 to the first recording track , i . e ., a track # 1 , reproducing the frames # 8 , # 9 and # 10 from the frame # 7 and outputting the reproduced image data , and operating the recording start switch of the operating switch 46 at the time when an image indicative of the frame # 15 is reproduced and outputted . according to this operation , variable - length coded data relative to images to be tag - recorded begin to be sequentially recorded at the forefront of a track next to the track on which the image indicative of the frame # 15 is recorded . fig8 shows a recording track pattern formed by the tag recording . in fig8 for ease of understanding , recording of the images to be tag - recorded is assumed to be started with the frame # 7 , and &# 34 ; n &# 34 ; is added to each of the associated frame numbers . for example , &# 34 ; i7n &# 34 ; indicates that the frame # 7 which is recorded as one of the tag - recorded images constitutes the i frame . a mark or a signal indicating that the image ( the frame # 7 ) is tag - recorded after the frame # 15 which is a previously recorded image is recorded in a predetermined location on the magnetic tape 56 , for example , in a control track extending along the length of the magnetic tape 56 . during reproduction , immediately after an image indicative of the frame # 15 has been reproduced and outputted , an image indicative of the frame # 7n can be continuously reproduced and outputted on the basis of the mark or signal indicative of the tag recording . although the above description refers to coding executed on a frame - by - frame basis , coding executed on a field - by - field basis may be adopted . the location and number of intraframe - coded frames , those of interframe - coded frames and those of bidirectional - prediction · interpolation frames are not limited to the above - described example . of course , the variable - length coding method used in the above - described embodiment is not to be construed as a limiting example . although the above description refers to the example in which interframe coding , intraframe coding and bidirectional predictive coding are used in combination , the present invention is , of course , applicable to a case where one or two of the three codings is used . although the above description refers to the example in which the magnetic tape is used as a recording medium , a magnetic disk , an optical disk , an opto - magnetic disk or other recording media may be used without departing from the scope of the present invention . as will be readily understood from the foregoing description , in the vtr according to the aforesaid embodiment , recording of an image is started at a predetermined location of a track ( normally , the forefront thereof ). accordingly , even if a tag - recorded image is included in recorded images , it is possible to easily control a reproduction operation so that a reproduced image is not disturbed , whereby a continuous reproduced image can be obtained . further , since an initial picture recorded after a start of recording is a picture which is coded by using only a correlation within the picture , &# 34 ; edit &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; search &# 34 ; and other similar functions can be easily performed . further , since pictures each of which is coded by using only a correlation within the picture are present at intervals of predetermined number of pictures , &# 34 ; edit &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; search &# 34 ;, &# 34 ; special reproduction &# 34 ; and other similar functions can be comparatively easily achieved . further , since an image which is highly compressed by using interpicture coding is located at an adequate position , a comparatively high compression ratio can be achieved as a whole .	6
pyrithione salts useful in the present invention include the zinc , magnesium , copper , and zirconium salts of pyrithione , and combinations thereof . the preferred pyrithione salt is zinc pyrithione . zinc pyrithione is produced by reacting 1 - hydroxy - 2 - pyridinethione or a soluble salt thereof with a zinc salt ( eg . znso4 ) to form a zinc pyrithione precipitate , as disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 2 , 809 , 971 . the alkanolamine useful in the present invention preferably has less than six carbon atoms per molecule and more preferably is selected from the group consisting of monoisopropanolamine , monoethanolamine , and combinations thereof , most preferably monoisopropanolamine since this latter compound provides excellent miscibility in polyols . the molar ratio of alkanolamine to pyrithione salt is preferably between about 0 . 5 and about 5 , more preferably between about 0 . 5 and about 4 . the pyrithione salt is incorporated into the polyurethane forming formulation in an amount sufficient to provide biocidal effectiveness in the resulting polyurethane . &# 34 ; biocidal effectiveness &# 34 ; is intended to designate that the polyurethane product ( e . g ., the foam , adhesive , elastomer , coating or sealant product ) is inhibited against fungicidal or other microbial growth on , and within , the product . utilizing the process of the present invention , the pyrithione salt , and its associated biocidal effectiveness , is uniformly distributed throughout the product . preferably , between about 200 and about 2000 , more preferably between about 500 and about 1200 ppm of pyrithione salt are employed based upon the weight of the polyurethane forming formulation . the polyols which are used in the subject invention are well known in the art and are preferably those referred to as polyether polyols and / or polyester polyols or a combination thereof . the polyether polyols are prepared by the reaction of an alkylene oxide with polyhydric or polyamine - containing compounds , or mixtures thereof . alkylene oxides which may be employed in the preparation of the polyols of the present invention include ethylene oxide , propylene oxide , butylene oxide , styrene oxide and the like . halogenated alkylene oxides may also be used such as epichlorohydrin , 3 , 3 , 3 - trichlorobutylene oxide , etc . mixtures of any of the above alkylene oxides may also be employed . the preferred alkylene oxide is propylene oxide , or a mixture of propylene oxide with ethylene oxide . polyoxyalkylene polyether polyols are preferred and generally contain either primary or secondary hydroxyl groups , or mixtures thereof . these polyols are suitably prepared by reacting an active - hydrogen containing compound , such as polyhydric compounds or polyamines , with the above - described alkylene oxides . useful polyhydric compounds include ethylene glycol , propylene glycol , diethylene glycol , dipropylene glycol , glycerol , pentaerythritol , sorbitol , sucrose , methyl glucoside , glucose , etc . polyamine compounds which may be reacted with the alkylene oxide to prepare amine - based polyols include mono -, di -, and triethanol amine , ethylene diamine , diethylene diamine , toluene diamine , etc . these polyhydric alcohols and polyamine compounds can be reacted separately with alkylene oxides or they can be pre - mixed in the preparation of polyether polyol mixtures or blends . preferred polyester polyols are those based on terephthalic , phthalic , isophthalic , adipic , succinic , glutanic , fumaric acid ( s ), and combinations thereof , and the like . the polyol is employed in a proportion corresponding to between about 0 . 5 and about 1 . 2 equivalents per equivalent of polyisocyanate . preferably , the polyol is employed in a proportion corresponding to between about 0 . 8 and about 1 . 0 equivalents per equivalent of polyisocyanate . below the lower limit of about 0 . 5 equivalent of polyol per equivalent of polyisocyanate , the resulting foam is expected to be excessively friable . above the upper limit of about 1 . 2 equivalents of polyol per equivalent of polyisocyanate , the resulting foam is expected to undergo excessive interior scorching and associated foam cell structure degradation during fabrication due to the increased exotherm of reaction by the additional polyol . by &# 34 ; equivalents &# 34 ; of polyol is meant the molecular weight divided by the number of hydroxyl groups present in the molecule . the equivalent weight is expressed in whatever units , i . e ., grams , pounds , tons , etc ., are used to designate the amounts of the other components of the reaction mixture . similarly , the term &# 34 ; equivalent &# 34 ; used in relation to the polyisocyanate has its usually accepted meaning , namely , the molecular weight of the polyisocyanate , in whatever units are used to designate the amounts of the various components of the reaction mixture , divided by the number of isocyanate groups present in the molecule . the polyisocyanate employed in the present invention can be any of the polyisocyanates , organic and inorganic , known to be useful in the art of polymer formation . such polyisocyanates are commonly employed in the preparation of polyurethanes by reaction with compounds containing two or more active hydrogen - containing groups . illustrative of such polyisocyanates are 2 , 4 - tolylene diisocyanate , 2 , 6 - tolylene diisocyanate , 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ), dianisidine diisocyanate , tolidine diisocyanate , hexamethylene diisocyanate , m - xylene diisocyanate 1 , 5 - napthalene diisocyanate , p - phenylene diisocyanate 1 , 5 - napthalene diisocyanate , p - phenylene diisocyanate , 1 , 4 - diethylbenzene diisocyanate and the like . mixtures of two or more of the above isocyanates can be used , such as mixtures of the 2 , 4 - and 2 , 6 - isomers of tolylene diisocyanate , mixture of the 2 , 4 &# 39 ;- and 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- isomers of methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ) and the like . in addition to the 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ) or mixtures of the 2 , 4 &# 39 ;- isomer and 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- isomer thereof which are employed as the isocyanate component , there can also be used modified forms of these isocyanates . for example , there can be used 4 , 4 &# 39 ;- methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ), or an admixture thereof with a minor amount of the 2 , 4 &# 39 ;- isomer , which has been treated to convert a minor proportion , generally less than 15 percent by weight of the starting material , to an artifact of said starting material . for example , the polyisocyanate component can be methylenebis (- phenyl isocyanate ) which has been converted to a stable liquid at temperatures of about 15 ° c . or higher . illustrative of another modified form of 4 , 4 &# 39 ;-, methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ) which can form the polyisocyanate component is the product obtained by treating the former compound , or mixtures thereof with small portions of 2 , 4 &# 39 ;- isomer , with a minor portion of a carbodimide such as diphenylcarbodiimide . in accordance with said process , a minor proportion of the methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ) is converted to the corresponding isocyana - to - carbodiimide and there is obtained a mixture of a major proportion of unchanged starting material and a minor proportion of said isocyanato - substituted carbodimide . preferred as the polyisocyanate component is a mixture of methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ) with polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanates of higher functionality . such mixtures are generally those obtained by phosgenation or corresponding mixtures of methylene bridged polyphenyl polyamines . the latter , in turn , are obtained by interaction of formaldehyde , hydrochloric acid and primary aromatic amines , for example , aniline , o - chloroaniline , o - toluidine and the like . such polyamines , and polyisocyanates prepared therefrom , are known in the art . the preferred polyisocyanates are methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanates ) and the modified forms thereof including mixtures of polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanates containing from about 35 percent by weight to about 85 percent by weight of methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ). the most preferred polyisocyanate is a polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate mixture containing from about 35 percent by weight to about 60 percent by weight of methylenebis ( phenyl isocyanate ), the remainder of said mixture being polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanates having a functionality greater than 2 . 0 . the amount of catalyst employed in the compositions of the present invention is a &# 34 ; catalytically effective &# 34 ; amount , i . e ., an amount sufficient to catalyze the reaction of the polyisocyanate and the polyol to form polyurethane linkages . advantageously , the catalyst is employed in an amount corresponding to no greater than about 10 weight percent based on the weight of the total composition . preferably , the catalyst is a tertiary amine employed in a more preferred amount corresponding to between about 0 . 5 and about 5 weight percent based on the weight of the total composition , although tin catalysts such as dibutyltin dilaurate , or mixtures of amine and tin catalysts are also suitably employed . when using an amine - based polyol , the urethane - forming reaction can be sufficiently auto - catalytic so as to not require the incorporation of a separate catalyst . indeed , it is preferred not to employ a catalyst with the amine - based polyols in order to minimize the possibility of scorch of the foam . however , when using other types of polyols to fabricate foams , a catalyst is generally preferred . useful tertiary amines are those which are generally employed to catalyze the reaction between an isocyanato group and an epoxide group . such catalysts are a group of compounds well - recognized in the art of synthesizing polyurethanes . representative of said tertiary amine catalysts are : n , n - dialkylpiperazines such as n , n - dimethylpiperazine , n , n - diethylpiperazine and the like ; trialkylamines such as trimethylamine , triethylamine , tributylamine and the like ; 1 , 4 - diazabicyclo ( 2 - 2 - 2 ) octane , which is more frequently referred to as triethylene diamine , and the lower - alkyl derivatives thereof such as 2 - methyl triethylene diamine , 2 , 3 - dimethyl triethylene diamine , 2 , 5 - diethyl triethylene diamine and 2 , 6 - diisopropyl triethylene diamine ; n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 34 ;- trialkylaminoalkylhexahydrotriazines such as n , n &# 39 ; n &# 34 ;- tris ( dimethylaminomethyl ) hexahydrotriazine , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 34 ;- tris ( dimethylaminoethyl ) hexahydrotriazine , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 34 ;- tris ( diethylaminopropyl ) hexahydrotriazine , n , n &# 39 ; n &# 34 ;- tris ( diethylaminoethyl ) hexahydrotriazine n , n &# 39 ; n &# 34 ;- tris ( diethylaminopropyl ) hexahydrotriazine and the like ; mono -, di -, and tri -( dialkylaminoalkyl ) monohydric phenols or thiophenols such as 2 -( dimethylaminomethyl ) phenol , 2 - dimethylaminobutyl ) phenol , 2 -( diethylaminoethyl ) phenol , 2 -( diethylaminobutyl ) phenol , 2 -( dimethylaminomethyl ) thiophenol , 2 -( diethylaminoethyl ) thiophenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( dimethylaminoethyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( dipropylaminobutyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( dipropylaminoethyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( dimethylaminoethyl ) thiophenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( diethylaminopropyl ) triophenol , 2 , 4 - bis ( dipropylaminoethyl )- thiophenol , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( dimethylaminoethyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( diethylaminoethyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( dipropylaminomethyl ) phenol , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( diethylaminoethyl ) thiophenol , 2 , 4 , 6 - tris ( dimethylaminoethyl ) thiophenol and the like ; n , n , n &# 39 ; n &# 39 ;- tetraalkylalkylenediamines such as n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - propane diamine , n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetramethyl - 1 , 3 - butanediamine , n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetramethylethylenediamine and the like ; n , n - dialkylcyclohexylamines such as n , n - dimethylcyclohexylamine , n , n - diethylcyclohexylamine and the like ; n - alkylmorpholines such as n - methylmorpholine , n - ethylmorpholine and the like ; n , n - dialkylalkanolamines such as n , n - dimethylethanolamine , n , n - diethylethanolamine and the like ; n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetraalkylguanidines such as n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetramethylguanidine , n , n , n &# 39 ;, n &# 39 ;- tetraethylguanidine and the like . also useful are acid - blocked tertiary amine catalysts , where the blocking agent is , for example , 2 - ethylhexanoic acid . the preferred tertiary amine catalysts are dimethylethanolamine ( dmea ) and polycat - 8 ( a product of abbott corp . ), n , n - dimethylcyclohexyl amine . if desired , any organometallic compound known to be a catalyst in the reaction between an isocyanato group and an active hydrogen - containing group can be employed in the compositions of the present invention . such catalysts include the organic acid salts of , and the organometallic derivatives of , bismuth , lead , tin , iron , antimony , uranium , cadmium , cobalt , thorium , aluminum , mercury , zinc , nickel , cerium , molybdenum , vanadium , copper , manganese , and zirconium . the preferred group of said organometallic derivatives is that derived from tin . examples of this preferred group are : dibutyltin diacetate , dibutyltin dilaurate , stannous octoate , stannous oleate , and the like . if a polyurethane foam product is desired , suitable blowing agent ( s ) are employed in order to achieve the blowing of the foam . suitable blowing agents include halocarbons , such as monochlorodifluoromethane , or non - halocarbons such as water which produces blowing by virtue of carbon dioxide production during the polyurethane forming reaction . generally speaking , the amount of blowing agent employed depends upon the desired density . thus , if low density foams , i . e ., 1 . 0 to 6 pounds per cubic foot , are desired , the amount of the halogenated - hydrocarbon blowing agent , if used , is between about 5 and about 25 percent by weight based on the total weight of the foam formulation . optional additives such as dispersing agents , cell stabilizers , surfactants , flame retardants , and the like , which are commonly employed in the fabrication of polymer foams , can be employed in the process of the invention . for example , the well - known phosphorus - based flame retardant additives may be used if flame retardancy is desired . these phosphate additives generally do not adversely affect the physical properties of the foam even if they are hydrolyzed and / or physically removed from the foam since these additives are not part of the foam backbone . as another illustration , a finer cell structure may be obtained if organosilicone polymers are used as surfactants in the reaction mix . other optional additives , such as inorqanic and organic fillers , can be employed in the process of this invention . illustrative inorganic fillers are calcium carbonate , silica , glass , antimony oxides , etc . illustrative organic fillers are the various polymers , copolymers of vinyl chloride , vinyl acetate , acrylonitrile , styrene , melamine , partially oxyalkylated melamine , etc . organic esters can also be employed if desired . particularly preferred esters are those derived from dicarboxylic acids such as oxalic , malonic , succinic , glutaric , maleic , phthalic , isophthalic and terephthalic acids . the use of an organic filler , particularly isophthalic and / or terephthalic esters , is preferred in the composition of the present invention since these organic fillers are liquid and soluble in the &# 34 ; b - side &# 34 ;. it is preferred in preparing the polyurethane foams of the invention to include in the foam forming reaction mixture a small proportion of a conventional surfactant in order to improve the cell structure of the resulting foam . typical such surfactants are the silicones and the siloxaneoxyalkylene block copolymers . if used , generally between about 0 . 2 and about 5 parts by weight of surfactant are employed per hundred parts of polyol . the polyurethanes treated in accordance with the process of the present invention inhibit the growth of gram (+) and gram (-) bacteria , yeast and fungi , including pathogenic disease causing microorganisms which are of particular interest in hospital an other institutional environments . while the invention has been described above with references to specific embodiments thereof , it is apparent that many changes , modifications and variations in the materials , arrangements of parts and steps can be made without departing from the inventive concept disclosed herein . accordingly , the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims is intended to embrace all such changes , modifications and variations that may occur to one of skill in the art upon a reading of the disclosure . all patent applications , patents and other publications cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety . the following examples are intended to illustrate , but in no way limit the scope of , the present invention . antimicrobial testing of urethane foam containing zinc pyrithione dissolved in monoethanolamine a zinc pyrithione powder , commercially available as zinc omadine ® powder , a product of olin corporation , was dissolved in ethanolamine to 42 % active ingredient ( w / w ). this solution was then diluted to 5 % zinc pyrithione with poly - g 20 - 56 , an olin corporation trifunctional poly ether polyol . this mixture was then added to a typical urethane foam formulation as described below . a standard astm g2l - 85 fungal challenge was then conducted on the resulting foam as well as a control blank . each sample was run in duplicate , reported below . ______________________________________formulationingredients parts by weight______________________________________polyol . sup . 1 100water 5surfactant . sup . 2 1 . 0tertiary amine . sup . 3 0 . 25stannous octoate ( 50 % solution 0 . 75in dioctyl phthalte ). sup . 4toluene diisocyanate . sup . 5 94 . 1dissolved zinc pyrithione solution . sup . 6 1 . 0______________________________________ . sup . 1 polyg 20 - 56 , a poly ether triol having a molecular weight of 3000 and a hydroxyl number of 56 , a product of olin corporation . sup . 2 silicone surfactant sold under the name dc5125 , of air products . sup . 3 a tertiary amine sold under the name of 33lv , of air products . sup . 4 a stannous octoate sold under the name t10 , of air products . sup . 5 a mixture of toluene diisocyanate isomers ( 80 : 20 mixture of 2 , 4 / 2 , isomers ), product of olin corporation the astm g21 - 85 fungal challenge is the standard test procedure to determine fungal resistance of a polymeric material . this consists of placing a two inch disc of the polymr on a nutrient salt agar and spraying the polymer with a fungal spore suspension of the following fungi : ______________________________________aspergillus niger atcc 9642penicillium funiculosum atcc 9644chaetomium globosum atcc 6205gliocladium virens atcc 9645aureobasidium pullulans atcc 9348______________________________________ this is then incubated at 32 ° c . for a minimum of three weeks and rated as to the amount of growth on the polymer surface as described below : ______________________________________astm g21 fungal challenge results week week weektest sample 1 week 2 3 week 4 5______________________________________treated sample 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 , 0 0 , 0untreated sample 0 , 1 1 , 1 1 , 2 1 , 2 1 , 2______________________________________ 0 = no fungal growth observed 1 = up to 10 % fungal growth observed on polymer surface 2 = & gt ; 10 to 30 % fungal growth observed on polymer surface antimicrobial testing of urethane foam containing zinc pyrithione dissolved in monoisopropanolamine commercially available zinc omadine ® powder , a product of olin corporation was dissolved in monoisopropanolamine to 15 % ( w / w ) active level . this solution was then diluted to 2 % with poly g ® 20 - 56 , a trifunctional polyether polyol product of olin corporation . a polyurethane foam was then formed by typical foaming techniques . this foam was made as described in example 1 . a zone of inhibition test was performed on discs of the resulting foam . zone of inhibition test is a standard test for microbiologicals and may be applied to fungi as well . this test measures the zone of inhibited microbial growth surrounding a sample . in this procedure two inch discs of the urethane foam are placed in a petri dish , on a nutrient containing agar and inoculated with a suspension of bacteria or fungi . these foam discs are incubated for 48 hours at 32 ° celsius . antimicrobial activity is evaluated by observing an area of no growth around the foam disc as well as the foam &# 39 ; s contact area with the agar . an area of no growth around the swatch is known as a zone of inhibition . an untreated sample should not produce a zone of inhibition . zones were observed against all microbes tested including staphylococcus aureus -- gram (+) bacteria , and klebsiella pneumoniae -- gram (-) bacteria in the treated foam . bacteria strains used in this test are recommended test organisms in the aoac method &# 34 ; bacteriostatic activity of laundry additive disinfectants &# 34 ;, 1984 .	2
in one embodiment of the invention , there is provided an apparatus for the production of hydrocarbons . a wellbore 11 is provided extending into the earth from a wellhead positioned at the surface of the earth . a casing 10 defined by a tubular casing sidewall lines the wellbore . a set of production perforations 31 extend though the casing sidewall at a first longitudinal position and establish communication between a hydrocarbon production zone a and an inside of the casing . a set of disposal perforations 41 extend through the casing sidewall at a second longitudinal position establishing communication between an inside the casing and a waste water disposal zone b . the set of production perforations is spaced apart from the set of disposal perforations and is positioned between the set of disposal perforations and the wellhead . a pump assembly 25 is positioned inside of the casing and sealed against the tubular casing sidewall at a seal location 40 between the first set of perforations and the second set of perforations . the pump assembly has an intake 30 positioned to draw fluid from the inside of the casing above the seal location and a discharge 50 to discharge fluid into the inside of the casing below the seal location . a packer 100 is positioned inside of the casing between the pump assembly and the disposal perforations . the packer has a passage extending through it . a separation chamber d is defined in the casing between the pump and the packer . a first valve 90 is operatively associated with the passage extending through the packer . a tubing 120 extends from an upper end of the separation chamber to the wellhead . the tubing forms a flow path between the separation chamber and the wellhead . a second valve 105 is operatively associated with the tubing . in a preferred embodiment of the invention , a control system 175 is operatively associated with the second valve for opening the second valve in response to a decrease in water concentration in fluid carried by the tubing and closing the second valve in response an increase in water concentration in fluid carried by the tubing . the first valve 90 preferably unseats in response to a pressure difference across the first valve for flow from the separation chamber . if desired , a coagulation media can be positioned in the second chamber . the pump assembly 25 preferably comprises an outer housing 20 , a pump traveling barrel 33 , and a pump pull rod 102 . the outer housing is positioned in the well casing 10 , an annulus 21 being defined between the well casing and the outer housing . the pump traveling barrel is positioned in the outer housing and has an upper end and a lower end . the pump traveling barrel is partly closed at its upper end by an annular wall 67 . the pump pull rod has a portion positioned in the pump traveling barrel and a portion extending from the upper end of the pump traveling barrel . the pump pull rod has a lower end and a radially outwardly extending wall 69 from its lower end which seals against the annular wall at the upper end of the pump traveling barrel when the pump pull rod is pulled upwardly . the pump pull rod further has at least one radial outward protrusion spaced apart from its lower end to urge the traveling barrel downwardly . a first pump chamber 76 is defined inside of the traveling barrel and a second pump chamber 79 is defined outside of the pump traveling barrel between an upper end of the pump traveling barrel and an upper end of the outer housing , an annulus for downflow of fluid being defined between the outside of the traveling barrel and the inside of the outer housing . upstroke on the pull rod expands the first pump chamber and draws fluid in through the pump intake , while simultaneously compressing the second pump chamber and forcing fluid down the annulus between the outside of the traveling barrel and the housing and out the pump discharge e . in the illustrated embodiment , the pump assembly comprises a second packer 40 sealed against the tubular casing sidewall and a bottom seal manifold 30 carried by the second packer . the bottom seal manifold defines both the pump intake and the pump discharge ports . an axial pull tube 11 extends upwardly from the bottom seal manifold . an inside of the axial pull tube is in flow communication with the pump intake . the axial pull tube has an upper end forming a valve face and at least one radial port 66 spaced apart from the upper end forming a flow path between the inside of the axial pull tube and an annulus between the outside of the axial pull tube and the inside of the pump traveling barrel . an annular seal 77 is mounted to an outside surface of the axial pull tube slidably sealingly engaged with an inner surface of the pump traveling barrel . an annular standing valve 44 is mounted to an inside of the pump traveling barrel for sealing against the valve face at the upper end of the axial pull tube when the pump traveling barrel is urged down . preferably , a drop tube 50 extends downwardly from the bottom seal manifold in flow communication with the pump discharge . the drop tube forms a discharge into the separation zone . also , the tubing 120 extending from an upper end of the separation chamber to the wellhead is preferably located along an axis of the wellbore . fig1 is an overview of the invention . the invention is applicable to a production well having a suitable producing zone separated a distance above a suitable disposal zone . the well is cased in the usual way . casing perforations establish flow communication with the producing zone . casing perforations are provided to establish flow communication with the disposal zone . a packer 40 separates the producing zone from the disposal zone . the casing contains adequate volume between the producing zone and the packer 40 to permit any gases introduced into the casing from the producing zone to separate from any liquids introduced into the casing from the producing zone . if desired , emulsion breaking chemicals can be introduced into the volume to facilitate oil / water phase separation in the oil / water separation chamber situated beneath the packer 40 . a pump 20 is mechanically attached to the packer 40 . although electric pumps could be employed in the invention , a mechanical pump is preferred , to reduce shear which contributes to emulsification . the pump is preferably operated by a sucker rod string extending from a motor at the wellhead . the power stroke is preferably the upstroke , to avoid excessive wear or possible buckling of the sucker rod string . as shown in fig4 , the oil / water mixture enters the pump through inlets in a bottom manifold 30 positioned adjacent the packer . an inner oil tube passes axially through the pump from the separation zone to the wellhead . a pull tube 11 is positioned radially outward from the inner oil tube and mechanically connected to the bottom manifold 30 . as shown by fig5 , an outer barrel 20 is positioned radially outward from the pull tube and is mechanically attached to the sucker rod by means of the pull rod . a pump chamber is defined radially from the inner oil tube to the outer barrel , and axially from the standing valve 44 to the upper limit of the outer barrel where it seals against the pull rod . the pump chamber expands and fills during the upstroke , simultaneously forcing fluid existing outside the pump chamber downward through the ports in the bottom in the bottom manifold into the separation chamber . on the down stroke , the seal between the traveling barrel and the pull rod is unseated , the standing valve closes , allowing the fluid within the pump chamber to exhaust upward outside of the pump chamber , and preventing the flow of fluid inside the pump chamber downward through the pull tube . the fluid exits the downflow annular chamber via passages through the bottom manifold 30 and flows into a pump discharge tube extending downwardly through the packer and extending into the separation chamber . the pump discharge tube preferably extends into the separation zone several feet , and is provided with apertures through its sidewall and is sealed at its bottom end to introduce fluids into the separation zone without introducing a lot of turbulence . if desired , the discharge tube and / or annulus between the discharge tube and the casing can be packed with an oil coagulation media , such as a high surface area material formed from polyvinylchloride , polypropylene , or stainless steel . in operation , an oil phase forms in an upper part of the separation chamber , and a water phase forms in a lower part of the chamber . the oil phase flows from the upper portion of the chamber by the inner tube running through the pump , via one or more inlets opening through the sidewall of the pump discharge tube , by virtue of back pressure caused by the pressure relief valve positioned in the packer at the bottom of the separation chamber . the inner tube generally has an inside diameter in the range of 0 . 5 inches to 1 inch , to provide adequate flow . as shown in fig6 , a flow restrictor is associated with the inner tube at its upper end . by restricting flow at this point , pressure can be raised in the separation zone which is adequate to unseat the check valve and permit water flow from the bottom of the separation chamber to the disposal zone . conversely , by opening the restriction , oil flow can be increased , and water flow can be decreased . to provide automated operation , the oil line at the wellhead is provided with a device to measure the concentration of water contained in the oil , or vice versa . suitable devices are known . for example , a red - eye ( r ) water cut meter with transmitter is suitable . this device measures the concentration of oil by employing infrared principles . a signal representative of the amount of water in the oil is produced , compared to a set point signal , and a manipulation signal produced in response to the comparison to control . a motor valve is suitably employed as the restriction device for this purpose . by manipulating the valve so as to maintain a small amount of water in the oil , excessive water production at the wellhead , or loss of oil into the disposal zone , can be avoided . fig1 is a downhole system overview . oil , gas and water are produced from the production zone a . all three phases enter into the annulus between the casing 10 and tubing 20 . sufficient time is provided between the three phase mixture entering the casing - tubing annulus , and when the mixture enters the barrel seal manifold 30 ( bsm 30 ), to allow the gas to naturally separate and flow to the surface . the two - phase oil and water mixture is pumped past the first packer 40 and exits below it at 50 . by means of natural ( gravity ) separation , the oil and water segregate into 3 distinct sections , oil only 60 , oil and water 70 and water only 80 . a back pressure valve 90 is utilized to ensure sufficient pressure between the first packer 40 and the second packer 100 to drive the oil into the lower bsm 110 , up the inner tube 120 , and on to the surface . after passing through the back - pressure valve 90 , the water is driven into the disposal zone b . alternatively , as shown in fig1 a , the drop tube 50 ′ can be connected directly to second packer 100 ′ which carries backpressure valve 90 ′. fig2 is a pump detail . fig2 shows the oil and water mixture traveling down the casing - tubing annulus 21 . the oil and water enter into the bsm 30 and are drawn into the pump 25 . fig3 is a pump detail . as shown in fig3 , the fluid mixture then travels up the pump pull tube 11 and into the volume formed inside the pump traveling barrel 33 . fig4 is a pump detail of a pump fill cycle . when the fluid mixture has traveled into the pull tube 11 from the bsm 30 , it enters the pump volume . as the traveling barrel 33 moves upward , the standing valve 44 opens . the upward movement of the standing valve is limited by the standing valve stop 55 . the fluid inside the pull tube travels past the standing valve , via the pull tube ports 66 , and enters the volume created inside the pump during the upstroke . the annular area between the pull tube and the traveling barrel is sealed 77 below the pull tube ports . during the downstroke , the standing valve closes , seating the sealing against the pull tube . this seal prevents fluid within the traveling barrel from traveling back into the bsm 30 . fig5 is a pump detail of a discharge cycle . during the upstroke , the traveling barrel 33 seats against the pull rod 102 and forms a seal , preventing flow from the outside of the traveling barrel to the inside of the traveling barrel . the pump forces the fluid in the volume between the traveling barrel and the tubing 20 down through the bypass chambers in the bsm . the fluid is prevented from traveling up the tubing by the downhole stuffing box ( dsb ) 54 , which seals between the outer surface of the pull rod and the tubing . during the downstroke , the traveling barrel unseats from the pull rod , the standing valve closes ( fig4 ), and the fluid from inside the traveling barrel is displaced to the outside of the traveling barrel . the annular area between the inside of the pull rod and the inner tube is sealed 65 . fig6 shows the relationship between production zone a , disposal zone b , oil intake c , separation chamber d , and pump discharge e . fig7 illustrates a control system . the pump discharge e enters into the separation chamber d . as the oil and water separate , three distinct zones form in the separation chamber . oil on top , water on bottom , and a center zone where it is mixed . the pressure at the pump discharge e is equal to the disposal zone b pressure plus the pressure set on the backpressure check valve 90 . the pressure differential between the pump discharge pressure and the variable restrictor 105 provides the driving force to flow oil to the surface . the flow rate of the oil to the surface is changed by varying the surface restrictor . in fig8 , pump discharge e is provided at flow rate q p and pressure p p . separation zone d contains oil phase 60 , mixture layer 70 , and water phase 80 . check valve 90 controls water discharge to disposal zone b at flow rate q w and pressure p w . oil production is regulated by restrictor 105 , which is controlled by motor valve m . motor valve m is controlled by device 155 to measure oil in water and produce a representative signal , with controller 165 to receive the representative signal and vary the signal to motor valve m . given sufficient separation chamber volume , the presence of a percentage of water in the oil produced to the surface indicates the relative position of the oil intake to the oil / water interface ( mix zone ). as the oil / water interface moves upward in the chamber , the amount of water present in the oil will increase . given this relationship , a control scheme as shown in fig9 will ensure that sufficient oil is produced to the surface . in fig9 , signal 200 designates “ r = motor signal ”, box 210 designates “ motor manipulates restrictor ”, box 220 designates “ pressure developed at restrictor ”, box 230 designates “ q o ( oil flow )”, line 240 is “ oil produced ”, and box 250 is “ presence of water in oil produced ”. the percentage of water present in the oil produced to the surface provides the feedback for the system . the restrictor is manipulated , via a motor , which changes the flowrate of oil to the surface , thereby influencing the level of the oil / water interface , and changing the percentage of water present in the oil produced to the surface . the process is repeated until the target percentage of water is reached . the system operates such that only water is pumped into the disposal zone . two limiting conditions must be satisfied for this system to operate correctly . first , the separation chamber must be large enough to allow sufficient time for the fluid being pumped into it to separate into oil and water . this requirement can be expressed as : v chamber = volume of separation chamber s . f .= safety factor q pump = flowrate of fluid discharged from the pump t retention = retention time ( time required for oil to separate from the water ) secondly , the flowrate of the oil to the surface must be sufficient so that the oil does not build up in the chamber , causing the oil / water interface ( mix zone ) to migrate low enough so that oil is pumped to the disposal zone . the ratio f oil produced to the surface , to water disposed , must equal the ratio of oil to water entering the separation chamber . for a given pumping rate , the flow rate of the oil must be controlled via a manipulation of the variable restrictor at the surface . this can be expressed as : q water = flowrate of water to disposal zone q oil = flowrate of oil produced at surface c =( volume of oil / volume of total fluid ) as discharged from the pump q pump = flowrate of fluid discharged from the pump furthermore , “ c ” and q pump are known . “ c ”, also referred to as “ cut ”, is a function of the reservoir ( production zone ) and “ q pump ” is determined from the pumping parameters . one embodiment of the invention provides a method for controlling the degree of oil / water separation achieved in a process for separating oil / water / gas phases downhole . a mixture of oil , gas and water is produced in a first section of a cased well . the gas is separated from the mixture and withdrawn from an upper end of the first section . a mixture of oil and water is collected at a lower end of the first section . the collected mixture of oil and water is pumped from the lower end of the first section into a second section positioned beneath the first section . in the second section , the oil phase is separated from the water phase . the second section is maintained at adequate pressure to flow the oil phase to the wellhead and the oil phase flows up a tubing to the wellhead to produce the oil . the produced oil is analyzed for entrained water droplets . an electronic signal representative of the amount of water in the produced oil is produced . a valve operably associated with the tubing is then manipulated responsively to said electronic signal to maintain the amount of water in the produced oil within predetermined lower and upper limits . another embodiment of the invention provides a method for controlling the pressure available downhole to produce the oil phase from an oil / gas / water separation conducted downhole . a mixture of oil , gas and water is produced in a first section of a cased well . the gas is separated from the mixture , the separated gas is withdrawn from an upper end of the first section , and a mixture of oil and water is collected at a lower end of the first section . the collected mixture of oil and water is pumped from the lower end of the first section into a second section positioned beneath the first section . a valve is positioned at the lower end of the second section . the valve is set to provide adequate pressure in the second section to flow the oil phase to the wellhead . the oil phase is separated from the water phase in the second section and flowed up the tubing to the wellhead where it is produced . another embodiment of the invention provides a method for facilitating oil / water separation in an oil / gas / water separation conducted downhole . a mixture of oil , gas and water is produced in a first section of a cased well . the gas is separated from the mixture and the separated gas is withdrawn from an upper end of the first section . a mixture of oil and water is collected at a lower end of the first section . the collected mixture of oil and water is pumped from the lower end of the first section into a second section positioned beneath the first section . in the second section the oil phase is separated from the water phase . the improvement is to establish an environment in the second section to facilitate phase separating the oil phase from the water phase , for example , by introducing phase separation chemicals into the second section , or by positioning a coagulation media in the second section to facilitate separating the oil phase from the water phase .	4
referring to fig1 - 3 , the coin diverter of this invention is adapted to be used on a coin operated machine as is generally indicated at 10 . the machine will generally inclulde a housing 12 attached to the outside of the machine for housing a coin inserting mechanism and coin receiving boxes . the housing 12 may be either permanently attached to the machine , such as by welding , or may be removably attached to the machine , by means of an appropriate locking device . however , the coin inserting mechanism and coin receiving boxes may be formed within the coin separated machine rather than mounted on the coin operated machine . in the preferred embodiment the coin operated machine is activated by a coin slide 14 . the coin slide 14 has coin slots 16 arranged on its topmost surface . the coins are retained in the coin slots in a manner which is well - known in the art by a plate 15 is underneath the slots which prevents the coins from falling through the slots . as the coin slide is pushed into the housing and activates the machine , the coins in the coin slots fall through the slots and into one of the coin receiving boxes 18 , 20 . a passageway 17 may be used to connect the coin slots and the coin boxes , although this is not essential to the invention . the passageway 17 does not function to divide coins , which is accomplished automatically by the positioning of coin slots 16 . the coin slots 16 are arranged in rows so that the coins in one row , 16a , are deposited in coin box 18 , while the coins in the other row , 16b , are deposited in box 20 . the denomination and number of coin slots in each row of slots on the coin slide will determine the percentage allocation of the proceeds of the coin operated machine which are deposited into each coin receiving box . for example , as shown in fig2 the coin slide comprises two equal rows of coin slots . thus , an equal division of the proceeds will be effected . as shown in fig6 the coin slide comprises two rows of coin slots which will deposit 60 percent of the proceeds into one coin receiving box and 40 percent of the proceeds into the other coin receiving box . referring to fig2 and 3 , the coin boxes are locked within the housing 12 by a general locking plate 30 , which covers access to the individually and uniquely locked coin boxes 18 and 20 . locking plate 30 is locked by a lock mechanism 32 to which each of the parties to the proceed splitting agreement has a key . lock plate 30 is releasably fixed in housing 12 by tabs 34 which are extended by lock mechanism 32 to engage a flange on the housing 12 . guide pins 36 facilitate positioning of locking plate 30 . removal of locking plate 30 from the housing 12 permits access to coin boxes 18 and 20 . each of the coin boxes is separately and uniquely locked by its own locking mechanism -- locking mechanism 40 locks box 18 and locking mechanism 42 locks box 20 . locking mechanism 40 cannot be unlocked by the key for locking mechanism 42 and vice versa . each party to the agreement has the appropriate key which permits access only to the coin receiving his share of the proceeds . the locking means may be any of the several types which are well - known throughout the industry . in the preferred embodiment ( fig4 and 5 ), locking mechanisms 40 and 42 each comprise a rod 50 which can be rotated by the locking mechanism 40 , 42 . at the end of rod 50 is a locking bar 52 which fits in an opening 54 formed in the structure 56 in which lock boxes 18 and 20 are retained in housing 12 . when locking bar 52 is in a vertical position , the coin box can not be removed from the housing . when locking bar 52 is in a horizontal position , it will fit through slot 58 formed in the structure 56 and the coin boxes may thus be removed from the housing 12 and access may be had to the contents of the coin box . thus , as described above each coin receiving box will automatically receive the agreed share which was allocated to that box . the person to whom that share will be provided has a key or other means for gaining access to that box . in order to revise the percentage allocation of proceeds it is only necessary to change the coin slide and coin activating mechanism within the machine . while a preferred embodiment has been described it is to be understood that this invention includes all modifications which fall within the scope of the following claims .	6
referring now to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals refer to like parts throughout , there is seen in fig1 a first embodiment of a brake cylinder maintaining valve 10 that integrates a quick service limiting valve and a bcm reference pressure charging check valve into a single unitary structure that cooperates to provide all of the relevant functions with more precise control that otherwise possible . valve 10 comprises a check valve assembly 12 having a nozzle 14 with a channel 16 formed therethrough that is attached to and extends through a quick service limiting valve ( qslv ) diaphragm 18 . nozzle 14 extends along a longitudinal axis through a brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 in an upper portion of a bushing 22 and through a narrow passageway 24 that separates brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 from a quick service pressure chamber 26 defined in a lower portion of bushing 22 . it should be recognized that the various chambers are in communication with the corresponding elements of a conventional braking system such that the pressure in a particular chamber reflects the pressure in the corresponding element of the braking system . for example , brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 is in open communication with a brake cylinder ( not shown ) so that the pressure in chamber 20 reflects the pressure in the brake cylinder . nozzle 14 extends through brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 and into quick service pressure chamber 26 to define a first seat a , which selectively controls communication between a bcm reference pressure chamber 28 positioned above qslv diaphragm 18 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 , as well as a second seat b , which selectively controls communication between quick service pressure chamber 26 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 . seat a is formed between the end of nozzle 14 and a check 30 positioned in quick service pressure chamber 26 so that check 30 is in contact with the end of nozzle 14 , seat a will be closed to seal off channel 16 . a second seat b is formed by a clearance gap 32 between the outer surface of nozzle 14 and the interior of passageway 24 . a qslv spring 34 is positioned in a spring guide 36 and configured to bias qslv diaphragm 18 and nozzle 14 downwardly so check valve 12 is closed at seat a and open at seat b when the pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 is less than a nominal amount , such as 10 psi . by contrast , check 30 in quick service pressure chamber 26 is biased longitudinally upward by a spring 38 to maintain engagement with the end of nozzle 14 until nozzle 14 withdraws from quick service pressure chamber 26 and check 30 is biased upwardly into engagement with a bead seat 40 surrounding the lower end of passageway 24 , thereby closing seat b . as nozzle 14 continues to withdraw into brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 , and thus away from bead seat 40 and the stationary check 30 , seat a is opened to allow communication between brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 and bcm reference pressure chamber 28 via channel 16 in nozzle 14 . in a brake application , after preliminary quick service , quick service pressure chamber 26 will be pressurized by brake pipe pressure as in a conventional braking system . in valve 10 , however , the brake pipe pressure in quick service pressure chamber 26 will flow through open seat b , thereby pressurizing brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 on the underside of qslv diaphragm 18 and thus pressurizing the brake cylinder which is in open communication with brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 . when brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 under qslv diaphragm 18 reaches a predetermined amount , such as approximately 10 psi , diaphragm 18 and nozzle 14 move upward . check 30 will then be biased upwardly by spring 38 and will close against bead seat 40 while nozzle 14 continues to move upward , thereby severing the communication between brake pipe pressure in quick service pressure chamber 26 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 ( and thus the brake cylinder ). as brake cylinder pressure increases further , diaphragm 18 and nozzle 14 will continue to move upward so that nozzle 14 enters brake cylinder pressure chamber 28 , while seat b remains closed and check 30 is stopped in the closed position by bead seat 40 , thereby allowing nozzle 14 to disengage from check 30 and move into brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 while seat a opens . when seat a opens , brake cylinder pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 can then flow through nozzle 14 to the top side of qslv diaphragm 18 . seat a closes when the sum of the pressure in bcm reference pressure chamber 28 acting over the upper area of diaphragm 18 plus the force provided by qslv spring 34 is equal to or greater than the pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 acting on the underside of diaphragm 18 . as a result , bcm reference pressure 28 is almost precisely the amount required for a zero - loss bcm function . in a brakes applied position , qslv diaphragm 18 goes to a lap state , where both seat a and seat b are closed . if there is a leak leading to the loss of pressure in the brake cylinder , the pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 on the underside of qslv diaphragm 18 will be reduced and diaphragm 18 will move nozzle 14 downward , thereby pushing check 30 against the bias of spring 38 and opening seat b . as a result , brake pipe pressure may flow from quick service pressure chamber 26 through open seat b to the brake cylinder via brake cylinder pressure chamber 20 until a pressure balance is restored across qslv diaphragm 18 . additional embodiments , such as the second , third , fourth and fifth embodiments discussed below , may be structured to add a predefined amount of hysteresis or pressure offset to the bcm reference pressure to provide added valve stability . for example , in a second embodiment of a combined quick service check valve and brake cylinder maintaining valve 50 , a normally closed check valve 52 is integrated into a qslv diaphragm 54 under a valve cover 56 . check valve 52 includes a first valve stem 58 that passes through a valve guide 60 positioned in an opening 62 in qslv diaphragm 54 . a valve head 64 positioned on the lower side of qslv diaphragm 54 defines a first seat a between the edge of valve head 64 and the lower side of qslv diaphragm 54 . seat a allows for selective communication between a brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 positioned below qslv diaphragm 54 and a bcm reference pressure chamber 68 positioned above qslv diaphragm 52 via a clearance gap 70 between valve guide 60 and valve stem 58 . qslv diaphragm 52 is biased downwardly by a qslv spring 72 positioned in a spring guide 74 so that seat a is normally closed . first valve stem 58 is also biased by a spring 76 that engages a retaining ring 78 positioned at the upper end of valve stem 58 to hold valve head 64 into engagement with qslv diaphragm 52 . as explained below , however , valve head 64 will separate from qslv diaphragm 52 if first valve stem 58 moves upwardly distance d into contact with valve cover 56 . as further seen in fig2 , first valve stem 58 cooperates with a second valve stem 80 that is positioned in brake cylinder pressure chamber 60 and that includes a post 82 extending through an passageway 84 into a quick service pressure chamber 86 . post 82 is moveable into engagement with a check 88 to define a second seat b . check 88 is biased upwardly against post 82 by a spring 90 and can move through a distance c before engaging a bead seat 92 and closing off passageway 84 . post 92 does not completely occupy passageway 84 , thereby allowing for communication between quick service pressure chamber 86 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 when check 88 has not closed passageway 84 . second seat b therefore allows for selective opening of communication between quick service pressure chamber 86 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 when post 92 has opened seat b against the bias of spring 90 and for closing of communication when post 92 is withdrawn by the movement of second valve stem 80 to allow check 88 to be biased into the closed position by spring 90 . when a brake application is made , brake pipe pressure initially flows from quick service pressure chamber 86 through open valve seat b to the underside of qslv diaphragm 54 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 ( and thus the brake cylinder ). when the brake cylinder pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 reaches a threshold , e . g ., nominally 10 psi , qslv diaphragm 54 moves upward through distance c until valve seat b closes , thereby severing the communication between the brake pipe and the brake cylinder . as the brake cylinder pressure increases further , qslv diaphragm 54 will continue to move axially upward against qslv spring 72 , closing gap d until valve stem 58 moves into contact with valve cover 56 . any further pressure increase in brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 will continue to move qslv diaphragm 54 upward against the bias of spring 72 as valve stem 58 is held stationary by valve cover 56 , thereby opening seat a . when seat a is open , brake cylinder air can flow through the cylindrical clearance between stem 58 of valve 52 and a check valve bushing 94 . check valve seat a closes when the sum of the bcm reference pressure in bcm reference pressure chamber 68 acting over the upper area of qslv diaphragm 54 plus the force of qslv spring 72 is equal to or greater than the brake cylinder pressure in brake cylinder pressure chamber 66 acting on the underside of diaphragm 54 . in this arrangement , the reference pressure is equal to the brake cylinder pressure minus the qslv setting ( e . g ., nominally 10 psi ) minus the amount of the check valve opening times the qslv spring rate k . this results in a definable pressure offset equal to : pressure offset =[( height d − height c )* k ]/( wetted area of the diaphragm ) referring to fig3 , another embodiment of a combined quick service check valve and brake cylinder maintaining valve 100 has many of the same components as valve 50 , but instead of check valve 52 , valve 100 includes a check valve seat a that is defined by a check valve 102 having a tapered cylindrical check valve stem 104 that passes through a check valve stem guide 106 in qslv diaphragm 108 to define a cylindrical clearance therebetween . the cylindrical clearance is selectively opened and closed when check valve 102 is moved upwardly so that an o - ring is brought into sealing engagement with the cylindrical clearance . when check valve seat a is open , brake cylinder air flows from a brake cylinder pressure chamber 112 through the cylindrical clearance positioned between check valve stem 104 and check valve stem guide 106 and into a bcm reference pressure chamber 114 positioned on the top of qslv diaphragm 108 . check valve 102 closes when the reference pressure is sufficient to restore force balance as detailed above . a second seat b operates as discussed above with respect to system 50 . referring to fig4 , a further embodiment of a combined quick service check valve and brake cylinder maintaining valve 120 comprises a check valve assembly 122 housed in a brake cylinder pressure chamber 124 of a bushing 126 and sealed against a resilient qslv diaphragm 128 positioned in a valve cover 130 above brake cylinder pressure chamber 124 to define a first seat a . qslv diaphragm 128 is biased downwardly by a qslv spring 132 positioned in a spring guide 134 within valve cover 130 . check valve 122 is held in sealing engagement with qslv diaphragm 128 by a check valve spring 136 that is also positioned in brake cylinder pressure chamber 124 of bushing 126 . check valve 122 is moveable upwardly through a distance d as qslv diaphragm 128 until a shoulder 138 of check valve stem 122 engages a retaining ring 140 positioned in the bore of bushing 126 . when check valve stem 122 engages retaining ring 140 positioned in the bore of bushing 126 , valve stem 122 and diaphragm 128 separate , thereby opening seat a . a passage 142 formed through diaphragm 128 allows for communication between brake cylinder pressure chamber 124 positioned below diaphragm 128 and a bcm reference pressure chamber 144 positioned above diaphragm 128 when seat a is opened . seat a is preferably formed by a profiled cylindrical seat surface 146 formed on the upper end of check valve 122 to securely seal against resilient qslv diaphragm 128 . the opposing end of check valve 122 includes a post 148 extending through an internal passageway 150 and a bead seat 152 in the bore of bushing 126 . post 148 further extends into a quick service pressure chamber 154 in a lower portion of the bore of bushing 126 . post 148 , as in prior embodiments , provides for a clearance gap 156 with passageway 150 and extends into quick service pressure chamber 154 to engage a check 158 that is biased upwardly as in prior embodiments to define a second seat b . check 158 can move upwardly a distance c before closing against bead seat 152 , and thus closing clearance gap 156 of passageway 150 . seat b thus allows for communication between quick service pressure chamber 154 and brake cylinder pressure chamber 124 when post 148 has opened seat b , and closes communication between chambers 124 and 148 when post 148 is withdrawn and check 158 closes against bead seat 152 . as brake cylinder pressure increases in system 120 , qslv diaphragm 128 is biased against qslv spring 132 by air pressure in brake pressure chamber 124 . as qslv diaphragm 128 is compressed upwardly , check valve 122 will move through distance d until shoulder 138 engages retaining ring 140 . any additional brake cylinder pressure increases will further compress qslv diaphragm 128 against qslv spring 132 , thereby opening seat a as valve 122 can no longer move and will separate from diaphragm 128 , thereby opening passage 142 at seat a . when check valve seat a is open , brake cylinder air may flow from brake pressure chamber 124 through open seat a , and then through passage 142 formed in diaphragm 128 , to reach bcm reference pressure chamber 144 positioned above qslv diaphragm 128 . check valve 122 closes when the reference pressure is sufficient to restore force balance as detailed in the second embodiment above . seat b operates as explained above with respect to prior embodiments . in yet another embodiment of the present invention , a combined quick service check valve and brake cylinder maintaining valve 160 comprises a check valve assembly 162 positioned in an upper portion 1 of a qslv cap 166 and having a first seat a formed from a check 168 that is biased downwardly by a check valve spring 170 for selective engagement with a bead seat 172 . bead seat 172 encloses an annular passage 174 formed through a shoulder 176 in qslv cap 166 . passage 174 permits communication between a brake cylinder pressure chamber 178 associated with upper portion 164 of cap 166 and a bcm reference pressure chamber associated with the lower portion 182 of cap 166 . spring 170 is biased so that seat a is normally in a closed position . bcm reference pressure chamber 180 in lower portion 186 of cap 166 contains a qslv spring 184 positioned in a spring guide 186 that engages a qslv diaphragm 188 positioned in the lower side of bcm reference pressure chamber 180 . a stem 190 associated with diaphragm 188 extends upwardly through bcm reference pressure chamber 180 and into passageway 174 so that movement of diaphragm 188 upwardly against the bias of spring 184 will cause post 190 to move through a distance d to engage check 168 and open seat a . distance d defines the amount of bcm pressure offset and is controlled by the length of check valve stem 190 and the distance to check valve 162 . a bushing 192 is positioned below diaphragm 188 and includes an upper portion defining a brake cylinder chamber 194 that is separated from a lower portion defining a quick service pressure chamber 196 by a narrow passageway 198 . a stem 200 having a lower post 202 is positioned in brake cylinder chamber 194 so that it engages diaphragm 188 at its upper end and post 202 extends through passageway 198 into quick service pressure chamber 196 . quick service pressure chamber 196 includes a check 204 that is moveable through distance c to close of a second seat b , and thus passageway 198 , so that communication between brake cylinder pressure chamber 194 and quick service pressure chamber 196 is also closed as discussed in prior embodiments . as the brake cylinder pressure increases , qslv spring 184 compresses until distance d is zero . additional increase of brake cylinder pressure will further compresses qslv diaphragm 188 and spring 184 , thereby opening check valve 162 at seat a . when check valve seat a is open , brake cylinder air flows through open seat a into bcm reference pressure chamber 180 on the top of qslv diaphragm 188 . check valve 162 closes when the reference pressure is sufficient to restore force balance , as explained in the other embodiments above .	1
the present invention is to provide a photochromic fluorescent polymer expressed by the following formula ( 1 ), wherein r 1 and r 2 represent cn or r 1 c ═ cr 2 chosen from r 3 to r [[ 4 ]] b represent a hydrogen atom , c 1 – c 10 alkyl or benzene and wherein n is an integer greater than 0 ; ar 1 and ar 2 are the same or different , independently represent where y and z represent o , s , n — ch 3 and a broken line represents a bond and a broken line with e represents a bond to the above formula ( 1 ); and where a broken line represents a bond ; and r 7 to r 9 represent substituents at least one chosen from a hydrogen atom , benzene , an alkyl having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , an alkylester having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , and an alkoxy group having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , trialkylsilyl group , or alkyleneoxy such as —( o — ch 2 ch 2 — o )— groups . the photochromic fluorescent polymer of the present invention has a weight average molecular weight in the range of from 500 to 1 , 000 , 000 . this photochromic fluorescent polymer may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula ( 2 ) and a compound of formula ( 3 ) in a ratio of 0 . 5 : 2 to 2 : 0 . 5 or by reacting a compound of formula ( 4 ) and a compound of formula ( 5 ) in a ratio of 0 . 5 : 2 to 2 : 0 . 5 , x ( ar 5 ) 3 p — ch ( r 3 )— ch ( r 4 )— ar 3 — ch ( r 5 )— ch ( r 6 )— p ( ar 4 ) 3 x ( 3 ) wherein r 1 and r 2 represent cn or r 1 c ═ cr 2 chosen from r 3 to r 6 represent a hydrogen atom , c 1 – c 10 alkyl or benzene ; where y and z represent o , s , n — ch 3 and a broken line represents a bond and a broken line with e represents a bond to the above formula ( 1 ); and ar 3 represents where a broken line represents a bond ; and r 7 to r 9 represent substituents at least one chosen from a hydrogen atom , benzene , an alkyl having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , an alkylester having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , and an alkoxy group having not more than carbon atoms of 20 , trialkylsilyl group , or alkyleneoxy such as —( o — ch 2 ch 2 o )— groups ; the compounds of formulas ( 2 )–( 5 ) may be prepared by known methods in parrinello , g . ; stille , j . k . j . am . chem . soc . 1987 , 109 , 7122 , osuka , a . ; fujikane , d . ; shinmeri , h . ; kobatake , s . ; irie , m . j . org . chem . 2001 , 66 , 3913 or the like . the photochromic fluorescent polymer of formula ( 1 ) was prepared by reacting the compound ( 2 ) and the compound ( 3 ) or by reacting the compound ( 4 ) and the compound ( 5 ) at a temperature of 0 to 150 ° c . for 30 min to 14 days , preferably at 25 to 60 ° c . for 48 to 72 hours . if the reaction temperature is lower than 0 ° c ., yield becomes low . on the other hand , if it is higher than 150 ° c ., products produced become decomposed . further , if the reaction is performed less than 30 min , yield becomes low . if it was performed more than 14 days , insoluble byproducts were produced . the reaction is performed in a solvent at least one chosen from chloroform , tetrahydrofuran , n - methylpyrrolidone , methyl sulfoxide , n , n - dimethylacetamide , 1 , 4 - dioxane , ethyl alcohol , methyl alcohol , benzene , ethylene glycol dimethyl ether , and acetonitrile . the reaction is performed in the presence of a catalyst at least one chosen from sodium methoxide , sodium ethoxide , potassium ethoxide , potassium t - butoxide , sodium hydride , lithium iodide , lithium bromide , lithium chloride , n - butyl lithium , and phenyl lithium . further , the photochromic fluorescent polymer of the present invention is used to produce photochromic fluorescent thin film having excellent photochromic characteristics and fluorescent characteristics . the photochromic fluorescent thin film may be prepared by depositing the photochromic fluorescent polymer by using a depositer . the photochromic fluorescent thin film may be also prepared by dissolving 0 . 001 to 80 parts by weight of the photochromic fluorescent polymer in 20 to 99 . 99 parts by weight of an organic solvent , and then coating the solution chosen from spin - coating , spray , bar - coating , dip - coating and screen - printing , and finally removing the organic solvent . other additives , used by one having ordinary skilled in the art , such as a polymer resin such as polymethylmethacrylate , polycarbonate , polyolefin , polysulfon , and the like , an antioxidant , a thickener , wax and an antistatic agent may be arbitrarily incorporated to improve functionality of the solution or physical properties of the thin film . examples of the additives are as follows : polyvinyl chloride resin , polyvinyl acetate resin , vinyl chloride - vinyl acetate copolymer , polystyrene resin , styrene copolymer , phenoxy resin , polyester resin , aromatic polyester resin , polyurethane resin , polycarbonate resin , polyacrylate resin , polymethacrylate resin , acrylate copolymer , maleic anhydride copolymer , polyvinyl alcohol resin , modified polyvinyl alcohol resin , hydroxyethyl cellulose resin , carboxymethyl cellulose resin , starch , methanol , ethanol , isopropanol , n - butanol , and methylisocarbinol ; acetone , 2 - butanone , ethylamyl ketone , diacetone alcohol , isophorone , and cyclohexanone ; n , n - dimethylformamide , and n , n - dimethylacetamide ; diethyl ether , diisopropyl ether , tetrahydrofuran , 1 , 4 - dioxane , and 3 , 4 - dihydro - 2h - pyran ; 2 - methoxy ethanol , 2 - ethoxy ethanol , 2 - butoxy ethanol , and ethylene glycol dimethyl ether ; methyl acetate , ethyl acetate , isobutyl acetate , amyl acetate , ethyl lactate , and ethylene carbonate ; benzene , toluene , and xylene ; aliphatic hydrocarbon such as hexane , heptane , isooctane and cyclohexane ; methylene chloride , 1 , 2 - dichloroethane , dichloropropane , and chlorobenzene ; dimethyl sulfoxide ; n - methyl - 2pyrrolidone and n - octyl - 2 - pyrrolidone , an antioxidant , a thickener , wax , an antistatic agent and the like . the photochromic fluorescent polymer of the present invention can be applied to a variety of fields including optical recording mediums such as cd , dvd , holography recording media , and smart card ; display elements such as display sheets , fluorescent sheets , tv and computer monitors ; lenses ; bio - sensor , biochip , and photochromic fibers . the following examples are intended to further illustrate the present invention without limiting its scope . the materials used in the following examples such as a compound , a basic catalyst and a solvent were either synthesized by employing a method known to a skilled one in the art or purchased from aldrich co ., or tokyo kasei co ., etc . ( 1 ) photochromic property ( coloring and bleaching behavior ): the sample was placed in the uv / vis spectrometer and the absorption at the maximum wavelength ( λ max ) of the polymer was monitored . the change of absorption as a function of irradiation time was applied to the following equation ( references : a . mejiritski , a . y . polykarpov , a . m . sarker and d . c . neckkers . j . photochem . photobiol . 1997 , 108 , 289 ; u . k . kim et al ., chemical physics letters , 2000 , 328 ( 1 – 2 ), 234 – 243 ). ( 2 ) fluorescence quantum yield : an intensity of fluorescence determined by fluorescence spectrometer and fluorescence quantum yield of a control solution , quinone sulfate solution ( 1n h 2 so 4 ), were applied to the following equation to determine the fluorescence quantum yield of the polymer ( j . n . demas and g . a . crosby . j . phys . chem . 75 ( 1971 ), p . 991 . ng s . c . , ma y . f ., chan h . s . o ., dou z . l . synthetic metals , v . 100 n . 3 , 269 – 277 , 1999 ), fluorescence ⁢ ⁢ quantum ⁢ ⁢ yield ⁢ ⁢ ( % ) = [ f s f r ] ⁡ [ a r a s ] ⁢ ⁢ ∅ r × 100 wherein f s is a fluorescence intensity of a sample ; f r is a fluorescence intensity of a control sample , quinone sulfate solution ; a s is an absorbance of a sample ; a r is an absorbance of a control sample n ; and φ r is a fluorescence quantum yield of a control sample ( quinone sulfate 1n h 2 so 4 = 0 . 546 ). a compound of formula ( 1 ) of the present invention , especially a structure ( 1 ), was prepared by the following procedure as in scheme 1 . to chloroform were dissolved 1 . 4 g of diarylethylene substituted with formyl group of structure 2 and 2 . 1 g of the compound of structure 3 . potassium t - butoxide ( 1 . 5 g ) was dissolved in 40 ml of ethanol . the ethanol solution was slowly added to the chloroform solution while stirring and the mixture was reacted at 25 ° c . for 24 hours . after removing chloroform , the reaction products were washed with excess of methanol to give the desired polymer . yield was 80 % and a weight average molecular weight was 2120 . 1 hnmr ( cdcl 3 , ppm ) δ 2 . 2 , 2 . 5 , 6 . 6 , 7 . 1 – 7 . 6 . the solution was prepared by dissolving the polymer prepared in example 1 in chloroform to give a concentration of 10 μm . an ultraviolet light was irradiated to the chloroform solution in the spectrophotometer and result was represented in fig1 . a short wavelength of 290 nm in wavelength was irradiated to the chloroform solution in the fluorescence spectrometer and result was represented in fig2 . when an ultraviolet light was irradiated to the polymer prepared in example 1 of the present invention , the solution containing the polymer turned its color to red . in other words , it was proved that the polymer had photochromic property . as shown in absorption spectra of fig1 , new absorption band was produced in the range of the visible region and the polymer had a quantum yield of 40 % derived from absorbance change as a function of irradiation time . further , it was noted that the polymer prepared in example 1 of the present invention had fluorescence property and a fluorescence quantum yield of 53 % at a low energy of 290 nm in wavelength . the photochromic analysis and fluorescence analysis were performed as in experimental example 1 , excepting that 1 , 2 - bis ( 2 - methylbenzo [ b ] thiophene - 3 - yl ) hexafluorocyclopentene was used instead of the polymer prepared in example 1 . it was noted that the compound had a quantum yield was 11 % and a fluorescence quantum yield of 3 % as shown in fig2 . experiments were performed the same as in example 1 , excepting that a reactant , catalyst , solvent and content , temperature , and reaction time were modified as shown in table 1 to provide the following photochromic fluorescent polymers . the photochromic fluorescent polymer ( 1 g ) obtained in example 1 was dissolved in chloroform ( 10 ml ). the mixture solution was spin - coated on the surface of quartz , followed by drying in the vacuum oven at 80 ° c . for 2 hours to produce a transparent thin film having a thickness of 500 nm . an ultraviolet light was irradiated to the obtained transparent thin film to observe fluorescence thereof . it was confirmed that the thin film has fluorescence by showing the highest peak at 470 nm in wavelength . as describe in the above , the photochromic fluorescent polymer of the present invention exhibits highly improved photochromic property up to 30 to 40 % and fluorescence property up to 10 to 50 %, compared to the conventional polymers . since the polymer of the present invention has excellent solubility , it is easily and effectively applied to produce the thin film having remained excellent photochromic and fluorescent properties . further , the polymer of the present invention can be suitable for photofunctional materials and information processing device such as optical recording , optical switches , non - destructive optical recording materials .	2
referring to fig1 the vertical well bore 10 in which a casing 12 has been installed can be seen to penetrate a gas cap 14 . because the gas cap is situated above the normal producing region of the well it would not normally affect the production fluid entering the casing 12 . in the arrangement shown , however , a horizontal well bore 16 has been drilled in order to improve the production of the well , and the upper portion of the bore 16 penetrates the gas cap . in the case illustrated , the fact that the bore 16 penetrates the gas cap would not have been realized until production had begun and the presence of unusually high amounts of gas noted . if nothing is done to correct the situation , gas will flow into the bore 16 from the adjacent gas cap 14 and production of the well will include an unacceptably high amount of gas . in accordance with the practice mentioned previously , the bore 16 will have been drilled along an arcuate path the radius of which is quite large , perhaps in the order of thirty feet or so , in order to permit the drill to exit the vertical bore 10 at an angle which is practical to achieve while at the same time allowing the drill to move along a path designed to take it a substantial distance transversely away from the vertical well bore 10 . the drilling process would have been started by underreaming in the area to be drilled , as illustrated in fig1 and deflecting the drill at a predetermined angle into the side wall of the vertical bore 10 by a whipstock , not shown , positioned just below the juncture of the bores 10 and 16 . the lowermost point of entry in the bore 16 of gas from the gas cap 14 is determined and the volume of the horizontal bore below that point is calculated . as shown in fig2 a volume of suitable liquid composition 18 is then introduced into the horizontal bore 16 so that the upper level of the liquid corresponds approximately to the lowermost point of entry of the gas . any suitable gel composition which can be pumped as a liquid and which subsequently crosslinks in place to form a mature gel which is nonflowable and has sufficient strength to withstand the pressures exerted on it can be used . in addition , the gel must be capable of breaking down and reverting to liquid form to permit subsequent production of the permeable formation . gels of particular interest are those comprised of a carboxylate - containing polymer crosslinked with a crosslinking agent comprising a chromic carboxylate complex . the carboxylate - containing polymer may be any crosslinkable , high molecular weight , water soluble , synthetic polymer or biopolymer containing one or more carboxylate species . the average molecular weight of the carboxylate - containing polymer is in the range of about 10 , 000 to about 50 , 000 , 000 , with the preferred range being about 100 , 000 to about 20 , 000 , 000 . the biopolymers which can be used include polysaccharides and modified polysaccharides . exemplary biopolymers are guar gum and carboxymethylcellulose . exemplary synthetic polymers include acrylamide polymers , such as polyacrylamide , partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide and terpolymers containing acrylamide , acrylate and a third species . as defined herein , polyacrylamide ( pa ) is an acrylamide polymer having substantially less than 1 % of the acrylamide groups in the form of carboxylate groups . partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide ( phpa ) is an acrylamide polymer having at least 1 %, but not 100 %, of the acrylamide groups in the form of carboxylate groups . the acrylamide polymer may be prepared according to any of the well known conventional methods in the art . the preferred carboxylate - containing polymer is polyacrylamide or partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide . with respect to the chromic carboxylate complex crosslinking agent , the term &# 34 ; complex &# 34 ; means an ion or molecule containing two or more interassociated ionic , radical or molecular species . a complex ion as a whole has a distinct electrical charge while a complex molecule is electrically neutral . the term &# 34 ; chromic carboxylate complex &# 34 ; encompasses a single complex , mixtures of complexes containing the same carboxylate species , and mixtures of complexes containing differing carboxylate species . the complex useful as a crosslinking agent includes at least one or more electropositive chromium iii species and one or more electronegative carboxylate species . each complex optionally contains additional species which are not essential to the polymer crosslinking function of the complex , such as one or more water molecules or inorganic monovalent or divalent ions which function merely to balance the electrical charge of the complex . trivalent chromium and chromic ion are equivalent terms encompassed by the term &# 34 ; chromium iii species &# 34 ; as used herein . the carboxylate species are advantageously derived from water soluble salts of carboxylic acids , especially low molecular weight mono - basic acids . carboxylate species derived from salts of formic , acetic , propionic and lactic acid , lower substituted derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof are preferred . the carboxylate species include formate , acetate , propianate , lactate , lower substituted derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof , all of which are water soluble . the optional organic ions include sodium , sulfate , nitrate and chloride ions . the complexes described and their method of preparation are well known in the art . the preferred chromic carboxylate complex for use in this invention is chromic acetate complex . a preferred gel suitable for use in the invention is one of polyacrylamide or partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide crosslinked with chromic triacetate . as is well known in the art , these gels can be readily formulated as a low viscosity fluid having a broad range of strengths and gel onset times . for example , 2 % polyacrylamide ( pa ) with chromic triacetate ( crac ) in a ratio of 20 pa : crac results in a suitable gel which is stable at 185 ° f . for a period of more than thirty days . by adding a breaker to the gel composition the gel will break down within a predetermined period of time , reverting to a nonviscous fluid . for example , ammonium persulfate and sodium nitrite , when incorporated in the gel composition in amounts from 1000 to 8000 ppm , broke gels between 20 and 30 days at 75 ° f . it will be understood that other formulations can be designed to break the gel in much less time , as low as a day , if desired . thus the particular gel - breaker composition utilized can be selected to suit the time schedule of the project . as is known in the art , a number of different types of breakers may be used in connection with the gel system described above . in addition to the oxidizing agents mentioned , a number of other oxidizing agents such as sodium persulfate , sodium chlorate , sodium perchlorate and sodium perborate may be used . other types of breakers which can be employed with the gel system include strong chemical breakers , such as hydrogen peroxide , sodium chlorite , perchloric acid and sodium peroxide ; chelating agents , such as oxalic acid , citric acid , sodium tartrate and sodium citrate ; and organic chemicals such as methylacetoacetate , ethylacetate , ethylacetoacetate and dichloroacetic acid . those skilled in the art of gelation will recognize that other gel systems and associated breakers in addition to those mentioned may be utilized to fill the bore 16 to the desired level and subsequently revert to liquid form . referring now to fig3 after the liquid composition has gelled into a mature gel a second liquid composition which will gel into a permanent gel is then pumped under pressure into the upper portion of the bore 16 extending between the vertical bore 10 and the upper extent of the gel 18 . this permanent gel may be one of the gels mentioned above which does not incorporate a gel breaker . since it cannot travel into the bore 16 beyond the upper level of the gel 18 , the second liquid composition is forced into the permeable formation surrounding the upper portion of the bore 16 as illustrated at 20 , where it matures into a permanent gel 20 . since no means have been provided to break the gel , the gel 20 functions to permanently plug the formation and prevent the breakthrough of gas from the gas cap 14 into the bore 16 . at some point after the permanent gel 20 has been put into place the breaker incorporated in the temporary gel 18 acts to break down the gel 18 and cause it to revert to liquid form . the well bore 16 is now ready for oil production . when production starts the liquid broken gel flows to the surface , followed by normal oil production of the well , flowing in the direction of the arrow 22 in fig4 . referring to fig5 in the arrangement shown the upper portion of the horizontal well bore 24 does not itself intersect the gas cap 26 but is located in a permeable formation 28 through which the gas seeps into the upper portion of the bore 24 . the method of treating this problem is similar to the method described earlier . the lowest level of entry of the gas into the bore 24 is determined and a liquid composition containing a breaker is introduced into the bore 24 below that level , as indicated by the dotted line 30 . the liquid composition will of course fill the arcuate bore 24 up to the same level 30 at the remote end of the bore . obviously it is not necessary to fill the remote end of the bore 24 entirely , as the amount of the gel formed from the liquid composition after filling the bore to the level 30 is sufficient to block the passage of the permanent gel added thereafter . as in the previous case , after the temporary gel is formed , a liquid composition designed to gel to a permanent mature gel is then forced into the permeable formation 28 surrounding the upper portion of the bore 24 . the resulting permanent gel 32 effectively prevents gas from reaching the bore 24 . as in the description above , the temporary gel reverts to liquid form and is pumped out when production of the horizontal bore 24 is begun . it is known that various types of treatment fluids often block or damage formations with which they come in contact , with the undesirable effect of permitting only water to flow through . it is often beneficial , therefore , to apply a so - called &# 34 ; mutual solvent &# 34 ; to the formation prior to subjecting it to the treatment fluid . this preflush treatment can , for example , take the form of a slug of matching reservoir crude oil or diesel of perhaps 1 - 4 barrels in volume . this would be followed by the introduction of the appropriate amount of the liquid composition which subsequently gels to form a temporary gel . although the method of this invention has been described in connection with the sealing of a horizontal bore against the entry of gas from a gas cap , it will be understood that it will have equal applicability in connection with sealing a horizontal bore against the entry of water . this situation can occur when the horizontal bore intersects an aquifer or intersects a porous formation through which water from a nearby aquifer is flowing . in either case the same principles of the invention apply . it will be understood that while the invention has been described in connection with a horizontal bore which extends from an existing vertical well bore , it need not be limited to that specific arrangement . it can just as well be used in connection with a horizontal well bore drilled from a new vertical well bore , in which event the vertical well bore would be still uncased prior to drilling the horizontal bore . it will now be appreciated that the method of this invention allows an apparently permanently flawed horizontal well bore operation to be rescued by steps which are relatively inexpensive and rapid to carry out . the method does not involve further drilling but merely the sequential introduction of fluids . moreover , it is highly effective , providing permanent plugging of the offending formation so as to permit continuous oil production through the horizontal well bore . it should now be understood that the invention is not necessarily limited to all the specific details described in connection with the preferred embodiment , but that changes to certain features of the preferred embodiment which do not affect the overall basic function and concept of the invention may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , as defined in the appended claims .	4
turning now to the figures , the portable appliance 2 of this invention comprises an external housing 1 encapsulating a water tank system 38 , a water delivery system 39 , and a brewing system 40 . the electronics 14 are also enclosed within the external housing 1 and a user interface 32 is located on an exterior surface of the external housing 1 . internal support frame 78 is located under the external housing 1 to provide support and protection to the external housing 1 of the appliance 2 . a protective frame 75 surrounds the user interface 32 , water tank system door 42 , and brewing system door 44 . this protective frame 75 rises above the user interface 32 , the water tank system door 42 and brewing system door 44 so that those parts are recessed below the protective frame 75 . the water tank system 38 is joined to a water delivery system 39 and the water delivery system 39 is joined to a brewing system 40 . the water tank system 38 comprises resistant removable water tank 3 having a cap 6 , and a water system valve 8 . the water delivery system 39 comprises tubing 10 , a flow meter 16 , pump 18 , heater 20 and flow valve 22 . the water delivery system 39 is controlled by electronics 14 that can receive commands from the user interface 32 and send commands to the water delivery system 39 for operation of the portable appliance 2 . the water tank system 38 is joined to the water delivery system by tubing 10 and the water delivery system 39 is linked to the brewing system by tubing 10 . when called , water flows through the tubing 10 from the water tank system 38 to the water delivery system 39 and into the brewing system 40 . the water tank 3 resides within the water tank compartment 4 of the appliance 2 . this water tank 3 is removable as seen in fig4 and 9 . the water tank further comprises a water tank cap 6 . this cap 6 is detailed in fig1 . the cap 6 is removable and replaceable and further comprises a seal 7 . the seal provides a barrier to ensure that water does not escape the air hole 9 . a small air hole 9 is included within the cap to provide for air entry when water is being drawn out of the water tank 6 . to fill the water tank 3 with water , a user must remove the cap 6 . after the water tank 4 is filled , the cap 6 is replaced to close the water tank 6 . as seen in fig1 and 11 , a tube 13 resides within the water tank 3 and is connected to the water system valve 8 . a water filter 12 may also be connected between the tube 13 and water system valve 8 . the water system valve 8 provides the exit point for water when it is called for brewing . the water system valve 8 comprises a cap 21 having two seals 17 , 19 and a spring 15 . seal 19 covers the opening to the tube 13 and is placed over a spring 15 . when tubing 10 a is joined to the one - way valve 8 at the seal 19 , it presses down on the spring 15 allowing water to exit . seal 17 further provides a barrier to prevent water leakage . the portion of the tubing 10 a that joins the water system valve 8 is housed within the water system door 42 as seen in fig3 and 4 . one skilled in the art will recognize that the water system door 42 is depicted as opening on a hinge 65 . tubing 10 a exits water tank system door 42 thru joint 60 a into the central portion of the appliance . since the tubing 10 , 10 a runs through the door and only attaches to the water system 38 when the water system door 42 is closed , the tubing 10 , 10 a must be protected by a joint 60 a . when the water system door 42 closes and the tubing 10 a is connected to the water system valve 8 , it causes the tubing 10 a to press into seal 19 which in turn presses into spring 15 allowing water to flow from tube 13 to tubing 10 a . water can only flow out of the water tank 3 through the water system valve 8 into the tubing 10 a when it is called creating a sealed system that is leak - proof . to operate this appliance 2 , a user selects the desired function on the user interface 32 . this action sends a signal to the electronics 14 which controls the action of the mechanical system 39 . the electronics 14 and water delivery system 39 are shock resistant and the water delivery system is located on a chassis 41 further comprising shock absorbers 62 to further insulate the mechanical system from shocks that could disrupt the appliance &# 39 ; s operation . to draw water from the water tank 3 , the pump 18 pumps water from the water tank 3 out of the water system valve 8 into the tubing 10 . the water runs through the tubing 10 and is measured by the flow meter 16 . the flow meter 16 controls how much water is to be drawn from the water tank 3 . the water is then pumped through the heater 20 by the pump 18 . after the water is heated , it is routed from the flow valve 22 either to be brewed as a beverage or to be dispensed as hot water . the routing directs water to either a water line 10 c that dispenses hot water or a beverage line 10 b that dispenses the beverage . if a user desires hot water , the water simply flows from the flow valve 22 through water line 10 c into the water nozzle 30 and into a waiting cup 50 that may be located on a stand 36 . the water nozzle 30 is separate from the beverage nozzle 28 so that a user can ensure that clean water is dispensed . when a beverage is to be brewed , water flows from the flow valve 22 through the beverage line 10 b to the brewing system 40 . when a user desires to operate the appliance and brew a beverage , a command is pressed on the user interface 32 . the brewing system 40 comprises a brewing chamber 48 , at least one nozzle 28 and piercing needles 24 . a beverage capsule 26 is placed into the brewing system 40 at the brewing chamber 48 . the brewing chamber 48 is anticipated to be operable in the closed position so to access the chamber 48 , it must be opened at a brewer system door 44 . the action closing of brewing system door 44 pushes the beverage capsule 26 down to pierce onto output needle 49 at the bottom of brewing chamber 48 . this point where the output needle 49 punctures the beverage capsule 26 provides an output hole at which brewed beverage can exit the beverage capsule 26 . the brewing chamber 26 also comprises an input needle 24 located in the brewer system door 44 . this input needle 24 can pierce the top of a beverage capsule 26 creating an input hole to allow to flow into the capsule 26 from the flow valve 22 . this input needle 24 is covered by movable needle cover 46 seen in fig7 a and 7b . movable needle cover 46 is moved by actuator 70 . the brewing system door 44 has an open and closed position . the needle cover 46 covers the needle 24 when the brewing system door 44 is in the open position as seen in fig7 a . when the door 44 rotates to the closed position the actuator 70 moves the needle cover 46 into a retracted position and exposes needle 24 to pierce the beverage capsule 26 . once the beverage capsule is in place within the brewing chamber 48 , a beverage can be brewed within the brewing chamber 48 as water flows into the capsule 26 . heated water flows from the flow valve 22 , through tubing 10 , through needle 24 , into beverage capsule 26 . the beverage is brewed within the capsule 26 and flows out of the capsule 26 through the output hole into the beverage nozzle 28 . brewed beverage then flows from the beverage nozzle 28 into the cup 50 located on stand 36 . turning to fig5 a and 5b , the stand 36 folds into and out of the appliance 2 . the stand 36 is also removable as seen in fig6 . fig1 depicts a view of the appliance 2 where the stand 36 is removed and the cup 50 overhangs the appliance &# 39 ; s support surface 76 . the appliance is equipped with a safety sensor 58 . this sensor senses whether or not a user opens the brewing chamber while a hot beverage is being brewed . if the brewing system door 44 is opened while hot water or residual steam is being pumped from the flow valve 22 into the brewing system 40 , this safety sensor 58 triggers the water to stop flowing and switches the flow valve to direct the water to instead flow into the water line 10 c and out water nozzle 30 away from a user . throughout the specification and claims the word “ comprise ” and its derivatives are intended to have an inclusive rather than exclusive meaning unless the contrary is expressly stated or the context requires otherwise . that is , the word “ comprise ” and its derivatives will be taken to indicate the inclusion of not only the listed components , steps or features that it directly references , but also other components , steps or features not specifically listed , unless the contrary is expressly stated or the context requires otherwise . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that many modifications and variations may be made to the methods of the invention described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .	0
in the examples which follow , the active compound employed was putrescine . putrescine was selected as it is naturally occurring , highly specific and readily available . putrescine ( sigma chemical co ., st . louis , mo .) was compounded in a eutectic base ( glaxo canada ltd ., toronto , ont .) at 0 . 8 % ( w / v ) concentration ( 50 mm ). patients applied the ointment daily and occluded the area with duoderm cgf r or actiderm r ( convatec , princeton , n . j .). if removed for any reason the cream was to be reapplied as soon as possible . patients were to report the presence of any reaction which developed . all photographic documentation was carried out by the professional medical photography department using similar lighting and techniques for each wound at the various times recorded . a 32 - year old male having burns involving the trunk and lower extremities resulting from a motor vehicle accident was treated . burn management consisted of excision and grafting of the lower extremities and a full take occurred in all areas except over the achilles tendons bilaterally . the patient was discharged home with contractures of the right leg preventing full extension . at a three - week follow - up , the patient was unchanged and gross hypertrophy of the right leg and , to a lesser extent , the left leg was apparent . the patient then was treated with the composition of the invention for one month to the right leg only . during this period , ulceration over tendon achilles healed fully , but that over the left did not show signs of improvement despite treatment with dressings . the scars were less hypertrophic on the right leg . at a three - month follow - up , the right knee had a full range of movement and signs of hypertrophy on the right had resolved , whereas the left side was still quite red and raised . the scars on the left also felt quite hard , even though pressure garments were continuously used . fig1 to 4 are photographs of the patient . fig1 and 2 are side and posterior views of the patient prior to treatment while fig3 and 4 are side and posterior views of the patient post - treatment . the results obtained in this case exemplify the utility of the compositions of the invention in treating early hypertrophy in burn patients , preventing the need for surgical release of contractures , and allowing stabilization of unhealed areas . a 3 - year old female with a scald burn sustained 9 months previously and treated by excision and grafting was treated . the patient had scar contractures which were fairly mature , had fixed deformities of the toes which prevented normal shoe wear , and was developing minor ulceration from her special footwear . a composition according to the invention was applied for one month and the scars were seen to soften with improvement in the skin stability over that time period . at a three month follow - up , some residual deformity persisted but the patient had regained full range of motion and was again able to wear normal footwear . fig5 and 6 are photographs of the patient . fig5 being taken prior to treatment and fig6 post - treatment . these results show the utility of the compositions of the invention in the treatment of mature burn scar tissue . a 12 - year old female was presented one year after an iliac crest free bone flap reconstruction for a dermatofibroma of the mandible resected 6 years previously . the patient had gross hypertrophy of her scars along the entire suture line . in the postauricular area , she had a keloid - like scar which caused protruding of the ear itself . the scars were excised and the patient was treated with a composition of the invention for one month . since the treatment , there has been no recurrence of hypertrophy in the excised areas . further follow - up at 6 months reveals maturation of scars and quality similar to that seen typically in much older ones . fig7 and 8 are photographs of the patient . fig7 was taken pretreatment , while fig8 was taken post - treatment . these results show the utility of the compositions of the invention in preventing hypertrophic scar tissue formation . as seen in the first of three cases studied subsequently , skin stability is not adversely affected by topical putrescine . in fact , epithelialization occurs more rapidly in the presence of the composition of the invention . the first patient ( case 1 ) was assessed subsequently at two years post injury by the workers compensation board physician who found a thirty percent greater range of motion on the treated right lower extremity as compared to the left . he had no evidence of hypertrophic scar contracture on the right at this time . however , there were obvious contractures on the left , which was initially the less severely injured extremity . this exemplifies the use of the composition of the invention in treating early hypertrophy in burn patients , preventing the need for surgical release of contractures and allowing stabilization of unhealed areas . the second case ( case 2 ) demonstrates the application to established contractures with reasonable improvement in appearance and function . it also exemplifies the use of the composition under a pressure garment . the last example ( case 3 ) is that of prophylactic use in a patient prone to hypertrophic scar formation . overall wound healing was not adversely affected and hypertrophy was well controlled . in no case did wounds undergoing treatment fail to heal normally aside from varying degrees of hypertrophy . patients tolerated the composition well . in a previous uncontrolled study as well as in the present work virtually no side effects were witnessed . out of a total of one hundred and fifteen patients treated , only one patient developed a rash which necessitated discontinuance of the treatment . he went on to require excision and grafting of his hypertrophic burn scars . no one else required further revision , being satisfied with the clinical improvement at one year post treatment . a major advantage of the treatment according to the invention is the ease of use . a once daily application under an occlusive dressing is relatively convenient . further advantages are the lack of associated morbidity seen with other treatment modulities such as the skin atrophy and painful injection from intralesional steroid treatment . moreover , anaplasia as seen in irradiated scars is unlikely . it is also apparent that the composition may be readily applied beneath pressure garments .	8
the embodiment described herein is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the scope of the invention to the precise form disclosed . the following embodiment has been chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and to enable others skilled in the art to follow its teachings . referring now to the drawings , an improved wheel case generally indicated by the reference numeral 10 is shown in fig1 and 2 in a preferred environment of use , namely , mounted on a vibrating screen device 12 of the type commonly employed in the art to process aggregate materials by classifying and / or separating the aggregate material according to size . persons of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the improved wheel case 10 may also be used on other devices , such as vibrating trough feeders , as well as other devices benefitting from the features to be discussed below . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the vibrating screen device 12 typically includes a frame 14 supporting a deck 16 to which is mounted one or more classifying screens ( not shown ) of the type commonly employed for such purposes . a pair of opposing sidewalls 18 are secured to the frame 14 , and one or more shafts 20 , each housed in a housing 22 , are rotatably mounted to the frame 14 and extend between the sidewalls 18 . as shown in fig1 and 2 , one or more shafts 20 are provided , for example shafts 20 a , 20 b , and 20 c . it will be understood that only a single shaft 20 will be discussed in detail . the shaft 20 includes an end 24 which is rotatably mounted to a spindle 26 by a bearing assembly 28 . attached to the end of the shaft 20 is wheel 29 having an eccentric weight 30 and a gear 32 , which gear 32 may be either a drive gear or a driven gear as required . although only one end 24 of the shaft 20 it is shown , it will be understood that the other end ( not shown ) of the shaft 20 is substantially similar and is rotatably mounted to the opposing sidewall 18 of the frame 14 in a similar manner . the device 12 may also include a plurality of additional side members or stiffeners 34 as required . as shown in fig2 the end 24 of the shaft 20 , along with the spindle 26 , the bearing assembly 28 , the eccentric weight 30 and the gear 32 are all disposed within the wheel case 10 . it will be understood that the wheel case 10 is adapted to contain therein a quantity of lubricating oil for the purposes of supplying lubricant to the bearing assembly 28 , the gear 32 , and to any other components housed within the wheel case 10 as required . it will also be understood that a portion of the eccentric weight 30 and / or a portion of the gear 32 comes into contact with , agitates , and distributes the oil about an interior 36 of the wheel case 10 . as shown in fig1 and 2 , the wheel case 10 includes a housing 38 having a base 40 , a peripheral sidewall 42 extending outwardly away from the base 40 , and a cover 44 attachable to the sidewalls 42 so as to enclose the interior 36 . the cover 44 is preferably removable as would be known to those of skill in the art in order to gain access to the various components housed within the wheel case 10 . a plurality of attachment bolts 46 are provided for securing the wheel case 10 to the frame 14 ( i . e ., by securing the base 40 of the housing 38 to the sidewall 18 and the frame 14 ). although a number of configurations are contemplated for the attachment bolt 46 , the preferred embodiment is shown in fig3 . referring now to fig3 the attachment bolt 46 shown therein includes an inner end 48 disposed inside the housing 38 of the wheel case 10 , an outer end 50 disposed outside the housing 38 , and an interconnecting shank 52 . the inner end 48 includes an inner contact surface 54 , while the outer end 50 includes an outer contact surface 56 . the bolt 46 is preferably a threadless bolt having a pressed on collar 58 , and preferably the bolt 46 is a threadless bolt sold under the trade name huckbolt ® and is manufactured by the federal mogul corporation . other suitable fasteners , especially other suitable threadless fasteners and / or other suitable fasteners which may be fastened with a desired pre - load tension on the bolt 46 may be employed , with the desired pre - load tension typically being designated by the manufacturer or otherwise determined using well known principles of mechanics . the collar 58 is preferably pressed on using a tool , such as a hydraulic tool , of the type commonly employed for such installations . the collar 58 is retained on the shank 52 by a plurality of annular rings 60 spaced along a portion of the shank 52 . a pair of compression control washers 62 , 64 are provided . the washers 62 , 64 are preferably 0 . 108 inches thick , and have a hardness in the range of 38 - 45 on the rockwell “ c ” hardness scale . the washer 62 includes an aperture 66 which is greater than the diameter of the shank 52 so as to define an annular cavity 68 surrounding the shank 52 . the annular cavity 68 is sized to receive a resilient o - ring seal 70 . similarly , the washer 64 includes an aperture 72 which is greater than the diameter of the shank 52 so as to define an annular cavity 74 surrounding the shank 52 . the annular cavity 74 is sized to receive a resilient o - ring seal 76 . the o - rings 70 , 76 are preferably thicker than the thickness of the washers 62 , 64 , and are preferably 0 . 140 inches thick . still preferably , the o - rings may be manufactured of a resilient rubber compound , such as nitrile rubber . the washer 62 and the o - ring 70 are disposed adjacent the outer contact surface 56 , while the washer 64 and the o - ring 76 are disposed adjacent the inside contact surface 54 , inside the wheel case 10 . an additional washer 78 may be employed , but the use of such is optional . in operation , the housing 38 and the stiffeners 34 are positioned for attachment to the sidewall 18 of the frame 14 as shown in fig3 . the washer 62 and the o - ring 70 are positioned on the bolt 46 adjacent the outer contact surface 56 . the inner end 48 of the attachment bolt 46 is then inserted into the wheel case 10 from the opposite side of the sidewall 18 . the washer 64 and the o - ring 76 are placed along the shank 52 , and then the collar 58 is applied using the above - referenced tool in a known manner . the tool draws the inner end 48 ( typically by pulling on a break - away portion , which is not shown but which is releasable along a frangible connection line 80 ). as stated above , the optional washer 78 may be included as shown . in the process of securing the bolt 46 , the inner and outer contact surfaces 54 , 56 are drawn together , which compresses the o - rings 70 , 76 such that they substantially fill their respective annular cavities 68 , 74 . the ratio between the thickness of the o - rings 70 , 76 and the thickness of their associated washer 62 , 64 , allows for the o - rings to be compressed a desired amount to maximize their sealing capacities while preventing inadvertent damage to the o - rings via over - compression . the embodiment shown in fig4 is similar to that shown in fig3 but it excludes the inner washer 64 and the inner o - ring 76 , and excludes the optional washer 78 . the embodiment shown in fig5 also is similar to that shown in fig3 but it excludes the outer washer 62 and the outer o - ring 70 , and includes the optional washer 78 . the embodiment shown in fig6 is similar to that shown in fig5 but the inner washer 64 is sized such that the inner o - ring 76 is disposed in an annular cavity 65 defined in part by an outer perimeter 67 of the washer 64 . the embodiment of fig6 also includes an optional washer 78 . the embodiment shown in fig7 is similar to that shown in fig6 but includes an outer washer 62 sized such that the outer o - ring 70 is disposed in an annular cavity 69 defined in part by an outer perimeter 71 of the washer 62 . the optional washer 78 is excluded . referring now to fig8 and 9 , an attachment bolt 146 is shown , such as an attachment bolt used to secure the spindle 26 to the frame 14 in an area of low lateral clearance . the bolt 146 is preferably a conventional cap screw , although other suitable fasteners may be employed . the bolt 146 includes an inner washer 164 having an aperture 172 defining with the bolt shank 152 an annular cavity 174 . a pair of compressible o - rings 176 a , 176 b are provided for insertion in the cavity 174 in stacked arrangement . the o - rings 176 a , 176 b will preferably have a stacked height totaling approximately 30 % greater than the thickness of the washer 164 . it will be noted in fig9 that the washer 164 includes a truncated side portion 180 , thereby permitting an inner end 150 of the attachment bolt 146 to be positioned in close proximity to an extended portion 182 of the spindle 26 , such that upon application of a torque to an outer end 148 , rotation of the bolt 146 is prevented . the o - rings 176 a , 176 b cooperate to prevent lubricant from leaking out of the wheel case 10 along the shank 152 of the bolt 146 . referring now to fig1 , it will be appreciated that at least one of the shafts 20 , such as , for example , the shaft 20 b , will include a portion 100 extending out of the cover 44 of the wheel case 10 for operative engagement with an external drive source ( not shown ). accordingly , the cover 44 includes an aperture 102 having a seal 104 . preferably , the seal 104 is a labyrinth seal , such as a protech ® labyrinth seal manufactured by j m clipper . the seal 104 includes at least one weep hole 106 . an annular cylindrical baffle 108 is secured to an inner surface 109 of the cover 44 , and is spaced outwardly from and generally surrounds the aperture 102 and the seal 104 . it will be noted that the baffle 108 includes an inner end 110 which is disposed generally adjacent to the wheel 29 so as to define a relatively small and generally annular gap 112 therebetween . it will be appreciated that , during operation of the device 12 , splashing and otherwise agitated oil ( not shown ) is shielded from the seal 104 , the weep hole 106 and the aperture 102 by the annular baffle 108 . the sealing properties are enhanced by the relatively small size of the gap 112 . numerous modifications and alternative embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the foregoing description . accordingly , this description is to be construed as illustrative only and is for the purpose of teaching those skilled in the art the best mode of carrying out the invention . the details of the structure may be varied substantially without departing from the spirit of the invention , and the exclusive use of all modifications which come within the scope of the appended claims is reserved .	8
now , embodiments of the working apparatus and working method according to the present invention will be described referring to the accompanying drawings . throughout the drawings , the same or similar components are denoted respectively by the same reference symbols and will not be described repeatedly . fig1 is a schematic cross sectional view of the first embodiment of intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus according to the present invention , showing how it is arranged in position . referring to fig1 that illustrates a lower part of a nuclear reactor that is the working site in the nuclear reactor , the site is found in a narrow area located below the shroud support plate 7 and surrounded by the inner wall of the nuclear reactor pressure vessel ( rpv ) 2 , the shroud support cylinder 5 on which a nuclear fuel assemblies are placed , the shroud support legs 6 that are legs of the shroud support cylinder 5 , and so on . the shroud support plate 7 is a horizontal annular plate arranged between the shroud support cylinder 5 and the rpv 2 . a large number of weld lines are found in such a narrow area . they include an h8 horizontal weld line 9 that is the weld line connecting the shroud support cylinder 5 and the shroud support plate 7 , and an h9 horizontal weld line 10 that is the weld line connecting the rpv 2 and the shroud support plate 7 , along with an h10 weld line 11 , an h11 weld line 12 and an ad - 2 weld line 13 . when conducting various works for these weld lines 9 to 13 , such as inspection , polishing , water washing , preventive maintenance and repairing , the inside of the rpv 2 is filled with water and the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is arranged in the water . a cable ( not shown ) is connected to the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 and the other end of the cable is connected to the control section and the operation section of the control apparatus arranged on the operating floor or on the fuel exchanger located above the rpv 2 . now , the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 will be described below . fig2 is a front view of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 of fig1 , showing the configuration thereof . fig3 is a schematic plan view of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 of fig1 , showing the configuration thereof . fig4 is a front view of the wheel folding / unfolding mechanism 32 of fig1 , showing the configuration thereof . as shown in the drawings , the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 includes a cylindrical main body casing 22 that contains a ballast tank 21 . wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 23 , 32 for unfolding a working equipment 30 or a traveling wheel 24 are mounted in an upper part of the main body casing 22 . at least three folded traveling wheels 24 to be unfolded are provided . the working equipment 30 is arranged between a pair of traveling wheels 24 . ball casters 25 are fitted respectively to upper parts of the three traveling wheels 24 . an original point detection sensor 31 for defining an original point is fitted to an upper part of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 . two vertical thrusters 28 are fitted to a lower part of the main body casing 22 ( although only one of them is shown in fig4 ) so as to be driven by a drive motor 27 . further , two vertical thrusters 26 are fitted to a center part of the main body casing 22 ( although only one of them is shown in fig4 ) so as to driven by a drive motor ( not shown ). the main body casing 22 has a cylindrical profile and is dimensionally so designed as to be able to pass through a round hole ( not shown ) of the reactor core support plate 3 . the total height of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is dimensionally so defined that , after passing through the round hole of the reactor core support plate 3 and moving into a lower part of the reactor , the apparatus 20 can pass among the shroud support legs 6 and move into an area below the shroud support plate 7 . a plurality of floats 29 a , 29 b are arranged at an upper part of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 so as to position the center of buoyancy above the center of gravity in water even after injecting air into the ballast tank 21 to completely fill the latter with air so that the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 can hold its attitude without toppling down in water . as shown in fig3 , at least three wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 23 , 32 are arranged in the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 . referring to the drawings , two floats 29 a , a wheel 24 and a ball caster 25 are fitted to a single wheel folding / unfolding mechanism 23 , whereas a float 29 b is sandwiched between a pair of wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 32 , and a wheel 24 and a ball caster 25 are fitted to the front end of each of the wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 32 . the traveling wheels 24 of the wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 23 , 32 are driven by respective wheel drive motors 40 that are directly and coaxially linked to the rotary shafts thereof . a roller 46 for gauging the distance by which the roller traveled along the outer lateral surface of the shroud and a rotary sensor 45 directly linked to it are fitted to the lower end of each of the wheel drive motors 40 . the traveling wheels 24 , the rollers 46 and the rotary sensors 45 are linked to the main body casing 22 by way of parallel links 42 in such a way that each of the wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms can be stored in position with the wheel rotary shaft held upright by means of an air cylinder 41 . each of the parallel links 42 is supported at the opposite ends thereof by brackets 60 and pins 61 so as to be able to rotate freely . the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 moves down below the shroud support plate 7 as the wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 23 , 32 are held upright and stored in position . thereafter , the traveling wheels 24 , the rollers 46 and the rotary sensors 45 are pressed against the shroud support cylinder 5 and the inner wall of the rpv 2 by supplying air to the air cylinders 41 to generate traveling drive force in a horizontal direction so that the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 can move along the outer peripheral surface of the shroud . at the same time , it is possible to gauge the relative distance by which the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 traveled along the outer peripheral surface of the shroud by means of the rollers 46 and the rotary sensors 45 pressed against the outer peripheral surface . while the driving air cylinders 41 are arranged at an upper part of the main body casing 22 in the illustrated embodiment , drive sources may alternatively be arranged below the ballast tanks 21 for the wheel folding / unfolding mechanisms 23 , 32 to produce links that can be unfolded by the drive sources . with such an arrangement , the attitude of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 can be made more stable in water because the center of gravity is lowered by the arrangement . now , how the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is handled will be described below . fig5 is a front view of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 of the first embodiment according to the present invention , showing how it is operated , and fig6 is a plan view of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus of this embodiment , also showing how it is operated . the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is adapted to carry out various operations , for instance , on the h 8 horizontal weld line 9 that is the weld line located under the shroud support plate 7 as shown in fig1 . the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is suspended from above the rpv 2 by means of a cable ( not shown ) and lowered into the rpv 2 that is filled with water . then , it is moved into a narrow area located in a lower part of the reactor , passing by an upper grid plate and the reactor core support plate 3 . at this time , the insides of the ballast tanks 21 are evacuated and water is injected into them to reduce the buoyancy and generate a falling force . at the same time , downwardly propelling force of the vertical thrusters 28 are combined with the falling force to drive the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 downwardly in water . then , the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is made to pass among the shroud support legs 6 and go below the shroud support plate 7 . when driving the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 to move , air is injected into the ballast tank 21 or water is discharged from the inside of the ballast tank 21 to make the weight of the entire apparatus substantially equal to 0 kgf in water and drive the apparatus horizontally by means of the horizontal thrusters 26 . then , the working equipment 30 made to face the shroud support cylinder 5 by rotating it around the vertical axis . thereafter , the traveling wheels 24 are unfolded until immediately before they touch the outer peripheral surface of the shroud support cylinder 5 . then , air is injected into the ballast tank 21 to expel the water in the inside and lift up the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 until the three ball casters 25 touch the lower surface of the shroud support plate 7 . as the vertical position of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is determined in the above - described manner , the unfolding power is raised to press the traveling wheels 24 firmly against the shroud support cylinder 5 and the inner wall of the rpv 2 . for traveling , the traveling wheels 24 are driven to turn , while the ball casters 25 are constantly held in contact with the lower surface of the shroud support plate 7 by the buoyancy generated by the ballast tank 21 . then , as a result , it is possible to move the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 horizontally along the h8 weld line 9 . the reference position in a peripheral direction for the h8 horizontal weld line 9 , or the original point for traveling , is defined by detecting the inner edge of the round hole of the shroud support plate 7 where the jet pump adaptor 8 is rigidly anchored by means of an original detecting sensor 31 , which may typically be an ultrasonic distance sensor . then , the rollers 46 are made to contact the wall surface to directly gauge the traveled distance by the rotary sensors 45 and computationally determine the traveled relative distance from the original point by the rotary sensors 45 . then , the intended work is carried out by means of an appropriate one of the various pieces of working equipment 30 , while remotely regulating the relative position and the attitude of the apparatus relative to the target of work by means of the scanning mechanism . if the work is a visual inspection , a ccd camera is mounted as working equipment 30 and a universal head is mounted as scanning mechanism . then , the weld line and its vicinity will be continuously shot , while moving the apparatus horizontally and regulating the universal head and the camera angle so as to shoot the desired region . alternatively , an ultrasonic flaw detection sensor or an eddy current flaw detection sensor may be mounted with a scanning mechanism having a desired degree of freedom to carry out a similar work . any of various works can also be performed for the h9 horizontal weld line 10 by moving so as to make the working equipment 30 face the inner wall of the rpv 2 and unfolding the related components , following a similar sequence of operation . with this embodiment , it is possible to perform a preventive maintenance operation or a welding operation such as an inspection , a cleaning operation , a polishing operation , water washing , water jet peening and / or a laser peening operation to a weld line that is found in a hard - to - be - accessed area below the shroud support plate 7 when conducting any of various operations on the intra - reactor structures in the nuclear reactor pressure vessel that is immersed in water in a nuclear reactor . additionally , the working apparatus can cover a wide area with a limited number of times of immersions of installations to carry out works efficiently . still additionally , since the traveling wheels 24 are unfolded and pressed against a wall , it is possible to support a large reaction force and hence carry out a work stably . furthermore , since the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus can continuously travel on the outer wall surface of the shroud support cylinder 5 by means of the traveling wheels 24 , it is possible to accurately and continuously position the apparatus and restore the apparatus to an original position . thus , it is possible to improve the quality of the work it carries out . sine the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus can move along the lower surface of the shroud support plate 7 by utilizing buoyancy , the vertical position of the apparatus can be reliably secured to further improve the quality of the work it carries out . the working equipment 30 is selected from a brush for polishing operations , a grinding jig , a washing water nozzle , a water jet peening head for preventive maintenance , a laser peening head and a welding head for repairing works and mounted in the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus . thus , by using any of these pieces of working equipment 30 , it is possible to perform polishing operations , cleaning operations , operation for improving stresses as preventive maintenance and repairing operations . therefore , with this embodiment , it is possible to perform , in addition to inspection , polishing operations , cleaning operations , operation for improving stresses as preventive maintenance and repairing operations on the weld lines located in a narrow area under the shroud support plate which is difficult to access . in this embodiment , the conveyance mechanism of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus is realized by the two horizontal thrusters 26 and by regulating the buoyancy of the ballast tank 21 . more specifically , the embodiment is driven to move up and down respectively by the rising power and the falling power generated by the ballast tank 21 . it is driven to move horizontally and turn around a vertical axis by the propelling force of the horizontal thrusters . this embodiment provides improved handling capabilities because the degree of freedom of driving and the number of cables are reduced . additionally , it is possible to make the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 submerge and surface or become pressed against the lower surface of the shroud support plate with a simplified structure . in this embodiment , preferably the traveling wheels 24 are rubber wheels having a shape of a truncated cone that are fitted in position with the larger diameter side facing downward . with this arrangement , it is possible to apply an upwardly displacing force to the apparatus as the traveling wheels 24 are pressed against a wall surface and driven to rotate . then , along with the buoyancy of the ballast tank , it is possible to firmly press the apparatus against the lower surface of the shroud support plate so that the apparatus can securely move horizontally along the shroud support plate . fig7 shows the second embodiment of intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus according to the present invention . the components of this embodiment that are same as or similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted respectively by the same reference symbols and will not be described in detail any further . this embodiment differs from the first embodiment illustrated in fig2 in that the drive mechanism 32 for supporting the working equipment 30 and the float 29 b includes two links that are arranged adjacently in a horizontal direction . otherwise , this embodiment is identical with the first embodiment . now , the third embodiment of the present invention will be described below by referring to fig8 and 9 . the components of this embodiment that are same as or similar to those of the first embodiment are denoted respectively by the same reference symbols and will not be described in detail any further . as shown in fig8 and 9 , an upper grid plate 43 having an opening and a reactor core support plate 3 having an opening are arranged in the pressure vessel 2 . the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus 20 is led to an area located under the shroud support plate 7 by way of either of two routes 44 , 145 , one for accessing the area under the shroud support plate 7 from the inner surface side of the shroud 100 , passing through the opening of the upper grid plate 43 and the opening of the reactor core support plate 3 , and one for accessing the area under the shroud support plate 7 from the outer surface side of the shroud 100 , passing through the access hole 46 a . this embodiment can carry out any of various works on the intra - nuclear - reactor structures in the pressure vessel 2 that is immersed in water in a nuclear reactor regardless of the intra - nuclear - reactor environment . more specifically , it can be used to carry out any of various works on the h8 horizontal weld line 9 that is the weld line of the shroud support cylinder 5 and the shroud support plate 7 , the h9 horizontal weld line 10 that is the weld line of the pressure vessel 2 and the shroud support plate 7 , the h10 weld line 11 that is the weld line of the shroud support legs 6 and the shroud support cylinder 5 , the h11 weld line 12 that is the weld line of the shroud support legs 6 and the pressure vessel 2 , the ad - 2 weld line 13 that is the weld line of the jet pump 8 and the shroud support plate 7 . for instance , if all the control rod guide tubes 141 and the fuel are installed and it is not possible to take the access route 44 leading to an area under the shroud support plate 7 , it is possible to take off the access hole cover 146 and take the access route 145 . as shown in fig1 and 11 , the access hole 46 a arranged in the pressure vessel 2 is covered by the access hole cover 146 . the access hole cover 146 is rigidly secured to the peripheral edge 46 b of the access hole 46 b by means of a total of six bolts ( binding sections ) 50 and a retainer 52 is arranged between the access hole cover 146 and each of the nuts 51 . each of the bolts 50 is engaged with a nut 51 and the stoppers 53 that operate as anti - revolution means are formed by using spring mechanisms . thus , the bolts 50 can be fitted and removed with ease . since the stopper 53 of each of the bolts 50 is formed by using a spring mechanism 53 , the access hole cover 146 can be fitted and removed with ease by means of a handling jig that is exclusively designed as anti - revolution key . with this arrangement , it is possible to easily carry out operations including inspections , polishing , washing with water , water jet peening , laser peening for preventive maintenance , and repairing operations such as welding in an area located below the shroud support plate 7 by removing the access hole cover 146 if the reactor is loaded with the fuel ( not shown ) and the control rod guide tubes 141 in the inside . now , the fourth embodiment of intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus according to the present invention will be described below . in this embodiment , the mechanism constituting members and the strength holding members of the intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus and the working equipment are formed by using a polymeric resin material . specific examples of materials that can be used for this embodiment include polyamide type resins , polyimide type resins , polyether - ether - ketone resins and polyether - sulfone - resins that are excellent in terms of resistance against radioactive rays , water - absorbing property , mechanical strength and thermal resistance . all or part of these materials may be used for the above mechanism composing members and the strength holding members . thus , with this embodiment , it is possible to replace polymeric resin materials in place of metal materials in order to reduce the weight of the various pieces of equipment , such as an intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus or working equipment in water . as a result , the ballast tank can be dimensionally reduced to consequently reduce the overall dimensions of the apparatus . as the apparatus is made lightweight and downsized , it can be handled easily and it can pass through narrow areas so that the reliability of operation of the apparatus is also improved . the present invention is not limited to the above - described embodiments , which may be modified in various different ways without departing from the scope of the present invention . for example , inspection results may be displayed on a display apparatus . for example , while the above - described embodiments of intra - nuclear - reactor working apparatus and working method are adapted to be used in nuclear reactors , the present invention can broadly be applied various working apparatus and various working methods . additionally , while the above - described embodiments of working apparatus and working method are adapted to operations in water , they can be modified in various different ways as pointed out below . for example , while the operation mechanisms including the adhering / traveling modules 22 and related mechanisms may be housed in a water - tight case or the like and adapted to perform adhering / traveling operations in water , the working equipment of a working apparatus according to the present invention may be separated from them and put in air so as to operate in air . as another example , the adhering / traveling modules 22 and the thrusters 41 may be dimensionally raised to use a large drive source and a large drive mechanism for the thrusters 41 so that the thrusters 41 may acquire a sufficiently large air flow rate to produce a large adhering force in air as they are driven to rotate at high speed . with such an arrangement , a working apparatus and a working method according to the present invention may be applied to works in air .	6
one version of a conveyor system embodying features of the invention is shown in fig1 . a conveyor , shown in this example as a conveyor belt 10 supported on a carryway 60 , carries articles 12 through a process 11 in a conveying direction 13 on an outer conveying surface 22 along a carryway segment 15 of the belt &# 39 ; s endless conveying path . at the end of the carryway , the articles are conveyed off the conveyor belt . after rounding drive sprockets 18 , the conveyor belt 10 follows a return segment 17 on its way back around idle sprockets 20 to the carryway segment 15 . both the drive and idle sprockets are mounted on shafts 68 ( only idle shaft shown in fig1 ). one or more accelerometers 24 embedded in the belt 10 make measurements of accelerations in the belt . the term “ embedded ” is used in a broad sense to encompass any installation of an accelerometer in a conveyor . examples of embedded accelerometers include accelerometers mounted on or in , molded into , inserted into , laminated in , welded to , bonded to , or otherwise rigidly connected to the advancing conveyor . the accelerometers 24 may be single - axis accelerometers sensing the component of local belt acceleration along an x - axis , for example , parallel to the conveying direction 13 ; a two - axis accelerometer sensing the components of acceleration along the x - axis and a y - axis perpendicular to the x - axis , for example , across the width of the conveyor belt ; or a three - axis accelerometer sensing three orthogonal components of local acceleration , for example , along the x - and y - axes and along a z - axis extending through the thickness of the conveyor belt . in most applications , belt accelerations along the x - axis would be of most interest and more susceptible to control , but accelerations along the other axes may be of interest as well . for example , an accelerometer sensing accelerations along the z - axis , or even along the x - axis , could be used to detect the impact of an article dropped onto the conveyor belt . examples of accelerometer technologies include piezoelectric , piezoresistive , and capacitive . for compactness , a micro - electro - mechanical - system ( mems )- based accelerometer is useful . in fig1 , which shows a modular plastic conveyor belt loop constructed of rows of hinged modules , the accelerometers 24 are spaced apart regularly at locations along the length of the belt and across its width . as shown in fig2 , each accelerometer 24 is connected to a logic circuit 28 in the conveyor belt 10 . each logic circuit may be realized by a programmed microcontroller or by hardwired logic elements . conventional signal - conditioning circuit components , such as buffers , amplifiers , analog - to - digital converters , and multiplexers , may be interposed between the accelerometer and the logic circuit . the logic circuit may also include a unique address or other identifying indicia to correlate the response of each accelerometer with a specific position on the conveyor belt . the identifying indicia and the accelerometer &# 39 ; s measurements may be stored in one or more memory elements 29 . the accelerometer measurements — one , two , or three components of acceleration — are converted into a measurement signal 30 that is transmitted remotely by a transmitter 32 . the transmitter may be a wireless rf transmitter transmitting wirelessly via an antenna 34 over a wireless communication link 36 or over an ohmic connection 38 between a conductive contact 40 on the outside of the belt 10 and a brush 42 in conveyor structure along the side of the belt , as in fig1 . a receiver 33 may also be connected to the logic circuit to receive command and control signals from a remote controller 44 , i . e ., a controller not located on or in the conveyor belt . other transmitter - receiver technologies , such as optical or infrared , for example , may be used . all the components embedded in the belt may be powered by a power source 45 , such as one or more battery cells , housed together in a cavity in the belt . alternatively , the power source 45 may be an energy harvester harvesting energy from vibratory motion or articulation of the conveyor , thermal gradients , or other energy - producing effects inherent in the process or conveyance . the embedded power source 45 may alternatively be powered by induction or by rf charging as it recirculates past an external charging device 49 , as in fig1 . a remote receiver 46 receives the measurement signal 30 via an antenna 48 over the wireless communication link 36 or over the ohmic connection 38 from the receiver 33 embedded in the conveyor belt . the receiver 46 sends the measurement signal to the remote controller 44 . a transmitter 47 connected between the controller 44 and the antenna 48 or the ohmic connection 38 may be used to send command and control signals to the belt - borne accelerometer circuits . an operator input device 50 connected to the controller 44 may be used to select accelerometer or alarm settings or data to be displayed . the controller 44 may also be used to stop or control the speed of a motor 52 driving the main drive sprockets 18 , to control intermediate drives 62 , or to activate a damper 64 acting on the conveyor belt itself . a video display 54 may be used to monitor system operating conditions and settings or to display alarm conditions . a more clearly visible or audible alarm 56 may also be used by the controller to warn of irregularities in the process . the controller may be a programmable logic controller , a laptop , a desktop , or any appropriate computer device . as shown in fig3 , the accelerometer 24 embedded in the belt 10 is used to damp accelerations in the belt . its measurements of acceleration 30 are routed over the communication link 36 to the controller 44 . the controller , using wireless or copper control lines 61 , applies damping to the drive shaft 68 ′ of the conveyor in response to unwanted accelerations measured by the accelerometer . damping is applied to the drive shaft by a rotational damper 70 controlled by the controller in a closed - loop control system to compensate for speed changes caused by vibrations , resonances , stick - slip , chordal action , imbalance , run - out , or other conditions causing regular or intermittent speed variations . fig4 shows a similar closed - loop control system , except that the rotational damper 70 operates on the idle shaft 68 to apply damping , such as conventional speed - change damping , back tension , or controlled braking , at that point along the conveying path . fig5 and 5a depict linear damping applied to the conveyor belt 10 at positions along the carryway path 15 . acceleration measurements made by the accelerometers 24 are transmitted over the communications link 36 to the controller 44 . responding to the acceleration measurements , the controller activates linear dampers 72 , which act directly on the conveyor belt 10 . an actuator 74 associated with the linear damper 72 receives the control signal 61 from the controller to increase and decrease or otherwise modulate the pressure applied by the damper against the outer surface 22 of the conveyor belt 10 . the linear damper 72 , in the form of a movable pad , forms a clamp with the carryway 60 to apply a clamping force against the belt 10 and damp undesired accelerations . like a modular plastic conveyor belt and a carryway , the clamping pad may be made of a viscoelastic material . the linear dampers can be applied intermittently along the carryway path segment 15 . fig6 and 6a depict a similar linear damping system using magnetic or electromagnetic forces . in this version , the belt 10 ′, the carryway 60 ′, or both are made of a viscoelastic material . the clamping force is accomplished using magnets 73 , permanent or electromagnetic . permanent magnets or electromagnets 73 outside the belt act on ferrous or other magnetically attractive materials or magnets inside the belt 10 ′ to generate a clamping force between the belt and the carryway . alternatively , ferrous or other magnetically attractive materials outside the belt act on permanent magnets or electromagnets inside the belt to generate a clamping force . the controller 44 modulates the electromagnetic force or the position of the fixed attractive material to obtain the desired damping characteristic . another form of damping acting on the conveyor belt itself is shown in fig7 and 7a . in this version , the entire conveyor belt 10 ′, or portions of it , are made of an electrically conductive material . magnetic field generators 76 disposed along the length of the conveyor belt 10 ′ produce a magnetic field through which the belt passes . eddy currents are induced in the conductive portions of the belt . the eddy currents produce an induced magnetic field that , according to lenz &# 39 ; s law , opposes the direction of the motion causing the induced field , i . e ., the motion of the belt in the conveying direction 13 . consequently , the interaction of the inducing and induced magnetic fields results in a damping force applied to the conveyor belt 10 ′ opposite to the conveying direction 13 . thus , the magnetic field generators are eddy - current dampers . they may be permanent magnets whose distance from the belt may be controlled by the controller 44 to adjust the magnitude of the fields and the damping force or electromagnets whose field strength can be electronically controlled by the controller . a similar form of damping is realized by making the conveyor belt 10 ′, or portions of it , out of a ferrous or magnetically attractive material . in this case , the magnetic field generators 76 disposed along the length of the conveyor belt 10 ′ act on the ferrous or magnetically attractive materials in the belt to create a force generally opposing the motion of the belt and so providing damping . in yet another version , shown in fig8 , the controller controls the operation of intermediate drives 62 engaged with the conveyor belt 10 at spaced apart positions along the carryway . the intermediate drives serve as dampers to damp unwanted belt accelerations . they can also serve as auxiliary drives to help the conveyor &# 39 ; s main drive 78 advance the belt forward . this dual function is especially useful in long conveyors . the controller sends control signals 61 to each of the intermediate drives in response to acceleration measurements from the accelerometers 24 to damp unwanted accelerations in belt motion . intermediate rotational dampers converting the linear motion of the belt surface to rotational motion may be similarly used as in fig1 . in this example , the linear motion 13 of the belt 10 is converted to rotational motion via engagement with a circular engaging element 79 , which may be a friction disk or a tire frictionally engaging the belt surface or a sprocket mechanically engaging mating drive structure in the belt . the circular engaging element 79 co - acts with an associated damper 70 , which may provide viscous - fluid damping , eddy - current damping , magnetic damping , frictional damping , electric - motor damping , or regenerative damping with an electric generator providing power 80 back to the conveyor system . in still another version , as shown in fig9 , the main conveyor drive 78 is controlled directly in response to the belt - acceleration feedback provided by the accelerometers 24 . thus , rather than controlling the damping of the belt &# 39 ; s dynamic system , the system &# 39 ; s forcing function , i . e ., the belt drive 78 , is controlled . acceleration measurements 30 from the accelerometers 24 are transmitted to the controller 44 over the communications link 36 . the controller produces a control signal 61 that compensates for the unwanted accelerations and applies the signal to the main drive 78 , in this example , a variable - frequency motor drive . with one or more accelerometers 24 embedded in a conveyor 10 advancing through process equipment 11 and nearby conveyor components as in fig1 , measurements of local accelerations in the conveyor caused by the devices can be made essentially continuously . one moving accelerometer can be used to replace multiple stationary accelerometers and can provide finer - resolution data , which the controller 44 can use to perform failure - trend analysis of the process equipment in which the conveyor is installed and of other proximate devices , such as conveyor components , particularly at the infeed and discharge boundaries , and schedule the necessary maintenance . the controller can use the accelerometer - based data for protective control , such as shutting down the process , stopping the conveyor motor 52 , or sounding alarms 56 , as already described with reference to fig2 , if excessive vibration or other out - of - range speed fluctuations are sensed . in this way , the system provides both remedial and prophylactic protection of the conveyor system and the entire process . fig1 shows a plurality of controllers 44 with receivers 46 distributed along the length of the conveyor at fixed locations in individual control zones 82 a - c . as belt - borne accelerometers 24 come within communication range of a receiver , sensing in the receiver &# 39 ; s zone is switched to the in - range accelerometer or accelerometers now local to that receiver . the controller coupled to that receiver uses the measurements of the local accelerometer or accelerometers in the receiver &# 39 ; s zone to control an associated damper 70 in that zone in a closed - loop damping control system . as an accelerometer advances past the zone of one local receiver and into the next zone , it is passed off to the receiver and the controller in the next zone . the accelerometer then becomes local to the controller controlling the damping in the next zone downstream . this distributed control system is especially useful in long conveyors . although the invention has been described in detail with reference to exemplary versions , other versions are possible . for example , the damper control may be operated in an on / off or otherwise modulated fashion . and the damping can vary linearly or nonlinearly with belt speed . although the distributed control system of fig1 is described as using an individual controller in each zone , a single controller receiving data from the receivers in all the zones and controlling all the dampers could be used instead .	1
with initial reference to fig1 and 2 , an implement 10 , such as a multiple blade agricultural plow , is connected by a three - point hitch 12 to the rear of a tractor 14 . the hitch 12 comprises right and left drag links 16 and 18 , the proximal ends of which are pivotally attached to the tractor frame 17 by pins 15 . a pair of lift arms 20 and 22 , connected to the drag links 16 and 18 by lift links 24 and 25 , control the elevation of the drag links . two hydraulic actuators 27 and 28 , in this case single acting lift hydraulic cylinders , are connected between the lift arms 20 and 22 and the tractor frame 17 to pivot the lift arms up and down with respect to that frame . the distal ends of the drag links 16 and 18 are respectively attached to vertically extending legs 29 and 30 of a coupler 26 that has a cross bar 32 connected between the upper ends of the legs . a link hydraulic cylinder 34 is attached at one end to the cross bar 32 and at the other end to the tractor frame 17 by a pin 35 . a pair of lower lift hooks 36 and 38 project rearward from the bottom ends of legs 29 and 30 and an upper lift hook 40 is positioned in the middle of a cross bar 32 . the lift arms 20 and 22 move the coupler 26 bi - directionally along a principal axis “ a ” of coupling motion , which in this case is vertical . the lower and upper lift hooks 36 , 38 and 40 cooperate with mating parts on a hitch structure of the implement 10 . specifically the lower lift hooks 36 and 38 engage the lower hitch pins that extend laterally with respect to the frame of the implement . the implement also has a laterally extending upper hitch pin that is received in the upper lift hook 40 when the implement 10 is coupled to the tractor 14 . the trio of lift hooks 36 , 38 and 40 form the three points of the hitch 12 . with reference to fig3 , the control system 50 for operating the three point hitch 12 comprises a hydraulic section 52 and an electronic section 68 . the hydraulic section 52 includes a tank 54 , which holds hydraulic fluid , and a pump 56 , that when driven by the engine of the tractor 14 sends pressurized hydraulic fluid from the tank through a supply line 58 . a supply line 58 is connected to an electrohydraulic three - position , three - way valve 60 and tank return line 62 couples the valve to the tank 54 . the valve 60 has a workport 65 connected to the head chambers of the two lift hydraulic actuators 27 and 28 . the valve 60 is operated by a solenoid 64 that is energized by an electric current from a controller 66 within the electronic section 68 of the control system 50 . the controller 66 is a microcomputer - based device that includes memory for storing software and data for a hitch control program . the controller further comprises a driver circuit that produces a variable electric current level for driving the solenoid 64 to proportionally operate the electrohydraulic valve 60 . in addition , the controller 66 has analog and digital input ports for receiving signals from several sensors and operator input devices on the tractor 14 . the controller 66 receives a signal from a position sensor 70 that indicates the vertical position of the coupler 26 of the three point hitch 12 . any of several types of sensing mechanisms can be employed . for example , the position sensor 70 may be a linear device connected to one of the lift hydraulic actuators 27 or 28 to produce a signal as the piston rod extends and contracts from the cylinder body . alternatively , a rotational type position sensor can be connected to one of the lift arms 20 or 22 to provide a signal indicating the rotational position of that arm with respect to the tractor frame 17 . with both of these sensing techniques , the signal from the position sensor 70 indicates a position that is geometrically related to the vertical position of the hitch coupler 26 with respect to the tractor frame 17 . the controller 66 also receives signals from right and left draft force sensors 71 and 72 . these sensors may be conventional clevis pin type sensors which are incorporated into the pins 15 that couple the left and right drag links 16 and 18 to the tractor frame 17 . the present control system 50 is being described in the context of left and right sensors which have the advantage of measuring the different forces being exerted on both lateral sides of the three point hitch 12 . alternatively , a single clevis pin sensor can be used in the pin 35 that connects the link hydraulic cylinder 34 to the tractor frame 17 . other types of sensors can be utilized to produce electrical signals indicating the magnitude of the draft force acting on the three point hitch 12 . a human interface 74 also produces signals that are applied to inputs of the controller 66 . the human interface 74 enables the operator of the tractor 14 to set configuration settings for and send commands to the controller , thereby defining operation of the hydraulic section 52 . in particular as will be describes , input switches 75 and a display screen 77 are used to define a desired depth position for the implement and range of positions in which the implement may be freely moved as the draft forces change . a mix input device 76 on the human interface 74 adjusts the draft force sensitivity and control system gain values , as will be described . for example , the mix input device 76 is a knob that is rotated between two extreme positions indicating zero sensitivity and maximum sensitivity and produces either a digital or analog signal indicating the position of that knob . when it is desired to use the implement in a farm field , the operator places the control system 50 into mode in which a configuration routine 80 depicted in fig4 is executed by the controller 66 . in this configuration mode , the tractor operator manipulates the human interface 74 at step 82 to define a desired depth position for the implement 10 in the soil and thus the desired position of the hitch 12 . at step 84 , the operator also uses the human interface 74 to set an upper threshold position and a lower threshold position , thereby defining a range of positions in which the hitch 12 may move up and down as soil conditions change . the mix input device 76 also is placed into the desired setting for the sensitivity of the draft control process at step 85 . in other words , the mix setting specifies how quickly and to what degree the control system responds to changes in the draft forces acting on the hitch . that mix setting is indicated by an electrical signal designating a numerical value ( mix ). placing the knob of the mix input device 76 at one extreme position produces a minimum mix value , whereas the other extreme position produces a maximum mix value . intermediate positions of the knob produce proportional values between the minimum and maximum mix values . then at step 86 the operator starts to move the tractor 14 forward causing the implement 10 to dig into the soil until reaching the desired depth position at step 88 , which is determined by the signal read from the position sensor 70 by the controller 66 . upon reaching the desired depth position , the controller 66 at step 90 sets a configuration timer to a predefined period of time , such as two seconds , for example . during this period , the position of the hitch 12 is held fixed and the controller periodically reads the signals from the right and left draft force sensors 71 and 72 at step 92 . at step 94 the newly acquired samples are averaged with other samples taken by the configuration routine thereby calculating separate averages for the right and left draft forces . then a determination is made at step 96 whether the configuration timer period has elapsed . if not , the configuration routine 80 returns to read the draft force sensors again and obtain another pair of data samples for use in calculating the right and left draft force averages . this process determines how much load on the hitch is created by the soil conditions in the particular farm field . eventually , the configuration timer expires at which point the configuration routine 80 advances to step 98 to produce a draft setpoint . it should be appreciated that with certain kinds of implements , especially plows , there can be a large difference between the draft forces exerted on opposite lateral sides of the hitch 12 . this difference increases as the pulling load on the implement 10 becomes greater . therefore , the draft setpoint is produced by taking this lateral difference into account . the draft setpoint is computed according to equation ( 1 ): where the “ maximum ” term selects the greater of the right and left draft force averages , gain is a predefined factor that specifies the sensitivity of the force difference , and the “ abs ” term selects the absolute value of the difference between the right and left draft force averages . once the draft setpoint has been derived , the configuration routine 80 terminates . this automatic determination of the draft setpoint , based on the actual draft forces encountered while the implement is working the soil , eliminates the need for the operator to make manual adjustments to the position and mix settings during tractor operation . this provides consistent plowing operation while the implement works an entire farm field . as the operator continues to drive the tractor with the implement working the soil , the controller 66 executes a hitch control routine 100 depicted by the flowchart in fig5 . the execution makes continuing passes through this routine , periodically reading the draft forces from the sensors 71 and 72 and the position of the implement from the position sensor 70 . the sensor data are used to operate the control valve 60 in a manner wherein a constant draft force is exerted on the implement 10 . the controller 66 reads the signals from the position sensor 70 and the force sensors 71 and 72 and derives values for the actual hitch position and the left right and left draft forces at step 102 . next at step 104 , the draft force values are used in equation ( 2 ) to calculate the present , actual collective draft force ( referred to as the draft load ) that is exerted on the implement . where gain1 is a predefined factor that specifies the sensitivity of the force difference . this draft load value is used to control the position of the implement 10 , unless the draft force is so great that its use results in the control system raising the implement beyond the upper threshold position set by the configuration routine 80 . below the upper threshold position , if the draft load value is greater than the draft setpoint , the implement is raised to bite a lesser amount into the soil , in an attempt to reduce the draft forces exerted on the hitch 12 . if only this simply control technique is used , however , it is possible under very dense soil conditions or simply because of hitch geometry that the draft force could cause the implement to be raised out of the soil . to prevent this from happening , the hitch control routine 100 derates the draft load value as computed above , when the actual position of the implement reaches the upper threshold position . in other words , when the implement is raised a significant distance above the desired depth position , the responsiveness to the derivation of the draft load from the draft setpoint is reduced . whether the draft load value needs to be derated is determined at step 106 where the actual position of the hitch 12 , as indicated by the signal from the position sensor 70 , is compared to the threshold position set by the operator . if the actual position is below that threshold position , the draft load value is used unchanged by setting a variable designated “ hitch draft load ” equal to the draft load value at step 107 before advancing to step 110 . if , however , the actual hitch position is above the threshold position , the program execution branches to step 108 at which the draft load value is derated . the amount of that derating , or reduction in the draft load value that is used in the control process , is determined based on how much the actual position is above the upper threshold position . the draft load value is derated in proportion to that amount as given by equation ( 3 ): hitch ⁢ ⁢ draft ⁢ ⁢ load = ( upper ⁢ ⁢ limit ⁢ ⁢ position - actual ⁢ ⁢ position upper ⁢ ⁢ limit ⁢ ⁢ position - upper ⁢ ⁢ threshold ⁢ ⁢ position ) * draft ⁢ ⁢ load ( 3 ) where the upper limit position is the highest position to which the implement can be physically raised with respect to the tractor as determined by the mechanical design of the three point hitch 12 . nevertheless , another position may be defined as the upper limit position . then at step 110 , the hitch draft load value , as determined at either step 107 or 108 , is employed to calculate a draft force error according to equation ( 4 ): where gain2 is a factor that specifies the sensitivity of the force error and is defined by position of the mix input device 76 . the draft force error indirectly provides an indication of the degree that the position of the implement 10 must be changed from the present position so that the draft force being exerted on the hitch 12 will equal the draft force setpoint . the arithmetic sign of the draft force error denotes the direction that the hitch should be moved . thus , at step 112 , the draft force error value is inspected to determine if it is positive , indicating that the implement needs to be raised to reduce the draft forces . if such is the case , the hitch control routine 100 branches to step 114 where an inspection is made whether the hitch 12 has already been raised to its upper limit position . in that event , the control routine closes the electrohydraulic valve 60 at step 115 to terminate further application of pressurized fluid to the hydraulic actuators 27 and 28 that may be occurring , before returning to step 102 . otherwise , if the hitch 12 still can be physically raised , the hitch control routine 100 branches from step 114 to step 116 at which the controller 66 sends a signal to open the electrohydraulic valve 60 in case it is presently closed . this opening the valve applies pressurized fluid from the supply line 58 to the workport 65 and thus into the head chambers of the lift hydraulic actuators 27 and 28 . this causes the three point hitch 12 to raise the implement 10 . the hitch control routine 100 then returns to step 102 to commence another execution pass . alternatively , if a non - positive value of the draft force error is found at step 112 , execution of the hitch control routine branches to step 118 where the draft force error is inspected to determine if it is negative , indicating that the implement 10 should be lowered . if that is the case , the hitch control routine branches to step 120 where a determination is made whether the hitch position is at its lower limit , i . e . the lowest physically possible position due to the mechanical constraints of the three point hitch . if the hitch 12 at the lower limit , the control process branches to step 115 at which the electrohydraulic valve is closed before returning directly to step 102 . otherwise if the analysis at step 120 indicates that the hitch 12 still can be physically lowered , the hitch control routine 100 branches to step 122 . now the controller 66 opens the valve 60 to a position in which the workport 65 is connected to the tank return line 62 , thereby releasing fluid from the lift hydraulic actuators 27 and 28 . this release of fluid causes the three point hitch 12 to lower the implement 10 due to gravity . the hitch control routine then returns to step 102 to repeat another execution pass . it is possible that at step 118 the draft force error value is found to be non - negative , which occurs when the value is zero . in this case , the hitch draft force is at the draft force setpoint and no position adjustment of the implement is required . now execution of the hitch control routine 100 advances to step 124 at which the controller 66 ensures that the electrohydraulic valve 60 is closed before returning to step 102 to commence another pass through the routine . the foregoing description was primarily directed to a preferred embodiment of the invention . although some attention was given to various alternatives within the scope of the invention , it is anticipated that one skilled in the art will likely realize additional alternatives that are now apparent from disclosure of embodiments of the invention . accordingly , the scope of the invention should be determined from the following claims and not limited by the above disclosure .	0
note : statements of characteristics herein represent exemplary observations of the cultivar herein and will vary depending on time of year , location , annual weather , etc . female parent .—‘ pacific deluxe ’. male parent .—‘ 414a ’. in contrast to the unpatented male parent ‘ 414a ’, the present invention is significantly larger in fruit size , greater in vigor and has reduced pubescence on the drupelets , resulting in a glossier appearance in fruits of ‘ pacific gema ’. ‘ pacific gema ’ was first identified in a field with other seedlings in may 2010 at watsonville , calif . usa . the field had been planted in 2009 among other seedlings generated from hand - pollinated crosses performed in 2008 . ‘ pacific gema ’ was first propagated asexually by crown division in august 2010 in watsonville , calif . usa . the crown on the original plant was dug and parted into basal cane pieces ( approximately 15 cm long ) with root attached and replanted into a selection plot elsewhere on the farm , resulting in a 3 - fold increase . in september 2011 , two actively growing primocanes were dug ( with root attached ) and shipped to lafayette , oreg . usa , where vegetative material was explanted and established in vitro for micropropagation . growing location for the observations herein : watsonville , calif . usa . time of year ( season ): early and late summer for floricanes and primocanes , respectively . age of plants used for this discussion : crown age of about 4 . 5 years and a cane age of about 4 - 8 months . age of plants used for the photographs in the figures : crown age of about 4 . 5 years and a cane age of about 8 months . type of greenhouse covering or growing structure , or field : high tunnel over field . light : natural . references to color refer to the the royal horticultural society colour chart — fifth edition (“ r . h . s .”). observations for floricanes herein were made in june 2013 . observations for primocanes herein were made in august 2013 . plant : form / shape .— vase . growth habit .— erect . height .— 1 . 2 m as measured from base . spread .— 0 . 6 m as measured from terminal leaflet tip to terminal leaflet tip . propagation methods .— division . time to initiate and develop roots .— 24 days . root description .— fibrous . cane diameter .— base : 1 . 15 cm \| middle : 1 . 0 cm \| tip : 0 . 3 cm . cane length .— 2 . 1 m . number of node per cane .— 40 - 43 . internode length .— base : 2 . 25 - 4 cm \| middle : 1 . 75 - 4 cm \| tip : 1 . 5 - 1 . 75 cm . number of canes / hill .— 5 - 7 . cane color .— undertone : rhs 145b . overtone : rhs 186a . spines .— present . spine density : base : 5 - 7 / cm 2 \| middle : 2 - 3 / cm 2 \| tip : 1 / cm 2 . spine shape : acute . spine length : 0 . 1 cm . spine width : 0 . 01 cm . spine apex descriptor : acute . spine color : rhs 186b . vegetative bud shape .— acute . vegetative bud length .— 0 . 55 cm . vegetative bud diameter ( base ).— 0 . 3 cm . vegetative bud diameter ( tip ).— 0 . 1 cm . vegetative bud color .— rhs 166a . reproductive bud shape ( base / tip ).— truncate / acuminate . reproductive bud length .— 1 . 3 cm . reproductive bud diameter ( base ).— 0 . 89 cm . reproductive bud diameter ( tip ).— 0 . 09 cm . reproductive bud color .— rhs 144a . reproductive bud texture .— pubescent . cane diameter .— base : 1 . 5 cm \| middle : 1 . 2 cm \| tip : 1 . 1 cm . cane length .— 1 . 1 - 1 . 2 m . number of nodes per cane .— 13 - 16 . internode length : 11 . 4 cm \| 17 . 1 cm \| 13 . 9 cm . cane color .— lower cane : rhs 199d . upper cane : rhs 165b . spines .— present . spine density : base : 5 - 7 / cm 2 \| middle : 2 - 3 / cm 2 \| tip : 1 / cm 2 . spine shape : acute . spine length : 0 . 1 cm . spine width : 0 . 1 cm . spine apex descriptor : acute . spine color : rhs 186b . vegetative bud shape .— acute . vegetative bud length .— 0 . 55 cm . vegetative bud diameter ( base ).— 0 . 3 cm . vegetative bud diameter ( tip ).— 0 . 1 cm . vegetative bud color .— rhs 166a . reproductive bud shape ( base / tip ).— truncate / acuminate . reproductive bud length .— 1 . 3 cm . reproductive bud diameter ( base ).— 0 . 89 cm . reproductive bud diameter ( tip ).— 0 . 09 cm . reproductive bud color .— rhs 144a . reproductive bud texture .— pubescent . winter hardiness .— unknown outside of usda hardiness zone 9b ( watsonville , calif .). this cultivar is best adapted to the mild coastal conditions of california . drought / heat tolerance .— leaf tips of ‘ pacific gema ’ will characteristically burn under high temperature conditions . pollen viability and fruit quality of raspberry generally begins to decline above 30 ° c . this is consistent with observations of ‘ pacific gema ’. raspberries are generally not drought tolerant , and ‘ pacific gema ’ has not been tested in unirrigated plots . complete leaf .— length : 12 . 1 - 18 . 4 cm . width : 7 . 6 - 11 . 4 cm . number of leaflets : 3 - 5 . terminal leaflet .— size : length ( cm ): 12 . 1 cm . width ( cm ): 10 . 2 cm . length / width ratio : 1 . 2 . leaf shape of apex : acuminate . leaf shape of base : cordate . leaf margin : doubly serrate . leaf texture : moderate interveinal puckering . number of serrations per leaf : 98 - 129 . leaf shape of serrations : flexuous - flexuous . leaf color : upper surface : rhs 136a . lower surface : rhs 136d . leaf venation pattern : reticulate . leaf venation color : upper surface : rhs 144a . lower surface : rhs 145c . leaf pubescence density : none . color of leaf pubescence : n / a . shape of leaf in cross - section : simple cordate . number of leaflets / leaf : primocane : 3 . floricane : 3 - 5 . interveinal blistering within leaf : moderate . leaf glossiness : low . primocane leaves .— petiole length : 6 . 0 cm . petiole diameter : 0 . 2 cm . petiole color : upper : rhs 143c . lower : rhs n144c . rachis length : 3 . 3 cm . stipule length : 0 . 7 cm . stipules per leaf : 2 . stipule width : 0 . 1 cm . stipule color : rhs n144d . color : upper surface : rhs 136a . lower surface : rhs 136d . terminal leaflet .— length : 12 . 1 cm . width : 8 . 9 cm . rachis length : 3 . 3 cm . distal lateral leaflet .— not present . length : n / a . width : n / a . petiolule length : n / a . basal lateral leaflet .— length : 9 . 5 cm . width : 6 . 4 cm . petiolule length : 0 . 1 cm . floricane leaves .— petiole length : 5 . 4 cm . stipule length : 0 . 7 cm . stipules per leaf : 2 . stipule width : 0 . 1 cm . stipule color : rhs n144d . color upper surface : rhs 137a . lower surface : rhs 191b . terminal leaflet .— length : 9 . 5 cm . width : 7 . 0 cm . rachis length : 1 . 6 cm . distal lateral leaflet : not present . length : n / a . width : n / a . petiolule .— length : n / a . diameter : n / a . color : n / a . basal lateral leaflet .— length : 6 . 4 cm . width : 4 . 4 cm . petiolule .— length : 0 . 1 cm . diameter : 0 . 1 cm . color : upper : rhs 143c . lower : n144c . time of flowering ( 50 % of plants at first flower ).— june 20 on primocanes , april 2 on floricanes . flower size .— length : 0 . 6 cm . diameter : 0 . 9 cm . fragrance .— none . peduncle .— length : 0 . 6 cm . diameter : 0 . 05 cm . color : rhs 138b . pubescence : present . texture : smooth . perianth .— flowering trusses shape : truncate . petals .— color ( upper and lower ): rhs 155c . number per flower : 5 . shape : oblanceolate . length : 0 . 6 cm . width : 0 . 2 cm . apex descriptor : obtuse . base descriptor : truncate . margin descriptor : smooth with some undulations . texture : smooth with visible striations . sepals .— quantity : 5 . length : 1 . 1 cm . width : base : 0 . 4 cm \| mid : 0 . 2 cm \| tip : 0 . 01 cm . color : rhs 139c . apex descriptor : acute . margin descriptor : smooth . texture : pubescent . pedicel .— color : rhs 144a . length : 2 . 8 cm . diameter : 0 . 1 cm . male .— stamen number : 98 . filament : length : 0 . 2 cm . diameter : 0 . 01 cm . color : rhs 157c . anther : length : 0 . 07 cm . diameter : 0 . 05 cm . color : rhs 162d . pollen : color : rhs 162d . amount : heavy . female .— style : length : 0 . 1 cm . diameter : 0 . 01 cm . color : rhs 157d . stigma : length : 0 . 01 cm . diameter : 0 . 01 cm . color : rhs 157d . ovary : length : 0 . 1 cm . diameter : 0 . 071 cm . color : n144d . predominant shape .— conical . weight ( g ).— 4 . 5 g . length .— 2 . 5 cm . width .— 1 . 5 cm . length / width ratio .— 1 . 7 . receptacle .— length : 1 . 8 cm . diameter : base : 0 . 6 cm \| mid : 0 . 3 cm \| tip : 0 . 05 cm . color : rhs 9d . drupelet .— length : 0 . 4 cm . diameter : 0 . 2 cm . number : 103 . weight : 0 . 2 g . fruit color .— external : rhs 46a . internal : rhs 185b . firmness of skin .— moderately firm . firmness of flesh .— moderately firm . hollow center .— present . number of fruit per node .— 2 - 4 . time of ripening ( 50 % of plants with first fruit ).— july 28 on primocanes in a first - year planting . may 25 on floricanes . time of fruiting .— late spring on floricanes , late summer and early autumn on primocanes . type of bearing .— remontant . fruit yield .— 24 , 244 lb / a / cycle . average brix .— 9 . 44 . typical market use : fresh . keeping quality : excellent . shipping quality : very good . pest and disease resistance : plants of ‘ pacific gema ’ have exhibited high field tolerance to phytophthora rubi , phragmidium rubi - idaei , and field tolerance to raspberly bushy dwarf virus ( rbdv ).	0
the present invention is related to the new safety condom , which has general application as a safety contraceptive and medical application preferably to prevent sexually transmitted diseases , as well as other specific diseases , is structurally based on the presence of two compartments , one at the front and the other at the back , both being shaped , separated and made independent of one another by a wall or septum . up to the present , conventional condoms present a plurality of defects and problems . among them are partial or total detachment when the penis becomes flaccid , after ejaculation , and as a consequence of this , the condom may even be lost on the floor , in the vagina , etc ., with the resulting spreading of the seminal fluid , causing associated risks . with the structural concept of the new safety condom which is the object of the present invention , all of the defects and problems of the conventional condom are overcome , its primary and most noteworthy characteristic being its total margin of safety . the new safety condom , object of the present invention , is structurally determined by the presence of two compartments in one body of the configuration of the condom , made of elastic material , preferably latex , variable in all its components , the front and back compartments of which are separated and made independent by a wall or septum . this wall or septum is located in the body of the condom , and presents a centrally located opening ring . the diameter of the opening of this ring must necessarily be smaller than the diameter of the opening of the body of the condom . the smaller diameter circular ring , located in centre of the wall or septum , is situated concentrically in relation to the circle that makes up the outer contour of the body of the condom . in its opening circle or contour , this ring may present another ring or lining which is variable along all its circular edge with the objective of achieving a comfortable , secure and tight fit onto the sulcus , behind the corona of the glass penis . this ring surrounds the glans penis , which blocks the flow of seminal fluid from the front to the back compartment end simultaneously prevents this condom from coming off from either an erect or a flaccid penis . in turn , the wall or septum may present an inclination corresponding to the anatomic obliquity of the sulcus and the corona of the glans penis , so as to achieve an ideal fit without causing discomfort , irritation nor inconvenience , and to offer a safe and comfortable condom . another structural possibility for the wall a septum may be the perpendicular presentation of the plane that contains the septum with respect to the central lengthwise axis of the body of the condom , achieving the anatomic obliquity once the condom is applied for use , given the elasticity of its components , that is , the angle that would be formed between the septum and this axis would vary between 0 and 45 °. in order to facilitate a better understanding of this description and as an integrated part of the same , a series of figures are attached which , as a non - limitative illustration , represent the following . fig1 shows a perspective view of the condom in rolled - up condition . fig2 shows a perspective view of the unrolled condom , in which the wall or septum remains located internally at an angle ( α ) equal to 0 . fig3 shows a the view of the condom , object of the present invention , in developed condition , with a value of ( α ) other than 0 °. fig4 shows a perspective view of the condom placed on the penis , with the wall or septum inclined , where the ring can be seen with projected inclination . fig5 shows a perspective view of the condom in the wall of septum is located externally . fig6 shows a perspective view of the condom fitted on the penis where the anatomical obliquity of the corona and the sulcus is represented . fig7 shows a perspective view of the condom as a practical example just as it would sit once fitted into position . as can be seen in fig7 a non - limiting extensive example of practical development of the present invention is described . basically , the new safety condom , object of the present invention , is structurally characterised by the presence of two compartments , a front compartment and a back one . they are both shaped , separate and made independent of one another by a wall or septum . this wall or septum , located inside the body of the condom , although not obligatorily , presents a centrally situated opening ring . the diameter of the opening of this ring must necessarily be smaller than the diameter of the opening of the body of the condom . the circular ring with the smaller diameter , located centrally within the wall or septum , is situated concentrically in relation to the circle that makes up the outer contour of the body of the condom . in its opening circle or contour this ring may present a thickening ring that is variable around the whole of its circular edge , with the objective of achieving a tight , comfortable and safe fit onto the sulcus , behind the corona of the glans penis . the wall or septum presents in its structure a perpendicularity with an angle of approximately 90 ° with respect to the lengthwise central axis of the body of the condom , achieving anatomical obliquity once the condom is applied for use , given the elasticity of its components , the angle being or structurally from 0 ° to 21 . 5 / 23 . 5 ° once applied for use . likewise the wall or septum may be shaped , with a ring only located centrally , remaining located within the body of the preservative without solution of continuity , making up the two chambers or compartments , front and back . however , not obligatorily , the shaping , separation and independence of the two chambers are a result of the internal location of the wall or septum within the body of the condom . if the back chamber should be rooted in the very shaping of the opening ring , the object of the present invention would not vary structurally , being characterised by the presence of the two compartments , front and back , although in this case the wall or septum would remain in an external position , periferically making up the back wall of the front chamber surrounding the corona of the glans penis and achieving , through the elasticity of the opening ring , an adequate fit to the anatomical obliquity of the sulcus . in fig2 the central ring ( 3 ) of the wall or septum ( 4 ) must obviously have a smaller diameter than that of the outer contour of the body ( 1 ). the difference between the two determines the dimensions of the septum ( 4 ). likewise , the wall or septum ( 4 ), including its centrally based opening ring ( 5 ), is to be situated inside a body of the condom without solution of continuity , making up the two chambers or compartments , front ( 2 ) and back ( 3 ). although not necessarily , the shaping , separation and independence of the chambers result from the internal location of the wall or septum ( 4 ) within the body of the condom ( 1 ). if the back chamber ( 3 ) should be rooted in the circle that makes up the opening ring ( 5 ), there is no structural variation in the object of the invention , in which the presence of the two bodies , front ( 2 ) and back ( 3 ) is limited or separated by the presence of a wall or septum ( 4 ), which is located externally ( fig5 ), peripherally making up the back wall of the front chamber ( 2 ), surrounding the corona of the glans penis ( 6 ) and achieving , through the elasticity of the opening ring ( 5 ), an adequate fit to the anatomic obliquity of the sulcus ( 8 ) ( see fig6 ). in fig1 the new safety condom can be seen , as presented for use , folded and rolled into the back chamber ( 3 ). its application is simple ; when the wall or septum presents an inclination corresponding to the anatomic obliquity of the sulcus and the corona of the glans penis ( fig3 and 4 ), to carry it out , the body of the condom is unrolled ( 1 ) over the penis so that the ring ( 5 ) of the septum ( 4 ) is fixed onto the sulcus , behind the corona of the glans penis , converting the front chamber ( 2 ) into a closed , shut off chamber so that the seminal , fluid inside this cavity ( 2 ), upon ejaculation , will not have any back exit . it remains sealed in this front chamber . the partial or total removal of this new security condom does not occur either even after the penis becomes flaccid , thus avoiding the consequence of spilling seminal fluid or even the loss of the condom ( 1 ). all of these characteristics are due to : the anatomical fixation of the ring the of the septum ( 4 ) to the sulcus . the blocking action of the corona of the glans penis , which prevents the ring ( 5 ) from coming off . the extraction of the condom ( 1 ), even once the penis has become flaccid , is to be carried out activity and voluntarily by loosening the condom ( 1 ) crossways since , except in case of intended and voluntary action , it is practically impossible that it should be removed accidentally or fortuitously . in order to apply the condom ( 1 ), whose wall is situated with an angle ( α ), value 0 °, that is , perpendicular to the lengthwise axis of the body of the condom ( 1 ), the action is the same except that the inclination of this wall or septum ( 4 ) is itself created by the action of fitting the condom onto the penis , over the sulcus , since the elasticity of the material the wall ( 4 ) is made up of fits onto the sulcus . in fig7 a form of the safety condom is represented in which the shape that it takes once in position is configured , where the external ring ( a ) is located at the opening of the condom , its thickness being approximately 1 . 5 mm . the interior diameter ( b ) of the back chamber is 35 mm . within the wall or septum that divides the front and back chambers , the interior diameter ( c ) is 27 mm ., the exterior diameter is 32 mm ., and the ring is 2 . 5 mm thick . this reduces the exterior diameter of the condom by 3 mm . for all of the above reasons , the new safety condom is a new invention which implies inventive activity and can be applied , with its particular and advantageous characteristics , to the known solutions ; it is also subject to fabrication . it also constitutes an advantageous contribution , both generally as a safety and medically preferable for the prevention of diseases , as wall as related to sexual transmition — s . t . d . and aids . once the nature of the present invention , new safety condom , has been sufficiently described , it may be subject to modifications both in its makeup and in the materials , colours , dimensions , proportions , etc . used in the whole or part of its components , and in general , any other accessory or secondary details . therefore , other forms of realisation where secondary changes have been introduced that do not detract from its basic characteristics are not in any way ruled out . on the contrary , the present invention also includes all of its variations , as long as they do not substantially affect the characteristics claimed hereforth .	8
without being bound by theory , fig2 shows the general configuration of data for hybrid exposure . exposure data d 1 is divided into data for eb exposure d 2 and data for reticle exposure d 3 . the data for reticle exposure 33 is data to expose the center portion of the exposure data d 1 , and the data for eb exposure d 2 is data to expose the periphery of the exposure data d 1 . when eb exposure is performed by the data for eb exposure d 2 , and reticle exposure is performed by the data for reticle exposure d 3 , an exposure pattern p is exposed . specifically , by reticle exposure using the data for reticle exposure d 3 , the center portion of the exposure pattern p is exposed at a low accuracy ; and by eb exposure using the data for eb exposure d 2 , the peripheral portion of the exposure pattern p is exposed at a high accuracy . without being bound by theory , fig2 a to 21d show defects produced by low - accuracy reticle exposure using a krf light source ( krf exposure ). when data for reticle exposure d 6 is prepared inside exposure data d 5 , whether or not the data d 6 satisfies the design rule of the pattern for krf exposure is judged . then , as shown in fig2 a , when the violating portion v 1 wherein the pattern width does not satisfy the reference value is produced in the data d 6 , as shown in fig2 b , the violating portion v 1 is removed , and the data d 6 is divided into data for reticle exposure d 7 and d 8 . then , a fine step wherein pattern distance does not satisfy the reference value is produced as a violation site v 2 between data d 7 and d 8 . consequently , as shown in fig2 c , if treatment to enlarge the distance of the violation site v 2 is performed to prepare data d 9 and d 10 , a fine step that does not satisfy the reference value is produced as a violation site v 3 in the data d 9 and d 10 . in order to remove the violation site v 2 between data d 7 and d 8 , if data d 11 and d 12 are prepared so as to separate the data d 7 and d 8 in the height direction , as shown in fig2 d , a fine step that does not satisfy the reference value is produced as a violation site v 4 in the data d 12 . since the violation site detecting treatment and the data correcting treatment as described above are performed by image processing wherein the coordinate of each image data is compared with the reference value and the coordinate of the violation site is changed to satisfy the reference value , additional time is required for the correcting treatment . then , any new violation site produced by the correcting treatment requires further time for treatment . hereafter , an embodiment in accordance with aspects of the present invention will be described referring to the drawings . fig1 is a flow chart showing procedures for preparing data for hybrid exposure according to aspects of the present embodiment . in step 1 , the size and the disposing distance of a plurality of square rectangular patterns a are obtained from the reticle preparing standards . in the pattern data for reticle preparation , the minimum pattern width w , the minimum pattern distance d , and the minimum pattern step g shown in fig2 are set up as the preparation rule . as shown in fig3 , the rectangular size s of the rectangular patterns a are made to be : minimum pattern step g = rectangular size s + disposing distance da minimum pattern width w = rectangular size s × n + disposing distance da ×( n − 1 ) where n is the number of rectangular patterns a obtained from minimum pattern width w ÷ minimum pattern step g , and when there is a remainder , n + 1 is used . the minimum pattern distance d is set up as a value obtained by adding a reticle preparation margin m 1 to the minimum distance wx specified by the design rule of the exposure pattern as shown in fig4 , and can be optionally changed by adjusting the reticle preparation margin m 1 . the reticle preparation margin m 1 is generally required for hybrid exposure , when reticle exposure and eb exposure are performed ; the margin is set up so as to maintain the pattern of exposure within the margin even if displacement occurs in reticle exposure . in fig4 , ar 1 represents the eb exposure region , and ar 2 inside ar 1 represents the reticle exposure region . an overlapping margin m 2 where the eb exposure region ar 1 overlaps the reticle exposure region ar 2 is set up . aspects of this embodiment will be described on the basis of these specific preparation rules . as shown in fig8 , when the minimum pattern width w is set up to be 300 nm and the minimum pattern step g is set up to be 90 nm , the rectangular size is 30 nm , the disposing distance da is 60 nm , and the disposing number n is 4 from the above equations . next , in step 2 , as shown in fig5 , exposure pattern data rd for performing hybrid exposure is retrieved as an input pattern , and the exposure pattern data rd is contracted by the reticle preparing margin m 1 to prepare an object pattern pa . the object pattern pa is the region subjected to reticle exposure . next , in step 3 , as shown in fig6 , the object pattern pa is lined with the rectangular patterns a calculated in step 1 . next , in step 4 , the centers of regions lined with n × n rectangular patterns a ( illustrated as regions having 4 × 4 rectangular patterns ) obtained . each of these regions may be partially overlapped . then in fig6 , centers c 1 to c 7 are obtained . next , in step 5 , the n × n regions corresponding to each of centers c 1 to c 7 are set up as rectangular patterns b 1 to b 7 . then , in step 6 , the presence of any violation to the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d is detected on the basis of the x - y coordinate of each of centers c 1 to c 7 . here , the principle of detecting the presence of a violation to the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d , and the principle of the correcting treatment will be described referring to fig7 . as shown 4 n fig7 a , the width of the rectangular pattern b is the minimum pattern width w , and the sum of the rectangular size s and the disposing distance da , ( soda ), is the minimum pattern step g . here , the rectangular pattern b is described in the case of n = 3 . as shown in fig7 b and 7c , when the x - y coordinate of the rectangular pattern ba is x 1 , y 1 , and the x - y coordinate of the rectangular pattern bb is x 2 , y 2 , the minimum pattern width w between the rectangular patterns ba and bb is violated under the following conditions . specifically , as shown in fig7 b , when the value of \| x 1 − 2 \| is the minimum pattern width w or less , and the value of y 1 − y 2 \| is the minimum pattern width w or less , the minimum pattern width w between rectangular patterns ba and bb has been violated . in this case , if either one of \| x 1 − x 2 \| or \| y 1 − y 2 \| is 0 , the reticle exposure pattern is not violated . as shown in fig7 c , when \| x 1 − x 2 \|− w is less than the minimum pattern distance d , and \| y 1 − y 2 \|− w is less than the minimum pattern distance d , the minimum pattern distance d between the rectangular patterns ba and bb are violated . in this case , the coordinate distance is made to be the minimum pattern width w or more . when the centers ca and cb of rectangular patterns ba and bb are located in the diagonal direction to x - axis and y - axis , since the distance between the centers ca and cb is larger than the distances in the x - axis direction and y - axis direction , any violations are judged with consideration for the increase in the distance . when the sum of the rectangular size s and the disposing distance da is r , and n −\| x 2 − x 1 \|÷ r is calculated , the number of rectangular patterns a in the x direction in the region of the rectangular patterns b that is in violation to the minimum pattern width w can be obtained . similarly , when the sum of the rectangular size s and the disposing distance da is r , and n −\| y 2 − y 1 \|÷ r is calculated , the number of rectangular patterns a in the y direction in the region of the rectangular patterns b that are in violation to the minimum pattern width w can be obtained . also when (\| x 2 − x 1 \|− w )÷ r is calculated , the number of rectangular patterns a that violate the minimum pattern distance d in the region of the rectangular patterns b in the x direction can be obtained . similarly , when (\| y 2 − y 1 \|− w )÷ r is calculated , the number of rectangular patterns a that violate the minimum pattern distance d in the region of the rectangular patterns b in the y direction can be obtained . when the direction between two center points ca and cb is considered , the violation of rectangular patterns a in rectangular patterns b can be specified . on the basis of the violation detection principle for the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d , the treatment of step 6 is performed . specifically , in fig9 , rectangular patterns al overlapping in rectangular patterns b 4 and b 6 are detected to be subjected to the minimum pattern width w . in the object pattern pa shown in fig9 , violation to the minimum pattern distance d is assumed not to occur . next , in step 7 , the presence of a violation is judged . if a violation is present , the rectangular patterns a related to the violation site are deleted . therefore , in fig9 , since rectangular pattern a 1 violates the rule , rectangular pattern a 1 is deleted . next , the treatments of steps 4 and 5 are performed again . then , as shown in fig1 and 11 , centers c 4 and c 5 are deleted from the state shown in fig6 , and rectangular patterns b 4 and b 5 are deleted . next , the treatment of step 6 is performed again . since no violation sites are found in fig1 , steps 7 to are conducted . in step 9 , the rectangular patterns b 1 , b 2 , and b 3 shown in fig1 are combined to form a reticle exposure pattern rp 1 shown in fig1 . a reticle exposure pattern rp 2 is formed from the rectangular pattern b 6 , and a reticle exposure pattern rp 3 is formed from the rectangular pattern b 7 . then , each of the reticle exposure patterns rp 1 to rp 3 is contracted by the overlapping margin m 2 with eb exposure to form patterns pe 1 to pe 3 for preparing eb exposure data . next , in step 10 , as shown in fig1 , the pattern wherein the patterns pe 1 to pe 3 for preparing eb exposure data are removed from the exposure pattern data rd ls formed as eb exposure pattern ebp . then , as shown in fig1 , from the exposure pattern data rd for hybrid exposure retrieved in step 2 , reticle exposure patterns rp 1 to rp 3 and the eb exposure pattern ebp are formed . next , in step 11 , the correcting treatment of overlapping margins m 2 in the corner portions of reticle exposure patterns rp 1 to rp 3 are performed . for example , if hybrid exposure is performed using the reticle exposure pattern rp 4 and the bb exposure pattern ebp 1 as shown in fig1 a , the accuracy of reticle exposure is poor . therefore , actually exposed pattern rp 4 a is rounded at the corner portion x in the convex direction of the reticle exposure pattern rp 4 as shown in fig1 b . as a result , overlapping margins m 2 may be insufficient as shown in fig1 c . therefore , as shown in fig1 a , rectangular portions y having a height of α are formed on the corner portions in the concave direction of the eb exposure pattern ebp 1 , specifically , the corner portions facing the corner portion x of the reticle exposure pattern rp 4 . the value of α is optionally determined so as to compensate the insufficiency of the overlapping margins m 2 . by performing hybrid exposure using such a reticle exposure pattern ebp 2 , the overlapping margins m 2 on the corner portions x of the reticle exposure pattern fp 4 can be secured . thus , the corner portions of the pattern can be accurately exposed . fig1 and 18 show other examples of methods for laying the rectangular patterns a . if the largest possible number of rectangular patterns a are laid on an object pattern pa , the region that can be exposed by reticle exposure may be expanded . if the reticle exposure region is expanded , the throughput of hybrid exposure can be improved . specifically , compared with the case wherein rectangular patterns a are laid so as not to contact the contour lines of the object pattern pa as shown in fig1 , if rectangular patterns a are laid so as to contact the inside of the contour lines of the object pattern pa as shown in fig1 , the number of rectangular patterns a that can be laid on the object pattern pa can be increased . therefore , by laying a larger number of rectangular patterns a in the object pattern pa , the number of rectangular patterns b in the object pattern pa can be increased , and in turn , by increasing the number of rectangular patterns b the reticle exposure region can be enlarged . fig1 shows the case where object pattern pa are laid out by the contour line diagonal to the x - axis and the y - axis . as shown in fig1 a , when rectangular patterns a are laid on an object pattern pa in the diagonal direction , and the treatment as described above to form a reticle exposure pattern is performed , as shown in fig1 b , the contour line of the formed reticle exposure pattern rp 5 becomes stair - like steps ga . then , the length of a side of the steps ga is the sum of the size of the rectangular patterns a and the disposing distance da . the steps ga may become a simulated error in the reticle test . in such a case , as shown in fig1 c , steps ga are extracted , and as shown in fig1 d , rectangular patterns ax a side of which equals a step ga are inserted in each step ga . then , as shown in fig1 e , the diagonal of the rectangular patterns ax that overlaps the contour line of the object pattern pa is made to be the contour line of the reticle exposure pattern , and combined with the reticle exposure pattern rp 5 to form the reticle exposure pattern rp 6 . by providing such treatments , simulated errors in the reticle test can be prevented , and the reticle exposure region can be widened . according to aspects of the method for preparing data for exposure as described above , the following effects can be obtained . ( 1 ) the object pattern pa can be lined with rectangular patterns a formed by the reticle preparation rule ; rectangular patterns b can be formed from the rectangular patterns a ; the pattern width and the pattern distance of the reticle exposure pattern can be verified from the center location of the rectangular patterns b ; and violation sites can be corrected . therefore , since the verification of the pattern width and the pattern distance using the coordinate of the object pattern pa is not required , the verifying process can be easily conducted . ( 2 ) the size s and the disposing distance da of the rectangular patterns a can be easily calculated from the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern step g in the reticle preparation rule . ( 3 ) the number n of the rectangular patterns a disposed on the sides of the rectangular patterns b can be easily calculated from the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern step g in the reticle preparation rule . ( 4 ) the sites that violate the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d can be easily detected on the basis of the center location of the rectangular patterns b . ( 5 ) by deleting rectangular patterns a in the sites that violate the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d to reform the rectangular patterns b , and detecting whether the sites that violate the minimum pattern width w and the minimum pattern distance d are present or not , on the basis of the distance between the center locations of the reformed rectangular patterns b , the correcting treatment of the violation sites can be easily performed . ( 6 ) whether a violation of the minimum pattern width w is present or not can be detected by calculating whether or not the value \| x 1 − x 2 \| is the minimum pattern width w or less ; and whether or not the value \| y 1 − y 2 \| is the minimum pattern width w or less ; on the basis of the x - y coordinate of the center of the rectangular patterns b . ( 7 ) whether a violation of the minimum pattern distance d is present or not can be detected by calculating whether or not the value \| x 1 − x 2 \|− w is the minimum pattern distance d or less ; and whether or not the value \| y 1 − y 2 \|− w is the minimum pattern distance d or less ; on the basis of the x - y coordinate of the center of the rectangular patterns b . ( 8 ) when a hypotenuse is present in the object pattern pa , rectangular patterns ax can be inserted in the stair - like step ga formed as the reticle exposure patterns , and the diagonals of the rectangular patterns ax can be used as the reticle exposure patterns . therefore , simulated error in the reticle test can be prevented , and the reticle exposure region can be widened . the above - described embodiment in accordance with aspects of the present invention can also be executed in the aspect described below . rectangular locations can be set up by grids ( points ) in place of the rectangular patterns a . in this case , the distance between grids can be set up to be the minimum step g in the reticle preparation rule . in the process shown in fig1 , although rectangular portions y having a height of a are formed on the corner portions in the concave direction of the eb exposure pattern ebp 1 , stair - shape other than rectangular , or triangular patterns can also be formed . although the embodiment is described as a method for preparing reticle exposure pattern data , the method can be conducted as a method for preparing pattern data of the mask used in the exposure process , and the mask pattern can be formed on the mask substrate . all examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art , and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions , nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority and inferiority of the invention . although the embodiment ( s ) of the present invention ( s ) has ( have ) been described in detail , it should be understood that the various changes , substitutions , and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention .	6
described herein are various embodiments of the device , system and method that is the hybrid hosting technology . fig1 illustrates a hybrid hosted system 1 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention . in one exemplary embodiment , the hybrid hosted system 1 may include a cloud enabling technology device 2 (“ cetd 2 ”), a hosted service provider 3 , an optional digital - to - sip gateway 4 , a carrier data network 5 , optional existing extensions 6 , optional telephone handsets 7 , and network 8 . the gateway 4 is not limited to using sip ( session initiation protocol ), and one of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that there are other protocols for controlling multimedia communication sessions that would work in the hybrid hosted system 1 . the networks 8 may be , for example , a local - area network ( lan ), such as a company intranet , a metropolitan area network ( man ), or a wide area network ( wan ), such as the internet . the various computers and nodes illustrated in fig1 may be connected to each other through a variety of connections including , but not limited to , standard telephone lines , lan or wan links ( e . g ., t1 , t3 , 56 kb , x . 25 ), broadband connections ( e . g ., isdn , frame relay , atm ), or wireless connections . the connections , moreover , may be established using a variety of communication protocols ( e . g ., http , tcp / ip , ipx , spx , netbios , netbeui , smb , ethernet , arcnet , fiber distributed data interface ( fddi ), rs232 , ieee 802 . 11 , ieee 802 . 11a , ieee 802 . 11b , ieee 802 . 11g , and direct asynchronous connections ). each of the host cetd 2 and hosted services provider 3 may be any type of computer , windows - based terminal , network computer , wireless device , information appliance , risc power pc , x - device , workstation , mini computer , main frame computer , personal digital assistant , set top box , handheld device , or other computing device that is capable of both presenting information / data and receiving commands . in another embodiment , the cetd 2 is implemented in software executing within a virtual machine environment ( e . g ., a virtual server ) running in a hypervisor on top of one of the computers described above . in addition , either or both of the cetd 2 and hosted services provider 3 may include a visual display device ( e . g ., a computer monitor ), a data entry device ( e . g ., a keyboard ), persistent and / or volatile storage ( e . g ., computer memory ), a processor , and a mouse . where the cetd 2 and hosted services provider 3 are computers , they may include a processing unit , main memory , display memory , one or more input / output devices , and a system bus for allowing the various components of the computer to communicate . in one embodiment , an on - premise computer system may interface via the cetd 2 with the local telephone network ( either private or public telephone network , either digital or voip ). the cetd 2 facilitates keeping voice data local to the customer &# 39 ; s premise . separately , a hosted service running on a computer system , such as the hosted service provider 3 , provides command - and - control functionality such that the hosted service provider 3 stores the current and past configurations of the cetd 2 as well as metadata describing the operation of the cetd 2 . for example , the metadata may describe ( including identifying information ) voice data and other data received at the cetd 2 and the routing , queuing , distribution decision making by the cetd 2 . in one exemplary embodiment , the hosted service provider 3 indexes and stores the metadata according to the specific configuration of the cetd 2 at the time the metadata was generated . the cetd 2 receives instructions from the hosted service provider related to routing , recording , and how to otherwise interact with or react to local telephone calls . in one embodiment the hybrid hosted system 1 operates as described in appendix a . in one embodiment , the carrier data network 5 is a private branch exchange (“ pbx ”), and the hybrid hosted system 1 operates as described in appendix b . in another embodiment , the carrier data network 5 is a gateway ( e . g ., a h . 323 gate way ) for a voip network . as an alternative or in addition to the networks that facilitate the forms of synchronous communication described above , the carrier data network 5 may be a data network facilitating asynchronous forms of data communication , such as e - mail , voice mail , video mail , fax - mail . in another embodiment , the carrier data network 5 may be a data network facilitating communication of video data , for example , according to an isochronous data transfer protocol . fig2 illustrates a cloud enabling technology device 100 (“ cetd 100 ”) according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention . the cetd 100 may include a carrier data network interface 101 , hosted service network interface 102 , memory storage 103 , provisioning unit 104 , central processing unit 105 , and an on premise network interface 106 . the cetd 100 may be installed on premises and executes a provisioning and configuration application , for example , callfinity &# 39 ; s hybrid stub operating system (“ os ”). this stub os communicates with local telecommunications resources , such as t1 lines from an existing phone company , or optionally an on - premise infrastructure provider &# 39 ; s pbx . when the os boots , it may query callfinity &# 39 ; s cloud infrastructure for instructions ( i . e ., the hosted service provider 3 in fig1 ), and dynamically provisions itself based upon the configuration that customers implement in the hosted service provider 3 . calls are routed locally to the customer &# 39 ; s premise so that the hosted service provider 3 does not have to provide telecom service , minutes , voip , or any other such commodity . rather , the cetd 100 keeps phone calls on - premise , while all the command - and - control may be managed by the hosted service provider 3 . in one embodiment the cetd 100 operates as described in appendix a . fig3 illustrates an operation of the cetd 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention . in step s 1 , the cetd 100 receives provisioning and management instructions at a network interface . in step s 2 , the cetd 100 receives voice call data over at a carrier network interface . in step s 3 , the cetd 100 transmits the received voice call data over a local data network based on the received provisioning and management instructions . embodiments of the invention increase accessibility to command and control functionality , and minimize administrative workload to configure telecommunications applications . moreover , the hybrid system is more robust in its ability to accommodate failures at the hosted service provider 3 , because , should the hosted service provider 3 fail , the cetd 2 continues to operate according to the last provided configuration . thus , voice call data continues to be queued and routed to customers &# 39 ; local network while the hosted service provider 3 is down . embodiments of the invention also provide greater accessibility to telecommunications applications by consolidating access to a centralized hosted service from one or more on - site devices . embodiments of the invention also provide simplified administration of on - site devices by allowing configuration of all devices from a single centralized hosted service . other benefits or advantages of the present invention may exist . it should also be noted that embodiments of the present invention may be provided as one or more computer - readable programs embodied on or in one or more articles of manufacture . the article of manufacture may be any suitable hardware apparatus , such as , for example , a floppy disk , a hard disk , a cd rom , a cd - rw , a cd - r , a dvd rom , a dvd - rw , a dvd - r , a flash memory card , a prom , a ram , a rom , or a magnetic tape . in general , the computer - readable programs may be implemented in any programming language . some examples of languages that may be used include erlang , c , c ++, or java . the software programs may be further translated into machine language or virtual machine instructions and stored in a program file in that form . the program file may then be stored on or in one or more of the articles of manufacture . certain embodiments of the present invention were described above . it is , however , expressly noted that the present invention is not limited to those embodiments , but rather the intention is that additions and modifications to what was expressly described herein are also included within the scope of the invention . moreover , it is to be understood that the features of the various embodiments described herein were not mutually exclusive and can exist in various combinations and permutations , even if such combinations or permutations were not made express herein , without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . in fact , variations , modifications , and other implementations of what was described herein will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention . as such , the invention is not to be defined only by the preceding illustrative description .	7
reference will now be made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the invention , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings . throughout the following detailed description , the same reference numerals refer to the same elements in all figures . in the following description , many different digital music players are currently on the market . these devices generally have persistent storage for storing audio content ( music ) such as a micro - hard disk or flash memory . under user control , the audio files are retrieved , uncompressed and converted to analog audio . the analog audio signal is often emitted in a 3 . 5 mm stereo headphone jack for the user to connect headphones or other reproduction devices . referring to fig1 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention is described . the digital music player cradle 10 accommodates a variety of digital music players of various widths and thicknesses , thereby eliminating the need for multiple cradles or adapter inserts as provided in the past . the digital music player cradle 10 has a base 12 , a cavity for containing an end of the digital music player ( not shown ) and a support wall 14 for supporting the digital music player on a slight slant towards the rear . in some embodiments , a pair of front clip indentations 16 is provided to hold a clip - on micro - sized music player ( not shown ). referring to fig2 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention from the back is described . again , the digital music player cradle 10 accommodates a variety of digital music players of various widths and thicknesses . the digital music player cradle 10 has a base 12 , a cavity for containing an end of the digital music player ( not shown ) and a support wall 14 for supporting the digital music player on a slight slant towards the rear . in some embodiments , a pair of front clip indentations 16 is provided to hold a clip - on micro - sized music player ( not shown ). also , in some embodiments , a pair of rear clip indentations 17 is provided to hold a clip - on micro - sized music player ( not shown ). a cable trough 20 is provided to route a data cable from the digital music player ( not shown ). often , the digital music player ( not shown ) has a connector for connecting to a computer for transferring content through the data cable . as an example , many current digital music players have a connector for connecting to a universal serial bus ( usb ) cable . referring to fig3 , an exploded view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention from the bottom is described . in some embodiments , the base of the digital music player cradle 10 has a removable bottom 13 . in some embodiments , balancing weights are disposed inside of the base 12 and sealed with the bottom 13 by various methods known in the art including , but not limited to , ultrasonic welding , adhesives , pressure fits , etc . referring to fig4 , a cross - sectional view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention along line 4 - 4 of fig1 is described . the base 12 digital music player cradle is shown with the bottom 13 installed . in this embodiment , the cavity 18 is shaped to hold the ends of three different digital music players . an end of a larger - sized digital music player such as an apple corporation 80 gb ipod ® or a microsoft corporation zume ™ fits within the outer cavity formed by a ledge 28 . an end of a medium - sized digital music player such as an apple corporation 30 gb ipod ® fits within the middle cavity formed by a ledge 26 . an end of a smaller - sized digital music player such as an apple corporation nano ® fits within the inner cavity formed by a ledge 24 . although shown having three ledges 24 / 26 / 28 , the present invention is not limited in the number of sizes of digital music players supported . any number of digital music players from two digital music players is supportable by the present invention . also , although shown fitting with apple corporation products , the digital music player cradle 10 of the present invention is adaptable to any size and shape of digital music player . referring to fig5 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention holding a large - sized digital music player 50 is described . in this view , a large - sized digital music player 50 such as the apple corporation 80 gb ipod ® or a microsoft corporation zume ™ is shown resting within the outer cavity formed by the ledge 28 and resting on the support wall 14 . in such a position , the large - sized digital music player 50 is raised off the table surface , helping to prevent scratches and other damage . many large - sized digital music players 50 have controls 54 for selecting songs , etc . and a display for informing the user of various modes of operation 52 . also , many large - sized digital music players 50 have a connector into which a stereo headphone jack 34 with cable 32 is inserted . the data cable 30 is connected to the large - sized digital music player 50 by a connector similar to the connector 31 as shown in fig7 ( not visible in this figure ) and the data cable 30 is routed through the trough 20 . the present invention functions with or without a data cable 30 and connector 31 attached . likewise , the present invention functions with or without an audio cable 32 attached . referring to fig6 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention holding a medium - sized digital music player is described . in this view , a medium - sized digital music player 56 such as the apple corporation 30 gb ipod ® is shown resting within the middle cavity formed by the ledge 26 and resting on the support wall 14 . in such a position , the medium - sized digital music player 56 is raised off the table surface , helping to prevent scratches and other damage . many medium - sized digital music players 56 have controls 54 for selecting songs , etc . and a display for informing the user of various modes of operation 52 . also , many medium - sized digital music players 56 have a connector into which a stereo headphone jack 34 with cable 32 is inserted . the data cable 30 is connected to the medium - sized digital music player 56 by a connector similar to the connector 31 as shown in fig7 ( not visible in this figure ) and the data cable 30 is routed through the trough 20 . referring to fig7 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention holding a small - sized digital music player is described . in this view , a smaller - sized digital music player 58 such as the apple corporation nano ® is shown resting within the inner cavity formed by the ledge 24 and resting on the support wall 14 . in such a position , the smaller - sized digital music player 58 is raised off the table surface , helping to prevent scratches and other damage . many smaller - sized digital music players 58 have controls 54 for selecting songs , etc . and a display for informing the user of various modes of operation 52 . also , many smaller - sized digital music players 58 have a connector into which a stereo headphone jack 34 with cable 32 is inserted . the data cable 30 is connected to the smaller - sized digital music player 58 by a connector similar to the connector 31 as shown in fig7 ( not visible in this figure ) and the data cable 30 is routed through the trough 20 . the present invention functions with or without a data cable 30 and connector 31 attached . likewise , the present invention functions with or without an audio cable 32 attached . for some digital music players such as the smaller - sized digital music player 58 , the orientation of the data connector 31 makes it difficult to rest properly in an upright position within the digital music player cradle 10 . in such cases , the smaller - sized digital music player 58 rests in an upside - down configuration as shown in fig7 , still providing the benefit of keeping the smaller - sized digital music player off of the table surface and thereby protecting it . referring to fig8 , an isometric view of a digital music player cradle of the present invention holding a micro - sized digital music player is described . some micro - sized digital music players 60 are very small and are designed to clip onto a user &# 39 ; s clothing . often , these micro - sized digital music players 60 such as the apple corporation mini , have no display and only a control 64 for initiating the playing of audio , etc . to support micro - sized digital music players 60 , a pair of front clip indentations 16 and a pair of rear clip indentations 17 are provided . using these clip indentations 16 / 17 , a clip of the micro - sized digital music player 60 clips onto the support wall and the edges of each side of the micro - sized digital music player &# 39 ; s 60 clip is held within the clip indentations 16 / 17 . without the clip indentations , the micro - sized digital music player &# 39 ; s 60 clip would not stay in place , especially if the digital music player cradle 10 is made from a slippery , plastic material . as stated previously , the present invention functions with one set of clip indentations 16 / 17 , two sets of clip indentations 16 / 17 and without any clip indentations 16 / 17 , depending upon the types and styles of digital music players supported . equivalent elements can be substituted for the ones set forth above such that they perform in substantially the same manner in substantially the same way for achieving substantially the same result . it is believed that the system and method of the present invention and many of its attendant advantages will be understood by the foregoing description . it is also believed that it will be apparent that various changes may be made in the form , construction and arrangement of the components thereof without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention or without sacrificing all of its material advantages . the form herein before described being merely exemplary and explanatory embodiment thereof . it is the intention of the following claims to encompass and include such changes .	7
making reference to the figures , a specific embodiment of the present invention will now be described in detail . fig1 illustrates a newspaper vending machine . basically , instant machine is comprised of cabinet generally indicated as 10 , purchaser access door 12 , card holder 30 , coin mechanism enclosure 35 , and display area 37 . said purchaser access door , being biased in a closed position is pivotally mounted by spring hinge 32 and provided with handle 31 . said card holder is pivotally suspended from hinge 33 . product storage access door 11 , to which hinges 32 and 33 are affixed is in turn pivotally mounted to cabinet base 38 by means of hinge 34 . said door 11 , to which enclosure 35 is affixed , in conjunction with base 38 , comprises the front of the machine . fig7 best illustrates this door assembly . in reference to fig2 shield 24 is pivotally secured to linkage 39 which in turn is pivotally secured to display chamber 21 which , in turn , is normally engaged with purchaser access door 12 by means of hinge 40 and catch 41 . door 12 is provided with pin 42 and support 43 , each in turn rigidly affixed to said door . separation assembly 16 , comprised of wedge 44 , scoop 45 and side frames 46 is pivotally secured to shield 24 by pins 47 and secured in place by locking device 78 represented in this view by rod 49 . drawer slides 50 , pivotally secured to product access door frame 51 , are operatively associated with said separation assembly and shield 24 with gauging slides 52 resting on topmost newspaper , thus positioning point 45 &# 39 ; of scoop generally on a plane established by the bottom of topmost newspaper np and the newspaper adjacent thereto , said newspapers being supported by spring biased elevator platform 53 in a manner more fully described later in the specifications . upon the insertion of proper coinage , latch 22 will , in a manner familiar to those skilled in the art , be released . as purchaser exerts outward force on handle 31 , door 12 will pivot about hinge 32 , shield 24 and separation assembly 16 will move outward causing point 45 to be inserted between the topmost newspaper and the newspaper adjacent thereto . hopper numbers 54 and 87 are provided to restrain said newspapers . concave surface of scoop 45 is provided with a low friction finish so that topmost newspaper np will curl up around the central portion of shield 24 and its rigidly affixed gauging slides 52 . as force continues to be exerted outward , newspaper , in a sense , changes its direction thus tending to present its folded edge to the purchaser through the now opening purchaser access door 12 . as purchaser continues to exert force on said door , newspaper np continues to be curled outward as if it were , in a manner of speaking , being handed to the purchaser . when purchaser has removed newspaper and released spring biased door 12 , separation assembly 16 is returned to its position of rest as shown in fig2 . upon approaching its position of rest , elevator platform 53 raises the new topmost paper to vend position in a manner that will now be described . in reference to fig3 and 5 ; with product area access door 11 closed , elevator springs 26 exert sufficient force through cross member 55 and roller chains 56 in conjunction with idlers 65 and anchor 11 &# 39 ; to insure the empty platform 53 will rise above level of the scoop point 45 &# 39 ; or when newspapers are placed thereon that the topmost one will be in a position of contact with gauging slides 52 . when access door 11 is rotated outward about hinge 34 , anchor 11 &# 39 ;, being an integral part of door 11 , relaxes the force of springs 26 thus facilitating the loading of said platform . sprockets 57 are affixed to timing shaft 59 in such manner that , in cooperation with idler sprockets 58 , elevator platform will remain substantially level at all elevations . shaft 59 is rotatably mounted in support members 60 in such manner that brake ratchet 61 , being rigidly affixed to said shaft , is held in proper relationship to brake spring 62 as shown in fig4 ; in turn support members 60 are rigidly affixed to cabinet 10 as are idler brackets 64 . in reference to fig4 and 9 and again in reference to fig3 and 5 ; as shown , elevator platform 53 is held immobile when roller 63 , rotatably contained on arm 24 &# 39 ;, an integral part of shield 24 , is not in contact with spring 62 . roller 63 is so oriented as to depress said spring removing it from a position of restraint to the counter clock - wise rotation of timing shaft 59 when purchaser access door 12 is nearly closed and separation assembly 16 is positioned in such manner that the next newspaper is free to rise above point 45 &# 39 ;. when no newspapers remain on elevator platform 53 , gauging slides 52 will enter openings provided therefore in the surface of said platform permitting point 45 &# 39 ; to assume a position below the framework of platform 53 . there will not be an interference between scoop 45 and roller chains 56 as might be supposed as scoop 45 is tapered away from point 45 &# 39 ; in a spade - like manner thus eliminating that portion thereof which might interfere . it should also be noted that said taper configuration facilitates the entry of said scoop between two newspapers . as will now be described , in reference to fig2 and 6 ; display newspaper , not shown , contained within display chamber 21 would be released to the next purchaser to insert proper coinage in the vendor after gauging slides 52 enter elevator platform . finger 66 will now be in a position of engagement with hook 67 . hook 67 is pivotally secured to bracket 88 which in turn is rigidly affixed to support member 60 . operatively associated with hook 67 is linkage 68 , lock cam 69 and lock shaft 70 . in the case of an empty storage area , as is now being described , the only function of said linkage , cam and shaft is to fix hook 67 in a predetermined position . as purchaser access door 12 is opened , finger 66 engages with hook 67 and , being interconnectedly associated with linkage 71 , exerts force on display chamber catch 41 which is rigidly affixed to drive tube 72 and arm 73 which in turn are rotatably associated with shaft 74 , said shaft being secured to the ends of display chamber 21 . catch 41 rotates away from pin 42 and outer shell 75 of door 12 opens about hinge 40 exposing the contents of display chamber 21 . again in reference to fig2 and 6 and fig1 ; operatively associated with lock shaft 70 is a chicago lock exa - 107 cylinder lock , lock cam 76 and control rod 77 . at such time as a new edition of a newspaper is to be placed in the vendor , a new display copy must be inserted in display chamber 21 . upon activation of said cylinder lock in a clockwise manner , control rod 77 restrains finger 20 in such manner that hook 22 &# 39 ;, an integral part of latch 22 , may be prevented from engaging catch 19 &# 39 ;, a functional part of frame 51 , and access door 12 is free to open . this function is not unlike that performed by cam 18 &# 39 ; as proper coinage is inserted in coin mechanism 18 . simultaneous with the lowering of rod 77 , linkage 68 , being pivotally associated with hook 67 , is raised to bring hook 67 into a position of interference with finger 66 . as outward force is applied to door 12 , separation assembly 16 moves out on drawer slides 50 and finger 66 engages hook 67 releasing outer shell 75 from display chamber 21 thus exposing the interior thereof for replacement . outer shell 75 is reclosed and lock is restored to its locked position . in reference to fig7 and 8 ; slide assembly 79 is rigidly affixed to rod 49 . intermediate arm 80 is pivotally secured to slide 79 and lower arms 81 . rod 82 is rigidly affixed to guides 83 and pin 84 extends through guides 83 providing a stop for intermediate arm 80 . as pressure is applied to point p , rod 82 enters further into slide 79 ; pads 85 , rigidly affixed to the ends of rods 49 and 82 respectively , draw sides of shield 24 in against side frames 46 which are held apart by scoop 45 in an effective clamping action to maintain a predetermined relationship between said shield and said scoop . in reference to fig1 ; a hook member 86 , may be suspended from shield 24 in such manner as to lift the edge of a very thin newspaper thus facilitating the entry of point 45 &# 39 ; between two said newspapers when otherwise the thinness of the paper might result in the separation of none or of a multiplicity of newspapers . the hook of said hooked member is large enough to catch a very thin paper but small enough to be kept from engagement by the fold radius of a somewhat larger paper that would present no orientation problem to point 45 &# 39 ;. having described the present invention in detail , it is obvious that one skilled in the art will be able to make modifications and variations thereto without departing from the scope of the invention . accordingly , the scope of the present invention should be determined by the claims appended hereto .	6
fig1 illustrates the image plane of a rectangular linear scanning format from the planar linear transducer array 1 . the scanned field of view 5 can be substantially expanded to a variable vertex format 3 of the invention by scanning a set of acoustic lines extending through a common vertex 4 behind the face of the transducer array . fig2 illustrates the image plane for a sector scanning format produced by transducer array 1 . the typical sector field of view 2 can be expanded to the illustrated variable vertex format 3 by scanning acoustic lines derived from a common vertex 4 behind the face of the transducer array 1 . the variable vertex format utilizes the entire array of transducer elements in the near - field and substantially expands the entire field of view without significant loss of resolution anywhere within the typical sector field of view 2 . fig3 illustrates a curvilinear transducer array 6 and the field of view 7 obtained by multiple acoustic lines propagated normal to the face of the transducer array . extensions of these normal acoustic lines pass through a common center of curvature 8 . the field of view for the curvilinear transducer array can be expanded into the variable vertex format 3 by a set of acoustic lines propagated at varying angles to the face of the curvilinear array , extensions of which all pass through common vertex 4 , where that common vertex is preferably between the center of curvature 8 and the face of the array . for a curvilinear array , each acoustic scan line 11 originates from a different arbitrary point 13 on the face of the curvilinear array . these points of origin can be described by the angle φ , the center of curvature 8 and the centerline of the transducer array 14 . alternately , in the variable vertex format each origin 13 for the ultrasound lines can be described by the angle θ , the common variable vertex 4 and the centerline 14 connecting variable vertex 4 to the center of curvature 8 of the array . as shown in fig3 each acoustic line for the variable vertex format is steered at the angle α with respect to the normal to the face of the curvilinear array . in fig3 the center of curvature 8 is on the centerline 14 of the transducer array and the angle α equals the angle θ less the angle φ . the delay equations for focused scanning with a curvilinear transducer array can be derived using these angular relationships and the location of the common vertex 4 relative to the radius of curvature 8 in a manner similar to the following translation of the planar linear array equation as at ( 6 ). as is well known , the typical sector scan format has two major advantages when compared to the linear format . namely , the sector has substantially increased field of view at the deeper scan depths , such as 10 cm . or greater when compared to the linear format , and the transducer used for sector scanning is physically smaller than that used for the linear scan format , typically by a factor of 3 or more . as is also well - known , a major disadvantage of the sector scan format is the extremely limited field of view at shallow scan depths , such as 1 cm . or less . one major improvement from the preferred embodiment of this invention is that a variable vertex scan format permits increased field of view at all scan depths , including shallow scan depths , by an amount up to and including the physical array width when compared to sector scanning as shown in fig4 without substantial loss in resolution within the sector field of view 2 when compared to sector scanning . the variable vertex scan and corresponding display format generally applies to linear or curvilinear arrays and is a generalization of the sector scan , except that the vertex may occur at a variable point as shown in fig5 for several different placements of variable vertex 4a - 4g . as the variable vertex approaches infinity 4f or 4g the format approaches a linear scanning format . as the variable vertex approaches the face of the transducer at 4b , the format approaches a sector format . the variable vertex may be in front of the transducer array as at 4a and at a location not on a normal line 14 through the center of the array as at 4g . similarly , for curvilinear transducer arrays 6 the variable vertex 4 may be located at a radius behind the array that is greater than the radius of curvature 8 as shown in fig6 . so , too , can the variable vertex be placed at any location behind the array such as at 4a - 4d shown in fig7 . a principal objective of the described preferred embodiment of this invention is to define a scan and display format for an imaging system for which a common vertex 4 of all acoustic scan lines can be selectively positioned at any point within the scan plane . as illustrated for a planar array in fig8 the variable vertex 4 is on a line normal to a line connecting all transducer elements of the physical aperture or face 12 of the array at a distance y behind the face of the array . however , the variable vertex need not lie on this line and may be placed in front of the physical aperture as well as behind it . the image format which results from the location shown in fig8 benefits from an increased field of view at all depths and in particular near the physical aperture . the format applies equally well to spectral doppler and color flow doppler scanning as well as to b - mode imaging . in particular , certain mixed modes enhance the utility of variable vertex scan and display format . examples include : a variable vertex scan format in 2 - d in combination with substantially parallel color flow scan lines , shown in fig1 from a remote vertex 4 &# 39 ;; multiple pulsed doppler scan lines with variable vertices that are distinct from each other in combination with a 2 - d image ; or a continuous wave doppler scan with lines 65 emanating from a variable vertex 4 &# 34 ; positioned at the center of the transducer , in combination with a 2 - d scan format where the variable vertex 4 has been placed behind the transducer face as shown in fig1 . the scanning method of this invention applied to a multiplexed system is illustrated schematically in fig2 . there multiplexed sub - sets of m elements , such as 97 , from the larger array 1 of n transducer elements are activated . the sub - sets 97 of active elements are selected by a multiplexer 95 from the larger group , n , and a system having m independent channels as at 96 controls beam propagation and processes the receive information . the multiplexer 95 may select sub - sets of m adjacent transducer elements or other groupings such as every other one of the n elements , for example . included in the described embodiment of this invention is the method and means to select an origin 13 , as shown in fig8 and focal point 15 for a particular ultrasound beam such that the acoustic scan line 11 appears to emanate from the common vertex 4 . the actual origin of an ultrasound beam for the planar array of fig8 occurs on a line connecting the individual transducer elements at the point corresponding approximately to the center of mass of its apodization function . equation ( 1 ) is used to manage the apodization function such that its center of mass is equivalent to or nearly equivalent to the intended origin 13 of the acoustic scan line 11 . the origin 13 of the beam therefore can be controlled by smoothly shifting this center of mass . the shift required to place the beam origin 13 at or near the intersection 13 of a line connecting all elements of the transducer on the face 12 of the array with an acoustic scan line 11 which connects the variable vertex 4 to the focal point , as at 15 , depends upon the spatial position of the variable vertex and the steering angle θ . by way of example , in fig1 an ultrasound beam from the planar array of fig8 originates from approximately the center of mass , x cm of its apodization function . the apodization function a ( x k ), may be described as the weighing given to the signal transmitted from , or received from , an element at position x k . the center of mass for the apodization function is ## equ2 ## where δ ( x ) is the dirac delta function and has the property that ## equ3 ## controlling the ultrasound beam origin is achieved by assigning the apodization values to each element of the physical transducer array in such a way that the center of mass x cm corresponds to the acoustic scan line origin 13 . there is no requirement that x cm corresponds to an element position . in principle , the center of mass is computed for each acoustic scan line 11 and a unique apodization profile is generated for each scan line . in actual practice , only a limited set of profiles are required by taking the shift invariance property of the apodization profile into account . this means that , for example , one can cause the center of mass to shift by exactly one element spacing by simply shifting the assignment of each apodization value from the k th element to the ( k + 1 ) th element . this operation is easy to accomplish by means of control logic in combination with a microprocessor during the quiescent period between successive acoustic scan lines . another unique set of apodization profiles is required to shift the center of mass by a fraction of an element spacing . typically the position of the center of mass ( and therefore the ultrasound beam origin ) is controlled to within about one - quarter of a wavelength for foci close to the transducer array . for a typical sector - type transducer with half - wavelength spacing , this requirement corresponds to two unique families of apodization profiles . all other combinations required for each unique acoustic scan line are obtained by simple shift operations applied to one of these sets . for a sector scan format as shown in fig9 the time delay which must be added to the n th element , in order to have a focal point at range r , as at 15 , along acoustic scan line 11 from the center of the transducer array and at an angle θ with respect to a reference line 14 is given as : ## equ4 ## where : t n = the delay required at element position x n to achieve a focus at range r and steering angle θ . r = the range from the sector vertex or origin 13 to the focal point . x n = the position of the n th element relative to the sector vertex or origin 13 . θ = the steering angle with respect to a reference line as shown in fig9 . t off = a variable offset added to each delay in order to assure that the delay assigned to each element is positive . ( negative delay cannot be achieved .) c o = the velocity of propagation in the body ( typically 1 . 54 mm / usec ) this equation is well - known for sector imaging and is discussed , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 140 , 022 . the time delay which must be added to the n th element in order to have a focal point at a range r &# 39 ;. sub . θ from the variable vertex 4 and at angle θ with respect to the reference line 14 as shown in fig1 for the variable vertex scan format is given by : ## equ5 ## where r &# 39 ; 74 = the distance along a ray which is at an angle θ with respect to the reference line 14 ( see fig1 ) between the variable vertex and the focal point . y = the offset along a normal to the physical array to the variable vertex . θ = the steering angle with respect to the reference line as shown in fig1 . t &# 39 ; off = an arbitrary variable offset added to each delay in order to assure that the delay added to each element is positive . if one considers the substitutions ## equ6 ## then equation ( 3 ) becomes ## equ7 ## which has the same form as equation ( 2 ). equation ( 6 ) shows how to compute the delay t &# 39 ; n appropriate for an element x &# 39 ; n which achieves focus 15 along acoustic scan line 11 at a distance r &# 39 ;. sub . θ from the variable vertex 4 at an angle θ from the reference line 14 . the collection of individual ultrasound lines used in a variable vertex scan format is calculated using equation ( 6 ) with each acoustic scan line having unique values for r , x . sub . θ , and θ . the values r , x . sub . θ and θ may be arbitrarily defined for each acoustic scan line . equation ( 6 ) discloses how to compute the delays for a planar array with a single fixed focal point along a ray at an angle θ with respect to a reference line . one such set of delays ( one value per element position ) is uniquely required for each acoustic scan line . in the more general case for this invention , each scan line originates at an arbitrary point on and at an arbitrary angle to the face of the array without a common vertex . each individual scan line 11 , 11 &# 39 ; originates at an arbitrary intersection or point such as 13 , 13 &# 39 ; in fig2 at the face of the transducer array 1 and is steered at an arbitrary angle θ , θ &# 39 ; with respect to a normal to the array at its origin 13 , 13 &# 39 ;, respectively . as shown in fig2 , an extension of each of a symmetrical pair of scan lines may pass through a common vertex such as 4 , 4 &# 39 ; for lines 11 , 11 &# 39 ;, respectively , along a normal line to the array . thus , the loci of the variable vertex 4 , 4 &# 39 ; for symmetrical pairs of lines may lie along that normal line rather than being a single common vertex as shown , for example , in fig8 . the scan lines also may have no common vertex at all . similarly , the transducer array may be any generalized shape , such as at 90 in fig2 . again , each scan line 11 , 11 &# 39 ; originates at an arbitrary point 13 , 13 &# 39 ; on the face of the array and at an angle θ , θ &# 39 ; with respect to a normal to the face of the array . as shown in fig2 , 13 , 13 &# 39 ; is the vector position of the origin of the ultrasound lines and 91 , 91 &# 39 ; is the vector position of a focal point along each line at the same or a different range from the transducer face . the apodization function for each line centers more or less about the arbitrary origin 13 , 13 &# 39 ; at the face of the array . time delays are calculated from the vector position of the n th element x n , the vector position of the ultrasound line origin 13 ( o x ) and the vector position of the focal point for the k th ultrasound line f x . the equation below , in vector notation , is comparable to equation ( 6 ) for a fully arbitrary array and scan format ## equ8 ## for the preferred embodiment which is described , means to achieve dynamic focusing may be obtained by simply generalizing equation ( 6 ) to include a family of focal ranges , such as [ r o , r 1 . . . r k ,], rather than a fixed focal range , r . this constitutes a significantly large data set . that is , the amount of delay data required to achieve a fixed focus is given by ## equ9 ## in the case of mirror symmetry of the scan lines about a reference scan line , m is replaced by m / 2 scan lines . for a dynamically focused imaging system , with k focal ranges , this becomes ( k · n · m ) delay values . for a high performance ultrasound imaging system with 128 active transducer elements , this amounts to approximately 3 · 10 5 delay values . as a result , means to reduce the amount of high - speed ram is a desired objective . data reduction can be achieved by means of a decomposition of the delay equation ( 6 ) into a reference ( fixed ) focus and a variable focus term . the approximation selected for the described embodiment is expressed as : r = the desired ( variable ) focal range , i . e . represents one of the members of the set [ r o , r 1 . . . k ] it can be shown that t an ( r , θ , x n , ρ , θ r ) approximates t n ( r , x n - x . sub . θ , θ ) to high accuracy provided that ρ is selected to be approximately midway between the minimum and the maximum range for r ( namely between r o and r k ); and θ r is valid over an extent of about 25 °. that is , a constant value of θ r is valid to high accuracy for steering angles which are up to ± 12 . 5 ° away from the specified reference value θ r . this leads to a reduction in the data set by a factor which is on the order of m . k /( m + k ), which is at least an order of magnitude . has a very weak affect on steering . one can align the origin of the variable focussing term with that of the fixed focus term by recognizing that if ε ≠ o , then the delay required to generate equation ( 9 ) from one scan line to another ( in the range of θ for which the reference angle θ r is valid ) is generated by simply reassigning the delay value associated with k th element to the ( k + m ) th element . since , in general ε = 0 , then one must have additional sets of delay values corresponding to the variable focus term characterized by equation ( 9 ). if one defines the number of shift cases , p , such that ε ≈ p · a , and a / 2 is the greatest positional error which one is willing to accept , then one can rewrite equation ( 9 ) with the variable change where m and p are now control variables which are used as indices into the delay value data tables , and m is the number of single element delay value data positions by which the data must be shifted before it is applied . this is represented schematically in fig1 . the foregoing shows how the delay calculations are generated and implemented to accommodate variable vertex imaging for a planar transducer array . means by which the delay calculations are implemented to accommodate systems which employ heterodyning means in combination with coarsely quantized delay lines to achieve dynamic focussing as described in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 140 , 022 and 4 , 550 , 607 follow in a straight - forward manner . for an active aperture 40 , fig1 demonstrates the generation and application of transmit delay information to the delay generator 30 by means of a shifting of the variable focus time delays 32 followed by summing with unshifted transmit reference focus time delays 31 . this total time delay is then made available to the transmit drivers 33 as described in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 550 , 607 , for example . the center of mass of the apodization function is shifted by apodization generator 34 . prudent apodization management requires that the active transmit aperture , as specified by the apodization function , increases about the center of mass as the selectable transmit focus gets further from the face of the transducer array . this is done to maintain a proper balance between quality of focus and depth of focus , as discussed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 550 , 607 . inevitably as the aperture grows , it will asymmetrically reach the end of the physical aperture . under these conditions , one may either truncate that portion of the apodization function for which there is no physical aperture or choose to maintain the apodization shape , in either case shifting its center of mass toward the center of the physical aperture . when the transmit apodization 19 &# 39 ; in fig1 becomes end - aligned , and its center of mass is shifted away from the desired beam origin , as at 13 &# 39 ;, the true beam axis 11 &# 39 ; no longer aligns with the intended ultrasound scan line 11 . an important feature of the scanning method of this invention is the ability to fire an acoustic scan line 11 through the physical end of the array . when a shallow transmit focus is selected , its active aperture is small with little opportunity to shift the beam origin away from its intended position . when a deep transmit focus is selected such as at 17 , its active aperture is large and the beam origin may be shifted far away from its intended position 13 , such as at 13 &# 39 ;; however , with this large transmit aperture , the transmit ultrasound beam is relatively unfocussed close to the physical aperture where the displacement error is greatest . this poor focus minimizes the impact of the displacement errors , particularly if the correctly positioned receive focus is strong there . conversely , near its focal point 17 , the ultrasound beam axis and the acoustic scan line begin to intersect , and the displacement error diminishes , vanishing completely at the focal point . beyond the transmit focal point 17 , the ultrasound beam axis and scan line axis again diverge , but again , transmit defocussing minimizes the impact of the displacement errors as long as the receive focus is correctly positioned on the ultrasound scan line 11 . the tracking of data along the scan line axis 11 , and not along the misaligned ultrasound beam axis 11 &# 39 ;, is accomplished through the combination of dynamic receive apodization 18 and focussing 16 . during dynamic receive beamforming , the active receive aperture 60 , as shown in fig1 , grows dynamically to 60 &# 39 ; as the receive focus dynamically becomes farther from the physical transducer along the scan line 11 in such a manner as to keep the ratio of focal depth to active aperture width a constant to the greatest extent possible , as has been discussed in u . s . pat . no . 4 , 550 , 607 . as the receive aperture 60 grows dynamically to 60 &# 39 ;, it also becomes end - aligned , its center of mass is also shifted away from the desired beam origin , and the true beam axis 11 &# 39 ; no longer aligns with the intended scan line axis 11 . however , the receive focus 16 can always be placed on the ultrasound scan line axis 11 . as the dynamic receive beamformer continually switches from one focus 16 to the next 16 &# 39 ;, it accurately tracks the information along the desired acoustic scan line 11 . a unique set of ideal time delay data is calculated at the receive reference focus for all elements and for all scan lines in a manner similar to that done for the transmit steering time delays . these ideal time delays can be decomposed into coarse and fine time delays applied at summing means 50 as described in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 550 , 607 or 4 , 140 , 022 . the fine time delays may then be converted into phase as shown , for example , in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 550 , 607 or 4 , 140 , 022 . these delays are decomposed into a reference and variable focus phase and are made available to the receiver phase generator 52 in fig1 which sums the reference component phases 53 with the shifted variable focussing component phases 54 to generate the composite receiver phase values . the receiver phase values are then used to select the phase of the mixer signals . the active receive aperture is controlled by the receive apodization generator 55 . using phased array imaging systems , it is possible to activate , in transmit and receive , two or more beams substantially simultaneously from the same aperture 1 as shown in fig1 and 19 . simultaneous means that more than one pulse is in flight directed at possibly different spatial locations at any one time while scanning . this may be done with straight - forward modifications to systems which have previously been disclosed , as in , for example , u . s . pat . no . 4 , 550 , 607 . however , one significant problem with such systems is that multiple pulses or multiple beams along scan lines 11a , 11b tend to overlap as at 70 and interfere substantially away from the transmit focus in a planar linear format , as shown in fig1 and especially in the near field , close to the transducer as shown in fig1 for a typical sector scan . one major advantage of the variable vertex scanning format is the ability to separate multiple beams much more effectively , even if propagated simultaneously , because the ultrasound scan lines 11a , 11b are well - separated throughout the field of view 3 as shown in fig2 . comparing fig1 and 19 with fig2 , it is apparent that the region of interference 70 is reduced or eliminated in fig2 because of the separated origins 13a , 13b in the near field and because the scan lines 11a , 11b diverge in the far field . the active apertures for the two beams are substantially less overlapping rather than fully overlapping , as in a normal sector scan , even though the effective aperture for each beam is not reduced in extent . the intrinsic spatial separation of beams ( including the near field ) of the variable vertex format , in combination with dynamic apodization and dynamic focussing , effectively optimizes performance in multiple beam operation .	6
the present invention relates to automatic phone call scheduling for some or all of a user &# 39 ; s contacts . the user &# 39 ; s telephone stores his list of contacts , and includes a profile for each contact . shown in table i is a sample contact profile , in accordance with the present invention . in addition to the contact &# 39 ; s name , phone number and relation to the user , the contact profile includes fields for preferred calling dates and times , excluded calling dates and times , one or more special occasions and desired frequency of calls . the contact profile also includes a free - text field for storing comments . the free - text field may include reminders as to why the user wants to speak with the contact . the contact profile also includes a schedule call flag . setting the schedule call flag to on indicates that the user would like to call the contact when he has the time to do so . for example , the contact may be waiting for a return phone call from the user , or the contact may be someone the user wants to stay in touch with professionally or personally . reference is now made to fig1 , which is a simplified block diagram of a telephone 100 with automated call scheduling , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . telephone 100 may be a land - line telephone or a cellular telephone . telephone 100 is operated by a user , or by a number of users . as shown in fig1 , telephone 100 includes a central processing unit ( cpu ) 110 , a power subsystem 120 , an audio subsystem 130 , a keyboard 140 for user input , a display 150 for output , a sim card 160 , and a power amplifier 170 . power subsystem 120 generally includes a rechargeable battery . keyboard 140 generally includes a small keypad for dialing phone numbers and entering sms messages . display 150 is generally a small lcd display . power amplifier 170 is connected to a gsm antenna . telephone 100 also includes a memory unit 180 , which stores user data such as contact information for the user &# 39 ; s contacts , sms messages and phone settings . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , user contact information is imported from external databases , such as facebook ® databases managed by facebook , inc . of palo alto , calif ., or database from such other social or dating services . memory unit 180 also stores program code 190 that executes application programs , such as an internet browser and a personal organizer . in accordance with the present invention , program code 190 also executes an automated call scheduler 200 , which is used to schedule and dial telephone calls . reference is now made to fig2 , which is a simplified block diagram of automated call scheduler 200 of telephone 100 of fig1 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . shown in fig2 is a data store 210 , within memory unit 180 , which stores a user &# 39 ; s contacts and their profiles . some or all of the contacts are designated by the user as being “ shuffle - able ”; i . e ., contacts that the user would like to call when he has free time to do so . for example , the user may designate that contacts that are waiting for a reply phone call from him are shuffle - able . he may also designate that certain friends and family are shuffle - able , as a way of staying in touch with them . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , a contact is designated as shuffle - able by setting the schedule call flag in the contact &# 39 ; s profile to on . a dynamic prioritizer 220 dynamically assigns a priority to each of the user &# 39 ; s shuffle - able contacts , based on a variety of factors . the priorities assigned to the contacts are stored in data store 210 , together with the contacts &# 39 ; profiles . the factors influencing the calculation of a contact &# 39 ; s priority include inter alia : a special date relating to the contact , such as the contact &# 39 ; s birth date or wedding anniversary , or mother &# 39 ; s day or father &# 39 ; s day ; the time remaining until a designated deadline for calling the contact ; the time elapsed since the user last spoke with the contact ; the desired frequency for which the user wishes to speak with the contact ; a metric of importance assigned to the contact ; a status of the contact , such as “ busy ”, “ available ”, “ running ” and “ on another phone call ”; contact &# 39 ; s preferred dates and times to call him ; and contact &# 39 ; s excluded dates and times to call him . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , telephone 100 includes an activation button for activating automated call scheduler 200 . thus , when the user has free time to make some of his calls , he may activate automated call scheduler 200 by pressing on the activation button . phone call scheduler 230 then dynamically sorts the shuffle - able contacts in terms of their priorities , and selects the highest priority contact for placing a phone call . in case multiple contacts have the highest priority , phone call scheduler 230 chooses randomly among them . as such , in a case where all priorities are the same , phone call scheduler 230 uses random selection among all the shuffle - able contacts . after selecting a shuffle - able contact to be called , a user prompter 240 notifies the user of the selected contact , for his confirmation . such notification may be visually or vocally , or both . user prompter 240 is configured to present information from the selected contact &# 39 ; s profile to the user , to remind the user why he wanted to call the selected contact , and to assist the user in deciding whether to confirm or decline making the call . information presented to the user by prompter 240 may include inter alia the free - form text from the selected contact &# 39 ; s profile , the last date and time that the user made a phone call to the selected contact , and any special occasion related to the selected contact . if the user confirms the call , then an automated dialer 250 places the call . if the phone call to the selected candidate is successful , then phone call scheduler updates the contact &# 39 ; s priority appropriately . an unsuccessful phone call to a contact is a call for which a busy signal is reached , or for which the contact is not available . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , success or non - success of a call is measured by the duration of the call . calls with duration over 15 seconds , for example , may be deemed successful . generally a contact &# 39 ; s priority is reset to a low value after a successful call to the contact is made . however , in certain cases the contact &# 39 ; s priority may remain high , such as when the user needs to call the contact back again in order to finish the discussion . the call may have been cut off , or the user or the contact may have run out of time , or the user may need to get more information from the contact . it will thus be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the telephone of fig2 enables the user to manage a large number of phone calls that he would like to make , and automatically select one or more phone calls whenever the user has free time to speak with his contacts . in an embodiment of the present invention , the user &# 39 ; s shuffle - able contacts may be grouped in categories , such as “ sports contacts ”, “ family contacts ” and “ dating contacts ”. when activating automated call - scheduler 200 , the user may designate a specific group of contacts , in which case phone call scheduler 230 selects from among the designated group of shuffle - able contacts . in some embodiments of the present invention , telephone 100 is implemented as a modular cell phone that attaches to other electronic devices . there are two general types of devices to which the modular cell phone may be attached ; namely , jackets and hosts . a jacket is a device that provides a user interface for the modular cell phone , enriches the capabilities of the modular cell phone , and is not able to operate independently when the modular cell phone is not pouched therewith . conversely , a host is a device that is able to operate independently when the modular cell phone is not pouched therewith , and whose capabilities are enriched by the modular cell phone when the modular cell phone is attached thereto . generally a host does not have communication functionality independent of the modular cell phone . in this regard , reference is now made to fig3 , which is an illustration of a modular cell phone 300 being inserted into a jacket / host 400 , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . jacket / host 400 as shown in fig3 includes a hollow cavity at the top for insertion of modular cell phone 300 therein . reference is now made to fig4 , which is a simplified illustration of a communication system constructed and operative in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . shown in fig4 are a variety of modular cell phones 300 a - 300 c , including 2 . 5g communicators for a gsm network , 3g communicators for gsm network , and cdma communicators for a cdma network . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the networks in fig4 are exemplary of a wide variety of networks and communication protocols that are supported by the wireless communicators of the present invention , such networks and communication protocols including inter alia wifi , bluetooth and wimax . also shown in fig4 are a variety of jackets / hosts 400 a - 400 h , including car jackets / hosts , sports jackets / hosts , camera jackets / hosts , gaming jackets / hosts , etc . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , each modular cell phone 300 a - 300 c may be attached to any of the jackets / hosts 400 a - 400 h , so as to operate in combination therewith . the modular cell phones 300 a - 300 c are substantially of the same form factor and , as such , are able to be attached to each of the various jackets / hosts 400 a - 400 h . reference is now made to fig5 , which is a simplified flowchart of a method for automatically scheduling phone calls , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . at step 510 a user has time to speak with his contacts , and selects a “ shuffle - call ” function on his telephone . some or all of the user &# 39 ; s contacts are designated as being “ shuffle - able ”; i . e ., contacts that the user would like to call when he has the time to speak with them . in an alternative embodiment of the present invention , the shuffle - call is pre - scheduled by the user . for example , the user may insert a shuffle - call event into his calendar . in yet another embodiment of the present invention , the shuffle - call is automatically suggested to the user when specific conditions prevail . the shuffle - call may be automatically suggested to the user inter alia : when his calendar is empty , but is generally not empty most of the time ; when the user changes his status on facebook ®, or on an instant messaging service , to “ available ”; when a user &# 39 ; s contact changes his status to “ available ” on facebook ®, or on an instant messaging service ; and when telephone 100 is a modular cell phone 300 , and the user inserts the communicator into a car jacket / host 400 . at step 520 priorities are assigned to the user &# 39 ; s shuffle - able contacts , based on various factors as described hereinabove with reference to prioritizer 220 . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that step 520 may be performed after step 510 , as shown in fig5 , or , alternatively , step 520 may be performed at regular time intervals , such as every 30 seconds , in order that a current prioritization always be readily available . in this alternative embodiment , processing moves from step 510 directly to step 530 . at step 530 the contact with the highest priority is selected . in case more than one contact has the highest priority , then one of them is chosen by random selection . at step 540 the user is informed of the selected candidate contact , and given the opportunity at step 550 to confirm whether or not he wishes to call the contact now . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , at step 540 any free - text comments in the contact &# 39 ; s profile are presented to the user , so that the user can be reminded why he wanted to call the contact . other information from the contact &# 39 ; s profile may be presented to the user instead of or in addition to the free - text comments , such as the last date and time the user spoke with the contact , or today being a special occasion related to the contact . the choice of which information from the contact &# 39 ; s profile to present to the user at step 540 is preferably configured by the user . if the user declines at step 550 , then processing returns to step 530 where the next contact in line is chosen . if the user confirms , then at step 560 a phone call to the selected contact is automatically placed . the user may configure his telephone to skip step 550 , in which case phone calls to selected contacts are always placed . the phone call placed at step 560 may or may not be successful , as determined at step 570 . an unsuccessful call to a contact is one where the contact is not available , or where the call reaches a busy signal . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , success or non - success of a call may be determined from the duration of the call . for example , calls with duration over 15 seconds may be deemed successful . if the call was unsuccessful , processing returns to step 530 . if the call was successful , then the contact &# 39 ; s profile is updated appropriately at step 580 . processing then returns to step 520 , as long as the user continues to make phone calls . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the method of fig5 enables a user to place phone calls without having to decide a - priori which contacts to call . as such , the user saves time by not having to decide who to call , and the user automatically stays in touch with friends and family . step 520 of fig5 involves assigning priorities to user contacts , based on their profiles . in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention , a scoring function is used to accumulate various factors that impact the priority of a user contact . table ii below indicates some sample score factors , which cumulatively determine the priority . the “ closeness of relationship ” factor in table ii may be input by the user , or may be automatically derived from external databases . for example , certain contacts may have been designated by the user as “ best friends ” on one or more social databases . it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the factors shown in table ii are representative of a wide variety of factors . the theme of jacket / host 400 used with modular cell phone 300 may be used in calculating priorities ; i . e ., contacts related to the theme of jacket / host 400 are assigned higher priorities . e . g ., if modular cell phone 300 is housed in a sports jacket 400 , then sports contacts are assigned higher priorities ; and if modular cell phone 300 is housed in a gaming host , then gaming contacts are assigned higher priorities . even astrological factors may be used in calculating priorities ; e . g ., this is a good day to call contact x , since he is an aries . in addition to the factors shown in table ii , a user &# 39 ; s contact &# 39 ; s priority may be changed when the contact sends to the user an sms message requesting a phone call , or when the contact &# 39 ; s status changes from “ busy ” to “ available ” on an internet communication service . reference is now made to fig6 , which is a simplified block diagram of a communication system with functionality for notifying a user when a contact &# 39 ; s status becomes “ available ” on an internet communication service , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . shown in fig6 are telephones 100 belonging to a user and to two of the user &# 39 ; s contacts , contact # 1 and contact # 2 . also shown in fig6 are computers 600 belonging to two others of the user &# 39 ; s contacts , contact # 3 and contact # 4 . computers 600 are connected to various web sites 610 , which provide communication services , such as facebook ® or an instant messaging service . the communication services enable contact # 3 and contact # 4 to set an availability status , with settings such as “ busy ”, “ available ”, “ running ” and “ on another phone call ”. the availability statuses are transmitted to a status server 620 , which communicates with web sites 610 using an api , such as an api for xml exchange , and notifies telephones 100 when contact 3 or contact 4 becomes available . in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention , the user &# 39 ; s contacts ( contact # 3 and contact # 4 ) need not have telephones 100 , and notification of contact availability is performed through a social network . the user &# 39 ; s telephone 100 has a facebook ® or instant messaging application installed therein . web sites 610 report availability of contact # 3 and contact # 4 to status server 620 , using the api . in turn , status server 620 notifies the application in telephone 100 accordingly . in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention , the user &# 39 ; s contacts ( contact # 1 and contact # 2 ) each have a telephone 100 , and notification of contact availability is performed directly through status server 620 . telephones 100 broadcast availability statuses to status server 620 . telephone 100 may , for example , send an http request to status server 620 , the request including status information of contact # 1 or contact # 2 , and device information for the contact &# 39 ; s telephone 100 . status server 620 maintains the status / telephone data , and reports back the status of contact # 1 and contact # 2 to the user &# 39 ; s telephone 100 . status server 620 may , for example , send an http response to telephone 100 , or alternatively telephone 100 may download the status information from status server 620 . in the foregoing specification , the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments thereof . it will , however , be evident that various modifications and changes may be made to the specific exemplary embodiments without departing from the broader spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims . accordingly , the specification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense .	7
the present invention relates to optical web detection systems utilizing arrays of light emitting sources and photodetectors , between which a web passes , for detecting the presence and the dimensions , including area , of the web . the invention relates more particularly to a system for controlling the illumination from the light emitting sources so as to ensure that even semi - opaque ( low density ) webs may be detected and to ensure uniformity and amount of illumination that does not adversely affect the web , such as by fogging photo - sensitive webs . the invention is especially suitable for use in equipment for processing ( developing ) radiographic film such as x - ray film by detecting the film entering the processor and measuring its area using an array of infrared light emitting diodes ( led ) as the light emitting sources and infrared photodetectors as optical detectors ; the film area being measured by the system and used to control the replenishment of chemicals needed to maintain proper chemical activity for processing of the film . web ( film ) detection and measurement devices using arrays of light emitting diodes and photodetectors have heretofore been used for controlling the replenishment of chemicals in film processing apparatus . such equipment as has heretofore been available has not been completely satisfactory due to variability of the light output across the array . the brightness of light ( intensity ) produced by the leds can vary from led to led . led output also decreases with age and can be affected by dirt and temperature variations . where light pipes or fibers are used to direct beams of light from the leds , they tend to further increase the variability in light output as seen by the web . this problem is exacerbated by the need to detect low density webs , such as semi - opaque films . merely increasing the output illumination is not an adequate solution since the film may be sufficiently sensitive to be affected by such intense illumination or the light may pass through the film and not be diminished sufficiently to indicate the presence of the web . also systems using such intense illumination are undesirable since they must operate over a large dynamic range , which complicates the electronic circuitry for handling the signals from the photodetectors . in order to solve these problems , attempts have been made to use ultrasonic technology rather than optical technology . ultrasonic detectors are more expensive than optical detectors and tend to be unreliable even when shielded against outside noise and vibration . accordingly , it is the principal object of this invention to provide an improved optical web detection system utilizing arrays of electro - optic light emitters , preferably leds , and photodetectors between which the web to be detected passes and wherein the intensity of illumination from the emitters is controlled so as to maintain constancy in the brightness of the illumination while providing sufficient intensity to detect a wide range of webs which may vary in optical transmitivity , as for example from completely opaque to semi - opaque . it is a further object of the invention to provide an improved web detection and measurement system which is especially suitable for accurately controlling the replenishment of chemicals in a radiographic film processor . it is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved web detection and measurement system which is computer controlled for uniformity of illumination and maintenance of constancy of illumination at a predetermined intensity level or range . it is a still further object of the present invention to provide an improved optical web system using an array of light emitters and an array of corresponding photodetectors which can be initially calibrated to produce illumination of the desired intensity level from each of the emitters and to maintain the calibration over a prolonged period of time by continually recalibrating the system . briefly described , a system embodying the invention which provides for web detection and measurement and which is operable on semi - opaque webs , such as x - ray films , embodies an array of light emitting sources disposed in a direction which is across the web and an array of optical detectors in receptive relationship from light from the sources . the term &# 34 ; web &# 34 ; as used herein includes continuous webs as well as sheets . computer controlled means are provided for setting the intensity of light from each of the sources to a preset level , such that the interposition of a web between any of the sources and the detectors which are in light receiving relationship therewith will reduce the intensity of light incident on the detector below a certain threshold even when the web is semi - opaque . the computer controlled means are operative during operation of the system in the absence of any web between the sources and detector arrays and is responsive to electrical signals from the detectors , for incrementally increasing and decreasing the preset levels when the level of light received by the detectors is below and above this preset level , respectively , thereby maintaining the level of illumination uniform and at the preset level . the signals obtained when a detector is blocked by the web are utilized for measurement of the width and / or area of the web and to control the replenishment of chemicals when the detection system is used in a film processor . the signal obtained when a detector is blocked is also used to incrementally increase and decrease the preset levels to prevent the led output from fluctuating when the web is present for extended periods . the foregoing and other objects , features and advances of the invention , as well as a presently preferred embodiment thereof , will become more apparent from a reading of the following description in connection with the accompanying drawings in which : fig1 is a schematic diagram of a x - ray film processing system , with film detection and measurement for chemical replenishment control , which embodies the invention ; fig2 is a view in elevation of the x - ray film detector and measurement system shown in fig1 ; fig3 is a block diagram schematically showing the film detector and measurement system which is shown in fig1 and 2 ; fig4 is a timing diagram illustrating the operation of the system shown in fig3 ; fig5 is a block diagram showing the system of fig3 in greater detail ; fig6 is a schematic diagram of the multiplexing matrix and current control components of the system shown in fig5 . fig7 is a schematic diagram of the peak detector shown in fig5 ; fig8 and fig8 a constitute a flow chart illustrating the program of the computer shown in fig3 and 5 ; and fig9 is a bar graph illustrating the digital signal values which correspond to light intensity as received by the photodetectors and measured by the peak detector shown in fig5 and also in fig3 . referring to fig1 there is shown a x - ray film processor in which x - ray films , usually sheets , from an x - ray camera as used in the radiology department of a hospital or the office of a radiologist is processed . the processor has tanks 100 , 102 and 104 for developing , fixing and washing of the film . after washing the film is dried in a dryer 106 . guide and drive rolls 108 which are driven by motors through suitable gearing or chain and sprocket arrangements advance the film through the tanks 100 , 102 and 104 and through the dryer 106 . a film detector and measurement system is disposed upstream in the direction of travel of the film from the processor tanks 100 , 102 and 104 this system is referred to as a universal film detector or ufd 110 . it has a gap 112 through which the film is driven at constant speed by a drive roller arrangement 114 . the speed may be varied , but once set is constant . based upon the speed of the film and the width thereof , the ufd 110 computes the area of film which has passed through it . then it operates a motor control , such as a relay 116 . the relay turns on the motor of pumps , suitably positive displacement ( pdp ) pumps , for an interval of time sufficient to meter enough chemicals ( developer and fixer ) from supply tanks 120 and 122 to replenish the chemistry in the fixer and developer tanks 100 and 102 . the pumps are turned on for a fixed period of time , for example 10 seconds which will be enough to meter sufficient developer and fixer for processing a certain area of film , for example a 14 × 17 inch sheet of film . referring to fig2 the ufd is illustrated . it contains a housing 200 in which is mounted a printed circuit board 202 . the housing and board have aligned slots ( slot 204 on the board 202 being shown in fig2 ) through which the film passes . on the board is a linear array of infrared leds ( e . g ., twenty - two leds ) which are equally spaced from each other along the slot 204 . opposite to the leds is an array of photodetectors . twenty - two photodetectors may be used each corresponding to a different one of the leds and each in light receptive relationship therewith ( aligned with its corresponding led ). to prevent scattering of light from the leds and to control the dimensions of the beam of the light from each led , an aperture plate 206 is disposed between the led array and the slot 204 . this aperture plate has twenty - two apertures 208 each aligned with a different led . components such as computer chips , resistors , and capacitors of the ufd are mounted on the board 202 and connected by printed wiring ( not shown ) to the leds and photodetectors . referring to fig3 there is shown the slot 204 and the board 202 with the aligned leds and photodetectors in their respective arrays . the system is controlled by a microprocessor , for example , motorola type mc68hc11 which has a built - in analog digital converter ( a / d ). the microprocessor 300 , via a multiplexer 302 , applies sequentially to the leds operating currents so that they illuminate ( emit light pulses ) sequentially and successively scan the slot 204 and any film therein . the current through the leds and therefore the intensity or brightness of illumination is controlled by the microprocessor which outputs a digital value to a digital to analog converter ( d / a ) 304 . the analog output from the d / a 304 operates an intensity control circuit 306 which is a variable amplifier or current sink described more fully in connection with fig5 and 6 . the brightness from the leds is made uniform from led to led and at a preset level . the setting of the brightness utilizes signals from the photodetectors which are combined in a combining and amplification network 308 . this network provides an analog signal to a peak detector . the peak detector is enabled by the microprocessor 300 and provides output pulses corresponding in amplitude to the intensity of illumination detected by the the network 308 . these pulses are outputted by the peak detector 310 to the a / d input of the microprocessor 300 . the microprocessor controls or recalibrates the leds so as to maintain the uniform intensity of illumination in spite of aging , dirt or other other environmental effects . it also assures that the level of illumination is such that even low density or semi - opaque films in the slot 204 are detected , without using an intensity of illumination which might adversely affect ( fog ) the film . when the film is in the slot a series of pulses below a preset threshold are detected . these pulses are counted and used to compute the area of the film passing through the slot . the output is applied to the replenishment motor pump control 116 ( fig1 ). the system shown in fig3 operates on a sequential or serial basis to successively scan the slot . it also operates with pulses or flashes of illumination thereby further reducing the possibility of adverse affect on any film in the slot 204 by excessive illumination . as shown in fig4 there are enabling pulse trains ( a ) and ( b ) which are applied to the multiplexer 302 . these pulses are relatively short , for example , 25 microseconds , and are applied to successively enable the leds with 11 milliseconds ( ms ) between pulses . pulses in train ( a ) are column enabling pulses while pulses in train ( b ) are row enabling pulses . simultaneous occurrence of the pulses enables the multiplexer to allow passage of current through the intensity control or current sink 306 ( see fig5 ). the current level is represented by the output signals from the d / a as the pulses in train ( c ). upon simultaneous occurrence of these pulses , a particular led is turned on . after a sequence of twenty - two of these pulses ( there being 22 leds as shown in fig2 ) a scan is completed . it has been found that with short pulses of 25 microsecond duration with 11 milliseconds between pulses , a scan requires approximately 233 milliseconds . scanning goes on continuously during run time , while the processor is on and ready to process film . the microprocessor outputs the rst / track control level to the peak detector 310 . this level is shown in ( d ). prior to the predetermined period when led is turned on , the control signal switches from reset ( rst ) to track level and enables the peak detector to see and track the amplitude of the pulse . the pulse which is tracked will correspond to the led which is illuminated . at the end of the track interval , the microprocessor reads the signal from the peak detector . then , the rst / track signal reverts to the rst level which readies the peak detector ( by discharging a storage capacitor 602 ( fig7 )) so as to be ready for the next pulse from the next photodetector . the control system will become more apparent from fig5 and 7 . the microprocessor has manual controls and provides outputs to a led display ( not shown ) on the board 202 ( fig2 ). the controls which may be actuated by push buttons , are called the accumulator test controls . diagnostics such as application of certain currents to the leds may be enabled upon accumulator test to determine if the leds are operating , for example , with a predetermined output level as measured by the microprocessor from the peak detector analog signal output in response to a certain current as presented to an led via the d / a converter 304 . the replenish set , sets the time duration during which the replenish pump will be run ( see fig1 ), for example , to meter chemicals for a 14 × 17 inch film area . the transport speed set sets the measurement computation in accordance with the speed at which the film is driven through the processor . this speed may be varied by the processor &# 39 ; s motor controllers , by gear changes in the film drive , or the like . the matrix multiplexer ( mux ) 302 effectively provides column and row pulses for sequentially enabling pulses of current from + 12 v ( the power supply ) through column transistor switches 400 and row transistor switches 402 . only one of the 22 leds is illustrated in the multiplexer in fig5 . the matrix of rows and columns of the 22 leds is shown in fig6 . the first row and column transistors 400 & amp ; 402 ( column 0 and row 0 ) are shown in fig5 . the microprocessor outputs digital signals which switch these transistors on and off through level shifters 404 and 406 . it will be apparent that the leds are enabled in sequence by the four - bit and six - bit digital signals from the microprocessor 300 which are applied to the level shifters 404 and 406 to shift the voltage levels for operation of these transistors . the sequence of enablement is in the order stated , i . e ., led 1 followed by led 2 followed by led 3 . . . through led 22 , which completes a scan and then back to led 1 and so forth . the current path is not completed until the current sink 306 is operated . the current sink 306 is provided by an operational amplifier 318 which receives the analog signal from the d / a 304 . the signal level , and therefore the current level , is determined by an 8 - bit digital signal ( d - out ) and therefore has 256 ( 0 to 255 ) increments . the current level is therefore controllable in 256 increments in this illustrative embodiment by controlling the current through the current sink transistor 410 . upon coincidence of the enabling pulses and the application an enabling analog signal to the current sink 306 , a led ( 1 through 22 ) will be illuminated at certain level of illumination ( 1 of 256 levels ) as determined by the d - out digital value . the photodetectors are , as shown in fig5 connected together in groups . their output signals are applied through transimpedence ( current to voltage conversion ) amplifiers 412 which provide output voltages ( an analog signal shown in fig5 by the legend analog sig in ) through isolation diodes 414 . the signal amplitude is controlled by a voltage divider 416 and applied to the peak detector 310 . a suitable circuit for the peak detector is shown in fig7 . analog sig in is buffered in an amplifier 710 and applied to a first switch in the form of an fet 712 which is in series with the storage capacitor 602 . another fet 714 is connected and parallel with the storage capacitor 602 . the rst / track control signal is applied to the series fet switch 712 through a transistor driver 716 , and to the parallel fet 714 through an inverting transistor 718 . accordingly , during the reset time the peak detector is reset by discharge of the capacitor 602 . during track time the analog sig in is applied through the fet 712 to the storage capacitor 602 and the peak level thereof is detected . the output signal ( analog sig in ) is derived from a buffer amplifier 720 and applied to the a / d input of the microprocessor 300 . the operation of the system will become more apparent from fig8 a and 9 . on start - up initial d / a values ( the values of the d - out signal ) which will obtain a certain level of intensity from each of the 22 leds is stored in the memory of the computer . this d - out value may vary from led to led . for example , it may correspond to 45 for the first led , 30 for the second led , 60 for the third led , out of a scale of 0 to 255 ; 255 being the maximum output . the uniformity of intensity is measured by way of analog sig out . the values of the corresponding 8 - bit binary signal digitized by the a / d input of the microprocessor 300 , is shown in fig9 . the selected value , for example , is 217 . this is in a range from 212 to 222 and is desirably in the center of the range . the level of intensity is such that the least dense or most transparent ( semi - opaque ) film when present will produce an analog sig out which in digital value is in the blocked range of from 0 to 200 and preferably in the middle of that range , approximately 100 . also as shown in fig9 there are guard ranges above and below the predetermined level of 217 . the lower guard range is from 200 to 212 while the upper guard range is from 222 to 255 . referring again to fig8 after initialization and the storage of the initial values in the memory of the microprocessor , the system is ready to run . now the microprocessor points to and enables the first led . the analog sig out is read by the computer . the computer classifies this output in accordance with its value as to whether or not the value lies in the blocked region ( 0 - 200 ). then a counter in the microprocessor is incremented . this is an area counter . depending upon the transport speed which was set into the computer , a certain count is detected which corresponds to a certain area of film , in this embodiment the area is 14 × 17 inches . in other words , an area of film is measured depending upon the number of leds blocked by the film region in the slot 204 ( fig2 and 3 ). if the count is equal to or greater than that corresponding to the 14 × 17 inch sheet , the motor control is activated and the replenish pump is turned on for a predetermined period of time . then the area counter is reset . after this computation the system points to the next led . every 20 scans , or approximately every 15 seconds for the sampling and scanning times illustrated in fig4 a recalibration program is executed which classifies the analog sig out value in terms of its corresponding a / d value from 0 to 255 . if film is interposed between the led and photodiode , the a / d value is compared to the first reading that indicated film was present . if the a / d value is greater than the stored reading then the d to a value which was stored in the microprocessor memory is decremented by one ( 1 out of 256 on an 8 - bit binary scale ). if the a / d value is less than the stored reading then the d to a will be incremented by one . when film is not present a / d values for each led during a scan is classified as to whether no value lies in the not blocked region ( corresponding to 212 to 222 )-- see fig9 ) or in the upper or lower guard regions . if in the upper guard region , the illumination is too intense . then the d to a value which was stored in the microprocessor memory is decremented by one ( 1 out of 256 on an 8 - bit binary scale ). if the value is detected to be in the lower guard region ( from 200 to 212 ) the intensity is too low and the stored d to a value for the led which is enabled is incremented by one . the successive incrementing and decrementing of the stored values recalibrates the system so that the intensity of illumination remains uniform and substantially constant during the run mode . such constant illumination at the requisite level assures detection even of semi - opaque film . from the foregoing description it will be apparent that there has been provided an improved web detection and measurement system . variations and modifications of the herein described system and the scope of the invention will undoubtedly suggest themselves to those skilled in the art . accordingly , the foregoing description should be taken as illustrative and not in a limiting sense .	6
fig1 and fig2 show a container holder 10 as a vehicle small article compartment pertaining to one embodiment of the present invention . the container holder 10 is disposed in the center console which is disposed between the driver seat and passenger seat of a vehicle ( not illustrated ), and it can be stored inside an attachment recess part provided in the center console . the container holder 10 is constituted by a box - like holding part 12 ( main body ) and a lid body 14 , and an opening of the holding part 12 is opened and closed by the lid body 14 . a pair of shaft support plates 16 , 18 is provided on both sides of the lid body 14 , and shafts 20 are disposed through them . these shafts 20 are fixed to a perimeter walls 12 a constituting the holding part 12 , and the shaft support plates 16 , 18 are configured to be rotatable around shafts 20 . the holding part 12 is arranged to be capable of holding containers having large external dimensions such as plastic bottles , and at about the middle of a perimeter wall 12 b of the holding part 12 at which the free end of the lid body 14 is capable of contacting , a bearing part 22 which is mountain shaped going toward the inside of the holding part 12 is provided . also , on the perimeter walls 12 a positioned on both sides of the perimeter wall 12 c facing opposite the perimeter wall 12 b , a holding piece 24 which is mountain shaped going toward the inside of the holding part 12 is supported to be capable of rotation , and the holding piece 24 stands up so that it is held in the horizontal direction by a forcing means not illustrated . in this state , the holding piece 24 faces opposite the bearing part 22 and is made to hold containers between the front end surface of the holding piece 24 and the bearing part 22 . also , a pair of receiving parts 26 is cut out on the shaft 20 sides of the perimeter walls 12 a of the holding part 12 . the shaft support plates 16 , 18 are adapted to slide in these receiving parts 26 , whereby they do not protrude from the perimeter walls 12 a when the lid body 14 is opened , and the container holder 10 can be made compact . also , a lid body storage part 28 is provided on the back face side of the perimeter wall 12 c of the holding part 12 so that the opened lid body 14 becomes capable of storing . by this , the lid body 14 can be made to stand up in the vertical direction so that the lid body 14 does not become an obstacle . furthermore , roughly cylindrical shock - absorbing members 15 made of rubber are provided in the corner parts of the perimeter wall 12 b of the holding part 12 , and it is made such that the underside of the lid body 14 does not directly contact with the upper surface of the perimeter wall 12 b of the holding part 12 when the lid body 14 is closed . incidentally , a roughly l - shaped leg part 30 is provided on the front end part of the shaft support plate 16 , and a claw part 32 is formed on the front end part of the leg part 30 . meanwhile , a latch device 34 is provided on the perimeter wall 12 a of the holding part 12 so that the claw part 32 becomes capable of catching . as a latch device 34 , for example , a device described in the publication of japanese unexamined patent publication no . h8 - 282382 previously filed by the present applicant ( s ) can be used . more specifically , as shown in fig5 ( a ) and 5 ( b ), an opening 38 is provided on a case 36 of the latch device 34 so that the claw part 32 can be inserted . a latch main body 40 is received inside the case 36 , and this latch main body 40 is forced toward the direction of popping out from the opening 38 by a spring 42 provided inside the case 36 . also , a part coupled with 44 which is capable of coupling with the claw part 32 is provided on the front end side of the latch main body 40 , and the claw part 32 is caught when the latch main body 40 is received inside the case 36 in a state in which the claw part 32 is coupled with the part coupled with 44 . also , a recessed part 46 is provided on the back face side of the part coupled with 44 of the latch main body 40 , and a cam 48 which is roughly heart shaped viewed from the front is provided inside the recessed part 46 . a lock lever 50 which is attached to be capable of rocking in the depth of the latch main body 40 traces the outer perimeter of this cam 48 . when the latch main body 40 in the state having popped out from the opening 38 , is pressed toward the direction opposite to the force of the spring 42 and is received inside the case 36 , the lock lever 50 traces the outer perimeter of the cam 48 and is caught in a catching part 52 , and the claw part 32 and the part coupled with 44 assume a locked state ( see fig5 ( a )). from this state , when the latch main body 40 is pressed toward the direction in opposition to the force of the spring 42 , the latched state of the lock lever 50 is released , the lock lever 50 traces the outer perimeter of the cam 48 and is caught in a catching part 54 , the locked state between the claw part 32 and the part coupled with 44 is released ( see fig5 ( b )), the latch main body 40 pops out from the case 36 , and the claw part 32 becomes uncaught from the part coupled with 44 . with an arrangement of the nature described above , when in a state in which the lid body 14 shown in fig1 and fig2 was moved toward a closed position by pushing the free end side of the lid body 14 and causing the claw part 32 and the part coupled with 44 to be locked , by again pressing the free end side of the lid body 14 , the locked state between the claw part 32 and the part coupled with 44 is released , and the lid body 14 becomes capable of opening . here , one end of a torsion spring 56 is attached to the shaft support plate 16 , the other end of the torsion spring 56 is attached to the perimeter wall 12 a , and the lid body 14 is forced toward the direction of opening by means of the shaft support plate 16 . therefore , when the locked state between the claw part 32 and the part coupled with 44 is released by pressing the free end side of the lid body 14 in the state in which the lid body 14 is closed , the lid body 14 is automatically opened by the force of the torsion spring 56 . thus , by providing the latch device 34 for maintaining the closed state of the lid body 14 on the perimeter wall 12 a of the holding part 12 and making it such that it is not exposed inside the vehicle compartment , the aesthetic value of the container holder 10 is improved , and in addition , because there is no need to provide a claw part on the underside of the lid body 14 , that claw part does not become an obstacle . meanwhile , a sector gear 58 is formed on the front end part of the shaft support plate 18 , and a damping gear 62 of an oil - filled type rotary damper 60 which is fixed to the perimeter wall 12 a of the holding part 12 is engaged with this sector gear 58 , and when the lid body 14 is opened and closed , the damping force of the rotary damper 60 is transmitted to the shaft support plate 18 . also , an attachment piece 64 is fixed to the shaft support plate 18 , and one end of a coil spring 66 is attached to the front end of the attachment piece 64 . the other end of the coil spring 66 is attached to an attachment part 68 provided on the perimeter wall 12 a . here , the attachment part 68 is placed so that the total length of the coil spring 66 becomes shortest at a prescribed angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 , and in the closed state and the open state of the lid body 14 , the coil spring 66 stretches so that elastic force is accumulated in the coil spring 66 . by this , with the angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 as a reference , as shown in fig3 , in the interval from the closed state of the lid body 14 to the angle of opening θ , the force of the coil spring 66 in which elastic force was accumulated , in addition to the force of the torsion spring 56 , comes to be applied to the shaft support part 18 . also , as shown in fig4 , in the interval from the angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 to the open state , because elastic force is gradually accumulated in the coil spring 66 , a force in the direction in opposition to the force of the coil spring 66 comes to be applied to the shaft support plate 18 . next , the operation of the container holder 10 pertaining to the embodiment of the present invention is explained . as shown in fig2 , by causing the coil spring 66 to becomes shortest in total length at the prescribed angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 , and making the coil spring 66 stretch in the closed state and the open state of the lid body 14 , it is made such that the speed of opening of the lid body 14 is accelerated at less than the angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 , and the speed of opening of the lid body 14 is decelerated when in excess of the angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 . that is , when the closed state of the lid body 14 due to the latch device 34 ( see fig1 ) is released and the lid body 14 is opened by the torsion spring 56 , as shown in fig3 , in the interval from the closed state of the lid body 14 to the angle of opening θ , because the speed of opening of the lid body 14 is accelerated by the force of the coil spring 66 in addition to the force of the torsion spring 56 , the lid body 14 is opened quickly . on the other hand , as shown in fig4 , when in excess of the angle of opening θ of the lid body 14 , because the speed of opening of the lid body 14 is decelerated by the force of the coil spring 66 , the lid body 14 is opened more slowly , and when the lid body 14 is completely opened , the impact force due to interference with the holding part 12 is alleviated . therefore , it becomes no longer necessary to provide a shock - absorbing material for absorbing that impact force on the holding part 12 , and reduction of cost can be achieved . thus , by the fact that the lid body 14 is accelerated or decelerated by one coil spring 66 , reduction of cost can be achieved compared with the case using a damper . also , because the coil spring 66 stretches and elastic force is accumulated in the coil spring 66 in the closed state of the lid body 14 , when the lid body 14 is in the closed state , a force toward the open direction comes to be applied to the lid body 14 . therefore , in the closed state of the lid body 14 , a force comes to be applied in the direction in which the claw part 32 of the latch device 34 ( see fig5 ( a )) contacts with the side of the part coupled with 44 . accordingly , the claw part 32 is restricted in movement , the lid body 14 is restricted in movement by means of the claw part 32 and the shaft support plate 18 , and flapping of the free end side of the lid body 14 can be suppressed . incidentally , by providing a sector gear 58 on the front end part of the shaft support plate 18 and causing a damping gear 62 of oil - filled type rotary damper 60 to be engaged with this sector gear 58 , when the lid body 14 is opened and closed , the damping force of the rotary damper 60 is transmitted to the shaft support plate 18 . with this arrangement , the speed at which the lid body 14 is opened is reduced , and the operation of opening of the lid body 14 is made even quieter . also , because it is a damping method by gear , the operation of opening of the lid body 14 can be smoothed , and a feeling of high quality can be imparted to the container holder 10 . furthermore , attachment parts 70 , 72 also may be provided in addition to the attachment part 68 on the perimeter wall 12 a of the holding part 12 . by this , the reference position for accelerating or decelerating the speed of opening of the lid body 14 , being the so - called prescribed angle of opening ( here , angle of opening θ ) of the lid body 14 , can be changed , and the speed of opening of the lid body 14 can be adjusted . when the attachment part 68 is changed to the attachment part 70 , when the lid body 14 is in the closed state , the elastic force accumulated in the coil spring 66 becomes smaller than with the attachment part 68 , but when the lid body 14 is in the open state , the elastic force accumulated in the coil spring 66 becomes greater than with the attachment part 68 . that is , when the attachment part 68 is changed to the attachment part 70 , the prescribed angle of opening of the lid body 14 becomes smaller , and during opening of the lid body 14 , the speed of opening of the lid body 14 which is accelerated by the force of the coil spring 66 becomes somewhat slower than in the case with the attachment part 68 , but the decelerating force on the speed of opening in the course when the lid body 14 is completely opened becomes somewhat greater than in the case with the attachment part 68 , and the impact force due to interference with the holding part 12 can be further alleviated . when the attachment part 68 is changed to one of the attachment parts 72 , when the lid body 14 is in the closed state , the elastic force accumulated in the coil spring 66 becomes greater than with the attachment part 68 , but when the lid body 14 is in the open state , the elastic force accumulated in the coil spring 66 becomes smaller than with the attachment part 68 . that is , when the attachment part 68 is changed to one of the attachment part 72 , the prescribed angle of opening of the lid body 14 becomes larger , and the decelerating force on the speed of opening in the course when the lid body 14 is completely opened becomes somewhat smaller than in the case with the attachment part 68 , but during opening of the lid body 14 , the speed of opening of the lid body 14 which is accelerated by the force of the coil spring 66 can be made even faster than in the case with the attachment part 68 , and the lid body 14 can be opened quickly . although a container holder was explained in this embodiment , it is not limited to this because it may be anything that opens and closes a lid body on a main body . for example , it also may be applied to a small article compartments , ashtrays , or home electric appliances such as cd players and notebook computers . although only a limited number of embodiments have been described above , the various variations and modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the appended claims to those skilled in the art to which the present invention pertains or most closely pertains given the preceding disclosure . for example , while a coil spring has been described as being used as the element which produces biasing effect in the disclosed embodiments of the present invention , the invention is in no way limited to such a device and can be replaced with any suitable elastic arrangement that will apply a bias in a similar manner . further the invention is not limited to a single spring / elastic member and combinations of springs / elastic members that produce / result in the generation of non - linear biasing forces ( for example ) can be used if so desired . the disclosure of japanese patent application no . 2004 - 238770 filed on aug . 18 , 2004 is incorporated herein .	8
first , the characteristics of a non - limiting example of an ldo regulator regulated at 3 . 0 v with 60 μf ( before voltage and temperature deteriorating effects ) capacitor is presented . fig1 illustrates output voltage and supply current of such an ldo during start - up . it shows the characteristic of the output voltage ( vout ) 10 and inrush current 11 through the output pass device ( iout ) during start - up . t1 : all internal nodes of the ldo are discharged and biasing up . the output node is charging an external capacitor without control on the output current and a high inrush current 10 a is possible ( as shown in the dashed ellipse ), such a high inrush current may be harmful for the circuit and the supply ; t2 : internal slew rate controlled phase : an internal miller capacitor starts to charge up while an internal ldo current limit circuit has not yet started to operate ; t3 : the internal current limit circuit kicks in ; t4 : the output voltage reaches 90 % of the final regulated target value . fig2 illustrates a schematic of an exemplary ldo circuit having an output capacitor connected to a miller compensation capacitor . fig2 shows three gain stages with internal miller compensation . fig2 comprises the components of a basic integrated ldo , namely a pass transistor mpout 24 , a voltage divider ( r0 + r1 )/( r0 + r1 + r2 ), a feedback node fbk , and a differential pair stage ( mp1 , mp2 mn1 , and mn2 ) controlling the pass transistor mpout and a miller capacitor cmiller . furthermore an external output capacitor cout is provided . a current limit loop comprises feedback node fbk , nodes vd1 , vd2 , vd3 , and vd4 , current comparator 21 , transistor mn3 , and voltage comparator 22 , wherein both comparators are connected to a control circuit 23 comprising transistors mpswrt , mp4 and mp3 . the gates of mp3 and mp4 are connected to node vd4 , which is controlling the gate of the power switch mpout . the gate of mpswt is connected to the output of the voltage comparator 22 , which is detecting if the output voltage of the ldo has reached e . g . 90 % of the final regulated target voltage . the control circuit 23 provides input to the current comparator 21 which is controlling node vd3 via transistor mn3 the transistors mp3 and mp4 of the control circuit 23 mirror the current lout from the power transistor mpout to the current comparator 21 . the ratio of the current mirroring is : wherein w = channel width , l = channel length , and assuming that all the devices ( mp3 , mp4 , and mpout ) have same channel length and channel width but mpout has more units in parallel ( m ) and mp4 has more units in series ( n ). at the beginning of the start - up of the ldo of fig2 the output node ( vout ) 20 is completely discharged , hence the feedback node ( fbk ) 25 is low . the input differential pair ( mp1 , mp2 ; mn1 , mn2 ), building the 1 st gain stage , is completely unbalanced ( fbk voltage is close to ground voltage and the reference voltage vref is relatively high ) and the node vd2 is low forcing the output vd3 of the second gain stage a1 to be high and the output vd4 of the third gain stage a2 to be low . the node vd4 drives directly the gate of the output pass device mpout , which is connected to the supply voltage vin . if at start - up the node vd4 is close to ground , the output pass device mpout is completely turned on with a high gate to source voltage and behaves like a switch and a high inrush current is flowing . it is only when the output vd2 of the differential pair of the 1 st stage ( mp1 , mp2 ; mn1 , mn2 ) has reached the same level of biasing to match the opposite branch voltage vd1 that the second gain stage a1 and the third gain stage a2 can take control of the regulation loop that the output current is enabled to start to be limited . phase t3 is when the current limit kicks in because the circuit requires to operate a minimum vout . the voltage at node vd1 is in the preferred embodiment equivalent of gate - source voltage of device mn1 ( about 0 . 6 v ), i . e . the peak output inrush current during phase t1 ( the time can be defined in design , i . e . 50 μs ) is therefore : fig1 and 2 show that inrush current limitations should be activated in phase 1 already . fig3 illustrates how the problem of inrush current is being addressed in phase 1 already . a pre - charge circuit 30 is activated by an enable ldo signal as soon as the ldo is turned on and will immediately bias node vd2 close to the voltage of node vd1 . pre - charging of the node vd2 is done through a replica mn6 of the mn1 device ; hence the circuit can closely track the changes due to pvt variations . a current mode buffer mn4 , mn5 has to clamp the voltage at node vd2 while the ldo is powering up . the pre - charge circuit 30 comprises a current mode buffer 40 comprising transistors mn4 and mn5 . the pre - charge circuit 30 will remain in operation for a time long enough to ensure that the biasing of the input differential pair mp1 , mp2 , mn1 , mn2 is close to the final biasing conditions . in the example of the preferred embodiment the delay circuit 31 is set to approximately 100 μs , which is long enough to cover for the worst case conditions over pvt corners . after this delay , this pre - charge circuit is turned off and the mn4 device stops providing current ; the vd2 node is regulated now by the control loop of the ldo . furthermore a miller capacitor cmiller is connected between the output of the ldo and a miller node 25 . a further improvement to the method ( not shown in fig3 ) is to attach to node vd1 , in parallel to device mn1 , node a dummy replica of the device mn4 in order to balance the capacitive load between the two branches of the input differential pair mp1 , mp2 , mn1 , and mn2 furthermore the current source 32 may be scaled with current rail provided by current source 33 . fig4 shows details of the integrated pre - charge circuit 30 for in - rush current control as implemented in the exemplary ldo shown in fig1 and 2 . as already shown in the circuit of fig3 , fig4 shows the delay circuit 31 , and transistor mn6 , which is a replica of the mn1 . the current mode buffer 40 clamps the voltage at the miller node vd2 shown in fig3 . the pre - charge circuit is disabled after a delay signal from the delay block 31 or in other words biasing of the input differential pair is close to final biasing conditions . in a preferred embodiment the pre - charge circuit 30 is disabled after e . g . about 100 μsecs after an enable signal of the ldo or amplifier circuit . transistor mp40 is connected in a current mirror configuration to the current source 33 generating bias current itail for the input stage as shown in fig3 . this current mirror is configured in a way that a current itail / 2 is provided by transistor mp40 to the pre - charge circuit 30 . transistors mn5 and mn4 are identical transistors connected in a current mirror configuration , therefore the same current itail / 2 flows through both transistors mn5 and mn4 , hence voltage vg1 has about the same value as voltage vd1 shown in fig3 . current itail is the bias current in the main input differential pair . under normal conditions each branch ( mp1 + mn1 and mp2 + mn2 ) have a same current itail / 2 , hence to replicate the vd1 voltage , itail / 2 has to be used . it has to be noted that at start - up point of time the vref pin has a much higher voltage than the fbk pin as the vout node is charging slowly hence at the very beginning of the start - up there is no current flowing through the mp2 + mn2 devices . this way it is easy for the pre - charge circuit 30 to bias the node vd2 to the target value vd1 . fig5 depicts worst case , simulation results showing time - charts of inrush - current and output voltage , regulated at 3 . 0 v , of an ldo with inrush current control of the present disclosure when loaded with 60 μf . the worst case includes temperature of − 40 degrees c . the inrush current has a peak of 523 ma . fig6 illustrates silicon results showing time - charts of inrush - current and output voltage of an ldo , regulated at 2 . 2 v , of the present invention when loaded with 10 μf . the inrush current has a peak of 130 ma . fig5 and 6 show both results from 2 versions of the same ldo . fig5 shows current and voltage diagrams from simulations under worst case conditions , while fig6 shows silicon results of the ldo under typical conditions . fig7 shows a flowchart of a method to reduce inrush current of electronic circuits having a miller compensation capacitor connected to capacitive load . a first step 700 depicts a provision of providing an electronic circuit having an input stage and a pre - charge circuit and a miller compensation capacitor connected to capacitive load . the next step 701 shows pre - charging a terminal of the miller capacitor , which is connected to an input stage of the electronic circuit , to bias conditions close to normal biasing conditions at the very beginning of a start - up phase of the circuit . step 702 clamping by the pre - charge circuit the terminal of the miller capacitor to a voltage close to normal biasing conditions , while the electronic circuit is starting up . step 703 depicts disabling the pre - charge after a defined timespan being long enough to ensure that the biasing of an input stage of the electronic circuit is close to the final biasing conditions . it should be noted that the method disclosed to pre - charge and clamp the node vd2 at start - up and consequently reduce the inrush current from the supply voltage vin is valid in all pvt conditions . fig8 a + b illustrate time - charts comprising an ldo with and without inrush current control with a large capacitor ( 60 μf ) when the output is regulated at 3 . 0 v . the temperature is ambient temperature , the silicon corner is typical . in fig8 a curve 80 shows a time diagram of the ldo without inrush current control and the peak on the left hand side of curve 80 shows clearly the problem addressed by the present disclosure . furthermore in fig8 a curve 81 illustrates a current diagram with the inrush current control of the present disclosure . the dramatic improvements by the inrush current control are obvious . curve 82 shows the rise of the output voltage of the ldo with inrush current control and curve 83 shows the rise of the voltage without inrush current control . it should be noted that the maximum inrush current amounts to about 8 a as shown by curve 80 . fig9 a - c illustrate charts of inrush - current versus output capacitances for ldos without inrush current control . fig9 a with curve 90 shows maximum peak values of inrush current of an ldo without inrush current control versus output capacitors of 10 , 30 and 60 μf shown on the horizontal scale . the peak value of the inrush - current using e . g . 30 μf is about 7 . 8 a . fig9 b with curves 91 - 93 shows peak values of inrush currents without inrush current control using output capacitors of 10 μf ( curve 93 ), 30 μf ( curve 92 ), and 60 μf ( curve 91 ) versus time . numeral 91 shows a maximum inrush current when using 60 μf , numeral 92 shows a maximum inrush current when using 30 μf , and numeral 93 shows a maximum inrush current when using 10 μf . fig9 c with curve 94 shows a time chart of the output voltage using output capacitors of 10 μf , 30 μf , and 60 μf versus time . there is not much impact of the different capacitors . fig1 a - c illustrate charts of inrush - current versus output capacitances for ldos with inrush current control . fig1 a with curve 100 shows maximum peak values of inrush current of an ldo without inrush current control versus output capacitors of 10 , 30 and 60 μf shown on the horizontal scale . the peak value of the inrush - current using e . g . 30 μf is 220 ma compared to 7 . 8 as shown in fig9 a without inrush current control . fig1 b with curves 101 - 103 shows inrush currents with inrush current control using output capacitors of 10 , 30 and 60 μf versus time . curve 101 shows a maximum inrush current when using 60 μf , curve 102 shows a maximum inrush current when using 30 μf , and curve 103 shows a maximum inrush current when using 10 μf . fig1 c with curve 104 shows a time chart of the output voltage . there are only very small differences of the output voltage when using output capacitors of 10 , 30 and 60 μf . it should also be noted that the description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the proposed methods and systems . those skilled in the art will be able to implement various arrangements that , although not explicitly described or shown herein , embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope . furthermore , all examples and embodiment outlined in the present document are principally intended expressly to be only for explanatory purposes to help the reader in understanding the principles of the proposed methods and systems . furthermore , all statements herein providing principles , aspects , and embodiments of the invention , as well as specific examples thereof , are intended to encompass equivalents thereof .	6
in a preferred embodiment , the invention is an interactive , electronic puzzle 10 for amusing and creatively stimulating children . as depicted in fig1 puzzle 10 includes puzzle pieces 20 corresponding to particular concepts in a unifying theme or motif that helps the child to associate and understand the concepts . for puzzle 10 , the disclosed unifying theme is a nursery rhyme entitled “ the itsy bitsy spider .” other nursery rhymes suitable for use in the invention include , for example , “ twinkle , twinkle , little star ”; “ mary had a little lamb ”; “ jack and jill went up the hill ”; “ row , row , row your boat ”; and “ old mcdonald had a farm ,” to name just a few . beginning at the top of puzzle 10 and continuing in a clockwise direction , particular puzzle pieces 20 are shown corresponding to a spider web , the sun , water , flowers , a spider , the fragrance of flowers , a puddle and rain . these are concepts referenced in “ the itsy bitsy spider .” puzzle 10 also includes an interactive tray 30 and an actuator 60 for playing the nursery rhyme . [ 0024 ] fig2 depicts tray 30 with raised edge 34 , which is sized and shaped to fit around all of the puzzle pieces 20 when they are arranged in predetermined positions with respect to each other . actuator 60 is located on tray 30 and outside of edge 34 . tray 30 is mounted on base 70 . turning now to fig3 recessed receptacles 40 are positioned at irregular intervals along receiving surface 32 . receptacles 40 are located at or below receiving surface 32 . each of the receptacles 40 houses a sensor 50 for actuating by one of the projections 26 ( best seen in fig5 ). adjacent each of the sensors 50 is a demarcated area 36 having the same shape as one of the puzzle pieces 20 . the child may use the areas 36 as guides for determining which of the puzzle pieces 20 corresponds to the adjacent sensor 50 . in other embodiments ( not shown ) of the present invention , tray projections are positioned along a receiving surface , for cooperating with piece receptacles on each of a plurality of puzzle pieces . comparing fig1 and 3 , puzzle pieces 20 are shaped to mate with each other in a predetermined arrangement having a shape and size appropriate to fit inside raised edge 34 . when one of the puzzle pieces 20 is placed in its predetermined position with respect to receptacles 40 and pressed against receiving surface 34 , projection 26 of that puzzle piece 20 enters the appropriate receptacle 40 and actuates the sensor 50 within the receptacle . in other embodiments ( not shown ), it is contemplated that each of a plurality of puzzle pieces contains an actuating element for cooperation with a sensor located in or on a tray . in those embodiments ( not shown ), the actuating elements may actuate the sensors by mechanical pressure , magnetism , or electrical voltage or current . preferably , each of the puzzle pieces 20 has a boundary surface that fits against raised edge 34 while its projection 26 is in the corresponding receptacle 40 that can trigger an appropriate audio response . this fit between raised edge 34 and each of puzzle pieces 20 makes puzzle 10 easier to solve and reduces the number of false positive audio responses . although it may be possible to insert one of the puzzle pieces 20 into more than one of the receptacles 40 , even a very young child soon comes to appreciate that each puzzle piece 20 fits with raised edge 34 in the predetermined position . for the present purposes , puzzle pieces 20 are fitted together in jigsaw fashion when all of the puzzle pieces 20 are placed in their predetermined positions with respect to each other . each piece 20 is shaped or marked to symbolize a concept related to the unifying theme . for example , the puzzle pieces 20 depicted in fig4 symbolize the sun and the itsy bitsy spider , respectively . each of these puzzle pieces 20 has a top side that is sculptured and colored to reflect the symbolized concept , which relates to the unifying theme . as shown in fig5 each of the puzzle pieces 20 includes an underside that forms a projection 26 for inserting into one of the receptacles 40 . [ 0031 ] fig6 shows tray 30 separated from base 70 in order to illustrate various internal components . base 70 includes battery compartment 72 , preferably sized for housing three 1 . 5 - volt aa - size batteries ( not shown ), and speaker 74 , each electrically connected to microprocessor 90 . additionally , electrical conductors 80 electrically connect each of the sensors 50 and actuator 60 to microprocessor 90 . [ 0032 ] fig7 is a close - up view of base 70 , which depicts several of the sensors 50 , inserted in receptacles 40 and electrically connected to an electrical conductor 80 . one of the sensors 50 is disassembled , showing that it includes a mounting board 52 , a pushbutton switch 54 and a pushbutton 56 . when sensor 50 is assembled , depressing pushbutton 56 causes pushbutton switch 54 to close a normally open electrical contact , which produces an identifiable voltage change in one of the electrical conductors 80 . microprocessor 90 is capable of detecting this change in voltage and determining which one of the sensors 50 has produced the voltage change . based on the voltage change , microprocessor 90 sends to speaker 74 an audio response appropriate for the particular sensor 50 . as a result , the child is immediately rewarded by this audio response for his or her part in depressing pushbutton 56 . microprocessor 90 is depicted in fig8 which is another close - up perspective view of base 70 . microprocessor 90 includes microchip 92 seated on a chip carrier and electrically connected to , among other things , electrical conductors 80 . [ 0034 ] fig9 is another close - up perspective view of base 70 , this time depicting actuator 60 in disassembled form . as can be seen in fig9 actuator 60 includes mounting board 62 , pushbutton switch 64 and pushbutton 60 . a direct current voltage from the batteries ( not shown ) is impressed on each of the electrical conductors 80 . each of the sensors 50 include a pushbutton switch 54 having a normally open contact ( not shown ). one side of the contact is electrically connected to one of the electrical conductors 80 . the other side of the contact is electrically connected to a ground . microprocessor 90 monitors the voltage between each of the electrical conductors 80 and the ground . at least one of these voltages changes when one of the sensors 50 is activated . based on this change in voltage , microprocessor 90 sends a recorded message or other audio response to speaker 74 . the audio response is appropriate for the concept associated with the particular sensor 50 . in order to use the interactive puzzle of the present invention , a child places one of the puzzle pieces against the receiving surface in its predetermined position with respect to the receptacles . the child may fit the puzzle pieces against the raised edge of the tray as a guide and compare the shapes of the demarcated areas with the shapes of the puzzle pieces in order to determine where each of the puzzle pieces belongs . pressing the puzzle piece against the receiving surface while the puzzle piece is in its predetermined position actuates the corresponding sensor and triggers an appropriate audio response related to the unifying theme . the child may also press the actuator , which , when a unifying these ( such as a nursery rhyme ) is employed , causes a synopsis of the unifying theme to be played in its entirety , in order to refresh the child &# 39 ; s memory or to simply enjoy the theme . the theme may be in the form of a song , story , poem or nursery rhyme . by solving the interactive puzzle of the invention , children learn words , songs , nursery rhymes , concepts , the relationships between the words and concepts , or other subject matter . the puzzle of this invention may be solved repeatedly , and an audio response immediately rewards each success . while only a few , preferred embodiments of the invention have been described above , those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that these embodiments may be modified and altered without departing from the central spirit and scope of the invention . the preferred embodiments described above are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive .	6
the present invention is directed to a method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system ( hereinafter “ ca computer ”). the ca computer is commonly accessible in that multiple users may be provided temporary access to the ca computer and the application programs thereon . according to the method , the user of the ca computer has a portable storage device available ( e . g ., on his or her person ) for interfacing with the ca computer . the present invention allows an individual to use a computer ( i . e ., the ca computer ) other than the user &# 39 ; s desktop or laptop computers , and to optionally use application programs on the computer . moreover , the present invention allows the individual to quickly change customizable system features of the ca computer in accordance with his or her preferences . such authorizations and customizations are automatically achieved through the use of the portable storage device . to facilitate a clear understanding of the present invention , definitions of terms employed herein will now be given . system software refers to control software that provides the basic services to a user like reading / writing files , displaying data on the screen , and interfacing with different hardware components of the underlying hardware . operating systems such as , for example , windows98 or unix , and middleware components , such as , for example , web - browsers or object - brokers , are examples of system software . system software typically is specific to the underlying hardware . applications ( or programs or application programs ) refer to software programs that rely on the services provided by the system software to perform a task for the user . typical application programs include word processors , spreadsheets , calendars , computer aided design ( cad ) programs , and so forth . application programs are normally specific to a particular system software . user data refers to data created by the user through the use of application programs . typically , such data is stored in a format specific to the application that was used to create the data . changes to the user data therefore require the availability of the creating application . personalization settings refer to the numerous settings provided in both system software and applications that allow the user to make changes to adapt the software to his or her needs or preferences . for example , an operating system like windows98 allows for the selection and placement of icons corresponding to frequently used applications and data onto the desktop surface . another example of personalization with respect to application programs is a software switch that allows the automatic spell checker in a word processor to be turned on or off . further examples include : the desktop settings , such as , for example , color scheme , font size , desktop pattern and screen saver ; the setting of application options , such as , for example , preferred directories or default font size ; user - specific tables like address books or bookmarks ; and so forth . portable storage device refers to a physical device that provides permanent storage and that can be removed easily from the ca computer . examples of such devices are diskettes , flash memory cards for use in a pcmcia slot , removable hard - drives like the ibm microdrive or the iomega jazz cartridges , and so forth . however , the present invention is not limited to the above recited examples and , thus , other types of portable storage devices may be used , including those which communicate by infrared and / or radio frequency . primary computer processing system ( or primary computer ) refers to the user &# 39 ; s own computer . for the user , access to this computer is unrestricted and he or she has privileges to add , remove or change applications and data at will . commonly accessible computer processing system (“ ca computer ”) refers to a computer used temporarily to access data while away from the primary computer . the user typically does not have unrestricted access to this computer and does not have full privileges for access to all resources of this computer . it is to be understood that the present invention may be implemented in various forms of hardware , software , firmware , special purpose processors , or a combination thereof . preferably , the present invention is implemented in software as a program tangibly embodied on a program storage device . the program may be uploaded to , and executed by , a machine comprising any suitable architecture . preferably , the machine is implemented on a computer platform having hardware such as one or more central processing units ( cpu ), a random access memory ( ram ), and input / output ( i / o ) interface ( s ). the computer platform also includes an operating system and microinstruction code . the various processes and functions described herein may either be part of the microinstruction code or part of the program ( or a combination thereof ) which is executed via the operating system . in addition , various other peripheral devices may be connected to the computer platform such as an additional data storage device and a printing device . it is to be further understood that , because some of the constituent system components and method steps depicted in the accompanying figures are preferably implemented in software , the actual connections between the system components ( or the process steps ) may differ depending upon the manner in which the present invention is programmed . fig1 is a block diagram of a computer processing system ( ca computer ) 100 to which the present invention may be applied according to an embodiment of the present invention . the ca computer 100 includes at least one processor ( cpu ) 102 operatively coupled to other components via a system bus 104 . a read only memory ( rom ) 106 , a random access memory ( ram ) 108 , a display adapter 110 , an i / o adapter 112 , a user interface adapter 114 , and a communications adapter 128 are operatively coupled to system bus 104 . a display device 116 is operatively coupled to system bus 104 by display adapter 110 . a disk storage device ( e . g ., a magnetic or optical disk storage device ) 118 is operatively couple to system bus 104 by i / o adapter 112 . a mouse 120 and keyboard 124 are operatively coupled to system bus 104 by user interface adapter 114 . the mouse and keyboard may be used to input and output information to and from the ca computer 100 . an interface device 140 is also operatively coupled to system bus 104 by user interface adapter 114 . the interface device 140 allows the ca computer to interface with a portable storage device 142 , described more fully hereinbelow . in a preferred embodiment of the present invention , the portable storage device 142 is a pcmcia card and the interface device 140 is a pcmcia reader . the ca computer 100 may communicate with another computer ( s ) through communications adapter 128 . the other computer ( s ) may be part of an intranet or the internet . a general description of the present invention will now be provided to introduce the reader to the concepts of the invention . subsequently , more detailed descriptions of various aspects of the invention will be provided . the present invention is directed to a method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer , the ca computer user having a storage device on his or her person for interfacing with the ca computer . the method may be used by entities such as , for example , hotels internet cafes . the ca computer users may be , for example , individuals traveling on business or those desiring to “ chat ” in an internet chat room . the storage device may be , for example , a smartcard , compactflash , small disk drive , and so forth . the storage device includes pertinent information about the user . the user can access the commonly accessible computer by inserting his or her portable storage device into a matching interface . the business reads the user information stored in the portable storage device and authorizes the user to access the ca computer . this will change the personalization settings on the ca computer to match the information on the user &# 39 ; s storage device . the ca computer may run application programs stored on the portable storage device . additionally or alternatively , the entities may provide authorization to use one or more applications available on the ca computer . fees are automatically incurred as the user runs applications provided on the ca computer . upon completion , the user removes his storage device from the ca computer . this will automatically remove the user information and data from that ca computer and initiate a billing process that charges the user &# 39 ; s account for the services . fig2 is a flow diagram illustrating the phases of a method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system ( ca computer ) according to an embodiment of the present invention . the method is divided into the following phases : authorization 300 ; sign - on 400 ; use 500 ; sign - off 600 ; and billing 700 . during the authorization phase 300 , the user is granted access to the ca computer 100 and provided with a user account on the ca computer 100 . access is granted by storing an encrypted access code on the user &# 39 ; s portable storage device 142 . the user account is used to record the user activity during the use phase . these records form the basis of the billing phase . fig3 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps performed during the authorization phase 300 of the method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention . the portable storage device 142 is coupled to an interface device 140 that can access and modify the contents of the portable storage device 142 ( step 302 ). then , a user - specific access code is written to the portable storage device 142 that authorizes the use of various services , including entry to a set of rooms , billing of meals , access to the common computer , and so forth ( step 304 ). depending on the agreement between the service provider and the user , the access code may only grant access to certain services . optionally , prepaid usage credits are stored on the portable storage device 142 ( step 306 ). in an alternative embodiment , these usage credits may be stored on a central server ( not shown ) instead of the portable storage device 142 . after completion of the authorization step , the portable storage device 142 is de - coupled from the interface device 140 ( step 308 ). fig4 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps performed during the sign - on phase 400 of the method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention . the sign - on phase 400 is initiated when the user couples the portable storage device 142 to the ca computer 100 ( step 402 ). this connection is detected automatically . the user authorization is then checked / verified by inspecting the authorization code that was stored on the portable storage device 142 in step 304 ( step 404 ). then , the user &# 39 ; s personalization information is read from the portable storage device 142 ( step 406 ) and the customizable system and application settings are changed in accordance with the user &# 39 ; s preferences ( step 408 ). at the end of the sign - on phase 400 , an automatic monitoring system is started on the ca computer 100 that tracks user activity ( step 410 ). fig5 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps performed during the use phase 500 of the method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention . during the use phase 500 , the user works with the ca computer 100 as if it were his primary computer . the user &# 39 ; s use of the ca computer 100 is monitored ( e . g ., by monitoring the user &# 39 ; s and / or the computer &# 39 ; s activity ) ( step 502 ), and an activity log is generated based on such monitoring ( step 504 ). the user can use applications present on the ca computer 100 and / or applications that are resident on the portable storage device 142 . if billing occurs by user activity , several existing methods , as well as other methods , may be used to monitor the user &# 39 ; s actions . for instance , some operating systems ( like windows nt ) have built - in auditing capabilities that can generate reports on how often and how intensely a computer was used over a certain period of time . alternatively , a privileged application may be installed on the ca computer 100 to periodically sample and record the active processes together with their consumption of cpu time . this information may be used to determine the amount the user is to be billed . fig6 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps performed during the sign - off phase 600 of the method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention . once the user has completed his work on the ca computer 100 , he or she disconnects the portable storage device 142 ( step 602 ). this initiates the sign - off phase 600 . during sign - off , the system saves and / or forwards the user activity log for processing ( step 604 ). at the end of the sign - off phase 600 , all personalization information introduced during the sign - on phase 300 is removed and the system returns to its default configuration ( step 606 ). fig7 is a flow diagram illustrating the steps performed during the billing phase 700 of the method for providing temporary access to a commonly accessible computer processing system according to an embodiment of the present invention . in the billing phase 700 , the log is converted to a bill for the services incurred according to cost schedule ( step 702 ). different such schedules are conceivable , such as , for example , billing for total time signed - on to the ca computer 100 or billing for time spent running applications stored on the ca computer 100 . the final amount will be automatically posted to the user &# 39 ; s account or deducted from his credit card ( step 704 ). it is to be appreciated that other predetermined billing mechanisms may also be used other than the user &# 39 ; s account or credit card . since the billing phase 700 can be performed based solely on information created on the ca computer 100 , there is no need to interact again with a customer representative or a service center . the above described method applies equally to installations where the user interacts directly with the ca computer 100 , e . g . a pc , or via a remote interface like the x - windows protocol or citrix windows terminal . in any case , the user - interface is similar to the one on the primary computer . although the illustrative embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings , it is to be understood that the present system and method is not limited to those precise embodiments , and that various other changes and modifications may be affected therein by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention . all such changes and modifications are intended to be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .	6
the figures ( figs .) and the following description relate to preferred embodiments by way of illustration only . it should be noted that from the following discussion , alternative embodiments of the structures and methods disclosed herein will be readily recognized as viable alternatives that may be employed without departing from the principles of what is claimed . reference will now be made in detail to several embodiments , examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying figures . it is noted that wherever practicable similar or like reference numbers may be used in the figures and may indicate similar or like functionality . the figures depict embodiments of the disclosed system ( or method ) for purposes of illustration only . one skilled in the art will readily recognize from the following description that alternative embodiments of the structures and methods illustrated herein may be employed without departing from the principles described herein . vawts offer a number of advantages over traditional horizontal - axis wind turbines ( hawts ). they can be packed closer together in wind farms , allowing more in a given space . this is not because they are smaller , but rather due to the slowing effect on the air that hawts have , forcing designers to separate them by ten times their width . vawts are rugged , quiet , and they do not create as much stress on the support structure . they do not require as much wind to generate power , thus allowing them to be closer to the ground . by being closer to the ground they do not excessively kill migratory birds , they are easily maintained and can be installed on chimneys and similar tall structures . fig1 a and 1b respectively illustrate a savonius style and darrieus style vawts . the savonius design depends on drag forces to provide energy and as shown in fig1 a is limited to relatively slow operating speeds . the darrieus design although capable of operating at higher speeds is difficult to start at low wind speeds . the present invention can operate as an improved savonius design utilizing full drag forces when a blade is moving down wind , while turning the blade to minimize drag when the blade is in the upwind positions . at higher wind speeds , the present invention can operate as an improved darrieus design , since the lift forces can be optimized and in fact positive lift and negative lift conditions can be chosen as needed to improve the efficiency of the design . this is accomplished by simply adjusting the pitch of the blade . fig2 - 8 illustrate various views of embodiments of the disclosure . fig2 illustrates a perspective view of the vawt 10 . a rotor assembly 30 is supported within a support structure 20 so that it may freely rotate independently of the support structure 20 . the support structure has a stand 21 that is fixed such as legs , telephone pole , building or existing tower . a rotatable portion of the support structure 20 supports the rotor assembly 30 . the rotatable portion includes a directional vein 24 that positions itself in a position substantially downwind from the rotor assembly 30 . since any changes in ambient wind direction are compensated for through the support structure the rotor assembly 30 itself does not have to respond to changes in actual wind direction . fig3 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a rotor assembly 30 of a vawt . a shaft 36 running vertically through the vawt is rotatably supported within the support structure 20 . an end of the shaft provides the mechanical force to drive a generator or other mechanical device . a plurality of struts 37 are fixed to the shaft 36 and extend radially from the shaft 36 to a blade 40 . typically a pair of struts 37 is attached to each blade 40 through a swivel assembly 50 . the swivel assembly provides a connection that allows the blade 40 to rotate about the strut 37 longitudinal axis . the blade 40 is also provided with a guide pin 58 to provide pitch control of the blade 40 as it rotates about the shaft 36 . fig4 illustrates a perspective view of an embodiment of a support structure 20 of a vawt without the rotor assembly 30 . a directional vane 24 separates an upper plate 22 from a lower plate 23 . each plate has one or more guide tracks to accept the appropriate guide pin thus controlling the blade pitch at each point in the blades rotation . the upper guide track 25 is a minor image of the lower guide track 26 . multiple guide tracks are provided to provide multiple blade pitches for a blade at a given position in its rotation . a stand 21 provides a fixed support for the rotational portion of the support structure 20 . the directional vane 24 orientates the plates so that the guide tracks are generally at the same position , relative to ambient wind , regardless of the wind direction . fig5 illustrates a cross sectional view of an embodiment of a support structure of a vawt . a shaft 36 portion of the rotor assembly 30 rotates within the support structure 20 . to support the weight , while minimizing frictional losses and transmitting the power produced , bearings may be used . in one embodiment , a rotor bearing 55 is used between the structure support 20 and the lower plate 23 . in other embodiments , the load may be carried by an upper bearing 54 or the bearing may be integral with the attached electrical generator . optionally , for materials with low frictional coefficients , the bearing functions may be incorporated by the material itself . as further shown in fig5 as the stand 21 remains fixed , a structural support bearing 28 is provided to allow the rotatable portion of the structural support to rotate into the correct orientation with respect to changing wind conditions . a blade 40 is essentially an airfoil coupled to and rotating around an axis . as an airfoil , the blade may have a shape ranging from a flat plate as shown in fig6 to that of a symmetrical or non - symmetrical airfoil . streamlined embodiments would tend to have greater lift and less drag . extensive information is available to estimate aerodynamic properties of specific airfoil designs . this information may be refined using wind tunnel experiments to account for nonstandard conditions and interactions such as wing wash and vortex interference from the upstream blade . as shown in fig6 and 7 , the blade 40 has a leading edge 45 and a trailing edge 46 . a swivel assembly 50 allows limited rotation of the blade 40 around a hinge pin 51 connecting at a rotor connector 52 portion attached to the strut 37 , and a blade connector 53 attached to the blade 40 . the attachment point for the swivel assembly 50 is typically at the ¼ the chord ( c ) length of the blade 40 nearest the leading edge 45 . near the trailing edge 46 are an upper guide pin 58 and a lower guide pin 59 which are fixedly attached to the blade 40 at one end , with a free end available to freely slide within the appropriate guide track . fig8 shows a section view of the airfoil at the radial plane containing the center of pressure ( cp ). the cp is a theoretical point along the cord line where the turning moment ( m ) is zero . the chord line is the longest line in the cross section joining the leading and trailing edges . the angle of attack a is the angle the apparent wind direction makes with the chord line . the airfoil shape has inherent lift and drag characteristics , which vary with the incidence angle of the air with respect to the chord of the airfoil . this angle is called the angle of attack , or α . the angle of attack depends on ( 1 ) the orientation of the airfoil with respect to the axis of rotation of the blade , angle γ , and ( 2 ) the angle of the air flow with respect to this same axis , angle β . because the blade is rotating around a shaft 40 azimuth ( ω ), the air flow angle , β , depends on the motion of the wind and the motion of the blade . the velocity vectors of the rotation velocity ( vr ) of the blade and real wind velocity ( vo ) of the wind unaffected by the blade are combined to determine the apparent wind velocity ( v ). blade velocities can be normalized by calculating a tip speed ratio ( tsr ) which is the blade velocity divided by the real wind velocity . the lift , l , and drag , d created by the apparent wind velocity ( v ) are perpendicular and parallel to the angle of attack . in addition to wind direction and velocity , lift ( l ) and drag ( d ) are a function of the lift coefficient ( c l ) and drag coefficient ( c d ) respectively . they depend on the shape of the airfoil and will alter with changes in the angle of attack and other wing appurtenances . in addition , other factors such as vortices and blade wash complicate the analysis of lift and drag . a lift - drag ratio may be used to express the relation between lift and drag and is obtained by dividing the lift coefficient by the drag coefficient c l / c d . as illustrated fig9 the drag forces operate in the direction of the apparent velocity while lift forces operate at right angles to the apparent velocity . as the blade 40 rotates around the vertical axis , the azimuth is continually changing . as the azimuth changes these forces may assist or restrain the rotation of the blade 40 . changing the pitch of the blade at a given azimuth can be used to affect the lift and drag forces affecting the quantity and amount of forces available for use . pitch changes can be used to increase the rotational velocity as well as decrease the rotational velocity . decreases in rotational velocity are particularly helpful during periods of extremely high wind velocities , which may otherwise result in overload and damage to the vawt . fig1 illustrates an example the overall energy efficiency for selected turbine technologies . the overall power efficiency ( cp ) represents the ratio of the power extracted from the wind from that which is available . as shown the savonius ( drag ) has a high efficiency at low speeds , but it is not effective at high speeds . the darrieus ( lift ) unit becomes efficient at higher speeds . the darrieus unit has significant optimization potential at low speeds and high speeds . the high speed efficiency may be improved by optimizing blade pitch for high speed operation . fig1 illustrates an example wind speed histogram as a function of time . as shown , a significant period of operating hours can be lost if a vawt does not initiate turning at low wind speeds . furthermore , although very high speed winds may have a low probability of occurrence it is preferable that a vawt design will be capable of surviving an most occasional high wind speeds without being destroyed . fig1 illustrates an example of change in the angle of the drag coefficient attack for a representative airfoil . for a blade 40 operating in a high lift mode , to minimize drag , the angle of attack would be relatively low . to initially start a vawt a high drag condition can be obtained by either at high or low angles of attack with the appropriate direction of the force selected by using the appropriate positive or negative angle of attack . fig1 illustrates an example of lift coefficients at various angles of attack . the lift coefficient is minimal at low angles of attack , which would occur when using the blade in a lift configuration . for this example airfoil , lift is negligible at approximately a − 2 degree angle of attack . negative lift occurs as the angle of attack is decrease . positive lift occurs as the angle of attack is increased . of course , higher lift forces also increase drag forces requiring a balancing of the two . in addition , at high angles of attack , excessive turbulence creates a stall condition resulting in a loss of lift . as such , drag dependent devices operating at high angles of attack do not have appreciable lift . fig1 a - c illustrate examples using guide path pitch control of blade position on three alternative guide tracks . fig1 a represents and embodiment in which the blade position is illustrated for various azimuthal positions following a first guide path 125 . the guide pins are shown tracking in a substantially circular perimeter track . the blade pitch is set by the position of the guide pins at the trailing edge and the strut attachment area near the center of pressure . for this guide track the radial position of the guide pins in the guide track follow a parallel path to the swivel assembly . as such , the angle of rotation stays relatively constant throughout each revolution . this embodiment would be expected to be highly efficient at higher wind velocities . fig1 b illustrates an example where the blade pitch changes during each revolution . in this example the plates would be configured for high starting capability in low wind conditions . this occurs because the directional vane 24 orientates the plates so that all guide paths remains in approximately the same position relative to the wind . this embodiment shows the use of a second guide path 126 , the blade would switch from the first guide path 125 to the second guide path 126 as the blade rotates around the azimuth of the plate . in this embodiment the blade at the 270 ° position would have a relatively high drag coefficient and not provide any lift force . the blade at the 90 ° position would have relatively low drag coefficient as the blade moved in an upstream position . blades at the 0 ° position and the 180 ° position have intermediate angles of attack . fig1 c illustrates an example in which the blade would also utilize a third guide path 127 , the blade would switch from the first guide path 125 to the second guide path 126 and finally to the third guide path 127 . this option provides an intermediate embodiment utilizing both drag and lift forces . in this embodiment may be preferable embodiment for reducing the chance of damage by limiting rotational speeds during occasional high wind conditions . fig1 a and 15b illustrates an embodiment of a diverter 60 to direct a blade to switch to an appropriate guide path . this allows the use of multiple blade pitch settings at a given azimuth position of the blade . the diverter is shown as a mechanical device , however the diverter 60 may be a mechanical or electrical mechanical unit , or may be fully aerodynamic . according to an embodiment of the invention , the blade 40 is coupled to the strut 37 at the center of pressure cp . the center of pressure cp is defined as the point where the blade &# 39 ; s pitching moment , m , is approximately zero . for a symmetrically shaped blade the center of pressure cp will generally be at the quarter chord point , c / 4 . coupling the blade 40 to the strut 37 at the cp would result in the trailing guide pins to essentially follow the guide track without a strong tendency to move toward the inside or outside of the guide track . if the blade 40 is attached through the swivel assembly 50 forward of the center of pressure , the resulting pitching moment m would move the guide pin to the side of the guide path closest to the center of the plates . alternatively , if the swivel assembly 50 is centered behind the cp the guide pins will tend to move toward the outer edge of the guide path . as the cp may change with a change in operating conditions , it may be possible to select an attachment point that will change with operating conditions such as wind speed . as a result , guide paths can be provided with a common segment so that at one wind speed , the guide pin will track to an inner track , while at another wind speed the guide pin will track to an outer path . thus , alternate tracks are used which are aerodynamically switched from one to the other simply by appropriate selection of the attachment point . in other embodiments , mechanical and electro - mechanical switches may be used . in an electro - mechanical embodiment , a simple electrical switch calibrated to a wind velocity may be mounted on the vawt . when activated , this may open or close a simple mechanical or magnetic gate by blocking one guide track thereby directing the guide pin to the selected now open guide track . such gates may be located within a recess in the bottom of the guide track , or on a side of a guide track . in fig1 a and 15b , a diverter 60 has a gate 61 that alternatively blocks a first guide track to direct the blade to follow a second guide track . an activator 62 is shown rotatably mounted on the lower plate . the activator is placed so that at a desired wind velocity , sufficient force will rotate the activator 62 thus moving the attached the gate 61 within the common segment of the first and second guide path to alternate the gate being closed . as the wind velocity decreases , the activator 62 and corresponding gate 61 will return to an original position . optionally , the activator 62 may be provided with a spring to further bias the gate 61 in a closed position . as such , only wind velocity is used for mechanical switching of guide paths . the detailed descriptions of the above embodiments are not exhaustive descriptions of all embodiments contemplated by the inventors to be within the scope of the invention . indeed , persons skilled in the art will recognize that certain elements of the above - described embodiments may variously be combined or eliminated to create further embodiments , and such further embodiments fall within the scope and teachings of the invention . it will also be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the above - described embodiments may be combined in whole or in part to create additional embodiments within the scope and teachings of the invention .	5
a holder for a beverage container in accordance with the present invention is identified as a whole with reference numeral 1 . the holder 1 is shown in fig1 and 2 and used for mounting in a motor vehicle . it can hold not shown beverage containers , such as for example cups , cartoons , beverage cans , bottles and the like . the holder 1 has a cup - shaped container receptacle 2 with a bottom 3 . the container receptacle 2 has an upper open side . at this upper open side the holder 1 merges into a flange - shaped screen or cover 4 of one piece with it . this cover 4 is provided for closing a mounting opening provided in the vehicle for the holder 1 . three holding jaws 7 are arranged in the openings 5 of the inner peripheral wall 6 of the container receptacle 2 and distributed over the periphery . a carrier part 8 composed of sheet metal or plastic surrounds the container receptacle 2 from the side of the bottom 3 . it is composed of a plate - shaped base which lies on the bottom 3 of the container receptacle 2 , and three tongues 9 which project perpendicularly from the base . the holding jaws 7 are formed by a two - fold bends 10 of the tongues . with minting of the tongues 9 , a springy connection of the holding jaws 7 with the carrier part 8 is provided . the carrier part 8 and the container receptacle 2 are connected by an undercut pin 11 on the bottom 3 of the container receptacle 2 , as by well as a keyhole in the carrier part 8 . during mounting the carrier part 8 is put over the container receptacle in an orientation which is turned by 90 ° relative to the shown position . thereby the tongues 9 with the holding jaws 7 spread apart due to the inclined sliding surfaces 13 in a springy fashion , but without first engaging in the openings 5 . the carrier part 8 is displaced until the pin 11 extends through the keyhole 12 . subsequently , the carrier part is turned to the shown position , and the pin 11 engages behind the carrier part 8 . simultaneously the holding jaws 7 snap into the openings 5 so that a back turning is prevented . in deviation from the above described construction , it is within the spirit of the invention to provide the mounting of the carrier part 8 on the container receptacle 2 by a clip connection . for this purpose the container receptacle 2 can be provided with one or several not shown arresting projections which engage behind an edge of the carrier part 8 . when a not shown beverage container with a corresponding outer diameter is inserted into the container receptacle 2 , the holding jaws , due to their inclined sliding surfaces 13 , are pulled substantially radially onto the container receptacle 2 until they abut against the periphery of the container receptacle . the spring action is provided by an elastic bending of the tongues 9 . thereby a beverage container is held in a clamping fashion . [ 0019 ] fig3 shows a synthetic plastic attachment 15 as an additional component of the carrier part 8 a . it forms the holding jaws 7 a and has an improved optical appearance as well as improved sliding and clamping properties when compared with the holding jaws 7 . the synthetic plastic attachment is mounted , before joining of the carrier part 8 a , to the holding receptacle 2 . the connection between the tongues 9 and the synthetic plastic attachment 15 can be provided for example by a not shown clip connection . an arresting projection mounted on the synthetic plastic attachment 15 can engage for example in a recess of the tongues 9 . it will be understood that each of the elements described above , or two or more together , may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the types described above . while the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in holder for a beverage container , it is not intended to be limited to the details shown , since various modifications and structural changes may be made without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention . without further analysis , the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can , by applying current knowledge , readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that , from the standpoint of prior art , fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention .	1
in reference to the drawings , wherein like reference numerals indicate corresponding elements , there is shown in fig1 an illustration , in block diagram format , of a double action - type press 20 , a sheet stock feeder mechanism 22 , the improved belt discharge apparatus of the present invention , generally denoted by reference numeral 24 , and an edge curler station 26 . the incoming sheet stock 28 is fed from left to right ( in fig1 ) by the feeder 22 into the die tooling , generally denoted by reference numeral 30 , which is mounted centrally of press 20 . the double action press 20 and tooling 30 operate , in a well known fashion , to form a can end or so - called pre - curled shell which is generally denoted by reference numeral 32 . the scrap sheet or perforated sheet stock 34 , from which the shells or can ends 32 have been blanked and formed in the press 20 , is removed by the sheet ejector mechanism 36 . further , the formed ends 32 are rapidly discharged by the improved belt discharge apparatus 24 of the present invention onto the transverse or so - called cross conveyors , generally denoted by reference numeral 38 , which in turn feed the ends 32 into the curler station 26 or some other following operational or packaging procedure . it will be understood that the present belt discharge apparatus 24 can be advantageously used with any appropriate type sheet feeder mechanism 22 and also with any suitable ( vertical or otherwise ) press 20 . turning to fig2 there is seen an enlarged view of the press tooling 30 , as well as the various end discharge components of the present invention . shown there are two rows of press tooling or die sets , namely , a rear series of die sets 40 and front series of die sets 42 ( shown there in phantom ). in one press configuration made in accordance with the present invention , each series or row of the respective rear and front die sets 40 , 42 comprised five individual dies . thus , with one stroke of the press 20 , ten can ends 32 were blanked and formed , namely five ends 32 formed by the rear series of die sets 40 , and five ends formed by the front series of die sets 42 . the present improved belt discharge apparatus 24 includes ( see fig2 - 4 ) a series of rear discharge belt assemblies 44 as associated with the respective rear die sets 40 , and a series of front discharge belt assemblies 46 as associated with the front die sets . the discharge belt assemblies 46 are mounted on a relatively wide discharge plate 64 . each of the rear and front discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 comprises a rotating discharge belt 48 running the length of the discharge plate 64 , a nose pulley 50 , a rear drive pulley 52 , and an articulated tension arm 54 for supporting the nose pulley 50 and rotating belt 48 closely adjacent the respective die sets 40 , 42 . the tension arm 54 is pivotally mounted about a pivot pin 55 ( see fig3 and 4 ) and is preferably spring - urged ( to the left in those figures ) so as to maintain tension on each rotating discharge belt 48 . additionally , as seen in phantom in fig4 the articulated tension arm 54 can be pivoted about pin 55 as needed , i . e ., raised to an elevated position , whereby the nose pulley 50 and discharge belt 48 are raised upwardly away from the lower die shoe 56 . in that condition , the respective die sets 40 , 42 can be easily cleared of any jams or otherwise accessed for maintenance . as seen in fig2 - 4 and 6 - 8 , the respective nose pulleys 50 and discharge belts 48 , of the respective rear and front discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 , are positioned as close as possible to the respective rear and front die sets 40 , 42 . this close positioning of the discharge belt assemblies relative to the die tooling permits the blanked and formed can ends 32 , once ejected from the respective die sets 40 , 42 , to be quickly grabbed and discharged away from the press area , along guide tracks formed in the discharge plate 64 , as explained in more detail later herein . as seen in fig6 and 7 , an air ejection system 58 , comprising air supply tubing 60 and an air ejector port 62 , are used to supply a stream or timed blast of air against each blanked and formed can end 32 . thus , once the die tooling 30 opens ( as shown in fig7 ), an air blast from air ejector port 58 against the partial curled edge 33 of the can end 32 causes the same to be ejected up away from the lower die shoe 56 and moved to the right ( see fig7 ). there , the end 32 is engaged with , i . e ., grabbed and trapped under , the lower rotating edge 63 of discharge belt 48 as it rotates around nose pulley 64 . the belt 48 and pulley 50 move in the direction of the arrows ( counterclockwise in fig3 , and 7 ). to be able to quickly and accurately grab and trap air - ejected end 32 , yet be sufficiently wear - resistant , the belts 48 must be relatively soft , non - marking , and having a high coefficient of friction . one preferred material for the belt 48 is a urethane belting material having a shore hardness of 83a and sold commercially under the eagle trademark . such a soft belt material assures there is no substantial abrasion problem when contacting the can ends 32 , which often are pre - treated with a surface coating . the respective discharge belts 48 in the preferred embodiment are of two basic lengths , namely , a longer belt 48 for use with the rear discharge belt assemblies 44 , and a shorter belt 48 for the front discharge belt assemblies . this occurs since all the rear drive pulleys 52 ( as described later herein ) operate off the same drive shaft 53 . the discharge plate 64 is mounted upon a frame assembly 66 and so positioned relative to the press base 68 that its leading beveled edge 70 lies closely adjacent the lower die shoes 56 of the respective rear and front die sets 40 , 42 . a series of longitudinal guide tracks or discharge ramps are formed in the discharge plate 64 such that one track is aligned and operable with each respective discharge belt assembly 44 , 46 . with respect to each of the rear discharge belt assemblies 44 , an inclined guide track 72 is machined or otherwise formed into the discharge plate 64 , and has generally a shallow , rectangular cross - section ( see fig5 and 10 ). the lower or driven segment of the rotating discharge belt 48 , operating as part of each rear discharge belt assembly 44 , rides within the inclined guide track 72 . similarly , for each of the front discharge belt assemblies 46 ( see fig5 and 10 ), a configured guide track 74 is formed in discharge plate 64 , but at a lesser angle or no angle relative to plate 64 versus the angle used to form guide tracks 72 . each guide track 74 has a generally t - shaped configuration which permits outer peripheral areas of the can ends 32 to be retained under the undercut side portions 76 of each track 74 . thus , as the ends 32 are being drawn along each track 74 by the lower driven stretch of discharge belt 48 , the edges of end 32 ride in the undercuts 76 . an appropriately placed through hole or discharge opening 78 is formed through discharge plate 64 along the general mid - portion of each guide track 72 , while similarly - placed discharge openings 80 are formed through discharge plate 64 and aligned with the respective guide tracks 74 . the vertical side walls 82 of the guide tracks 72 ( see plan view in fig8 ) are relatively wide at their lefthand portion ( of fig8 ), and then merge together to form an arcuate back wall segment 84 over the discharge opening 78 . similarly , the undercut side wall 76 of the guide track 74 terminates over the discharge openings 80 in an arcuate back wall 86 . as seen in fig5 , and 10 , the upper or inclined guide tracks 72 overlay the lower guide tracks 74 , so that the same are not in interference with one another , as they discharge the two different rows of ends formed by tooling sets 40 , 42 , in press 20 . further , comparing fig3 with fig4 the rear discharge belt assembly 44 of ( fig4 ) is shown as operating at a slightly higher incline or angle relative to the discharge plate 64 , than is the front discharge belt assembly 46 of ( fig3 ). thus , by having the two respective sets of guide tracks 72 , 74 overlaid one over the other , i . e ., with each guide track 74 being at a raised angle in plate 64 relative to each track 74 , plate 64 can be kept to a minimal thickness . further , since the leading beveled edge 70 of plate 64 can be made relatively thin , the nose pulleys 50 and rotating discharge belts 48 are allowed to be positioned as close as possible to their respective die sets 40 , 42 , all so as to quickly grab and discharge can ends 32 . a series of stopper plate members 90 ( see fig5 , and 10 ) are fastened , such as by threaded fasteners 92 , to the discharge plate 64 over the terminal end of each inclined guide track 72 , adjacent the discharge opening 78 thereof . the purpose of stopper plates 90 is , similar to that of the undercuts 76 on guide tracks 74 , to permit ends 32 being discharged along inclined guide track 72 from bouncing upwardly , at that location , and instead , to be discharged only downwardly through the discharge opening 78 . fig9 depicts the various drive components utilized to drive the discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 . they include a motor 94 mounted to the frame assembly 66 , which through a ribbed drive belt 96 drives a drive gear 98 ; that gear 98 is rigidly secured to , and thus rotatably drives , the drive shaft 53 which in turn drives all the rear drive pulleys 52 which are secured thereto . the drive shaft 53 is mounted for rotation in bearings 100 which are supported on discharge plate 64 . as seen in fig8 and 9 , the drive gear 98 operates within a slotted opening 102 formed through the rear end of discharge plate 64 . an air supply port 104 ( see fig5 and 10 ) is mounted adjacent one side of each of the discharge openings 78 and 80 ; port 104 can be supplied with pressurized air from the same supply ( not shown ) used for air ejection system 58 . the air supply port 104 is used ( as described later herein ) to supply a stream or blast of air against one transverse edge portion of each can end 32 as the same is being discharged through the respective discharge openings 78 , 80 . shown in fig2 - 4 , and 8 , 10 , and 11 , is the cross conveyor apparatus 38 . as best seen in fig3 , and 8 , the cross conveyors generally comprise two conveyor belt assemblies , namely a rear belt 106 and a front belt 108 , operating on conveyor drive rollers 110 supported on frame 66 . when the can ends 32 are made of a ferrous - type metal , such as galvanized steel , for example , the conveyor belts 106 , 108 can be magnetized . however , if the can ends 32 are made of an aluminum alloy , for example , the cross conveyors 38 can be vacuum - type conveyors . the rear and front conveyor belts 106 , 108 preferably move in the same direction ( of the directional arrows depicted in fig8 and 10 ). belts 106 , 108 are used to receive the can ends 32 being discharged through the respective discharge openings 78 , 80 . as seen in fig8 cross conveyor belt 106 receives discharged can ends 32 from the uppermost group of five discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 , while cross conveyor 108 receives ends 32 being discharged from the lowermost group of five discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 . by using two cross conveyors 38 , i . e ., namely rear and front conveyor belts 106 , 108 , such conveyors can be driven at substantially slower speeds than if only one such conveyor belt were used . thus , there need be no reduction in the high operational speeds and output levels achievable by the press 20 , in view of the high operational speeds provided for by the present improved belt discharge apparatus 24 . that is , preferably at least two cross conveyors 106 , 108 are used , each receiving one - half of the ends 32 produced per cycle of press 20 , such that the cross conveyors 106 , 108 can each operate at slower speeds ( versus the high - speed operation of press 20 ). this allows the conveyors 106 , 108 to accurately feed the discharged ends 32 on to the next shell - making operation , such as an edge curling machine , or to a packaging collection point . fig1 depicts the nose pulley 50 mounted through bearings 112 on a pulley shaft 114 carried by the tension arms 54 for each rear and front discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 . i turn now to the operation of the improved belt discharge apparatus 24 of the present invention . it will be understood that the dual action press 20 operates in a well - known manner to form pre - curled can ends or shells 32 in the rear and front die sets 40 , 42 . upon opening of press 20 , the can ends 32 are air - ejected off the lower die shoe 56 , in each die set 40 , 42 , by the air ejection system 58 , providing a blast of air from air ejection hole 62 . this blast of air ( see fig6 and 7 ) directed against the outer curl edge 33 of each can end 32 causes the same to be moved to the right ( in fig7 ) by approximately the length of only one can end , whereupon the end 32 is grabbed by the lower nose area 63 of rotating discharge belt 48 . the can end 32 is then quickly drawn ( to the right ) under the lower stretch of belt 48 along the associated guide track 72 , 74 , until the can end 32 strikes against the respective back wall 84 , 86 . at that instance , the end receives an air blast from the air supply port 104 , whereupon the end 32 drops through the respective discharge openings 78 , 80 onto the respective cross conveyor belt 106 , 108 . more specifically , the air blast from the air supply port 104 is directed against the right edge ( see fig1 ) of can end 32 , as that end hits the back wall 86 of track 72 and starts to drop through discharge opening 78 . this allows the right side portion of can end 32 to be the first portion to hit the conveyor belt 106 as the latter moves to the right , rotates counterclockwise in accordance with the directional arrows in fig1 . in this manner , the can ends 32 so discharged onto conveyor belt 106 are , in effect , laid onto magnetized belt 106 , rather than tending to flip over , such as might occur if the trailing edge , the left edge of can end 32 in fig1 , were instead the first portion to contact the belt 106 . also , it will be understood that the cross conveyors 106 and 108 can run in the same direction , as in the preferred embodiment , or in opposite directions , depending upon downstream can - making application needs . thereafter , the discharged can ends 32 are quickly moved , since they are now in proper orientation , alignment , and spacing , by the cross conveyor belts 106 and 108 , to the next operational station . that could be either a cutler station 26 , for example , where a final curl configuration could be formed on each can end 32 , or to some other station , such as for packaging . thus , it is seen that the present invention provides uniform and consistent placement , with correct alignment and spacing , of the discharge ends 32 onto the cross conveyor belts 106 , 108 . it will be understood that , instead of using the air ejection system 58 , having air supply tubing 60 and air ejection port 62 , a mechanical device could be used to forcibly eject the formed ends 32 out of the lower die tooling 56 and towards and underneath the lower nose area 63 of each rotating discharge belt 48 . for example , a cam - actuated series of timed ejector fingers could be used to kick out the ends 32 from the die sets 40 , 42 , once the press 20 opens . however , such a mechanical - type ejection system , rather than the preferred embodiment &# 39 ; s air - ejection system 58 , has the risk of damaging the expensive die tooling 40 , 42 . with the improved end discharge apparatus of the present invention , the respective discharge belts 48 picks up the ends 32 within one length of such an end , and then grabs and whisks it away along the respective guide track 72 , 74 . thus , the only distance that each can end 32 is blown by the air ejection system 58 is one length of a can end . after that , they are quickly grabbed and removed under control within guide tracks 72 , 74 , by the rapidly rotating discharge belts 48 . the use of timed air blasts from air ejection ports 62 cause all such air - blown ends 32 to hit their respective discharge belts 48 at substantially the same time , i . e ., within tenths of a second of one another . thus , this assures that there is uniform discharge of the ends 32 which is quite advantageous for any subsequent packaging , or ancillary equipment , such as an edge curling unit . further , it will be understood that all the discharge belts 48 are preferably run off a common drive shaft 53 , but that they must discharge ends 32 over different running lengths , shorter guide tracks 74 and longer tracks 72 . thus , the operating diameter of the respective rear drive pulleys 52 for the rear and front discharge belt assemblies 44 , 46 are different , i . e ., different speeds are produced for the belts 48 ( of respective assemblies 44 , 46 ) which is needed so that all the ends 32 are discharged uniformly and at substantially the same time onto the respective cross conveyors 106 , 108 . in one apparatus made in accordance with the present invention , a spacing of approximately 14 inches was maintained for the respective ends 32 being discharged down the respective guide tracks 72 , 74 . this assured no overlapping of one end 32 onto another on the respective conveyor belts 106 , 108 . the operational speed of the press 20 was run at approximately 150 - 200 press cycles per minute . the respective discharge belts 48 were then running at between 175 to 350 feet per minute . such a high operational speed achievable with the present improved end discharge system of the present invention allows forming presses to operate twice as fast as any known prior art discharge systems would allow . advantageously , the discharge belts 48 rotate continuously , there is no timed movement of such belts . further , the cross conveyor belts 106 , 108 preferably move continuously . in the embodiment shown in the attached drawings , the press 20 blanks and forms ten can ends 32 at once , such that the same need to be quickly ejected in two separate rows . with the present invention , the front five can ends 32 ( see fig8 ) are drawn back along tracks 72 by the rear discharge belt assemblies 44 and at a high angle , while the other five can ends 32 are pulled back along track 74 at a low angle within plate 64 . nevertheless , due to the different operational speeds of the discharge belts 48 ( of respective assemblies 44 , 46 ) as noted above , all ten can ends 32 consistently drop onto the discharge conveyor belts 106 , 108 at substantially the same time and in a given line or pattern , depending upon the arrangements of discharge openings 78 , 80 . fig1 and 14 depict an alternate embodiment of the present invention wherein the improved discharge belt apparatus of the present invention , generally designated 24 &# 39 ; is shown used in conjunction with an angled forming press 20 &# 39 ;. the double action , angled press 20 &# 39 ; and tooling 30 &# 39 ; operate , in a well - known fashion , to form can ends in a similar fashion to upright press 20 . feeder mechanism 22 &# 39 ; feeds sheet stock 28 &# 39 ; to the tooling 30 &# 39 ; and the scrap sheet 34 &# 39 ; from which the can ends 32 &# 39 ; have been blanked and formed in the press 20 ; is removed by the sheet ejector mechanism 36 &# 39 ;. furthermore , the formed ends 32 &# 39 ; are rapidly discharged by the improved belt discharge apparatus 24 &# 39 ; onto the transverse or so called cross conveyors , generally denoted by the reference 38 &# 39 ; which in turn feed the end 32 &# 39 ; into a cutler station 26 &# 39 ; or other following operational or packaging procedure . as shown in fig1 , nose pulley 50 &# 39 ; is positioned closely adjacent rear die set 40 &# 39 ; so that the discharge belt 48 &# 39 ; can quickly grab and discharge the blanked ends away from the press area , along guide tracks formed in the discharge plate 64 &# 39 ;. in this embodiment , discharge plate 64 &# 39 ; includes an angled portion , generally denoted 118 , so that the nose pulley 50 &# 39 ; can be placed closely adjacent to the die sets . discharge plate 64 &# 39 ; then slants slightly upwards towards the rear drive pulley 52 &# 39 ;. belt 48 &# 39 ; is mounted on nose pulley 50 &# 39 ;, rear pulleys 52 &# 39 ; and pulleys 120 - 123 so that discharge belt 48 &# 39 ; is mounted in close spacial relationship to curved discharge plate 64 &# 39 ; to convey the can ends 32 &# 39 ; therealong . the illustrated press 20 &# 39 ; is generally shown as having an angle of 35 ° to the horizontal . however , the overall discharge belt apparatus 24 &# 39 ; of the present invention can be used with any press , whether mounted in an upright position or at almost any angle to the horizontal . from the foregoing , it is believed that those skilled in the art will readily appreciate the unique features and advantages of the present invention over previous types of discharge apparatus and systems for blanked and formed container ends . further , it is to be understood that while the present invention has been described in relation to a particular preferred embodiment as set forth in the accompanying drawings and as above described , the same nevertheless is susceptible to change , variation and substitution of equivalents without departure from the spirit and scope of this invention . it is therefore intended that the present invention be unrestricted by the foregoing description and drawings , except as may appear in the following appended claims .	1
in embodying the present invention , preferably , a plurality of recess portions are provided at a middle portion in the axial direction of an outer peripheral face of the inner side disk intermittently in a circumferential direction . further , a portion of the outer peripheral face deviated from the respective recess portions is made to constitute a single cylindrical face constituting a reference face for working the both side faces in the axial direction of the inner side disk . alternatively , the outer peripheral face of the inner side disk is provided with a plurality of recess grooves , respectively , which are inclined to a center axis of the inner side disk intermittently in the circumferential direction . further , both end portions of pairs of projected portions for the respective recess grooves present by interposing the respective recess grooves are made to overlap each other in the axial direction of the inner side disk . further , top portions of the respective projected portions constitute a single cylindrical face as a reference face for working the both side faces of the inner side disk when the inner side disk is viewed from the axial direction . alternatively , recess grooves are formed over an entire periphery of a middle portion in the axial direction of an outer peripheral face of the inner side disk . further , an encoder element having a detected portion is held in the recess groove . further , portions of the both end portions in the axial direction of the outer peripheral face of the inner side disk deviated from the recess grooves are made to constitute a single cylindrical face constituting a reference face for working the both side faces in the axial direction of the inner side disk . when constituted in this way , the both side faces in the axial direction can be finished by ensuring the reference face in working the both side faces in the axial direction of the inner side disk while ensuring sufficient shape accuracy and dimensional accuracy without preparing an exclusive jig having a complicated shape . further , in embodying the present invention , preferably , the rotating shaft is made to constitute an input shaft , the pair of outer side disks are respectively made to constitute input side disks , and the input shaft and one of the input side disks are coupled via a carrier constituting the planetary gear type transmission . further , the inner side disk is made to constitute an output side disk , and a sun gear constituting the planetary gear type transmission is provided at other end portion of a hollow rotating shaft arranged concentrically with the input shaft at a surrounding of the input shaft and coupled with one end portion of the output side disk . in such a structure , whereas a space of installing a part for detecting the rotational speed of the output side disk is limited , there is increased a necessity of measuring a rotational speed of the output side disk in order to strictly control the transmission ratio of the toroidal - type continuously variable transmission . therefore , a significance of embodying the present invention by the above - described structure is enhanced . fig1 through 2 show first embodiment of the present invention . a characteristic of the embodiment resides in that pluralities of recess portions 32 , 32 are provided at a center portion in an axial direction of an outer peripheral face 34 of an output side disk 9 a intermittently and at equal intervals in a circumferential direction in order to detect a rotational speed of the output side disk 9 a constituting an inner disk . a structure of a toroidal - type continuously variable transmission integrated with the output side disk 9 a and a structure of a continuously variable transmission apparatus integrated with the toroidal - type continuously variable transmission are similar to the structures of the related art illustrated in fig7 through 8 and therefore , an illustration as well as a detailed explanation thereof will be omitted or simplified and an explanation will be given of a characteristic portion of the present invention as follows . both end portions in the axial direction of the output side disk 9 a are rotatably supported by the holding rings 16 , 16 by the pair of thrust angular ball bearings 11 , 11 . a rotational force is made to be able to be outputted by the hollow rotating shaft 17 engaged with the inner peripheral face by a spline . a plurality ( 60 portions in the illustrated example ) of recess portions 32 , 32 are provided at the center portion in the axial direction of the outer peripheral face 34 of the output side disk 9 a intermittently in the circumferential direction with having equal intervals . each of the respective recess portions 32 , 32 is a bottomed circular hole formed by drills 33 , 33 . further , an outer diameter d of each of the drills 33 , 33 is sufficiently smaller than a width w of the outer peripheral face 34 of the output side disk 9 a ( d & lt ;& lt ; w ). therefore , a large portion of the outer peripheral face 34 of the output side disk 9 a constitutes a single cylindrical face . particularly , both end portions in the axial direction thereof constitutes a cylindrical face continuous over an entire periphery thereof . in a state of integrating the above - described output side disk 9 a to the toroidal type continuously variable transmission , a detecting face of a rotation detecting sensor ( not illustrated ) of a magnetic type , an electrostatic capacitance type , or an eddy current type fixedly supported in the casing is made to be opposed to the center portion in the axial direction of the outer peripheral face of the output side disk 9 a . since the output side disk 9 a is made of bearing steel or the like , which is a metal having magnetism and conductivity properties , various characteristics such as the magnetic property , an electrostatic capacitance property or the like of the center portion in the axial direction of the outer peripheral face 34 of the output side disk 9 a are changed in turn in the circumferential direction at equal intervals . therefore , by selecting the rotation detecting sensor having a pertinent structure , the rotational speed of the output side disk 9 a can accurately be provided . since both side faces 35 , 35 in the axial direction of the output side disk 9 a are faces of transmitting power by being brought into rolling contact with peripheral faces of the power rollers 10 , 10 ( refer to fig7 through 8 ), it is necessary not only to accurately restrict shape accuracy and dimensional accuracy but also to reduce surface roughness , in other word , it is necessary to obtain smooth faces . therefore , in order to provide the output side disk 9 a having excellent quality , it is important to select reference faces for finishing the both side faces 35 , 35 in the axial direction . according to the embodiment of the present invention , a large portion of the outer peripheral face 34 of the output side disk 9 a constitutes a single cylindrical face , particularly , the both end portions in the axial direction constitute the cylindrical faces continuous over the entire peripheries . therefore , when the outer peripheral face 34 is properly worked before finishing the both side faces 35 , 35 and the two side faces 35 , 35 are finished by constituting a reference face by the outer peripheral face , shape accuracy , dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of the two side faces 35 , 35 can be made to be proper . a method of working the respective recess portions 32 , 32 is not particularly limited . for example , in the case of forming the 60 portions of the respective recess portions 32 , 32 , the respective recess portions 32 , 32 can be formed by a drilling press having a single piece of a drill and having a dividing angle of 6 degrees . or , the 60 portions of the recess portions 32 , 32 can also be formed in one motion by a working apparatus radially arranged with 60 pieces of drills . however , when working is carried out by the single piece drill , a working time period is prolonged . alternatively , in the case of the working apparatus having 60 pieces of drills , the structure is complicated and the working apparatus becomes expensive . in view of the above situation , in the case of the embodiment , the 60 portions of the recess portions 32 , 32 are formed by a working apparatus radially arranged with 20 pieces of the drills 33 , 33 at equal intervals ( by a pitch of 18 degrees ) and realizing a dividing angle of 6 degrees . according to the working apparatus , the 60 pieces of the recess portions 32 , 32 can be formed by carrying out working by 3 times while rotating the output side disk 9 a by 6 degrees . therefore , it can be prevented that cost of the working apparatus is uselessly increased , or a working time period of the respective recess portions 32 , 32 are uselessly prolonged . further , the respective recess portions 32 , 32 can also be produced simultaneously ( by plastic working ) when a gross shape of the output side disk 9 a is provided by applying plastic working of single motion working or the like to a material . fig3 through 4 show second embodiment of the present invention . in the case of the embodiment , an outer peripheral face of an output side disk 9 b constituting the inner side disk is provided with a plurality of recess grooves 36 , 36 respectively inclined to the center axis of the output side disk 9 b intermittently in the circumferential direction . in a state of integrating the above - described output side disk 9 b to the toroidal - type continuously variable transmission , when the detecting face of the rotation detecting sensor ( not illustrated ) is made to be opposed to some portion of the outer peripheral face of the output side disk 9 b ( different from first embodiment , the portion is not limited to the center portion in the axial direction ), the rotational speed of the output side disk 9 a can accurately be provided . further , in the case of the embodiment , an inclination angle θ of the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 is increased to some degree , both end portions of pairs of projected portions 37 , 37 present by interposing the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 , represented by a dotted pattern area in fig4 at the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 are made to overlap each other by an amount of δ 37 of fig4 in the axial direction of the output side disk 9 b . therefore , when the output side disk 9 b is viewed from the axial direction ( side directions of fig3 through 4 ), top portions of the respective projected portions 37 , 37 constitute a single cylindrical face . that is , when the output side disk 9 a is viewed from side directions of fig3 through 4 , the outer peripheral shape becomes a regular circle which is not recessed over the entire periphery . therefore , by using the top portions of the respective recess portions 37 , 37 as a reference face for working the both side faces 35 , 35 of the output side disk 9 a , when the both side faces 35 , 35 are finished , shape accuracy , dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of the both side faces 35 , 35 can be made to be proper . further , although shapes of the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 and the respective projected portions 37 , 37 may be an involute shape , the shapes may be a shape of a simple rectangular groove or a circular arc groove shape since power is not transmitted particularly . however , since large force is exerted to the output side disk 9 b in operating the toroidal - type continuously variable transmission , it is preferable that a portion having a small radius of curvature is not present at bottom portions of the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 such that stress is not concentrated to the bottom portions of the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 . therefore , it is preferable to constitute the respective recess grooves 36 , 36 by a section in a circular arc shape . fig5 through 6 show third embodiment of the present invention . in the case of the embodiment , a recess groove 38 is formed over an entire periphery at a center portion in an axial direction of an outer peripheral face of an output side disk 9 c constituting the inner side disk . further , an encoder element 39 in ring shape having a detected portion is held in the recess groove 38 . the encoder elements 39 having various structures can be used so far as the characteristics are changed alternately and at equal intervals in the circumferential direction in order to be able to detect the rotational speed by being combined with a rotation detecting sensor , not illustrated . for example , when combined with a rotation detecting sensor of a magnetism detecting type , an encoder element 39 a formed with a magnetic metal material in a wavy shape as shown in fig6 a , or an encoder element 39 b formed with a number of through holes as shown in fig6 b can be used . or , although not illustrated , an encoder element made by a permanent magnet arranged with s poles and n poles alternately and at equal intervals at an outer peripheral face thereof can also be used . in cases of adopting any structures , in a state before being held in the recess groove 38 , a portion of the encoder element 39 in the circumferential direction is made to be discontinuous and a diameter of the encoder element 39 is made to be able to be widened . the discontinuous portion is bonded by welding or adhering after having been held in the recess groove 38 . also in the case of the embodiment , in a state of integrating the output side disk 9 c holding the above - described encoder element 39 to the toroidal - type continuously variable transmission , when a detecting face of a rotation detecting sensor ( not illustrated ) is made to be opposed to the outer peripheral face of encoder element 39 , the rotational speed of the output side disk 9 c can accurately be provided . further , in the case of the embodiment , when both side portions of the recess groove 38 are used as reference faces for working the both side faces 35 , 35 of the output side disk 9 c and the both side faces 35 , 35 are finished , shape accuracy , dimensional accuracy and surface roughness of the both side faces 35 , 35 can be made to be proper . while there has been described in connection with the preferred embodiments of the present invention , it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that various changes and modification may be made therein without departing from the present invention , and it is aimed , therefore , to cover in the appended claim all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention .	1
hereinafter , the configuration of a self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal and a self - card payment method according to the present invention will be described in detail with reverence to the attached drawings . fig1 is a diagram showing the configuration of a self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . referring to fig1 , the self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention includes a user terminal unit 1 , an affiliated store terminal unit 2 , and a virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 . the user terminal unit 1 includes a user computer terminal 110 , which is connected to the wired / wireless internet 151 of a wired / wireless data communication network 150 and is configured to perform data communication with other devices connected to the wired / wireless internet 151 , and a mobile communication terminal 100 , which is connected in a wireless manner to the mobile communication network 152 of the wired / wireless data communication network 150 and is configured to perform data communication with other devices and systems connected to the mobile communication network 152 and the wired / wireless internet 151 . the mobile communication network 152 may include one or more of a third - generation ( 3g ) data network and a long term evolution ( lte ) network . the mobile communication terminal 100 is a mobile communication terminal called a mobile phone , a cellular phone , a second generation ( 2g ) phone , a third generation ( 3g ) phone , a fourth generation ( 4g ) phone , or a smart phone . such a mobile communication terminal 100 may be a terminal having a short - range wireless communication ( near field communication : nfc ) function of reading card information from the ic chip of a credit card , a debit card , a cash ( t money ) card , etc ., a terminal to which a separate card reader is attached , or a terminal capable of transmitting data in a wireless manner . in the mobile communication terminal 100 , a virtual card payment terminal application ( alternatively referred to as a “ program ” or “ firmware ”) has been previously installed or is downloaded and installed according to the present invention , and self - card payment is performed based on the virtual card payment terminal application . in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention ( in the case of an affiliated offline store ), the affiliated store terminal unit 2 may be implemented as a card payment terminal 200 ( alternatively referred to as an “ affiliated store card payment terminal ”) or a card payment terminal and an affiliated store computer terminal 290 . in accordance with a second embodiment of the present invention ( in the case of an affiliated online store ), the affiliated store computer terminal 290 of the affiliated store terminal unit 2 may be a web server , and the card payment terminal 200 may be a payment module that is provided by a pg company and includes a self - payment means according to the present invention . in accordance with the first embodiment , the card payment terminal 200 may be a typical card payment terminal , as shown in fig1 , or a point of sale ( pos ) terminal . in the card payment terminal 200 , a virtual card payment affiliated store application ( or firmware ) according to the present invention must be installed , or must be downloaded and installed . when the card payment terminal 200 is a pos terminal , the virtual card payment affiliated store application may be directly downloaded and installed , but when the card payment terminal 200 is a typical card payment terminal , the virtual card payment affiliated store application may be installed via the affiliated store computer terminal 290 . in this case , the affiliated store computer terminal 290 must download an application ( firmware ) installation program provided by the manufacturer of the card payment terminal , together with the virtual card payment affiliated store application . the affiliated store computer terminal 290 is connected to the card payment terminal 200 through a universal serial bus ( usb ) or an rs232c cable , and the virtual card payment affiliated store application is installed in the card payment terminal 200 by running the application installation program . the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 allows each user who will use the mobile communication terminal 100 as a virtual card payment terminal to register as a member , manages the members , allows affiliated stores to register as members , and manages the member stores , and also manages unique card payment terminal numbers for the card payment terminals 200 of the affiliated stores . when a self - payment request to perform payment using the mobile communication terminal 100 of a certain mobile communication terminal user as a virtual card payment terminal is received from the card payment terminal 200 in any affiliated store , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 generates virtual card terminal identification information corresponding to the unique card payment terminal number of the affiliated store , allocates it to the mobile communication terminal 100 , and receives card payment information from the mobile communication terminal 100 only a first time for the virtual card terminal identification information , and processes payment for the affiliated store . the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 may also be configured to assign an identification information band of the virtual card terminal falling within a predefined range to each affiliated store , that is , a single unique card payment terminal number , and to randomly generate identification information within the assigned virtual card terminal identification information range when the card payment terminal 200 requests self - card payment , and to allocate the generated identification information to the corresponding mobile communication terminal 100 . an agent that performs payment via a van company server 410 or a pg company server 420 may be the card payment terminal 200 of an affiliated store or the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 according to the embodiment of the present invention . a detailed description thereof will be made with reference to fig8 and 9 . a financial server 430 is the server of the financial company that ultimately authorizes the payment , such as a card company server or a bank server . fig2 is a diagram showing the configuration of the card payment terminal of the self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . the configuration and operation of the mobile communication terminal according to the present invention will be described with reference to fig2 . the mobile communication terminal 100 according to the present invention includes a control unit 10 , a storage unit 20 , an input unit 30 , a display unit 40 , a card reader unit 50 , and a communication unit 60 . the control unit 10 controls the overall operation of the present invention . in particular , the control unit 10 controls the overall operation related to self - payment performed via a mobile communication terminal set as a virtual card payment terminal according to the present invention . the configuration of the control unit 10 according to the present invention is generated by an installed virtual card payment application , and will be described in detail later after the description of other components . the storage unit 20 includes a program area in which an operating program for controlling the operation of the mobile communication terminal 100 and a virtual card payment application according to the present invention are installed , a temporary storage area in which data generated during the execution of the program is temporarily stored , and a data area in which data generated by the user and user data generated during the execution of the program are stored . in the data area , transaction record data or the like according to the present invention may be stored . further , the storage unit 20 may include a storage area in which the identification information of the virtual card terminal , allocated by the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 or the affiliated store terminal unit 2 , is stored . the input unit 30 includes a plurality of keys such as a power key , a volume key , and a home key , and outputs key signals corresponding to the clicked keys to the control unit 10 . the display unit 40 , which is a touch screen , displays the operating status and the graphical user interface of the mobile communication terminal 100 in such a way as to display the graphical user interface corresponding to the virtual card payment application executed according to the present invention , along with a user interface , text , graphics , a still image , a moving image , etc . corresponding to the functions selected via the user interface . the display unit 40 provides coordinate data about the location of the point touched by the user to the control unit 10 . the card reader unit 50 reads card information from the radio frequency identification ( rfid ) chip of a card that is in contact with or is located in proximity to the card reader unit , and outputs the card information to the control unit 10 . the card reader unit 50 may be an nfc unit integrated into the mobile communication terminal 100 , or may be connected to the mobile communication terminal 100 as an external device . the communication unit 60 includes a wireless communication unit 61 for accessing the wired / wireless internet 151 of the wired / wireless data communication network 150 and performing data communication with the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 connected to the wired / wireless internet 151 , and is configured to access the mobile communication network 152 of the wired / wireless data communication network 150 and perform data communication with the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 connected to the mobile communication network 152 over the wired / wireless internet 151 . describing the configuration of the control unit 10 in detail , the control unit 10 of the present invention includes an authentication unit 11 , a payment information acquisition unit 12 , a card information acquisition unit 13 , and a payment unit 14 , and may further include a card inquiry unit 15 . after the virtual card payment application has been installed , the authentication unit 11 receives an id and a password from the user of the mobile communication terminal , encrypts and stores the id and the password in the data area of the storage unit 20 or in the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 , requests an id and a password from the user upon installing the virtual card payment application , compares the id and the password received in response to the request with the previously stored id and password , and then determines whether the current user is the authorized user of the mobile communication terminal 100 to authenticate the user . when a bill is received through the communication unit 60 after the virtual card payment application has been executed , the payment information acquisition unit 12 displays the bill on the screen of the graphical user interface based on the execution of the virtual card payment application , detects payment information , which includes affiliated store information , payment amount information , etc ., and the identification information of the virtual card terminal , and outputs the detected information to the payment unit 14 . after the payment information and the virtual card terminal identification information have been acquired , the card information acquisition unit 13 displays a message requesting the movement of the card in proximity to the card reader unit 50 on the display unit 40 . thereafter , if the card touches or is in proximity to the card reader unit 50 , the card information acquisition unit 13 acquires card information from the card through the card reader unit 50 , and outputs the card information to the payment unit 14 . the payment unit 14 generates payment request information by combing the payment information and the virtual card terminal identification information , acquired by the payment information acquisition unit 12 , with the card information , acquired by the card information acquisition unit 13 , and transmits the payment request information to the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 to request payment . further , the payment unit 14 may receive the results of processing the payment request from the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 and display the payment request processing results . however , the results of processing the payment request may be received from the financial server 430 of the corresponding financial company , the van company server 410 , or the pg company server 420 in the form of a short message service ( sms ) message and may then be displayed , similar to a typical card payment system . the card inquiry unit 15 inquires of the virtual affiliated store management server unit about the card corresponding to the card information upon acquiring the card information through the card information acquisition unit 13 . in this case , if there is no abnormality in the inquiry results about the card via the card inquiry unit , the payment unit 14 generates a payment request signal and transmits the payment request signal to the virtual affiliated store management server unit . the control unit 10 may further include a personal member registration module ( not shown ) for providing an information input means that allows the user to access the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 and register as a personal member and for providing the input personal member information , that is , user information , to the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 so as to use the self - card payment service . fig3 is a diagram showing the configuration of the card payment terminal of the self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal according to a first embodiment of the present invention , and shows a configuration in which the card payment terminal 200 of the affiliated store terminal unit 2 is assigned a predetermined range of virtual card payment terminal identification information from the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 , and in which virtual card payment terminal identification information , randomly generated within the assigned range of virtual card payment terminal identification information , is allocated to a certain mobile communication terminal 100 . the card payment terminal 200 according to the first embodiment of the present invention includes a control unit 210 , a storage unit 220 , an input unit 230 , a display unit 240 , a card reader unit 250 , and a communication unit 260 . the control unit 210 controls the overall operation of the card payment terminal 200 according to the first embodiment of the present invention . in particular , the control unit 210 allocates virtual card terminal identification information corresponding to any self - payment request to the mobile communication terminal 100 of a client who requests self - payment , and controls an operation for performing card payment based on the payment information received from the mobile communication terminal 100 . the storage unit 220 includes a program storage area in which a control program for controlling the operation of the card payment terminal according to the present invention is stored , a temporary area in which data generated during the execution of the program is temporarily stored , and a data area in which data , such as the allocated virtual card terminal identification information , is stored . the control program may take the form of firmware or an application executed in a specific operating system . the input unit 230 has a plurality of keys , such as number keys and function keys , and outputs key signals corresponding to clicked keys to the control unit 210 . the display unit 240 , which may be a text display or a graphic display , displays numbers corresponding to the number keys clicked by the input unit 230 and outputs various types of information related to payment . when the card payment terminal 200 of the present invention is a pos terminal , the display unit 240 may be a graphical display . the card reader unit 250 reads card information from the magnetic or ic chip of a card , and outputs the card information to the control unit 210 . the communication unit 260 includes a first communication unit 261 connected to a typical pstn and configured to perform communication with the van company server 410 or perform data communication with the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 over the wired / wireless internet 151 , and a second communication unit 262 directly connected to the affiliated store computer terminal 290 via an rs - 232c bus or usb and configured to perform data communication therewith . the communication unit 260 may further include a third communication unit 263 that is an internet communication unit for directly accessing the wired / wireless internet 151 and performing data communication with the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 . the configuration of the control unit 210 is described in detail below . the control unit 210 includes a virtual payment confirmation processing unit 211 , a virtual card payment terminal identification information generation unit 212 , a card information acquisition unit 213 , and a card payment module 214 . the virtual payment confirmation processing unit 211 is configured to , when a self - payment function key is input from the input unit 230 , request the entry of the phone number of a certain mobile communication terminal 100 that will perform self - payment via the display unit 240 , and request self - payment from the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 by transmitting a self - payment request signal including the entered phone number and payment amount information to the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 . the virtual card terminal identification information generation unit 212 randomly generates card terminal identification information within the previously assigned range of virtual card terminal identification information . in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention , the virtual card terminal identification information is transmitted in the form of being included in the self - payment request signal . however , in a second embodiment of the present invention , the virtual card terminal identification information is generated and allocated by the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 , and thus the card payment terminal 200 is not provided with the virtual card terminal identification information generation unit 212 in the second embodiment . the card information acquisition unit 213 receives a payment request signal , including card information , from the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 in response to the transmission of the self - payment request signal , and provides payment information , including the card information and payment amount information , to the card payment module 214 . in the case where an affiliated store is an affiliated offline store , the card payment module 214 is configured to , if the payment information is input from the card information acquisition unit 213 , access the van company server 410 through the first communication unit 261 and perform card payment according to a typically well - known card payment method . in the case where an affiliated store is an affiliated online store , the card payment module 214 accesses the pg company server 420 through the third communication unit 263 , and performs card payment according to a typically well - known online card payment method . fig4 is a diagram showing the configuration of the virtual affiliated store management server unit of the self - card payment system using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 according to the present invention includes a user database ( db ) 350 for storing user registration information , an affiliated store registration db 340 for storing affiliated store registration information , a virtual affiliated store management server 310 for controlling the overall operation of self - card payment according to the present invention , and a web server 330 for providing a registration means that allows users and affiliated stores to be registered via a webpage , and for storing the information collected through the registration means in the user db 350 and the affiliated store registration db 340 . the affiliated store registration db 340 includes affiliation document information and authorization information for affiliated stores , stores information about the virtual card payment identification information range assigned to the card payment terminal 200 of the registered affiliated store according to the first embodiment , and also stores one - time card payment identification information assigned to the mobile communication terminal 100 that requests self - payment through the card payment terminal 200 according to the second embodiment . the one - time card payment identification information will be deleted from the mobile communication terminal 100 after one - time payment has been performed . however , the one - time card payment identification information may be configured to be stored in the temporary storage area of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 while being mapped to the card payment terminal identification information of the corresponding affiliated store and to then be deleted , without being stored in the affiliated store registration db 330 . the user db 350 stores user information about users who desire to use self - payment . the user information includes the name , date of birth , id and / or password , agreement or disagreement to the terms and conditions of use , mobile communication terminal identification information , etc . of each user . the mobile communication terminal identification information may be the phone number or the like of each mobile communication terminal . fig5 is a diagram showing the configuration of the virtual affiliated store management server of the affiliated store management server unit according to the present invention . below , the configuration and operation of the virtual affiliated store management server 310 according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the attached drawings . the virtual affiliated store management server 310 includes a control unit 311 and a communication unit 319 . the communication unit 319 includes a first communication module 320 , which is connected to the wired / wireless internet 151 and is configured to perform data communication with devices and systems connected to the wired / wireless internet 151 , and a second communication module 321 , which is connected to the pstn 160 and is configured to perform data communication with the van company server 410 and the card payment terminal 200 connected to the pstn 160 . the control unit 311 includes a personal member registration module 312 , an affiliated store registration module 313 , a member authentication module 314 , a virtual card terminal identification information generation module 315 , a virtual payment terminal switching module 316 , a payment authentication module 317 , and a transaction record management module 318 . more specifically , when the web server 330 of fig4 is configured , the personal member registration module 312 and the affiliated store registration module 313 are preferably omitted because the registration of members and affiliated stores is performed via the web server 330 . however , when the registration of personal members and affiliated stores is required without the web server 330 , those modules may be configured in the virtual affiliated store management server 310 . in this case , the virtual affiliated store management server must be configured to register personal members and affiliated stores via the virtual card payment application . in detail , the personal member registration module 312 is configured to , when the mobile communication terminal 100 requests the execution of the virtual card payment application and member subscription via the virtual card payment application , receive member information , that is , information about the user who desires to use self - card payment , from the mobile communication terminal 100 , and store the member information in the user db 350 , thus enabling the registration of a personal member . further , the affiliated store registration module 313 is configured to , when the card payment terminal 200 requests the registration of an affiliated store via the virtual card payment application , receive information about the affiliated store via the virtual card payment application and store the received information in the affiliated store db 340 , thus enabling the registration of the affiliated store . therefore , the card payment terminal 200 of the affiliated store must be a terminal enabling the input / output of information , such as a pos terminal . the member authentication module 314 is configured to , when an authentication request signal is received from the mobile communication terminal 100 , perform member authentication based on the id and / or password of a user included in the authentication request signal with reference to the user db 350 , and when a self - payment request signal is received from the card payment terminal 200 , perform the authentication of an affiliated store based on the card payment terminal identification information included in the self - payment request signal with reference to the affiliated store db 340 . the virtual card terminal identification information generation module 315 is configured when the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 allocates virtual card terminal identification information to any mobile communication terminal 100 according to the second embodiment of the present invention . when a self - payment request signal is received from any card payment terminal 200 , the virtual card terminal identification information generation module 315 generates virtual card payment terminal identification information , and outputs the generated information to the virtual payment terminal switching module 316 . the virtual card payment terminal identification information may be randomly encrypted and generated , may be configured to include specific code indicating that this payment is a payment based on the self - payment service performed by the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 , or may be generated to include the card payment terminal identification information of the card payment terminal 200 . the virtual payment terminal switching module 316 is configured to , when the virtual card terminal identification information is input from the virtual card terminal identification information generation module 316 , set the mobile communication terminal 100 having a phone number included in the self - payment request signal to a virtual payment terminal , and transmit a bill including the virtual card terminal identification information to the mobile communication terminal 100 . the payment authentication module 317 is configured to , when card information is received from the mobile communication terminal 100 in response to the transmission of the bill , access the server corresponding to the card information , which is one of the van company server 410 , the pg company server 420 , and the financial server 430 , check the validity of the card , and transmit a payment request signal , which includes the card information and the payment amount information , to the card payment terminal 200 if there is no abnormality in the card validity . the transaction record management module 318 stores payment information based on the processing of payment authentication performed by the payment authentication module 317 while mapping the payment information to the information of the affiliated store that transmitted the payment information in the affiliated store db 340 , and thereafter manages the payment information . the transaction record management module 318 may be configured to receive a transaction record based on the completion of final card payment from the card payment terminal 200 , store the transaction record while mapping the transaction record to the corresponding affiliated store information in the affiliated store db 340 , and thereafter manage the transaction record . fig6 is a flowchart showing a method for allowing a user to register as a member for self - card payment using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . first , personal member registration methods for using a self - card payment service according to the present invention include a web registration method using a mobile communication terminal , which accesses the web server 230 via the mobile communication terminal 100 for member registration ; a web registration method using a computer , which accesses the web server 230 via the user computer terminal 110 for member registration ; and an application registration method in which the virtual affiliated store management server 310 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 is accessed via the mobile communication terminal 100 for member registration via the virtual card payment application installed on the mobile communication terminal 100 . further , such a member registration method may include an application installation procedure and a member registration procedure . since the application installation procedure is identical to that of a conventional mobile communication terminal , a detailed description thereof will be omitted . when a member registration procedure is described , the user accesses the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 via the user terminal unit 1 ( s 611 ). when the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 is accessed , it may provide a webpage , which includes various types of information related to the self - payment service of the present invention and menus for affiliated store registration and personal member registration , to the user terminal unit 1 , or may activate the virtual card payment application installed in the mobile communication terminal 100 . when the user requests personal member subscription ( registration ) via the webpage or the activated virtual card payment application , the user terminal unit 1 transmits a personal member subscription request signal to the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 ( s 613 ). then , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 provides a webpage including a personal member registration means having an identity authentication item to the user terminal unit 1 , or provides a registration means activation signal required to activate the registration means of the application ( s 615 ). when the identity authentication item is selected and information required for identity authentication is input , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 performs identity authentication through the mobile communication company server 500 corresponding to the mobile communication terminal 100 of the user terminal unit 1 ( s 616 and s 617 ). when identity authentication is performed , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 determines whether identity authentication has succeeded ( s 619 ). if the identity authentication has failed , the server unit 300 sends an identity authentication failure notification message to the user terminal unit 1 ( s 621 ). in contrast , if the identity authentication has succeeded , when a personal member registration request signal including personal member information input through the personal member registration means is received from the user terminal unit 1 , the server unit 300 stores the personal member information in the user db 340 and then completes the member registration ( s 625 ). the notification of completion of member registration is provided to the user terminal unit 1 ( s 627 ). the method for allowing the user to register as a personal member to use the self - card payment service as shown in fig6 has been described . a method for allowing an affiliated store to register as a member as shown in fig7 will be described below . fig7 is a flowchart showing a method for allowing an affiliated store to register as a member for self - card payment using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . first , an affiliated store manager accesses the web server 330 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 through the affiliated store computer terminal 290 ( s 711 ). in this case , the web server 330 may provide a webpage including a menu item enabling a virtual card payment affiliated store application to be installed . after accessing the web server , if the affiliated store manager selects the menu item enabling the virtual card payment affiliated store application to be installed , the affiliated store computer terminal 290 transmits a virtual card payment affiliated store application installation request signal , which requests the installation of the virtual card payment affiliated store application , to the web server 330 ( s 713 ). then , the web server 330 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 provides a virtual card payment affiliated store application download webpage , which enables the virtual card payment affiliated store application to be downloaded , to the affiliated store computer terminal 290 ( s 715 ). when the affiliated store manager enters card payment terminal information , including information such as the manufacturer and model name of the card payment terminal 200 used thereby , via the virtual card payment affiliated store application download webpage and then requests the downloading of the virtual card payment affiliated store application , the affiliated store computer terminal 290 transmits a virtual card payment affiliated store application download request signal , which includes card payment terminal information , to the web server 330 of the affiliated store management server unit 300 ( s 717 ). then , the web server 330 searches the application db 360 for the installation program and the virtual card payment affiliated store application corresponding to the card payment terminal information of the card payment terminal 200 , and transmits the found installation program and virtual card payment affiliated store application to the affiliated store computer terminal 290 ( s 719 ). then , the affiliated store computer terminal 290 receives the installation program and the virtual card payment affiliated store application , installs and / or executes the installation program , and thereafter upgrades the card payment terminal 200 with the card payment affiliated store application via the installation program ( s 721 ). here , the card payment affiliated store application may be firmware . after the installation of the virtual card payment affiliated store application , the affiliated store manager clicks an affiliated store registration menu on the webpage provided by the web server 330 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 through the affiliated store computer terminal 290 , and transmits an affiliated store registration request signal to the web server 330 ( s 723 ). in this case , the affiliated store registration request signal includes affiliated store information , which includes the name , phone number , and card payment terminal identification information of the corresponding affiliated store , along with normal card affiliation documents . in this regard , the affiliated store must first have been authorized by all respective financial institutions , such as card companies and banks related to card payment . then , the web server 330 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 stores and registers the affiliated store information and affiliation documents in the affiliated store db 330 ( s 725 ), and thereafter allocates a unique identifier code for the self - card payment service of the affiliated store to the affiliated store card terminal 200 , either through the affiliated store computer terminal 290 or directly ( s 729 ). the unique identifier code indicates that the corresponding payment is based on a self - card payment service , and may be attached to card payment terminal identification information . for example , when the card payment terminal identification information is 000 - 0000 - 0000 , the unique identifier code xxx is attached thereto , and then resulting card payment terminal identification information may be 000 - 0000 - 0000 - xxx . fig8 is a flowchart showing a first embodiment of a self - card payment method using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . hereinafter , the self - card payment method according to the present invention will be described with reference to fig8 . first , when a user who has subscribed to a self - card payment service according to the present invention and is purchasing goods , such as food or a product , requests self - payment from an affiliated store , an affiliated store manager , that is , a store owner , may enter a payment amount by clicking the key of the input unit 230 of the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 ( s 811 ), enter the phone number of the mobile communication terminal 100 of the card user ( s 813 ), and then input a self - payment menu key ( s 814 ). after the self - card payment menu key has been input , the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 transmits a self - payment request signal , which includes card payment terminal identification information having the entered payment amount , the phone number of the mobile communication terminal 100 , and the unique self - card payment service identifier information of the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 , to the virtual affiliated store management server 310 of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 ( s 815 ). the virtual affiliated store management server 310 determines , via the user db 350 , whether the mobile communication terminal 100 is owned by a member that has subscribed to the self - card payment service , based on the phone number included in the self - payment request signal ( s 817 ). if it is determined that the mobile communication terminal 100 is not owned by a member , the virtual affiliated store management server 310 transmits a non - member notification signal , which indicates that the user of the mobile communication terminal 100 corresponding to the phone number is not a member , to the card payment terminal 200 ( s 821 ), whereas if it is determined that the mobile communication terminal 100 is owned by a member , the virtual affiliated store management server 310 generates virtual card terminal identification information for the card payment terminal 200 and allocates it to the mobile communication terminal 100 ( s 823 ). after the allocation of the virtual card terminal identification information , the virtual affiliated store management server 310 transmits a bill including the virtual card terminal identification information to the mobile communication terminal 100 over the wired / wireless data communication network 150 ( s 825 ). when the bill is received from the virtual affiliated store management server 310 , the mobile communication terminal 100 detects and stores the virtual card terminal identification information , and displays the bill and a message requesting the touching of the card on the display unit 40 ( s 827 ). after the bill has been displayed , the mobile communication terminal 100 checks whether card information has been read via the card reader unit 50 ( s 829 ). if card information is not read within a predetermined period of time , the mobile communication terminal 100 deletes the stored virtual card terminal identification information , and transmits a virtual card terminal identification information deletion request signal to the virtual affiliated store management server 310 ( s 831 ). the virtual affiliated store management server 310 that receives the virtual card terminal identification information deletion request signal may delete the virtual card terminal identification information allocated to the mobile communication terminal 100 . in contrast , if it is determined that the card information has been read , the mobile communication terminal 100 transmits a card validity check request signal including the read card information to the virtual affiliated store management server 310 ( s 833 ). the virtual affiliated store management server 310 that receives the card validity check request accesses the corresponding financial company server of the financial server unit 400 corresponding to the card information , checks the validity of the card ( s 835 ), and then determines whether the card is valid ( s 837 ). as a result of the card validity check , if the card is determined to be invalid , the virtual affiliated store management server 310 deletes the virtual card terminal identification information , regenerates virtual card terminal identification information ( s 841 ), and transmits it to the mobile communication terminal 100 ( s 843 ), whereas if there is no abnormality in the validity of the card , the virtual affiliated store management server 310 transmits a card validity authorization signal to the mobile communication terminal 100 ( s 839 ). after the card validity check request has been transmitted , the validity of the card is checked and then virtual card terminal identification information is received again from the virtual affiliated store management server 310 , the mobile communication terminal 100 determines that the card is invalid , displays a card abnormality message , and re - displays the bill and a message requesting the touching of the card to cause the card information to be read again ( s 827 ). however , when the card validity authorization information is received , the mobile communication terminal 100 displays a payment amount and a signature request screen ( s 847 ), checks whether a signature has been entered ( s 849 ), and if the signature has been entered , transmits a payment request signal , which includes a bill and the virtual card terminal identification information , to the virtual affiliated store management server 310 , wherein the bill contains the signature and the payment amount information ( s 851 ). the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 that receives the payment request signal transmits the payment request signal to the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 , to which the virtual card terminal identification information is allocated , according to a third embodiment of the present invention ( s 853 ). the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 that receives the payment request signal performs a typical payment authorization procedure based on its on card payment terminal identification information and then processes payment ( s 857 ), either when a confirmation command is input from the input unit 230 ( s 855 ) or at the moment at which the payment request signal is received . when the payment based on the payment authorization procedure has been completed , the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 may receive a transaction record from the corresponding financial company of the financial server unit 400 and print it . in this case , the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 according to the present invention may be configured to provide transaction record data to the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 . further , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 that receives the transaction record data may be configured to transmit the transaction record data to the mobile communication terminal 100 through the virtual card payment application . fig9 is a flowchart showing a second embodiment of a self - card payment method using a mobile communication terminal according to the present invention . unlike the configuration of fig8 , in which the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 ultimately authorizes card payment , this configuration shows the case where the final payment request for self - card payment is made by the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 . in fig9 , the same reference numerals are used to designate the same procedures as those of fig8 . in fig9 , when a payment request signal is received from the mobile communication terminal 100 ( s 851 ), the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 accesses the financial company server of the financial server unit 400 corresponding to the card information included in the payment request signal , performs a typical payment authorization procedure based on the card terminal identification information of the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 , and then processes payment ( s 861 ). after the authorization of payment has been completed , if transaction record data is received from the financial server unit 400 , the virtual affiliated store management server unit 300 transmits payment completion information including the transaction record data to the affiliated store card payment terminal and the mobile communication terminal 100 through the virtual card payment affiliated store application and the virtual card payment application , respectively ( s 863 and s 865 ). the mobile communication terminal 100 and the affiliated store card payment terminal 200 that have received the payment completion information may display and show the transaction record data . meanwhile , the present invention is not limited to the above - described typical preferable embodiments , and those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications , changes , substitutions , or additions are possible , without departing from the gist of the invention . the technical spirit of those modifications , changes , substitutions , or additions may be construed as being included in the present invention if the practice thereof belongs to the scope of the accompanying claims .	6
referring now to the drawings , and in particular to fig1 a unit fuel injector 10 is illustrated which is made in accordance with the present invention . moreover , the specific construction and operation of the present invention and the fuel injector 10 are modifications of the open nozzle unit fuel injector disclosed in u . s . pat . nos . 4 , 280 , 659 to gaal et al . and 4 , 601 , 086 to gerlach , both commonly owned by the assignee of the present invention , and both incorporated herein by reference . the unit injector 10 of the present invention includes an injector body 12 , a barrel 14 , and a cup 16 positioned in end - to - end relationship . a threaded retainer 18 extends around the barrel 14 and secures the cup 16 and barrel 14 to the injector body 12 . an axial bore 20 is provided through the injector body 12 , the barrel 14 , and most of the way through cup 16 . the axial bore 20 is divided into a first portion 22 that comprises the part of the axial bore 20 extending through the injector body 12 and the barrel 14 , and a second portion 24 that extends into and terminates within cup 16 . note that the first portion 22 also includes varying diameter sections ; however , only the diameter of the lower portion is critically sized for reason that will be apparent below in the further description and operation of the present invention . a plunger assembly 26 is reciprocably movably disposed within the axial bore 20 and includes a lower plunger 28 . the plunger assembly 26 is reciprocably driven by a rod 30 that is operatively associated with an injector drive train ( not shown ). such an injector drive train preferably interconnects the unit injector 10 to an engine camshaft of an internal combustion engine to synchronously drive each unit injector of each engine cylinder of the internal combustion engine in accordance with the engine firing order . of course , the injector camshaft is operatively timed to the engine crankshaft . it is further understood that a unit injector 10 is provided for each cylinder of the internal combustion engine and each unit injector 10 includes an associated drive train for transferring reciprocating movement from the camshaft to each plunger assembly 26 . a return spring 32 is mounted in an enlarged area of the axial bore 20 , and the lower end of return spring 32 is positioned on an upper ledge 34 of injector body 12 . the upper end of spring 32 engages a washer 36 that is axially fixed in the upward direction to plunger assembly 26 . the return spring 32 , therefore , urges the plunger assembly upwardly . the upper end of the injector body 12 is internally threaded as indicated at 38 and a top stop 40 is threaded to the injector body 12 . a lock nut 42 secures the top stop 40 at a selected position , so as to form a stop which limits the upward movement of washer 36 and thus the plunger assembly 26 . the plunger assembly 26 is limited in its downward stroke by the engagement of the tip 29 of the lower plunger 28 against a seat 44 of the cup 16 . a fuel supply passage 46 is provided that passes through the injector body 12 and barrel 14 and includes check valve 48 which permits the flow of fuel in only the supply direction , as indicated by arrows . the upper end of fuel supply passage 46 connects with an inlet regulating plug 50 that is covered by screen 51 for screening impurities before entrance into the injector . the inlet 50 is associated with a common fuel supply rail ( not shown ) that is provided as known conventionally within the engine head ( also not shown ) for supplying pressurized fuel to each of the unit injectors 10 of the internal combustion engine . by such a common rail , the fuel pressure can be controlled for determining fuel metering in accordance with pressure - time principles as conventionally known . the fuel supply passage 46 further includes a supply orifice 52 that opens into the first portion 22 of the axial bore 20 . the supply orifice 52 permits fuel to flow to a metering chamber which is defined below the lower plunger 28 and within the axial bore 20 as further described below . at the end of the second bore portion 24 within the cup 16 , injection orifices 25 are provided through which metered fuel is injected into an engine cylinder . a second supply orifice 54 is also preferably provided which opens to the first portion 22 of the axial bore 20 at a point above the supply orifice 52 . this second supply orifice 54 supplies fuel for injector scavenging as will be described hereinafter in the operation of the present invention . a drain passage 56 is also provided through the barrel 14 and the injector body 12 which interconnects the axial bore 20 to a drain line ( not shown ) within the head assembly of the internal combustion engine . the lower plunger 28 is divided into a first major diameter section 58 , a second major diameter section 60 , and a minor diameter second 62 . the first and second major diameter sections 58 and 60 are separated by a scavenging groove 64 that connects the second supply orifice 54 to the drain passage 56 at drain port 57 . the scavenging groove 64 allows fuel to flow through the scavenging groove 64 when the lower plunger 28 is in an advanced position as in fig1 and is used for cooling and lubricating the lower plunger 28 as well as for removing any pollutants that may accumulate within that portion of the unit injector 10 . the major diameter section 58 includes a leading edge 59 which determines the opening and closing of the fuel supply orifice 52 as the lower plunger 28 moves between retracted and advanced positions for controlling fuel metering and injection as further described in the operation of the unit injector below . the minor diameter section 62 extends within the bore 24 of the cup 16 throughout the movement of the plunger assembly 26 between its advanced and retracted positions . as best seen in fig2 - 5 , the bore 24 within cup 16 is divided into a first bore portion 70 and a second bore portion 72 . first bore 70 is of a diameter at least just slightly larger than the outer diameter of the minor diameter plunger section 62 , and a radial gap 73 is formed therebetween through which metered fuel can pass . the selected diameter of the first bore 70 with respect to the diameter of the minor diameter section 62 and the resultant formation of radial gap 73 is typical in open nozzle unit injectors as known in the prior art . the provision of second bore 72 is , however , unique to the present invention and the second bore is provided with a diameter greater than the diameter of the axial bore 22 located just above cup 16 within barrel 14 this second bore 72 thus forms with an upper annular ledge 74 on the bottom surface of the barrel 14 and undercut within the cup 16 . furthermore , the undercut is defined by a lower annular ledge 76 which connects first bore 70 to second bore 72 . the upper and lower ledges 74 and 76 of the undercut define axial limits for a valve means 78 provided within the undercut and surrounding the minor diameter section 62 of lower plunger 28 . the valve means 78 comprises a floating sleeve 80 which is slidably engaged with minor diameter section 62 so as to be axially movable thereon . actually , the floating sleeve 80 moves relative to the cup 16 within the limits set by upper and lower annular ledges 74 and 76 , but the minor diameter portion 62 is freely movable with respect to the floating sleeve 80 as moved between its fully advanced and fully retracted positions . the minor diameter section 62 always remains in at least partial contact with an interior surface 82 of the floating sleeve 80 during movement thereof . the floating sleeve 80 further includes an upper annular sealing surface 84 which seats against the upper annular ledge 74 of the barrel 14 when the floating sleeve 80 is in an uppermost axial position , as seen in fig3 and 4 . moreover , the upper portion of the floating sleeve 80 includes an angled surface 86 which generally corresponds to the slope of the leading edge 59 of the major diameter section 58 . at the bottom edge of the floating sleeve 80 a means is provided for allowing passage of fuel flow between the lower edge of floating sleeve 80 and the lower annular edge 76 connecting first bore 70 to second bore 72 . this means comprises a profiled lower edge 88 of the floating sleeve 80 provided with a plurality of indents 90 which form passages along with the lower annular ledge 76 when the floating sleeve 80 is in its lowermost position , as seen in fig2 and 5 . as enumerated above , the diameter of the interior surface 82 of the floating sleeve 80 is just slightly larger than the outside diameter of the minor diameter section 62 so as to provide an engagement therebetween , which is advantageously used as a means for scraping the minor diameter section 62 by the upper and lower edges of the interior surface 82 of floating sleeve 80 when the lower plunger 28 is reciprocably moved . the outside diameter of the floating sleeve 80 defining an external surface 92 of floating sleeve 80 is dimensioned to be sufficiently smaller than the diameter of the second bore 72 within cup 16 such that a radial gap 93 is formed through which fuel can adequately pass . the size of the gap is determined on the basis of normal injector gaps utilized within open nozzle fuel injectors . in operation of the unit injector 10 in accordance with the present invention , reference is made to fig2 - 5 , beginning with fig2 . the lower plunger 28 is shown in its fully advanced position with plunger tip 29 in engagement with cup seat 44 . moreover , the floating sleeve 80 is in its lowermost position with its profiled lower edge 88 in engagement with lower annular ledge 76 of cup 16 . this orientation corresponds to the stage in an injector cycle before the start of metering and injection and subsequent to a previous completed cycle . note that the major diameter section 58 has completely closed fuel supply orifice 52 . it is understood that the described positions of the lower plunger 28 and injector stages are preferably controlled by a cam profile of a camshaft as known in prior art open nozzle unit injectors . next , just before fuel metering occurs , the lower plunger 28 begins an upward movement ( that is , away from the engine cylinder ) at which time the plunger tip 29 unseats from seat 44 ( see fig3 ). during this same time , the upward travel of the minor diameter section 62 brings floating sleeve 80 upwardly therealong for the axial distance permitted by upper annular ledge 74 on the bottom surface of barrel 14 . thereafter , the minor diameter section 62 continues upward travel so as to move relative to floating sleeve 80 as floating sleeve 80 is maintained in its uppermost position , as illustrated in fig3 . then , once the leading edge 59 of the major diameter section 58 clears fuel supply orifice 52 , fuel passes through the fuel supply orifice 52 under pressure from the pressurized fuel source ( not shown ) and flows into an upper metering chamber 95 defined between the major diameter plunger leading edge 59 , the lower end of axial bore 22 and the upper surfaces 84 and 86 of floating sleeve 80 . this corresponds to the metering stage of the injector cycle and is illustrated in fig4 . note that the engagement between the interior surface 82 of the floating sleeve 80 with the plunger minor diameter section 62 effectively prevents fluid flow therebetween . subsequently , the lower plunger 28 is driven inwardly ( toward the engine cylinder ) under the influence of its associated drive train ( not shown ). the leading edge 59 of major diameter section 58 closes the fuel supply orifice 52 and the metering stage is completed ( see fig5 ). the amount of fuel metered depends on the pressure of fuel supplied through fuel supply orifice 52 and the time period during which the leading edge 59 opens the fuel supply orifice 52 . such manner being typically known as a pressure - time control system which can be utilized for accurately metering specified quantities of metered fuel depending on engine operating conditions . once the pressure within the upper metering chamber 95 reaches an increased level as the leading edge 59 pushes the fuel inwardly , the floating sleeve 80 is forced inwardly to open the seal formed between sealing surface 84 of floating sleeve 80 and the upper annular ledge 74 above second bore 72 . thus , fuel within the upper metering chamber 95 can then travel between the sealing surface 84 and upper annular ledge 74 , between external surface 92 of floating sleeve 80 and the second bore 72 , and through the passages defined by indents 90 along the profiled lower edge 88 of the floating sleeve 80 . moreover , the metering quantity of fuel passes between the lower outer surface of minor diameter section 62 and the inner surface of first bore 70 and into a lower metering chamber 97 formed at the tip of cup 16 . this metered fuel is then injected when contacted by the plunger tip 29 and forced through injection orifices 25 into the engine cylinder of an internal combustion engine . thereafter , the plunger tip 29 seats with seat 44 as the injector completes an injection cycle and returns to the position illustrated in fig2 . during certain engine operating conditions , such as the motoring condition described above , little or no fuel is supplied to the upper metering chamber 95 during the engine operation as controlled by the pressure of the supplied fuel . the motoring condition occurs when the engine is driven from the vehicle drive train or under very light load . thus , when the injector assumes the position illustrated in fig4 under the influence of its associated drive train , little or no fuel is supplied to the upper metering chamber . at the same time that this is going on , the engine cylinder is experiencing a compression stroke , wherein the pressure of gases within the engine cylinder is greatly increased . this increased pressure forces gases through the injection orifices 25 and into the lower metering chamber 97 near the injector tip . the purpose of the present invention is to effectively restrict or eliminate the flow of these hot cylinder gases so that they cannot pass any further within the injector . to do this , the floating sleeve 80 is forced upwardly by the gas pressure within the lower metering chamber 97 which holds sealing surface 84 against the upper annular ledge 74 to seal the upper metering chamber 95 from the lower metering chanber 97 . this seal between chambers 95 and 97 is further facilitated by the engagement between the minor diameter section 62 and the inner surface 82 of the floating sleeve 80 . moreover , the greater that the gas pressure within the lower metering chamber 97 becomes , the greater is the holding force of the floating sleeve 80 acting on the upper annular ledge 74 . then , as the plunger 28 is advanced to the fig5 position and eventually the fig2 position , the gases accumulated within the lower metering chamber 97 are expelled through injection orifices 25 . the floating sleeve 80 also further advantageously rides along the outer surface of the minor diameter section 62 as the lower plunger 28 is moved from the fig4 to the fig2 position in such a way that the upper edge of the interior surface 82 of the floating sleeve 80 scrapes any carbon deposits which may accumulate on the minor diameter section 62 . in a like sense , the lower edge of the interior surface 82 of floating sleeve 80 scrapes the minor diameter section 62 as the lower plunger 28 is moved from the fig2 position to the fig4 position . thus , even though the present invention substantially reduces the formation of carbon on the minor diameter section 62 of the lower plunger 28 , any carbon deposits which may accumulate thereon are advantageously scraped from the minor diameter section 62 to prolong usage of such a unit injector without requiring regular maintenance . moreover , the floating sleeve 80 effectively reduces carbon deposits on the injector components above the floating sleeve by restricting those gases which have been found to be essential for carbon formation . it is understood that the present invention has a wide range of applicability as an improvement to open nozzle fuel injectors of all types . as long as the open nozzle injector includes a minor diameter plunger section that extends within an injector cup , the modification of the present invention will reduce carbon formation on the injector components . furthermore , the floating sleeve improves such typical open nozzle fuel injectors by adding a major advantage only previously reserved for closed nozzle unit fuel injectors in that the backflow of hot cylinder gases is restricted from contacting critical portions of the open nozzle injector . furthermore , unit injectors formed in accordance with the present invention can be utilized in both large and small vehicles for increasing injector longevity and performance while reducing injector maintenance .	5
fig1 shows a sectional valve 10 comprised of an inlet and outlet manifold section 12 which provides pressurized hydraulic fluid from pump 20 to the downstream sections of the valve and which returns exhaust fluid to reservoir 24 . the remainder of sectional valve 10 is shown as being comprised of functional valve sections 14 , 16 and 18 . while the sectional valve is shown as having only three sections beyond the inlet , it should be appreciated and understood that additional valve sections may be easily added to sectional valve 10 so as to provide additional functions or controls . as seen in fig2 inlet manifold section 12 receives pressurized hydraulic fluid from pump 20 via inlet port 22 and returns exhausted hydraulic fluid to reservoir 24 via outlet port 26 . relief valve 28 is disposed within passageway 30 and monitors fluid pressure in passageway 23 . as shown in fig3 first downstream valve section 14 is a typical open center control valve characterized by an open center or through passage 32 that intersects bore 34 which houses spool 36 . also formed in valve body 14 are u - shaped bridge passage 38 , a pair of service passages 40 and 42 and a return fluid passage 44 communicable with outlet passage 46 that leads to passageway 30 in inlet section 12 and eventually to reservoir 24 via outlet port 26 . the u - shaped bridge passage 38 has its bight portion communicated with feeder passage 50 through feeder branch 52 . feeder passage 50 also connects with the inlet of the valve in the conventional manner . the legs of bridge passage 38 intersect spool bore 34 at zones 51 and 53 spaced at opposite sides of medial branch 54 of the open center passage . hence when communication between the upstream and downstream sections of the open center passage through the medial portion 54 of spool bore 34 is blocked due to the shifting of spool 36 out of its neutral position , pressure fluid is diverted into feeder passage 50 from whence it flows through feeder branch 52 to the bridge passage 38 , past a check valve 39 , all in the conventional manner . the two service passages 40 and 42 intersect spool bore 34 at a zone spaced axially outwardly along said bore from its zone of intersection with the legs of bridge passage 38 and thus each service passage is communicable through a short section of the spool bore with its adjacent leg of the bridge passage . the exhaust passage 44 comprises a substantially u - shaped passage , the legs 56 and 58 of which intersect the spool bore 34 near the opposite ends thereof and the bight portion of which communicates with the outlet passage 46 . hence , each of the service passages 40 and 42 is also communicable through another short section of the spool bore with its adjacent leg of the exhaust passage . pressure relief valve 28 monitors pressure in ports 40 and 42 of the system governed by the first valve section 14 , and as explained hereinafter , it also monitors pressure of port 60 in second valve section 16 . in accordance with the invention second downstream valve section 16 is also an open center control valve having service ports 60 and 62 wherein service port 60 is a hoist lift port which provides high pressure hydraulic fluid to an hydraulic cylinder utilized in performing the lift or hoist function , while service port 62 is blocked by plug 64 . relief valve 66 which is set at a lower pressure than relief valve 28 is disposed within passageway 68 so as to monitor fluid pressure in that passageway . valve section 16 is provided with a specially designed spool 70 disposed within bore 72 . spool 70 is provided with spaced lands 74 , 76 , 78 and 80 and reduced diameter portions 82 , 84 , 86 and 88 . when spools 36 and 70 are in neutral positions , as seen in fig3 and 4 , pump 20 supplies fluid to open center sections 90 and 92 in bore 72 and in turn to feeder passage 94 which is connected to bridge passage 98 . the fluid then proceeds to open center 96 from whence it either returns to reservoir 24 or is utilized by downstream valve section 18 in the conventional manner . should the fluid &# 39 ; s return to reservoir 24 be obstructed by a downstream use in valve section 18 the resulting pressure build - up will be realized in feeder passage 94 and bridge passage 98 . this pressure is communicated to passageway 68 via reduced diameter section 88 and is thus monitored by relief valve 66 . when spool 70 is moved to its extreme left hand or out position , service port 60 is vented to reservoir 24 via reduced diameter section 82 and exhaust passage 100 , while land 76 prevents fluid from entering service port 60 from bridge passage 98 . fluid from section 90 is allowed into open center 96 from whence it can flow to downstream valve section 18 . should the fluid be utilized by downstream section 18 the resulting pressure build - up is monitored by relief valve 66 as described earlier . when spool 70 is moved to its extreme right hand or in position , fluid is provided to sections 90 and 92 and to feeder passage 94 . land 76 prevents fluid flow from section 92 to open center 96 while land 78 prevents fluid flow from branch 90 to open center branch 96 and thus downstream section 18 becomes inoperative . pressurized fluid flows from bridge passage 98 to service port 60 via reduced portion 82 while land 74 prevents the exhaust of fluid from port 60 . the flow of fluid from bridge passage 98 to passageway 68 is prevented by land 80 and thus the pressure in the system is monitored by relief valve 28 . as mentioned earlier relief valve 28 is set as a considerably higher pressure ( greater than 2000 psi ) than relief valve 66 ( 1900 psi or less ). typically the hoist or lift function requires a higher pressure than auxiliary function such as tilt or rotate . in the sectional valve of the invention , the hoist or lift function is provided at service port 60 . as discussed earlier when fluid is provided to service port 60 relief valve 66 is effectively removed from the system and system pressure is monitored by relief valve 28 . since supplying fluid to service port 60 makes all downstream valve sections which perform auxiliary functions inoperative , there is no need for relief valve 66 . whenever spool 70 is in a position allowing fluid flow to downstream sections performing auxiliary functions the system pressure is monitored by relief valve 66 . in accordance with the invention third downstream valve section 18 provides auxiliary functions and is a typical open center control valve such as valve section 14 . accordingly , parts of valve section 18 corresponding to identical parts on valve section 14 have been given identical numbers primed . it is also to be understood that any number of high pressure valve sections may be placed upstream of valve section 16 and will have the pressure monitored by relief valve 28 provided that section 16 uses a housing circuit configuration similar to section 18 . various modes for carrying out the invention are contemplated as being within the scope of the following claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as the invention .	8
fig1 is a schematic and perspective view which illustrates an embodiment of the present invention constituted in such a manner that a ventilating apparatus is provided for a railway vehicle 27 which is an example of a vehicle to which the present invention can be applied . fig2 is a schematic plan view which illustrates the upper structure of this embodiment . fig3 is a schematic plan view which illustrates the structure of the lower portion of the vehicle 27 . fig4 is a schematic cross sectional view taken along a cross sectional line iv -- iv of fig3 fig5 is a schematic cross sectional view taken along a cross sectional line v -- v of fig4 and fig6 is a schematic cross sectional view taken along a cross sectional line vi -- vi of fig4 . with reference to these drawings and fig7 which is a schematic view of the ventilating apparatus for a vehicle , the embodiment of the present invention will now be described . this embodiment is constituted in such a manner that the ventilating apparatus is disposed substantially axis symmetrically with respect to a symmetric axis 28 vertically extending from the surface of the drawing sheets on which fig2 and 3 are drawn . as shown in fig1 this embodiment of a ventilating apparatus includes a first ventilating system and a second ventilating system disposed on opposite sides of the symmetric axis . however , the same effect can be obtained even if the configuration of the ventilating apparatus is made plane symmetric , that is , mirror symmetric with respect to a symmetric plane designated by an alternate long and short dash line which passes through the symmetric axis 28 . the vehicle 27 has first conduits 29 and 30 on both sides of the upper portion thereof . the right and the left first conduits 29 and 30 are connected to each other at predetermined positions of the vehicle 27 by connecting conduits 31 and 32 . air conditioning means 34 and 35 are disposed below a floor 33 of the vehicle 27 . conditioned air cooled or heated by the air conditioning means 34 and 35 is passed through horizontal conduits 36 and 37 disposed below and along the floor 33 and also passed through rising conduits 38 and 39 so that the cooled or heated air is supplied to the first conduits 29 and 30 . it is preferable to form the rising conduits 38 and 39 by utilizing partition walls or bulkheads which partition the inside of the vehicle 27 into a plurality of compartments and also preferable to make them to be included at positions opposing door pockets 42 and 43 for doors 40 and 41 . as a result , the rising conduits 38 and 39 are given sufficiently large cross sectional areas while enabling the doors 40 and 41 to be smoothly opened / closed . since relatively large spaces can be obtained in the aforesaid case , a muffling means for muffling noise generated by the air conditioning means 34 and 35 can be located . specifically , the rising conduits 38 and 39 may be formed into silencers . furthermore , this embodiment is arranged in such a manner that second conduits 46 and 47 for return air from a compartment 44 of the vehicle 27 are disposed adjacent to the floor 33 in the lower portion of the vehicle 27 to face the compartment 44 of the vehicle 27 , the second conduits 46 and 47 being disposed axial symmetrically as described above . return air from the compartment 44 is introduced through the second conduits 46 and 47 so that it is returned to the air conditioning means 34 and 35 . the air conditioning means 34 and 35 are , via air supply conduits 48 and 49 , supplied with outdoor fresh air by suction means of ventilating means 53 and 54 each of which comprises an axial fan . in the air conditioning means 34 and 35 , circulated air passed from the second conduits 46 and 47 and air passed from the air supply conduits 48 and 49 are mixed with each other so that conditioned air is again passed to the horizontal conduits 36 and 37 . furthermore , third conduits 51 and 52 facing the compartment are axial - symmetrically disposed in the lower portion of the vehicle 27 adjacent to the floor 33 , the third conduits 51 and 52 being arranged to discharge the air in the compartment 44 to the outside of the vehicle 27 . ventilating means 53 and 54 each comprising an axial fan are connected to the third conduits 51 and 52 . the ventilating means 53 and 54 are disposed below the floor 33 , the ventilating means 53 and 54 each including a discharge means for discharging air 55 and 56 in the compartment 44 and suction means for sucking outdoor air to supply it to the compartment 44 . the case where a lavatory and a wash room are placed in the vehicle 27 will now be described . in the case where the lavatory and the like are placed at positions designated by phantom lines of fig3 a lavatory 57 which emits odor is placed in the vicinity of the third conduit 51 , while a wash room 58 which does not emit odor is placed in the vicinity of the second conduit 47 which opposes the third conduit 51 . each of the exhaust ports of the lavatory 57 and the wash room 58 is connected to the third conduit 51 or the second conduit 47 . as a result , the lavatory 57 is connected to the third conduit 51 which exclusively exhaust air while been insulated from the second conduit 47 which exclusively returns air . hence , the odor of the lavatory cannot mix with the return air and therefore the necessity of providing an individual exhaust means for the lavatory can be eliminated . fig8 is a block diagram which schematically illustrates this embodiment , showing how a single compartment 44 is equipped with a ventilating apparatus comprising two systems 44 . the first conduits 29 and 30 included by the two systems are connected to each other by the connecting pipes 31 and 32 . if necessary , the second conduits 46 and 47 may be connected to each other and the third conduits 51 and 52 may be connected to each other . in this case , the second system is able to compensate for a malfunction of the first system . according to this embodiment thus arranged , each of the first conduits 29 and 30 , the second conduits 46 and 47 and the third conduits 51 and 52 can be individually and simply constituted . consequently , the overall structure of the system can be simplified while overcoming the aforesaid problems experienced with the conventional technologies and structures . since each of the aforesaid components can be disposed in arbitrary directions in the vehicle while being satisfactorily balanced , each of the conduits 29 , 30 , 46 , 47 , 51 and 52 is able to have a sufficient and proper large cross sectional area while satisfactorily preventing the undesirable loss . hence , air of a required quantity can be introduced through each of the aforesaid conduits . therefore , the problem taken place in that the compartment 44 cannot keep a satisfactorily large space can be overcome . it can be seen from fig8 that in this embodiment , each of the first and second systems is equipped with its own first conduit , second conduit , third conduit , air conditioning means , and ventilating means . furthermore , it can be seen that at least one of the first conduits of each system is connected to a first conduit of the other system . another embodiment of the present invention shown in fig9 enables the function of the vehicle to be improved because it is arranged in such a manner that a partitioning bulkhead in the form of an insulating wall 70 is disposed adjacent to or in the vicinity of the aforesaid symmetric axis 28 of the vehicle so that the inside of the vehicle 27 is partitioned into a plurality of compartments in the form of a smoking - permitted room and a inhibited room . in this case , the first conduits 29 and 30 are respectively closed adjacent to the insulating wall 70 . as a result , air in each of the compartments can be individually conditioned by the individual system arranged as shown in fig1 , and therefore the introduction of contaminated air in the smoking - permitted room into the smoking - inhibited room can be prevented . in other words , contaminated air in the smoking - permitted room will not be introduced into the smoking - inhibited room . it can be seen that is not necessary for every compartment to have its own ventilating system . for example , in fig9 the portion of the vehicle 27 to the left of partition 70 is divided into a plurality of compartments which share the first ventilating system , while the portion of the vehicle 27 to the right of partition 70 is divided into a plurality of compartments which share the second ventilating system . thus , the vehicle 27 may comprise a plurality of groups of compartments , with each group having its own ventilating system . the present invention can be widely adapted to another vehicle or a facility as well as the railway vehicle . by introducing and jetting air 55 and 56 discharged through outlet ports of the ventilating means 53 and 54 into underfloor equipment disposed below the floor 33 , the underfloor equipment can be cooled . as described above , according to the present invention , conditioned air supplied from the air conditioning means is introduced into the first conduit disposed in the upper portion of the vehicle so as to be supplied into the compartment , the second conduit for sucking air in the compartment and for circulating it is disposed in the lower portion of the vehicle , air which has been passed through the second conduit is introduced into the air conditioning means , and the air conditioning means is also supplied with outdoor fresh air by the suction mean of the ventilating means so that air is conditioned . furthermore , the third conduit is disposed in the lower portion of the vehicle so that air in the compartment is , via the third conduit , exhaust to the outside of the vehicle via the exhaust means of the ventilating means . as a result , the present invention enables the structure to be simplified , a complicated labor required when it is manufactured to be eliminated , a desired air conditioning performance to be kept , and noise to be eliminated while keeping a proper air quantity and wind velocity . the structure according to the present invention is arranged in such a manner that the two systems of the ventilating apparatus are provided in the compartment and at least of the first conduit of the aforesaid ventilating apparatuses is connected to each other by the connecting conduit , so that a problem taken place in that one of the ventilating apparatuses has encountered a malfunction can be overcome by continuing the desired ventilation and the air harmonization by means of the residual ventilating apparatus . furthermore , the structure according to the present invention is arranged in such a manner that the inside of a vehicle is partitioned into a plurality of compartments as desired , and each of the partitioned compartments has a ventilating system including first , second , and third conduits , air conditioning means , and ventilating means , so that air of each of the compartments can be individually conditioned and ventilated while preventing contaminated air from being introduced into the other compartments . therefore , the atmosphere of each of the compartments can be maintained satisfactorily . in addition , even if a lavatory is placed in the compartment , propagation of odor in the compartment can be prevented because the exhaust port of the lavatory is connected to the third conduit . as described above , the present invention is able to improve the practical advantage of a conveyance . although the invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularly , it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been changed in the details of construction and the combination and arrangement of parts may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed .	1
hereinafter , embodiments according to the present invention will be fully explained by referring to the attached drawings . hereinafter , explanation will be made on a system for outputting the internal information of a digital television apparatus , intermittently , to externally connected equipment ( e . g ., a hdd recorder ), during operation of the digital television apparatus , wherein upon receipt of the information outputted , the externally connected equipment ( e . g ., the hdd recorder ) records the internal information of the television apparatus as broadcast program information . fig1 is system view for showing entire structures of a recording apparatus , according to an embodiment of the present invention . the system according to the present embodiment , as is shown in fig1 , comprises a digital television apparatus 1 as an original for outputting the internal information , a hdd recorder 7 for obtaining the internal information outputted from the digital television apparatus 1 , so as to record it as a broadcast program , and a cable 161 for connecting the digital television apparatus 1 and the hdd recorder 7 , so as to enable transmission of data thereon . the digital television apparatus 1 has , other than the functions that are equipped with a normal television apparatus , an internal information output designation recorder portion or unit 2 for registering an output designation of the internal information and an interface to be used for output , an internal information obtainer portion or unit 3 for obtaining the internal information , and an internal information recording buffer portion or unit 4 for recoding the internal information obtained , temporarily therein . the digital television apparatus 1 further has an internal information transmitter portion or unit 5 , for transmitting the internal information , which is recorded in the internal information recording buffer unit 4 , to the hdd recorder 7 , with applying protocol that is registered in the internal information output designation recorder unit 2 , and a wiring 16 for connecting between the hdd recorder and the digital television apparatus 1 . in case where the wiring 16 can transmit only analog data , there is provided a d / a converter 6 for converting the data to be transmitted from digital data into analog data . next , explanation will be made on the structures of the hdd recorder 7 . the hdd recorder 7 comprises a recording program information recorder portion or unit 9 for recording therein programmed recording information of the hdd recorder 7 , so as to achieve a function as a normal recorder , a recording function portion or unit 10 for recording the program on the air , and a time information obtainer portion or unit 14 for obtaining time information when the system operates . further , the hdd recorder 7 has an internal information recorder portion or unit 12 for recording the internal information transmitted from the digital television apparatus 1 as the broadcast program . this internal information recorder unit 12 may record the internal information merging into the program information , by adding it into a vacant or empty stream of the broadcast program of the digital broadcast , on which recording is conducted . in this instance , a pid value of ts packet to be recorded or temporary management information may be recorded into a management information recorder portion or unit 15 . connection between the hdd recorder 7 and the digital television apparatus 1 is conducted within an internal information receiver portion or unit 13 , and it is controlled in accordance with the information of an internal information output origin recorder portion or unit 8 for registering therein a name or title of an internal information outputting apparatus and an interface to be used in the outputting thereof . for example , in accordance with the protocol registered in the internal information output origin recorder unit 8 , the internal information of the digital television apparatus 1 is communicated from the internal information transmitter unit within the digital television apparatus 1 to the internal information receiver unit of the digital television apparatus 1 . in case where the cable 161 connecting between the hdd recorder and the digital television can transmit only analog data , the data transmitted is converted into digital data within an a / d converter portion or unit 11 . the cable 161 may be a video signal cable , for example . fig2 is a view for explaining about the details of the internal information recorder unit 12 . the internal information recorder unit 12 comprises a ts packet accumulating buffer 16 for accumulating ts packet before recording when a user is also conducting recording of the hdd recorder , temporally , when recording the internal information of the television apparatus , an internal information accumulation buffer 17 for accumulating the internal information before converting it into the ts packet , a temporary information recording portion or unit 18 , as a temporary recording region or area , in which the functions of the internal information recording unit can be used widely , a ts packet cut - out function portion or unit 19 for cutting out a packet one by one from a head of the packets , a pid detecting function portion or unit 20 for obtaining pid ( e . g ., a stream id ) of the ts packet , a program association table analyzing function portion or unit 21 for detecting the pid of a program map table , managing the pid ( e . g ., the stream id ) of the st packet , which is used by the recording program on which the user makes recording , a program map table analyzing function portion or unit 22 for detecting the pid of the stream is not used from the program map table , a using stream determining function portion or unit 24 for determining the stream id to be used when newly adding or post - scripting the internal information of the television apparatus , a program map table changing function portion or unit 23 for influencing the pid information , which is determined to be used with the using stream determining function unit 24 , on the program map table , a ts packet header generating function portion or unit 25 for producing a header for the ts packet , into which the internal information should be recorded , upon basis of the stream id which is determined to be used by the using stream determining function , a ts packet generating function portion or unit 26 for making up the ts packet by combining the internal information and the ts packet , and a ts packet renewal function portion or unit 27 for delivering the ts packet generated within the internal information recording unit to the recording function unit 10 . next , explanation will be made on the flow of steps , in case when the digital television apparatus 1 transmits the internal information to the hdd recorder connected therewith , by referring to fig1 mentioned above as well as the flowchart shown in fig4 . first of all , in a step s 01 , reference is made onto an output destination of the internal information registered in the internal information output designation recorder unit 2 and a mode or system of the cable to be used in the transmission . next , in a step s 02 , the internal information transmitter unit 3 establishes a section between the internal information recorder unit 13 of the hdd recorder , i . e ., a connecting designation . next , in a step s 03 is obtained data having fixed length from the internal information recording buffer unit 4 . next , in a step s 04 , the internal information transmitter unit produces a packet fitting to the protocols to be used in the transmission , from the fixed length data obtained in the step s 03 . next , in a step s 05 , upon basis of the information , which is referred in the step s 01 , it is determined on whether the cable is an analog cable or not , connecting between the digital television apparatus and the hdd recorder , and if it is the analog cable , then a process is executed for use of d / a conversion . if the d / a conversion is necessary , the process advances into a step s 06 , thereby executing the d / a conversion . next , if determining that the d / a conversion is not necessary in the step s 05 , then the process advances to a step s 07 , wherein the internal information transmitter unit 5 transmits the packet , which is produced in the step s 04 , to the internal information receiver unit 14 of the hdd recorder 7 . next , in a step s 06 , an amount or volume is calculated of the internal information remaining in the buffer . next , if the volume is zero of the internal information in a step s 08 , then the process is completed . if not zero ( 0 ), then the process turns back to the step s 03 . next , explanation will be made in details thereof , about the steps of a process , for the hdd recorder 7 to determine the pid ( i . e ., the stream id ), necessary for recording the digital television internal information as the program of the digital broadcasting , in particular , when the internal information of the digital television apparatus from the internal information transmitter unit of the digital television apparatus 1 connected therewith , by referring to fig1 , 2 and 3 , and also the flowchart shown in fig5 . firstly , in a step s 09 shown in fig5 , the internal information receiver unit determines on whether there is a request for requiring a session establishment or not , from the internal information transmitter unit within the digital television apparatus 1 . in case when there is the request for requiring a session establishment , the process advances into a step s 10 . in the step s 10 is made determination on whether it is the request for requiring a session establishment or not , coming from the equipments registered in the internal information output origin recorder unit 8 as the output origins . in case when determining that the origin of the request is the equipment registered , then the process advances into a session s 11 , while not so , then the process turns back to the session s 08 . in the session s 11 , the internal information receiver unit 13 establishes a session between the internal information transmitter unit 5 of the digital television apparatus . next , in a step s 12 , by referring to the information of the recording program information recorder unit 9 , it is checked on whether reservation is made or not for recording a broadcast program within a certain time - period from now . since this time - period depends on implementation of a program , then it is determined depending upon the equipment . in case where there is the reservation of recording , then the process advances into a step s 13 , while in case where there is no reservation of recording , the process advances into a step s 18 . in the step s 13 , the present time is obtained from the management information recorder unit 14 , so as to be compared with the information of the recording program information unit 9 , and as a result in case where it is within “ n ” seconds until beginning of the recording , the process advances into a step s 14 , but in case of not so , then it advances into the step s 18 . however , since this “ n ” seconds also depends on the implementation of the program , then it may take any extent of time - period . in the step s 14 , with using the ts packet cut - out function unit 19 , the ts packet for one ( 1 ) packet is taken out from the image or video information of recording target , which is recorded in the ts packet accumulation buffer 16 . then , the ts packet is recorded in the temporary information recording unit 18 , temporally , and the process advances into a step s 15 . in the step s 15 , the program association table analyzing function unit 21 executes analysis of the program association table . herein , fig3 shows apart of the transport packet , which is applied in the digital broadcasting . in a transport packet are entered contents of the digital broadcasting for plural numbers of channels , however in the program association table ( pat ) are recorded pids of special transport packets , each describing the stream structure or configuration for each channel ( i . e ., program map table pmt ), for plural numbers of channels . in the step s 15 , with using a fact that the program association table uses “ pid = 0x0000 ” therein , the pid detecting function unit 20 of the internal information recorder unit 12 takes out 13 bits , starting from 12 th bit from a head of the ts packet , which is recorded in the temporary information recording unit 18 . and , determination is made on whether the value thereof is “ pid = 0x0000 ” or not , and in case where it is “ pid = 0x0000 ”, the process advances into a step s 16 . in the step s 16 , detection is made on a pid value of the program map table ( pmt ), describing the stream configuration of the target to be recorded in such a manner , which will be mentioned in the following , and the process advances into a step s 17 . thus , the program association table analyzing function unit 21 searches for a service id of a program number ( i . e ., a broadcast program discrimination or identification number ), which is recorded in the recording program information unit 9 , by referring to a payload of the ts packet , i . e ., meaning to be the program association table ( pat ) that is recorded in the ts packet accumulation buffer 16 . then , corresponding to the service id found out , there is obtained the pid value of the program map table , describing the stream configuration of the target to be recorded , and it is recorded into the management information recorder unit 15 . in the step s 17 , the program map table analyzing function unit 22 extracts the program map table among the st packets , with using the pid value of that program map table , which is recorded in the management information recorder unit 15 , and then the process advances into the step s 18 . in the step s 18 , the using stream determining function unit 24 analyzes the stream configuration of program of the recording target , which is recorded within the program map table extracted . in more details , a stream is determined to be used for recording the internal information therein , within a number of pieces of the streams , which is determined in accordance with a regulation applied in the digital broadcasting , as well as , the pid value of the stream to be used , to renew the management information recorder unit 15 , and the process advances into a step s 19 . in the step s 19 , the using stream determining function unit 24 records a stream pid to be added into the recording program information recorder unit 9 , and during the broadcasting of the program to be recorded , it records an identifier indicating that the internal information of the digital television apparatus is recorded , and then the process is ended . as was mentioned above , the digital television internal information is recorded , in the form of the pid , which is necessary for recording as a digital broadcasting program ( i . e ., stream id ). next , explanation will be made on the processing , for the hdd recorder apparatus 7 , to record the digital television internal information therein , actually , as a program of digital program , in particular , when the digital television internal information is transmitted from the internal information transmitter unit of the digital television apparatus 1 , which is connected thereto , by referring to fig1 and 2 mentioned above , and also the flowchart shown in fig6 . in a step s 20 , the pid detecting function unit 20 extracts the pid of the ts packet , which is accumulated within the ts packet accumulating buffer 16 , and then the process advances into a step s 21 . in the step s 21 , the program map table analyzing function unit 22 compares between the pid value of the program map table ( pmt ), which is recorded within the management information recorder portion or unit 15 , and the pid value , which is extracted in the previous step . in case where it is the program map table of the program of the recording target , then the process advances into a step s 22 . in the step s 22 , the program map table ( pmt ) is generated with using the ts packet generating function unit 26 , upon basis of the stream id and the pid information , which are recorded in the management information recorder unit 15 , and is recorded in the temporary information recording unit 18 , and then the process advances into a step s 23 . in the step s 23 , the ts packet including the renewed program map table ( pmt ), which is generated in the previous step , is delivered to the ts packet renewal function unit 27 and the recording function unit 10 . in a next step s 24 , the ts packet recording counter of the management information recorder unit 15 is counted up , and the process advances into a step s 25 . in the step s 25 , the ts packet recording counter of the management information recorder unit 15 is compared with a setup value , which is arbitrarily determined for the program , and in case where it exceeds the setup value , then the process advances into a step s 26 . in the step s 26 , only a fixed length of the internal information of the digital television apparatus 1 is obtained from the internal information accumulation buffer 17 , and it is recorded in a temporary memorizing area , and then the process advances into a step s 27 . in the step s 27 , a header for the ts packet is generated with using the ts packet header generating function unit 25 , and the process advances into a step s 28 . in the step s 28 , the ts packet is generated from the internal information recorded in the temporary information recorder unit 18 , with using the ts packet generating function unit 26 , and then the process advances into a step s 29 . in the step s 29 , the ts packet renewal function unit 27 delivers the ts packet , which is generated in the step s 21 , to the recording function unit , and the recording function unit records the ts packet . in a next step s 30 is conducted checking on a remaining amount or volume of the internal information recording buffer , and in case if there is the remaining volume , the process turns back to the step s 20 , while it is end if there is not . in the embodiment mentioned above , the explanation was given on the example , in which the internal information is recorded in the hdd recorder apparatus , with which the digital television apparatus is connected ; however , it is needless to say that even the internal information of the hdd recorder apparatus may be recorded in the form of the ts stream , in the similar manner . with the embodiment mentioned above , it is possible to utilize the internal information for recording and / or analyzing , if there is a stream , which is not used for the program of the digital broadcasting under recording , even in the case when the digital broadcast recording function is used or when the digital broadcast recording function of an external equipment connected with is used , when trouble or abnormality occurs , within the built - in equipment having the digital broadcast receiving / recording function therein , such as , the digital television apparatus and / or the hdd recorder apparatus , etc . with this , it is possible to obtain the information at the time when trouble or abnormality occurs , even when using the recording function . also , since the internal information is recorded in the form of the broadcasting program , into the equipment having the digital broadcast receiving / recording function , such as , the hdd recorder apparatus , etc ., therefore it is possible to record a large amount of information therein . further , since being recorded in the form of the broadcast program , then it is possible to obtain a backup thereof , easily , onto a device , such as , a dvd , etc . while we have shown and described several embodiments in accordance with our invention , it should be understood that disclosed embodiments are susceptible of changes and modifications without departing from the scope of the invention . therefore , we do not intend to be bound by the details shown and described herein but intend to cover all such changes and modifications that fall within the ambit of the appended claims .	7
referring now to the figures of the drawings in detail and first , particularly , to fig1 thereof , there is seen an offset printing press 7 having two printing units with a control system which is networked with a computer 4 . a color measuring instrument 11 , which is able to measure sheet printing materials 3 over an area in a scanning operation , is also connected to the computer 4 . to this end , a measuring beam 1 constructed as a scanner moves over the entire printed sheet 3 in the x direction and in the process registers both an entire printed image 8 as well as print control strips 9 applied to the sides of the sheet 3 . during the measuring operation , the sheet lies on a measuring table 2 . in this way , it is possible to register both the entire printed image 8 as well as print control strips 9 applied to the sides in one pass with the scanning measuring beam 1 . data from the printed image 8 and from the print control strip 9 registered in this way can then be transmitted to the computer 4 , where actual measured values registered are compared with associated set points . should deviations between the set points and the actual values occur which are outside a permissible tolerance , appropriate adjustment commands are calculated , in particular for inking units and dampening units in the printing units of the printing press 7 , and are sent from the computer 4 to the printing press 7 . the computer 4 also has a screen 5 to display the printed image 8 and to display masks of the machine control system of the printing press 7 and has a keyboard 6 as well as a non - illustrated computer mouse for the entry of operating commands . in the present invention , it is substantially a matter of automatically determining the correct set points , in particular color set points , for the comparison with the actual values registered through the use of the color measuring instrument 11 , in particular the actual color values . for this purpose , the computer 4 firstly has access to the digital image data from the original print . to this end , the computer 4 is advantageously linked directly to a computer of a prepress stage and can thus make direct access to the color separations of the original print in the prepress stage . these color separations are analyzed by the computer 4 with regard to different image types and image regions . the computer 4 combines identical image types / image regions and allocates these identical image types / image regions the same set points , in particular color set points . these set points correspond to pre - setting data for the printing press 7 , in particular involving the colors needed for the printing , such as cmyk and any special colors . fig2 depicts the most important six image types , into which the color separations from the prepress stage , which are present in the jdf format , for example , are organized . firstly , during the analysis of the digital image data in the computer 4 , a subdivision into regions with special colors and into regions with only cmyk colors is carried out . each of the two color regions is then once more subdivided into the regions including bitmaps , overprinted homogenous regions and homogenous half tones . it is possible , at least in the case of the regions having homogenous full tones , to transfer set points from the matching color automatically , so that the set points from the ink setting or from the inking unit of the printing press 7 can be transferred directly . in the case of the overprinted homogenous cmyk regions , it is advantageous that a menu is firstly created on the screen 5 and the regions are displayed on the screen 5 . thus , the printer can , as appropriate , confirm or change the selection directly on the screen . in the case of the bitmaps , an automatic selection can likewise be carried out or the printer is given the possibility of allocating by hand the bitmap in the printed image 8 , marked on the screen 5 . to this end , he or she can fall back on suggestions drawn by the computer 4 from a database , in which the corresponding set points are stored . fig3 shows , by way of example , a sheet printing material 3 which is produced in the printing press 7 and which is measured on the color measuring instrument 11 . it can be seen that the printing material 3 further contains print control strips or elements 9 , 10 in addition to the printed image 8 . the print control strips 9 are accommodated at the side outside the printed image 8 , while so - called mini print control strips 10 are accommodated in the printed image 8 itself . the printed image 8 on the sheet 3 in fig3 in this case contains eight copies , as they are known . this means that , after the printing , the sheet 3 is cut up into these eight copies . each of the copies is identical and , in particular , in the color reproduction during printing , should also be reproduced identically , so that each copy appears the same . fig3 a reveals an extract from a copy , which is present in the form of a cmyk bitmap . this means that this extract is formed only of the colors cyan , magenta , yellow and black . fig3 b , on the other hand , reveals an extract from a copy which is formed of a bitmap having special colors . fig3 c shows an image extract having homogenous cmyk colors in the full tone , while fig3 e shows an image extract having homogenous cmyk colors as half tones , for example a 50 % half tone . fig3 g shows , by way of example , an extract in which a plurality of cmyk half tones are overprinted , with the uppermost square containing 50 % cyan , 40 % magenta , 40 % yellow and no proportion of black , while the middle square contains 30 % cyan , 80 % magenta , 100 % yellow and a 20 % proportion of black , and the lowest square contains 100 % cyan , 0 % magenta , 100 % yellow and no proportion of black . in the right - hand column , fig3 d shows a homogenous image region having special colors in the full tone , while fig3 f represents a homogenous image region having special colors in half tones , in this case a 50 % half tone once more being reproduced as an example . fig3 h in turn shows overprinted half tones of special colors , which can also be combined with cmyk colors . thus , the uppermost square shows the special color 50 % pantone 471 with a 30 % proportion of black , while the lower square shows a special color 50 % pantone 471 with 20 % special color pantone reflex blue . the computer 4 ensures that each of the image types in fig3 a to 3h is respectively allocated the correct set points as reference variable for the actual values registered by the color measuring instrument 11 . therefore , wrong entries by the printer are avoided and erroneous color control , which would not lead to color reproduction of the image data from the prepress stage that was true to the original , is avoided .	7
as discussed in the summary of the invention section , the present subject matter is particularly concerned with apparatus and methodologies for carrying out cathodic protection monitoring and testing combined with meter data collection via a common device over an advanced metering infrastructure ( ami ). currently , gas utilities must monitor the condition of their cathodic protection system on a regular basis . such monitoring is required by federal law , as well as by the utility to ensure the safety and longevity of the gas system . due to the number of cathodic protection test stations , and the fact they are related to maintenance , rather than billing , monitoring is typically accomplished manually . such labor intensive operation is an expense to the utility requiring extra vehicles and crews to be deployed into the utility territory . such operations may be required at a time when the utility is trying to reduce its vehicle usage to improve its environmental impact , but not having current cathodic protection data on a regular basis can lead to re - excavation of construction sites to repair compromised systems , as well as some deterioration of the buried pipes while the system is compromised . thus , it would be desirable to have in place a system and methodologies that may significantly reduce all costs involved with cathodic protection operation and monitoring . selected combinations of aspects of the disclosed technology correspond to a plurality of different embodiments of the present subject matter . it should be noted that each of the exemplary embodiments presented and discussed herein should not insinuate limitations of the present subject matter . features or steps illustrated or described as part of one embodiment may be used in combination with aspects of another embodiment to yield yet further embodiments . additionally , certain features may be interchanged with similar devices or features not expressly mentioned which perform the same or similar function . reference is made in detail to the presently preferred embodiments of the subject cathodic protection monitoring system . referring now to the drawings , fig1 illustrates an exemplary telemetry system generally 100 in accordance with the present subject matter . system 100 may include various exemplary telemetry endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 located within , for example , a gas ami network , and which are read by network collectors 130 . telemetry endpoints may include , but are not limited to , a pressure monitor 110 , a data corrector 112 , cathodic protection apparatus 114 , and general telemetry apparatus 116 . such exemplary telemetry endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 may be connected for data transmission via transmission paths 120 , 122 , 124 , and 126 , respectively , to collectors 130 . cathodic protection apparatus 114 , as noted further herein after , may correspond to a stand alone device or additional functionalities combined with gas metrology and endpoint communications devices in accordance with present technology . it should be appreciated that while transmission paths 120 , 122 , 124 , and 126 are presently illustrated as transmission lines , such is not a specific limitation of the present technology as data may be transmitted by any suitable technology , including via wired as well as wireless technology . in similar fashion , transmission paths 162 , 164 , 166 , and 168 ( illustrated as variously coupled data between head end associated items ) may also correspond to any suitable data transmission capable device or methodology , now existing or later developed . in accordance with present subject matter , the technology described herein is designed to reduce the operating costs associated with system integrity functions and the collection of consumption related information for gas utilities , and is thus not limited by the exemplary methodology and apparatus illustrated . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the illustration in fig1 with respect to the network configuration is exemplary and that other components , for example , but not limited to , repeaters , may also be employed . it should be appreciated that while the present subject matter is described more specifically as directed to gas ami networks , such is not a specific limitation of the disclosure as the present disclosure may be extended to water and electric networks , as applicable , particularly as to selected portions of the present disclosure , for example , such as relating to alarm notifications and data handling . further , while the present communications system is described as a network , other and additional communication forms including the use of mobile data collection apparatus may be employed within the scope of the present disclosure . still further , while the present disclosure describes the use of a wan to transmit information among selected devices , such is illustrative only as other information exchange apparatus may be used to provide desired communications including , but not limited to , wan &# 39 ; s , lan &# 39 ; s , all varieties of wireless systems , and the internet , and intended to include other later developed technologies . in accordance with present exemplary disclosure , information from such exemplary endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 may be processed in the collectors 130 and sent over a wan generally 140 to a head end system generally 150 by way of exemplary transmission paths 132 , 142 . the head end system 150 may further process the endpoint reading or data and send that information to other systems . long - term storage can , of course , be provided by , for example , a meter data management ( mdm ) system generally 154 , not presently illustrated in detail , and details of which form no particular aspect of the present subject matter . such system 154 may also be considered as meter data management means associated with the head end or centralized data collection facility , for storing and processing data received via the telemetry system generally 100 . with such arrangements , when incorporating the cathodic protection monitoring , advantageously usage data and gas delivery system integrity are efficiently monitored via an integrated system . for telemetry , there may be other systems that are not part of an amr / ami network , such as engineering systems generally 156 that monitor distribution system pressure , or software systems generally 158 provided by the manufacturer of the correctors 112 or other components monitored by the endpoints . other systems , not presently illustrated , may also be included in system 100 . also , the representative endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 are intended to be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art as representing any number of such endpoints in use in a given system configuration in accordance with present subject matter , variously and respectively associated with collectors as needed . endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 “ bubble - up ” readings of the telemetry data periodically as needed for measurement resolution and network reliability . as described , for example , in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 298 , 288 b2 , assigned to the owner of the present technology , battery - powered endpoints have been designed to limit the power consumed in day - to - day operation . one known design feature is a bubble - up mode of operation , in which an endpoint “ bubbles - up ,” or activates its transceiver to communicate or attempt to communicate with the amr data collection system , according , for example , to a preset schedule . the time duration or period between bubble - up events may typically span seconds or minutes . in accordance with present subject matter , endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 may also contain alarm thresholds . per the present subject matter , when such thresholds are exceeded , the associated endpoint will initiate an alarm to relatively rapidly indicate an over / under threshold situation to the head end 150 . such alarms may take the form of special messages and may be sent at a higher frequency than normal transmissions to ensure rapid and reliable delivery . per present subject matter , parameters stored in collectors 130 may also be changed through the use of two - way commands from the system head end 150 down to the collectors . thought of in different terms , it is to be understood that all such various alarm features may be considered as being alarm means for forwarding alarm signaling whenever monitored conditions thereat fall outside set parameters ( whether initially set or subsequently reset ). collectors 130 validate the readings from the endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 and prioritize the uploading of data to the head end 150 . collectors 130 can also evaluate data from the endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 and generate alarms as well , per the present subject matter . at head end 150 , data is further validated , alarms may also be generated , and alarms and data are exported to an external system , all per present subject matter . head end 150 can also accept requests from an external system ( not presently illustrated ) to send reconfiguration messages through the network to the endpoints 110 , 112 , 114 , and 116 , all per the present subject matter . with reference now to fig2 , there is illustrated a block diagram of an exemplary gas consumption and associated endpoint device generally 200 , configured in accordance with present subject matter to provide cathodic protection related telemetry via a meter reading system . the owner of the present technology currently manufactures a line of long life battery based meter data collection systems for the gas industry . by modifying presently available devices , a device has been developed to monitor and record the state of the cathodic protection ( cp ) system where cp data can be retrieved by the meter reading system ( either mobile or fixed network ), as the meter data is collected , thus drastically reducing the cost of automated monitoring . as seen in fig2 , in accordance with the present technology , a generally known endpoint module 210 previously associated with gas metrology device 220 ( which together with related functionality may also be regarded as being utility metrology means ) is arranged to communicate with device 220 via communications line 212 . in an exemplary configuration , communications over line 212 may be preferably by a serial protocol . a power supply 230 , generally housed together with gas metrology device 220 and endpoint module 210 in device 200 , may provide operating power to both the gas metrology device 220 and endpoint module 210 . in an exemplary configuration , power supply 230 may correspond to a battery , in particular , a long life battery . other technologies , now known or later developed , may be practiced . it will be understood that all such variations are intended to be thought of , and encompassed by , reference as battery - operated power supply means for powering such metrology features and the various electronic devices otherwise included within device 200 . gas metrology device 220 may be coupled via line 222 to a pipe line in know fashion for data collection , details of which form no particular aspect of the present subject matter . endpoint module 210 may correspond to a wireless type device which is configured to communicate via exemplary representative antenna 214 with various collectors similar to collector 130 ( fig1 ) in a wireless network . it should be appreciated , however , that other forms of networks may also be provided using both or either of wired and wireless communications techniques so that in place or in addition to antenna 214 , wired connection functionality may be provided for endpoint module 210 . in accordance with present technology , advantage is taken of the existing capabilities of endpoint module 210 to transmit and receive information ( data ) to and from head end 150 ( fig1 ) in an existing ami or supervisory control and data acquisition ( scada ) network , such as generally illustrated in fig1 , to also transmit cathodic protection ( cp ) information . with reference to fig2 , such advantage is achieved by associating minimal additional components with existing endpoint 210 or metrology devices 220 to monitor an associated cathodic protection ( cp ) system 250 and to pass collected cp information through endpoint module 210 for transmission to head end 150 . in an exemplary configuration , the additional components may take the form of an analog to digital ( a / d ) converter generally 240 configured to monitor a voltage difference between a monitored pipe line ( not separately illustrated ) by way of input line 252 and a buried reference ( not separately illustrated ) used to provide a ground potential by way of reference input line 254 . it should be appreciated that other measurement technologies may be employed in place of separate a / d converter 240 . for example , gas metrology device 220 may be modified to directly monitor voltage on a monitored pipeline via direct connection through line 242 ′. further , data from a / d converter 240 may be passed directly via line 242 to endpoint module 210 for inclusion with bubbled up data , or may first be passed to gas metrology device 220 via line 242 ′ for inclusion in bubbled up data to be sent by endpoint module 210 to head end 150 . it is intended to be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that all such variations in converter features and related and / or associated functionality may also be thought of as being analog to digital converter means for providing cathodic protection operational condition data to either of such metrology features and such endpoint devices . as is well understood by those of ordinary skill in the art , there are two basic types of cp systems , galvanic ( non - active ) systems and impressed current systems . in accordance with present technology , data may be collected from either type system by way of meter endpoint data transmission . in the instance that the utilized cp system is a galvanic system , simply monitoring the voltage difference between a protected pipe line and a reference may be sufficient . alternatively , if cp system 250 is one configured to impress current for cp operation , parameters in addition to the pipe line - to - reference voltage monitored as described in conjunction with galvanic systems may be monitored via representative input line 256 . such additional parameters may include , without limitation , backup battery charge level for solar powered systems , and rectifier operation for alternating current ( ac ) powered systems . there presently exist some stand alone automated cathodic protection monitoring systems ( cellular based , etc . ), but their cost and maintenance has limited their application to only a small percentage of the number of cathodic protection test points . such systems tend to be larger transformer / rectifier injection points . in accordance with the present technology , the number of protection test points may be increased substantially while avoiding significant cost increases . further , the increased amount of cp data collected ( for example , daily , or hourly ), can help the utility to identify the type of failure ( sudden / gradual ), as well as the time it took place . such data can also be used to identify failures before they occur . by relatively more rapid response , as well as scheduled planning , and by having better details as to the type of failure , a utility provider practicing the present subject matter can reduce the costs related to repairs and maintenance of cathodic protection . while the present cp monitoring system can be combined with a meter reading endpoint , where the test point is co - located with a meter , it should be appreciated that the system can function as a standalone monitor . in either case , cathodic protection data is read by the meter data collection system . as there are typically between 10 times and 100 times as many gas meters as there are cathodic protection test stations , the overall improvement in cp monitoring capability is significant through use of the present technology . in residential areas , a buried anode ( galvanic system ) is most commonly used to protect short runs of pipe . in such use , there are many small segments of pipe , and a significant number of test stations . gas meter reading is done on a regular basis in such areas , and thus the present subject matter is most useful for such applications . while the present subject matter has been described in detail with respect to specific embodiments thereof , it will be appreciated that those skilled in the art , upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing may readily produce alterations to , variations of , and equivalents to such embodiments . accordingly , the scope of the present disclosure is by way of example rather than by way of limitation , and the subject disclosure does not preclude inclusion of such modifications , variations and / or additions to the present subject matter as would be readily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art .	6
the use of the word “ a ” or “ an ” when used in conjunction with the term “ comprising ” in the claims and / or the specification may mean “ one ”, but it is also consistent with the meaning of “ one or more ”, “ at least one ”, and “ one or more than one ”. similarly , the word “ another ” may mean at least a second or more . as used in this specification and claim ( s ), the words “ comprising ” ( and any form of comprising , such as “ comprise ” and “ comprises ”), “ having ” ( and any form of having , such as “ have ” and “ has ”), “ including ” ( and any form of including , such as “ include ” and “ includes ”) or “ containing ” ( and any form of containing , such as “ contain ” and “ contains ”), are inclusive or open - ended and do not exclude additional , unrecited elements or process steps . the term “ about ” is used to indicate that a value includes an inherent variation of error for the device or the method being employed to determine the value . the expression “ connected ” should be construed herein and in the appended claims broadly so as to include any cooperative or passive association between mechanical parts or components . for example , such parts may be assembled together by direct coupling , or indirectly coupled using further parts . the coupling can also be remote , using for example a magnetic field or else . other objects , advantages and features of the assembly to mount a reciprocating saw blade to a table saw will become more apparent upon reading of the following non - restrictive description of illustrative embodiments thereof , given by way of example only with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig1 schematically illustrates an assembly 10 for operating a reciprocating saw blade 20 through a rotating shaft , such as the shaft ( not shown ) of a table saw ( not shown ), for example . the assembly 10 includes a first sprocket 22 provided with an offset mounting point in the form of a pin 24 , a second sprocket 26 having the same number of teeth as the first sprocket 22 and provided with a different offset mounting point in the form of a in 28 and a flexible link in the form of a timing type belt 30 interconnecting the first and second sprockets 22 and 26 . the first sprocket 22 is fixedly mounted to the rotating shaft so that both the first and second sprockets 22 and 26 are rotatably coupled to the rotating shaft for rotation in unison therewith . a sprocket support ( not shown ) is provided to rotatably receive both first and second sprockets 22 and 26 . according to another embodiment ( not shown ), the link 30 is replaced by a gear assembly that interconnects the first and second sprockets 22 and 26 for rotation in unison . a saw blade holding assembly 32 is mounted to both the pins 24 and 28 of the first and second wheels 22 and 26 . more specifically , the holding assembly 32 is pivotally mounted to the first pin 24 , for example via c - clips ( not shown ) and pivotally and slidably mounted to the second pin 28 also via c - clips ( not shown ). more specifically , a cylindrical aperture ( not shown ) of the holding assembly 32 is used to mount the assembly to the first wheel 22 and an elongated aperture 34 is used to mount the assembly to the second wheel 26 . the reciprocating saw blade 20 is mounted to the saw blade holding assembly 32 via two fasteners 36 . the first and second sprockets 22 and 26 , with their corresponding pins 24 and 28 respectively define first and second coupling elements for receiving the saw blade 20 . both mounting pins 24 and 28 being offset from the rotation axis of their respective sprocket 22 and 26 , the rotation of the rotating shaft causes the pins 24 and 28 to move along circular paths at the same radial speed . the first pin 24 being more severely shifted away from the rotational axis of its sprocket 22 , the radius defined by its path ( not shown ) is greater than the radius defined by the path of the second pin 28 . according to another embodiment ( not shown ), the holding assembly 32 is omitted and the saw blade 20 is configured with rounded and elongated holes to be directly mounted to the first and second sprockets 22 and 26 . according to still another embodiment , the saw blade 20 or the holding assembly 32 includes two pins and the sprockets are provided with respective rounded and elongated apertures to receive the pins and to allow the pins to move along circular paths upon rotation of a rotating shaft operatively coupled to both sprockets as described hereinabove . fig1 shows the assembly 10 mounted under the table 38 of a table saw and being in the process of cutting a melamine panel 40 moving in the direction of arrow 42 . the panel 40 has a first face 44 sliding against the table top 38 and a second face 46 opposite and parallel to the first face 44 . other characteristics and features of the assembly 10 will become more apparent upon reading the following description of the operation thereof , with references to fig1 to 8 . as can be seen from fig1 , both wheels rotate counterclockwise ( see arrows 48 ) at the same angular speed . fig2 shows the assembly 10 when one eighth of a full rotation has been done . since the holding assembly 32 is pivotally mounted to wheel 22 , rotation of said wheel 22 causes a downward movement of the blade 20 ( see arrow 50 ). since the offset of pin 24 is more severe than the offset of pin 28 , the saw blade 20 is angled towards the uncut portion of the panel 40 while it goes down . this angle of the blade 20 ensures that the teeth 21 thereof are only in contact with the second face 46 of the panel and do not contact the first face 44 during the downstroke . fig3 illustrates the assembly 10 when one quarter of a full rotation has been done . when the assembly is in this position , the angle 60 between the longitudinal axis of the saw blade 20 and the vertical axis is near maximum . it will be appreciated to one skilled in the art that the intersection of both the vertical and the longitudinal axis of the saw blade 20 is at all time located about in the middle of the panel 40 . in other words , during rotation of the sprockets 22 and 26 , the line that intersects both pins 24 and 28 crosses at a fixed position regardless of the angular position of respective pins 24 and 28 . the saw blade 20 is so mounted to the assembly 10 , and the assembly 10 is so positioned relative the table 38 and , considering the predetermined thickness of the panel 40 , that the saw blade 20 contacts only one face of the panel 40 at any given time . in fig4 , three eights of a full rotation has been done and the blade 20 is getting close to the vertical . when half a turn has been done , as shown in fig5 , the saw blade 20 is vertical . as can be seen from this figure , the teeth 21 of the blade 20 do not contact either surfaces of the panel 40 . fig6 illustrates the beginning of the upstroke of the saw blade 20 ( see arrow 52 ). again , since the offset of pin 24 is more severe than the offset of pin 28 , the saw blade 20 is angled away from the uncut portion of the panel 40 while it goes up . this angle of the blade 20 ensures that the teeth 21 thereof are only in contact with the first face 44 of the panel and do not contact the second face 46 during the upstroke . the sequence of movements schematically illustrated in fig1 to 8 are repeated for each rotation of the rotating shaft ( not shown ) to which the assembly is mounted until the panel 40 has been cut . during a full rotation of the rotating shaft , the movement of the saw blade 20 is such that its teeth always touch faces 44 and 46 in a favorable moving direction , which is to push the panel faces towards the interior thereof . one skilled in the art will understand that the saw blade extends from the table with an angle that varies according to the reciprocating direction of the saw blade , so that the angle remains acute relative to a corresponding one of a top and bottom surfaces of the table towards which the blade moves , i . e . the second face 46 during the downstroke and the first face 44 during the upstroke . this results in the surface layers on both sides of the melamine panel being cleanly cut without being chipped . one skilled in the art will understand that the mounting means used to mount the reciprocating saw blade 20 to the mounting assembly 32 , such as the fasteners 36 , could be different depending upon the type of reciprocating saw blade used . many saw blade tooth geometry can be used . as a non - limiting example , the reciprocating saw blade commercialized by the company bosch , under model number t234x has been found adequate . turning now to fig9 to 11 of the appended drawings , an assembly 108 for operating a reciprocating saw blade 118 through rotating shaft 106 of a table saw 100 according to a second illustrative embodiment be described . the table saw 100 includes a table top 102 , a table saw shaft 106 , reversely driving sprockets 120 , 122 , and 132 , and a stabilizing spring type bracket 104 . the assembly 108 to operate a reciprocating saw blade through a rotating shaft 106 includes a frame 110 , a driving sprocket 112 mounted on the table saw shaft 106 , idler sprockets 114 and 116 , a reciprocating saw blade 118 mounted to an assembly similar to the one described with reference to fig1 to 8 , i . e . including first and second sprockets 120 , 122 supporting a blade holder 124 via respective pins 126 and 128 . a counterbalancing saw blade 130 is mounted opposite the cutting saw blade 118 via the first and a third sprockets 120 and 132 via a blade holder 134 mounted to respective pins 136 and 138 thereof . a flexible link such as a double sided timing type belt 140 interconnects the various sprockets . one skilled in the art will understand that the assembly 108 operates as described hereinabove with reference to fig1 to 8 . however , the purpose of the counterbalancing blade 130 is to minimize the vibration potentially caused by the upstroke / downstroke movements of the cutting blade 118 . as is apparent from fig1 , the blade holders 124 and 134 respectively supporting the saw blades 118 and 130 are positioned on either sides of the sprocket 120 to prevent interference therebetween . also from fig1 , the frame 110 includes sidewalls with apertures designed to mount the various sprockets thereto . according to another embodiment ( not shown ), the second saw blade 130 is replaced by another element that counterbalances the first saw blade during operation thereof . it is to be noted that while the offset attaching points are described hereinabove as pins , other element ( s ) could be used to mount the saw blade holding assembly to the first and second sprockets while allowing the required pivoting movements therebetween . one skilled in the art will understand that by using disposable reciprocating saw blades , the user does not have to worry any longer about non negligible resharpening costs as well as cumbersome reinstallation and alignment techniques associated with the use of conventional and well known dual circular scoring saw blade system . also , one skilled in the art will appreciate that some of the safety components required in conventional table saws , such as and without limitations , a splitter guard , are irrelevant for a table saw equipped with a reciprocating saw blade as described herein . also , the above described assemblies to operate a reciprocating saw blade through rotating shaft are not limited to being used to cut melamine panels only . it is also to be noted that while the above description and the appended drawings are concerned with mounting a reciprocating saw blade to a table saw , the assembly described herein could also very well be used as an alternative to a band saw , primarily in view of the fact that it would permit cuts in stocks of almost limitless dimension sizes . it is to be understood that the assembly to mount a reciprocating saw blade to a rotating shaft is not limited in its application to the details of construction and parts illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described hereinabove . the assembly to mount a reciprocating saw blade to a rotating shaft is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced in various ways . it is also to be understood that the phraseology or terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and not limitation . hence , although the assembly to mount a reciprocating saw blade to a rotating shaft has been described hereinabove by way of illustrative embodiments thereof , it can be modified , without departing from the spirit , scope and nature of the subject invention .	8
as shown in fig1 , an integrated drying and dry separation apparatus for upgrading raw coal comprises a coal supply system , a hot air system , a drying system , a dedusting and exhausting system , and a dry separation system . the coal supply system can be divided into two portions , that is , a coal supply for dry raw coal and a coal supply for hot air furnace ; the coal supply system respectively supplies the raw coal to the hot air system and the drying system by using a raw coal conveyor ; the raw coal conveyor shown in fig1 is a belt conveyor for raw coal 2 , but a chain type conveyor or other conventional conveyors for material can also be used . the hot air system is a heat source portion of the drying system , said hot air system comprises a hot air furnace 1 , a settling chamber 3 and a first main fan 4 , and it supplies hot air with certain temperature pressurized by the first main fan 4 to the drying system , wherein the hot air with certain temperature is formed by removing sparks from flue gas produced in the hot air furnace 1 when passing through the settling chamber 3 and then mixing the processed flue gas with cold air ; an air outlet of the first main fan 4 is connected to the lower portion of a dryer 5 in the drying system . wherein , the temperature of said hot air formed by removing sparks from flue gas produced in the hot air furnace 1 when passing through the settling chamber 3 and then mixing the processed flue gas with cold air is about 50 ° c .- 280 ° c ., which is , preferably about 250 ° c . ; hot air with other suitable temperature may also be formed according to the demands of the actual production . the hot air furnace 1 is a chain type hot air furnace or a boiling type hot air furnace . the drying system is used to dry and dehydrate the raw coal , and to reduce the water content of raw coal ; the dried coal products are delivered to the dry separation system by a conveyor for dried products . the core equipment of the drying system is a mixed - flowing vibrating dryer . the conveyor for dried products as shown in fig1 is a belt conveyor 6 for dried products . the dedusting and exhausting system is used to recycle the fine particles of coal dust , it comprises a dust remover 7 and a exhaust blower ; the dedusting and exhausting system is connected between the drying system and the dry separation system ; said exhaust blower consists of a draught fan 8 and an exhaust pipe 9 . the dust remover 7 as shown in fig1 is a bag type dust remover . the dry separation system comprises a dry separator 12 , a circulating fan and a cyclone dust remover 11 , and is used to separate the dried raw coal into fancy coal , middling coal and coal gangue . the dry separator 12 in the dry separation system is a composite dry separator . now the integrated drying and dry separation method for upgrading raw coal is described with reference to fig1 and fig2 . fig2 shows the modular flow chart of said method . the integrated drying and dry separation method for upgrading raw coal comprises the following steps : 1 ) supplying coal for drying and coal for a hot air furnace by using the coal supply system ; low - quality raw coal is crushed and delivered by the coal supply system ; dry coal source have been crushed with coal granularity bigger than 8 mm and smaller than 50 mm is delivered to the drying system via the belt conveyor for raw coal 2 , and the coal powder have been crushed with coal granularity smaller than 8 mm is delivered to the hot air furnace 1 . the hot air furnace 1 can be a chain type hot air furnace or a boiling type hot air furnace , the raw coal is directly used as fuel of the chain type hot air furnace when the lower heating value of the raw coal is bigger than 16000 kj / kg , namely bigger than 3840 kilocalorie / kg ; the boiling type hot air furnace is adopted as the hot air furnace 1 of the coal supply system when the lower heating value of the raw coal is smaller than 16000 kj / kg ; 2 ) supplying hot air with temperature between 150 ° c .- 280 ° c . pressurized by the first main fan 4 to the lower portion of the dryer 5 in the drying system by using the hot air system , wherein the hot air is formed by removing sparks from the flue gas produced in the hot air furnace 1 and then mixing the processed flue gas with cold air ; in fig2 , the hot air system is also referred to as the hot source system . 3 ) using the drying system to dry the raw coal : the drying system uses the mixed - flowing vibrating dryer , the coal flow passes through a multi - layered vibration bed from top to bottom and flows to a coal outlet , the hot air passes through the multi - layered vibration bed and is discharged via a top exhaust outlet , the macro - flow between the coal flow and the hot air is a counter flow , that is , both a vertical cross flow and a horizontal counter flow between the coal and the hot air are present within the dryer 5 ; 4 ) using the dedusting and exhausting system to remove the dust : the dedusting and exhausting system is composed of the dust remover 7 and the exhaust blower , the dust remover 7 separates coal powder from exhaust gas , and the separated coal powder is incorporated into coal product , the processed , cleaned exhaust gas is evacuated via the exhaust blower ; 5 ) using the dry separation system to separate dried raw coal into fancy coal , middling coal and coal gangue , the fancy coal can be sold as coal product , the middling coal may be either incorporated into the fancy coal to be sold as coal product coal or returned to the coal inlet to be separated again , part of the coal gangue is used as fuel of the boiling type hot air furnace , and the other part is disposed as waste material . more particularly , the technical advantages lie in that : sparks are removed from the hot flue gas produced in the hot air furnace 1 within the settling chamber 3 , then the processed hot flue gas is fed into the lower portion of the dryer 5 by the first main fan 4 , and the wet raw coal material is fed into the top portion of the dryer 5 by the belt conveyor for raw coal 2 ; after the wet raw coal material is dried uniformly , most of them are discharged from the lower portion of the dryer 5 by the belt conveyor 6 for dried product , while part of the fine material , following the hot air , flows into the bag type dust remover 7 ; the material separated by the bag type dust remover 7 is recycled as product , and the waste gas is discharged by the exhaust pipe 9 via the draught fan 8 . the dried coal product is delivered into the dry separator 12 by the belt conveyor 15 for feeding coal to be separated , and the fancy coal and the coal gangue after separation are discharged respectively by the belt conveyor for fancy coal 13 and the belt conveyor for coal gangue 14 . the second main fan 10 provides the wind with magnitude required for the dry separation of the dry separator 12 , the cyclone dust remover 11 is connected in series with the second main fan 10 to remove the coarse particles of coal dust and to protect the impeller of the fan from wear ; the bag type dust remover 7 is connected in parallel with the cyclone dust remover 11 to insure that the dust concentration contained in the gas discharged into the atmosphere is lower than the national standard , and inhale air directly from the surroundings of the dry separator 12 to form negative pressure operation , so as to improve the separation effect of the dry separator 12 . furthermore , although the optimal design is given in the description mentioned above , conventional improvements on various components have been tested and carried out by the inventor , which can obtain good technical effect . for example , first drying and then dry - separating is not the only option for the joint operation flow , in case that the coal gangue content of the raw coal is relatively high while the surface water content ( visible water content ) is not high , where a dry separation operation can be used , the user should preferably select the solution of first dry - separating and then drying . under the same investment condition , the solution of first dry - separating is removing the coal gangue and then drying . compared with the solution of first drying , the production quantity of the upgraded coal in this solution can be improved by more than 20 %- 30 %. under the condition of the same production quantity of the upgraded coal , the investment in this solution can be reduced by about 30 %. in case that the surface water content of the raw coal is too high or the coal gangue content is not high , where the dry separation operation could not proceed without a drying operation , first drying and then dry - separating is the only solution to be selected . for simplicity for discussing the present invention , other suitable materials , components or improvements on process are not described herein . as mentioned above , the integrated drying and dry separation apparatus for upgrading raw coal and method thereof have been described clearly in details . furthermore , a person skilled in the art would understand that various modifications in form or in details might be made without departing from the sprits and the scope of the present invention defined in the accompanying claims . the apparatus and method of the present invention not only organically join the dry separation method and the drying process to exert their respective advantages , but also extends the application scope of the apparatus . the present invention requires less investment and lower production cost , which facilitates the spread and application of the technique of coal upgrading .	5
while this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms , specific embodiments are shown in the drawings and will herein be described in detail , with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an example of the principles of the invention and not intended to limit the invention to the specific embodiments shown and described . in the description below , like reference numerals are used to describe the same , similar or corresponding parts in the several views of the drawings . an embodiment of the present invention provides a method that is optimized to provide correction of any dc offset voltage errors in the baseband signal path based on the particular operating environment of a zif or dcr receiver . the operating environment of the receiver is partitioned into two main categories : deterministic slotted protocol operation and non - slotted random operation . for slotted system operation , the agc and dcocl are strategically configured to accommodate the particular protocol in which the receiver is operating with minimal disruption of normal communication . if the receiver is operating in a non - slotted environment where the reception of rf signals is random , then a different methodology is utilized that takes advantage of simultaneous agc and dcocl functionality . in each case , the offset is ultimately corrected in hardware by applying an appropriate compensating dc voltage to the signal path . complementing this hardware methodology , a multiplicity of dsp algorithms are described that can be employed to compensate the i and q to arithmetically equalize any residual offsets after execution of the hardware correction . this arithmetic correction takes place in the digital signal processing , for example , as used in decoding , digital filtering , etc . the present invention , in one embodiment , uses a sample and hold dcocl strategy which adopts an event - initiated correction with finite duration that is subsequently “ fixed ” until future corrections are initiated . because this strategy uses one - time compensation , the difficulty with this strategy is in determining when to initiate the correction sequence . in general , the longer the time between the last baseband dc offset correction and reception of the received signal , the greater the probability that dc drift will have occurred , thus degrading receiver performance . ideally , initiating a correction just before receiving a signal would ensure optimum performance . for slotted protocol applications ( tdma , fdma , slotted psk , etc ) this is feasible , as the received signal is deterministic based on the communication protocol . but for classic two - way dispatch operation where message timing is completely random , it is impossible to know apriori when an incoming message is about to be received . one method to address this problem is to initiate a correction sequence periodically , whether needed or not , to ensure proper operation . this brute - force approach will unnecessarily increase processing requirements for the receiver &# 39 ; s controller ( s ) ( e . g . microprocessor , dsp , etc . ), which is undesirable . this is especially true as sophisticated multi - mode , multi - band radios are developed with high speed data ( hsd ) applications which intrinsically increase microcomputer processing demands . furthermore , since agc operation affects the dc offset error being corrected , it becomes desirable to integrate the functionality of the agc into the offset correction sequence to ensure proper offset correction results . referring now to the drawings and specifically to fig1 there is shown a simplified block diagram of a zif receiver system 100 utilizing an automatic gain control ( agc ) system and a dc offset correction loop in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention . the agc system of the present invention includes a set of adjustable gain baseband amplifiers 114 and 118 , an adjustable gain if pre - amplifier 158 , and an agc control circuit 122 for controlling the gain of the various amplifiers in the receive path ( including rf , if and baseband amplifier stages ). a first amplifier stage ( generally a low noise amplifier ), such as a gain adjustable if pre - amplifier 158 , receives a radio frequency ( rf ) or intermediate frequency ( if ) signal 102 , which it amplifies to produce signal 146 . this amplified signal at 146 is applied to down - mixers 106 and 108 . a phase - shifting circuit 104 receives a local oscillator ( lo ) signal 159 and produces an in - phase signal ( 1 ) 142 and a quadrature signal ( q ) 144 ( the ( i ) 142 and ( q ) 144 signals being 90 degrees out of phase with respect to each other .). the ( i ) 142 and ( q ) 144 signals are applied to down mixers 106 and 108 for mixing with the input signal 146 from if preamplifier 158 . down mixers 106 and 108 then convert the signals from the rf or if to baseband signals 148 and 150 . it should be noted that all rf or if , lo and baseband signals may include differential signal pairs to provide maximum common mode noise rejection . for clarity , only a single signal path representing each of the differential signal pairs is shown . for example , baseband signal 148 and 150 may be composed of i and { overscore ( i )}, q and { overscore ( q )} respectively , where i and { overscore ( i )} are 180 ° out of phase with each other , and { overscore ( q )} is 180 ° out of phase with signal q . lowpass filters 110 , 112 , 120 , and 124 filter the baseband signals 148 and 150 to remove interference and limit the noise bandwidth of the receiver 100 . lowpass filters 110 , 120 , and 112 , 124 are distributed along the baseband i and q channels respectively , and may be interactively programmable . variable gain stages 114 and 118 separate each filter stage ( additional gain stages and / or filtering stages may also be present , but are not shown ), preferably with at least one of the baseband gain stage pair 114 and 118 being under gain control by a control circuit such as agc control circuit 122 . the analog differential filtered signals 130 and 131 are sampled by the analog - to - digital converter 190 for further processing and demodulation . i and q data samples are then placed in a receive data register 192 to produce a stream of serial data output ( generally to a digital signal processor ). the filtered baseband analog signals 130 and 131 are processed through an agc detector ( det ) 140 to provide control voltage 151 . the control voltage 151 is then used by the agc control block 122 to generate operational dependent response voltages 152 and 156 to control the gain response of gain blocks ( amplifiers ) 114 , 118 and 158 . the baseband gain of amplifiers 114 , 118 and rf / if preamplifier 158 can be independently adjusted based on the selected response programmed into agc control block 122 . baseband signals 130 and 131 ( i and q ) also are processed by analog - to - digital converters 160 and 186 for subsequent use by the dc offset control blocks 162 and 168 . the dcocl control blocks 162 and 168 set voltages generated by the operational transconductance amplifiers ( ota ) 164 and 170 respectively . the output voltage of the otas set differential dc offset voltages of the baseband signals 148 and 150 to produce the minimum dc offsets of the filtered baseband signals 130 and 131 , respectively . the characteristic response of the dcocl control blocks 162 and 168 can be selected by the radio &# 39 ; s microprocessor or microcontroller ( not shown ) from a series of deterministic sequences including one - time single event corrections , or continuous “ closed loop ” corrections . since the control signals 130 and 131 are utilized by the agc and dcocl circuits , the agc can be indirectly controlled by the dcocl to provide for simultaneous operation of the agc and dc offset correction for optimum operation during baseband correction for certain receiver operating environments . the present invention can be utilized in either a slotted ( deterministic ) protocol communication environment or a non - slotted ( non - deterministic ) environment . in a slotted ( deterministic ) protocol , the receiver operation is synchronized with the received signal . in such a slotted system , there are generally time slots when either ( 1 ) no information is being transmitted to the receiver of interest , or ( 2 ) information being received by the receiver is irrelevant , or ( 3 ) information can otherwise be discarded without consequence or with minimal consequence . the present invention takes advantage of any such periods in the protocol to perform baseband dc offset correction in a minimally disruptive manner . an example of this type of communication is in tdma ( time division multiple access ) communication systems . in non - slotted ( non - deterministic ) systems , the receiver has no advance knowledge of when it might receive a transmission . an example of this type of system is a conventional amps ( advanced mobile phone service ) analog cellular telephone environment or a simplex two way radio environment wherein a communication can take place at any time . since the baseband dc offset correction process disrupts the receiver &# 39 ; s ability to receive incoming transmissions during the period of the offset correction , different strategies are used for each communication environment . embodiments of this invention effectively utilize agc control and dcocl control to coordinate the correction of the baseband dc offset in the radio receiver . referring now to fig2 a simplified general system block diagram is shown illustrating the interface of receiver 100 to digital signal processing and microprocessor control stages . fig2 is a general system block diagram illustrating how receiver 100 may be interfaced to subsequent signal processing and control subsystems of the radio receiver . in the preferred implementation , an integrated zero if integrated circuit ( zif ic ) receiver subsystem 200 provides the functionality described in connection with fig1 . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that although this invention is illustrated in the context of a zero if system , the invention is equally applicable to direct conversion receivers . in this illustration , the duplicated circuitry used to separately process i and q has been represented in simplified form to show the broad functionality . rf input signals are received by a low noise amplifier ( lna ) 204 and passed to mixer 206 for down - conversion to baseband . the output 208 of mixer 206 includes the differential baseband i / q signals . the i / q signals are presented to the pma ( post mixer amplifier ) 210 ( which performs the function of providing low noise gain to enhance baseband signal to noise ratio ) prior to baseband low - pass filtering at filter 220 . the output of filter 220 is a filtered differential baseband i / q signal having an intrinsic dc component . analog signal 224 is formatted into an industry standard 3 line ssi ( synchronous serial interface ) operating at a predetermined sampling rate ( for example , 24 ksps ) at interface 226 for coupling to an external digital signal processor ( dsp ) 230 . the three line ssi signal includes clock , data and frame synchronization information representing the i and q signals and agc or other pertinent information . dsp 230 can be any suitable commercially available , custom or semi - custom digital signal processor chip . dsp 230 functions to perform quadrature demodulation , rssi calculation , and dc averaging of the i and q signals as will be discussed later . dsp 230 is interfaced to a controller 236 which may be a microcomputer , a microcontroller , asic or other suitable control processor . controller 236 is used for a variety of purposes in the receiver . for purposes of this invention , it carries out the functions of initiating baseband dc offset correction sequences based upon the information received from dsp 230 via a parallel interface ( e . g . eight bit parallel ) therewith . controller 236 is coupled to the zero if ic 200 via a three line serial port interface ( spi ) bus 240 coupled to serial port interface block 242 , in the preferred implementation . the spi is typically a three line interface incorporating data , clock and chip enable signals to control both the dcocl and the agc . the information carried in the three line interface 240 is coupled through spi 242 to a dcocl control block 244 and an agc control block 248 . agc control 248 also receives a measure of the signal strength from “ sum - of - squares ” ( sos ) detector 252 which monitors the signal at 224 . similarly , an analog to digital converter ( adc ) 256 supplies feedback from 224 to dcocl control 244 . dcocl control 244 provides output to an ota ( operational transconductance amplifier ) 264 which provides a dc correction at the mixer output 208 . the agc control 248 acts directly on the lna 204 to adjust the gain / attenuation supplied by this amplifier . it should be noted , at this point , that there are two control loops in action in this embodiment — the agc control loop and the dc offset correction loop . both loops derive input from the filtered differential baseband signal and the controller 236 and apply correction at 204 and 208 , respectively . the dcocl is thus nested within the agc control loop and they are interdependent . that is , a change in the dc offset can affect the agc and vice versa . in operation , the dcocl operates as follows . under control of controller 236 , the dcocl control 244 initiates a correction to the baseband dc offset when instructed by the controller 236 . this process may be initiated under a variety of circumstances ; however , in the preferred embodiment , the process is initiated at two times . the first is when the receiver is first turned on . the second is whenever the dc offset exceeds a predetermined threshold . in the preferred embodiment , this threshold depends upon the correction resolution as set by the ota 264 — that is , the resolution of dc output voltages which can be supplied by the ota 264 . for example , a correction can be initiated whenever the baseband dc offset exceeds twice the dc equivalent value of the least significant bit ( lsb ) of the adc 256 . ( note that the resolution of output of the ota 264 can be mapped to the resolution of adc 256 .) it should be noted that the threshold setting of twice the dc equivalent value of the lsb of adc 256 is suitable to the present implementations , but , other threshold settings may be equally suitable to other implementations . when the baseband dc offset exceeds this threshold , the dcocl control 244 is instructed by the controller 236 to initiate a baseband dc offset correction sequence . the offset correction sequence can utilize a binary search routine such as that described in u . s . patent application ser . no . 09 / 515 , 286 to tilley , et al ., entitled method and apparatus for settling and maintaining a dc offset , assigned to motorola , inc . and filed concurrently herewith , and to it &# 39 ; s parent application ser . no . 09 / 290 , 564 filed apr . 13 , 1999 , entitled method and apparatus for settling a dc offset , assigned to motorola , inc ., which are hereby incorporated herein by reference . as described in these references , the offset correction sequence could also be initiated by several possible factors , such as temperature , as well as the preferred change in dc offset . several possible averaging algorithms can be used by dsp 236 ( or other devices in other architectures ) to determine the current level of baseband dc offset correction and thereby determine whether or not to initiate a baseband dc offset correction sequence . these averaging algorithms fall into at least four groups and may depend upon the protocol being used according to the mode of operation of the receiver . the four groups are as follows : 1 ) simple integration . in this process , which is the system default , the i and q signal values are sampled and their values are simply averaged over a predetermined period of time by dividing by the number of samples . 2 ) envelope averaging . in this process , i and q samples which fall within particular upper and lower value ranges are averaged independently over a specified period of time . this produces an upper limit average and a lower limit average . after this period of time , a cumulative average is calculated using the relationship : this technique is particularly well suited for slow data rate digital signaling systems such as trunking control channels , digital private line ( dpl )™ ( trademark of motorola , inc .) and other low speed data applications . 3 ) slotted time averaging . in this technique , i and q samples are taken from a finite number of n intervals of time in which the desired received signal is known to be absent . the i and q data for each interval is then independently averaged to produce n interval averages . after this is done , the total average is computed as follows : total average = ∑ x n _ n where ={ overscore ( x n )} the i and q averages for the interval n ; and this technique is particularly well suited for tdma protocols where eliminating the carrier for the averaging calculation is highly desirable because momentary increases in the received bit error rate ( ber ) may result when arithmetically tracking out the average i and q values in dsp processes ( such as demodulation , filtering , etc .). 4 ) weighted average — in this technique , individual i and q samples may be weighted based upon a predetermined function . for example , greater weight can be given to samples closer to the previously calculated average . the weighted samples can then be averaged over a fixed period of time . those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the above averaging techniques can be used independently or in any combination as might be advantageous to a particular system . those of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that other averaging techniques can be devised without departing from the present invention . referring now to fig3 a flow diagram illustrates the decision logic and sequence for determining which agc and dc correction sequence is utilized and how each sequence is initiated according to the preferred implementation . the processing depicted in this diagram takes place in the controller 236 in this embodiment , but those of ordinary skill in this art will understand that this can be implemented using a variety of control configurations . in fig3 the process begins at 300 with the powering up of the receiver , which may generally form a part of a radio transceiver . at 304 , the zif ic 200 receives its initial programming via 240 from controller 236 . this initial programming initializes all of the zif ic subsystems for normal operation . at 308 , the zif ic is instructed to set the agc to maximum attenuation . in the present embodiment , this can be accomplished in steps of 0 . 3 db for the receiver front end , 3 db for the baseband amplification and 15 db for the if section . however , the important thing is that any incoming signal be eliminated by producing adequate signal attenuation . at 312 , the baseband dc offset correction sequence is initiated utilizing , for example , the binary search algorithm . at 318 , the i / q dc average is computed at the dsp 230 ( or , in the alternative , at controller 236 ) over a specified time period ( for example , one second ) and arithmetically compensates for any residual dc offset in i and q data . this averaging also determines the initial dc reference for the i and q baseband signals for use in block 330 . the i and q average may also be used as a reference value in any arithmetic operations which need a dc reference ( such as , for example , demodulation , filtering , frequency control , etc .). in the current architecture , such operations are carried out in the dsp 230 . this computed average is held in the dsp 230 . the agc is set to normal operation , and the signal attenuation is disabled at 322 completing the dc offset correction sequence . at 326 , the receiver operates in its standard mode of operation with the i and q dc average being computed by the controller 236 ( or dsp 230 ). the dsp &# 39 ; s dc offset value is held constant at the computed value determined by the initial dc offset averaged in block 318 . this dc offset is held until a programming event determines that a new baseband dc offset correction sequence is to be initiated . in the preferred embodiment , this programming event is the determination that the baseband dc offset has drifted ( e . g . due to temperature , oscillator drift , or other factors ) so that the offset now exceeds a predetermined threshold value . this threshold can be , for example , twice the minimum resolution of adc 256 or equivalently twice the least significant bit of adc 256 . if this threshold is not exceeded at 330 , standard radio operation continues . if this threshold is exceeded at 330 , a determination is made as to the receiver &# 39 ; s operational environment at 334 . the first determination made in identifying the receiver &# 39 ; s operational environment is determining whether the receiver is operating using a slotted or non - slotted protocol ( i . e . a deterministic or non - deterministic protocol , respectively ) at 334 . if the receiver is using a non - slotted protocol at 334 , the controller 236 waits until no on - channel carrier is present at 340 . this is done to minimize the chances that the dc offset correction sequence will disrupt receipt of an incoming message to the user . the controller 236 then presets the zif ic to engage a predetermined amount of artificial dc baseband offset . the amount required is simply enough to cause the agc to fully engage a maximum amount of attenuation at 344 . in this scenario , the dc offset is artificially set and the agc responds due to the nested loop nature of the architecture . the dc offset correction process then waits for a predetermined period of time ( for example , 5 milliseconds ) to permit the receiver to settle to a quiescent state . at 348 , the controller 236 initiates the baseband dc offset correction sequence to correct the dc baseband offset in hardware ( that is , by application of a compensating dc level by ota 264 ) at 348 using , for example , the binary search algorithm . the process then waits ( for example , for 5 milliseconds ) for the dc offset correction and agc to simultaneously settle out at 352 . the receiver now resumes l / q data receipt from the zif ic 200 at 358 with data being supplied to the dsp 230 from interface 226 . the dsp computes the average i and q values using an appropriate algorithm as described earlier over a predetermined time period , for example , one second . this new i / q average dc value becomes the new reference value for use at block 330 and is stored at 362 . the new value is also used by dsp 230 for standard receiver operations at 326 such as demodulation , filtering , and other such arithmetic functions relying upon an accurate dc value . if a slotted protocol is being used at 334 , the next determination made is a further categorization of the nature of the protocol . at 368 , it is determined whether or not the on - channel rf signal cycles on and off in this protocol ( as , for example , in tdma ). if so , the system takes advantage of this to minimize or eliminate the likelihood of interfering with a communication by selecting a time when there is no on - channel rf to do the dc offset correction . if the on - channel rf cycles on and off at 368 , the system waits at 372 until the on - channel carrier is off . the off - channel rf input power is then measured at this time at 374 . this can be determined , for example , from the agc circuit . control then passes to 376 , where the agc is set to attenuate the input rf power by an appropriate amount to eliminate the signal for practical purposes . for example , the agc can be set to attenuate the rf by an amount equivalent to the rf input plus 10 db ( for example ) so that the signal is eliminated for all practical purposes relating to this invention . alternatively , the agc could simply increase the attenuation by the maximum amount , however , this might increase the settling time when the agc is reset . once the rf input is eliminated , control passes to 378 where a binary search is initiated to correct the baseband dc offset . the agc is then reset ( preferably using a fast reset algorithm ) at 382 and control passes to 358 . after the process of 358 and 362 , standard receiver operation resumes at 326 . if , at 368 , the on - channel rf does not cycle on and off , a slightly different approach is taken . the on - channel rf input power is measured ( e . g . by the rssi — received signal strength indicator , agc or any other suitable technique for measuring signal strength ) at 384 . the agc attenuation is then set to eliminate the on - channel signal at 376 and the process proceeds as in the previous example . fig4 is a characteristic response of i and { overscore ( i )} ( i shifted by 180 degrees ) signals undergoing a dcocl dc voltage correction and the corresponding agc response for a slotted protocol correction . the agc and dcocl corrections are independently controlled via the controller 236 . in this chart , the i and { overscore ( i )} signals initially exhibit a distortion which is characteristic of dc offset . at time t 1 , the dc offset correction sequence begins wherein the agc is set for maximum attenuation of the input signal and the binary search process begins . during the binary search ( from time t 1 to t 2 ) the dc offset is seen to settle out so that i is approximately equal to { overscore ( i )} is approximately equal to zero . at time t 3 , the agc is set in a fast recovery mode to quickly move back to a setting at t 4 which permits an appropriate amount of gain in the amplifiers for normal operation , and the input signal is restored . the i and { overscore ( i )} signals are now seen to be symmetrical about the zero axis since the dc correction is completed . while this chart shows the effect on the dc offset correction of the i signals , it will be clearly understood that the baseband q signals behave in an entirely similar way under this process . turning now to fig5 the characteristic response of the i and { overscore ( i )} signals undergoing a dcocl dc voltage correction and the corresponding agc response in a non - slotted protocol are illustrated . the agc response is dependant ( controlled by ) the dcocl response , which is selectable via the controller . in this example , the controller 236 sets the dcocl to a specific ( large ) offset value at time t 5 . prior to this time , i and { overscore ( i )} are seen to again exhibit a dc offset , but the programmed value set by the controller 236 is rather large and results in an extreme divergence of the signals — perhaps railing the signals as shown . the agc level is seen to rise indicating increasing attenuation between about t 5 and t 6 . at time t 7 , the dc offset correction process is initiated and carried out until approximately t 8 . during this time , the system quickly converges to a point where the dc offset is corrected , while simultaneously , the agc self corrects due to the nesting of the correction loops as previously described . thus , the present invention provides a sample and hold type dc baseband offset correction method which can be universally applied to zif and direct conversion receivers which is minimally disruptive of normal communications . the baseband dc offset correction is accomplished without the negative effects of the characteristic passband notch produced by continuously tracking out dc offset variations . those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that the present invention has been described in terms of exemplary embodiments based upon use of a programmed controller . however , the invention should not be so limited , since the present invention could be implemented using hardware component equivalents such as special purpose hardware and / or dedicated processors which are equivalents to the invention as described and claimed . similarly , general purpose computers , microprocessor based computers , micro - controllers , optical computers , analog computers , dedicated processors and / or dedicated hard wired logic may be used to construct alternative equivalent embodiments of the present invention . moreover , while a specific overall architecture has been disclosed , the present invention may be utilized on other architectures without departing from the present invention . while the invention has been described in conjunction with specific embodiments , it is evident that many alternatives , modifications , permutations and variations will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the foregoing description . accordingly , it is intended that the present invention embrace all such alternatives , modifications , equivalents and variations as fall within the scope of the appended claims .	7
the invention will now be described with reference to fig1 , which illustrates a top view of the preferred embodiment of a shoe upper portion in accordance with the present invention . as shown in fig1 , a shoe upper 30 has a u - shaped member 36 and a tongue 50 spanning below the u - shaped member 36 . in a conventional shoe the u - shaped member 36 would have an eyerow which would contain numerous openings for the passage of shoe laces . the present invention contains an interlaced strap 32 positioned to encompass the u - shaped member 30 . the interlaced strap 32 is connected at the bottom of the u - shaped member 36 at the lower fixed point 34 found on the medial side of the shoe upper 30 . the interlaced strap 32 crosses the u - shaped member 36 to the lateral d - ring 40 across the tongue 50 , back across the tongue 50 to the medial d - ring 42 , through the adjustable d - ring 44 and attaches to the shoe upper at the upper fixed point 38 . with further reference to fig1 , the adjustable d - ring 44 is attached to the fastening mechanism 46 , which attaches to the lateral side of the shoe upper 30 at the fastening mechanism receiving point 48 . with additional reference to fig1 , the lateral d - ring 40 , medial d - ring 42 , and adjustable d - ring 44 are freely adjustable allowing the interlaced strap 32 to be fitted to the individual wearer &# 39 ; s foot . with reference to fig2 , the medial side elevated view of the shoe upper 30 shows the interlaced strap 32 in the open position , depicting the fastening mechanism 46 attached to the adjustable d - ring 44 , the interlaced strap running through the medial d - ring 42 , across the u - shaped member 36 and tongue 50 of the shoe upper 30 . the lower fixed point 34 and upper fixed point 38 are permanently attached to the medial side of the shoe upper 30 . with further reference to fig2 , the adjustable d - ring 44 can be seen permanently attached to the fastening mechanism 46 , and the interlaced strap 32 is connected to the adjustable d - ring 44 which is capable of free movement along the interlaced strap 32 between the medial d - ring 42 and upper affixed point 38 . fig3 shows the partial view of the front perspective of the shoe upper 30 with the interlaced strap 32 in the closed position . the lateral d - ring 40 , medial d - ring 42 , and adjustable d - ring 44 have additional friction placed upon them due to the configuration of the interlaced strap 32 in the closed position . the fastening mechanism 46 has been matted to the fastening mechanism receiving point 48 creating the taut , supportive cocoon for the end user &# 39 ; s foot . with further reference to fig3 , the shoe upper 30 has a u - shaped member 36 and a tongue 50 , which is supportively encompassed by the interlaced strap 32 to provide a snug supportive covering for the wearer &# 39 ; s foot . the interlaced strap 32 is connected at the bottom of the u - shaped member 36 at the lower fixed point 34 , on the medial side of the shoe upper 30 . the interlaced strap 32 crosses the u - shaped member 36 to the lateral d - ring 40 across the y - shaped member 36 . the interlaced strap 32 then continues back across the u - shaped member 36 to the medial d - ring 42 , and through the adjustable d - ring 44 which is permanently connected to the fastening mechanism 46 . in accordance with the preset invention , the shoe is closed by pulling upon the fastening mechanism 46 to establish a snug , supportive , comfortable housing for the wearer &# 39 ; s foot . the lateral d - ring 40 , medial d - ring 42 , and adjustable d - ring 44 are freely adjustable allowing for the even distribution of pressure , applied by pulling the fastening mechanism 46 , across the u - shaped member 36 and tongue 50 of the shoe upper 30 . the position of the lateral d - ring 40 , medial d - ring 42 , and adjustable d - ring 44 in the open position is such that minimal friction is exerted upon the d - ring pulley &# 39 ; s allowing for ease of movement of the interlaced strap 32 . while force is maintained upon the fastening mechanism 46 , retaining the snug , supportive , comfortable housing , the fastening mechanism 46 is directed towards the fastening mechanism receiving portion 48 . by pulling on the fastening mechanism 46 , the user increases the amount of force on the lateral d - ring 40 , medial d - ring 42 , and adjustable d - ring 44 , thereby maintaining the interlaced strap 32 taut , and attaching the fastening mechanism 46 to the fastening mechanism receiving portion 48 . while the foregoing detailed description sets forth exemplary embodiments of a shoe upper portion in accordance with the present invention , it is to be understood that the above description is illustrative only and not limiting of the disclosed invention . indeed , it will be appreciated that the embodiment discussed above and the virtually infinite embodiments that are not mentioned could easily be within the scope and spirit of the present invention . thus , the present invention is to be limited only by the claims as set forth below .	0
a description will be given below of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention with reference to fig1 , 5 , 6 , 7 and 9 . fig1 shows an embodiment in the case that a connection pin 8 for a part is provided in a part through hole 6 , in which a conversion through hole 7 is provided near the part pin 8 so as to connect a board wiring . the structure is made such that the conversion through hole 7 and the part through hole 6 are connected therebetween by both of a pattern 11 a on a board upper surface and a pattern 11 b on a board lower surface . fig5 shows a structure of the embodiment shown in fig1 , in which a connection pattern of the conversion through hole 7 and the part through hole 6 is connected only by a board lower surface . in the case that the board wiring 2 is constituted by an uppermost layer or a layer on the board upper portion close thereto , it is possible to connect only by the pattern 11 b on the board lower surface as shown in fig5 . fig6 shows a case that the patterns 11 a and 11 b connecting between the conversion through hole 7 and the part through hole 6 are constituted by an upper layer or a lower layer in a board inner layer in the structure shown in fig1 . in this case , a short stub portion is generated in the through hole , however , an influence of the stub can be made smaller to a level generating no problem by setting the stub as close as possible to the board surface . in the case that the board wiring 2 is constituted by the uppermost layer or the layer in the upper portion of the substrate close thereto in the same manner as that in fig5 , the connection can be achieved only by the connection pattern 11 b in the board lower layer . fig7 shows a structure in the case that no connection pin is necessary , such as the case that the part mounted on the board is constituted by a ball grid array ( bga ) connection or the like . in this case , since the part through hole 6 can be formed as a small - diameter through hole , there can be obtained an advantage that a freedom of design is high . fig8 shows an embodiment in which the present invention is applied to a through hole in the case that the layer of the board wiring is changed . fig9 shows a conventional structure in the case that the layer of the board wiring in fig8 is changed . in the case of using one through hole 1 , a stub 17 is generated and a reflection is generated by a parasitic capacity . on the contrary , in the embodiment shown in fig8 , the influence of the stub can be reduced by using two through holes 1 a and 1 b and connecting therebetween . a description will be given below of a technical content of the present invention . in this case , fig1 a , 11 , 12 a , 12 c , 13 , 14 a and 15 a are perspective views in which an insulating member , a power source and a ground pattern are removed for understandably explaining . fig1 a shows a structure in the case that the board wiring 2 is constituted by the uppermost layer of the board , in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention . the uppermost layer wiring is connected to the part through hole 6 in the lowermost layer via the conversion through hole 7 . at this time , the signal transmission path is formed as a path 14 , and the stub which does not contribute to the signal transmission path does not exist . fig1 b is a view showing the embodiment in fig1 a on the basis of a connection of the transmission path , in which it is known that the signal is transmitted as a series of transmission path in a state in which the stub is not generated in the through hole . in this case , a characteristic impedance zo 2 of the transmission path of the conversion through hole , a characteristic impedance zo 1 of the transmission path of the part through hole , and a characteristic impedance zo 3 of the transmission path of the connection pattern are designed so as to coincide with a characteristic impedance zo of the other transmission paths or become a value close to the characteristic impedance zo under an actual restriction . accordingly , it is possible to obtain an improved characteristic having a small amount of impedance mismatch reflection . the characteristic impedance of the through hole is designed so as to optimize a through hole diameter , a clearance diameter , a power source and ground pin layout and the like . fig1 shows a case that the board wiring corresponding to the uppermost layer wiring in fig1 a is constituted by the upper layer in an inner portion of the board . at this time , a short stub is generated in an upper portion of the conversion through hole . in the case that a length of the stub is short and the parasitic capacity is small , it is possible to obtain an improved characteristic by employing the same structure as that in fig1 a . fig1 a shows a case that the board wiring 2 exists in an intermediate portion corresponding to a further lower layer . in this case , in the structure shown in fig1 , the stub in the upper portion of the conversion hole becomes long . accordingly , in the embodiment shown in fig1 a , the connection between the conversion through hole 7 and the part through hole 6 is executed by the uppermost layer pattern 11 a in addition to the lowermost layer pattern 11 b . the signal transmission path at this time is formed as the path 14 , and is branched into two paths comprising the uppermost layer and the lowermost layer in upper and lower ends of the through hole so as to transmit the signal . fig1 b is a view showing this on the basis of the connection of the transmission path . two transmission paths exist between the board wiring 2 and the transmission path 16 for the parts , and are constituted by a path along a conversion through hole upper portion 7 a and the uppermost layer pattern 11 a , and a path along a conversion through hole lower portion 7 b , the lowermost layer pattern 11 b and the part through hole 6 . accordingly , the characteristic impedances zo 2 , zo 3 and zo 1 of the transmission path in the branched portion are set to about two times of the other transmission system characteristic impedance zo and are designed such that the impedance matching is obtained on the basis of the effect that two paths are input in parallel . further , in the case that the connection patterns 11 a and 11 b have an identical structure , a difference in length corresponding to the part through hole is generated between two branched transmission paths . at this time , there is a possibility that a reflection is generated due to the difference in length between two paths . accordingly , in fig1 a , the difference in length between the paths is adjusted by elongating the length of the connection pattern 11 a of the uppermost layer . in an embodiment shown in fig1 c , in order to save a bypass area of the uppermost layer connection pattern in fig1 a , there is provided an embodiment which is designed to make the reflection by the difference in path by forming the lowermost layer wiring pattern 11 b by a thick wiring . fig1 is an embodiment in the case that the board wiring 2 exists in the lower layer in a further lower side of the board . at this time , two through holes are connected therebetween by both of the uppermost layer connection pattern 11 a and the lowermost layer connection pattern 11 b , however , since the difference in path length between two branched paths becomes small , no problem is generated even in the case that the uppermost layer connection pattern 11 a and the lowermost layer connection pattern 11 b have the same structure . fig1 a is a schematic view of the transmission path in the case of the lowermost layer board wiring . at this time , no difference in path length exists between two paths , and the influence of the reference is reduced by designing the transmission path characteristic impedances zo 2 , zo 3 and zo 1 shown in fig1 b to be about two times of the other transmission path characteristic impedance zo so as to set to a value close to zo at a time when two paths are in parallel . further , in the case that the board wiring exists in the lowermost layer , no stub exists even by employing one through hole in accordance with the conventional art as shown in fig1 a . accordingly , an improved characteristic can be obtained . the connection of the transmission path in this case is shown in fig1 b , and in order to reduce the influence of the reflection , the characteristic impedance zo 1 of the through hole 1 is designed to be close to the other transmission system characteristic impedance zo . fig1 and 17 show a result obtained by executing a measurement called as a time domain refrectometry ( tdr ) for measuring a reflection factor of the through hole portion , in order to confirm the result of the present invention . ( 1 ) in fig1 shows a reflection factor in the case that the signal is transmitted to the uppermost layer from the lowermost layer by one through hole , and since the characteristic impedance corresponding to the transmission path of the through hole is designed such as to approximately coincide with the characteristic impedance of the wiring , the reflection factor is set to a small reflection factor . ( 2 ) in fig1 shows a case that the board wiring connected to the through hole is constituted by the upper layer , and the large reflection in a minus direction is generated by the parasitic capacity of the stub portion of the through hole at this time . ( 3 ) in fig1 shows a case of employing two through holes as in the embodiment in accordance with the present invention , and two through holes are connected on the lowermost layer . at this time , it is possible to confirm that the reflection amount becomes smaller on the basis of the effect of the present invention . fig1 shows a case that the board wiring exists in the intermediate layer portion of the board . the reflection due to the parasitic capacity of the stub portion is generated in ( 4 ) using one through hole . however , in the case of ( 4 ) using two through holes in accordance with the embodiment of the present invention , it is known that the reflection factor becomes small . the embodiments in accordance with the present invention described above do not generate any new step in the board manufacturing process . in other words , since the board is manufactured while keeping the normal board manufacturing process , no cost increase is generated . it should be further understood by those skilled in the art that although the foregoing description has been made on embodiments of the invention , the invention is not limited thereto and various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention and the scope of the appended claims .	7
the present invention relates to the use of vitamin e for normalization of blood coagulation during intake of omega - 3 fatty acid , such as epa and dha , wherein the amount of vitamin e used is 40 to 100 % by weight of the fatty acids . the present invention also relates to an article of manufacture , either in the form of a kit or a mixture comprising omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e , the latter of which is 40 to 100 % by weight of the fatty acids . it has been discovered that vitamin e , also known as alpha - tocopherolacetate , when used in combination with omega - 3 fatty acid , at a concentration of about 40 to 100 % by weight relative to the weight of said fatty acid , effectively prevents an increase in prothrombin time or restores to normalcy , within a short time , an existing increase in prothrombin time . in accordance with the present invention , omega - 3 fatty acids like epa and dha can be used as a fish oil preparation , as a concentrate , or in a purified form , all in the form of a liquid or a capsule . such an omega - 3 fatty acid can be administered as a drug or taken as a dietary supplement in a dose sufficient to cause an increase in prothrombin time , preferably , in an amount ranging from 50 to 1000 mg per dose . pursuant to the present invention , vitamin e can be taken separately , e . g ., in the form of a commercially available preparation like tocopherolacetate , or in admixture with an omega - 3 fatty acid . the amount of vitamin e to be taken , within the context of the present invention , depends on the amount of omega - 3 fatty acid to be used . doses of vitamin e sufficient to cause normalization of prothrombin time can be taken , with the amount preferably ranging from about 40 % to 100 % by weight of the amount of fatty acid taken ( or to be taken ), and most preferably , in an amount ranging from about 30 to 1000 mg per dose . doses of vitamin e higher than the abovedescribed range generally produce no additional effect and are preferably not used , thereby to avoid increasing the dosage and the risk of incurring undesirable side effects unnecessarily , and to avoid economic waste . doses of vitamin e lower than the above - described range are typically ineffective , particularly in the range of 1 % to 3 % by weight of omega - 3 fatty acid , for example , when used in the 1 % to 2 % range as an antioxidant in mixtures comprising fatty acid , which is relatively oxidation - sensitive . appropriate doses of vitamin e can be taken in parallel with the fatty acids , or taken separately , e . g ., after commencement of omega - 3 fatty acid therapy . in accordance with the present invention , an article of manufacture can be prepared that comprises omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e as separate components in a kit , or that comprises omega - 3 fatty acid in admixture with vitamin e . the vitamin e suitable for use in the present invention includes preparations in soft or hard gelatin capsules , preparations in the form of tablets , or sugar - coated tablets , and preparations mixed into fish oil . vitamin e and the omega - 3 fatty acid preparations can optionally comprise other auxiliary substances of the sort usually present in commercial preparations of these compounds . one preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises a mixture of high unsaturated fatty acids such as epa and / or dha , in an amount of about 50 to 1000 mg and vitamin e , in an amount of about 40 to 1000 mg , in a single dose . this mixture can be given orally every day over a period of time to treat patients who are in a high risk group for myocardial or brain infarction , or who have a need to lower their blood cholesterol levels . treatment comprising such a mixture can be given , for example , for a period of 4 to 6 weeks or until the desired level of blood cholesterol is achieved or maintained . the mechanism is unknown by which vitamin e maintains or restores normal blood coagulation when used at a high concentration in combination with high unsaturated fatty acids . perhaps the spontaneous drop in quick value upon fatty acid consumption is caused by a decrease in prothrombin formation resulting from bonding of vitamin k to the high unsaturated fatty acids . additional intake of vitamin e would then restore the level of free vitamin k , thereby restoring prothrombin formation . this explanation can account for the observation that an amount of vitamin e as a percent of an amount of unsaturated fatty acids has to be used . in any event , the observed effect of vitamin e intake on coagulation time of patients who are ingesting omega - 3 fatty acid is surprising in part because vitamin k , not vitamin e , is essential for blood coagulation . the correlation between vitamin e and coagulation time is especially unexpected since no change in serum vitamin e level has been observed during long - term usage of epa and dha . see terano et al , loc . cit . the present invention is further described below by reference to the following illustrative example . effect of vitamin e on prothrombin time of subjects given oral dosages of omega - 3 fatty acids a total of one hundred and twelve ( 112 ) subjects were studied and their prothrombin times and serum vitamin e levels monitored , before and after oral administration of omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e . results are recorded in table 1 below . fatty acids were given in the form of a capsule as either purified epa or purified dha , at a dose of up to 1000 mg per subject per day for a period of either six weeks ( see column iii ) or ten weeks ( see column iv ), respectively . vitamin e was given separately in a dose of 500 mg per patient per day for a period of four weeks , commencing six weeks after initiation of ( but continuing administration of ) fatty acid therapy ( see column iv ). prothrombin time of normal individual was determined to be approximately 12 seconds . prothrombin time was measured , and the quick value was calculated , for each subject , before and after treatment . the quick values for all subjects were averaged before treatment ( row 2 , column ii ), after six weeks of treatment with omega - 3 fatty acid alone ( row 2 , column iii ), and after combined treatment with omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e ( row 2 , column iv ). serum vitamin e level of each subject was determined before commencement of the omega - 3 fatty acid treatment , and was found to range from about 0 . 5 to 1 . 6 mg / 100 ml . each subject &# 39 ; s pretreatment serum vitamin e level was deemed his personal &# 34 ; normal value &# 34 ; ( row 3 , column ii ). serum vitamin e levels , as a percentage of each subject &# 39 ; s pretreatment level , were determined and the levels for all subjects were averaged after six week of treatment with omega - 3 fatty acid alone ( row 3 , column iii ) and after combined treatment with omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e ( row 3 , column iv ). table 1__________________________________________________________________________experimental resultsi ii iii iv__________________________________________________________________________number of subjects before omega - 3 - after 6 weeks after 6 weeksn = 112 fatty acid of omega - 3 - fatty of omega - 3 - therapy acid therapy . sup . 1 fatty acid therapy followed by 4 weeks of omega - 3 fatty acid and vitamin e therapy . sup . 2quick value . sup . 3 96 % 58 % 95 % n = 112 n = 112 n = 112vitamin e personal 60 % of 100 % of ( tocopherol ) &# 34 ; normal &# 34 ; normal value &# 34 ; &# 34 ; normal value &# 34 ;. sup . 4 = 100 % n = 112 range &# 34 ; n = 112 n = 112__________________________________________________________________________ legend : . sup . 1 with up to 1000 mg of epa or dha per dose . . sup . 2 with epa or dha as in column iii , and 500 mg of vitamin e per dose . sup . 3 quick value = [ normal prothrombin time ] ÷ [ prothrombin time of tested subject ]. a prothrombin time of 12 seconds is used as normal prothrombin time . results represent an average quick value of all tested subjects expressed as a percentage of normal quick value . . sup . 4 normal serum vitamin e level of tested subjects ranges from about 0 . 5 - 1 . 6 mg / 100 ml . each subject &# 39 ; s serum vitamin e level before treatment is his or her personal &# 34 ; normal value .&# 34 ; results represent an average of al tested subjects expressed as a percentage of his or her personal normal value . before administration of omega - 3 fatty acid , quick value of the 112 subjects averaged 96 % of normal . after 6 weeks of omega - 3 type fatty acid therapy , quick value of these subjects dropped to an average of 58 % of normal . but after 6 weeks of omega - 3 type fatty acid therapy alone and 4 weeks of combined omega - 3 type fatty acid therapy and vitamin e therapy , the quick value of these subjects returned to an average of 95 % of normal . the vitamin e level was found to drop to 60 % of normal when the omega - 3 fatty acid was given without vitamin e , but returned to 100 % of normal when fatty acid was given in combination with vitamin e . the results show , therefore , that administration of omega - 3 fatty acid lowers the quick value of treated subjects , while administration of vitamin e restores the quick value of treated subjects to normalcy . these results are entirely unexpected since saynor et al , loc . cit ., did not find any significant change associated with prothrombin within a 5 - week period during which each tested persons was given , on a daily basis , fish oil comprising a high epa content . in addition , terano , loc . cit ., did not find any significant changes in serum vitamin e levels in people on fish diets .	8
in the preferred embodiment , a pair of dual vises will be used to clamp skis to be worked upon , each dual vise being of identical construction . thus , when a pair of skis are clamped in the vises in side - by - side relationship , the skis are horizontal and lie in essentially the same plane . the term &# 34 ; dual vise &# 34 ; ( hereafter simply &# 34 ; vise &# 34 ; for brevity ) is used to describe a single member of the pair which will usually be used , because each member incorporates two vises and has no common vise jaw for the support of both skis . it will soon be evident that it is not essential that two skis be clamped in place , and that a single ski may be clamped and worked on , if desired . similarly , for obvious reasons , it is desirable to use two vises , but it is not essential , and one vise may suffice where , for example , only the ` tail ` of a ski is to be worked on , and the head of the ski can be adequately supported , or vice versa ; or , where the mid - section of the skis are to be worked on , and the ends of the skis can be adequately supported . referring first to fig1 there is shown a perspective view of a vise , indicated generally by reference numeral 10 , clamping a pair of skis 11 and 12 shown in phantom outline , one ski 11 ( the ` fore ` ski ) in the &# 34 ; bottom up &# 34 ; position , and the other ski 12 ( the ` aft ` ski ) in the &# 34 ; edge - up &# 34 ; position . normally , both skis will be clamped in the same position , either the edge - up , bottom up , or normal positions ; these different positions are recited with reference to the drawing mainly to show that both skis need not be in the same position when they are clamped . each of the vises 10 are relatively small so they may be easily packed in a travel bag , or inserted into a ski bag of the type in which skis are carried . for this particular application , that is , as a ski vise , the construction of the vise is of light but strong materials , but for industrial applications , for example for the drilling of heavy castings , the vise may be much larger and formed from forged steel components . each vise comprises a pair of upstanding first and second end jaws 13 ( first or ` fore ` jaw ) and 14 ( second or ` aft ` jaw ), which are fixedly disposed relative to each other , and a pair of movable jaws 15 ( first or ` fore ` movable jaw ) and 16 ( second or ` aft ` movable jaw ) which are slidably disposed on a pair of transversely spaced - apart guide rails 17 and 18 . the ends of the guide rails are press - fitted or otherwise fixedly positioned in recesses provided in the end jaws 13 and 14 , and though the cross - section of the guide rails is not critical , it is most practical to use cylindrical tubing of any relatively strong and light material , 0 . 5 &# 34 ; ( inch ) diameter aluminum tubing being preferred . the guide rails are each inserted in the end jaws 13 and 14 at a sufficient height above their bases 13 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 39 ; respectively to provide room to clamp the skis securely in an edge - up position . typically , each end jaw is about 2 . 5 &# 34 ; wide and about 2 . 75 &# 34 ; high , and the guide rails are positioned parallel to each other in a horizontal plane , about mid - way . a bore 19 is also provided in end jaw 13 , intermediate the guide rails . first end jaw 13 ( the ` fore ` end jaw ) is provided at the top with a step 20 having a horizontal planar surface 21 upon which one side of ski 11 rests . a strip of resilient material 22 is secured , preferably adhesively , to the vertical wall 23 of the step 20 . as can be seen , step 20 cradles one longitudinal ( fore ) edge of first ski 11 , the other ( aft ) edge being supported by movable jaw 15 as will be explained hereinafter . similarly , the ` aft ` or second end jaw 14 is provided with a step 25 having a horizontal platform 26 and a resilient strip 22 &# 39 ; secured to the vertical wall 27 of the step 25 , except that step 25 is notched facing step 20 . first movable ( fore ) jaw 15 is provided with bores 31 and 32 through which guide rails 17 and 18 are respectively inserted , and first movable jaw 15 is slidably disposed on the guide rails . the movable fore jaw 15 is also provided with a bore 33 in which one end 34 of an elongated hollow member 35 is press - fitted . the hollow member 35 is preferably a cylindrical tube ( hereafter &# 34 ; tube &# 34 ;) with a smooth bore , and for convenience is of the same size ( about 0 . 5 &# 34 ; nominal diameter ) as that used for the guide rails 17 and 18 . tube 35 is slidably inserted in bore 19 and protrudes therefrom for a short distance , terminating in a spacing member 40 . movable fore jaw 15 is provided at the top with a step 36 having a horizontal planar surface or platform 37 upon which one edge of a ski may rest . a strip of resilient material 22 is secured to the vertical wall 38 of the step 36 in a manner similar to steps 20 and 25 . step 36 faces step 20 of fore end wall 13 and one step is substantially a mirror image of the other for ease of manufacture . second movable ( aft ) jaw 16 , like movable fore jaw 15 , is provided with bores 41 and 42 through which the guide rails 17 and 18 are respectively inserted , and the jaw 16 is slidably movable on the guide rails . intermediate the bores 41 and 42 there is also provided another bore 43 in which one end of a rod member 50 is journalled for rotation about its longitudinal axis . when rod 50 is threaded stock , lock nuts 53 , one on either side of movable jaw 16 may be used to rotatably secure the end of the threaded rod 50 in the movable jaw 16 . movable aft jaw 16 is provided at the top with a step 46 having a horizontal planar surface or platform 47 upon which one edge of a ski may rest . a strip of resilient material 22 is secured to the vertical wall 48 of the step 46 in a manner analogous to that described hereinbefore . step 46 faces step 25 on aft end jaw 13 and is substantially a mirror image thereof , also , as in the pair of fore jaws of the vise , for ease of manufacture . rod 50 is inserted within tube 35 and extends therethrough beyond the spacer member 40 , the rod terminating in a knob 52 . the rod 50 is at least partly threaded , that is , it is threaded over at least that portion of its length which is in the immediate vicinity of the spacer member when the movable jaws are positioned to clamp the skis in any preselected position . as a matter of convenience , it is more practical to use threaded stock for the rod 50 , and it is substantially coaxially disposed within tube 35 . knob 52 may be replaced with a t - handle or any other handle means such as is conventionally used to manually rotate a screw such as the rod 50 , but a small knob about 1 . 375 &# 34 ; in diameter is preferred because it provides sufficient pressure on the skis without an undue risk of exerting excess pressure so as to damage either the skis or the vise . spacer member 40 is provided with a threaded bore 44 in which a locking member indicated generally by reference numeral 60 , is threadedly disposed in parallel spaced apart relationship with the rod 50 . the space member 40 is shown as a hub , mostly because of its desirable design , though it will be evident that a broken away flange portion , or a projecting stub wide enough to threadedly accept the longitudinally partially threaded arm 61 of the locking member 60 will be equally satisfactory . the locking member 60 is preferably l - shaped , one arm 61 of the ` l ` in threaded bore 44 being threaded longitudinally along its one side 62 of its length for more than 180 ° of its perimeter , so that it will be held in the bore ; the other side 63 being flattened over a minor portion of the circumference so as to afford clearance for the threads of the threaded rod 50 . the other arm 64 of the ` l ` serves both as a handle to rotate the locking member and to indicate whether or not the threads on side 62 are engaged with threads on the threaded rod 50 . as illustrated , arm 61 lies in substantially the same horizontal plane as the longitudinal axis of the rod 50 . in the &# 34 ; up &# 34 ; position , arm 64 lies at about 60 ° to the horizontal , tangentially against the upper portion of the threads of rod 50 , and indicates that the threads of the rod and the locking member are disengaged . in the &# 34 ; down &# 34 ; position , the arm 64 lies at about a 60 ° angle to the horizontal , tangentially against the lower portion of the threads of the rod 50 , and indicates that the threads of the rod and the locking member are locked into engagement . clearly , the angle at which the arm 64 lies against the threads of rod 50 will depend upon the relative sizes of the rod and arm 64 , but it illustrates simply that the arm 64 may be rotated until it abuts the upper and lower portions of threads of rod , on either side thereof , respectively , to indicate whether the rod member is freely longitudinally translatable , or not . the rod 50 is unidirectionally threaded , that is , it is threaded for either right hand or left hand threads , the former being conventional and preferred . when the threads of the locking member 60 and the rod 50 are engaged , the position of the movable jaws relative to each other is fixed , except if the rod 50 is rotated . if the rod 50 is rotated clockwise , aft movable jaw 16 is propelled towards the end jaw 14 , and the fore movable jaw 15 is advanced simultaneously towards the fore end jaw 13 , assuming a right hand thread on rod 50 . since the relative motion of the movable jaws away from each other is effected by rotation of the threaded rod 50 , the rate at which such relative movement of the movable jaws occurs is determined by the pitch of the screw threads , and of course the rate at which the rod 50 is rotated . when the threads of the locking member 60 are disengaged from the threads of the rod 50 , the movable jaws are movable independently , there being nothing more than an insignificant amount of friction between the threads of the rod 50 and the smooth inner surface of the bore of the hollow member 35 . all the jaws , whether fixed or movable , are preferably made from rigid synthetic resinous material such as slabs of nylon , polypropylene or high density polyethylene , for reasons of economy of machining them , and because such materials are much lighter than steel . because each vise is relatively light when constructed with such materials , and particularly if the jaws are mounted on aluminum guide rails , the vises are preferably secured to a bench or other flat surface when they are to be used to tune up skis . to do this conveniently , the end jaws 13 and 14 are provided with rubber suction cups 67 and 68 which are threadedly secured to the bases 13 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 39 ; respectively of the end jaws . when the cups are pressed on to a flat , smooth surface , they firmly secure the vise to the surface . alternatively , as illustrated in detail perspective view shown in fig5 each of the vises ( shown with portions broken away ) may be mounted on a mounting block 70 which in turn is clamped or otherwise secured to the surface of a bench or table top 71 . such a block is provided with a clamp 72 having a clamping screw 73 which is tightly abutted against the lower surface of the table top to which the block is secured . the upper surface of the block 70 is provided with a pair of strips with interlocking hooks made of synthetic resinous material such as dual - loc strips 75 , one near each end of the block , corresponding to the resting positions of the bases 13 &# 39 ; and 14 &# 39 ; of the end jaws each of which is also provided with dual - loc strips 74 which lock into the dual - loc strips 75 on the mounting block when downward pressure is exerted on the jaws . the vises are removed from the mounting blocks simply by pulling upwards to release the grip of the interlocked dual - loc strips . other locking strip materials such as velcro strips , made with interlocking hook and eye means formed of synthetic resinous material such as nylon , polypropylene or the like , or any other interlocking means which are releasably interlocked may be used . any other method of securing the vises to a firm support may also be used , depending upon the particular conditions of use . the rotatable locking member 60 is a particularly convenient , novel and unobvious way of providing the necessary locking action on the threads of the threaded rod 50 . it is not essential that this locking action be provided with a rotatable locking member , and there are other ways of doing this which are known in the art . for example , a spring - loaded blade having one u - shaped end to engage the threaded rod may be used . such a blade is radially spring - biased towards the longitudinal axis of the rod 50 , and may be mounted either on the hub , or on the front face of end jaw 13 . if mounted on the front face of jaw 13 , it may be mounted pointing vertically downward and directly above hollow tube 35 the top portion of which would be cut away so as to provide the blade access to the threads of rod 50 , which threads the blade would have to engage to provide the necessary locking action . though still other known means of locking the threaded rod 50 to the hollow tube member 35 may be provided , it will be immediately evident to one skilled in the art , that the rotatable locking member 60 disclosed herein is uniquely well - adapted for the easy and quick action which is so desirable when working on skis . whatever other mechanism may be provided , the effect is to lock the hollow tube 35 relative to the threaded rod 50 so that the movable jaws 15 and 16 may be translated either towards or away from each other , by simply rotating the threaded rod 50 . in a typical actual operation , two vises are mounted along the front edge of a bench , spaced apart so as to hold the tails of a ski in the first vise and the heads of the skis in the second vise . each vise has its fore movable jaw 15 pushed back so that the hub 40 of each is adjacent the front face of the fore end jaw 13 . the tail ( say ) of the first (` fore `) ski is placed bottom - up with its one longitudinal (` fore `) edge resting upon platform 21 of the step 20 in the fore end jaw 13 . holding the ski tail relatively planar with the left hand , knob 52 is grasped with the fingers of the right hand and pulled forward so as to bring the platform 37 of the step 36 in movable jaw 15 under the other longitudinal ( aft ) edge of the ski . the same operation is repeated with the head of the ski in the second vise , holding the ski in the right hand , grasping the knob of the second vise with the fingers of the left hand , and pulling the knob forward so as to bring the movable jaw 16 of the second vise into contact with its movable jaw 15 , which in turn is moved under the aft edge of the fore ski . the fore ski is thus resting bottom - up between the steps of the fore movable jaw 15 and the fore end jaw 13 of each of the two vises on the bench . next , the second ski is picked up , held in the left hand and placed with the aft longitudinal edge of its tail on the platform 26 of aft end jaw 14 ; the other end of the same aft edge is placed on the platform of the second vise . now , holding the ski with the left hand on the platforms of the two aft end jaws , knob 52 is grasped with fingers of the right hand and pushed inwards so that platform 47 of step 46 of movable aft jaw 16 is placed under the fore edge of the second ski , and the side edges of the ski are pressed against the resilient strips 22 secured to the vertical walls of the steps 25 and 46 . an analogous operation is performed on the head of the second ski . thus , both skis are now placed in the jaws of the vises , each lightly pressed against the resilient strips holding the skis . the locking member is now rotated from the &# 34 ; unlocked &# 34 ; or &# 34 ; open &# 34 ; position to the locked or thread - engaged position . the knobs 52 on each vise are now rotated until the skis are tightly held . this is accomplished because rotation of the knob 52 in the clockwise direction forces movable aft jaw 16 towards aft end jaw 14 , and at the same time forces movable fore jaw 15 against the fore end jaw 13 , with the skis being held between each pair of jaws . moreover , particularly if the skis are held between the steps of the jaws , pressure exerted on the skis tends to spread the upper portions of the jaws apart , thus providing a camming effect on the lower portions of the jaws where the guide rails are inserted . this camming effect tends to lock the jaws in position so that the skis are not loosened even if left in the jaws for a considerable period of time . after the desired tuning of the skis is completed , the arm 64 of the locking member is rotated upwards so as to release engagement of the threads of the arm 61 and place flattened side 63 of the arm 61 next to the threads of rod 50 . the skis can now be removed by simply lifting up on them . if desired , the pressure on the skis may first be relieved by backing off the knob 52 one or two turns before releasing the locking member 60 .	1
referring now to fig1 - 3 , a mower 2 is shown with three turf grooming cutting units 4 mounted thereto . cutting unit 4 is a conventional mower cutting unit , such as one made by toro manufacturing corp ., minneapolis , minn . as model no . 04400 , except as modified as described below . cutting units 4 are each powered by a hydraulic motor 6 which is supplied with hydraulic driving fluid through hydraulic lines 8 coupled to a power source on mower 2 . cutting unit 4 includes a frame 10 to which a horizontal reel 12 is mounted for rotation . reel 12 is of conventional design and has a number of spiral blades 14 which cut vertically extending grass between the outer edges 16 of blades 14 and a bed knife 18 mounted to frame 10 . the unmodified conventional cutting unit 4 includes a rear roller 20 and a front roller , not shown . in the present invention the front roller found on conventional cutting units is replaced by an expunger cutting head 21 which includes a slotted expunger roller 22 , a knife roller 48 and a knife roller drive assembly 96 . expunger roller 22 includes an expunger shaft 30 over which numerous expunger discs 32 , shown in fig4 and 7a , are mounted . the height of the cut is adjusted by an expunger roller height adjuster 24 , which is substantially identical to that used on the standard cutting unit . adjuster 24 , shown best in fig3 and 5 , includes a shaft support 25 having a vertically extending threaded rod portion 26 and an enlarged lower end 27 . rod portion 26 passes through a rod housing 28 which is bolted to frame 10 by nut and bolts 19 and 29 ( see fig2 ). a knob 31 is mounted to the upper threaded end of rod portion 26 . shaft 30 is coupled to lower end 27 through an oval link 68 and a bearing 65 . link 68 includes a hole 70 and lower end 27 includes a bore 69 within which the outer race 71 of bearing 65 is housed . bearing 65 includes a center shaft 73 , one end of which is secured within an end bore 75 of shaft 30 and the other end of which passes freely through an opening 23 in lower end 27 . since expunger roller 22 replaces the front roller of a conventional cutting unit , rotating knob 26 causes expunger roller 22 to move along a vertical path 33 and thus adjust the height of cut of bed knife 18 . expunger discs 32 , seen best in fig4 and 7a , include a central opening 34 , sized to be pressed on shaft 30 , and a shoulder portion 36 having a diameter substantially less than the outside diameter of disc 32 . expunger disc 32 includes an outer diametral surface 38 and an inner diametral surface 40 . outer surface 38 includes an outer cylindrical surface portion 39 and circular arcuate portions 41 . outer surfaces 38 are those portions of roller 22 which rest on turf surface s while inner surfaces 40 define the roots of circular slots 42 , also called expunger channels , defined between adjacent expunger discs 32 and extending between inner and outer surfaces 38 , 40 . circular slots 42 include an outer region 43 , indicated by dashed lines in fig7 a , having inwardly sloping sidewall portions 45 which guide the grass g into slots 42 as described below . knife roller 44 is mounted immediately behind expunger roller 22 , as shown in fig8 . roller 44 includes a knife roller shaft 46 over which numerous knife discs 48 are mounted . knife discs 48 , seen in fig6 include a central bore 50 sized for mounting over shaft 46 and six radially extending blades 52 . knife discs 48 are mounted to knife roller shaft 46 so that blades 42 form a reverse spiral path about the axis 54 of knife roller 44 , relative to the spiral direction of blades 14 , as seen in fig3 . this spiral offset or staging is achieved by extending a staging pin 56 from one side 58 of disc 48 and providing a staging hole 60 in a shoulder 62 extending from the opposite side 64 of knife disc 48 . pin 56 is sized for complementary mating engagement within staging hole 60 . pin 56 and hole 60 are located at the same radius from axis 54 but offset at an angle 66 from one another . this angular offset causes blades 52 to form a spiral path about axis 54 as is desired for smooth cutting action . after mounting onto shaft 46 , knife discs 48 are mated as one and the end knife discs 48 are secured to the shaft such as by using a suitable adhesive or with set screws . referring now to fig3 and 5 , shaft 46 includes end bores 61 within which are mounted the ends of the center shaft 63 of a bearing 67 . bearing 67 is in turn housed within a hole 71 in an oval link 68 and a bore 77 in a spacer 104 . a knife roller height adjuster 74 , similar in construction to expunger roller height adjuster 24 , is mounted to frame 10 adjacent and to the interior of adjusters 24 . adjusters 74 are used to vary the height of expunger rollers 44 . height adjuster 74 includes a cap 76 engaging the threaded end 78 of an adjuster bar 80 . the lower end 82 of bar 80 is sized to fit loosely within an over sized hole 84 formed within the upper surface 86 of link 68 . bar 80 is secured within hole 84 by roll pin 88 which passes through complementary openings 89 , 91 in bar 80 and link 68 . the position of knife roller 44 is adjusted relative to frame 10 by height adjusters 74 . vertical movement of bar 80 causes link 68 to pivot about an expunger axis 90 ( since expunger roller shaft 30 is fixed in place by adjuster 24 ) passing through the center of hole 70 . this pivotal movement is indicated by arrow 92 . therefore once the height of expunger roller 22 has been chosen , the height of knife roller 44 relative to cutting surface s is adjusted using adjuster 74 without changing the centerline distance between axes 54 and 90 and without affecting the height of bed knife 18 above surface s . because pivot member 68 pivots , in contrast with the vertical movement of shaft support 25 , the point of connection between bar 80 and member 68 at roll pin 88 travels along an arc 94 during operation of adjuster 74 . by making the connection between bar 80 and member 68 a pivotal one and by making hole 84 oversized , lower end 82 of bar 80 can move along arc 94 without binding . referring to fig2 and 5 , knife roller 44 is driven by drive belt assembly 96 . assembly 96 includes a belt 98 which passes around a pulley 100 . pulley 100 is mounted to the outer end 102 of center shaft 63 which extends through tubular spacer 104 . pulley 100 is secured to shaft 63 by a set screw 106 to provide a driving interface between the pulley and the shaft . belt 98 is driven by a drive pulley 108 mounted to one end of the axle 110 of reel 12 . pulley 108 is operably coupled to and decoupled from axle 110 by remotely actuated clutch 112 . clutch 112 includes a solenoid assembly 114 mounted to frame 10 and a clutch unit 116 mounted between pulley 108 and the end of axle 110 . actuation of solenoid assembly 114 causes plunger 118 to extend engaging the periphery of clutch unit 116 . this causes an internal sleeve , not shown , over which pulley 108 is mounted , to engage axle 110 thus driving belt 96 . this clutch is an adaptation of one sold by borg - warner corporation of bellwood , illinois as part no . eb 205 - 40 - 004 . other types of remotely actuated clutches may be used as well . a pivoting belt tensioner 120 keeps belt 96 taught regardless of the position of knife roller 44 . in use , nut and bolts 19 are loosened to allow adjusters 24 , 74 to be manipulated . the position of expunger roller 22 is chosen using adjuster 24 according to the height of cut desired . the height of knife roller 44 is then adjusted using adjuster 74 according to the condition of the turf . nut and bolts 19 are then tightened to secure both expunger and knife rollers 22 , 44 in place relative to frame 10 . during the operation of mower 2 , during which hydraulic motor 6 powers reel 12 , knife roller 44 is driven about its axis 54 upon the actuation of clutch 112 . expunger roller 22 , which supports one end of cutting unit 4 , rolls along surface s as mower 2 advances . as shown in fig7 a - 7c and 8 , a piece of grass g , or other plant material , lying horizontally on surface s is pulled up between the rolling expunger discs 32 and into the circular slots 42 defined between discs 32 . curved sidewall portions 45 of outer regions 43 of circular slots 42 act to guide the pinched or puckered up grass g into the shape shown in fig7 b . in one embodiment slots 42 are about 4 . 5 mm wide , discs 32 have a thickness of about 3 mm and portions 45 have a radius of about 6mm . these pinched up pieces of plant material are then pulled upright and sliced by the rapidly moving blades 52 of knife disc 48 . before the newly severed , generally upright grass segments u can lie down , they are cut between outer edges 16 of blades 14 and bed knife 18 . thus horizontally growing plant material is removed before it has a chance to build up into a thick , unhealthy thatch layer . the reversed spiral staging of knife blades 52 , illustrated in fig3 allows for a smooth cutting action . this is in contrast with the vibration prone cutting action which would be likely if the knife blades were axially aligned . the speed of rotation of knife roller 44 , the number of blades 52 and the height of knife roller 44 are all influenced by the operating conditions , particularly the grass height . cutting unit 4 is intended to be used each time the turf is cut . old , tough and coarse rhizomes and stolons , as well as other horizontally growing plant material , are removed allowing for growth of new , healthy shoots . however , since blades 52 need not dig into the turf , damage to the turf is eliminated . in addition , since many broadleaf weeds cannot survive the action of blades 52 , there is a greatly reduced need for eradication by use of herbicides when a mower using a cutting unit made according to the invention is used regularly . the invention can be marketed as a kit for modifying existing cutting units . doing so would entail minimal modifications to the existing unit other than replacing the existing front roller with expunger cutting head 21 and adding a drive assembly 96 with an associated switch for actuating clutch 112 . in some situations , it may be desired to eliminate reel 12 and bed knife 18 from cutting unit 4 . also , expunger cutting head 21 could be sold as a kit for use with equipment having no other grass cutting features . modification and variation can be made to the disclosed embodiment without departing from the subject of the invention as defined in the following claims . if desired , expunger roller and knife roller may each be made from metal or a suitable plastic and also may be made as a unitary piece , such as by molding or casting . the shape of blades 52 can be varied and their numbers can be increased or decreased . also , channels 42 , and in particular outer region 43 , may be varied in cross - sectional shape from the disclosed embodiment .	0
the present invention relates to an improved slanted bragg grating gain - flattening filter formed in a single fiber and to a method for manufacturing such a filter . the following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements . various modifications to the preferred embodiment will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and the generic principles herein may be applied to other embodiments . thus , the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein . to more particularly appreciate the features and advantages of the present invention , the reader is referred to the appended fig5 - 8 in conjunction with the following discussion . an apparatus in accordance with the present invention comprises a strongly chirped complex slanted bragg grating within which the mean index is variable over the filter length and is directly related to the strength of reflection of a local elementary filter . a novelty of the present invention , directly linked to the non - constant mean index variation along the grating , is that the elementary filters may be partially spatially overlapped , with respect to both their spatial positions and their reflection spectra . in general , sbg gratings are manufactured by irradiating a portion of a photosensitive optical fiber with an interference pattern using uv light at a pre - selected wavelength . this irradiation causes , within the fiber , two important changes : ( 1 ) development of a longitudinal periodic refractive index refraction change ( also called index modulation change ) that behaves as a bragg grating and enables the coupling of incident light of a certain wavelength into backward dissipative cladding modes and ( 2 ) a constant refractive index increase ( also called the mean refractive index change ). both of these characteristics are mandatory to impress a spectral loss ( i . e ., through back coupling into cladding modes ). the coupling wavelength is directly proportional to the period of the periodic refractive index change . the strength of the reflection and the attenuation depth at this given wavelength are related to the level of the index modulation change . the mean refractive index change has the effect of slightly changing the effective index of the fiber modes and the coefficient of proportionality between the coupling wavelength and the period of the index modulation change . fig5 shows a schematic illustration of a preferred method , in accordance with the present invention , for manufacturing a sbg gain flattening filter . in the method 200 ( fig5 ), a uv beam 70 is caused to pass through a slit 60 to form a spatially filtered uv beam 72 that passes through a strongly chirped phase mask 50 onto a photosensitized optical waveguide 40 . preferably , the waveguide 40 is an optical fiber but could also comprise , any waveguide such as , for instance , a planar waveguide . the interference pattern produced by the passage of the uv beam 72 through the portion 52 of the phase mask 50 causes the imprinting of an elementary slanted fiber bragg grating 30 . 2 within the waveguide 40 . the grating rulings within the strongly chirped phase mask 50 are oriented such that the elementary fiber bragg gratings is a slanted grating . within the method 200 ( fig5 ), the positions of the uv beam and / or the slit are moved relative to the phase mask 50 and waveguide 40 using a translation support 80 . thus , in a first position , the uw beam 70 passes through the slit 60 so as to cause spatially filtered beam 72 to pass through portion 52 of the chirped phase mask 50 so as to generate elementary fiber bragg grating filter 30 . 2 within the waveguide 40 . subsequently , the positions of the uv beam and / or the slit are moved such that the uv beam , now represented as uv beam 70 a , passes through the slit , represented as slit 60 a , so as to cause spatially filtered beam 72 a to pass through portion 52 a of phase mask 50 so as to generate elementary bragg grating 30 . 3 within waveguide 40 . other elementary fiber bragg gratings , such as grating 30 . 1 , etc ., may be inscribed in the waveguide 40 by irradiations at other positions . the manufacturing method in accordance with the present invention ( fig5 ) differs from the prior art manufacturing method shown in fig1 via the fact that , in the instant method : ( 1 ) two consecutive irradiated zones of the photosensitized waveguide 40 may have a common spatial region ( i . e . the adjacent irradiated regions and the resulting elementary fiber bragg gratings overlap one another ); ( 2 ) the lengths of the elementary gratings are generally not identical ; ( 3 ) the spacings between the centers of pairs of adjacent gratings are not constant ( i . e ., are aperiodic ); and ( 4 ) the size of the various overlap regions between adjacent elementary gratings are also not constant . manufacturing this complex grating requires the inscription should be subdivided into a series of elementary fbg filters of length ranging between 0 . 5 mm and 2 mm . fig6 is a schematic illustration of a preferred embodiment of a gain flattening filter 300 in accordance with the present invention . the overlapping characteristics of the various elementary fiber bragg gratings within the optical waveguide 40 comprising the filter 300 are shown in detail in fig6 . preferably , the waveguide 40 is an optical fiber ( as drawn in fig6 ) but can be any type of optical waveguide . it is to be noted that , in both fig5 and fig6 , the gratings are drawn with fictitious offsets perpendicular to the length or axis of the fiber 40 . these fictitious offsets are drawn so as to more clearly show overlapping characteristics of the elementary gratings and are not to be interpreted as actual physical features of the invention . the gain - flattening filter 300 may comprise any desired number , n , of elementary sbg filters , 30 . 1 - 30 . n . as shown in fig6 , each elementary sbg filter n i comprises a grating length δl i ( 1 ≦ i ≦ n ). also , there is a separation distance δx i ( 2 ≦ i ≦ n ) between the centers of adjacent elementary filters . the values of δl i and δx i are determined by the width and the position , respectively , of the slit 60 . in the present invention , these operational parameters ( slit width and position ) are completely arbitrary and may differ between elementary gratings and pairs of elementary gratings , depending upon the requirements of the target transmission spectrum ( or “ template ”) of the final gain - flattening filter . however , there will exist at least one pair of elementary filters that has a common uv - irradiated region and , therefore , a common or overlapping grating region . because of the above - mentioned relaxation of constraints on the properties of the elementary filters , more degrees of freedom are available in the modeling of a target or template spectrum as a summation of spectra derived from elementary filters . that is , the distance between adjacent elementary filters — both in position and in wavelength — may be optimized according to the required spectral slope in the vicinity of the reflection wavelengths of the filters . accordingly , a filter manufactured in accordance with a method of the present invention is better able to fit template spectra within high attenuation transition regions at range extremities . this permits increased versatility in filter design . the longitudinal mean refractive index distribution and the index modulation change ( determining the reflection wavelength and the reflection strength of an elementary filter , respectively ) are controlled , within the present invention , by choosing the irradiation conditions of the uv - beam on the strongly chirped mask so as to produce an optimal set of elementary fiber bragg grating filters . concretely speaking , the final mean refractive index and the final refractive index modulation at a given point in the gain flattening filter 300 produced in accordance with the present invention will be obtained from a contribution of one or more index changes induced by the writing of one or more elementary filters . the changes in optical properties that occur during the annealing stage of the final gain flattening filter as a result of the variation of the mean refractive index are taken into account during the initial modeling stage of the filter manufacture when the number and properties of individual elementary fiber bragg gratings are computed . thus , after writing the gratings , but prior to annealing , the gain - flattening filter does not have exactly the required transmission spectral profile . this profile then self adjusts to the target profile during the annealing stage . the current solution has been proven to workable by modeling and by experiment . to clearly demonstrate the advantages of gain - flattening filters in accordance with and produced in accordance with the present invention , there is shown herein an experimental comparison , using the same target spectral template , between error deviations observed for filters produced using the prior art single - fiber constant - mean - index sbg technique ( fig1 ) and using a method in accordance with the present invention ( fig6 ). the advantages may be observed by comparing fig7 a - 7 b , which show results obtained for the prior - art apparatus with fig8 a - 8 b , which show results obtained for a gain - flattening filter in accordance with the present invention . fig7 a is a graph 400 , plotted with respect to wavelength , showing the actual transmission curve 405 of a fiber bragg grating synthesized according to a prior - art single - fiber constant - mean - index sbg technique , the target or template transmission spectrum 410 and the difference 420 therebetween . fig7 b is graph , plotted with respect to wavelength , showing a curve 430 that plots the derivative of the difference between the actual and target transmission spectra of a fiber bragg grating synthesized according to the same prior - art technique . fig8 a - 8 b present similar results to those shown in fig7 a - 7 b , respectively , obtained for a gain - flattening filter in accordance with the present invention . fig8 a is a graph 500 , plotted with respect to wavelength , showing the actual transmission curve 510 of a fiber bragg grating synthesized according to a method in accordance with the present invention and a curve 520 representing the difference between the actual transmission curve and the template . fig8 b is a graph 550 , plotted with respect to wavelength , showing a curve 530 that plots the derivative of the difference between the actual and target transmission spectra of a fiber bragg grating synthesized according to a method in accordance with the present invention . it is clear that a better match of the template function is achieved when comparing the two error profiles ( curve 420 of graph 400 in fig7 a and curve 520 of graph 500 in fig8 a ). small scale oscillations are suppressed within a gain flattening filter manufactured in accordance with the present invention because the superimposition or increased spectral overlap of the elementary filters allows a small spectral separation ( small δλ ) between adjacent filters . this reduced spectral separation changes the period and the amplitude of the oscillations . in comparison to the prior - art gain flattening filter , the variations are especially reduced at both the beginning and at the end of the spectral profile using the present invention . additionally , the derivative of the error with respect to wavelength ( curve 530 of graph 550 in fig8 b ) is limited to a greatly reduced range relative to a filter produced as in the prior art ( curve 430 of graph 450 in fig7 b ). the prior - art gain - flattening filter clearly exhibits high errors and variations of errors at the beginning of the spectral range that could lead to intolerable system impairments . these errors and their variations are reduced to an acceptable level within a gain - flattening filter in accordance with the present invention . since a gain - flattening filter device in accordance with the present invention produces a better fit of the template and a reduced level of the derivative of the error over the full bandwidth , such a device is expected to reduce system gain perturbations down to levels that will reduce the transmission system design complexities and device allocations along an optical transmission . in summary , the present invention provides three main advantages relative to the prior art : ( 1 ) a reduction of the manufacturing time since the writing procedure does not require an identical writing time , regardless of the desired spectral contrast , for each fbg elementary filter ; ( 2 ) suppression of systematic small - scale oscillations in the error deviation vs . template ; and ( 3 ) improved match to the template attenuation spectrum . although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown and discussed , one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention . accordingly , many modifications may be made by one of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention , which is defined by the appended claims .	6
referring now to preferred cooling apparatus of fig1 , it includes a housing 10 defining first and second laterally extending liquid coolant flow chambers 11 and 12 , in flow communication via a central passage 13 . that passage may be formed by a pump 14 in the housing and operating to pump fluid centrally from chamber 12 to chamber 11 , as shown by arrows 15 . the flow is directed toward the irregular top surface 16 of a layer 17 to remove or transfer heat from that surface to the coolant flowing in opposite directions in passages 18 and 19 in the housing . from those passages , the coolant flows via pipes 20 and 21 to means indicated generally at 40 , such as fins 41 operating to remove heat from the coolant , and to return the coolant via pipe 42 and 43 to upper chamber 12 , in a highly compact configuration . upper wall 22 of chamber 12 comprises a diaphragm peripherally mounted at 23 to the housing ring 10 a , so as to allow upward flexing of the diaphragm in response to coolant fluid expansion . a housing cover plate 23 ′ extends over the diaphragm and is attached to housing surface 24 , whereby the chambers 11 and 12 and the diaphragm are hermetically sealed . an electrical component 124 engages the underside 25 a of pyrolytic carbon block 25 fitted peripherally in the bounded space formed by housing wall 26 , layer 17 also peripherally fitting in that space . heat received by block 25 , by conduction from the electrical component , is transferred by conduction to the layer 17 comprising a metal interface block ( between water and carbon block 25 ). its upper surface has irregularity , as for example is provided by recesses 28 in the layer , that increase the surface area in contact with coolant in chamber 12 , for enhanced heat transfer . the structure of block 25 and layer 17 , and their functioning , prevent boiling of the coolant , such as water . the planes 30 indicative of molecular cleavage planes in block 25 are directed toward layer 17 , for most efficient heat transfer operation . a centrifugal fan 32 is shown as located in the space 33 between banks 41 a of fins 41 , to displace cooling air radially in passages 41 b between fins , for removing heat from the fins . pyrolytic carbon is a material similar to graphite , but with some covalent bonding between its graphene sheets . generally it is produced by heating a hydrocarbon nearly to its decomposition temperature , and permitting the graphite to crystallize ( pyrolysis ). fig5 shows flow ducts 50 and 51 to circulate coolant from 12 to and from a chips at cooler 54 ; and ducts 55 and 56 to circulate coolant from 22 to and from a voltage regulator cooler 57 . fig6 incorporates plate 23 and all the structure of fig1 below that plate . a cover 70 is provided above plate 23 and incorporate passages that connect chamber 12 with a hose or duct 71 , and passages 18 and 19 with a hose or duct 72 . hoses or ducts 71 and 72 extend to a heat radiator 73 . fan 32 and fins 41 are eliminated , and the remaining apparatus is simplified . fig7 is like fig6 , excepting that the radiator is remotely located , as is made by the breaks at 71 a and 72 a in the hoses or ducts 71 and 72 . cooling fans 74 may be provided to displace air through the radiator . in fig8 the arrangement of elements is generally like that in fig1 , the same numerals being applied to those elements . in fig8 , the flow passes from space 12 downwardly through central opening 80 and then divides due to operation of the pump 14 to flow downwardly at 81 about pump structure 14 a . the flow then passes downwardly through central opening 13 , to contact metal interface / water block 17 . the flow then travels laterally at 18 and 19 , as described in fig1 . carbon block 25 extends directly beneath and in surface to surface contact with block 17 . electrical component 124 engages the underside face of block 25 , to transfer heat thereto . block 17 is in the form of a layer that consists primarily of a material selected from the group that includes aluminum , copper , silver and gold . carbon block 25 has molecular cleavage planes that extend toward layer 17 . the fig8 apparatus is preferred . an enclosure 10 a extending about the pump and forming passage 13 through which coolant flow is delivered by the pump 14 toward and against the upper irregular surface of block 17 , heat radiator fins 41 a and 41 g , spaces 41 b between the fins , and heat exchanger 40 , hot water ( coolant ) pipes 42 and 43 , centrifugal fan 32 rotating in a space between inner ends 33 of the fins , outer housing 10 extending about the pump and supporting housing cover 23 , there being coolant passages 20 and 21 in the cover and communicating with passages 18 and 19 formed between 10 and 10 a , diaphragm 22 overlying opening 80 , and underlying the fan 32 , the diaphragm carried by the cover 23 .	5
referring to the drawings , fig1 shows a grinding assembly 45 for a condiment grinding apparatus such as a pepper grinder . the grinding assembly 45 includes a composite female member 1 assembled from a female grinding element 2 and a sleeve 3 ; and a composite male member 4 assembled from a male grinding element 5 and a core 6 . the male and female members 1 , 4 and their components are described with reference to their central axis 7 . as used herein , the term “ axial ” refers to a direction substantially parallel to the axis 7 . the term “ radial ” refers to a direction substantially orthogonal to the axis 7 . the term “ circumferential ” refers to the direction of a circular arc having a radius substantially orthogonal to the axis 7 . as seen in fig1 to 4 , 10 and 11 the female grinding element 2 is pressed or punched from stainless steel sheet and has a generally tubular section 8 extending from an upper end 9 to a lower end 10 . integral with the tubular section 8 , a flange 11 extending from the lower end 10 includes a radially - aligned portion 12 and a cylindrical lip 13 defining an annular recess 27 . two diametrically opposing notches 20 are formed in the flange 11 . an aperture 14 extends axially through the grinding element 2 and defines an inner surface 15 . the outer end 10 is corrugated to provide helicoid first corrugated surface portions 16 in the inner surface 15 , and helicoid second corrugated surface portions 17 on an outer surface 18 of the female grinding element 2 . the upper end 9 includes eight circumferentially spaced punched teeth 19 , generally aligned axially and projecting from the inner surface 15 . each tooth 19 is formed by punching , the material being sheared along a line 21 elongated in the axial direction to form first and second edges 22 , 23 . the first edge 22 is displaced inwardly from the second edge 23 , both lying substantially in a common radial plane 25 . in this manner each tooth provides an opening 24 . a tapered face 26 of each tooth 19 extends substantially circumferentially from the first edge 22 to the inner surface 15 . the teeth 19 are aligned such that the tapered faces 26 extend in a common circumferential direction and the mouth of each opening 24 is facing in the same direction ( e . g . in the counter clockwise direction as seen in fig5 ). the sleeve 3 is shown in fig1 , 10 and 11 and is formed from polymer and has a cylindrical body 28 with an annular flange 29 at a lower end thereof in which two diametrically opposing notches 30 are formed . the sleeve 3 has an inner face 31 which sits adjacent the outer face 18 when the sleeve 3 is received in the female grinding element 2 . the flange 29 is received in the recess 27 and the notch pairs 20 , 30 angularly aligned . the relatively soft sleeve 3 is deformed by contact with the second corrugated surface portions 17 , serving to restrict relative rotation between the sleeve 3 and grinding element 2 . fig1 and 6 to 11 show the male grinding element 5 which is pressed or punched from stainless steel sheet and is tapered from a narrow upper end 32 to a broader axially opposing lower end 33 . the male grinding element 5 is corrugated to provide helicoid third corrugated surface portions 34 in an outer surface 35 , and helicoid fourth corrugated surface portions 36 on an inner surface 37 . an aperture 38 having a substantially square shaped cross - section extends axially through radially aligned face 39 at the upper end 32 . a corrugated annular edge 40 at the lower end 33 also lies in a radially - aligned plane . the core 6 is formed of a polymer and , as illustrated in fig8 and 9 , the core 6 is received in the male grinding element 5 , having an outer surface 41 in contact with the inner surface 37 , the complementary corrugations preventing relative rotation between the core 6 and the male grinding element 5 . the core 6 allows proper axial alignment of the composite male member 4 to be maintained and it also serves to reinforce the thin - walled male grinding element 5 , to distribute stresses in it . the core 6 may be adhesive bonded to the inner surface 37 . an aperture 42 having a square shaped cross - section extends axially through the core 6 , in alignment with the aperture 38 , both receiving a grinder shaft 43 having a square shaped cross - section and fixed to the end of the shaft 43 . by way of example of the application of the grinding assembly 45 , fig1 shows a condiment grinding apparatus 46 with a body 53 defining a condiment reservoir 49 at the base of which the grinding assembly 45 is mounted . the notch pairs 20 , 30 are received in tabs ( not shown ) in the body 53 , to prevent rotation of the female member 1 . a rotary handle 48 is fixed to the top of the body 47 and is rotationally fast with the axially - extending shaft 43 with a square cross section and provides drive means for rotating the shaft 43 . the shaft 43 is received in the aligned apertures 38 , 42 with the male member 4 received in female member 1 , a cavity 44 is provided for grinding condiment between the corrugated surface portions 16 , 34 upon rotation of the handle 48 . an adjuster knob 50 is attached by a screw thread 51 to the top of the shaft 43 , such that rotation of the knob 50 moves the shaft 43 and the male member 4 fixed to the end of the shaft 43 to adjust the size of the ground condiment in the known way . aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without departing from the scope thereof .	1
according to the present invention , the more particularly preferred compounds of formula ( i ) are those for which at least one , and preferably all , of the conditions below are respected : r 1 and r 2 , taken together , form an aromatic ring such as described above , r 3 is a hydrogen , a lower alkenyl radical , a no lower alkyl radical or an -- or 7 radical r 5 is a radical of formula ( i ) or ( iii ), an object of the present invention is likewise processes for preparation of the compounds of formula ( i ), in particular according to the reaction schemes given in fig1 . thus the compounds of general formula ( i ) can be obtained ( fig1 ) starting from the ketone ( ii ), by halogenation , for example by means of a brominating agent such as bromine . the compound ( iii ) obtained is then coupled to the compound ( iv ), in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydride . the coupled derivative ( v ) is subjected to the action of a phosphine or of a phosphonate in the presence of a base leading to the compound ( vi ). the compound ( vi ) is cyclized by the action of a metallic catalyst such as palladium diacetate , in the presence of a hydride donor such as formic acid or of a nucleophile such as vinyltributyltin or lithium acetate and if necessary of a base . the addition of salts or of silver zeolites such as ag 3 po 4 and of chiral phosphines such as binap allows only one of the enantiomers to be obtained . the products of general formula ( i ) thus obtained can serve as starting products for the production of other compounds of general formula ( i ). these products are obtained according to the classical synthesis methods employed in chemistry , such as those described in &# 34 ; advanced organic chemistry &# 34 ; by j . march ; john willey and sons , 1985 . for example , it is possible to carry out the functional modifications on the r 5 group as indicated below : ______________________________________carboxylic acid → esterester → carboxylic acidacid → acid chlorideacid chloride → amideacid → amideacid → alcoholalcohol → aldehydeamide → aminethiol → thioetherthioether → sulphoxidethioether → sulphonesulphonic acid → sulphonic estersulphonic acid → sulphonamidesulphinic acid → sulphinic ester______________________________________ when r 3 is the -- coon : radical , the compounds are preferentially prepared by protecting r 3 by a protecting group of allyl , benzyl or tert - butyl type . in the case of an allyl protecting group , by means of a catalyst such as certain transition metal complexes in the presence of a secondary amine . in the case of a benzyl protecting group , by debenzylation in the presence of hydrogen , by means of a catalyst such as palladium on carbon . in the case of a tert - butyl protecting group by means of trimethylsilyl iodide . when r 5 is an alcohol function the compounds can be obtained starting from corresponding aldehyde derivatives by action of an alkali metal hydride , such as sodium borohydride , in an alcoholic solvent ( for example methanol ), or by coupling of the corresponding halogenated derivative to a derivative of 3 -( tributyltin ) allyl alcohol . when r 5 is an aldehyde function , the compounds can be obtained starting from alcohol derivatives by oxidation in the presence of manganese oxide , pyridinium dichromate or swern &# 39 ; s reagent . when r 5 is an amide function the compounds can be obtained starting from corresponding carboxylic derivatives by reaction with aliphatic , aromatic or heterocyclic amines either by the intermediary of an acid chloride or in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide or of carbonyldiimidazole . certain of these compounds are bound to rxr receptors , some having an agonist activity , others an antagonist activity . the binding and transactivation properties as agonist to the rxr receptors are determined by methods known in the art , such as , for example : martin , b . et al ., skin pharmacol ., 1992 , 5 , 57 - 65 ; cavey , m . t . et al ., anal . biochem ., 1990 , 186 , 19 - 23 ; lever et al ., nature 1992 , 355 , 359 - 61 ; allenby et al ., proc . natl . acad . scd ., 1993 , 90 , 30 - 4 ; allenby et al ., j . biol . chem ., 1994 , 269 , 16689 - 95 . the rxr agonist activity is also determined by the test such as is described in the french patent application no . 95 - 07301 filed on jun . 19 , 1995 by the applicant . this test comprises the following steps : ( i ) a sufficient quantity of a compound which is an active ligand of at least one receptor of the steroid / thyroid nuclear receptor superfamily other than a specific ligand of the rxr receptors and able to heterodimerize with the rxrs such as an agonist molecule of the rars is applied topically to one part of the skin of a mammal , ( ii ) a molecule capable of having an agonist activity on the rxrs is administered by the systemic or topical route to this same part of the skin of the mammal before , during or after step ( i ), ( iii ) the response on the part of the mammal skin treated in this way is evaluated . thus the response to a topical application on the ear of a mammal of an rar agonist molecule which corresponds to an increase in the thickness of this ear can be increased by the administration by the systemic or topical route of an rxr receptor agonist molecule . the rxrα antagonist activity is evaluated in the transactivation test by determination of the dose ( ic 50 ) which inhibits the transactivator activity of a selective rxrα agonist by 50 %: 6 -( 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 2 - naphthylthio ) nicotinic acid ( cd 2809 ) according to the following protocol : the hela cells are co - transfected with an expression vector coding for rxrα ( p565 - rxrα ) and a reporter plasmid containing the response element 1 / 2 crbp ii cloned upstream of the thymidine kinase heterologous promoter and of the chloramphenicolm acetyl transferase ( cat ) reporter gene . eighteen hours after co - transfection the cells are treated with a fixed concentration of cd 2809 and increasing concentrations of the molecule to be evaluated . after twenty four hours &# 39 ; treatment , the determination of the cat activity is carried out by elisa . the fixed concentration of cd2809 used is 5 10 - 8 m and corresponds to its ec 50 . certain of the compounds according to the invention are bound to the rar receptors and have an activity in the mouse embryonic teratocarcinoma cell ( f9 ) differentiation test ( cancer research 43 , p . 5268 , 1983 ) and / or in the ornithine decarboxylase inhibition test after induction by tpa in the mouse ( cancer research 38 , p . 793 - 801 , 1978 ). these tests show the activities of these compounds respectively in the fields of differentiation and of cell proliferation . an object of the present invention is thus the compounds of formula ( i ) such as defined above by way of medicament . the compounds according lo the invention are particularly well - suited in the following fields of treatment : 1 ) to treat dermatological conditions connected with a keratinization disorder bearing on differentiation and on proliferation , especially to treat acne vulgaris , comedonian acne , polymorphic acne , acne rosacea , nodulocystic acne , acne conglobata , senile acne , secondary acne such as solar acne , acne medicamentosa or occupational acne , 2 ) to treat other types of keratinization disorders , especially ichthyosis , ichthyosiform states , darrier &# 39 ; s disease , keratosis palmaris and plantaris , leucoplakias and leucoplakiform states , cutaneous or mucous ( buccal ) lichen , 3 ) to treat other dermatological conditions connected with a keratinization disorder with an inflammatory and / or immunoallergic component and especially all the forms of psoriasis whether it is cutaneous , mucous or ungual , and even arthropathic psoriasis , or alternatively cutaneous atopy , such as eczema or respiratory atopy or alternatively gingival hypertrophy ; the compounds can likewise be used in certain inflammatory conditions not presenting a keratinization disorder , 4 ) to treat all the dermal or epidermal proliferations whether they are benign or malignant , whether or not they are of a viral origin such as verruca vulgaris , verruca plana and epidermodysplasia verruciformis , oral or florid papillomatosis and proliferations able to be induced by ultra - violet , especially in the case of basal and spinocellular epithelioma , 5 ) to treat other dermatological disorders such as bullosis and collagen diseases , 7 ) to repair or combat aging of the skin , whether it is photoinduced or chronological , or to reduce pigmentation and actinic keratosis , or any pathologies associated with chronological or actinic aging , 8 ) to prevent or cure the stigmata of epidermal and / or dermal atrophy induced by local or systemic corticosteroids , or any other form of cutaneous atrophy , 9 ) to prevent or treat cicatrization disorders , to prevent or to repair vibices , or alternatively to promote cicatrization , 10 ) to combat sebaceous function disorders such as hyperseborrhoea of acne or simple seborrhoea , 13 ) in the treatment of any disorder of viral origin at the cutaneous or general level , 15 ) in the treatment of dermatological or general disorders with an immunological component , 16 ) in the treatment of disorders of the cardiovascular system such as arteriosclerosis , 17 ) in the treatment of cutaneous disorders due to exposure to u . v . rays . in the therapeutic fields mentioned above , the compounds according to the invention can be advantageously employed in combination with other compounds of retinoid type activity , with d vitamins or their derivatives , with corticosteroids , with anti - free radicals , α - hydroxy or α - keto acids or their derivatives , or in addition alternatively with ion channel blockers . d vitamins or their derivatives are understood , for example , as meaning the derivatives of vitamin d 2 or d 3 and in particular 1 , 25 - dihydroxy vitamin d 3 . anti - free radicals are understood , for example , as meaning α - tocopherol , super oxide dismutase , ubiquinol or certain metal chelators . α - hydroxy or α - keto acids or their derivatives are understood , for example , as meaning lactic , malic , citric , glycolic , mandelic , tartaric , glyceric or ascorbic acid or their salts , amides or esters . finally , ion channel blockers are understood , for example , as meaning minoxidil ( 2 , 4 - diamino - 6 - piperidinopyrimidine - 3 - oxide ) and its derivatives . an object of the present invention is likewise medicament compositions comprising at least one compound of formula ( i ) such as defined above , one of its optical or geometric isomers or one of its salts . an object of the present invention is thus a novel medicament composition intended especially for the treatment of the abovementioned conditions , and which is characterized by the fact that it comprises , in a support which is pharmaceutically acceptable and compatible with the method of administration reserved for the latter , at least one compound of formula ( i ), one of its optical or geometric isomers or one of its salts . the administration of the compounds according to the invention can be carried out by the enteral , parenteral , topical or ocular route . by the enteral route , the medicaments can be present in the form of tablets , gelatin capsules , coated tablets , syrups , suspensions , solutions , powders , granules , emulsions , microspheres or nanospheres or lipid or polymer vesicles allowing controlled liberation . by the parenteral route , the compositions can be present in the form of solutions or suspensions for perfusion or for injection . the compounds according to the invention are generally administered in a daily dose of approximately 0 . 01 mg / kg to 100 mg / kg of body weight , and the latter at the rate of 1 to 3 administrations . by the topical route , the base pharmaceutical compositions of compounds according to the invention are more particularly intended for the treatment of the skin and of the mucous membranes and can then be present in the form of ointments , creams , milks , lotions , powders , impregnated pads , solutions , gels , sprays , lotions or suspensions . they can likewise be present in the form of microspheres or nanospheres or lipid or polymer vesicles or polymer patches and hydrogels allowing controlled liberation . these compositions by the topical route can in addition be present either in anhydrous form , or in an aqueous form , according to the clinical indication . these compositions for topical or ocular use contain at least one compound of formula ( i ) such as defined above , or one of its optical or geometric isomers or additionally one of its salts , at a preferred concentration of between 0 . 001 % and 5 % by weight with respect to the total weight of the composition . the compounds of formula ( i ) according to the invention likewise have an application in the cosmetic field , in particular in body and hair hygiene and especially for the treatment of skins prone to acne , for the regrowth of the hair , prevention of hair loss , for combating a greasy appearance of the skin or of the hair , in protection against harmful aspects of the sun or in the treatment of physiologically dry skins , to prevent and / or to combat photoinduced or chronological aging . in the cosmetic field , the compounds according to the invention can additionally be advantageously employed in combination with other compounds of retinoid type activity , with the d vitamins or their derivatives , with corticosteroids , with anti - free radicals , α - hydroxy or α - keto acids or their derivatives , or alternatively with ion channel blockers , all these different products being such as defined above . the present invention is thus likewise directed at a cosmetic composition which is characterized by the fact that it comprises , in a support which is cosmetically acceptable and suitable for topical application , at least one compound of to formula ( i ) such as defined above or one of its optical or geometric isomers or one of its salts , this cosmetic composition especially being able to be present in the form of a cream , a milk , a lotion , a gel , microspheres or nanospheres or lipid or polymer vesicles , a soap or a shampoo . the concentration of compound of formula ( i ) in the cosmetic compositions according to the invention is advantageously between 0 . 001 % and 3 % by weight with respect to the whole of the composition . the medicament and cosmetic compositions according to the invention can additionally contain inert or even pharmacodynamically or cosmetically active additives or combinations of these additives , and especially : wetting agents ; depigmenting agents such as hydroquinone , azelaic acid , caffeic acid or kojic acid ; emollients ; hydrating agents such as glycerol , peg 400 , thiamorpholinone , and its derivatives or alternatively urea ; antiseborrhoeic or antiacne agents , such as s - carboxymethylcysteine , s - benzylcysteamine , their salts and their derivatives , or benzoyl peroxide ; antibiotics such as erythromycin and its esters , neomycin , clindamycin and its esters , tetracyclines ; antifungal agents such as ketoconazole or 4 , 5 - polymethylene - 3 - isothiazolidones ; agents promoting the regrowth of the hair , such as minoxidil ( 2 , 4 - diamino - 6 - piperidinopyrimidine - 3 - oxide ) and its derivatives , diazoxide ( 7 - chloro - 3 - methyl - 1 , 2 , 4 - benzothiadiazine - 1 , 1 - dioxide ) and phenytoin ( 5 , 5 - diphenylimidazolidine - 2 , 4 - dione ); non - steroidal anti - inflammatory agents ; carotenoids and , especially , β - carotene ; anti - psoriatic agents such as anthralin and its derivatives ; and finally eicosa - 5 , 8 , 11 , 14 - tetraynoic and eicosa - 5 , 8 , 11 - trynoic acids , their esters and amides . the compositions according to the invention can likewise contain flavour - improving agents , preservatives such as the esters of parahydroxybenzoic acid , stabilizers , moisture regulators , ph regulators , osmotic pressure modifying agents , emulsifiers , uv - a and uv - b filters , antioxidants , such as α - tocopherol , butylhydroxyanisole or butylhydroxytoluene . there will now be given , by way of illustration and without any limiting character , several examples of obtainment of active compounds of formula ( i ) according to the invention , as well as various actual formulations based on such compounds . a 3 . 6 % solution of sodium perchlorate is added dropwise to a mixture of 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid ( 1 , 2 . 75 g , 0 . 92 mol ), sodium ( 3 . 7 g , 0 . 92 mol ), sodium iodide ( 13 . 85 g , 0 . 92 mol ) in methanol ( 350 ml ) at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for two hours at 0 ° c . 100 ml of a solution of 10 % sodium thiosulphate are added . after stirring , the mixture is acidified to ph 1 with hydrochloric acid . it is extracted with 600 ml of ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with 400 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmso , 250 mhz ): 6 . 74 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 71 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 8 . 13 ( 1h ar , s ), 10 . 16 ( 1h , s ), 11 . 12 ( 1h , s ). a solution of 3 - iodo - 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid ( 28 . 76 g , 0 . 11 mol ) and sulphuric acid ( 6 . 6 ml ) in methanol ( 160 ml ) is heated to reflux for 6 h . 300 ml of water are added and the mixture is alkalized to neutrality with sodium bicarbonate . it is extracted with ethyl ether ( 600 ml ). the organic phase is washed twice with 400 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 10 %, ch 2 cl 2 90 %) white solid . mass : 19 . 1 g . yield : 63 %. m . p . : 133 ° c . ( c ) methyl 4 -[( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthoyl ) methyloxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate . a solution of 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - bromoacetonaphthone ( 9 . 8 g , 0 . 032 mol ), methyl 4 - hydroxy - 3 - iodobenzoate ( 8 . 8 g , 0 . 032 mol ) and potassium carbonate ( 8 . 5 g , 0 . 062 mol ) in methyl ethyl ketone ( 450 ml ) is heated to reflux for 1 day . the reaction mixture is filtered , then concentrated in a rotary evaporator . 500 ml of water and 500 ml of ethyl ether are added . after stirring and separation , the organic phase is washed twice with 500 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 10 %, heptane 90 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 32 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 71 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 40 ( 2h , s ), 6 . 70 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 43 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 7 . 74 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 7 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 7 , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 98 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 hz ), 8 . 48 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 3 hz ). a 30 % solution of sodium methoxide ( 2 . 67 g , 14 . 83 mmol ) is added in 8 hours to a mixture of methyl 4 -[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthoyl )- methyloxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate ( 7 . 50 g , 14 . 8 mmol ) and methyltryphenylphosphine bromide ( 7 . 30 g , 20 . 42 mmol ) in thf ( 80 ml ). the solution is stirred at ambient temperature for 18 h . the mixture is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . it is extracted with 90 ml of ethyl ether and 90 ml of water . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with 90 ml of water , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 70 %, heptane 30 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 99 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 55 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 59 ( 1h , s ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 33 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 38 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 8 . 00 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 7 , j = 2 hz ), 8 . 48 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 hz ) 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 31 . 79 , 31 . 90 , 34 . 16 , 34 . 33 , 34 . 96 , 35 . 10 , 52 . 09 , 70 . 81 , 85 . 85 , 111 . 35 , 112 . 73 , 114 . 05 , 123 . 33 , 124 . 17 , 124 . 46 , 126 . 71 , 129 . 67 , 131 . 45 , 131 . 74 , 135 . 23 , 141 . 06 , 141 . 99 , 145 . 05 , 145 . 10 , 160 . 67 , 165 . 47 . a mixture of tributhylamine ( 2 . 28 ml , 9 . 6 mmol ), palladium diacetate ( 0 . 06 g , 0 . 3 mmol ), formic acid ( 0 . 29 ml , 7 . 4 mmol ) and methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl ]- 1 - propenylloxy benzoate ( 1 . 37 g , 2 . 72 mmol ) in acetonitrile ( 25 ml ) is heated at 95 ° c . for 4 h . the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 40 ml of water and 40 ml of ethyl ether are added . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with 20 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 50 % heptane 50 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 20 to 1 . 24 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 65 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 83 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 96 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 , j = 2 hz ), 7 . 19 to 7 . 24 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 73 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 92 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 , j = 2 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 26 . 63 , 31 . 99 , 32 . 08 , 32 . 11 , 34 . 18 , 35 . 21 , 35 . 32 , 49 . 45 , 52 . 04 , 87 . 37 , 109 . 82 , 123 . 31 , 123 . 98 , 124 . 36 , 126 . 46 , 126 . 85 , 131 . 41 , 136 . 62 , 142 . 56 , 143 . 49 , 145 . 04 , 163 . 91 , 167 . 19 . a mixture of methyl 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )-( 3 - methyl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylate ( 510 mg , 135 mmol ), sodium hydroxide ( 0 . 33 g , 7 . 9 mmol ), and lithium hydroxide ( 0 . 33 g , 7 . 9 mmol ) is stirred 5 days at ambient temperature . it is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 10 ml of water and 10 ml of ethyl acetate are added again . the mixture is acidified to ph 1 with a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with 10 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the solid obtained is washed with heptane . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmso , 250 mhz ): 1 . 20 to 1 . 23 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 64 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 83 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 44 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , d , j = 7 . 5 hz ), 6 . 96 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 , j = 2 hz ), 7 . 19 to 7 . 24 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 73 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 92 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 , j = 2 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmso , 250 mhz ): 26 . 26 , 31 . 63 , 31 . 72 , 31 . 75 , 33 . 83 , 34 . 25 , 34 . 96 , 35 . 06 , 49 . 14 , 87 . 01 , 109 . 34 , 123 . 36 , 123 . 74 , 124 . 03 , 126 . 41 , 126 . 52 , 131 . 38 , 136 . 25 , 142 . 39 , 143 . 02 , 144 . 60 , 163 . 59 , 167 . 90 . 7 . 7 ml of a 1m solution of borane in thf are added dropwise at 0 ° c . to a solution of 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylic acid ( 1 . 7 g , 4 . 7 mol ) in thf ( 10 ml ). the mixture is stirred for 4 hours at ambient temperature and then 2 ml of a solution of thf and water ( 1 : 1 ) are added . after concentration in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the mixture is extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic phase is washed with water , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate , concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 20 to 1 . 25 ( 12h , m ) 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 72 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 47 ( 1h , s ), 4 . 44 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 59 ( 2h , s ), 4 . 60 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 84 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 05 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 17 to 7 . 22 ( 3h ar , m ). 13 c [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 25 . 86 , 31 . 39 , 31 . 48 , 31 . 51 , 33 . 55 , 33 . 97 , 34 . 65 , 34 . 75 , 49 . 25 , 65 . 05 , 86 . 02 , 109 . 29 , 123 . 07 , 123 . 45 , 123 . 78 , 126 . 11 , 127 . 26 , 133 . 18 , 135 . 93 , 142 . 38 , 142 . 65 , 144 . 27 , 159 . 00 . a mixture of alcohol obtained above ( 1 g , 2 . 86 mmol ) pyridinium dichromate 2 . 15 g , 5 . 7 mmol ) in dichloromethane is stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h . after filtration and concentration in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator , the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 20 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 76 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 57 ( d , 1h , j = 8 . 9 ), 4 . 73 ( d , 1h , j = 8 . 9 ), 6 . 96 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 00 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 25 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 59 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 5 hz ), 7 . 74 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 hz , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 9 . 83 ( 1h , s ). 13 c [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 26 . 44 , 31 . 77 , 31 . 87 , 31 . 91 , 33 . 99 , 34 . 39 , 34 . 98 , 35 . 09 , 49 . 04 , 87 . 45 , 110 . 26 , 123 . 74 , 124 . 12 , 125 . 52 , 126 . 75 , 130 . 90 , 132 . 95 , 137 . 68 , 141 . 99 , 143 . 48 , 144 . 94 , 155 . 10 , 190 . 67 . 80 % sodium hydride in oil ( 41 mg , 1 . 38 mmol ) is added to a mixture of aldehyde obtained above and triethylphosphonoacetate ( 0 . 27 ml , 1 . 38 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ). the mixture is stirred for 4 h at ambient temperature , extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water . after drying the organic phase is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator , the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 18 to 1 . 33 ( 15h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 22 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 4 . 49 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 63 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 24 ( 1h , d , 15 . 8 hz ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 6 . 99 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 hz , j = 2 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 24 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 36 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 62 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 8 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 14 . 36 , 26 . 34 , 31 . 79 , 31 . 91 , 33 . 99 , 34 . 40 , 35 . 03 , 35 . 14 , 49 . 47 , 60 . 25 , 86 . 93 , 110 . 23 , 115 . 24 , 123 . 79 , 124 . 21 , 126 . 66 , 127 . 83 , 129 . 67 , 137 . 10 , 142 . 32 , 143 . 32 , 144 . 71 , 144 . 86 , 161 . 79 , 167 . 38 . a mixture of methyl 3 -[ 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate ( 330 mg , 0 . 79 mmol ), a 2n methanolic sodium hydroxide solution ( 4 ml , 7 . 9 mmol ) in thf ( 3 ml ) is heated for 5 hours at 60 ° c . the mixture is acidified to ph 1 with a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution , extracted with ethyl acetate and washed with water . after drying the organic phase is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator , the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . yellow solid . mass : 45 mg , yield : 58 %. m . p . 160 ° c . nmr δ ppm : 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 50 ( 2h , q , j = 7 hz ), 4 . 64 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 63 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 27 ( 1h , d , 15 . 8 hz ), 6 . 88 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 6 . 99 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 24 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 38 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 69 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 8 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 26 . 35 , 31 . 78 , 31 . 89 , 33 . 96 , 34 . 38 , 35 . 02 , 35 . 11 , 49 . 43 , 86 . 93 , 110 . 27 , 115 . 05 , 123 . 74 , 124 . 06 , 124 . 16 , 126 . 65 , 127 . 68 , 129 . 92 , 137 . 11 , 142 . 26 , 143 . 31 , 144 . 86 , 146 . 24 , 161 . 98 , 172 . 16 . tetrabromomethane ( 1 . 22 g , 3 . 67 mmol ) is added to a mixture of triphenylphosphine ( 1 . 93 g , 7 . 35 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 10 ml ) at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 1 h , then a solution of 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde ( 850 mg , 2 . 45 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 2 ml ) is added at 0 ° c . the stirring is continued for 2 h at ambient temperature , then the suspension is concentrated in vacuo in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by chromatography on a silica column . a 1 . 6 m butyllithium solution ( 2 . 35 ml , 3 . 55 mmol ) is added to a solution of 5 -( 2 , 2 - dibromovinyl )- 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran ( 860 mg , 1 . 71 mmol ) in thf ( 20 ml ) at - 78 ° c . stirring is continued for 1 h at - 78 ° c . and then carbon dioxide is bubbled in for 15 min . the temperature is allowed to return to ambient temperature . the solution is treated with ethyl acetate and with a solution of ammonium chloride , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the solid obtained is recrystallized in a heptane / ethyl ether mixture . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 22 to 1 . 25 ( 12h , d ) 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 71 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 50 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 67 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 64 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 6 . 94 ( 1h ar , dd ), 7 . 13 to 7 . 24 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 45 ( 1h ar , dd ). a mixture of calcium carbonate ( 100 mg , 1 mmol ), palladium diacetate ( 10 mg , 0 . 05 mmol ), sodium formate ( 68 mg , 1 mmol ), methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl ]- 1 - propenyloxy benzoate ( 250 mg , 05 mmol ), ( s )-(-)- 2 , 2 &# 39 ;- bis ( diphenylphosphino )- 1 , 1 &# 39 ;- binaphthyl ( 65 mg , 0 . 1 mmol ), and silver zeolite ( aldrich 35 , 860 - 9 ) in acetonitrile ( 7 ml ) is heated at 60 ° c . for 4 d . the reaction mixture is filtered on celite and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . water and ethyl ether are added . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . white solid . mass : 75 mg , yield : 40 %. α d [ chcl 3 ]: + 116 . the remainder of the synthesis is identical to that of the racemic mixture ( example 1 ). the remainder of the synthesis is identical to that of the racemic mixture ( example 1 ). the experimental procedure is analogous to hat followed for example 1c applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 - hydroxybenzoate and 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 2 - bromoacetonaphthone . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 31 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 70 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 49 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 30 ( 2h , s ), 7 . 19 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 30 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 37 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 63 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 hz ) the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1d applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 - oxo - 2 -( 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronapthalen - 2 - yl ) ethoxy ] benzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ) 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 29 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 75 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 6 hz ), 5 . 77 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 6 hz ), 6 . 79 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 09 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 13 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 98 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 7 hz , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 8 . 47 ( 1h ar , d , hz ) the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -( 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ] benzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 1 . 24 to 1 . 28 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 76 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 92 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 85 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 52 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 4 . 81 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 32 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 65 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 92 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 4 hz , j = 1 . 8 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 21 . 15 ( ch 3 ), 29 . 52 ( ch 3 ) 31 . 61 ( ch 3 ttnn ), 31 . 71 ( ch 3 ttnn ), 31 . 88 ( cch 3 ttnn ) 31 . 95 ( ch 3 ttnn ), 33 . 72 ( c . ttnn ), 34 . 07 ( c ttnn ), 35 . 14 ( ch 2 ttnn ), 35 . 22 ( ch 2 ttnn ), 49 . 28 ( c ), 51 . 82 ( och 3 ) 85 . 32 ( ch 2 o ), 109 . 30 ( ch ar ), 122 . 78 ( c ar ), 125 . 14 ( ch ar ), 124 . 36 ( ch ar ), 125 . 96 ( ch ar ), 130 . 77 ( ch ar ), 131 . 12 ( ch ar ), 131 . 56 ( c ar ), 133 . 53 ( c ar ), 138 . 60 ( c ar ), 141 . 86 ( c ar ), 143 . 64 ( c ar ), 163 . 67 ( c -- o ar ), 167 . 29 ( coo ). a 1m solution of diisobutylaluminium hydride in toluene ( 5 . 82 ml , 5 . 82 mmol ) is added dropwise at 0 ° c . to a solution of methyl 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylate ( 1 g , 2 . 55 mmol ) in toluene ( 30 ml ). the solution is stirred for 1 h at 0 ° c ., then treated with a solution of double tartrate of sodium and potassium , filtered on celite and taken up again in a mixture of ethyl ether and water . the organic phase is washed with water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . a mixture of alcohol obtained above ( 1 g , 2 . 55 mmol ) pyridinium dichromate ( 2 g , 5 . 3 mmol ) in dichloromethane is stirred at ambient temperature for 4 h . after filtration and concentration in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator , the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 1 . 25 to 1 . 27 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 78 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 56 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 2 hz ), 4 . 85 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 2 hz ), 6 . 95 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 02 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 32 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 52 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 72 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 7 hz , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 9 . 82 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 1 . 25 to 1 . 33 ( 15h , m ), 1 . 68 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 76 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 94 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 21 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 2 hz ), 4 . 49 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 4 . 78 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 6 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 6 . 83 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 02 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 15 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 31 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 34 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 61 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ). a solution of ethyl 3 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( 3 , 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - pentamethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate ( 320 mg , 0 . 74 mmol ), water ( 40 μl ) and sodium hydroxide ( 240 mg , 6 mmol ) in thf is heated to reflux for 24 h . the reaction mixture is poured onto an acoet / water mixture , acidified to ph = 1 with a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution , and extracted once with ethyl acetate . after separation the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the solid obtained is crystallized in heptane . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 24 to 1 . 27 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 68 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 77 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 95 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 50 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 4 . 79 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 6 . 22 ( 1h , d , j =-- 5 . 9 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 03 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 17 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 31 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 37 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 70 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 21 . 1 , 29 . 2 , 31 . 5 , 31 . 7 , 31 . 8 , 31 . 9 , 33 . 6 , 33 . 9 , 35 . 0 , 35 . 1 , 49 . 4 , 84 . 8 , 109 . 8 , 115 . 7 , 123 . 4 , 125 . 0 , 127 . 4 , 129 . 5 , 130 . 6 , 133 . 1 , 137 . 1 , 138 . 7 , 141 . 7 , 143 . 4 , 144 . 5 , 161 . 4 , 168 . 9 , 186 . 4 . the experimenal procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1c applied to methyl 2 - bromo - 1 - naphthalen - 2 - yl - ethanone and 4 - hydroxy - 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 51 ( 2h , s ) 6 . 77 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 58 to 8 . 05 ( 8h ar , m ), 8 . 48 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 05 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1d applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -( naphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 - oxoethoxy ) benzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 12 ( 2h , s ) 5 . 71 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 80 ( 1h , s ), 6 . 92 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 48 to 7 . 52 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 63 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , 9 . 7 hz ), 7 . 852 to 7 . 99 ( 3h ar , m ), 8 . 01 (! h ar , dd , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 8 . 48 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 2 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -( naphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ] benzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ) 4 . 62 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 80 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 93 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 7 . 34 ( 1h , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 45 to 7 . 49 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 71 to 7 . 73 ( 2h , m ), 7 . 78 to 7 . 82 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 97 ( 1h , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 5 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 8d applied to methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -( naphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ] benzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 67 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 4 . 85 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 7 . 02 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 36 ( 1h , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 46 to 7 . 50 ( 3h , m ), 7 . 60 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 74 to 7 . 82 ( 4h , m ), 8 . 82 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 - methyl - 3 -( naphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 28 ( 3h , t , j = 7 hz ), 1 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 20 ( 2h , q , j = 7 hz ), 4 . 59 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 76 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 6 . 92 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 35 to 7 . 49 ( 4h , m ), 7 . 61 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 7 . 74 to 7 . 82 ( 4h , m ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied to ethyl 3 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( naphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 59 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 76 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 21 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 92 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 22 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 33 to 7 . 93 ( 9h , m ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1c applied to 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 8 , 8 - dimethyl - 2 - bromoacetonaphthone and to methyl 4 - hydroxy - 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 31 ( 5h , s ), 1 . 66 to 1 . 71 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 79 to 1 . 89 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 82 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 1 hz ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 39 ( 2h , s ), 6 . 71 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 7 . 16 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 0 hz ), 7 . 69 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 7 hz , j = 8 . 0 hz ), 7 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 8 hz , j = 2 . 0 hz ), 7 . 99 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 8 . 47 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 0 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1d applied to methyl 4 -[ 2 -( 8 , 8 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 - oxoethoxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 65 to 1 . 69 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 77 to 1 . 86 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 77 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 1 hz ), 3 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 99 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 55 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 57 ( 1h , s ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 6 hz ), 7 . 05 ( 1h ar , d , j = 7 . 9 hz ), 7 . 17 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 7 . 9 hz , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 40 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 99 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 6 hz , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 8 . 47 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 1 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to methyl 4 -[ 2 -( 8 , 8 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 22 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 25 ( 3h , s ) 1 . 62 to 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 75 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 77 to 1 . 83 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 73 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 3 hz ), 3 . 84 ( 3h , 5 ), 4 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 89 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 5 hz ), 6 . 9 to 7 . 00 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 25 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 72 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 4 , j = 1 . 9 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ) d : 19 . 61 ( ch 2 ), 26 . 41 ( ch 3 ), 30 . 26 ( ch 2 ttnn ), 31 . 84 and 31 . 87 ( ch 3 ttnn ), 34 . 00 ( c ttnn ), 39 . 25 ( ch 2 ttnn ), 49 . 33 ( c ), 57 . 76 ( och 3 ), 87 . 19 ( ch 2 o ), 109 . 62 ( ch ar ), 123 . 20 ( c ar ), 123 . 51 ( ch ar ), 124 . 32 ( ch ar ), 126 . 13 ( ch ar ), 129 . 20 ( ch ar ), 131 . 23 ( ch ar ), 134 . 70 ( c ar ), 136 . 44 ( c ar ), 142 . 92 ( c ar ), 145 . 88 ( c ar ), 163 . 68 ( c -- o ar ), 166 . 89 ( coo ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 8d applied to methyl 3 -( 8 , 8 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 62 to 1 . 67 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 76 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 76 to 1 . 83 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 73 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 2 hz ), 4 . 58 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 72 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 91 to 7 . 01 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 24 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 57 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 74 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 9 . 82 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 -( 8 , 8 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 22 to 1 . 33 ( 9h , m ), 1 . 62 to 1 . 67 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 74 to 1 . 81 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 73 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 4 hz ), 4 . 21 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 4 . 50 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 62 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 23 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 88 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 96 to 7 . 01 ( 2h , ar , m ), 7 . 20 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 26 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 36 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 61 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 14 . 3 , 19 . 6 , 26 . 3 , 30 . 3 , 31 . 9 , 34 . 0 , 39 . 2 , 49 . 5 , 60 . 3 , 87 . 0 , 110 . 2 , 115 . 2 , 123 . 6 , 124 . 4 , 127 . 9 , 129 . 2 , 129 . 7 , 134 . 8 , 137 . 1 , 142 . 9 , 144 . 7 , 145 . 9 , 161 . 7 , 167 . 4 . the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied [ lacuna ] ethyl 3 -[ 3 -( 8 , 8 ,- dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 0 . 98 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 01 ( 3h , s ) 1 . 38 to 1 . 43 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 51 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 51 to 1 . 57 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 49 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 1 hz ), 4 . 27 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 38 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 5 . 97 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 63 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 68 to 6 . 77 ( 2h ar , m ), 6 . 97 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 6 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 12 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 7 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 33 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 20 . 1 , 26 . 8 , 30 . 1 , 32 . 3 , 34 . 4 , 39 . 7 , 49 . 9 , 87 . 5 , 110 . 8 , 114 . 7 , 124 . 0 , 124 . 5 , 124 . 8 , 127 . 9 , 129 . 7 , 130 . 6 , 135 . 2 , 137 . 7 , 143 . 2 , 146 . 3 , 147 . 5 , 162 . 6 , 173 . 5 . a solution of bromoacetyl bromide ( 24 . 7 g , 0 . 28 mol ) in 200 ml of ch 2 cl 2 is added dropwise to a solution of aluminium chloride ( 51 . 5 g , 0 . 39 mol ) in 100 ml of ch 2 cl 2 at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 1 h at 0 ° c ., then a solution of 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 3 - bromo - 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 2 - acetonaphthone ( 60 g , 0 . 25 mol ) in ch 2 cl 2 ( 100 ml ) is added dropwise . the stirring is continued for 2 h and then the mixture is poured onto water and ice and extracted with ch 2 cl 2 . the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 1 ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 63 to 1 . 68 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 76 to 1 . 84 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 73 ( 2h , t , j = 6 hz ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 26 ( 2h , s ), 6 . 72 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 6 hz ), 7 . 24 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 53 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 97 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 0 hz , j = 8 . 6 hz ), 8 . 44 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 0 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1c applied to 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 3 - bromo - 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 2 - bromoacetonaphthone and to methyl 4 - hydroxy - 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 63 to 1 . 68 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 76 to 1 . 84 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 73 ( 2h , t , j = 6 hz ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 26 ( 2h , s ), 6 . 72 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 6 hz ), 7 . 24 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 53 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 97 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 0 hz , j = 8 . 6 hz ), 8 . 44 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 0 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1d applied to methyl 4 -[ 2 -( 3 - bromo - 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 - oxoethoxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 62 to 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 77 to 1 . 81 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 69 ( 2h , t , j = 6 hz ), 3 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 86 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 28 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 70 ( 1h , s ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 98 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 49 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 98 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 0 hz , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 8 . 45 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 0 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to methyl 4 -[ 2 -( 3 - bromo - 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- allyloxy ]- 3 - iodobenzoate doubling the molar equivalents of tributylamine and formic acid . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 18 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 55 to 1 . 59 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 66 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 69 to 1 . 74 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 61 ( 2h , t , j = 6 hz ), 3 . 78 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 44 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 61 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 88 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 6 . 91 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 2 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 23 to 7 . 27 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 74 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 2 hz ), 7 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 4 , j = 2 . 2 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 8d applied to methyl 3 -( 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronapthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 18 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 19 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 53 to 1 . 58 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 67 to 1 . 74 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 65 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 3 hz ), 4 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 6 . 76 to 6 . 96 ( 3h , m ), 6 . 18 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 51 ( 1h ar , d . j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 65 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . s hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 9 . 75 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 -( 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 26 to 1 . 33 ( 9h , s ), 1 . 62 to 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 72 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 76 to 1 . 79 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 72 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 2 hz ), 4 . 22 ( 2h , q , j = 7 hz ), 4 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 65 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 24 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 72 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , d ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 27 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 35 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 61 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied to ethyl 3 -[ 3 -( 5 , 5 - dimethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 62 to 1 . 66 ( 2h , m ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 72 to 1 . 79 ( 2h , m ), 2 . 72 ( 2h , t , j = 6 . 2 hz ), 4 . 49 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 25 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 88 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 94 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 02 ( 1h ar , d ), 7 . 25 to 7 . 28 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 38 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 71 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). a 3 . 6 % sodium perchlorate solution is added dropwise to a mixture of 4 - hydroxybenzoic acid ( 2 . 55 g , 18 . 5 mmol ), sodium hydroxide ( 0 . 74 g , 18 . 5 mmol ), sodium iodide ( 2 . 77 g , 18 . 5 mmol ) in methanol ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for two hours at 0 ° c . 20 ml of a 10 % sodium thiosulphate solution are added . after stirring , the mixture is acidified to ph 1 with hydrochloric acid . it is extracted with 100 ml of ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with 80 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmso , 250 mhz ): 7 . 13 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 08 hz , j = 7 . 55 hz ), 7 . 41 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 08 hz ), 7 . 76 ( 1h ar , d , j = 7 . 55 hz ), 10 . 71 ( 1h , s ), 12 . 96 ( 1h , s ). a solution of 4 - iodo 3 - hydroxybenzoic acid ( 2 . 71 g , 10 mmol ) and sulphuric acid ( 0 . 7 ml ) in methanol ( 17 ml ) is heated to reflux for 6 h . 20 ml of water are added and the mixture is alkalinized to neutrality with sodium bicarbonate . it is extracted with ethyl ether ( 60 ml ). the organic phase is washed with twice 30 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 50 %, heptane 50 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 3 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 70 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 33 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 16 hz ), 7 . 64 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 75 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 16 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1c applied to 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - bromoacetonaphthone and to methyl 3 - hydroxy - 4 - iodobenzoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 31 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 32 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 71 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 88 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 42 ( 2h , s ), 7 . 35 to 7 . 41 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 43 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 25 hz ), 7 . 74 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 25 , j = 2 . 5 hz ), 7 . 90 ( 1h ar , d , j = 7 . 5 hz ) 7 . 98 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 5 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1d applied to methyl 4 - iodo - 3 -[ 2 - oxo - 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) ethoxy ] benzoate . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 60 %, heptane 40 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 98 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 58 ( 2h , s ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 41 ( 4h ar , m ), 7 . 50 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 15 hz ), 7 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 00 ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 31 . 34 , 31 . 44 , 33 . 71 , 33 . 88 , 34 . 55 , 34 . 69 , 51 . 86 , 70 . 47 , 92 . 84 , 112 . 25 , 113 . 66 , 123 . 01 , 123 . 06 , 123 . 89 , 131 . 08 , 135 . 05 , 139 . 12 , 142 . 01 , 144 . 53 , 156 . 85 , 166 . 05 . the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to methyl 4 - iodo - 3 -( 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ] benzoate . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 60 % heptane 40 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ) 1 . 20 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 22 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 25 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 75 hz ), 4 . 62 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 75 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 25 hz ), 7 . 09 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 18 to 7 . 24 ( 2 h ar , m ), 7 . 52 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 63 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 00 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 26 . 16 , 31 . 77 , 31 . 87 , 33 . 96 , 34 . 37 , 35 . 01 , 35 . 10 , 49 . 79 , 52 . 09 , 86 . 48 , 110 . 82 , 122 . 84 , 123 . 67 , 123 . 93 , 124 . 30 , 126 . 60 , 130 . 56 , 141 . 35 , 142 . 15 , 143 . 32 , 144 . 88 , 159 . 80 , 166 . 97 . the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 8d applied to methyl 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 6 - carboxylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 20 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 23 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 5h , s ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 75 ( 37 , s ), 4 . 51 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h , dd , j = 2 . 1 hz ), j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 16 to 7 . 25 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 36 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 3 hz ), 7 . 44 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 3 hz , j = 7 . 6 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 6 - carbaldehyde . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 21 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 23 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 34 ( 3h , t , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 26 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 4 . 47 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 61 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 39 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 6 . 98 to 7 . 06 ( 4h ar , m ), 7 . 19 to 7 . 25 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 9 . 95 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied [ lacuna ] ethyl 3 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 6 - yl ]- acrylate . white solid . mass : 1 . 05 g . yield : 80 %. m . p .= 190 ° c . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 22 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 23 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 62 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 42 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ), 6 . 98 to 7 . 09 ( 4h ar , m ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 25 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 78 ( 1h , d , j = 16 hz ). a mixture of palladium diacetate ( 345 mg , 0 . 46 mmol ), tributylvinyltin ( 1 . 3 ml , 4 . 56 mmol ), tributylamine ( 675 μl , 4 . 56 mmol ) and methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -[ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl ]- 1 - propenyloxybenzoate ( 2 . 3 g , 4 . 56 mmol ) in acetonitrile ( 50 ml ) is heated at 70 ° c . for 8 d adding tributylvinyltin ( 0 . 8 ml ) again every 24 h . the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator and treated with water and ethyl ether . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with 40 ml of water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 70 % heptane 30 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 22 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ) 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 88 ( 2h , d , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 3 . 86 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 63 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 4 . 69 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 5 . 03 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 5 . 4 ), 5 . 58 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 84 to 6 . 90 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 24 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 91 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 9 hz ), 7 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ). the experimental protocol is analogous to that followed for example 8d applied to methyl 3 -[ 3 - allyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ]- carboxylate . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( acoet 10 % heptane 90 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 22 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ) 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 88 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 3 hz ), 4 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 4 . 73 ( 1h , d , j = 9 . 1 hz ), 5 . 04 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 08 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 57 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 93 to 7 . 01 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 25 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 64 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 25 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 9 . 87 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 -[ 3 - allyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] carbaldehyde . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( acoet 80 % heptane 80 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 18 to 1 . 34 ( 15h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 86 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 4 . 23 ( 2h , q , j = 7 hz ), 4 . 58 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 4 . 64 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 5 . 03 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 3 hz ), 5 . 80 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 25 ( 1h , d , 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 27 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 37 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 8 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 67 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 8 hz ). a solution of ethyl 3 -[ 3 - allyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate ( 790 mg , 1 . 78 mmol ) and sodium hydroxide ( 720 mg , 17 . 8 mmol ) in thf ( 20 ml ) is heated to reflux for 24 h . the mixture is treated with water and ethyl acetate , and acidified to ph 1 with a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the solid obtained is washed with heptane . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 23 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ) 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 2 . 87 ( 2h , t , j = 7 . 6 hz ), 4 . 60 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 4 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 9 hz ), 5 . 04 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 08 ( 1h , d , j = 3 hz ), 5 . 58 ( 1h , m ), 6 . 25 ( 1h , d , 15 . 8 hz ), 6 . 87 ( 1h , ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 22 to 7 . 29 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 40 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 73 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 8 hz ). a 1 . 6m methyllithium solution in ethyl ether ( 3 . 4 ml , 5 . 4 mmol ) is added to a solution of 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carboxylic acid ( example 2 ) ( 900 mg , 4 . 47 mmol ) in thf ( 50 ml ) at - 20 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 4 h at - 20 ° c . and is then poured onto ethyl acetate and a 1n hydrochloric acid solution . the organic phase is washed 2 times with water , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 21 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 24 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 75 ( 3h , s ), 2 . 53 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 53 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 68 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 90 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 6 . 98 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 hz , j = 2 hz ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 25 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 69 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 7 . 86 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 hz , j = 2 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 26 . 5 ,, 31 . 8 , 31 . 9 , 34 . 0 , 35 . 0 , 35 . 1 , 49 . 25 , 87 . 3 , 109 . 6 , 123 . 8 , 124 . 2 , 125 . 0 , 126 . 7 , 130 . 6 , 131 . 2 , 136 . 8 , 142 . 2 , 143 . 4 , 144 . 9 , 163 . 9 , 196 . 7 . a solution of buli in hexane 2 . 5 m ( 1 . 74 [ lacuna ], 4 . 3 mmol ) is added dropwise to a solution of diisopropylamine ( 639 μl , 4 . 6 mmol ) in thf ( 10 ml ) at - 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 15 min at - 0 ° c ., then methyl ( trimethylsilyl ) acetate ( 850 μl , 5 . 2 mmol ) is added at - 78 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 15 min at - 78 ° c . and then a solution of 1 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] ethanone ( 880 mg , 2 . 43 mmol ) in thf ( 5 ml ) is added at - 78 ° c . the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h at - 78 ° c . and then treated with ethyl acetate and an aqueous ammonium chloride solution . after separation the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( acoet 3 %, heptane 97 %). colourless oil . mass : 460 mg , yield : 44 %. 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmos , 250 mhz ): 1 . 17 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 20 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 60 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 71 ( 3h , s ), 2 . 49 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 64 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 47 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 63 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 12 ( 1h , s ), 6 . 89 ( 1h ar , d , j = 9 . 2 hz ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , dd ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 26 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 43 to 7 . 46 ( 2h ar , m ). the ( z ) isomer is separated from the ( e ) isomer during flash chromatography on a silica column ( acoet 3 %, heptane 97 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( dmso , 250 mhz ): 1 . 16 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 17 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 20 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 60 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 67 ( 3h , s ), 2 . 14 ( 3h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz ), 3 . 41 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 46 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 59 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 5 . 88 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 2 hz ), 6 . 82 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 7 . 00 to 7 . 10 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 18 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 . 1 hz ), 7 . 24 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied to methyl ( e )- 3 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] but - 2 - enoate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 21 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 24 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 2 . 56 ( 3h , d , j = 1 hz ), 4 . 48 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 4 . 60 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 10 ( 1h , d , j = 1 hz ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 00 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 1 hz , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 22 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 39 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 7 . 5 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 18 . 0 , 26 . 1 , 31 . 5 , 31 . 5 , 33 . 7 , 34 . 1 , 34 . 7 , 34 . 8 , 49 . 4 , 86 . 6 , 109 . 5 , 113 . 8 , 122 . 3 , 123 . 5 , 124 . 0 , 126 . 4 , 127 . 0 , 134 . 5 , 136 . 2 , 142 . 1 , 143 . 0 , 144 . 6 , 158 . 2 , 160 . 9 , 171 . 7 . a solution of 4 - hydroxy - 3 - nitrobenzoic acid ( 10 g , 54 . 6 mmol ) and concentrated sulphuric acid ( 1 . 8 ml ) in methanol ( 90 ml ) is heated to reflux for 8 h . the reaction mixture is treated with a sodium bicarbonate solution . after extraction with ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 80 % nah ( 1 . 93 g , 65 . 52 mmol ) is added to a methyl 4 - hydroxy - 3 - nitrobenzoate solution ( 10 . 5 g , 53 . 25 mmol ) in dm - 7 ( 50 ml ) at 0 ° c . stirring is continued for 30 min and then a dimethylthiocarbamoyl chloride solution ( 8 . 56 g , 69 . 2 mmol ) in dmf ( 50 ml ) is added dropwise at 0 ° c . the mixture is stirred for 24 h at ambient temperature and treated with an aqueous nh4cl solution and ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 30 %, heptane 70 %). methyl 4 - dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy - 3 - nitrobenzoate ( 10 . 6 g , 37 . 3 mmol ) is heated at 180 ° c . for 15 min . a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution is added dropwise at 0 ° c . to a mixture of iron ( 12 . 7 9 ) and methyl 4 - dimethylthiocarbamoyloxy - 3 - nitrobenzoate ( 10 . 6 g , 37 . 3 mmol ) in ethanol at 0 ° c . the reaction mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 5 h and then treated with a sodium bicarbonate solution . after extraction with dichloromethane , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 50 %, heptane 50 %). a solution of methyl 3 - amino - 4 - dimethylcarbamoylsulphanylbenzoate ( 5 . 98 g , 23 . 5 mmol ) isopentyl nitrite ( 16 . 2 ml ) in dilodomethane ( 138 ml ) is heated at 70 ° c . for 2 h . the diiodomethane is distilled at 10 - 1 atm . ; then the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 90 %, heptane 10 %). a mixture of methyl 4 - dimethylcarbamoylsulphanyl - 3 - iodobenzoate ( 3 . 9 g , 16 . 6 mmol ), potassium carbonate ( 2 g ,) in methanol is stirred for 12 h at ambient temperature . the mixture is treated with a concentrated hydrochloric acid solution qs ph = 1 . after extraction with dichloromethane , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 75 % nah ( 45 mg , 1 . 4 mmol ) is added to a solution of 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) acrylic acid ( 300 mg , 1 . 16 mmol ) { synthesis described in wo patent 9206948 } in dmf ( 10 ml ). stirring is continued for 1 h . at ambient temperature , then iodomethane ( 87 ul , 1 . 4 mmol ) is added dropwise . the mixture is stirred for 1 h . at ambient temperature , and treated with water and ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ethyl acetate 20 %, heptane 80 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 82 ( 3h , s ), 5 . 87 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 3 hz ), 6 . 30 ( 1h , d , j = 1 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 29 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 hz ), 7 . 35 ( 1h ar , d , j = 2 hz ). a 1m diisobutylaluminium hydride solution in toluene ( 2 . 78 ml , 2 . 78 mmol ) is added at 78 ° c ., dropwise , to a solution of methyl 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) acrylate ( 310 mg , 1 . 14 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 3 ml ). the solution is stirred for 1 h at 0 ° c ., then treated with a solution of double tartrate of sodium [ lacuna ] and filtered through silica . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 77 ( 4h , s ), 4 . 53 ( 2h , d , j = 5 . 4 hz ), 5 . 29 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 43 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 21 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 9 hz , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 29 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 38 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 9 hz ). tetrabromomethane ( 1 . 21 g , 3 . 8 mmol ) is added to a mixture of triphenylphosphine ( 970 mg , 3 . 8 mmol ) in ethyl ether ( 20 ml ). a solution of 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) prop - 2 - en - 1 - ol ( 300 mg , 1 . 2 mmol ) in ethyl ether ( 2 ml ) is added . stirring is continued for 24 h , then the reaction mixture is treated with water and ethyl acetate . the organic phase is washed with water and then concentrated in vacuo in a rotary evaporator . the oil obtained is taken up in heptane and filtered through silica . the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ); 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 31 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 78 ( 4h , s ), 4 . 37 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 44 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 55 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 23 to 7 . 28 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 44 ( 1h ar , s ). 75 % nah ( 115 mg , 3 . 58 mmol ) is added to a solution of methyl 3 - iodo - 4 - mercaptobenzoate ( 531 mg , 3 . 25 mmol ) in dmf ( 20 ml ) at 0 ° c . stirring is continued for 20 min at ambient temperature , then a solution of 6 -( 1 - bromomethylvinyl )- 1 , 1 , 4 , 4 - tetramethyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydronaphthalene ( 1 g , 3 . 25 mmol ) in dmf ( 5 ml ) is added dropwise . the mixture is stirred for 2 h at ambient temperature , and treated with an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution and ethyl ether . the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 50 % heptane 50 %). white solid . mass : 680 mg , yield : 54 %. m . p .= 142 ° c . 1 h ( lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 30 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 89 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 02 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 37 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 51 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 18 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 3 hz ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 31 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 39 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 7 . 91 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 8 . 3 hz , j = 1 . 7 hz ), 8 . 43 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 7 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 32 . 1 , 32 . 2 , 34 . 5 , 34 . 7 , 35 . 3 , 35 . 4 , 38 . 9 , 52 . 6 , 97 . 5 , 115 . 9 , 123 . 6 , 124 . 5 , 126 . 2 , 127 . 0 , 128 . 2 , 129 . 7 , 136 . 8 , 140 . 5 , 141 . 8 , 145 . 3 , 145 . 4 , 148 . 7 , 165 . 8 . a mixture of tributhylamine ( 881 ul , 3 . 7 mmol ), tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine ) palladium ( 367 mg , 0 . 32 mmol ), formic acid ( 63 ul , 1 . 7 mmol ) and methyl 3 - iodo - 4 -[ 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) allylsulphanyl ] benzoate ( 655 mg , 1 . 7 mmol ) in acetonitrile ( 25 ml ) is heated at 80 ° c . for 4 h . the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator treated with water and ethyl ether . after separation , the organic phase is washed twice with water , dried over magnesium sulphate , and concentrated in vacuo at ; 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 50 % heptane 50 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 19 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 23 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 26 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 76 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 39 ( 1h , d , j = 11 hz ), 3 . 64 ( 1h , d , j = 11 hz ), 3 . 84 ( 3h , s ), 6 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 hz , j = 8 . 4 hz ), 7 . 19 to 7 . 24 ( 2h arm ), 7 . 29 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 7 . 55 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 6 hz ), 7 . 85 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 7 , j = 8 . 1 hz ). 13 c [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 26 . 38 , 32 . 3 , 32 . 4 , 34 . 40 , 34 . 8 , 35 . 5 , 35 . 6 , 49 . 7 , 52 . 3 , 55 . 2 , 122 . 4 , 124 . 4 , 125 . 1 , 126 . 6 , 126 . 9 , 127 . 0 , 129 . 7 , 143 . 1 , 143 . 8 , 145 . 1 , 148 . 4 , 148 . 6 , 167 . 4 . a 1m diisobutylaluminium hydride solution in toluene ( 0 . 67 ml , 0 . 67 mmol ) is added at 0 ° c ., dropwise , to a solution of methyl 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzo [ b ] thiophene - 5 - carboxylate ( 121 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ) in toluene ( 5 ml ). the solution is stirred for 2 h at 0 ° c ., and then treated with a solution of double tartrate of sodium and potassium filtered and taken up in a mixture of ethyl ether and water . the organic phase is washed with water , dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . a mixture of alcohol obtained above ( 120 mg , 0 . 31 mmol ), manganese ( iv ) oxide ( 270 mg , 3 . 1 mmol ) in dichloromethane ( 5 ml ) is stirred at ambient temperature for 3 h . the manganese oxide is removed by filtration through silica . the product is obtained by concentration in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 11 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 17 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 20 ( gh , s ), 1 . 60 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 79 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 32 ( 1h , d , j = 11 . 3 hz ), 3 . 63 ( 1h , d , j = 11 . 3 hz ), 6 . 93 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 2 . 2 hz , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 14 to 7 . 18 ( 2h ar , m . ), 7 . 28 ( 1 - 8 , d , j = 15 hz ), 7 . 31 ( 1h ar , d , j = b hz ), 7 . 59 ( 1h ar , dd , j = 1 . 5 , j = 8 hz ), 9 . 76 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzo [ b ] thiophene - 5 - carbaldehyde . the product is purified by filtration on silica ( ch 2 cl 2 ) 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 19 to 1 . 33 ( 15h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 35 ( 1h , d , j = l1 hz ), 3 . 65 ( 1h , d , j = l1 hz ), 4 . 22 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 6 . 27 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 99 to 7 . 03 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 27 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 33 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 1 hz ), 7 . 57 ( 1h , dd , j = 1 . 5 , j = 8 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied to ethyl 3 -[ 3 - methyl - 3 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl )- 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzo [ b ] thiophen - 5 - yl ] acrylate . 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 19 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 25 ( 3h , s ), 1 . 27 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 75 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 35 ( 1h , d , j = 11 . 2 hz ), 3 . 66 ( 1h , d , j = 11 . 2 hz ), 6 . 26 ( 1h , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ), 7 . 00 to 7 . 03 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 37 ( 4h ar , m ), 7 . 67 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 23j applied to 5 - iodovanilin and to 6 -( 1 - bromomethylvinyl )- 1 , 1 , 4 , 4 - tetramethyl - 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 - tetrahydronaphthalene . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 50 % heptane 50 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] nmr ( cdcl 3 , 250 mhz ): 1 . 28 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 29 ( 6h , s ), 1 . 69 ( 4h , s ), 3 . 91 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 99 ( 2h , s ), 5 . 55 ( 1h , s ), 5 . 59 ( 1h , s ), 7 . 29 ( 2h ar , s ), 7 . 41 to 7 . 45 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 84 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 8 hz ), 9 . 83 ( 1h s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1e applied to 3 - iodo - 5 - methoxy - 4 -[ 2 -( 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydronaphthalen - 2 - yl ) allyloxy ] benzaldehyde . the product is purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( ch 2 cl 2 50 % heptane 50 %). 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 20 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 77 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 98 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 64 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 4 . 77 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 9 hz ), 6 . 99 ( 1h , dd , j = 2 . 2 hz , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 26 ( 3h ar , m ), 7 . 37 ( 1h ar , d , j = 1 . 3 hz ), 9 . 79 ( 1h , s ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 1i applied to 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 7 - methoxy - 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - carbaldehyde . the product is purified by filtration on silica ( ch 2 cl 2 ). 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 to 1 . 33 ( 15h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 94 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 23 ( 2h , q , j = 7 . 1 hz ), 4 . 55 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 69 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 26 ( 1h , d , 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 85 ( 1h ar , s ), 6 . 96 to 7 . 02 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 26 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 60 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). the experimental procedure is analogous to that followed for example 9 applied to ethyl 3 -[ 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 7 - methoxy - 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylate . the product is purified by crystallization . 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 to 1 . 26 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 67 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 74 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 95 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 57 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 70 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 25 ( 1h , d , 15 . 9 hz ), 6 . 88 ( 1h ar , s ), 6 . 99 to 7 . 03 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 21 to 7 . 26 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 69 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 9 hz ). a solution of 3 -[ 3 -( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 - tetrahydro - 5 , 5 , 8 , 8 - tetramethyl - 2 - naphthyl )- 7 - methoxy - 3 - methyl - 2 , 3 - dihydrobenzofuran - 5 - yl ] acrylic acid ( 150 mg , 0 . 357 mmol ), 1 - hydroxybenzotriazole ( 96 mg , 0 . 714 mmol ), 1 , 3 - dicyclohexylcarbodiimide ( 147 mg , 0 . 714 mmol ) and 4 - aminophenol ( 39 mg , 0 . 357 mmol ) in 5 ml of thf and 5 ml of dmf is stirred at ambient temperature for 15 hours . water and ethyl acetate are added . after stirring and separation , the aqueous phase is extracted with ethyl acetate . the organic phases are then combined and washed twice with water , then dried over magnesium sulphate and concentrated in vacuo at 40 ° c . in a rotary evaporator . the product is then purified by flash chromatography on a silica column ( heptane 50 %, ethyl acetate 50 %) 1 h [ lacuna ] ( cdcl 3 ): 1 . 21 to 1 . 25 ( 12h , m ), 1 . 66 ( 4h , s ), 1 . 73 ( 3h , s ), 3 . 92 ( 3h , s ), 4 . 54 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 4 . 67 ( 1h , d , j = 8 . 8 hz ), 6 . 34 ( 1h , d , 15 . 4 hz ), 6 . 77 ( 2h ar , d , j = 8 . 7 hz ), 6 . 87 ( 1h ar , s ), 6 . 94 ( 1h ar , s ), 7 . 01 ( 1h ar , d , j = 8 . 2 hz ), 7 . 20 to 7 . 24 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 32 to 7 . 36 ( 2h ar , m ), 7 . 63 ( 1h ar , d , j = 15 . 4 hz ). ( a ) the following composition is prepared in the form of a 0 . 8 g tablet ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 005 gpregelatinized starch 0 . 265 gmicrocrystalline cellulose 0 . 300 glactose 0 . 200 gmagnesium stearate 0 . 030 g______________________________________ for the treatment of acne , 1 to 3 tablets per day will be administered to an adult individual for 3 to 6 months according to the seriousness of the case treated . ( b ) a drinkable suspension is prepared which is intended to be packaged in 5 ml ampoules ______________________________________compound of example 2 0 . 050 gglycerol 0 . 500 g70 % sorbitol 0 . 500 gsodium saccharinate 0 . 010 gmethyl parahydroxybenzoate 0 . 040 gflavour q . s . purified water q . s . p . 5 ml______________________________________ for the treatment of acne , 1 ampoule per day will be administered to an adult individual for 3 months according to the seriousness of the case treated . ( c ) the following formulation intended to be packaged in gelatin capsules is prepared : ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 025 gcorn starch 0 . 060 glactose q . s . 0 . 300 g______________________________________ the gelatin capsules used are composed of gelatin , titanium oxide and a preservative . in the treatment of psoriasis , 1 gelatin capsule per day will be administered to an adult individual for 30 days . ______________________________________compound of example 2 0 . 100 gmixture of emulsive lanolin alcohols , 39 . 900 gwaxes and refined oils , sold by bdfunder the name &# 34 ; eucerine anhydre &# 34 ; methyl parahydroxybenzoate 0 . 075 gpropyl parahydroxybenzoate 0 . 075 gsterile demineralized water q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this cream will be applied to a psoriatic skin 1 to 2 times per day for 30 days . ( b ) a gel is prepared by carrying out the following formulation : ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 050 gerythromycin base 4 . 000 gbutylhydroxytoluene 0 . 050 ghydroxypropylcellulose sold by 2 . 000 ghercules under the name of &# 34 ; klucel hf &# 34 ; ethanol ( 95 °) q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this gel will be applied to a skin suffering from dermatosis or a skin with acne 1 to 3 times per day for 6 to 12 weeks according to the seriousness of the case treated . ( c ) an antiseborrhoeic lotion is prepared by proceeding with the mixture of the following ingredients : ______________________________________compound of example 2 0 . 030 gpropylene glycol 5 . 000 gbutylhydroxytoluene 0 . 100 gethanol ( 95 °) q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this lotion will be applied two times per day to a seborrhoeic scalp and a significant improvement is noted within a period of between 2 and 6 weeks . ( d ) a cosmetic composition against the harmful effects of the sun is prepared by proceeding with the mixture of the following ingredients : ______________________________________compound of example 1 1 . 000 gbenzylidene camphor 4 . 900 gfatty acid triglycerides 31 . 000 gglyceryl monostearate 6 . 000 gstearic acid 2 . 000 gcetyl alcohol 1 . 200 glanolin 4 . 000 gpreservatives 0 . 300 gpropylene glycol 2 . 000 gtriethanolamine 0 . 500 gperfume 0 . 400 gdemineralized water q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this composition will be applied daily , it allows light - induced aging to be combated , ______________________________________compound of example 2 0 . 500 gvitamin d3 0 . 020 gcetyl alcohol 4 . 000 gglyceryl monostearate 2 . 500 gpeg 50 stearate 2 . 500 9shea butter 9 . 200 gpropylene glycol 2 . 000 gmethyl parahydroxybenzoate 0 . 075 gpropyl parahydroxybenzoate 0 . 075 gsterile demineralized water q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this cream will be applied to a psoriatic skin 1 to 2 times per day for 30 days . ( f ) a topical gel is prepared by proceeding with the mixture of the following ingredients : ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 050 gethanol 43 . 000 gα - tocopherol 0 . 050 gcarboxyvinyl polymer sold under the name 0 . 500 g &# 34 ; carbopol 941 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; goodrich &# 34 ; triethanolamine in 20 % by weight 3 . 800 gaqueous solutionwater 9 . 300 gpropylene glycol qs 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this gel will be applied in the treatment of acne 1 to 3 times per day for 6 to 12 weeks according to the seriousness of the case treated . ( g ) an anti - hair loss hair lotion and lotion for the regrowth of the hair is prepared by proceeding with the mixture of the following ingredients : ______________________________________compound of example 2 0 . 05 gcompound sold under the name &# 34 ; minoxidil &# 34 ; 1 . 00 gpropylene glycol 20 . 00 gethanol 34 . 92 gpolyethylene glycol ( molecular mass = 400 ) 40 . 00 gbutylhydroxyanisole 0 . 01 gbutylhydroxytoluene 0 . 02 gwater qs 100 . 00 g______________________________________ this lotion will be applied 2 times per day for 3 months to a scalp which has undergone a significant loss of hair . ( h ) an anti - acne cream is prepared by proceeding with the mixture of the following ingredients : ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 050 gretinoic acid 0 . 010 gmixture of glyceryl stearates and of 15 . 000 gpolyethylene glycol ( 75 mol ) sold underthe name of &# 34 ; gelot 64 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; gattefosse &# 34 ; kernel oil polyoxyethylenated with 6 mol 8 . 000 gof ethylene oxide sold under the name of &# 34 ; labrafil m2130 cs &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; gattefosse &# 34 ; perhydrosqualene 10 . 000 gpreservatives qspolyethylene glycol ( molecular mass = 400 ) 8 . 000 gdisodium salt of ethylendiaminetetra - 0 . 050 gacetic acidpurified water qs 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this cream will be applied to a skin suffering from dermatitis or a skin with acne 1 to 3 times per day for 6 to 12 weeks . ( i ) an oil - in - water cream is prepared by producing the following formulation : ______________________________________compound of example 1 0 . 020 gbetamethasone 17 - valerate 0 . 050 gs - carboxymethylcysteine 3 . 000 gpolyoxyethylene stearate ( 40 mol of 4 . 000 gethylene oxide ) sold under the name of &# 34 ; myrj 52 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; atlas &# 34 ; sorbitan monolaurate , polyoxyethylenated 1 . 800 gwith 20 mol of ethylene oxide sold underthe name of &# 34 ; tween 20 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; atlas &# 34 ; mixture of mono and distearate of 4 . 200 gglycerol sold under the name of &# 34 ; geleol &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; gattefosse &# 34 ; propylene glycol 10 . 000 gbutylhydroxyanisole 0 . 010 gbutylhydroxytoluene 0 . 020 gcetostearyl alcohol 6 . 200 gpreservatives q . s . perhydrosqualene 18 . 000 gmixture of caprylic / capric triglycerides 4 . 000 gsold under the name of &# 34 ; miglyol 812 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; dynamit nobel &# 34 ; triethanolamine ( 99 % by weight ) 2 . 500 gwater q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this cream will be applied 2 times per day for 30 days on a skin suffering from dermatitis . ______________________________________lactic acid 5 . 000 gcompound of example 1 0 . 020 gpolyoxyethylene stearate ( 40 mol of 4 . 000 gethylene oxide ) sold under the nameof &# 34 ; myrj 52 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; atlas &# 34 ; sorbitan monolaurate , polyoxyethylenated 1 . 800 gwith 20 mol of ethylene oxide sold underthe name of &# 34 ; tween 20 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; atlas &# 34 ; mixture of mono and distearate of glycerol 4 . 200 gsold under the name of &# 34 ; geleol &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; gattefosse &# 34 ; propylene glycol 10 . 000 gbutylhydroxyanisole 0 . 010 gbutylhydroxytoluene 0 . 020 gcetostearyl alcohol 6 . 200 gpreservatives q . s . perhydrosqualene 18 . 000 gmixture of caprylic / capric triglycerides 4 . 000 gsold under the name of &# 34 ; miglyol 812 &# 34 ; by &# 34 ; dynamit nobel &# 34 ; water q . s . 100 . 000 g______________________________________ this cream will be applied 1 time per day , it helps to combat aging whether it is light - induced or chronological .	0
hereinafter , preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings so that they can be readily implemented by those skilled in the art . referring to fig3 a , depicted is a cross - sectional view of a construction of a split - gate type non - volatile memory device . a first electrode 16 with a capping film is formed on a substrate 10 , the capping film being formed by laminating a buffer oxide film 18 and a hard mask nitride film 20 . since a method of forming the first electrode 16 is identical with the conventional method , the description thereof will be omitted . further , fig3 a illustrates that , according to the present invention , the sidewall oxide film 22 shown in fig1 a is not formed at sidewalls of the first electrode 16 after the first electrode 16 is patterned . meanwhile , an electric charge storage layer 14 is not removed from an active region of the substrate 10 where the first electrode 16 is not formed thereon . in this manner , without removing / stripping the electric charge storage layer 14 , nitrogen is ion - implanted as impurities into the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 . ion - implantation occurs at a predetermined implant angle that is sufficient to implant nitrogen into the vicinity of the lower corners of the first electrode . furthermore , according to one embodiment , the nitrogen may be implanted sequentially into the four sidewalls , i . e ., front , rear , left and right sidewalls , of the first electrode 16 . for example , implantation may be performed by rotating the substrate 10 by 90 degrees and repeating it four times . after nitrogen is ion - implanted in the sidewalls , the implanted nitrogen is activated by a heat treatment . as shown in fig3 a , after performing a nitrogen ion - implantation process , nitrogen is implanted only in the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 but is not implanted in the active region of the substrate . in other words , an ono film which is the electric charge storage layer remaining on an active region where the first electrode 16 is not formed functions as a mask to keep nitrogen from being implanted in the substrate 10 . further , the nitrogen implanted in the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 prevents the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 from being oxidized during the subsequent oxidation processes . namely , in spite of another oxidation process , for example , a process forming the gate oxide film 24 shown in fig1 a , an oxide layer is not formed on surfaces of the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 . accordingly , the bird &# 39 ; s beak , as shown in fig2 , is not generated , and therefore a thick portion of the block oxide layer of the ono film 24 does not occur . in another embodiment , prior to implanting nitrogen into the first electrode 16 , a sidewall oxide film can be formed on the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 . the sidewall oxide film is provided to cure damages caused by patterning the first electrode 16 and to insulate the first electrode from a second electrode formed through the subsequent processes . the aforementioned bird &# 39 ; s beak is typically not generated as a result of the oxidation process that forms the sidewall oxide film . however , the subsequent oxidation processes may generate the bird &# 39 ; s beak at the sidewall oxide film . therefore , after forming the sidewall oxide film , nitrogen ion - implantation , as shown in fig3 a , is performed . as such , the nitrogen ion - implantation process prevents the sidewall oxide film from growing and forming the bird &# 39 ; s beak . next , referring to fig3 b , after forming a sidewall oxide film 22 and ion - implanting nitrogen thereto , the electric charge storage layer 14 remaining in an area where the first electrode 16 is not formed is stripped off . thereafter , a gate oxide film 24 is formed on an active region of the substrate 10 where the electric charge storage layer is removed . here , during the silicon oxidation process used to form the gate oxide film 24 , the sidewall oxide film 22 formed on the first electrode 16 is not grown by implanted nitrogen , and in particular formation of the bird &# 39 ; s beak is suppressed in an area b . subsequently , through processes as described in fig1 b and 1c , a split - gate structure is finally completed . meanwhile , to improve insulation characteristics between the first electrode and the second electrode , an additional insulating film can be formed on the sidewalls of the first electrode . fig4 shows an insulating film 22 a formed of an oxide layer or a nitride layer , in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . the insulating film 22 a can be formed by depositing an oxide layer or a nitride layer on a front side of the substrate 10 and then performing an etch - back process . through the etch - back process , the insulating film 22 a deposited on the substrate 10 remains in a form of a spacer at both sides of the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 . the formation process of the insulating spacer 22 a can be performed after the nitrogen implantation process of fig3 a , and otherwise it can be carried out after the nitrogen implantation process , which is performed after forming the sidewall oxide film 22 at the sidewalls of the first electrode 16 . in accordance with the present invention , by implanting nitrogen into the sidewalls of the first electrode which forms a control gate , it is possible to prevent oxidation of the sidewalls of the first electrode and prevent the oxide film which is already formed from growing and forming a bird &# 39 ; s beak . by preventing formation of the bird &# 39 ; s beak in the first electrode , the block oxide layer of the ono film 24 remains consistent in thickness and does not exhibit a thick portion proximate the area where the bird &# 39 ; s beak would be located . accordingly , programming / erasing operations of a non - volatile memory device can be performed efficiently . while the invention has been shown and described with respect to the preferred embodiments , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims .	7
a coil stand 10 in accordance with the invention , which is shown to scale in fig2 - 5 of the drawings , comprises a pair of elongated parallel front and rear base tracks 14 , 16 connected at their respected ends by the left and right base track tie bars 18 , 20 ( fig2 ) to form a rigid planar rectangular base indicated generally at 12 having dimension parallel to the axes of the tracks . tracks 14 , 16 are identical and are preferably made of aluminum extruded in a generally h - shaped cross - sectional configuration defining separate upper and lower cavities 17 , 19 each partially closed by the respective inwardly opposed flange pairs 21 , 23 . tie bars 18 , 20 extruded of aluminum are generally l - shaped in cross - sectional configuration , as best seen in fig3 and are fastened to the ends of tracks 14 , 16 by screws 22 threaded into the lower track flanges 23 such that an upwardly extending leg of the respective tie bars extends across the flanges 23 and closes the ends of lower track cavities 19 . a pair of upright coil supports 24 , 26 of cast aluminum are carried by base 12 . referring to fig3 left support 24 has a laterally flared integral base 28 at front and rear , and is fixedly mounted bridging the ends of tracks 14 , 16 by the screws illustrated in phantom at 30 . the upwardly projecting generally planar body of support 24 has an arcuate forward edge or rim 34 which extends for approximately ninety degrees . an upwardly angled support ledge 36 is cantilevered thereto by screws 38 ( fig3 and 5 ). similarly , right support 26 has a flared base 30 which is fastened ( fig2 ) by the screws 31 to front and rear blocks 33 , 35 respectively slidable in the upper cavities 17 of front and rear tracks 14 , 16 . right support 26 is thus slidable along opposing upper track flanges 21 and may be adjustably positioned with respect to fixed left support 24 longitudinally of the base . support 26 has an arcuate front edge or rim 54 which extends for approximately ninety degrees and is coaxial when assembled with edge 34 of support 24 . an upwardly angled support ledge 56 is cantilevered to edge 54 by screws 58 ( fig3 and 4 ) and projects forwardly therefrom in parallel with the ledge 36 projecting from support casting 24 . a clamp 37 is carried by adjustable support 26 for clamping the support in a selected longitudinal position . clamp 37 includes a generally c - shaped clamping member 38 as seen in fig4 having an upper lip 40 received over the upper edge 42 of an upstanding ledge 44 on support base 30 , and a lower lip 46 for clamping abutment with an opposing front surface of track 14 . a threaded stud 52 , having a knurled knob 50 fixedly attached thereto , is loosely received through an opening in a center boss 51 of clamp 38 and is threaded into an opposing threaded opening in ledge 44 . thus , rotation of knob 50 in one direction draws ledge 44 and clamp 38 toward each other , and thereby firmly clamps track 14 between support base 30 and lower clamp lip 46 . arcuate arrays of three freely rotatable rollers are carried by the respective supports 24 , 26 in opposed coaxial pairs , each roller being rotatable on a fixed axis on a shoulder bolt 68 threaded into a corresponding boss on the supports . the rollers 60 , 62 and 64 carried by adjustable support 26 are illustrated in fig2 in the preferred embodiment illustrated to scale in the drawings and are disposed in an upwardly concave arc of substantially thirty - five degrees centered on the vertical radius of substantially seven inches . the axes of outside rollers 60 , 64 are disposed in a plane parallel to the plane of base 12 . the array of rollers on fixed support 24 is a mirror image of the array on movable support 26 previously described . only the front roller 66 which is coaxial with roller 60 is illustrated in fig3 and 5 . each of the rollers preferably comprises an annular cushion or tire of non - abrasive semi - resilient material such as polyethylene pressed or molded into a sleeve bearing ( not shown ). a pair of generally rectangular tension bars 70 , 72 are respectively pivotally cantilevered at one end inwardly of an upper edge of the corresponding supports 24 , 26 by the coaxial shoulder bolts 74 , 76 to pivot . a tension spring 82 extends between a side opening 78 in support 26 and a cap head screw 86 threaded into the outer side face of bar 72 forwardly of pivot bolt 74 . spring 82 normally biases bar 72 downwardly toward the support rollers 60 - 64 to the position illustrated in solid lines in fig2 at which bolt 86 on the keeper bar acts as an abutment stop against the upper surface of support edge 54 . a rivet 94 extends laterally outwardly through tension bar 72 and is captured therein for free sliding and rotational movement by a triangular retainer 90 of sheet metal . as best seen in fig3 the spacing between ring 90 and the head of rivet 94 is greater than the width of bar 72 , such that the rivet is free for axial movement between stop positions defined by the ring and rivet head . when bar 72 is pivoted to the position indicated in broken lines in fig2 rivet 94 may be slid horizontally outwardly such a that ring 90 lies in the plane of support 26 . a flat edge of ring 90 thereby will act as a stop to maintain the bar in an upper position . when the rivet is retracted , the tension bar is returned downwardly by spring 82 . a similar spring , rivet and retaining ring structure is fastened to left tension bar 70 and is indicated by identical reference numerals in fig3 and 4 . thus , tension bars 70 , 72 may be lifted and retained in the upward orientation to permit loading of a stock roll ( as at 114 in fig1 ), and then released to hold stock roll firmly against the rollers . preferably , the line of intact between the tension bars and the stock roll is above and slightly forward of the stock axis of rotation , so that the bars hold the stock against the rollers to counter the forward pulling force as stock is uncoiled . in this connection , it will be appreciated that the tension bars and support rollers eliminate any requirement for a center core in the stock roll . bars 70 , 72 are preferably constructed of or coated with low friction material such as polyethylene or the like to permit free sliding engagement between the tension bars and the rolled sheet stock as the latter is uncoiled , and thereby damage or abrasion to the stock surface finish . a ledge 100 is fixedly fastened by the screws 102 to the front edge of tie bar 20 remotely of fixed support 24 , and projects forwardly therefrom in parallel with ledges 36 and 56 . the upper surfaces of ledges 36 , 56 and 100 lie in a common plane which contains approximately the axes of the rear support rollers ( 64 in fig2 ). a support bar 104 of extruded aluminum is cantilevered from base 12 by mounting the same to the upper coplanar surfaces of ledged 36 , 56 and 100 as by screws 36 , 100 . the upper surface of movable ledge 56 is in sliding supportive contact with bar 104 . support bar 104 has a flat upper surface 108 at a preferred angle of approximately ten degrees with respect to the plane of base 12 , and a downwardly turned front lip 110 . the plane of surface 108 is thus carried above the axis of the nearest or front pair of support rollers 60 , 66 and at a preferred angle of about eight degrees with respect to the tangent at the line of contact between coil 114 and the front rollers . the rearward portion 116 of surface 108 is tapered downwardly fifteen degrees toward the periphery of rollers 60 , 66 . three clamps 120 , 122 and 124 are mounted by screws 126 on respective support ledges 36 , 56 and 100 rearwardly adjacent support bar 104 to pivot on a common axis parallel to the longitudinal dimension of base 12 under control of corresponding clamp handles 128 , 130 and 132 . a cutting bar 134 of extruded aluminum is suspended by adjustable screws 136 , 138 between the outer fixed clamps 120 , 124 to pivot conjointly therewith between an upper or retracted position ( not shown ) and a lowered position illustrated in fig2 and 5 for firmly clamping sheet stock 112 unrolled from beneath coil 114 against surface 108 . center clamp 122 , which is movable with respect to cutting bar 134 , has a compressible resilient snubber 142 adjustably mounted thereto for pressing against the cutting bar to assist the sheet - clamping function of the latter . thus , clamp 132 is movably carried by adjustable support 26 between fixed clamps 120 , 124 and is adapted selectively to engage the cutting bar at the adjusted position of support 26 intermediate fixed clamps 120 , 124 . as will best be appreciated with reference to fig4 and 5 , uncoiled sheet stock 112 clamped against surface 108 by cutting bar 134 is bent in a direction reverse to the coiling direction on the stock roll , sloped surface 110 functioning to prevent abrasion and kinking . this particular configuration has been found to be advantageous . cutting bar 134 includes a sharp forwardly projecting front edge 150 at preferred acute angle of fifty - two and one - half degrees to surface 108 . a wear and corrosion resistant edge strip 152 of stainless steel or the like is received over bar edge 150 by having tongues 153 along side edges of the strip received by resilient snap - fit into corresponding grooves in the cutting bar . a longitudinal channel 154 is formed in surface 108 beneath the forward pointed edge in the clamping position of cutting bar 134 for receiving the blade of a utility knife or the like ( not shown ) as the latter is drawn by the workman along the cutting edge 152 for severing the uncoiled position of the sheet stock . a longitudinal groove 156 is formed in the upper portion of cutting bar 134 for receiving the lip of a tape measure or the like conveniently to provide a measurement reference for sheet stock withdrawn from the roll . from the foregoing description , it will be appreciated that the preferred embodiment of the invention hereinabove described fully satisfies all of the objects and aims previously set forth . for example , in one embodiment of the invention the coil stand is adjustable for coil possessing an axial dimension between eight and thirty inches and is adapted to support coils weighing up to two hundred fifty pounds , while itself weighing only nineteen pounds . the stand is less than three feet in length and preferably is constructed almost entirely of light weight extruded or cast aluminum as previously described . the stand may be readily supported on the back of a pick - up truck , on the ground or on optional legs .	8
referring now to the drawings , which are provided by way of example and not limitation , there is shown a compact electrokinetic stimulator . stimulation of the median nerve at the ventral portion of the wrist is well documented for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting . existing nerve stimulators that are employed in operating rooms to stimulate the median nerve at this location can be lacking . the problems with such apparatus are lack of uniformity among nerve stimulators , bulk of the equipment , lack of portability and disposability and cost of the equipment . accordingly , the present disclosure is offered as a solution to problems that hinder wider application of nerve stimulation . one application of the nerve stimulator of the present disclosure is to the anterior tibial nerve to treat urinary urgency . other applications are also contemplated . moreover , application of a disposable stimulator on the median nerve can facilitate the prevention of nausea in various settings such as postoperative , chemotherapy , pregnancy as well as other etiologies not otherwise specified . one contemplated location to access the median nerve is at the ventral wrist . the disposable nature of the device allows the device to travel with the patient thus preventing reactivation of the chemoreceptors trigger zone which may prevent nausea that occurs after discharge from the recovery room . it should be noted that the described treatment aids in the alleviation of the symptoms of nausea but does not treat the underlying etiology . in addition to use of the device in a preemptive protocol , the nerve stimulator may be used to treat persons experiencing postoperative nausea and vomiting or nausea from other etiologies with a rescue protocol , and may be used to stimulate nerves other than the median nerve as well . oscilloscopic analysis was conducted on a circuit that was being applied to the median nerve region while it was being stimulated with a 1 . 5 to 5 ma current . the alternating pulse and ramp functions applied by the stimulator were of low enough voltage to consider it feasible to use small battery technology as an alternative power supply . a microchip is contemplated to be sufficient to run the algorithms required to provide nerve stimulation that regulates the current to approximate a target value of 1 . 5 to 5 ma with a frequency of 2 hz . as shown in fig1 - 3 , the nerve stimulization device 100 of the present disclosure includes a flexible plastic tape or cover 102 with two adhesive ekg style electrode assemblies 104 . the nerve stimulator can act as a acustimulator device . the device can be relatively small being approximately 1 . 5 inches wide and about 3 inches long . a microchip and miniature circuit board 106 can be mounted between the two electrodes 104 as shown in the figures . activation of the device 100 can be accomplished by pulling or removing a pull tab ( not shown ) that would complete the circuit with the power cells . a led light 108 can be configured to flash when a current is detected . alternatively , a magnetic wand ( not shown ) can be employed to start the circuit and set it to operate for either 8 or 16 hours ( with a second touch of the wand , or to the end of battery life ). a pulse generator powered by a battery 109 and controlled by the microchip 106 can deliver 1 . 5 to 5 milliamperes of current at 2 hz . the battery 109 and microchip 106 cooperate to form a pulse generator assembly . furthermore , this assembly can be configured to detect impedance of skin to insure that the desired amperage is delivered . as best seen in fig2 b and 2c , a top portion 112 of the stimulator device 100 can be formed of a foam material . a bottom portion of the device is contemplated to embody a foam insulation . wires 116 extend from the pulse generator assembly to each electrode assembly 104 . further , an energy transmitting gel 120 is associated with each electrode assembly 104 to facilitate a desired contact with the patient . an adhesive 130 can also be incorporated into the bottom surface of the device 100 for attachment to the target location on the patient &# 39 ; s body . extended operation of up to 76 hours is also contemplated . thus , a battery is chosen to provide up to or more than 76 hours of operation . prior to assembly , the microchip 106 can be “ stamped ” with a control algorithm that is housed and delivered by a dedicated laptop computer . the device 100 can be evaluated using a circuit load that simulates the impedance of the median nerve region 200 . this evaluation can record the applied current and voltage wave forms and the frequency of application . multiple rounds of evaluation can be conducted to verify circuit performance . use of various wave forms may provide enhanced effectiveness . one aspect is the long term use of the device following surgery . most conventional peripheral stimulation does not last 10 - 20 hours . accordingly , one contemplated approach is employing a balanced waveform that avoids the net buildup of ions ( polarization ). other waveforms are contemplated to specifically avoid side effects . yet another waveform issue for long term stimulation is the speed with which the peak current is applied to the patient . thus , a waveform characterized by a gentle slope to this build up is also contemplated . in one embodiment , it is contemplated that the wave form that will be employed can be characterized as a box wave form at a 5 ma current and a frequency of 2 hz . use of the device alone provides an estimate fifty percent reduction in postoperative nausea and vomiting . in conjunction with a single prophylactic dose of intravenous ondansetron 4 mg on emergence should offer results superior to either intervention alone . the patient continues to use the device for up to 76 hours or to end of battery life . elements of a rescue protocol include hydration and administration of fast acting agents capable of breaking the nausea and vomiting cycle with application of the acustimulator . in the postoperative care setting with the patient being monitored , administration of 10 mg of intravenous propofol and 6 . 25 to 25 mg of intravenous promethazine is performed along with the application of the acustimulator . in one treatment protocol , a first step involves an assessment of the patient . a patient history is taken and a physical is performed . it is recognized that nausea and vomiting risk stratification is multifactored and a patient &# 39 ; s condition must be assessed in order to arrive at the first preventative treatment . thus , a patient &# 39 ; s entire health and treatment history is reviewed and key aspects are noted and weighed . additionally , the type of procedure that the patient is about to undergo is also assessed and analyzed as is the anesthesia that will be used in the procedure . for example , it is noted whether a pelvic region or an intrabdominal procedure is to be conducted . also surgical patients can be stratificated as to low , medium and high risk . it is to be recognized that for low risk procedures , for example minor skin procedures or radiologic procedures , an anesthetic technique that minimizes nausea such as a total intravenous anesthetic ( tiva ) technique using propofol is contemplated . moderate risk procedures such as those applicable in distal extremity orthopedic procedures would utilize the disclosed stimulation device along with a tiva and an additional antiemetic such as ondansetron . high risk procedures such as those associated with intra - abdominal or pelvic surgery would utilize the stimulation device , tiva and two or more additional antiemeitics such as ondansetron and dexamethasone . separate specific considerations can be important where the patient is undergoing emetogenic chemotherapy . it is noted that some chemotherapeutic agents are much more emetogenic than others . as well , dosage and timing frequency and inter - patient variables can impact the probability and severity of nausea . thus , the routine antiemetic therapy should be given and the stimulation device should be placed and activated , just before infusion of chemotherapy begins . moreover , distinct protocols may be necessary when treating nausea and vomiting associated with pregnancy and labor . such patients may require a different approach due to limitations of systemic antiemetics used during pregnancy . median nerve acustimulation is nonpharmacologic therefore avoids potential risk associated with systemic pharmacologic agents . treating patients suffering from motion sickness can involve other considerations . for example , it may be necessary to consider over - the - counter availability of motion sickness or nausea medications . thus , a protocol combining the stimulation device with available otc antiemetics such as dimenhydrinate can lead to a successful treatment . in general , the treatment of nausea , is intended to be multimodal in nature . thus , the application of nerve stimulation in conjunction with the administration of an antiemetic is contemplated . for a low risk patient in a method for treating nausea , the stimulization device 100 is attached to the patient at a ventral portion of the wrist above the median nerve . the device 100 is activated ideally within 60 minutes and with the patient in a supine or semi - recombinant position prior to induction of anesthesia . the device 100 is permitted to operate until depletion of the battery . in treating a medium risk patient for nausea , the acustimulator device 100 is applied to the ventral portion of the wrist above the median nerve for example , and is activated within 60 minutes prior to the induction of the anesthesia . again , here , the device 100 is permitted to operate until the depletion of the battery . in addition , 30 minutes prior to the emergence of anesthesia , 4 mg of ondansetron is administered to the patient intravenously . for a high risk patient , the acustimulator device 100 is applied as before and 4 mg of ondansetron is administered . additionally , 4 to 8 mg of dexamethasone is administered to the patient intravenously after the induction of anesthesia . the patient is also assessed to determine whether a scopolamine patch and / or an oral dose of aprepitant 40 mg should be given to the patient prior to induction of anesthesia . moreover , in the perioperative period , there are other considerations . these include maintenance of normovolemia by administration of intravenous fluids , and minimizing iv or oral opiates as these medications commonly cause nausea and regional anesthesia when appropriate . for example , utilizing peripheral nerve blocks for orthopedic procedures on the upper and lower extremities or epidural blocks for thoracic , abdominal , pelvic or lower extremity procedures can be appropriate in a treatment scheme . where a patient is undergoing chemotherapy , one approach to nausea treatment would be to apply the acustimulator device 100 to stimulate the median nerve 30 to 60 minutes prior to the infusion of emetogenic chemotherapy along with standard current anti - emetics . the device 100 would then be employed continuously until battery depletion . it is also contemplated that the acustimulator device 100 can be equipped to receive replacement batteries . in this way , continued treatment for the prevention of nausea can be performed such as that might be necessary during pregnancy . the device 100 would be applied to stimulate the median nerve at early signs of pregnancy induced nausea , for example , and allowed to work until battery depletion . a new battery can then be inserted into the device 100 when new signs of nausea begin to appear after a last round of treatment . it is further contemplated that a transdermal antiemetic such as scopolamine can be contained within the adhesive portion of the stimulation device . the antiemetic can be placed inside or outside the field of stimulation energy . in one application the drug can be delivered utilizing ionophoretic technology for transdermal delivery of anti - emetic agent ( s ). other transdermal delivery technologies are contemplated . the approach of combining median nerve accustimulation and a transdermal anti - emetic in a single contained disposable unit as multimodal therapy is contemplated . accordingly , the present disclosure is intended to address postoperative symptoms such as nausea . thus , it will be apparent from the foregoing that , while particular forms of the invention have been illustrated and described , various modifications can be made without parting from the spirit and scope of the invention .	0
in the following detailed description , reference is made to the accompanying drawings , which form a part hereof . in the drawings , similar symbols typically identify similar components , unless context dictates otherwise . the illustrative embodiments described in the detailed description , drawings , and claims are not meant to be limiting . other embodiments may be utilized , and other changes may be made , without departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented herein . it will be readily understood that the aspects of the present disclosure , as generally described herein , and illustrated in the figures , can be arranged , substituted , combined , separated , and designed in a wide variety of different configurations , all of which are explicitly contemplated herein . the present invention is directed to compositions and methods for controlling pests , and , more particularly , to pesticides derived from natural substances , such as microbial or fermentation metabolites . according to embodiments of the invention , the produced fermentation broth containing the microbial biosurfactant may be used without extraction or purification . if desired , extraction and purification of the biosurfactants can be easily achieved using standard extraction methods or techniques described in the literature . in one aspect of the invention , fermentation broth or the purified biosurfactants , e . g ., gls , fls , lps , etc ., may be used to protect crop plants , homes , structures , soils , aquatic systems , ponds , fish aquariums , humans , or animals by controlling harmful pests . as used herein , the term “ control ” used in reference to the activity produced by the biosurfactants or biosurfactant - producing organisms extends to the act of killing , disabling or immobilizing pests or otherwise rendering the pests substantially incapable of causing harm . in another aspect of the invention , biosurfactant - producing organisms , e . g ., pseudomonas spp . may be added to the soil , plants &# 39 ; growing medium , plants , aquatic medium , or any area to be treated . the organisms can grow onsite and produce the biosurfactants to control the pests targeted as described in this invention . the cultures may be mixed with growth enhancement substances to aid in their growth and the production of the microbial biosurfactants . substances such as oil , glycerol , sugar , or other nutrients may also be used . in another embodiment of the invention , carbon substrate to support the growth of biosurfactant producing organisms is added to the pest infested areas , soil , plants &# 39 ; growing medium , plant parts , aquatic medium , or any area to be treated . biosurfactant producing organisms can grow on the substrate to produce biosurfactant in place and control the targeted pests as described in this invention . it is not necessary to add biosurfactant - producing organisms to the substrate . natural biosurfactant producing organisms found at the site of application will be able to grow and produce the biosurfactant . examples of carbon substrates that can be added to the targeted areas include , but not limited to , organic carbon sources such as natural or synthetic oil including used frying oil ; fat ; lipid ; wax ( natural or paraffin ); fatty acids such as lauric ; myristic , etc ; fatty acid alcohol such as lauryl alcohol ; amphiphilic esters of fatty acids with glycerol such as glyceryl monolaurate ; glycol esters of fatty acid such as polyethylene monostearate ; fatty acid amines such as lauryl amine ; fatty acid amides ; hexanes ; glycerol ; glucose ; etc . it is preferable to use water insoluble carbon substrate to encourage excessive production of the biosurfactants . in addition to the carbon substrate , nutrients such as vitamins , inorganic minerals may also be added to the substrate to encourage biosurfactant - producing organisms growth . although it is not necessary , it is preferable to spike or amend the carbon substrate with a sufficient amount of specific biosurfactant to initiate the emulsification process and to inhibit or reduce the growth of other competing organisms for the biosurfactant - producing organism and to control pests . an illustrative but not restrictive example would be the addition of 60 - 100 mg / l rhamnolipid biosurfactant in the final diluted oil substrate mixture . the diluted mixture is applied to the area to be treated . this method aids in growth establishment of pseudomonas aeruginosa or florescens ( rhamnolipid producing organisms ) population and reduces the chance of growth of its competing or disease causing organisms , the phytophthora , nematodes , bacillus sp . if it is desired to produce syringotoxin lipopeptide biosurfactants , a small amount of syringotoxins ( less than few mg / l ) is added to the oil - glycerol substrate . syringotoxin will eliminate many competing organisms and maintain pseudomonas syringae growth while producing the lipopeptide toxins . pseudomonas syringae and bacillus subtilis for instance produce series of lipopeptides biosurfactants referred to as porens . these lipopeptide porens include pseudomycin , syringomycin , tabtoxin , phaseolotoxin , and surfactin . some lipopeptides are capable of creating holes in cell membranes , cells , and tissues . due to their powerful activity on cells and tissues , these biosurfactants are very useful in controlling algae , nematodes , insects and other pests . pseudomycin can be applied as a pre - plant treatment for nematode or insects larvae control in crop production . if it is desired to encourage the growth of bacillus subtilis , a small amount of surfactin biosurfactant is added to the carbon substrate medium to aid in establishment of subtilis population and the production of more surfactin on - site . the use of carbon substrates to produce biosurfactants at the targeted sites especially in the presence of minute amount of biosurfactant as a biocontrol starting point , greatly enhances the efficacy of the treatment , broadens the biocontrol spectrum against many pathogens , and reduces the frequency and cost of application of the biosurfactant . as it will be described in the examples section , this is very essential for soil treatment applications . synthetic surfactants such as alkyl betaines e . g . lauryl betaine , alkyl sulfates as lauryl sulfate or its salt , alkyl ammonium bromide derivatives , alkyl phenol ethoxylates , alkyl ethylene ( or polyethylene ) ethoxylates may be used to lower the surface tension and facilitate the utilization of the carbon substrate by the natural biosurfactant - producing organisms but it is preferable to use natural biosurfactants that are able to inhibit the growth of competing organisms and enhance the growth of the specific biosurfactant producing organisms as described in the invention . derivatives of these microbial biopesticides or compounds with similar structures or characteristics and able to control pests as also disclosed herein and are encompassed by embodiments of the invention . it has been observed that some of the mentioned synthetic surfactants above may have inhibitory effects against some pathogens and may also be used as active agents to control pests such as insects , algae , parasitic amoeba , nematodes , weeds or other pests as described in this invention . they may also be used in conjunction with the natural biosurfactants . according to this invention , biosurfactants ( e . g . gls , fls , and lps etc ) have a powerful biopesticidal activity against many pests and diseases affecting plants and these biosurfactants also have similar biopesticide activity against pests and diseases affecting humans and animals . pests controlled include insects , their larvae and eggs ; mites ; algae ( seaweeds , pond algae , and the microscopic algae such as blue - green algae ); microbial pests ( nematodes , bacteria , fungi , parasites , amoeba , protozoa , viruses , etc ); mollusks ; worms ; and plant weeds . in addition , these biosurfactants may be used to treat human diseases such as ova - parasites and cysts , hair dandruff , etc . in addition , rhamnolipid biosurfactant is an effective spennicide at a concentration of 250 ppm . examples of animal diseases include , but not limited to , dog &# 39 ; s heart worm ; fish parasites and microbial infections such as whirling disease caused by the amoeba myxobolus , fish fungal disease ( water mold ) or green algae ; fish protozoa disease such as chilodonella ; fish parasites as gill and skin flukes . also cattle hoof diseases can also be controlled as described in this invention . animals are treated by dipping or bathing in a biosurfactant solution alone or in the presence of other compounds such as copper or zinc . the natural biosurfactants &# 39 ; active components may be used according to the invention either alone or combined with other acceptable active or inactive ( inert ) components that may be used as adjuvants or may have pesticidal activity . it is preferable to use adjuvants or pesticidal components of natural source to complement the natural aspects of the biosurfactants . these components can be either an oil component such as cinnamon oil , clove oil , cottonseed oil , garlic oil , or rosemary oil ; another natural surfactant such as yucca or quillaja saponins ; or the component may be an aldehyde such as cinnamic aldehyde . other oils that may be used as a pesticidal component or adjuvants include : almond oil , camphor oil , castor oil , cedar oil , citronella oil , citrus oil , coconut oil , corn oil , eucalyptus oil , fish oil , geranium oil , lecithin , lemon grass oil , linseed oil , mineral oil , mint or peppermint oil , olive oil , pine oil , rapeseed oil , safflower oil , sage oils , sesame seed oil , sweet orange oil , thyme oil , vegetable oil , and wintergreen oil . other suitable additives , which may be contained in the formulations according to the invention , are all substances , which are customarily used for such preparations . example of such additives include adjuvants , surfactants , emulsifying agents , plant nutrients , fillers , plasticizers , lubricants , glidants , colorants , pigments , bittering agents , buffering agents , solubility controlling agents , ph adjusting agents , preservatives , stabilizers and ultra - violet light resistant agents . stiffening or hardening agents may also be incorporated to strengthen the formulations and make them strong enough to resist pressure or force in certain applications such as soil , root flare or tree injection tablets . examples of buffering agents include organic and amino acids or their salts . suitable buffers include citrate , gluconate , tartarate , malate , acetate , lactate , oxalate , aspartate , malonate , glucoheptonate , pyruvate , galactarate , glucarate , tartronate , glutamate , glycine , lysine , glutamine , methionine , cysteine , arginine and a mixture thereof . phosphoric and phosphorous acids or their salts may also be used . synthetic buffers are suitable to be used but it is preferable to use natural buffers such as organic and amino acids or their salts listed above . examples of solubility control agents or excipients may be used in the formulations to control the release of the active substances may include wax , chitin , chitosan , c12 - c20 fatty acids such as myristic acid , stearic acid , palmitic acid ; c12 - c20 alcohols such as lauryl alcohol , cetyl alcohol , myristyl alcohol , and stearyl alcohol ; amphiphilic esters of fatty acids with glycerol , especially monoesters c12 - c20 fatty acids such as glyceryl monolaurate , glyceryl monopalmitate ; glycol esters of fatty acids such as polyethylene monostearate or polypropylenemonopalmitate glycols ; c12 - c20 amines such as lauryl amine , myristyl amine , stearyl amine , and amides c12 - c20 fatty acids . examples of ph adjusting agents include potassium hydroxide , ammonium hydroxide , potassium carbonate or bicarbonate , hydrochloric acid , nitric acid , sulfuric acid or a mixture . additional components such as an aqueous preparation of a salt as polyprotic acid such as sodium bicarbonate or carbonate , sodium sulfate , sodium phosphate , sodium biphosphate , can be included in the formulation . according to embodiments of this invention , the microbial biopesticides can be produced and formulated in a variety of ways , including liquid , solids , granular , dust , or slow release products by means that will be understood by those of skill in the art upon learning of the invention disclosed herein . they may be applied by spraying , pouring , dipping , in the form of concentrated or diluted liquids , solutions , suspensions , powders , and the like , containing such concentrations of the active agent as is most suited for a particular purpose at hand . they may be applied as is or reconstituted prior to use . for example , they may be applied by direct injection into trees or root flares . solid formulations of the invention may have different forms and shapes such as cylinders , rods , blocks , capsules , tablets , pills , pellets , strips , spikes , etc . solid formulations may also be milled , granulated or powdered . the granulated or powdered material may be pressed into tablets or used to fill pre - manufactured gelatin capsules or shells . semi solid formulations can be prepared in paste , wax , gel , or cream preparations . for human or animal applications , the formulations may be prepared in liquid , paste , ointment , suppository , capsule or tablet forms and used in a way similar to drugs used in the medicinal drugs industry . the formulations can be encapsulated using components known in the pharmaceutical industry . encapsulation protects the components from undesirable reactions and helps the ingredients resist adverse conditions in the environment or the treated object or body e . g . stomach . the compositions according to the invention can be applied to the plants , pests , or soil using various methods of application . each method of application may be preferred under certain circumstances . the compositions according to the invention may be used to introduce the active compounds into the soil . these preparations could be incorporated into the soil in the vicinity of the roots of the plants . this could be in the form of liquid , bait , powder , dusting , or granules , or they are inserted in the soil as tablets , spikes , rods , or other shaped moldings . the compositions according to the invention can be used for treating individual trees or plants . for example , the formulations can be molded in different shapes or forms ( solid , paste or gel , or liquid ) and introduced into the vascular tissue of the plants . moldings forms can be as tablets , capsules , plugs , rods , spikes , films , strips , nails , or plates . the shaped moldings can be introduced into pre - drilled holes into the plants or root flares , or they can be pushed or punched into the cambium layer . another method of application of the invention is the use of dispensing devices such as syringes , pumps or caulk guns , paste - tubes or plunger tubes for delivering semi - solid formulations ( paste , gel , cream ) into drilled holes in tree trunks or root flares . the compositions of the invention can be applied in the form of paste , gel , coatings , strips , or plasters onto the surface of the plant . in one method , a plaster or strip may have the semi - solid formulation , e . g ., insecticide placed on the side that will contact the tree , bush , or rose during the treatment . the same strip may have glue or adhesive at one or both ends to wrap around or stick to the subject being treated . the compositions according to the invention can be sprayed or dusted on the leaves in the form of pellets , spray solution , granules , or dust . the solid or semi - solid compositions of the invention can be coated using film - coating compounds used in the pharmaceutical industry such as polyethylene glycol , gelatin , sorbitol , gum , sugar or polyvinyl alcohol . this is particularly essential for tablets or capsules used in pesticide formulations . film coating can protect the handler from coming in direct contact with the active ingredient in the formulations . in addition , a bittering agent such as denatonium benzoate or quassin may also be incorporated in the pesticidal formulations , the coating or both . the compositions of the invention can also be prepared in powder formulations and filled into pre - manufactured gelatin capsules . the concentrations of the ingredients in the formulations and application rate of the compositions may be varied widely depending on the pest , plant or area treated , or method of application . as described in greater detail below , the compositions and methods of the invention can be used to control a variety of pests , including insects and other invertebrates , algae , microbial pests , and , in some situations , weeds or other plants . a purified mixture of rhamnolipids ( supplied by jeneil biotech of saukville , wis .) and pseudomonas spp . fermentation broth filtrate was tested for their activity on different pests such as thrips , aphids , houseflies , mosquitoes , box - elder bugs , nematodes , spider mites and algae . the cultured material was effective at a concentration as low as 0 . 005 % on some pests . the following are examples to illustrate the procedures of practicing the invention . these examples are illustrative and should not be construed as limiting . fermentation broth containing rhamnolipids was tested for its effectiveness as insecticide to control houseflies . ten houseflies were confined in petri dishes covered with screen through which the insecticide was sprayed . another set of ten houseflies were sprayed with water and kept as control . table 1 shows the results of the test . in another test , purified rhamnolipid material at 2 . 5 % concentration was sprayed directly on spiders in naturally infested area . treatment included six spiders sprayed with the pesticide as a test , while six spiders were sprayed with water as control . full control of the spider mites was achieved in less than fifteen minutes after treatment . a naturally infested lemon tree with spider mites was sprayed with a 1 . 25 % rhamnolipid solution . the mites were observed using magnifying glass for movement . death was noted in less than 15 minutes . naturally infested tomato plants with whiteflies were sprayed with 0 . 1 % rhamnolipid mixture diluted in water . control plants were sprayed with water only . whiteflies sprayed with the rhamolipids stuck to the leaves and weren &# 39 ; t able to move after the treatment . full control was achieved in less than 6 minutes . into each 1 - liter water bottle a tablet containing 0 , 0 . 075 , or 0 . 2 grams rhamnolipid ( put example ) was added . ten - mosquitoes larvae were transferred into each of the bottles . total death of the larva was observed in about 2 hours and 40 minutes in the bottle containing 0 . 2 grams rhamnolipid . in the bottle containing 0 . 075 grams rhamnolipid , only one live mosquito larva was left after 24 hours of study initiation . no death was observed in the control treatment . this significant discovery is critical in the control and spread of the west nile virus vector . in another study we found that rhamnolipid addition at concentration of 100 ppm prevented mosquitoes eggs from hatching . a petri dish containing fifty ml of water infested with amoeba was treated with 250 ppm rhamnolipid . examining the amoeba under the microscope before and after the treatment showed that within five minutes of rhamnolipid addition that the amoeba collapsed and disintegrated . an infested red ants mound was drenched with 0 . 5 % rhamnolipid solution . the treatment was effective and the mound was free of ants for more than 2 weeks . a 5 % rhamnolipid solution was prepared using 25 % purified rhamnolipid concentrate supplied by jeneil biotech . a concentrated solution was prepared by mixing 20 grams sesame oil , 30 grams canola oil , 10 grams glycerol , and 40 grams water . the mixture is diluted 10 , 50 or 100 times with water prior to use . a concentrated solution was prepared by mixing 5 grams rhamnolipids , 20 grams sesame oil , 30 grams canola oil , 10 grams glycerol , and 35 grams water . the mixture was diluted 10 , 50 , or 100 times with water prior to use . a concentrated solution of 10 % phosphite and 8 % potassium was prepared by mixing 70 % phosphorous acid , 45 % potassium hydroxide , and water . the solution was buffered with citrate / gluconic acid to ph of 5 . 8 . the mixture was diluted 100 times with water prior to use . a concentrated solution of 5 % rhamnolipid , 10 % phosphite and 8 % potassium was prepared by mixing 70 % phosphorous acid , 45 % potassium hydroxide , and water . the solution was buffered with citrate / gluconic acid to ph of 5 . 8 . the mixture was diluted 100 times with water prior to use . for each treatment , six grasshoppers were sprayed with solutions prepared from examples a , b , c , or d diluted 10 or 100 times with water . at ten times dilution , example c treatment was the most effective and killed all the treated grasshoppers within ten minutes . example a treatment at 10 times dilution instantly slowed down the movement of the grasshoppers , but half of the treated recovered within 20 minutes of application . example b treatment at 10 times dilution had similar effect like that of rhamnolipid alone . at 100 times dilution , example a was not effective . example b treatment was 33 % effective and example c treatment was 84 % effective . water treatments had no effect on grasshoppers . diluted solutions of examples a , b , c , or d were sprayed on squash and roses plants heavily infected with powdery mildew . results of rose treatments are presented in table 2 . it was interesting to note that upon spraying the roses with example c formulation at 100 times dilution , the infected area washed out completely from the leaves . the results of squash treatments were similar to rose treatments , but squash plants were more sensitive to the spray solutions . at 10 times dilution , squash leaves developed necrotic tissues within 24 hours of the spray application and the plants shut down and died within three days . examples e and f were tested on roses only . an important finding in powdery mildew treatments is that neither rhamnolipid nor phosphite alone was very effective against the powdery mildew at the concentrations used ; however , the rhamnolipid / phosphite combination was very effective in the treatment of powdery mildew disease . although powdery mildew does not belong to the zoosporic fungi group , it is believed that the rhamnolipid enhances the activity and mode of action of phosphite through membrane disturbance or by penetrating the fungus protective layers . * treated plants were visually examined for disease symptoms on the leaves . evaluation was documented on scale of 1 - 5 , where 1 = no powdery mildew , 2 = 1 - 25 % infection , 3 = 26 - 50 % infection , 4 = 51 - 75 % infection , 5 = 76 - 100 % infection ( all the leaves are infected ). phyto - toxicity was documented on scale of 1 - 4 where 1 = no necrosis , 2 = 25 % of leaf is necrotic , 3 = 50 % leaf damage , and 4 = total leaf damage . due to the powerful micro - emulsifying and penetrating activity of the biosurfactants , especially in combination with oil , they can be used as nonselective herbicides to control weed pests . at concentrations of 0 . 5 % rhamnolipid and higher , necrosis was observed on some plants . this effect is extremely magnified in the presence of oil especially sesame or cottonseed oil . at a concentration of 0 . 05 % rhamnolipid and 2 % oil , many treated weeds or plants were destroyed within few days of the treatment . preliminary tests on nematodes were conducted according to the following procedure . the soil used in this test was isolated from a potato field naturally infested with nematodes . seventy - five grams of soil ( 15 % initial water content ) were wrapped in double folded piece of cheesecloth and fitted in a strainer . the strainer containing the soil was gently suspended in a plastic funnel containing 450 ml water ( control ), or 0 . 75 % rhamnolipid mixture . the bottom surface of the strainer containing the soil was maintained in contact with the treatment solutions throughout the study . twenty - five ml samples were collected at different times through the clamped tubing connected to the stem of the funnel . the supernatant solutions were directly transferred to a petri dish for examination using a microscope . the number of nematode pests surviving was recorded at 24 hrs intervals for a period of seven days . mortality was concluded if individual nematodes are immobile and fail to respond to disturbance with an eyelash cemented to a needle . the test was done in three replicates . the results are presented in table 3 . after the nematode experiment was terminated , a surprise finding was observed on the nematodes treatment solutions present in the plastic funnel . it was observed that the control ( water only ) solution supported the growth of algae after it was left in the sun for few weeks . on the contrary , rhamnolipid treatment maintained clear solution with no algae growth . to verify the results , another set of treatments at 0 ( water as control ), 0 . 005 , 0 . 01 , 0 . 1 and 1 % rhamnolipid concentrations were conducted . the water used in the experiment was collected from an algae infested pond . all rhamnolipid treatments did not support the growth of algae . however , at the lowest concentration of rhamnolipid , algae growth was re - established after 6 weeks of the initiation of the study . the other treatments were clean of algae during the three months study . control treatment ( pond water ) turned greenish in color and the algae flourished in the water . a set of nematode eggs taken from the roots of tomato plant infested with nematode galls were transferred into petri dishes containing either 25 ml water or 250 ppm rhamnolipid in 25 ml water . the eggs were periodically examined under the microscope . rhamnolipid treated eggs &# 39 ; color changed to brownish color during the course of the study and the eggs collapsed and disintegrated after 7 days . no change in eggs &# 39 ; color or shape was observed in the water treatment . gel preparation : a 5 % rhamnolipid gel formulation is prepared by impregnating 1 . 0 % gum or carboxyvinyl carbopol polymer with purified rhamnolipid dissolved in water . the material is mixed using a vortex to yield a paste in less than 30 minutes . this treatment can be used to rub on animals for ticks treatment . fig1 is a flow diagram that illustrates an example of the methods of the invention for controlling pests . the method begins by obtaining a microbial biosurfactant ( 102 ). as described herein , the biosurfactant can be obtained by a manufacturing or cultivation process that occurs prior to applying the biosurfactant ( 104 ). alternately , the biosurfactant can be obtained by applying a carbon substrate to the environment of the pests ( 106 ) and permitting naturally - occurring microbes to grow on the substrate ( 108 ) and to thereby produce the biosurfactant . in either case , the biosurfactant is applied to the pests or to the environment of the pests ( 110 ), such that the pests are substantially controlled . fig2 is a flow diagram that illustrates an example of the methods of the invention for producing biosurfactants that can be used to control pests . the method begins by cultivating a biosurfactant - producing microbe , including producing a fermentation broth containing the biosurfactant ( 202 ). the biosurfactant is then obtained ( 204 ) from the fermentation broth in a concentration that can be applied to pests or to an environment in which the pests are located in an amount such that the pests are substantially controlled . obtaining the biosurfactant from the fermentation broth can be performed in one of a variety of ways illustrated in fig2 . for instance , in certain embodiments , the fermentation broth includes the biosurfactants at a suitable concentration ( 206 ) without requiring purification or extraction . alternately , the fermentation broth can be purified ( 208 ) or the biosurfactant can be extracted from the fermentation broth ( 210 ). although these exemplary methods illustrated in fig2 are suitable for obtaining biosurfactants , the methods of controlling pests disclosed herein can be performed regardless of the methods used to obtain the biosurfactants . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive . the processes , methods of use and examples of components listed in the invention are illustrative and not inclusive . the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics . the described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive . the appended claims are presented to illustrate the embodiments of the invention disclosed herein . one skilled in the art will appreciate that , for this and other processes and methods disclosed herein , the functions performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in differing order . furthermore , the outlined steps and operations are only provided as examples , and some of the steps and operations may be optional , combined into fewer steps and operations , or expanded into additional steps and operations without detracting from the essence of the disclosed embodiments . the present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the particular embodiments described in this application , which are intended as illustrations of various aspects . many modifications and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and scope , as will be apparent to those skilled in the art . functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of the disclosure , in addition to those enumerated herein , will be apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing descriptions . such modifications and variations are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims . the present disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended claims , along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled . it is to be understood that this disclosure is not limited to particular methods , reagents , compounds compositions or biological systems , which can , of course , vary . it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only , and is not intended to be limiting . with respect to the use of substantially any plural and / or singular terms herein , those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and / or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and / or application . the various singular / plural permutations may be expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity . it will be understood by those within the art that , in general , terms used herein , and especially in the appended claims ( e . g ., bodies of the appended claims ) are generally intended as “ open ” terms ( e . g ., the term “ including ” should be interpreted as “ including but not limited to ,” the term “ having ” should be interpreted as “ having at least ,” the term “ includes ” should be interpreted as “ includes but is not limited to ,” etc .). it will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended , such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim , and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present . for example , as an aid to understanding , the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “ at least one ” and “ one or more ” to introduce claim recitations . however , the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “ a ” or “ an ” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to embodiments containing only one such recitation , even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “ one or more ” or “ at least one ” and indefinite articles such as “ a ” or “ an ” ( e . g ., “ a ” and / or “ an ”, should be interpreted to mean “ at least one ” or “ one or more ”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations . in addition , even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited , those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should be interpreted to mean at least the recited number ( e . g ., the bare recitation of “ two recitations ,” without other modifiers , means at least two recitations , or two or more recitations ). furthermore , in those instances where a convention analogous to “ at least one of a , b , and c , etc .” is used , in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention ( e . g ., “ a system having at least one of a , b , and c ” would include but not be limited to systems that have a alone , b alone , c alone , a and b together , a and c together , b and c together , and / or a , b , and c together , etc .). in those instances where a convention analogous to “ at least one of a , b , or c , etc .” is used , in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention ( e . g ., “ a system having at least one of a , b , or c ” would include but not be limited to systems that have a alone , b alone , c alone , a and b together , a and c together , b and c together , and / or a , b , and c together , etc .). it will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms , whether in the description , claims , or drawings , should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms , either of the terms , or both terms . for example , the phrase “ a or b ” will be understood to include the possibilities of “ a ” or “ b ” or “ a and b .” in addition , where features or aspects of the disclosure are described in terms of markush groups , those skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of any individual member or subgroup of members of the markush group . as will be understood by one skilled in the art , for any and all purposes , such as in terms of providing a written description , all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible subranges and combinations of subranges thereof . any listed range can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling the same range being broken down into at least equal halves , thirds , quarters , fifths , tenths , etc . as a non - limiting example , each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower third , middle third and upper third , etc . as will also be understood by one skilled in the art all language such as “ up to ,” “ at least ,” and the like include the number recited and refer to ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as discussed above . finally , as will be understood by one skilled in the art , a range includes each individual member . thus , for example , a group having 1 - 3 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2 , or 3 cells . similarly , a group having 1 - 5 cells refers to groups having 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , or 5 cells , and so forth . from the foregoing , it will be appreciated that various embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein for purposes of illustration , and that various modifications may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present disclosure . accordingly , the various embodiments disclosed herein are not intended to be limiting , with the true scope and spirit being indicated by the following claims . all references recited herein are incorporated herein by specific reference in their entirety .	2
fig1 - 3 show embodiments of the invention wherein intravenous fluid delivery may be automated , or manually adjusted , based on feedback from one or more sensors . in these embodiments , the infusion catheter may have a sensor to aid in insertion , but this is not necessary for this invention . in one embodiment , the infusion catheter also is used to detect the parameters used to optimize therapy . fig1 shows an infusion system with an infusion controller 10 operably connected to an intravenous infusion catheter 12 via an infusion line 14 . infusion catheter 12 also has a sensor ( not shown ) attached to or associated with it to monitor a patient parameter . the sensor also communicates with controller 10 either through line 14 or via some other communication channel . suitable patient parameters include electrocardiograph monitoring , electroencephalograph monitoring , pulse oximetry ( either internally or peripherally ), blood pressure , central venous pressure , cardiac output , cardiac stroke volume , cardiac rate , blood flow ( e . g ., in superior mesenteric , celiac , renal or other arteries ), total circulating blood volume , pressure in veins ( particularly those that empty into the inferior vena cava , e . g ., femoral vein ), pressure in arteries ( particularly those distal to the aorta , e . g ., the femoral artery ), blood oxygenation ( e . g ., in rectal mucosa , peripheral fingers and toes , etc . ), whole body oxygen consumption , ph , arterial po 2 , or any other parameter that shows a measurable change with intravascular volume overload . as shown in fig1 , additional catheters , here envisioned as a peripherally inserted central catheter ( picc ) 16 and / or a peritoneal catheter 18 , or additional sensors on infusion catheter 12 may be used to monitor these or other parameters , and to optimize the infusion rate and achieve euvolemia without fluid overload or dehydration . flow of fluid and or a fluid solid mixture ( e . g ., an ice slurry ) to catheters 16 and / or 18 is controlled by controller 10 through lines 14 , 15 and / or 17 , respectively . the information from the sensors may then be transmitted to central controller 10 , which integrates all of this information to determine the flow of intravenous fluid through catheter 12 and / or catheter 16 and flow of peritoneal fluid through catheter 18 . this information may be used to achieve or maintain euvolemia ( e . g ., in sepsis , hemorrhagic shock , etc .) or to maximize infusion for delivery of a therapeutic agent , e . g ., chilled fluid and / or solids to achieve hypothermia . alternatively , catheters 16 and 18 may be used with sensors to obtain patent information , and fluid may be infused into the patient solely through catheter 16 or catheter 18 . in yet further embodiments , the depth of hypothermia and / or rate of hypothermia induction or rewarming may be tailored based on intracranial pressure sensor ( s ) ( not shown ) communicating with controller 10 via communication line 35 . this system and method may be used with any method of inducing hypothermia ( e . g ., cooling blankets , intravascular catheters , intravenous fluid infusion , peritoneal lavage , etc .) so long as the change in temperature , particularly rewarming , is controlled at least in part by an intracranial pressure sensor . the sensor or sensors , whether cables / catheters or percutaneous monitoring technologies , and whether wired or wireless , may also be separate from the infusion line so long as the information from this sensor or sensors is transferred to the control unit in order to optimize fluid flow . thus , as shown in fig2 , the patient parameter sensor may be associated with picc 24 and communicate with controller via line 26 , and infusion to the patient may be via line 22 and infusion catheter 20 , as controlled by controller 10 . in some embodiments , of course , sensing and infusion may be performed through a single catheter , such as picc 30 , and controlled by controller 10 through lines 32 and 34 , as shown in fig3 . in some embodiments , the infusion and monitoring device of the current invention may incorporate an access sensor , such as that described in a commonly owned patent application , u . s . patent application ser . no . 12 / 098 , 355 , filed apr . 4 , 2008 , titled “ device and method for safe access to a body cavity ”. one example of such a device is a peripheral venous , central venous or arterial catheter that is capable of maintaining hydration without causing fluid overload . the catheter may incorporate a sensor that may detect central venous pressure , total circulating blood volume , peripheral venous pressure , cardiac output or osmolarity , and / or solute concentrations e . g ., chloride , sodium , etc .) in order to prevent fluid overload . the sensor may also be external to catheter , so long as the output of said sensor is capable of controlling fluid flow through the catheter . in this embodiment , fluid flow is controlled by the output of the sensor , which is integrated by a fluid flow control unit which alters the rate of fluid flow based on this output . this embodiment may allow the user to bolus large volumes of fluids or solids into the vascular space in order to rehydrate , induce hypothermia or reverse hypothermia , or deliver a therapeutic agent or maintain blood pressure in sepsis . in addition , this technology may provide a fully automated mechanism to optimize fluid flow into the vessel without fluid overloading the patient . without this automated fluid delivery coupled to hemodynamic parameter monitoring , the patient is in danger of dehydration or fluid overload from infusion of fluid into any body cavity . this technology may also be applied to liquid or solid infusion into any body cavity or space in so long as the fluid flow is automated based on feedback from sensors within the body ( possibly incorporated into the catheter itself ) in order to optimize the volume of infusion . this device and method of automating fluid flow based on hemodynamic sensor - based feedback may also be used to generate intravenous hypothermia . in its current state , iv hypothermia induction is limited due to concerns of fluid overload . if the hemodynamic parameters of the patient can be measured and fluid flow directly or indirectly controlled based on the output of these measurements , the volume of fluid can be maximized while ensuring hemodynamic instability . in this embodiment , the sensor may be incorporated within the catheter , and fluid flow into the vasculature may be tailored based on central venous pressure , total circulating blood volume , peripheral venous pressure , cardiac output or osmolarity , and / or solute concentrations ( e . g ., chloride , sodium , etc .) in order to prevent fluid overload . in one embodiment , the fluid infusion catheter also may function as a thermodilution cardiac output sensor such that the same fluid that is used to generate hypothermia may also be used to detect cardiac output . this information may then be relayed , either directly or indirectly , back to the fluid infusion controller to increase , decrease or even halt fluid flow based on these parameters . for example , if cardiac output is low and venous pressure or total circulating volume is low , the patient has a low circulating volume and large volumes of fluid may be safely delivered . if the cardiac output is normal , fluid may also be safely delivered , but the cardiac output must be monitored to ensure that it does not begin to decrease ( an indication of fluid overload ). blood flow , as detected by , for instance , thermodilution may be determined in a peripheral vessel as well . these data , while relatively useless on their own in a clinical setting due to variability in peripheral blood flow , may provide a baseline flow profile which may be rechecked over time in order to compare flow within that individual vessel to the baseline flow . relatively improved flow may be correlated to improved cardiac output , while a relative reduction in flow may be correlated to fluid overload . this same system may be used to infuse normal fluids or hypothermic fluids to sepsis patients or patients requiring intensive maintenance of their hemodynamic status . sepsis patients that are aggressively monitored do much better than those that are not . aggressive monitoring is very nurse - intensive , however . a system that provides automated optimal fluid infusion based on sensed parameters to ensure that fluid overload does not occur and that fluid infusion is not insufficient would be an improvement over current methods of treating sepsis patients . the devices and methods for automated sensor - based input to control fluid flow to a patient may be applicable to a wide range of conditions and should not be limited to the narrow scope of the conditions requiring fluid infusion described here . the logic controller of the present invention may provide improved safety by monitoring for any of the deleterious changes expected with excess fluid flow , e . g ., into the peritoneal cavity or vascular space . examples of monitored parameters that may signal a warning or automatically result in an adjustment to rate of fluid infusion / extraction and / or fluid temperature include : electrocardiograph monitoring , electroencephalograph monitoring , pulse oximetry ( either internally or peripherally ), peritoneal cavity compliance , intrathoracic pressure , intraperitoneal pressure , intraperitoneal pressure waveforms , bladder pressure , rectal pressure , cardiac output , cardiac stroke volume , cardiac rate , total circulating blood volume , blood flow ( e . g ., in superior mesenteric , celiac , renal or other arteries ), pressure in veins ( particularly those that empty into the ivc , e . g ., femoral vein ), pressure in arteries ( particularly those distal to the aorta , e . g ., the femoral artery ), blood oxygenation ( e . g ., in rectal mucosa , peripheral fingers and toes , etc . ), whole body oxygen consumption , ph and arterial po 2 and any other parameter that shows a measurable change once the peritoneal or vascular spaces have been overloaded . these parameters in particular have been found to change with increases in peritoneal pressure , with significantly negative impact on each parameter found at 40 mmhg . thus , monitoring for these changes in conjunction with a peritoneal infusion catheter of the present invention will allow for even greater safety with peritoneal infusion . these parameters may be measured a variety of ways and the data transmitted either wirelessly or via wires to the logic controller in order to alert the healthcare provider or to automatically adjust the fluid flow / temperature in order to optimize both the flow of the peritoneal fluid and patient safety .	0
an embodiment of the present invention will now be described with reference to the drawing . a casing 4 is interposed between an oil passage 2 , which extends from an output port 1 of a master cylinder m , and an oil passage 3 , which is connected to a wheel brake b attached to a wheel w . a valve mechanism 5 is provided in the casing 4 and is adapted to transmit a hydraulic braking pressure from the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b during braking operation , and be closed by an anti - lock control liquid pressure , which is supplied from an anti - lock control means 6 , when the wheel w is about to be locked , thereby cutting off the supply of hydraulic braking pressure from the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b . the casing 4 is provided therein with a one - end - opened bore 7 , in which a bottomed cylindrical partition member 8 is fitted via o - rings 9 , 9 provided between the inner surface of the bore 7 and the outer surface of the partition member 8 . the partition member 8 is fitted from its bottom portion , which constitutes a partition 10 , into the bore 7 toward the other end thereof until the partition 10 has reached an intermediate portion of the bore 7 , where the partition member 8 is supported on a stepped portion 11 provided at the intermediate portion of the bore 7 so as to face the open end thereof . a cap 12 is screwed to the open end portion of the bore 7 . this cap 12 is tightened while being in abutment against the open end of the partition member 8 to such an extent that the partition member 8 is pressed against the stepped portion 11 . thus , within the casing 4 are defined concentrically a first cylinder portion 13 and a second cylinder portion 14 via the partition 10 , the latter portion 14 being within the partition member 8 . a first piston 15 is fitted slidably in the first cylinder portion 13 . an input hydraulic chamber 16 is formed between the first piston 15 and partition 10 , and communicates with the oil passage 2 via an inlet passage 17 which is provided in a side wall of the casing 4 . on the opposite side of the first piston 15 with respect to this input hydraulic chamber 16 , a control chamber 18 is formed by the first piston 15 and an end wall of the first cylinder portion 13 . a second piston 19 , the diameter of which is equal to that of the first piston 15 , is fitted slidably in the second cylinder portion 14 . between this second piston 19 and the partition 10 , an output hydraulic chamber 20 is defined to communicate with the oil passage 3 via an outlet oil passage 21 which is formed so as to extend through the side wall of the casing 4 . between the second piston 19 and the cap 12 is a spring chamber 22 formed for housing therein a spring 23 urging the second piston 19 toward the partition 10 . a piston rod 25 is inserted through a through bore 24 , which is provided in the central portion of the partition 10 , in such a manner that the piston rod 25 can be axially moved therethrough . the first and second pistons 15 , 19 are mounted rigidly on both end portions of this piston rod 25 . an o - ring 26 which slidingly contacts the outer circumferential surface of the piston rod 25 is fitted in the inner surface of the through bore 24 , so that the input and output hydraulic chambers 16 , 20 are prevented from communicating with each other via a clearance between the outer surface of the piston rod 25 and the inner surface of the through bore 24 . the partition 10 is provided therein with the valve mechanism 5 . this mechanism 5 comprises a valve chamber 27 formed in the partition 10 and connected with the input hydraulic chamber 16 , a valve port 28 formed so as to extend between the valve chamber 27 and the output hydraulic chamber 20 , a spherical valve body 29 housed in the valve chamber 27 for opening and closing the valve port 28 , a driving rod 30 formed integrally with the valve body 29 and extending through the valve port 28 so as to project into the output hydraulic chamber 20 , and a spring 31 housed in the valve chamber 27 and urging the valve body 29 toward the valve port 28 . the end surface of the valve chamber 27 which is on the side of the valve port 28 is provided with a conical valve seat 32 converging toward the valve port 28 . the driving rod 30 is designed to be long enough to be pressed by the second piston 19 , when the piston 19 is displaced toward the partition 10 by a maximum amount , to allow the valve body 29 to move apart from the valve seat 32 . the anti - lock control means 6 comprises a liquid pressure source 33 , a normally - closed first electromagnetic valve 34 , and a normally - open second electromagnetic valve 35 . the liquid pressure source 33 consists of a hydraulic pump 36 for drawing up a control liquid , for example , pressure oil from an oil tank r , an accumulator 37 , and a hydraulic sensor 38 for detecting troubles and any loss of the hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic pump 36 and the starting and stopping of operation of the pump 36 . the first electromagnetic valve 34 is disposed at an intermediate portion of an oil supply passage 39 which connects between the liquid pressure source 33 and control chamber 18 , whereas the second electromagnetic valve 35 is disposed at an intermediate portion of a return oil passage 40 which branches from that portion of the oil supply passage 39 which is between the first electromagnetic valve 34 and control chamber 18 , to lead to the oil tank r . the first electromagnetic valve 34 is normally closed , and the second electromagnetic valve 35 normally opened . when a sensor ( not shown ) detects that the wheel w is about to be locked , the second electromagnetic valve 35 is closed , and the first electromagnetic valve 34 opened . accordingly , the control chamber 18 is normally communicated with the oil tank r . when the wheel w is about to be locked , an anti - lock control liquid pressure from the liquid pressure source 33 is supplied to the control chamber 18 . according to the present invention , the spring chamber 22 is communicated with a reservoir 41 in the master cylinder m . a groove is formed in the open end surface of the partition member 8 , and this groove forms an oil passage 42 when the cap 12 is in abutment against the same open end surface . the casing 4 is further provided with an oil passage 44 communicating with the oil passage 42 and also with the reservoir 41 via an oil passage 45 . a throttle 46 is provided in an intermediate portion of the oil passage 45 . a sealing structure for sealing between the output hydraulic chamber 20 and the spring chamber 22 is arranged so as to permit the working oil to flow from the spring chamber 22 to the output hydraulic chamber 20 . that is , a seal member 47 , which slidingly contacts the inner surface of the second cylinder portion 14 , is attached to that end surface of the second piston 19 which faces the output hydraulic chamber 20 . this seal member 47 is formed so as to permit the working oil to flow from the spring chamber 22 to the input hydraulic chamber 20 . the operation of this embodiment will now be described . while the braking pressure control apparatus is not in operation , in which a brake pedal bp is not depressed , the second piston 19 is displaced to left by the resilient force of the spring 23 to the extent that the piston 19 contacts the partition 10 . in the valve mechanism 5 , the driving rod 30 is pressed by the second piston 19 , and the valve body 29 is apart from the valve seat 32 and is open . accordingly , a hydraulic passage extending from the output port 1 of the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b via the oil passage 2 , inlet oil passage 17 , input hydraulic chamber 16 , valve chamber 27 , valve port 28 , output hydraulic chamber 20 , outlet oil passage 21 and oil passage 3 is formed . this enables the hydraulic braking system to be charged with a working oil very easily in the same way as in a hydraulic braking system which is not provided with such valve mechanism 5 for an anti - lock control operation . in a conventional hydraulic braking pressure control apparatus , it is necessary that the working oil charging operation be carried out separately for the hydraulic passage which extends from the master cylinder m to the input hydraulic chamber 16 , and the hydraulic passage extending from the output hydraulic chamber 20 to the wheel brake b . according to the present invention , the hydraulic braking pressure passage extending from the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b is established , and , therefore , the hydraulic braking pressure passage from the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b can be charged with working oil completely by simply feeding a working oil into the master cylinder m . when a braking operation is carried out by depressing the brake pedal bp , the hydraulic braking pressure is supplied from the output port 1 of the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b via the above - mentioned hydraulic passage . during this time , a control liquid pressure from the anti - lock control means 6 is not supplied to the control chamber 18 , so that the second piston 19 remains in the position in which it has been displaced the maximum stroke toward the partition 10 due to the resilient force of the spring 23 , with the valve mechanism 5 left open . since the hydraulic braking pressure is thus supplied directly from the master cylinder m to the wheel brake b , a stroke switch for the piston , which is provided in a conventional hydraulic braking pressure control apparatus for the purpose of detecting the leakage of the hydraulic braking pressure , can be omitted , and the leakage of hydraulic pressure can be detected by a means which is normally used in a hydraulic braking system having no anti - lock controlling function . when the braking force has become too large during braking operation and the wheel w is about to be locked , the second electromagnetic valve 35 is closed and the first electromagnetic valve 34 is opened . consequently , the anti - lock control liquid pressure is supplied from the liquid pressure source 33 to the control chamber 18 , and the first piston 15 is forced to right against the leftward biasing force of the spring 23 and the hydraulic pressure in the input hydraulic chamber 16 . at the same time , the second piston 19 moves apart from the partition 10 to cause the valve body 29 of the valve mechanism 5 to engage the valve seat 32 . as a result , the valve mechanism 5 is closed , and the supply of the hydraulic braking pressure to the wheel brake b is cut off . this can prevent the wheel w from being locked . if the wheel is still likely to become locked , the control liquid pressure in the control chamber 18 further increases , and the first piston 15 further moves rightward . as a result , the volume of the output hydraulic chamber 20 becomes large , and the hydraulic braking pressure applied to the wheel brake b decreases . in consequence , the locking of the wheel w can be prevented reliably . assume that the anti - lock control means 6 has gone out of order to cause the control liquid pressure in the control chamber 18 to increase abnormally to a degree exceeding the level at which wheel lock is efficiently prevented . then , the piston rod 25 is displaced further to the right while compressing the spring 23 . consequently , the volume of the output hydraulic chamber 20 increases abnormally . when the pressure in the output hydraulic chamber 20 has then become excessively negative to exceeding the wheel lock preventing level , the seal member 47 permits the working oil to flow from the spring chamber 22 to the output hydraulic chamber 20 , so that the pressure in the hydraulic system extending from the output hydraulic chamber 20 to the wheel brake b does not decrease to such a negative level as causing a problem . moreover , since the throttle 46 is provided in the intermediate portion of the oil passage 45 , the hydraulic pressure in the spring chamber 22 increases when the piston rod 25 is moved to the right abruptly , thereby to enable the working oil to be supplied reliably from the spring chamber 22 to the output hydraulic chamber 20 . accordingly , the pressure in the output hydraulic chamber 20 can be prevented reliably from decreasing to a practically problematical negative level . as described above , according to the first aspect of the invention , a casing is provided to have first and second cylinder portions formed therein concentrically via a partition , a first piston being fitted slidably in the first cylinder portion so as to define the input hydraulic chamber on the side of the partition and the control chamber on the side away from the partition while a second piston being fitted slidably in the second cylinder portion so as to define the output hydraulic chamber on the side of the partition and a spring chamber on the side away from the partition , a piston rod penetrating through the partition in an oil - tightly slidable manner and having the first and second pistons mounted rigidly on both end portions thereof , a valve mechanism being provided in the partition and adapted to be closed in accordance with the displacement of the second piston away from the partition , and a spring being housed in the spring chamber for urging the second piston toward the partition . therefore , when the anti - lock control means is not in operation , the second piston takes a position displaced to the maximum extent toward the partition to keep the valve mechanism open , whereby a hydraulic passage extending from the master cylinder to the wheel brake is established . therefore , the charging of working oil into the hydraulic control system can be done through one step . the first and second pistons are not operated when the anti - lock control means is not in operation , and the pistons are movable by a necessary amount only when the control means is in operation . this enables the number of strokes of the pistons to decrease , and the durability of the apparatus to be improved . the spring chamber is communicated with the reservoir in the master cylinder , and the seal means provided between the output hydraulic chamber and the spring chamber is formed so as to permit the working oil to flow from the spring chamber to the output hydraulic chamber . accordingly , even when the control liquid pressure in the control chamber has increased abnormally , the pressure in the hydraulic system extending between the output hydraulic chamber and wheel brake can be prevented from decreasing to a practically problematical negative level . the second aspect of the invention provides , in addition to the elements provided according to the first aspect , a throttle between the spring chamber and the reservoir in the master cylinder . therefore , further advantages are obtained in addition to those mentioned above such that the supply of the working oil from the spring chamber to the output hydraulic chamber is promoted , and the pressure in the hydraulic system extending between the output hydraulic chamber and wheel brake can be prevented reliably from decreasing to a practically problematical negative level .	1
referring to the drawings , fig1 illustrates a cross section of a conduit 10 for delivering a fluid such as a gas . an internally threaded collar 12 is welded to one side of the conduit . a flow - sensing tube 14 is received in the collar through opening 16 so as to extend into the conduit transversely to fluid flow therein . a pair of nuts 17 and 18 lock and seal the flow sensing tube in position . fig2 and 4 illustrate the internal structure of flow sensing tube 14 . tube 14 has a tubular housing 20 having a circular cross - section . a pair of d - shaped tubes 22 and 24 are disposed back - to - back in housing 20 . a plug 26 blocks one end of housing 20 , and a plug 28 blocks the opposite end of tube 24 . the arrangement is such as to form a pair of d - shaped internal chambers 30 and 32 . a t - shaped conduit 34 is mounted on the end of housing 14 . conduit 34 has a threaded opening 36 in communication with chamber 32 , and a threaded opening 38 in communication with chamber 30 . referring to fig1 in use , a valve 40 is mounted on conduit 34 and connected by conduit means 42 to measuring means 44 which senses the pressure in chamber 32 through opening 36 . a second valve 46 is mounted on conduit 34 and connected by conduit means 48 to measuring means 44 for sensing the pressure in chamber 30 through opening 38 . measuring means 44 is adapted to compute the volumetric flow rate through the conduit 10 depending upon the relationship between the pressures in chambers 30 and 32 . housing 14 and tube 24 have forward openings 50 , 52 , 54 and 56 supported to face in the direction of fluid flow in conduit 10 . the flow sensing tube has a pair of openings 58 and 60 disposed rearwardly of each forward opening , as illustrated in fig4 . opening 58 is preferrably formed one hundred and ten degrees rearwardly of the radial axis of forward opening 52 , while opening 60 is formed on a radial axis that is one hundred and ten degrees rearwardly of the axis of opening 52 , but in the opposite direction with respect to opening 58 . both openings 58 and 60 extend through housing 20 and tube 24 to fluidly communicate with chamber 32 . forming rear openings 58 and 60 within an angular range greater than 105 degrees but less than 115 degrees provides means for sensing the fluid pressure around tube 14 such that the flow coefficient remains constant regardless of the reynold &# 39 ; s number related to the fluid velocity passing through conduit 10 . preferrably there are two rear openings for each forward opening . in addition the combined cross sectional area of the forward openings is less than the transverse cross section of chamber 30 , while the combined cross section of the rear openings is less than the transverse cross section of chamber 32 . fig6 illustrates the linear relationship between the flow coefficient and the reynold &# 39 ; s number of a fluid passing through a four inch pipe employing a flow - sensing tube of the type illustrated in fig1 . it shows that the coefficient was essentially constant though the average velocity of the fluid in the conduit ranged from 1 . 4 ft . per second to over 22 ft . per second . thus the coefficient is essentially independent of the reynold &# 39 ; s number and the fluid velocity . the coefficient does not shift with the reynold &# 39 ; s number as is common using other commercially available flow sensing tubes . fig7 illustrates the manner in which the flow coefficient varies with the reynold &# 39 ; s number for a commercially available tube having a diamond - shaped cross section having rear openings 180 degrees rearward of the forward openings . fig3 and 5 illustrate another embodiment of the invention in which tubular housing 100 has one end closed with plug 102 . the other end is mounted in a t - shaped conduit 104 having a pair of threaded outlets 106 and 108 . a smaller inner tube 110 is mounted in housing 100 and extends substantially the full length of the housing . plug 102 blocks one end of tube 110 while a plug 112 blocks its opposite end . a chamber 116 between tube 100 and tube 110 fluidly communicates through outlet 108 to a suitable measuring means . a second chamber 118 within tube 110 fluidly communicates to the measuring means through outlet 106 . as illustrated in fig5 the internal cross section of chamber 118 is preferrably equal to the cross section of chamber 116 . housing 100 has flow sensing openings 120 , 122 , 124 and 126 communicating with chamber 118 and adapted to face toward the direction of fluid flow in the conduit , as illustrated in fig3 . referring to fig5 the flow sensing tube has a pair of openings 128 and 130 formed rearwardly of opening 120 . opening 128 is formed on a radial axis that is 110 degrees rearward of the radial axis of opening 120 , while opening 130 is formed on a radial axis 110 degrees rearward of the radial axis of opening 120 . the flow - sensing tube has a similar pair of rearward openings for each of forward openings 122 , 124 and 126 . in this embodiment of the invention the combined cross section area of the forward openings is less than the internal transverse cross section of chamber 118 , while the combined cross sectional areas of the rearward openings is less than the cross sectional area of chamber 116 . it is apparent that flow sensing tubes having other wall configurations forming a pair of internal chambers can be employed , provided the cross section of the outer housing is circular and the rear openings are within the range of 105 degrees to 115 degrees rearwardly of the forward openings .	6
the human based serum or plasma control of the present invention comprises a base of male human plasma or serum that has been lipid stripped and tumor markers . the tumor markers may include adenocorticotropic hormone ( acth ), aldosterone , alphafetoprotein ( afp ), beta - 2 - microglobulin ( b2m ), ca 15 - 3 ®, ca 125 ®, ca 19 - 9 ®, ca 19 - 9 ® ( registered trademarks of centocor diagnostics , a division of centocor inc . ), ca 549 , carcinoembryonic antigen ( cea ), ferritin , gastrin , human chorionic gonadotropin ( hcg ), beta hcg , gamma enolase ( nse ), prolactin , prostatic acid phosphatase ( pap ), prostatic specific antigen ( psa ), tissue polypeptide antigen ( tpa ), calcitonin and ld - 1 . a preservative system should also be included in the control . the preservative system should include a preservative that is stable both prior to lyophilization and after lyophilization . a preservative system is necessary in order to ensure reconstituted stability of certain markers especially enzymes that are very sensitive to proteases that are produced by microorganisms . a combination of preservatives are added . the preferred preservative system is a combination of gentamicin sulfate , cycloheximide and proclin 300 ( rohm and haas ). the proclin 300 is not effective after lyophilization , however , it is useful in controlling microbial growth during the manufacturing process . the gentamicin sulfate and cycloheximide are used to control growth of microorganisms after reconstitution . sodium azide is not used mainly due to the hazard of the explosive properties of the azide . the stability of the lyophilized control should be at least about a year and preferably at least about three years . the reconstituted stability of the majority of the components should be at least about seven days and preferably at least about fourteen days . the base of human serum or plasma should be substantially from all male donors in order to preserve the stability of the psa marker . in the presence of substantially all male serum or plasma , the psa is very stable . female serum and plasma may contain antibodies to this enzyme marker . the antibodies would effectively eliminate the psa from the control solution . if the antibodies are successfully removed or their effects eliminated from the female serum or plasma , the resulting serum or plasma could be utilized as the base material . the content of the lipids in the human serum or plasma must be reduced . the lipid content may be reduced by treating the serum or plasma with fumed silica or dextran sulfate or other known processes . the process used to reduce the lipids must ensure that the content of cholesterol and triglycerides in the human serum or plasma is less than about 20 mg / dl each after processing . there are at least three reasons to reduce the lipid content . first , the stability of added tumor markers which are easily denatured or oxidized is increased when the lipid content is reduced . this is because when the lipids break down , they form oxidation by - products that can interfere with the stability of some of the markers . moreover , the breakdown of lipids results in turbid solutions . second , the lipid reduction aids in the reconstitution process . the lyophilized control reconstitutes immediately upon the addition of the liquid when the lipids are eliminated . the reconstitution time of the lyophilized control is delayed by between about 15 to 30 minutes if serum or plasma containing normal amounts of lipids are utilized . third , high levels of lipids can cause interference in measuring some of the tumor markers . thus , reduction of the level of lipids leads to a more accurate assay result . the serum or plasma that is utilized as the base for the control should be assayed for the tumor markers that will be added prior to the addition of those tumor markers . table i is a classification of the various types of tumor markers that are added to the base material . table ii lists the tumor markers and the types of cancers that are usually associated with that marker . table iii lists sources of several of the tumor markers . the tumor markers that are added into the base material must be relatively pure -- that is not cross contaminated with other markers or contaminated with interfering substances . it is best to use sources of tumor markers that are native human forms ; however , it has been found that many of the human source tumors produce more than one marker . the addition of this raw source to the base material makes it difficult to formulate a control with an accurate amount of each tumor marker . in some instances , the tumor marker could end up being added in an amount that is too high to be useful for low or normal control levels . thus , to avoid this problem many of the tumor markers must be purified to remove cross - contamination . in addition , the tumor markers that are to be added to the base material should be assayed to determine the presence of cross - contaminants and known interfering substances . b2m may be purified from urine that has been collected from patients having renal failure . particulates are removed and the urine is diafiltered into an appropriate buffer and concentrated . the b2m , a protein , has an approximate molecular weight of about 11 , 000 daltons ; thus , it can be purified using size exclusion chromatography such as gel filtration chromatography . preferred gel materials are ultragel aca 54 or its equivalents . the fractions containing the b2m are pooled and concentrated to preferably at least about 1 g / dl , then the outcome of the purification can be determined using such known methods as electrophoresis . in addition , the b2m is tested by commercially available immunoassay . the b2m is stable when stored either at about 2 - 8 c . or frozen at less than about - 20 c . the resulting b2m may contain up to as much as about 70 % of impurities of immunoglobulins without effecting the usefulness of the b2m . ca 125 is a marker that is specific to ovarian cancer . this marker may be found in ascites fluid that is collected from patients with ovarian cancer . the ascites fluid contains two markers , ca 125 and tpa . the contamination level of the tpa is very high ; thus , in order to add an accurate amount of each of ca 125 and tpa , the markers must be separated . both of these markers are shed into the serum during tumor growth and due to the similarities of these markers the separation of them is difficult . it was discovered that tpa binds to a hydrophobic interaction chromatography media , phenyl sepharose ( pharmacia ), in the presence of phosphate buffer at about a physiological ph . a phosphate buffer of about 50 mm phosphate at a ph of about 7 . 2 is preferred . the ascites fluid is applied onto a column of phenyl sepharose . the majority of the ca 125 does not bind to the phenyl sepharose and flows directly through the column and is collected . the column is then washed with the phosphate buffer to which has been added about 2 . 5m urea . this buffer elutes the remaining ca 125 . the column is then washed with the phosphate buffer to which has been added about 6m urea . the tpa is eluted with this buffer and collected . normally , chromatography using phenyl sepharose requires a high salt concentration for binding to occur . however , surprisingly , the tpa binds without a high salt concentration . thus , it is surprising that the separation occurs because the separation is not due to the hydrophobic interaction . the separated proteins are buffer exchanged to remove the urea and are concentrated to a protein level of preferably about greater than 1 g / dl . the separation of the proteins may be confirmed by assaying the separated proteins using commercially available immunoassay techniques . cea , ca 19 - 9 and tpa are often obtained from the same source ; thus , they must be separated from each other . cea is a large glycoprotein of about 200 , 000 daltons and is found at elevated levels in the serum of patients with colon cancer . cea is an oncofetal antigen that is expressed during intra - uterine life and disappears after birth . oncofetal antigens reappear in situations of repair or neoplastic growth in the organs where they appeared during gestation . elevated levels have also been found in patients with lung , gastric , breast and pancreatic cancers . ca 19 - 9 is a tumor mucin antigen . tumor mucins are high molecular weight glycoprotein from about 200 , 000 daltons to 1000 kda and contain from about 25 % to 80 % carbohydrate . as a tumor marker ca 19 - 9 is elevated in patients with pancreatic cancer and gastrointestinal cancer . one source of cea , ca 19 - 9 and tpa is a cell line identified as sw 1116 . sw 1116 is a human cell line developed from a colorectal carcinoma . the cancer cells excrete the antigens into a cell growth media . the cell growth medium is collected and frozen as it is produced . the cell supernatant is thawed and concentrated about 20 times . the concentrated supernatant is buffer exchanged into buffers such as phosphate buffers at physiological phs . the preferred buffer is 50 mm phosphate at about ph 7 . 2 . although cea , ca 19 - 9 and tpa are somewhat different , they are all glycoproteins and are very difficult to separate by typical chromatography methods . precipatation methods using perchloric acid treatment to precipatate the cea have been suggested , however the process results in a low yield of the purified markers . thus , a method was developed to purify the three markers . the concentrated , buffer exchanged supernatant is applied onto a phenyl sepharose column . as described for the ca - 125 purification , the tpa binds to the chromatography media without the presence of high salt . the column is then washed with phosphate buffer and the eluant is collected in fractions . as determined by immunoassay , these fractions contain mostly ca 19 - 9 , but selected fractions contain cea . the cea / ca 19 - 9 fractions could be separated and further purified by affinity chromatography using processes known in the art . in one process disclosed in ford , c . h . j ., et al . immunoadsorbent purification of carcinoembryonic antigen using a monoclonal antibody : a direct comparison with a conventional method , tumor biol . vol . 8 : pages 241 - 250 ( 1987 ), a column is prepared which contains a media that has an antibody specific to cea attached to the chromatography media . this column can strip out the cea and the ca 19 - 9 will pass through the column . the cea can be stripped from the column . however there are other sources of commercially available cea ; thus , it is not necessary to utilize this method . since the cea is not required to be obtained from this method , it is preferred to combine the fractions from the phenyl sepharose column and then wash the phenyl sepharose column with a phosphate buffer , preferably 50 mm phosphate at ph 7 . 2 , containing from about 2 to 3m urea to remove any additional ca 19 - 9 . the eluant is collected . all of the fractions containing ca 19 - 9 and ca 19 - 9 with cea are combined . the column is next eluted with the same buffer but also containing about 6m urea . the tpa is eluted and collected . the ca 19 - 9 / cea containing pool is buffer exchanged to remove the urea and concentrated to at least about 1 g / dl . the ca 19 - 9 in the concentrate by freezing the concentrate . long term freezing of the ca 19 - 9 results in a loss of activity of the cea , however the activity of the ca 19 - 9 is preserved . thus , the entire purification process can be simplified . the length of freezing time can be determined by testing aliquots of the concentrate for the presence of cea by immunoassay techniques . the approximate recovery can be up to 100 %. alternatively , the fractions containing the cea / ca 19 - 9 can be discarded . then , only the fractions containing ca 19 - 9 are pooled and concentrated . the tpa is also buffer exchanged and concentrated as described above . the recovery of the tpa can also be up to about 100 %. cross - contamination is determined using immunoassay techniques . the cea can be obtained as described above using the monoclonal antibody method or it may be obtained from other commercially available sources . the cea should be tested for cross - contamination with immunoassay methods prior to use in a control . if contamination is detected , the cea must be purified using one of the methods known in the art , preferably the affinity method described above . nse is obtained from fresh or freshly frozen human brain . purified nse may be obtained commercially . the preferred method for purification is accomplished by preparing a homogenate of the brain , centrifuging the homogenate and collecting the supernatant . next the supernatant is pelleted using 40 % ammonium sulfate . the pellet is resuspended in a 10 mm tris - phosphate buffer and dialyzed against the buffer then concentrated . the concentrate is chromatographed on de - 52 and eluted with a 0 . 15m - 0 . 35m nacl gradient . the peak containing the nse is dialyzed , lyophilized and fractionated on sephadex g 150 or the like . polybufferexchanger chromatofocussing is used to focus the nse . the nse is then eluted and finally fractionated on g - 150 ( superfine ). finally , afp must be purified . afp is an oncofetal antigen like cea . afp is a glycoprotein expressed in fetal liver and digestive tract . in adults elevated levels of this antigen in serum is associated with malignant hepatoma and in some cases of ovarian and testicular cancers . the best source of this antigen is human cord serum collected at the time of birth . this serum contains high levels of afp ( about 60 , 000 ng / ml ) and contains only one contaminating tumor marker , prolactin . there are methods for purifying afp described in the art . for instance , chudy d . and zizkovsky v ., a simple and rapid method for the isolation of human alpha - fetoprotein from human cord serum , neoplasma 34 ( 4 ) pp . 491 to 496 ( 1987 ) describes one such procedure . for purposes of this invention , the preferred method of isolation of the afp from the prolactin is accomplished using ion exchange chromatography . using a 20 mm tris buffer at ph 8 . 5 the cord serum is applied onto a cation exchange resin . at this ph and buffer strength the afp binds to the column but the majority of the prolactin does not bind to the column . thus , the serum is added to the column , and the prolactin is washed through the column . the prolactin can be collected . the afp can then be eluted off of the column using about 0 . 2 to 0 . 3m sodium chloride with the buffer . the isolated afp is then concentrated to about 1 mg / ml . recovery of the afp in this manner can be about 100 %. the afp purified in this manner may contain large quantities of albumin . however , this contaminant is not a problem since the serum or plasma based material contains albumin . the purified afp can be tested using immunoassay procedures . the other tumor markers such as acth , aldosterone , hcg , beta - hcg , ca 15 - 3 , ca 549 , calcitonin , ferritin , gastrin , pap , psa , prolactin and ld - 1 are available commercially from several sources . these other markers can be obtained purified or can be purified by procedures well known in the art . for each tumor marker , cross - contamination can be assessed by immunoassay techniques . the ld - 1 is added as a component of ldh by determining the amount of ld - 1 present in ldh . the solutions for the controls are formulated by first assaying the plasma or serum and all the specific tumor markers that are used to spike the plasma or serum . table iv shows the target values for each of the specific tumor marker at each of the three levels of controls that are prepared . calculations are performed by subtracting the concentration of each marker in the serum or plasma from the mean targeted value in table iv , then adding the appropriate amount of each marker to each of the three levels of controls . the tumor markers are added to the serum or plasma according to the stability of each marker . markers such as b2m , afp , prolactin , hcg , beta - hcg , ca - 15 - 3 , ca - 19 - 9 , ca 549 , ca 125 , cea , ferritin , tpa , and ld - 1 ( added as ldh ) may be added and adjusted within a few days of lyophilization as long as the temperature of the serum or plasma is controlled within about 2 to 10 c . if all the materials are kept at between about 2 - 10 c ., the acth , gastrin , gamma enolase , and calcitonin ( markers which have short term liquid stability ) may be added up to about six hours prior to lyophilization . preferably these markers are added immediately prior to lyophilization and the additions and adjustments are done at low temperatures , that is 2 - 10 c . each of the three levels of liquid controls are lyophilized using standard methods . the bottles containing the lyophilized controls are sealed under vacuum and then stored at about 4 c . the controls are reconstituted with water or other appropriate liquids such as buffers . for acth , lyophilization studies are required to determine the loss of acth activity during the lyophilization process . immunoassay methods are used to determine the loss of activity due to the process . the results can be used to determine the prelyophilization level of acth that is necessary to recover a specific post lyophilization level of acth . the stability of all of the markers in the lyophilized control was determined to be four weeks at a stressed temperature of 37 c . see , table v . this is thought to correspond to about 3 years when stored at 2 - 8 c . a reconstituted stability of at least two weeks was found for all markers except nse , acth , gastrin and calcitonin . see , table vi . the nse , acth , gastrin and calcitonin must be used shortly after reconstituting with liquid . it was also found that the reconstituted stability can be prolonged for 30 days for all analytes except nse , gastrin and calcitonin by freezing aliquots of the reconstituted material at - 20 c . see , table vii . the stability of the gastrin and calcitonin can be prolonged for seven days by freezing aliquots of the reconstituted material at - 20 c . see , table viii . the stability of the nse can be extended for twenty four hours by freezing aliquots of the reconstituted material at - 20 c . see , table viii . the following examples are given for the purpose of illustrating the present invention : a urine concentrate was prepared by collecting urine from patients with renal failure . the urine was pooled and sodium azide at 0 . 02 % was added as a preservative . the urine was filtered through a membrane of less than 0 . 3 microns to remove all particulates and microbes . the urine was then diafiltered against seven volumes of 50 mm tris buffer , ph 8 . 0 and concentrated to a volume 100 times the original volume . for example , 100 liters was concentrated to 1 liter . the concentrated urine was adjusted to a total protein concentration of about 9 . 0 g / dl using the above buffer . about fifty mls of the urine concentrate was applied to an ultragel aca 54 column . the sample size is dependent upon the column size and is equivalent to 2 . 5 % of the total volume of the media . the length of the column must be about 100 cm for effective separation of the proteins . fractions containing the b2m were combined , pooled and concentrated to about 1 g / dl . purification has also been accomplished on superdex 75 ( pharmacia ). however , for this application , the purification on ultragel aca 54 is superior . about a fifty ml sample of a supernatant from sw1116 , a cell line ( supernatant available from whitaker ), was concentrated to one half the original volume . the sample was buffer exchanged three times with about fifty ml of 50 mm potassium phosphate at about ph 7 . 2 . the final volume of the sample was about 35 ml . about twenty mls of the sample were applied to a phenyl sepharose column . the column was washed with the buffer and fractions were collected . the fractions were evaluated for cea and ca 19 - 9 activity using an immunoassay . fractions containing cea were pooled and concentrated and fractions containing ca 19 - 9 were pooled and concentrated . a buffer containing about 50 mm phosphate at ph 7 . 2 with increasing amounts of urea was applied to the column . the tpa was eluted with urea at about 6m . the tpa containing fractions were pooled and concentrated then diafiltered to remove the 6m urea . the ca 19 - 9 fractions undergo long term storage to remove the activity of any cea that contaminates the ca 19 - 9 . delipidated serum from males was filtered through the following sequences of filters : a prefilter , a 1 . 2 micron filter , a 0 . 8 micron filter , a 0 . 45 micron filter and a 0 . 22 micron filter . the filtered serum was refrigerated . proclin 300 from rohm and haas was added at a concentration of 1 ml per liter of serum . the serum was divided into two pools of about 1 . 92 liters per pool -- designated as pool 1 and pool 2 . the serum was assayed for amounts of acth , aldosterone , b2m , hcg , beta - hcg , ca 15 - 3 , ca 19 - 9 , ca 125 , ca 549 , calcitonin , cea , ferritin , gastrin , nse , pap , psa , prolactin , tpa , and ld - 1 using immunoassay techniques . each of the markers were obtained through purifications as described herein or were obtained commercially . the amount of each marker was determined . an amount of each marker necessary to reach the values given in table iv , level i ranges were added to pool 1 . an amount of each marker to reach the values given in table iv , level iii ranges were added to pool 2 . the amounts of marker were assayed and any adjustments were made by either adding additional amounts of marker . three milliliters aliquots from pool 1 ( level 1 ) were filled into vials that had been chilled in a freezer for about one hour and three milliliter aliquots from pool 2 ( level 3 ) were filled into vials that had been chilled in a freezer for about one hour . the vials were lyophilized , sealed under a vacuum and stored at about 4 c . vials of the controls prepared in example 2 were reconstituted with three milliliters of distilled water and inverted gently to mix . the markers contained in the level 1 and level 3 controls were assayed using a variety of immunoassay methods . the results are presented in table ix . table 1______________________________________classification of tumor markers______________________________________1 . oncofetal antigens afp , cea produced during fetal development and low levels in adults . tumors cause re - expression of these proteins . 2 . tumor associated antigens ca 19 - 9 , ca 549 , ca 15 - 3 mucins ( carbohydrate rich glycoproteins ) excreted by the tumor cells . high molecular weight & gt ; 200 kda and 25 to 85 % carbohydrate . 3 . hormones hcg , acth , calcitonin , prolactin , aldosterone , gastrin4 . serum proteins beta2 - microglobulin , ferritin5 . enzymes pap , nse , ld1______________________________________ table ii______________________________________tumor marker controlclinical markerstumor marker site ( s ) ______________________________________adenocortitropic hormone lung ( acth ) alphafetoprotein ( afp ) testicular , liveraldosterone kidneybeta 2 microglobulin bone marrowbeta human chorionic gynecological , gonadotropin testicularca 15 - 3 / ca 549 breastca 19 - 9 pancreas , colorectal , stomachca 125 ovariancarcinoembryonic antigen colorectal , breast , lung ,( cea ) stomach , pancreasferritin livergamma enolase lung , braingastrin pancreashuman chorionic testiculargonadotropin ( hcg ) lactate dehydrogenase brainisoenzyme ( ld - 1 ) prolactin pituitaryprostatis acid phosphatase prostate ( pap ) prostate specific antigen prostate ( psa ) tissue polypeptide antigen bladder , prostate ,( tpa ) gynecological , lung______________________________________ table iii______________________________________tumor marker controlantigens source______________________________________b2 microglobulin renal failure urineca 15 - 3 / ca 549 breast ascites , pleurol fluid , hybritech mouse tumorca 19 - 9 sw1116 supernatecea sw1116 supernatetpa sw1116 supernate ovarian cancer ascites pleural fluidsca 125 ovarian cancer ascites pleural fluid - breastprolactin human cord serumalpha - fetoprotein cord serum______________________________________ table iv__________________________________________________________________________typical values tumor marker controlconstituent units level 1 ranges level ii ranges level iii ranges__________________________________________________________________________adenocorticotropic hormone pg / ml 35 ( 20 - 50 ) 65 ( 50 - 80 ) 400 ( 350 - 450 ) alpha - fetoprotein ng / ml 10 ( 7 - 13 ) 75 ( 65 - 85 ) 250 ( 230 - 270 ) aldosterone pg / dl 50 ( 30 - 70 ) 110 ( 95 - 125 ) 700 ( 650 - 750 ) b - 2 microglobulin ng / l 1 . 5 ( 1 - 2 ) 3 ( 2 . 5 - 3 . 5 ) 12 ( 10 - 14 ) beta human chorionic gonadotropin iu / l 5 ( 1 - 9 ) 20 ( 15 - 25 ) 450 ( 440 - 460 ) human chorionic gonadotropin iu / l 5 ( 1 - 9 ) 20 ( 15 - 25 ) 450 ( 440 - 460 ) ca 15 - 3 u / ml 45 ( 30 - 60 ) 200 ( 150 - 250 ) & gt ; 240ca 19 - 9 u / ml 30 ( 20 - 40 ) 100 ( 90 - 110 ) 400 ( 380 - 420 ) ca 125 u / ml 20 ( 10 - 30 ) 40 ( 35 - 45 ) 400 ( 350 - 450 ) ca 549 u / ml 15 ( 10 - 20 ) 40 ( 35 - 45 ) 65 ( 60 - 70 ) thyrocalcitonin pg / ml 30 ( 20 - 40 ) 110 ( 100 - 120 ) 600 ( 550 - 650 ) carcinoembryonic antigen ng / ml 4 ( 3 - 5 ) 15 ( 10 - 20 ) 30 ( 25 - 35 ) ferritin ng / ml 30 ( 25 - 35 ) 100 ( 95 - 105 ) 450 ( 440 - 460 ) gastrin pg / ml 60 ( 50 - 70 ) 200 ( 190 - 210 ) 400 ( 390 - 410 ) ldh - 1 u / l 150 ( 130 - 170 ) 250 ( 240 - 260 ) 350 ( 340 - 360 ) gamma enolase ng / ml 50 ( 40 - 60 ) 100 ( 90 - 110 ) 150 ( 140 - 160 ) prostatic acid phosphatase ng / ml 3 ( 2 - 4 ) 11 ( 10 - 12 ) 25 ( 23 - 27 ) prostatic specific antigen ng / ml 3 ( 2 - 4 ) 15 ( 13 - 17 ) 35 ( 33 - 37 ) prolactin ng / ml 5 ( 3 - 7 ) 20 ( 18 - 22 ) 150 ( 140 - 160 ) tissue polypeptide antigen u / l 30 ( 25 - 35 ) 100 ( 90 - 100 ) 500 ( 490 - 510 ) __________________________________________________________________________ table v______________________________________accelerated stability studiesfour weeks @ 37 c . level i level i level ii level iianalyte fresh 37 c . fresh 37 c . ______________________________________afp 10 . 2 10 . 3 293 293aldos 79 74 800 780b2m 1 . 0 0 . 97 4 . 2 4 . 2gastrin 77 72 289 275calcitonin 38 35 270 275acth 33 34 461 486ferritin 31 27 692 697pap 2 . 1 1 . 9 17 16prolactin 6 . 8 6 . 6 171 170psa 3 . 0 3 . 0 37 37tpa 48 48 953 957ca549 8 . 9 8 . 6 27 30ca 15 - 3 41 41 262 245beta hcg 2 . 7 2 . 8 475 446hcg 2 . 7 2 . 7 460 439ca125 18 18 356 361cea 2 . 9 2 . 9 57 57nse 14 12 65 51ldh 286 260 782 756______________________________________ table vi______________________________________reconstituted stability studiesfourteen days @ 2 - 8 c . level i level i level ii level iianalyte fresh 14 days fresh 14 days______________________________________afp 10 . 2 10 . 6 293 294aldos 79 81 804 850b2m 1 . 1 1 . 0 4 . 2 4 . 4ca 19 - 9 35 33 249 241ferritin 31 28 693 671pap 2 . 1 2 . 0 16 . 9 16 . 4prolactin 6 . 8 6 . 3 171 170psa 3 . 0 2 . 6 37 32tpa 48 46 953 957ca549 8 . 9 8 . 9 27 30ca 15 - 3 41 43 165 158beta hcg 2 . 7 2 . 6 475 446hcg 2 . 7 2 . 7 422 414ca125 18 20 356 360cea 2 . 9 2 . 6 57 56ld1 47 . 7 49 . 8 51 51______________________________________ table vii______________________________________frozen stability studiesthirty days @ - 20 c . level i level i level ii level iianalyte 2 - 8 c . - 20 c . 2 - 8 c . - 20 c . ______________________________________aldos 76 78 840 834afp 11 11 300 297b2m 0 . 98 0 . 97 4 . 7 4 . 8acth 15 17 408 418ferritin 31 28 726 686pap 2 . 2 2 . 1 20 20psa 2 . 6 2 . 6 33 33prolactin 4 . 2 4 . 4 125 133tpa 56 54 779 854ca549 9 . 1 9 . 9 36 35ca 15 - 3 23 23 100 102beta hcg 2 . 6 2 . 6 426 438ca125 25 25 448 474cea 2 . 6 2 . 6 60 61ca19 - 9 55 55 276 277ldh 252 247 756 746ld - 1 48 % 48 % 51 % 51 % ______________________________________ table viii______________________________________frozen stability studies level i level i level ii level iianalyte 2 - 8 c . - 20 c . 2 - 8 c . - 20 c . ______________________________________seven days @ - 20 c . gastrin 101 98 322 313calcitonin 123 110 342 353twenty four hours @ - 20 c . nse 10 10 54 54______________________________________ table ix______________________________________instrument / method comparisonanalyte method units level 1 level 3______________________________________acth diagnostic products pg / ml 33 461 incstar ria pg / ml 14 466 nichols alegro ria pmol / l 14 69 clinical assays pg / ml 20 466aldosterone diagnostics products pg / ml 79 875afp clinical assays ng / ml 2 . 9 263 diagnostics products ng / ml 5 . 9 238 hybritech stratus ng / ml 8 . 5 324 hybritech tandem e ng / ml 9 . 0 284 amerlex - m afp ria ng / ml 10 . 5 286beta - 2 - abbott imx mg / l 1 . 0 4 . 2micro - pharmacia mg / l 1 . 1 4 . 4globulinca 15 - 3 * byk sangtec ria u / ml 30 146 cis elsa u / ml 41 260 sorin gammadab u / ml 30 178ca 19 - 9 * abbott imx u / ml 45 344 byk sangtec ria u / ml 26 171 centocor er u / ml 29 221 cis elsa u / ml 51 289ca 125 * centocor u / ml 22 377ca 549 hytritech tandem - r u / ml 10 30cea abbott imx ng / ml 4 . 9 108 abbott ria ng / ml 3 . 9 110 hybritech stratus ng / ml 2 . 7 56 hybritech tandem e ng / ml 2 . 4 60 roche eia ng / ml 3 . 5 94ferritin abbott imx ng / ml 23 760 clinical assays ( gc ) ng / ml 23 600 clinical assays ( gd ) ng / ml 23 548 diagnostics products ng / ml 25 623gastrin clinical assays pg / ml 172 460 diagnostics products pg / ml 56 347hcg abbott imx miu / ml 2 . 4 387 clinical assays miu / ml 8 . 4 456 diagnostics products miu / ml 2 . 9 385 diagnostics products ( da ) 11 94 stratus immunoassay miu / ml 5 . 0 460 serono miu / ml 4 . 2 434beta hcg abbott imx miu / ml 3 . 6 453 hybritech tandem - r miu / ml 2 . 2 341 stratus immunoassay miu / ml 2 . 8 433 medgenix ria 100 ng / ml 1 . 0 3 . 5gamma byk - sangtec ug / l 14 65enolaseprolactin cis hprlk - pr miu / l 70 4546 cis elsa ng / ml 3 . 9 54 clinical assays ng / ml below 90 range diagnostics products ng / ml 3 . 5 141 hybritech tandem - e ng / ml 7 . 1 152 stratus immunoassay ng / ml 4 . 0 152pap clinical assays ng / ml 1 . 1 16 hybritech tandem - e ng / ml 2 . 1 19 hybritech tandem - r ng / ml 2 . 6 24 hybritech stratus ng / ml 2 . 6 17psa abbott imx ng / ml 4 . 6 59 hybritech stratus ng / ml 8 . 1 106 hybritech tandem - r ng / ml 2 . 4 35tpa byk - sangtec ng / ml 54 978calcitonin diagnostic products pg / ml 61 173 incstar , ii ria pg / ml 129 367______________________________________ * ca 153 , ca 199 , ca 125 are trademarks of centocor diagnostics , a divisio of centocor	6
today &# 39 ; s seismic acquisition technologies allow multicomponent data measurements on land ( e . g . so - called surface multicomponent seismic ), in boreholes ( e . g . vertical seismic profiling ), and on the ocean bottom ( e . g . by ocean bottom cable , “ obc ”). multicomponent seismic data are acquired by using more than one geophone or accelerometer . for example , three - component seismic data is obtained using three typically orthogonally oriented geophones or accelerometers . development of multicomponent data imaging methods is of particular importance in borehole seismics . here , the acquisition aperture is very small , creating noisy images which are difficult to interpret . therefore , it is important to make the best use of information available in the different data components . migration of seismic data generated by a single source and recorded by one receiver maps the measured energy to all subsurface locations where the energy could have been reflected . as a result , the true position of the reflector is uncertain . summation of the contributions from all sources and receivers in the survey considerably reduces the uncertainty , because the energy is summed up coherently only at the true reflector positions . however , in vsp surveys the number of source - receiver pairs is often too small to suppress all artifacts in the image . spurious events are a serious problem for vsp image interpretation , in particular in sub - salt geological environments . due to the high seismic velocity contrast , salt bodies may scatter or focus seismic energy , thereby reducing the number of source - receiver pairs that contribute to the image of true reflectors after migration . for acquiring vertical seismic profiling ( vsp ) data , multi - component receivers are typically deployed in a well penetrating the subsurface , and at least one , but typically a plurality of sources are activated on surface . the receivers register vibrations in two or three orthogonal directions ( such as x , y , z ). the signal at a receiver position x r due to the source at position x s as a function of time t is denoted as u ( x r , x s , t ), and has a plurality of components . ( the underscore is being used herein to denote a vector .) the components can be denoted as u isr ( t ), where s is an index identifying the source , running from 1 to the number of sources n s , r is an index identifying the receiver running from 1 to the number of receivers n r , and i is an index designating the component such as x , y , or z . a signal or wave field can be transformed between the time domain and the frequency domain via fourier transformation , frequency is denoted by the symbol ω . typically for vsp and obc configurations , n s is larger than n r . the raw data are generally obtained by shot from the various sources . it is useful to arrange and store the data in a common receiver gather , so as to obtain for each receiver a data set of the signals originating from the various sources , for each of the receiver components . it is moreover useful to exchange the roles of sources and receivers , which is possible in view of the reciprocity of seismic signals . for vsp , this is known as a reverse vsp ( rvsp ) configuration , in which sources are considered to be in the borehole ( at the positions of the ‘ real receivers ’ x r ) and receivers on surface ( at the position of the ‘ real sources ’ x s ). wave - equation migration ( see e . g . claerbout , j . f ., 1971 , toward a unified theory of reflector mapping : geophysics , 36 , p . 467 - 481 .) can in broad lines be characterized by including the following three elements : ( i ) modelling of the wave field produced by a seismic source ( source field ), ( ii ) calculation of a back - propagated (“ redatumed ”) wave field into the medium from the receivers ( back - propagation calculates the wave field in the medium by using the measured values of the field on the boundary of the medium ; the back - propagated field is an estimate of the signal as it would be measured by a receiver in the medium , and ( iii ) cross - correlation of the source field with the back - propagated field to construct the subsurface image . in conventional wave - equation migration , using only the z - component of rvsp seismic data , the common - receiver image i ( x , x r ) at a point x is obtained as follows : i z ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r ) = ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ⁢ u bz * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ⁢ ⅆ ω ( 1 ) where s is the source field generated at x by a point impulse source at the location x r , and u * bz is the complex - conjugate of the back - propagated ( redatumed ) surface data at x . according to the present invention , a multicomponent signal is processed and the polarization direction of the seismic wave at the ( real ) receiver location x r is taken into account . for compressional waves , the polarization direction coincides with the actual wave propagation direction of the wave . the method of the present invention migrates the compressional wave components of the signal , any non - compressional wave contributions are supposed to be suppressed so that they do not show up in the result . for the back propagation and the source field calculations a velocity model is used as input . a velocity model provides values of the seismic velocity throughout the considered volume . to use the method of the present invention it is only necessary to know the p - wave velocity . the calculation of the back - propagated field from the recorded seismic data can be done using known wave - equation solving algorithms . for the full two - way wave - equation migration in three dimensions , wherein the up - and downgoing waves are considered , the wave equation ∂ 2 ⁢ u bj ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 ⁢ u bj ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 ⁢ u bj ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z 2 + k 2 ⁢ u bj ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) = ⁢ ∑ x _ s ⁢ ⁢ δ ⁡ ( x - x s ) ⁢ u j ⁡ ( x _ s , x _ r , ω ) ( 2 ) is solved for each data component u j ( x s , x r , ω ) ( j = 1 , 2 , 3 or x , y , z ), to obtain the back - propagated wavefield components u bj ( x , x r , ω ) for a source at x r ( in rsvp configuration ). this is repeated for all sources and frequencies . often , a one - way migration approximately considering only the down - going component is sufficient , and in this case the one - way wave equation is solved with the boundary condition u bj ( x s , x r , ω )= u j ( x s , x r , ω ). sometimes it is sufficient to only calculate the back - propagated wavefields from two data components . the propagation direction of a wave originating at image point x and registered at receiver x r is efficiently taken into account by calculating a multicomponent source field , i . e . a wave field generated by a dipole source at the receiver location , for a plurality of orientations of the dipole source along various dimensions such as the x , y , or z dimension . an x - dipole source , for example can be thought of as two point impulse sources , each spaced apart a small distance from the nominal source location in either direction along the x - axis , and which sources are triggered at the same time in opposite phase relation to each other . the source field from a dipole source at x r can be represented by a partial derivative of the point source field , for example for an x - dipole source as ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x r . ( note that the partial derivative is taken with respect to x r , which is the x - component of the vector x r .) then in a high - frequency approximation and single ray path case the derivative is proportional to point source field s ( x , x r , ω ) multiplied by the x - component of the direction of propagation of wave with the origin at the point x . in the case of multi - pathing the gradient of s ( x , x r , ω ) over the receiver coordinate will be proportional to the sum of scalar wave fields propagating along different paths multiplied by corresponding propagation directions ( at the true receiver location ). in two - way migration the following wave equation is solved to calculate the point source field : ∂ 2 ⁢ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 ⁢ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ y 2 + ∂ 2 ⁢ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z 2 + k 2 ⁢ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) = ⁢ δ ⁡ ( x - x r ) ⁢ f ⁡ ( ω ) , ( 3 ) where k = ω / c ( x ), c ( x ) is the acoustic wave velocity , and f ( ω ) is the source wavelet . the wave field s ( x , x r , ω ) can be determined by a finite - difference scheme in the time domain or the frequency domain . for one - way migration the one way - wave equation ∂ s ∂ z = i ⁢ ⁢ λ a ⁢ u ( 4 ) s ⁡ ( x , y , z = z r ) = 1 2 ⁢ ⁢ i ⁢ ⁢ λ a ⁢ δ ⁡ ( x _ - x _ r ) ⁢ f ⁡ ( ω ) , and λ a being an approximation of the square root operator ( see d . ristow and t . ruhl , 3 - d implicit finite - difference migration by multiway splitting , geophysics , march 2007 , pp . 554 - 567 ). for one source - receiver pair , at a particular subsurface point the vector composed of back - propagated x - component , y - component and z - component fields , will be proportional to the polarization of the wave at the receiver position . the polarization direction at the location or the real receiver can be suitably taken into account by calculating the image value at a point x from a sum of products of the source field component for a particular dimension ( dipole orientation ) and the complex conjugated result of the back propagation of the corresponding data component , summed over all the components . for example , if two dimensions x and z are considered , a vector image value i v ( x ) can be calculated as follows : i v ⁡ ( x _ ) = ⁢ ∑ x _ r ⁢ ⁢ ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ [ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x r ⁢ ⁢ u bx * ⁢ ( ⁢ x _ , ⁢ x _ r , ⁢ ω ) + ⁢ ⁢ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z r ⁢ ⁢ u bz * ⁢ ( ⁢ x _ , ⁢ x _ r , ⁢ ω ) ] ⁢ ⁢ ⅆ ⁢ ω ( 5 ) u * bx and u * bz are the complex - conjugated x - and z - components of the back - propagated wavefield . an integration over all relevant frequencies and a summation is over all sources ( in rvsp configuration ) at x r are carried out . in three dimensions , analogously the further product for the y - dimension would be added to the expression in square brackets : the expression in square brackets can be considered as a scalar product of the source - field components and the polarization direction of the seismic wave at the location of the real receiver . the contribution to an image point from each source - receiver pair will be weighted by the scalar product of data polarization vector and wave propagation direction vector at the receiver point . for the true image , the respective directions coincide . therefore , with the scalar product the amplitude of the image of the true reflectors will be maximal ( the amplitude of the image of false reflectors will be small ). in the case of multi - pathing , when several wave propagation directions correspond to a receiver point , summing the products of wave fields over frequencies automatically selects the correct wave propagation path which makes the main contribution to the value of vector image at each particular point . in the case of a number of source - receiver pairs , the contributions from all pairs is summed up . the contribution from all surface receivers ( in rvsp configuration ) is taken into account with the back - propagation operation ( since the data from all receivers are back - propagated simultaneously ). if there is a number of sources in the well ( in rvsp configuration , corresponding to actual vsp borehole receivers ), the images build from each of them are summed up . it has moreover been found that it can be very useful to calculate a noise image from a difference ( rather than a sum ) of products of the source field component for a particular dimension and the complex conjugated back propagated wave field component computed from different component data . for the two - dimensional case considered above for the x - and z - direction , such a noise image can be calculated as i n ⁡ ( x _ ) = ∑ x _ r ⁢ ⁢ ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ [ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x r ⁢ u bz * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) - ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z r ⁢ u bx * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ] ⁢ ⁢ ⅆ ω ( 7 ) for the three - dimensional case , three noise image components can be calculated as follows . i n ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁢ ⁢ d ⁢ ⁢ 1 ⁡ ( x _ ) = ∑ x _ r ⁢ ⁢ ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ [ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ y r ⁢ u bz * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) - ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z r ⁢ u by * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ] ⁢ ⁢ ⅆ ω ( 8 ) i n ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁢ ⁢ d ⁢ ⁢ 2 ⁡ ( x _ ) = ∑ x _ r ⁢ ⁢ ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ [ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ z r ⁢ u bx * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) - ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x r ⁢ u bz * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ] ⁢ ⁢ ⅆ ω ( 9 ) i n ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁢ ⁢ d ⁢ ⁢ 3 ⁡ ( x _ ) = ∑ x _ r ⁢ ⁢ ∫ ω min ω max ⁢ [ ⁢ ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ x r ⁢ u by * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) - ∂ s ⁡ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ∂ y r ⁢ u bx * ⁢ ( x _ , x _ r , ω ) ] ⁢ ⁢ ⅆ ω ( 10 ) at the correct image locations , the noise image components should ideally be zero . at incorrect image locations , the three noise image components are suitably jointly analysed . the noise images show the noise impact to the image , and it helps to distinguish the true reflection events from the migration noise in the image . in the case of multi - pathing , an automatic selection of the correct branch of a multi - valued wave - field occurs . this is an important advantage over kirchhoff migration methods . the method of the invention may naturally suppress the impact of shear waves in the image if their ray - paths do not differ much from the compressional wave ray - paths . in this case the polarization of shear wave is almost orthogonal to ray propagation directions , while the present method of vector imaging favours waves with polarization parallel to it . then , the largest part of s - wave energy will be suppressed . however , in inhomogeneous media the ray paths of pp , ps , and ss waves may be considerably different , and in this case it may be beneficial to perform p and s - wave separation prior to migration . the noise image proposed in the invention may be generated also with other kinds of migration algorithms . for example , the vector product of the unit ray vector at the receiver and the multi - component wave field vector is needed as input for kirchhoff migration to produce a noise image . the same idea will work for gaussian beam migration : during the back - propagation of the wave - field from the receivers to the medium , the vector product of the wave field with the unit ray vectors constituting the beam should be computed . there is also the opportunity to do noise imaging with wave equation migration in the ray approximation . in that case , the derivatives of the source wave field in eqs . ( 8 - 10 ) should be changed to their corresponding high - frequency approximation : the product of the source wave field , a scalar , and the component of the unit ray vector at the receiver in the direction corresponding to the derivative ( i . e , along x , y , z ). then the noise image components turn out to be the certain combinations of conventional wave equation migration images made from all components and the components of the unit ray vector at the receiver . the computation of noise volumes using the information derived from the direction of wave propagation is a completely new method . from an existing model of a subsurface earth formation including a body of salt , synthetic vsp seismic data were obtained . the data represent 300 sources arranged along a horizontal line at surface , and 100 receivers arranged along a vertical line in the body of salt . for each component x , y , z of the multicomponent seismic signal the data was sorted into a common - receiver gather . the roles of sources and receivers were exchanged at this point . a simplified velocity model shown in fig1 was used for migration . the model assumes a downwardly increasing velocity in a two - dimensional ( x , z ) region of interest 1 . the simplified velocity model represents a smoothed version of the full model , having the same average velocity , wherein in the full model a plurality of events are present in the region 1 , which are up - curving from left to right in fig1 , substantially along the direction of the arrow 5 . the velocity v given in the gray scale bar is in km / s . using the simplified velocity model , two components ( x , z ) of source fields generated by dipole sources at each of the receiver locations were calculated using equation 4 . on the basis of equation 2 the back - propagated wave field components u bj ( x , x r , ω ) ( j = 1 , 3 ) were calculated for sources at all receiver locations x r ( in rsvp configuration ). this was repeated for all frequencies , which were in the range of 5 - 23 hz , with a sampling of 0 . 125 hz . for the calculation of the source field and back propagation , a proprietary software package was used . the migrated vector image was obtained on the basis of equation 5 . this image 10 of the selected sub - salt region 1 is shown in fig2 . events 15 a , b , c , d , which represent true reflectors , can be easily identified dipping up in the direction of the arrow 5 in fig1 . the regular z - component image of the selected sub - salt region 1 was calculated on the basis of equation 1 . this image 20 is shown in fig3 . the events 15 a , b , c , d dipping up from left to right in the image 20 and corresponding to the true reflectors are also visible . however , the image is strongly contaminated by migration noise visible as migration smiles 25 a , 25 b . these appear to be events with strong amplitude , dipping down from left to right . if the image according to the invention was not available , and / or the prior knowledge about the dipping direction in the model from which the synthetic vsp data was calculated , the identification of the events 25 a , b as migration noise would not have been possible . in fig2 , the amplitude of the migration smiles 25 b is considerably reduced in comparison with fig3 . the image of the true dipping reflectors appears to be more continuous . the noise image 40 corresponding to fig2 and calculated on the basis of equation ( 7 ) is shown in fig4 . the migration smiles 25 a , b are visible again and this confirms that they are noise . the true events 15 a , b , c , d are not present in this image . fig2 and 4 together allow improved interpretation of what is a true reflector and what is noise in the image .	6
fig1 and 2 show the feed line and the support system . in the exemplary embodiment , feed line 15 is fabricated from a single length of high - strength , thick - walled stainless steel tubing . exemplary feed line 15 is formed with two helical coil sections 32 , 34 separated by a straight , longitudinal section 33 . each helical coil section 32 , 34 allows feed line 15 to flex such that both ends of straight section 33 can move with two rotational degrees of freedom ( analogous to a universal joint ). in addition , each helical coil section 32 , 34 allows feed line 15 to elongate through the length of each helical coil section 32 , 34 along an axis through longitudinal section 33 . this particular geometry allows top helical coil section 32 to be rigidly attached to a bracket assembly 31 of a portioner while bottom nelical coil section 34 is rigidly attached to a cutting tool carriage 11 via a mounting plate 35 . portioner cutting applications typically require the cutting carriage 11 to make a series of small , fast , abrupt moves . these fast moves excite vibration in feed line 15 , which can cause metal fatigue and ultimately lead to catastrophic failure . vibrations in feed line 15 , across top helical coil section 32 , longitudinal section 33 , and bottom helical coil section 34 , may be suppressed by attaching longitudinal section 33 of feed line 15 to a support assembly or structure 10 , as depicted in fig1 and 2 . an exemplary support structure 10 consists of an elongated span member 12 , with a pivot joint 40 mounted at one end , adjacent top helical coil section 32 , and a telescoping piece 16 , projecting from the other end of the span member , adjacent to bottom helical coil section 34 . in the exemplary embodiment , span member 12 is a thin wall , lightweight , metal tube . exemplary pivot joint 40 is a telescoping universal joint 40 that permits motion about two axes 36 , 37 , as well as elongation along a third axis 38 . telescoping piece 16 is extendably attached to span member 12 at one end , and a rod - end bearing 17 that permits motion about two axes is disposed at the other end of the telescoping piece . in the exemplary embodiment , rod - end bearing 17 is a spherical bearing . in the exemplary embodiment a plurality of clamps 14 securely and rigidly attach feed tube 15 to span member 12 . the clamps are illustrated as being held in place relative to span member 12 and feed tube 15 by hardware members 39 . telescoping universal joint 40 is depicted in fig6 and 7 . the exemplary embodiment consists of two identical u - shaped yoke assemblies 41 that contact a central spider block 42 . the central spider block may be in the form of an elongate rectangular block . each yoke assembly 41 has a base piece 43 and two yoke arms 44 , 45 that may be attached to ears 43 a projecting from base piece 43 with bolts 47 and lock nuts 48 or other types of hardware members . the yoke arms 44 , 45 extend transversely from base piece 43 and are retained in position by lip portions 43 b of ears 43 a that closely overlap shoulders 43 e formed at the proximal ends 43 f of the yoke arms . it will be appreciated that by this construction , yoke arms 44 , 45 are retained in position relative to the length of base piece 43 . each yoke arm 44 , 45 has a hole 54 at its distal end into which the shank portion 46 a of bearing pad 46 may be press fit or otherwise retained . the bearing pads 46 may be generally in the shape of a circular disk , but other shapes such as octagonal , hexagonal or square can be used . each bearing pad 46 has a central spherical seat 56 in its face opposite shank portion 46 a that may accommodate a ball bearing 49 . the bearing pads 46 are sized and positioned to mate against the longitudinal faces of the spider block 42 . the ball bearings 49 slide in bowled raceways 52 extending along each longitudinal face of central spider block 42 . with this geometry , central spider block 42 can translate relative to each yoke assembly 41 along axis 38 by virtue of ball bearings 49 rolling in the raceways 52 in spider block 42 . in this regard , one yoke assembly 41 is nominally positioned at each end of the central spider block 42 , with the yoke assemblies disposed 90 ° relative to each other in the manner of a typical universal joint . central spider block 42 can also rotate about an axes 36 , 37 defined by corresponding pairs of bearing pads 46 . this geometry allows upper coil 32 two degrees of rotational freedom and one degree of translational freedom , but is constrained from vibrating , moving or rotating in any other directions . the upper yoke assembly 41 of the universal joint 40 is mounted to the portioner by a bracket assembly 31 . the bracket assembly 31 includes a connector plate 31 a having a transverse portion 30 that overlaps the upper surface of yoke base piece 43 and is superiorly connected thereto via hardware members 31 b , which may be in the form of threaded capscrews . the capscrews extend through clearance holes formed in the connector plate 31 a to engage in threaded holes formed in the base piece 43 of the yoke assembly 41 . the connector plate 31 a also has a major plate portion that underlies a two - piece clamp block 31 c , which in turn underlies the lower flange portion 31 d of a formed bracket 31 e . the formed bracket 31 e also includes an upper flange portion 31 f which is secured to the frame , housing or other portion of a cutting or portioning apparatus , not shown , via hardware members 31 g which engage through clearance holes formed in the upper flange 31 f . the clamp block 31 c is composed of a lower half and an upper half that cooperatively define a transverse through - hole for snugly receiving the corresponding portion 32 a of coil suction 32 . the lower flange 31 d , clamp block 31 c and connector plate 31 a are all clamped together by hardware members 31 h that extend through clearance openings formed in each of the foregoing components . the clamp blocks 31 c may include a generally cylindrically shaped snubber portion 31 i that projects laterally from the clamp block to encircle and support the coil section 32 a . the clamp block 31 c may be composed of material having inherent shock absorbing properties so as to not transmit vibrations between the formed bracket 31 e and the universal joint 40 . the formed bracket 31 e also includes a clamping arm 31 j to support the adjacent portion of the feed line 15 . a lower clamping block 31 k supports the line 15 against the underside of clamping arm 31 i and is held in position by hardware members 31 l . universal joint 40 is designed for use in washdown environments , such as found in food processing plants . all of the parts may be made from stainless steel . parts in rubbing contact with other parts ( e . g ., spider block 42 , ball bearings 49 , and bearing pads 46 ) may be made from different stainless steel alloys to minimize galling or other forms of abrasive wear . contact surfaces between parts , which are difficult to keep clean in food processing areas , are kept to a minimum . yoke arms 44 , 45 may be designed to provide generous clearance to the central spider box 42 so it is easily washed with a water and / or steam stream ( not shown ). other washdown - proof materials known in the field of food preparation ( e . g ., delrin ®) may be used . the universal joint 40 is also designed to be easily maintained . over time , the bearing pads 46 , bearings 49 and the spider block 42 may wear . by loosening bolts 47 , yoke arms 44 , 45 may be repositioned to move bearing pads 46 closer to spider block 42 to accommodate minor wear . also , the shank portions 46 a of bearing pads 46 may be threadably engaged with yoke holes 54 so that the pressure of the bearing pads against the adjacent face of the spider block 42 may be adjusted . when bearing pads 46 “ wear out ,” yoke arms 44 , 45 may be removed and new bearing pads 46 may be installed . also , central spider block 42 can be easily replaced when it is “ worn out .” the bottom of span member 12 has a telescoping piece 16 , which is held in place by a split bushing 13 and a pair of clamps 14 . a rod - end spherical bearing 17 is mounted to the distal end of telescoping piece 16 . rod - end bearing 17 connects span member 12 to a cutting carriage 11 via intermediate telescoping extension piece 16 . the extension piece 16 allows the pivot point of rod - end bearing 17 to be moved relative to the span member 12 , which has been found important to accommodate changes in the water jet nozzle 58 height . referring to fig4 and 5 , the rod end bearing 17 is interconnected between the distal end of telescoping piece 16 and a flange 60 extending transversely from the upper end portion of an upright , elongate , substantially flat mounting or connector plate 35 . the lower end of coiled line 15 is engaged with a manifold block 64 having an internal passageway , not shown , leading to the upper end of a connector tube 66 extending downwardly from manifold block 64 and in fluid flow communication with line 15 . the lower or distal end of the connector tube 66 is in fluid flow communication with the upper end portion of cutter nozzle 58 , which is held in position by a clamp block 70 connected to the lower end portion of connector plate 35 by hardware members 72 . a spacer block 74 spaces the manifold block 64 outwardly from the face of connector plate 35 . the manifold block 64 and spacer plate 74 are secured to the upper portion of the connector plate 35 by hardware members 76 . hardware members 78 , in addition to hardware members 72 , are used to mount the connector plate 35 to a cutting tool carriage 11 . a dampener 23 provides relative radial support to a tube coil , such as helical coil sections 32 , 34 of feed line 15 . dampener 23 is anchored at its center 24 to support structure 10 . exemplary dampener 23 is a flexible membrane that is attached to telescoping component 16 and is further attached to bottom helical coil section 34 at three points with tie wraps 80 . dampener 23 dampens vibration in coils of helical coil section 34 . exemplary dampener 23 may be constructed of thin ( e . g ., ⅛ ″ thick ) ultra - high - molecular - weight polymer or polyurethane , but those skilled in the art will appreciate other suitable materials . dampener 23 is illustrated as composed of three spokes that radiate out from a central hub portion 24 , but it will be appreciated that the dampener can be constructed in other shapes . the foregoing disclosure and description of the invention is illustrative and explanatory thereof . various changes in the details of the illustrated construction may be made within the scope of the appended claims without departing from the spirit of the invention . for example , the span member 12 may be in the form of a rod rather than a tube . although the present invention has been described in conjunction with feed systems for high pressure water jet cutting heads , the present invention can be utilized in other applications , including to stabilize high pressure fluid lines spanning between a first location , which may be movable or stationary , and a second location at a movable work tool . generally the present invention may also be used in conjunction with stabilizing lines spanning from one location to another location , wherein the two locations are movable relative to each other . the present invention should only be limited by the following claims and their legal equivalents .	8
referring to fig1 a magnetic - optical disk recording apparatus is provided with a disk rotating mechanism and an information read / write system . a magneto - optical disk 101 is detachably fixed to a turntable 102 which can be rotated by a driving motor 103 . information reading and writing are performed by an optical head which is provided on the recording side of the magneto - optical disk 101 . the optical head includes a recording head 104 , an s - polarized light detector 105 and a p - polarized light detector 106 . further , the optical head is equipped with an auto - focusing and auto - tracking mechanism , a seek mechanism , and a magnetic field generator which are not shown in this figure for simplicity . the magnetic field generator such as an electromagnet is used to apply a magnetic field to a small portion which is heated by a recording laser beam so as to record data onto the magneto - optical disk 101 . the recording head 104 has a laser source which emits a recording laser beam lb w to the magneto - optical disk 101 depending on data received from a data processor 107 . as described before , when the small portion on the magneto - optical disk 101 is radiated with the recording laser beam lb w , the portion is heated to change in magnetic orientation depending on the applied magnetic field . at the same time , the recording laser beam lb w is reflected from the portion on the magneto - optical disk 101 and the reflected light is detected by the s - polarized light detector 105 and the p - polarized light detector 106 . since the reflected light changes in kerr rotation angle depending on a change of the orientation caused by the heating and the applied magnetic field , the kerr rotation angle can be detected based on the s - polarized and p - polarized components of the reflected light which are detected by the s - polarized light detector 105 and the p - polarized light detector 106 , respectively . the s - polarized component signal s s detected by the s - polarized light detector 105 is output to a subtracter 108 and an adder 109 . the p - polarized component s p detected by the p - polarized light detector 106 is also output to subtracter 108 and the adder 109 . the subtracter 108 subtracts the one from the other to produce a difference signal s sub . the adder 109 adds them to produce an addition signal s add . an operational circuit 109 divides the difference signal s sub by the addition signal s add to produce a normalized detection signal s det which is output to a recording state determination section . further , the recording state determination section receives a timing signal from the data processor 107 through a delay section 111 . more specifically , the data processor 107 outputs a timing signal t wr to the delay section 111 when the data to be written is output to the recording head 104 . the delay section 111 delays the data timing signal t wr by a predetermined delay time dl to produce a sampling duration signal t d which is output to the recording state determination section . the recording state determination section is implemented with a sampler 110 , a level change detector 112 , a comparator 113 and other necessary memories ( not shown ). the sampler 110 samples detection data from the normalized detection signal s det for a time period determined by the sampling duration signal t d . the level change detector 112 detects a level change δv from the normalized detection signal s det for the sampling duration . the comparator 113 compares the level change δv to a predetermined threshold δv th to produce a verify result depending on whether the level change δv is greater than the predetermined threshold δv th . the recording state determination section may be implemented with a single - chip microcomputer including a memory storing a verify operation program and the other circuit blocks 107 - 109 may be implemented with dedicated hardware circuits . the circuit blocks 107 - 113 may be also implemented with a program - controlled processor running the verify operation program . alternatively , all the circuit blocks 107 - 113 may be also implemented with dedicated hardware circuits . further , the verify operation program may be stored onto a storage such as a floppy disk or cd - rom and if may be installed onto the microcomputer . the details of the verify operation will be described hereafter referring to fig2 a - 2e . referring to fig2 a , it is assumed that the recording data is output to the recording head 104 which emits the recording laser beam lb w to the magneto - optical disk 101 depending on the recording data . the recording laser beam lb w is reflected from the portion on the magneto - optical disk 101 and the reflected light is detected by the s - polarized light detector 105 and the p - polarized light detector 106 . as described before , when the small portion on the magneto - optical disk 101 is radiated with the recording laser beam lb w , the portion is not heated initially , resulting in no change in the kerr rotation angle . therefore , the amplitude of the difference signal s sub obtained by the subtracter 108 is initially increased and then decreased when the heating by the recording laser beam lb w causes a change in the kerr rotation angle as shown in fig2 b . referring to fig2 b , after a lapse of the delayed time dl , the amplitude of the difference signal s sub is increased to the peak value and is then decreased to a stable value when the heating by the recording laser beam lb w causes a change in the kerr rotation angle . as described before , the difference δv amp reflects not only a change of the kerr rotation angle ( θk1 - θk2 ) but also the laser beam power ( pw ) and the disk reflectance ( r ), that is , δv amp ∝ pw × r ×( θk1 - θk2 ), when θk1 is a kerr rotation angle at the initial time when the amplitude of the difference signal reaches the peak value and θk2 is a kerr rotation angle at the time when the amplitude of the difference signal reaches the stable value . as shown in fig2 c , on the other hand , the addition signal s add obtained by the adder 109 is proportional to the product of the laser beam power ( pw ) and the disk reflection ( r ), that is , s add ∝ pw × r . as shown in fig2 d , the normalized detection signal s det is obtained by dividing the difference signal s sub by the addition signal s add , that is , s det = s sub / s add . therefore , an amplitude change δv of the normalized detection signal s det is proportional to only a change of the kerr rotation angle , that is , δv ∝ ( θk1 - θk2 ). in other words , by detecting the amplitude change δv of the normalized detection signal s det , the recording state can be verified with accuracy . referring to fig2 e , the sampler 110 samples detection data from the normalized detection signal s det for a time period determined by the sampling duration signal t d which is delayed by the delay section 111 by the delay time dl . the level change detector 112 sequentially receives the detection data from the sampler 110 and compares the current sampled data to the previous sampled data to detect a level change δv between them . the comparator 113 compares the level change δv to the predetermined threshold δv th to produce a verify result . more specifically , when the level change δv is greater than the predetermined threshold δv th , the recording state is determined to be good or acceptable and otherwise no good or unacceptable .	6
now the present invention will be clarified in detail by references to the preferred embodiments , shown in the attached drawings . fig1 to 3 illustrate an embodiment of the present invention , wherein fig1 schematically shows the mechanical structure thereof . in this embodiment there are provided a tray 1 for placing the originals 2 for immediate transmission or copying and another tray 7 for placing originals 8 for reserved transmission , wherein the latter originals can be transmitted only at the reserved time . in fig1 a tray 1 for the originals for immediate transmission or copying supports originals 2 , which are moved to an original separating device 3 and are fed one by one in the direction of arrow a . the original thus fed is illuminated by a light source 4 , and the reflected light is read , through an optical system 5 , by an image sensor 6 to initiate the transmitting or copying operation . separate from said original tray 1 for immediate transmission or copying there is provided another original tray 7 for reserved transmission . at the lower end of said tray 7 there is provided an original stopper 10 , actuated by a plunger 9 , to block the leading end of the originals to be transmitted which are placed on the tray 7 . the plunger 9 is controlled by a control unit 11 . when energized , the plunger 9 rotates the original stopper 10 , whereupon the original 8 moves by its own weight toward the original separating device 3 . original - feeding from the tray 1 is prohibited when original - feeding from the tray 7 is initiated at a reserved time . the control unit 11 is rendered always operable by a sub - power source 12 , but is powered by a main power source 13 when the operation is initiated . the control unit 11 is principally composed of a central processing unit ( cpu ) 14 which is connected , through a bus line 15 , to an input port 16 , an output port 17 , and a calendar / timer 18 . in the illustrated embodiment , a time for reserved transmission is set in the calender / timer 18 by entry with numeral keys ( e . g ., a ten - key pad ) 19 through the input port 16 and the cpu 14 . when the reserved time is reached , said calendar / timer 18 releases an output signal a , thereby setting a first flip - flop 20 . the control unit 11 is further provided with second and third flip - flops 21 , 22 which are respectively set by a copy switch 23 and a communication switch 24 . the first , second and third flip - flops 20 - 22 release , through an or gate 25 , a main power - on signal b , which turns on the main , large - capacity power source 13 and triggers a one - shot multivibrator 26 to generate a reset pulse c to the cpu 14 . said reset pulse c resets the cpu 14 to initiate the function thereof . in the following there will be given an explanation of the control operation of the cpu 14 , with reference to a flow chart shown in fig3 . the cpu 14 is activated substantially simultaneously with the turning on of the main power source 13 . as the main power source 13 may be turned by the output signal of the timer 18 , the copy switch 23 or the communication switch 24 , the cpu 14 identifies , in steps s1 - s3 , which of these factors is active . more specifically , the step s1 identifies the state of the communication switch 24 , and , if it is closed , the program proceeds to a step s5 for effecting a communication process on the image information read by the image sensor 6 . then a step s6 clears the flip - flop 22 for communication switch , and the program returns to the step s1 . if the communication switch 24 is open , the program proceeds to the step s2 for indentifying the state of the copy switch 23 , and , if it is closed , the program proceeds to a step s7 for a copying process on the image information read by the image sensor 6 . then a step s8 clears the flip - flop 21 for copy switch , and the program returns to the step s1 . in the case that the communication switch 24 and the copy switch 23 are both open , the program proceeds to the step s3 for identifying the state of the timer output signal a , and , if the timer output signal is present , the cpu 14 identifies the signals from the first flip - flop 20 and the input port 16 and releases a driving signal d through the output port 17 , thereby energizing the plunger 9 to release the original stopper 10 ( step s10 ). as a consequence , the original 8 on the original tray 7 for reserved transmission is supplied to the original separating device 3 , and the transmission of the image information read by the image sensor 6 is initiated ( step s10 ). upon completion of the communication process , the cpu 14 releases a reset signal e through the output port 17 , thereby clearing the first flip - flop 20 and terminating the control procedure ( step s11 ). in this manner the automatic transmission of the original can be achieved at a reserved time , without hindrance to the immediate transmission or copying even after the reservation for transmission is made , or without the use of a memory of a large capacity . in the foregoing embodiment the tray for immediate transmission and the tray for reserved transmission are separately provided for feeding the originals along separate paths , but it is also possible to provide the tray for reserved transmission at the upstream side of the tray for immediate transmission , feeding the originals from the former to the latter . fig4 to 6 show another embodiment of the present invention , wherein are provided an original tray 101 for immediate transmission and plural original trays 107a - n for reserved transmissions of different reserved times , all of the trays being constructed to be movable to a position corresponding to the original separating device 3 in the main body of the apparatus . in fig4 to 6 , the same components as those shown in fig1 and 2 are represented by the same numbers . in fig4 an original tray 101 for immediate transmission or copying supports the originals 102 to be transmitted or copied , which slide down to the original separating device 3 by gravity , due to the inclination of said tray 101 . as is already known , the original separating device 3 separates and feeds the originals one by one into a direction a . each original 102 is illuminated by the light source 4 , and the reflected light is guided , through the optical system 5 , to the image sensor 106 , which reads the image information , whereby the transmitting or copying operation is initiated . in addition , there are provided trays 107a - 107n for reserved transmissions , respectively corresponding to mutually different reserved times . the originals trays 107a - 107n are respectively provided , at the lower ends thereof , with solenoid original stoppers 109a - 109n . all the original trays 101 and 107a - 107n are mounted on an elevator mechanism 110 for vertical displacement in the inclined state . at the side of said elevator mechanism 110 there is provided a tray sensor 111 for detecting and counting the trays . the original stoppers 109a - 109n , original stoppers 109a - n , tray sensor 111 and motor 112 are controlled by a control unit 113 . fig5 shows the structure of said control unit 113 , wherein the same components as those in fig4 are represented by the same numbers . said control unit 113 is rendered always operable by a sub - power source 114 , but a main power source 115 is used in the operation state . the control unit 113 is principally composed of a central processing unit ( cpu ) 116 , which is connected , through a bus line 117 , to first and second input ports 118 , 119 , an output port 120 and a calendar / timer 121 . times for reserved transmissions are set in the calendar / timer 121 by entries through numeral keys ( e . g ., a ten - key pad ) 122 through the input port 118 and the cpu 116 . when a reserved timed is reached , the calendar / timer 121 releases a timer output signal al , . . . or an , thereby setting one of flip - flops 123a - 123n for the 1st - n - th timer , respectively . in addition to said flip - flops 123a - 123n , the control unit 113 is provided with first and second flip - flops 124 , 125 which are respectively set by a communication switch 126 and a copy switch 127 . the output signal of the flip - flops 123a - 123n or the output signal of the first and second flip - flops 124 , 125 is supplied , respectively , through or gates 128 , 129 , as a main power - on signal b . said signal b triggers a one - shot multivibrator 130 to supply a reset pulse c to the cpu 116 , thus resetting and activating the same . in the following there will be given an explanation of the control function of the control unit after activation , with reference to a flow chart shown in fig6 . in response to the turning on of the main power source 115 , the cpu 116 is reset to start the procedure from a step s101 . the main power source 115 can be turned on by the output signals al - an of the calendar / timer 121 , the output signal of the communication switch 126 , or the output signal of the copy switch 127 . for discriminating the state , the signal from the first input port 118 is identified . if a step s101 identifies that the communication switch 126 is closed , the program proceeds to a step s102 for effecting a communication process on the image information read by the image sensor 6 . then a step s103 clears the first flip - flop 124 and the program returns to the step s101 . if the communication switch 126 is open in the step s101 , a step s104 identifies the state of the copy switch 127 , and , if it is closed , the program proceeds to a step s105 for effecting a copy process on the image information read by the image sensor 6 . then a step s106 clears the second flip - flop 125 , and the program returns to the step s101 . if the copy switch 127 is open in the step s104 , the program proceeds to a step s107 for identifying the output signal of the calendar / timer 121 . if any of the flip - flops 123a - 123n is set , a step s108 checks the signal from the second input port 119 to identify the flip - flop in the set state . if the k - th flip - flop , for example , is identified to be in the set state , a step s109 selects the k - th original tray 109k . the selection of said original tray is effected by activating a motor control circuit 112a through the output port 120 . in response to the rotation of the motor 112 , all the original trays are elevated by the elevator mechanism 110 . the tray sensor 111 generates a pulse in response to each passing original tray . the cpu 116 counts said pulses through the second input port 119 , and , in response to the k - th pulse , terminates the rotation of the motor 112 ( step s109 ). also , a driving signal d is supplied through the output port 120 to activate the plunger 109k , thereby releasing the originals supported by the plunger 109k ( step s110 ). as the result , the original 108a is moved to the original separating device 3 , and the image information of the separated original is read by the image sensor and is subjected to a communication process ( step s110 ). upon completion of said process , a reset signal is released from the cpu 16 through the output port 120 to clear the flip - flop 109k of the calendar / timer 121 ( step s112 ), thus terminating the process . in this manner the processes are effected at respective reserved times . naturally , in the unoccupied period between the reserved times , there may be effected an immediate transmission or copying operation . in the foregoing embodiment the trays are constructed to be movable , but the present invention is not limited to such embodiment . for example it is also possible to fix the trays , and to provide said trays with respective transport paths to the separating device and with respective sheet feed means . as explained in the foregoing , there are provided an original tray for immediate transmission or copying and another original tray for reserved transmission , the latter being so constructed as to feed the originals to the apparatus only at a reserved time , whereby the immediate transmitting or copying operation is not hindered even when a transmission is reserved , without the use of a memory of a large capacity .	7
the present invention will be discussed hereinafter in detail in terms of the preferred embodiment of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings . in the following description , numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention . it will be obvious , however , to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details . in other instance , well - known structures are not shown in detail in order to avoid unnecessarily obscure the present invention . like components are identified by like reference numerals throughout the disclosure and drawings . fig1 is a block diagram of one mode of implementation of an lpf according to the present invention . in fig1 the shown lpf is constructed with a data input terminal 1 , a fixed value input terminal 3 , a tap position counting portion 4 for counting tap position of an impulse response generated by the most recent data input through the data input terminal 1 ( performing counting of a period corresponding to the impulse response period ), and a data output terminal 2 for taking out a result of counting as a filter output . the most recent data input through the data input terminal 1 is input to the tap position counting portion 4 . from the fixed value input terminal 3 , a total tap number as the lpf is applied . in the tap position counting portion 4 , the tap position for data input from the data input terminal 1 is calculated and output . demodulated output h ( z ) counting of which is continued until the calculated tap position and the value input from the fixed value input terminal 3 matches with each other , becomes “ h level ” during the impulse response period and “ l level ” out of the impulse response period . from the output of the comparator circuit cmp , a value equivalent to the result of process in the lpf can be obtained . fig2 is a block diagram of another mode of implementation of the lpf according to the present invention . in fig2 the shown lpf is constructed with the data input terminal 1 , the fixed value input terminal 3 , the tap position counting portion 4 for counting tap position of an impulse response generated by the most recent data input through the data input terminal 1 , the comparator circuit cmp comparing the result of counting by the tap position counting portion 4 and the input from the fixed value input terminal 3 , and a data output terminal 2 for taking out a result of comparison by the comparator circuit cmp as the filter output . the most recent data input from the data input terminal 1 is input to the tap position counting portion 4 . from the fixed value input terminal 3 , the total tap number as the lpf is applied . in the tap position counting portion 4 , the tap position for the data input from the data input terminal 1 is calculated and output . by comparing the calculated tap position and the value input from the fixed value input terminal 3 , judgment can be made whether the impulse response for the most recent data input is completed or not . the demodulated output h ( z ) becomes “ h level ” in the impulse response period and “ l level ” out of the impulse response period to obtain the value equivalent to the result of process in the lpf from the output of the comparator circuit cmp . fig3 is a circuit diagram showing the construction of the first embodiment of the lpf according to the present invention . in fig3 the shown embodiment of the low pass filter is constructed with the data input terminal 1 , the total filter tap number input terminal 3 , a second m - bit selection circuit s 2 controlled by an input data to own filter input to the data input terminal 1 with taking an output of a first m - bit selection circuit s 1 and a first fixed value as inputs , and a m - bit flip - flop r 1 operated in synchronism with a clock clk with taking the output of the second m - bit selection circuit s 2 as data input . on the other hand , the low pass filter of the shown embodiment is constructed with a first comparator circuit cmp 1 comparing the data output of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 and a second fixed value , an m - bit adder circuit a 1 adding the output of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 to the least significant bit of the data output of them - bit flip - flop r 1 , a second comparator circuit cmp 2 comparing a data output of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 and an input from the total filter tap number input terminal 3 , a first m - bit selection circuit s 1 controlled by an output of the second comparator circuit cmp 2 with taking an output of the m - bit adder circuit a 1 and a third fixed value as inputs , and a data output terminal 2 connected to the output of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 . it should be noted that , the least significant bit of the first fixed value is assumed to be set at “ 1 ”, all bits of the first fixed value other than the least significant bit are assumed to be set at “ 0 ”, and respective constants m are set at a value derived by rounding a logarithm of 2 of the total filter tap number into the integer . in fig3 ( x ) represents that the value is a decimal value . here , the total filter tap number input to the input terminal 3 is preliminarily designated externally . however , the tap number is not fixed value and can be varied by the value designated externally . as discussed later , the value may be varied sequentially . the total filter tap number is a value corresponding to the impulse response period of the input data . on the other hand , the total tap number is determined depending number of stages of delay element groups of the low pass filter having a plurality of stages of delay elements connected in cascade connection in order to lead out the tap . in fig3 in a condition where the input from the data input terminal 1 is “ h ” level , “ 1 ” is output from the least significant bit of the second m - bit selection circuit s 2 , and “ 0 ” are output from all bits other than the least significant bit . this value is input to the first comparator circuit cmp 1 via the m - bit flip - flop r 1 . in the first comparator circuit cmp 1 , “ l ” is output when the comparing value and the compared value are equal to each other . another inputs of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 are “ 0 ” and the least significant bit thereof is not “ 1 ”. therefore , “ h ” is output from the first comparator circuit cmp 1 . the result of comparison is output to the output terminal 2 , and in conjunction therewith , is added to the least significant bit of the adder circuit a 1 . therefore , the adder circuit a 1 increments a value derived the current value of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 by “+ 1 ”. thus , in the adder circuit a 1 , the current tap position with respect to the most recent data input is counted . in the second comparator circuit cmp 2 , the current value of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 and the set value set by the total tap number input terminal 3 are compared . when the current value of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 becomes equal to the total tap number , the output of the first m - bit selection circuit s 1 are set “ 0 ” and when the current value of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 is less than the total tap number , control for selecting the output of the adder circuit a 1 is performed . when “ 0 ” are output at all bits of the output of the first m - bit selection circuit s 1 , it represents that the current tap position exceeds the total tap number . therefore , in order to terminate impulse response , all bits of the input of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 are set to “ 0 ” via the second m - bit selection circuit and the m - bit flip - flop r 1 . by this , the first comparator circuit cmp 1 outputs “ l ” to set the output terminal 2 “ l ”, and in conjunction therewith , to terminal incrementing by “+ 1 ” in the adder circuit a 1 . by this , all bits of the value of the m - bit flip - flop are held at “ 0 ”. here , assuming that an lpf transfer function is expressed by the following formula ( 1 ), when respective of the input , output and the tap coefficients are one bit , it can take only k ( i )= 1 . therefore , the formula ( 1 ) can be modified as the following formula ( 2 ). it should be noted that , in the foregoing formula ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), i = 0 , 1 , . . . , n . all of the x ( i ) are the same value and are one bit . therefore , it becomes equivalent to output “ 1 ” for n times when “ 1 ” is input to the input x ( 0 ). namely , by employing a circuit outputting n in number of “ 1 ” corresponding to the total tap number when “ 1 ” is input to the input x ( 0 ), the low pass filter can be realized . in fig3 the counter is constructed with the second m - bit selection circuit s 2 , the m - bit flip - flop r 1 , the m - bit adder a 1 and the first m - bit selection circuit s 1 . when “ 1 ” is input to the input x ( z ), counting is executed during a period ( namely a period of impulse response ) up to reaching the total tap number to terminal counting at a timing when the counted value reaching the total tap number is detected by the comparator cmp 2 . in the comparator circuit cmp 1 , the period to which the input x ( z ) is input and the period where count is executed are executed to take as the output of the shown filter . fig4 is a timing chart showing one example of a result of simulation upon setting the value at “ 6 ” assuming that the total filter tap number input terminal 3 in the circuit construction of fig3 is four bits . in fig4 signals equivalent to respective signals in fig3 will be represented by the same reference numerals . in fig4 “ clk ” denotes an input clock , “ x ( z )” denotes an input x ( z ) from the data input terminal 1 , “ h ( z ) denotes the output h ( z ) from the data output terminal 2 , “ r 1 ” denotes a state value of the m - bit flip - flop , “ tap ” is a total tap number set at the total filter tap number input terminal 3 , “ s1 ” and “ s2 ” are outputs of respective of first and second m - bit selection circuits s 1 and s 2 , and “ a 1 ” denotes an output of the adder . in fig4 with respect to the pulse p 1 appearing on the input x ( z ), the pulse p 3 appears on the filter output h ( z ). in this case , a period while the output of the selection circuit s 2 is varied from “ 2 ” to “ 6 ” is the tap calculation period . when the output of the selection circuit s 2 becomes “ 6 ” corresponding to the total tap number , the result of comparison in the comparator cmp 2 shows matching ( illustrated by the hatched portion ). then , the output of the selection circuit s 1 becomes “ 00 ”. similarly , with respect to the pulse p 2 appearing at the input x ( z ), a pulse p 4 appears at the filter output h ( z ). in this case , the period while the output of the selection circuit s 2 is varied from “ 2 ” to “ 6 ” is the tap calculation period t . when the output of the selection circuit s 2 becomes “ 6 ” corresponding to the total tap number , the result of comparison in the comparator cmp 2 shows matching ( illustrated by the hatched portion ). then , the output of the selection circuit s 1 becomes “ 00 ”. fig5 is a timing chart showing another example of the result of simulation , wherein respective signals equivalent to the signals in fig3 will be represented by the same reference numerals . in fig5 with respect to the pulse p 1 appearing at the input x ( z ), a pulse p 3 appears at the filter output h ( z ). then , if the output of the selection circuit s 2 becomes “ 6 ” corresponding to the total tap number , the result of comparison in the comparator cmp 2 shows matching , and the output of the selection circuit s 1 becomes “ 00 ”. on the other hand , with respect to the pulse p 2 a , p 2 b , p 2 c appearing at the input x ( z ), a pulse p 4 appears at the filter output h ( z ). in this case , at every occasion of input of respective pulses p 2 a , p 2 b , p 2 c , the output of the selection circuit s 2 becomes “ 1 ”. at this time , the period while the output of the selection circuit s 2 is varied from “ 2 ” to “ 6 ” initially , is the tap calculation period t . when the output of the selection circuit s 2 becomes “ 6 ” corresponding to the total tap number , the result of comparison in the comparator cmp 2 shows matching . then , the output of the selection circuit s 1 becomes “ 00 ”. as set forth above , instead of the construction employing a multiplier , a construction employing the counter performing counting depending upon number of stages of connection of the delay element groups of the low pass filter having a plurality of stages of the delay element groups connected in cascades connection for leading out the tap of the filter , the lpf suppressing the size of the circuit as small as possible can be realized . fig6 is a timing chart showing a further example of the result of simulation upon setting the value varied sequentially , with taking the total filter tap number input terminal 3 as 4 bits in the circuit construction shown in fig3 . it should be noted that , in fig4 total tap number set at the total filter tap number input terminal 3 is varied sequentially from “ c ”( h ) to “ 6 ”( h ), “ 8 ”( h ), “ 1 ”( h ) (“( h )” represents that the values are hexadecimal number ). at this time . according to variation of the total tap number , the counted value in the state value r 1 if the m - bit flip - flop r 1 is obtained up to “ 6 ”( h ), “ 8 ”( h ), “ 1 ”( h ), respectively . fig7 is a circuit diagram showing a construction of the second embodiment of the lpf of the present invention . in fig7 the low pass filter in the shown embodiment is constructed with the data input terminal 1 , the total filter tap number input terminal 3 , the third m - bit selection circuit s 3 controlled by the outputs of the data input terminal 1 and the second comparator circuit cmp 2 with taking the output of the m - bit adder circuit a 1 and the first and second fixed values , and the m - bit flip - flop r 1 taking the output of the third m - bit selection circuit s 3 as data input . it should be noted that , to the m - bit flip flop r 1 , the clock clk is input . on the other hand , the low pass filter according to the shown embodiment is constructed with a first comparator circuit cmp 1 comparing the data output of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 and the third fixed value , an m - bit adder circuit a 1 adding the output of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 to the least significant bit of the data output of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 , a second comparator circuit cmp 2 comparing a data output of the m - bit flip - flop r 1 and an input from the total filter tap number input terminal 3 , and a data output terminal 2 connected to the output of the first comparator circuit cmp 1 . it should be noted that the least significant bit of the first fixed value is assumed to be set at “ 1 ”, all bits of the first fixed value other than the least significant bit are assumed to be set at “ 0 ”, all bits of the second and the third fixed value are assumed to be set at “ 0 ”, and respective constants m are set at a value derived by rounding a logarithm of 2 of the total filter tap number into the integer . in short , the lpf of the shown embodiment is constructed with including a third m - bit selection circuit selectively controlled by the output of the input data to the own filter and the output of the second comparator circuit , in place of the first and second m - bit selection circuits s 1 and s 2 in the first embodiment of the lpf set forth above . the first and second m - bit selection circuits s 1 and s 2 are different only in one bit of the input fixed values , and other construction is the same . therefore , by making the same components in common , the m - bit selection circuit s 3 in fig7 can be obtained . accordingly , the basic operation of the lpf shown in fig7 is the same as that of the lpf illustrated in fig3 but the circuit construction of fig7 can realize the lpf with smaller circuit scale than the circuit construction of the embodiment shown in fig3 . when the tap coefficient is one bit and the total tap number is n , generation of the tap coefficient is performed only in the period where x ( z ) is “ 0 ”. on the other hand , h ( z ) is equal to x ( z ) during the period where x ( z ) is “ 1 ”. from this fact , the tap coefficient corresponding to the impulse response for one time is generated when x ( z ) becomes “ 0 ”. since the set total tap number and the tap position of the impulse response corresponding to the past input are compared and control to respond or not is performed depending upon the result of comparison , switching of the filter coefficient can follow in real time without depending upon x ( z ) input in the past . as set forth above , number of f / fs to be used in the conventional lpf was equal to the total number of the tap delay circuit . in contrast to this , in the lpf according to the present invention , the total number of f / fs to be used by applying the total tap number in binary number can be reduced to be int ( log 2 ( tap number ) ). it should be noted that “ int ” represents rounding of the value within parenthesis ( ) into the integer . associating with reduction of total number of the f / f used , a power consumption in stand - by state can be reduced into ( int ( log 2 ( tap number ) )/( tap number ) ) relative to the power to be consumed by the f / fs for the total number of the tap delay circuit . on the other hand , a period required for switching the total tap number is the waiting period corresponding to the total number of the tap delay circuit in the conventional lpf . in contrast to this , in the present invention , the total tap number can be varied in real time to require no waiting period . since the shown lpf can make the circuit scale smaller since the multiplier is not employed . therefore , the lpf according to the present invention is optimal for radio serial communication in a notebook type personal computer , a portable information terminal or household electrical appliances . also , it is applicable for network in home , i . e . so - called home bus . as set forth above , the present invention can reduce total number of f / fs to be used by applying the total tap number in binary value . also , since the switching timing of the total tap number can be varied in real time , it becomes possible to realize reduction of the circuit scale , reduction of power consumption , improvement of response characteristics for switching of the tap number . although the present invention has been illustrated and described with respect to exemplary embodiment thereof , it should be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and various other changes , omissions and additions may be made therein and thereto , without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention . therefore , the present invention should not be understood as limited to the specific embodiment set out above but to include all possible embodiments which can be embodied within a scope encompassed and equivalents thereof with respect to the feature set out in the appended claims . for instance , the low pass filter according to the present invention is applicable in a demodulation circuit disclosed in the commonly owned co - pending u . s . patent application , now u . s . pat . no . 6 , 335 , 658 entitled “ demodulation circuit ” and filed with claiming priority based on japanese patent application no . heisei 10 - 327395 and no . heisei 10 - 327396 , both filed on nov . 18 , 1998 . the disclosure of the above - identified commonly owned co - pending application is herein incorporated by reference .	7
according to the invention , a bk resulting from negotiation between an sta and an ac through a wai is buffered so that a session key between the sta and a destination wtp is generated from the buffered bk during switching of the sta , and operations of adding the sta , removing the sta and synchronizing the key between the ac and the wtp are performed in capwap control messages , thereby proposing a flow of switching an sta rapidly and securely between wtps under different acs in a converged wlan architecture based upon the wapi protocol , where the acs may be arranged in parallel or in hierarchy and will not be to acs but can alternatively be such devices as wireless switches , wireless routers , etc . the following description will be presented taking an ac as an example . referring to fig2 , the invention provides a method for switching an sta between different wtps under different acs , which in a preferred embodiment of the invention includes the following operations 1 to 6 . in the operation 1 , an sta is re - associated with a destination ac through a destination wtp . the operation 1 may particularly include the following operations 11 to 13 . in the operation 11 , the sta acquires relevant parameters of the destination wtp including wapi information elements which include suites of authentication and key management , suites of ciphers , etc ., supported by the destination wtp . in the operation 11 , the sta can listen passively to a beacon frame of the destination wtp and acquires the relevant parameters of the destination wtp including the wapi information elements ; or the sta can alternatively transmit actively a probe request frame to the destination wtp , which in turn transmits a probe response frame to the sta upon reception of the probe request frame of the sta , and the sta can acquire the relevant parameters of the destination wtp including the wapi information elements upon reception of the probe response frame . in a local mac mode , the sta transmits a link authentication request frame to the destination wtp to request for authenticating a link to the destination wtp , and the destination wtp transmits a link authentication response frame to the sta in response to the link authentication request frame of the sta ; or in a separate mac mode , the sta transmits a link authentication request frame to the destination ac to request for authenticating a link to the destination ac , and the destination ac transmits a link authentication response frame to the sta in response to the link authentication request frame of the sta . in the operation 13 , upon successful authentication of the link , the sta transmits a re - association request frame to the destination ac to request for being re - associated with the destination ac by including the identifier of a currently associated wtp , the identifier of an associated ac and the wapi information elements in the re - association request frame to determine a suite of authentication and key management , a suite of ciphers , etc ., selected by the sta , which are preferably the same as a suite of authentication and key management and a suite of ciphers selected by the sta upon initial association with the ac , and the destination ac parses the re - association request frame of the sta and transmits a re - association response frame to the sta . in the operation 2 , the destination ac requests the associated ac for a bk or an extended bk ( simply ebk ). the operation 2 may particularly include the following operations 21 and 22 . in the operation 21 , the destination ac transmits bk request information or ebk request information including sta deletion information to the associated ac on a secure channel pre - established with the associated ac . in the operation 22 , the associated ac transmits a bk or an ebk to the destination ac , in response to the bk request information or the ebk request information of the destination ac , on the secure channel with the destination ac , where the bk is equivalent to a bk between the sta and the associated ac , and the ebk is calculated from extension parameters in a unidirectional function using the base key between the sta and the associated ac , i . e ., ebk = f ( bk , extension parameters ), where the extension parameters are parameters known in advance to the sta and the destination ac , e . g ., their mac addresses , etc ., and f represents the unidirectional function . in the operation 3 , the associated ac instructs the associated wtp to delete the sta . the operation 3 may particularly include the following operations 31 and 32 . in the operation 31 , the associated ac transmits a capwap station configuration request message including a message element of delete station to the associated wtp according to the sta deletion information in the bk request information or the ebk request information of the destination ac . in the operation 32 , the associated wtp transmits to the associated ac a capwap station configuration response message including a message element of result code indicating a result of processing the capwap station configuration request message . in the operation 4 , the destination ac instructs the destination wtp to add the sta . the operation 4 may particularly include the following operations 41 and 42 . in the operation 41 , the destination ac transmits to the destination wtp a capwap station configuration request message including message elements of add station , gb15629 . 11 add station and gb15629 . 11 station session key , where a flag bit “ a ” in the gb15629 . 11 station session key is set 1 to instruct the destination wtp to disable a controlled port and forward only wai protocol data from the corresponding sta . in the operation 42 , the destination wtp transmits to the destination ac a capwap station configuration response message including a message element of result code indicating a result of processing the capwap station configuration request message . in the operation 5 , the sta and the destination ac negotiate about a session key based upon the requested bk or ebk . the operation 5 may particularly include the following operations 51 and 52 . in the operation 51 , the destination ac and the sta negotiate about a wai uni - cast key based upon the requested bk or ebk , which includes : the destination wtp de - encapsulates and then forwards wai uni - cast key negotiation data from the destination ac encapsulated in a capwap data encapsulation format to the sta , and encapsulates and then forwards wai uni - cast key negotiation data from the sta in the capwap data encapsulation format to the destination ac . in the operation 52 , the destination ac and the sta announce a wai multi - cast key , which includes : the destination wtp de - encapsulates and then forwards wai multi - cast key announcement data from the destination ac encapsulated in the capwap data encapsulation format to the sta , and encapsulates and then forwards wai multi - cast key announcement data from the sta in the capwap data encapsulation format to the destination ac . in the operation 6 , the session key is synchronized between the destination ac and the destination wtp . the operation 6 may particularly include the following operations 61 and 62 . in the operation 61 , the destination ac transmits to the destination wtp a capwap station configuration request message including message elements of add station , gb15629 . 11 add station , gb15629 . 11 station session key and gb15629 . 11 information element , and the destination wtp enables the controlled port corresponding to the sta according to the mac address of the sta in the message element of add station and forwards all the data including wai protocol data and non - wai protocol data from the sta . in the operation 62 , the destination wtp transmits to the destination ac a capwap station configuration response message including a message element of result code indicating a result of processing the capwap station configuration request message . the invention further provides a system for switching an sta in a wpi performed by wtps in a converged wlan , which includes a destination access controller , an associated access controller , a destination wireless terminal point , an associated wireless terminal point and a station , where the station is re - associated with the destination access controller through the destination wireless terminal point ; the destination access controller requests a base key from the associated access controller ; the associated access controller instructs the associated wireless terminal point to delete the station ; the destination access controller instructs the destination wireless terminal point to add the station ; the station and the destination access controller negotiate about a session key based upon the requested base key ; and the session key is synchronized between the destination access controller and the destination wireless terminal point . the system for switching a station may include corresponding functional modules to perform the method for switching a station according to the invention . those ordinarily skilled in the art can appreciate that all or a part of the operations in the embodiment of the method can be performed by program instructing relevant hardware , which can be stored in a computer readable storage medium and which upon execution can perform the operations including the embodiment of the method , where the storage medium includes various mediums , e . g ., an rom , an ram , a magnetic disk , an optical disk , etc ., capable of storing program codes . lastly it shall be noted that the foregoing embodiments are merely intended to illustrate but not limit the technical solutions of the invention , and although the invention has been detailed in connection with the embodiments , those ordinarily skilled in the art shall appreciate that they still can modify the technical solutions according to the respective embodiments or made equivalent substitutions of a part of the technical features thereof and that these modifications and substitutions will not make the essence of corresponding technical solutions depart from the scope of the respective embodiments of the invention .	7
in the present specification , the following words and phrases are generally intended to have the meanings as set forth below , except to the extent that the context in which they are used indicate otherwise . the term “ carbon material ” can also referred as “ carbon particles ” “ carbon nanomaterial ”, “ carbon nanoparticle ” “ carbon composite ” or “ carbon powder ”. the present invention provides carbon nanomaterial having high surface area , electrical conductivity and capacitance obtained by pyrolysis of plant dead leaves . the dead leaves are fallen leaves or dry leaves of plant selected from neem ( azadirachta indica ) and ashoka ( saraca asoca ), wherein the dead leaves are individually selected from the plant neem ( azadirachta indica ) or ashoka ( saraca asoca ) or from both plants . dead leaves of both the plants were collected from the compartment of ncl ( national chemical laboratory ), dr . homi bhabha road , pune - 411 008 , india . present invention provides process for synthesis of carbon nanomaterial by pyrolysis of plant dead leaves , particularly dead leaves of neem ( azadirachta indica ) and ashoka ( saraca asoca ), wherein the derived carbon nanomaterial having high surface area , electrical conductivity and capacitance which is useful in high value added product applications such as super - capacitor , super - adsorbent , battery , catalysis , dye removal water purification etc . in another aspect , the invention relates to synthesis of functional carbon material by pyrolysis of dead leaves in presence of binder . in another aspect , the invention deals with the synthesis of carbon based metal nano - composites from the dead leaves which can be useful in the applications such as catalysis and super - adsorbent for toxic chemicals , dye removal . the present invention provides carbon nanomaterial / particles having high surface area in the range of 700 to 1400 m 2 / g ; electrical conductivity in the range of 2 × 10 − 2 to 5 × 10 − 2 scm − 1 ; capacitance in the range of 200 - 400 f / g and average pore diameter size in the range of 0 . 1 nm to 0 . 5 nm obtained by pyrolysis of plant dead leaves . the process for the synthesis of functional carbon nano - material by pyrolysis of dead leaves of neem ( azadirachta indica ) and ashoka ( saraca asoca ) comprising the steps of : a ) washing the dead leaves of plant with water followed by drying ; b ) crushing the dried leaves to get fine powder of dead leaves ; c ) decomposing the dead leaves powder at high temperature ( 1000 ° c .± 400 ° c .) under argon atmosphere ; subsequently cooling at room temperature to obtain nanoparticles of carbon having high surface area and capacitance . according to the process , the decomposition or pyrolysis of crushed dead leaves is carried out on alumina plate or crucible , wherein the dead leaves powder is heated at temperature range 600 ° c . to 1400 ° c . with heating rate in the range of 8 - 20 ° c . per minute wherein the crushing or grounding of dead leaves can be performed by known techniques by using crusher , mortar and pestle and like thereof . it was demonstrated that the dead leaves without crushing or grinding i . e . as such dead leaves can also be used for the synthesis of carbon material via pyrolysis to give improved specific capacitance . the synthesized carbon material containing reduced amount of the impurities which come from the oxide residues of plant leaf , wherein the impurities comprising of oxygen and few percent of mg , si , k and ca , such impurities do not interfere the carbon nanomaterial conducting properties . the average pore size of derived carbon particles is measured in the range of 0 . 1 nm to 0 . 5 nm , whereas the surface area of the carbon nanomaterial / nanoparticle is measured in the range of 700 to 1400 m 2 / g , particularly the surface area of the carbon powder derived from the dead leaves of neem ( azadirachta indica ) was observed in the range of 1000 - 1400 m 2 / g , whereas surface area of the carbon powder derived from ashoka ( saraca asoca ) is in the range of 700 - 1000 m 2 / g . the specific capacitance of carbon material derived from dead leaves is evaluated in suitable aqueous electrolyte such as 1m h 2 so 4 , or organic electrolyte such as ethylene and diethyl carbonates ( ec - dec ) solutions of liasf 6 , liclo 4 , libf 4 and lipf 6 ; wherein the specific capacitance of derived carbon nanoparticles is measured in the range of 200 - 400 f / g . in accordance with the specific capacitance , the carbon material derived from dead leaves of neem exhibits nearly 290 f / g , and carbon particles derived from dead leaves of ashoka in aqueous electrolyte was measured about 250 f / g . also the inventors have optionally derived carbon material from the dead or dry leaves of neem without grinding , where the specific capacitance is evaluated nearly 373 f / g . alternatively , fresh green neem leaves pulp can also be subjected to the process according to the invention to obtain conducting carbon material , where the conductance is measured nearly 195 f / g . the chemical composition of fresh neem leaves is depicted in table 1 . the carbon material derived from dead leaves of plants in acidic medium preferably sulphuric acid with molar concentration 0 . 5m to 2m , particularly in presence of 1m sulphuric acid which shows high energy density i . e . more than 55 . 0 whkg − 1 and power density ≧ 10 kwkg − 1 which is comparatively higher than the other source of carbon materials , the comparison of energy density and power density of various carbon materials with dead leaf derived carbon is represented in table 2 . the invention provides synthesis of carbon nanomaterial from dead leaves of neem ( azadirachta indica ) and ashoka ( saraca asoca ) in presence of binder ; particularly the dead leaf powder is mixed with binder in the ratio of 10 : 0 . 5 ( w / w ) wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of cellulose , methyl cellulose , gelatine , starch , polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ) and polyethylene glycol ( peg ); preferably polyvinylpyrrolidone ( pvp ). accordingly , the dead leaf powder was mixed with a pvp ( poly vinyl pyrollidone ) binder and formed as a pellet . the pellet was then placed on alumina plate and subjected to high temperature pyrolysis 1000 ° c . (± 400 ° c .) under inert atmosphere for 2 - 10 hours at a heating rate of 5 - 15 ° c . per minute . the duration at the peak temperature was 1 - 10 hrs . the inert atmosphere is preferably argon . the invention also provides evaluation of capacitance of carbon synthesized by both these cases , ( with pvp binder and without binder ) by means of carbon loaded electrodes in presence of alcohol and 1 % polytetrafluoroethylene ( ptfe ) solution under vacuum condition . it was observed that for the carbon synthesized with binder a capacitance value of 120 f / g was realized at the scan rate of 50 mv / s , whereas for the carbon synthesized without binder the capacitance was found to have increased to 250 f / g ( 50 mv / s scan rate ). the conductivity value for the carbon synthesized from neem leaves with binder is in the range of 4 × 10 − 2 to 8 × 10 − 2 scm − and without binder is in the range of 2 × 10 2 to 5 × 10 − 2 scm − . the invention provides carbon based metal nanocomposite from the dead leaves , wherein the dead leaves of neem or ashoka or both are mixed with a metal powder and binder . the crushed dead leaves are mixed with metal followed by thoroughly blending with binder and made into pellets , subsequently the pellets are pyrolysed / decomposed at 1000 ° c . (± 200 ° c .) in an inert atmosphere for 2 - 10 hours at a heating rate of 5 - 15 ° c . per minute . the pallet can be prepared by mixing dead leaf powder and metal powder and binder in the ratio of 5 : 5 : 0 . 5 ( w / w ) which is further subjected to pyrolysis at high temperature . the metal used in the nanocomposites is selected from the group consisting of fe , co , cu , zn , al , ni , ti , ag , au , pd , pt like thereof or oxides , hydroxides thereof , preferably metal is fe and cu or oxides thereof ; whereas the binder is particularly pvp . it is noteworthy that the carbon nano - composites synthesized by instant process can be useful to generate carbon based application - worthy forms by addition of other molecules , polymers , metals , semiconductors , oxides or waste such as ash , fly ash and such like . the fe - carbon nanocomposite synthesized by the instant process was tested for dye removal wherein fe - carbon composite was added to 10 − 5 m methylene blue solution with stirring where the blue colour of methylene blue immediately disappeared , followed by separating fe - carbon composites by means of magnet to get transparent solution . further the adsorbed methylene blue solution can be recovered by putting the fe - carbon composites into ethanol . the dye molecules immediately come out from the fe - carbon composites . the carbon composite and carbon based metal nanocomposite synthesized according to the instant process exhibit high value added products to many application but not limited to applications such as super - capacitor , super - adsorbents for toxic chemicals and dye remover , battery , catalysis , water purification and like thereof . according to the invention the derived carbon composites and carbon based metal nanocomposites are characterized by using xrd , raman spectra , hr - tem , fe - sem , edax , bet nitrogen adsorption isotherm , current and voltage plot . the chemical composition of fresh neem leaves having more water content (& gt ; 50 . 0 %) and the comparison of carbon derives from dead leaves and other known material is represented in herein below table 1 and table 2 respectively . the following examples are given by way of illustration and therefore should not be construed to limit the scope of the present invention . 10 g of dead leaf powder was mixed thoroughly with 500 mg pvp ( poly vinyl pyrollidone ) binder and then pellet sample was made . the pellet was placed on an alumina plate and was subjected to high temperature pyrolysis at 1000 ° c . under argon atmosphere for 5 hr at a heating rate of 10 ° c . per minute . the duration at the peak temperature was 3 hrs . 5 g of leaf powder and 5 g of fe metal were mixed thoroughly with 500 mg pvp to make a pellet and the same was subjected to high temperature pyrolysis as mentioned in example 1 . 10 g of dead leaf powder was heated in an alumina crucible at 1000 ° c . under argon atmosphere for 5 hr at a heating rate of 10 ° c . per minute and cooled to room temperature at natural rate to obtain black powders . all the electrodes were prepared on glassy carbon . two glassy carbon substrates were used for each measurement . 6 mg of carbon was dispersed in 6 ml isopropanol and 200 μl of 1 % ptfe solution was added to it . after proper dispersion this was drop - cast slowly on the glassy carbon till the loading was 1 mg . after making the electrodes they were dried in vacuum for 24 hrs at 60 ° c . carbon synthesized by both these cases , ( with pvp binder and without binder ) were studied for super capacitor measurements . all the cyclic voltammetry experiments were carried out using auto lab instrument in a potential window of 0 - 1v and in 0 . 5m h 2 so 4 electrolyte . measurements were taken at the scan rates of 10 , 20 and 50 mv / s . the results are shown in fig1 . it was observed that for the carbon synthesized with binder a capacitance value of 80 f / g was realized at the scan rate of 50 mv / s , whereas for the carbon synthesized without binder the capacitance was found to have increased to 120 f / g ( 50 mv / s scan rate ). invention provides efficient , cost - effective process for preparation of functional carbon nanoparticles by simple pyrolysis of biologically waste material . d ) carbon produces useful in various applications such as supercapacitors , superabsorbent , battery and catalysis ,	2
fig1 , 1 a , 1 b , 1 c , 2 , 2 a , and 2 aa show an earphone 5000 which may be the left or the right portion of the earphone or headset for providing 3d stereo earphone with intelligent functions and systems and methods to achieve x - y - z 3d real stereo sound , 3d virtual reality ( vr ) sound , 3d augmental reality ( ar ) sound , 3d mix reality ( mr ) sound , 3d artificial intelligent sound , and combinations of any kind of real and vr and ar and mr and ai video and audio by following or reflecting a user &# 39 ; s movements and environments and situations and needs automatically and intelligently at the same time and same pace and same vision and sound space . those drawings show that the earphone 5060 may include an intelligent unit 5080 containing a set of motion and environment sensor and processor and coordination units 5080 a , 5080 b , 5080 c , a mother board 5070 with several micro chips , a cpu and multichip package ( mcp ) unit 5072 , a memory unit 5074 , a sim card unit 5074 a for adding memory units or for inserting additional functional units , a battery unit 5076 , a recharge unit 5076 a , a wireless / cable unit 507 b , a microphone unit 5068 , a switch unit 5062 , a light indicator unit 5064 , a voice control and voice recognition / id unit 5066 , an integrated micro sound amplifier unit 5082 , a sound purifier unit 5086 , a capacitor unit 5090 , an internet protocol ( ip ) based communicator unit 5092 , and a multiple player display unit 5098 inside . at the same time , the computerized intelligent sound controller unit 5080 which can also be an intelligent wave / level / frequency reaction and controller and coordination unit is inside the ear speaker cup unit 5006 containing the multiple speaker units 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c working with the sound effect structure unit 5032 and sound resonance area or space or unit 5036 together to create intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , or smart 3d real stereo sound in 3d stereo sound space or vr / ar / mr / ai vision and sound space . the intelligent unit 5080 contains motion sensor and processor units 5080 a , 5080 b , and 5080 c to detect a user &# 39 ; s body movements and a user &# 39 ; s needs for vr / ar / mr / ai to generate automatically a set of self - configured new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs accordingly . also , the intelligent unit 5080 contains motion sensor and processor units 5080 a , 5080 b , and 5080 c to detect a user &# 39 ; s environment or surrounding or to carry out vr / ar / mr visual and audio combinations to generate automatically a set of self - configured intelligent new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent unit 5080 and the computerized motion sensor units 5080 a / b / c detect and process and control the motion or environment movements and 3d sound frequency configuration system of multiple speaker units that includes 3d stereo sound speaker units 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c . the intelligent unit 5080 automatically detects , analyzes , records , processes , and directs the result and self auto - configuration of those activities or situations to generate 3d stereo high sound frequency into the first speaker units 5018 a / b and generate the bass / middle frequencies of 3d stereo sounds into the speaker unit 5018 c , working with the sound effect structure unit 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 together in order to achieve intelligent 3d stereo sound effects for a very strong and powerful bass and resonance / harmony performance stereo in x - y - z three dimensional ( 3d ) sound effects under the multiple drivers arrayed in multiple ways . the ear cup 5006 and speaker units 5018 a / b / c and sound effect unit 5032 and sound resonance / harmony unit 5036 all work together to generate 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , with all their functions , structures , systems , methods , materials , designs , and formats as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and no . 8 , 515 , 103 . the intelligent unit 5080 and sensor units 5080 a / b / c can be in one unit , or two units , or multiple units , together or separate or independent . any sensor unit 5080 a to c can be independent or separate from the intelligent unit 5080 if needed . the design , function , method , structure , material , shape , size , type , and location of the intelligent unit 5080 and its sensor units 5080 a / b / c with mini or micro circuit board and micro chips inside may vary if needed . the wireless / cable unit 5078 may deliver to or receive ( receiver / sender unit 5078 a ) from a circumaural wireless stereo radio frequency ( rf ) system , or an internet server system , or blue tooth , or wi - fi system , or home and work connections , app , cloud system , etc . the cpu / mcp unit 5072 may contain a digital signal processor 5072 a providing full range digital audio output of earphone 5000 . therefore , the intelligent 3d stereo earphone 5000 may be used wirelessly or through a cable in a regular earphone system , a regular headset / headphone system , a cell phone , a smart phone , a multiple player , a radio system , a telephone system , a personal computer ( pc ) system , a notebook computer , an internet communication system , a cellular / satellite communication system , a gps system , a home theater system , a car / ship / airplane audio system , a game , a vr / ar / mr device , an app , ear hearing assistance equipment , or medical equipment , etc . the intelligent 3d stereo earphone 5000 can be structured or designed with all unite or several units in module combinations or a module assembly , an outside insert or in / out plug , attachable or detachable , or with inside connections , or interchangeable at same time . for example , additional sensor units 5080 as can be plugged in or out as module assemblies . all units in fig1 - 2aa and 5 - 7 can do that too . the intelligent 3d stereo earphone 5000 can be with any kind of design , format , structure , system , function , etc ., such as a head band , a helmet , a neck band , a wearable set , etc ., to work with vr / ar / mr visual and audio with related or coordinated 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent 3d stereo earphone 5000 can be used or can work with any kind of vr / ar / mr or any kind of artificial intelligence ( ai ) or any kind of robot system . the intelligent , unit 5080 and motion sensors 5090 a / b / c are to sense or detect a user &# 39 ; s body movements and related surroundings and carry out vr / ar / mr commands and needs . according to a pre - selected mode selected by the user , the intelligent unit 5080 receives and analyzes those sensed movements or vr / ar / mr commands to generate automatically new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . thus , a user can hear a new 3d stereo sound to follow and reflect his or her movements and his or her desires for vr / ar / mr / ai visual and stereo sound combinations and effects and outputs . traditionally , an earphone is only to deliver or play sound or audio recorded in certain electronic formats , such as a format from a cd , an electronic file , a hard drive , the internet , etc . a user is not able to change or update these kinds of sound outputs or sound effects when using a traditional earphone . a user &# 39 ; s needs or body movements or environments , or surroundings , or situations , are not related absolutely to any sound output or effect playing in a traditional earphone , in other words , a traditional earphone is only s negative electronic player , is not intelligent , and has nothing to do with and does not react to a user &# 39 ; s movements or situations or special needs for vr / ar / mr / ai . there is not any connection between the traditional earphone and its user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations and intelligent needs . the intelligent unit 5080 and its sensors 5080 a / b / c are intelligently and positively to connect or follow a user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations and vr / ar / mr / ai needs with the earphone sound system automatically at the same time , same pace , and same space , through a self motivated configuration system generated by the cpu unit 5072 , the memory unit 5074 , the sound amplifier unit 5082 , and all other related units inside the intelligent unit 5080 to create a new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs following and reflecting a user &# 39 ; s movements and needs . in that case , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 is to become a user &# 39 ; s electronic ears to react and hear real world 3d stereo sound effects or artificial intelligent 3d stereo sound effects or combinations of both . a user &# 39 ; s movements can be body movements , mind movements , visual movements , or sound movements run separately or combined together in multiple ways . the user &# 39 ; s mind movements or visual movements can be sensed by the brain sensor unit 5080 m or visual sensor unit 5080 v with any electronic sensor devices to obtain the user &# 39 ; s mind or visual electronic or nervous flows for mind work or vision work or health work . for example , the electronic sensor devices can be electroencephalogram devices for brain cell or nervous electronic movements , can perform electrocardiogram for heart beats , can be a blood pressure machine or temperature instruments , can perform visual or eye or eyeball or iris or pupil tracking , or can be sound or mouth tracking systems for vr / ar / mr / ai effects and outputs , etc . a user &# 39 ; s surrounding environment or situation can be any kind of real world surrounding condition or situation around the user . the intelligent unit 5080 can sense a user &# 39 ; s surrounding situation , such as light level , temperature , rain , wind , sky , sun , moon , stars , fog , physical things , human beings , animals , etc . thus , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 can sense environment signals for the user . for example , the intelligent unit 5080 can sense a stranger approaching and then immediately send a warning signal to the earphone speakers 5018 a / b / c for the user &# 39 ; s safety check . the intelligent unit 5080 can sense a car trailing too closely and then immediately send a traffic warning signal to the earphone speakers 5018 a / b / c for the user &# 39 ; s traffic safety alarm . it is very important to have the safety alarm function for the user &# 39 ; s situation , because all current earphones are with “ isolated function ” for pure sound effects and outputs . earphone noise isolation becomes a basic function for all earphones currently on the market . a user wearing an “ isolated ” earphone has difficulty hearing outside sound , such as a traffic warning sound , etc . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 can overcome that problem with its intelligent unit 5080 and its sensor / processor units 5080 a / b / c to detect process , analyze , and configure new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs with a safety warning function with respect to a user &# 39 ; s surrounding , such as detecting and warning a traffic red light , or sensing and warning an approaching car , etc . at the same time , if needed , the intelligent unit 5080 can have a self auto - adjustable function according to a user &# 39 ; s surrounding situation . fox example , if the intelligent unit 5080 and its sensor units 5080 a / b / c sense too high amounts of noise in the environment , they immediately self - adjust the sound output volume level upwards based on the noise control mode preset or preselected . if the intelligent unit 5080 senses the environment becoming quiet , the intelligent unit 5080 will auto - adjust back to the original sound output volume . the intelligent unit 5080 can sense and control and auto - adjust all noises from outside the earphone 5000 and all noises exam inside the earphone 5000 such as electrical flow noise , etc ., based on a user &# 39 ; s needs , at the same time . also at the same time , the intelligent unit 5080 can have a coordination system . 5080 s lo work with vr / ar / mr visual and audio effects and outputs accordingly . furthermore , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and intelligent unit 5080 and its sensors 5080 a / b / c can work with any kind of earphone player 8000 . for example , the earphone player 8000 can be any kind of electronic device , such as a cellular phone , a multiple player , a portable player , a computer , a notebook , a tv set , the internet , app , electronic portable device , vr / ar / mr device , etc . the intelligent unit 5080 can send or command its electronic signals to any kind of earphone player 8000 by wireless or cable communication . at the same time , any kind of earphone player 8000 can send or command its electronic signals to the intelligent unit 5080 synchronously , by wireless or cable communication . the earphone player 8000 can be any kind of multiple players , cellular phones , smart phones , electronic portable devices , laptops , notebooks , pc , app , vr / ar / mr / ai devices , etc ., in various designs , materials , methods , functions , systems , materials , and formats , etc . the earphone player 8000 may contain its own intelligent unit 8080 and sensor / processor units 8080 a / b / c , very similar to the intelligent 3d earphone &# 39 ; s intelligent unit 5080 and sensor / processor units 5080 a / b / c . those 2 sets of the intelligent units of the earphone player 8000 and 3d earphone 5000 work together to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs in parallel synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally , in one way , two ways , or multiple ways , with one direction , two directions , or multiple directions if needed . the earphone player 8000 can send or receive the electronic signals to or from the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and save those signals into electronic files or data , for replay , editing , saving , or delivery for intelligent 3d stereo sound usages anytime and anywhere by wireless or cable communication . the intelligent 30 earphone 5000 can send or receive the electronics signals to or from the earphone player 8000 and save those signals into electronic files or data , for replay , editing , saving , or delivery for intelligent 3d stereo sound usages anytime and anywhere by wireless or cable communication . therefore , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 can co - work with any kind of earphone player 8000 together at the same time . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and any kind of earphone player 8000 can exchange or co - work or co - do self - configuration of all kind of data or files anytime and anywhere , by wireless or cable line communication . there can be any kind of design , system , method , structure , and function with the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and earphone player 8000 or related devices . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 have to set up a beginning point first . the beginning point is called a z point mode . there are an x axis and a y axis for a traditional sound curve or frequency development . there is a z axis for 3d stereo sound space development , namely x - y - z 3 dimensional stereo sound space . the z axis is a key to create x - y - z 3 dimensional ( 3d ) stereo sound . thus , the beginning z point is a key to create the intelligent 3d stereo sound system . there are 3 kinds of z points of the intelligent 3d stereo sound system in the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 and sensor units 5080 a / b / c . first , is a user &# 39 ; s self - standing point as z point a . this z - self point mode is to use a user &# 39 ; s position and self - movement for creation of the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . second , is a user &# 39 ; s environment or surrounding as z point b . this z - surrounding point is to use a user &# 39 ; s surrounding and related environment for creation of the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . third , is a sound z axis position and direction as z point c . this z - axis sound point is to use 3d stereo sound depth ( z - axis ) for creation of the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . preferably , the z - axis sound point is for the intelligent unit 5080 to control and manage and configure the speaker 5018 c or any bass sound speaker to have the sound depth at z - axis sound space to achieve the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . of course , the z - axis sound point function can be used for any speaker 5018 a , 5018 b , or 5018 c or for other speakers , or for any combination of those speakers 5018 a / b / c for the sound depth at z - axis sound space . in general , the intelligent 3d stereo sound system containing those z points a / b / c works with the intelligent unit 5080 together to control and manage and auto configure the intelligent sensor units 5080 a / b / c and speakers 5018 a / b / c and sound effect unit 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 to have the sound x - y axis width and sound z axis depth at stereo sound space to achieve the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by following and reflecting a user &# 39 ; s movements , environments , situations , and needs , synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally , more detailed as illustrated in fig3 to 4b . there are many types of sensors for the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 and intelligent sensor units 5080 a / b / c , such as an accelerometer sensor , a magnetic field sensor , an orientation sensor , a gyroscope sensor , a light sensor , a pressure sensor , a temperature sensor , a proximity sensor , a gravity sensor , a linear acceleration sensor , a rotation sensor , a car sensor , an electrical signal sensor , a wireless signal sensor , a sound sensor , a heart sensor , a blood pressure sensor , a smell sensor , a space sensor , an environment or surrounding sensor a traffic sensor , a warning sensor , a motion sensor , an outside noise sensor , an inside noise sensor , a direction sensor , a navigation sensor , a balance sensor , e distance sensor , a visual / eye tracking or control sensor , a sound / mouth tracking or control sensor , a sensor for an android system , apple system , or window system , or other systems , etc ., for real world or virtual world 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . there are many function modes of the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 , such as an intelligent 3d stereo sound mode , a mimic mode , a safety mode , a drive mode , an electronic control mode , a voice control mode , a display mode , a sport mode , a work mode , a health mode , an intelligent 3d stereo sound and virtual made , a vr / ar / mr mode , a drive mode , a game mode , etc . there are many play modes of the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 , such as a multiple player mode , a game mode , a sport mode , an education mode , a health mode , a security mode , a home entertainment mode , a vr / ar / mr play mode , etc . of course , fig1 also shows that the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 contains the intelligent unit 5080 and multiple speakers 5018 a / b / c to deliver intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 detect , analyze , process , and configure a user &# 39 ; s motion movements or environments or vr / ar / mr requirements into 3d stereo sound frequencies and effects and outputs of the speakers 5018 a / b / c with a best intelligent calculation and direction . preferably , one speaker 5018 a is a sound driver handling high frequency mostly . another speaker 5018 b handles middle frequency of sound mostly . the third speaker 5018 c handles bass frequency range of sound mostly . the speaker units 5108 a / b / c can be one speakers , two speakers , three speakers , or multiple speakers , with any kind of design , position , location , structure , system , method , function , etc ., such as a positioning in the same direction , opposite direction , facing each other direction , an off - center arrangement , a front and back arrangement at the same axis or a different axis , an up and down arrangement , a circle arrangement , a parallel arrangement , at same angles , at different angles , inside or outside the earphone 5000 , etc . the intelligent 3d unit 5080 containing sensor units 5080 a / b / c receives ail of the user &# 39 ; s movements and sound signals from the original sound tracks , or vr / ar / mr requirements , and optionally all of the sensed user &# 39 ; s movements or needs , and then analyzes , processes , and directs those original sound tracks or frequencies alone or combined with the sensed and configured user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs into different sound channels and frequencies for those three speakers 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c working with the sound effect structure unit 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 to create new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs following or reflecting the user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding environment situations and vr / ar / mr needs . inside speaker cup unit 5006 there is a sound effect unit 5032 or other sound effect check members or pieces to create the 3d stereo sound resonance area 5036 within ear cup unit 5006 . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 intelligently configure high frequency into the front speakers 5018 a / b and bass / middle frequencies into the back speaker 5018 c synchronously . of course , there are many possible ways of 3d stereo sound configuration for achieving better sound stereo effects and outputs with minimized digital sound loss or distortion . for example , the intelligent unit 5080 may configure bass frequency into the front speaker 5018 a / b and high / middle frequencies into the back speaker 5018 c synchronously . in this embodiment shown in fig1 , there are three speakers ( sound drivers ) 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c inside the ear cup 5006 . in order to arrange these three speakers ( triple sound drivers ) in a front - and - back straight array or in an angled structure , two speakers 5018 a and 5018 b are located at the front of the ear cup 5006 with one speaker to handle high frequency and another speaker to handle middle frequency of sound separately and independently , and the third speaker 5018 c is located at the back of the ear cup 5006 to handle bass frequency of 3d stereo sound generated or configured from the intelligent unit 5080 with sensing and reacting to a user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations . therefore , the triple speakers 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c in a straight arrangement create a stage - like real sound delivery system in x - y - z three - dimensional ( 3d ) sound stereo space because the triple speakers 5018 a , 5018 b , and 5018 c explore stereo sounds in two dimensions ( x - y axes ) in a wide horizontal broad way , plus , at the same time , the large speaker 5018 c delivers very strong sounds , preferably for the bass frequency , from the back to have a z axis stereo sound in a deep vertical dimension for x - y - z 3d stereo surrounding sound effects with bass / mid / high sound frequencies . the ear cup 5006 , speakers 5018 a / b / c , sound effect unit 5032 , and sound resonance area or space or unit 5036 can be any kind of design , shape , structure , method , function , system , material , format , etc . generally speaking , the intelligent unit 5080 and its sensor units 5080 a / b / c and speaker units 5018 a / b / c have the following functions and work flows and systems of sensing , analyzing , and configuring at best value , synchronously and collaterally , as follows : first , sensing or detecting a user &# 39 ; s movements or surrounding environments or situations or needs with a certain sense mode selected by the user , such as vr / ar / mr / ai mode , etc . ; second , receiving or performing original sound tracks and frequencies of x - y - z 3d stereo sound working in the sound effect structure 5032 and sound resonant unit 5036 ; third , intelligently analyzing , processing , and configuring the first point and second point together with a computerized best value calculation system and program to generate new x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs for real world or virtual world of vr / ar / mr / ai , or of mixtures of these ; fourth , intelligently directing the new x - y - z 3d stereo sound channels and frequencies into different speakers 5018 a / b / c working with the sound effect structure 5032 and sound resonant unit 5036 ; and fifth , delivering the new x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs into a user &# 39 ; s ears to satisfy the user &# 39 ; s needs for x - y - z 3d stereo sound real - situation or real - stage enjoyments , or vr / ar / mr / ai , or mixtures of some or all of them , or all other needs if possible . of course , those steps can be adjustable or rotatable or interchangeable any time and anywhere if needed . for example , the second one can become the first one and the first one can become the second one , etc . there are many possible sound frequency and driver position combinations for those three speakers 5018 a / b / c , such as having a straight arrangement at the front and the back or at a parallel side structure , or mix positions , or angle positions , in the same direction or different direction or opposite direction , inside of the ear cup 5006 or earphone 5000 , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and no . 8 , 515 , 103 . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 includes an adjustable headband unit 5002 for up or down movement and to hold the left and right parts of earphone 5000 . an adjustable holder unit 5004 is connected to headband clip unit 5002 at the left and right ends of earphone 5000 . each holder unit 5004 is connected at the topside of an ear cup unit 5006 . ear cup unit 5006 contains an independently adjustable ear speaker unit 5018 at the center of the portion of earphone 5000 for delivery of sounds from earphone 5000 to a user &# 39 ; s ear hearing system . ear cup unit 5006 also contains a sound conceal and sound direction adjustable filter and delivery unit 5020 . the speaker unit 5018 may include 3 speaker units 5018 a / b / c . all units may vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , format , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 2b and 5 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed . all units and the outside and inside intelligent 3d earphone 5000 may be with different designs , methods , formats , systems , shapes , materials , and structures if needed . there can be two speakers 5018 a and 5018 b designed and arranged inside the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 as shown in fig1 a . also , there can be just one speaker 5018 designed and arranged inside the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 as shown in fig1 b . fig1 a shows that the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 detect , analyze , process , and configure a user &# 39 ; s motion movements and vr / ar / mr requirements into 3d stereo sound frequencies and effects and outputs of the speakers 5018 a / b . preferably , one speaker 5018 a is a sound driver handling high frequency mostly . another speaker 5018 b handles bass and middle frequencies of sound mostly . the intelligent 3d unit 5080 containing sensor and processor units 5080 a / b / c receives all of a user &# 39 ; s movements and sound signals from the original sound tracks , alone or combined with the sensed user &# 39 ; s movements or vr / ar / mr needs , and then analyzes and directs those original sound tracks or frequencies , alone or combined with the sensed and configured user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs into different sound channels and frequencies for those three speakers 5018 a and 5018 b working with the sound effect structure unit 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 to create new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs following and reflecting the user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs and surrounding environment situations . inside speaker cup unit 5006 there is a sound effect member or piece 5032 and other sound check members or pieces to create a 3d stereo sound resonance area 5036 within ear cup unit 5006 . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 configure high frequency into one speaker 5018 a and bass / middle frequencies into another speaker 5018 b independently and synchronously . of course , there are many possible ways of 3d stereo sound configuration for achieving better sound stereo effects and outputs with minimized digital sound loss or distortion . in this embodiment shown in fig1 b , there are two speakers ( sound drivers ) 5018 a and 5018 b inside the ear cup 5006 . these two speakers ( two sound drivers ) 5018 a and 5018 b can be designed in a parallel side - by - side array , or in a front - and - back straight , array , or in a an angled structure , in the same direction , or an opposite direction , or a different direction inside the ear cup 5006 or inside each self isolated sound chamber , to handle high / mid / bass frequencies of 3d stereo sound generated or configured from the intelligent unit 5080 with sensing and reacting to a user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs and surrounding situations . therefore , the two speakers 5018 a and 5018 b in a parallel or straight arrangement create a stage - like real sound delivery system in x - y - z three - dimensional ( 3d ) sound stereo space because the two speakers 5018 a and 5018 b explore 3d stereo sounds in three dimensions ( x - y axes ) in a wide horizontal way , plus , at the same time , can preferably use bass frequency , from the back to front to have a z - axis stereo sound in a deep vertical way for x - y - z 3d stereo surrounding sound effects and outputs with bass / mid / high sound frequencies . there are many possible sound frequency and driver position combinations for those two speakers 5018 a / b having a straight arrangement at the front and the back or at a side by side parallel structure or angled structure e or opposite to each other or facing each other inside the ear cup 5006 or earphone 5000 , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 657 , 709 and no . 8 , 515 , 103 . fig1 b shows that the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 detect , analyze , process , and configure a user &# 39 ; s motion movements and vr / ar / mr requirements into 3d stereo sound frequencies and effects and outputs of the speaker 5018 a . preferably , one speaker 5018 a is to handle all high frequency and bass and middle frequencies of sound mostly . the intelligent 30 unit 5080 containing sensor units 5080 a / b / c receives all of a user &# 39 ; s movements and sound signals from the original sound tracks , separately or combined with the sensed user &# 39 ; s movements or vr / ar / mr needs , and then analyzes and directs those original sound tracks or frequencies , separately or combined with the sensed and configured user &# 39 ; s movements and environments and vr / ar / mr needs into different sound channels and frequencies for the speaker 5018 a working with the sound effect structure unit 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 to create new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs following or reflecting the user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs and surrounding environment situations . inside speaker cup unit 5006 there is a sound effect unit 5032 and other sound effect members or pieces to create a 3d stereo sound resonance area 5036 within ear cup unit 5006 . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 configure high , bass / middle frequencies into one speaker 5018 a for 3d stereo sound generated or configured from the intelligent unit 5080 with sensing and reacting to a user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs and surrounding situations . there are many possible sound frequency and driver position combinations for the one speaker 5018 a having many different structures or methods or combinations or arrangements , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and no . 8 , 515 , 103 . fig1 c shows another embodiment of the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . there are some mini motors 5018 am / bm / cm and related mini track units 5018 at / bt / ct installed inside the earphone 5000 . the mini motor 5018 am and track unit 5018 at move or turn the speaker 5018 a forward or backward or at angles . the motor 5018 bm and track unit 5018 bt move or turn the speaker 5018 b forward or backward or at angles . the motor 5018 cm and track unit 5018 ct move or turn the speaker 5018 c forward or backward or at angles , operated by auto sets or manual operations from the control wheel or buttons or input units 5018 amt / bmt / cmt or by an app , or both , at the same time and same pace . the input control units 5018 amt / bmt / cmt of the intelligent 3d earphone 5080 can be buttons , wheels , keys , arrows , or a touch panel , or a screen panel , and are able to be used in the various embodiments shown in fig1 to 7 , with any kind of input design , format , structure , method , system , function , material , etc . the motor units 5018 am / bm / cm and track unit 5018 at / bt / ct can be any kind of design , method , structure , system , format , material , function , etc . fig2 a , and 2aa show that the intelligent earphone 5000 contains a screen or display unit 5098 to display multiple function icons 5088 in graphic format , or list format , or number format , or letter format , or symbol format , or touch panel format , or key board format , etc . the multiple function icons 5088 are to display and carry out many functions , such as display modes 5088 a , 3d sense modes 5088 b , 3d intelligence modes 5088 c , 3d sound configuration modes 5088 d , sport modes 5088 e , safety modes 5088 p , communication modes 5088 g , 3d vision / sound modes 5088 h , vr / ar / mr modes , game modes , a drive mode 5088 t , a music / visual play made 5088 t , an input mode 5093 mt , etc . the communication modes 5088 g are for all kind of communications , e . g . cell phone , internet , wireless , email , im , wechat ®, apps , etc ., in a wireless or cable communication . the display unit 5098 can have many display formats or systems if needed , such as multiple graphic icons , graphic interfaces , lined icons or lists , a button system , a touch system , a wheel system , an air wave system , an audio / voice control system , an eye / eyeball / iris / pupil / vision control / identification system , a multiple screen - screen system , a voice command and recognition / identification system , a voice operated control system , and a mini multiple player or a mini mobile controller , etc . the display unit 5098 has the 3d sound movement digits , such as n2 w1 z0 , to indicate a user &# 39 ; s movement and the following intelligent 3d sound stereo movement north 2 , west 1 , z point 0 , in 2d format or 3d format , or 3d graphic format . those digits can be auto configured or controlled or performed automatically or by manual input and can be changeable , adjustable , or editable , based on a user &# 39 ; s needs at the different time or at the same time . there are a switch unit 5062 and a light indicator unit 5064 and an input unit 5098 mt on the display unit 5098 . the light indicator unit 5064 is to indicate battery level and wireless signal level together or separately . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 has the 3d vision unit 7000 and the microphone unit 5068 . the 3d vision unit 7000 is an eye glass screen display or eye glass multiple player or eye glass mobile input / output device to produce ubiquitously computerized multiple 2d or 3d visions directly associated with the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 for virtual reality functions , such as vr / ar / mr functions or systems . the 3d vision unit can be similar to google glass , gear vr , daydream , psvr , etc . the 3d vision unit 7000 is attachable and detachably mounted on the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . the 3d vision unit 7000 is working with the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 from a user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr requirements to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs to combine with now 3d visions synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . the 3d vision unit 7000 may have its own intelligent unit 7080 and its sensors 7080 a / b / c to achieve 3d real stereo sound , 3d virtual reality ( vr ) sound , 3d augmental reality ( ar ) sound , 3d mix reality ( mr ) sound , 3d artificial intelligent ( ai ) sound , 3d holography sound , and combinations of any kind of vr and ar and mr and ai and 3d holography video and audio . when a user wearing tho intelligent 3d earphone 5000 with the 3d vision unit 7000 turns his or her head to right , he or she will see the 3d vision unit 7000 displaying all real wide angle vision to his or her right turn . at the same time , he or she will hear the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 displaying the new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs that follow and result from his or her right turn automatically and synchronously . in this manner , the user receives real right turn 3d vision and right turn new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs simultaneously , just like if he or she were to make a right turn in a real world . the 3d vision unit 7000 can work independently or separately . the 3d vision unit 7000 and intelligent unit 5080 contain camera and video and speaker and microphone functions working together or separately . for further continuous development , there is a brain sensor unit 5080 m attachable to the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . ideally , the brain sensor unit 5080 m touches the user &# 39 ; s head temple area to obtain the brain electronic wave data . the brain sensor unit 5080 m may contain several brain spot sensors to obtain more brain electronic data from mind movements to generate real world or virtual world 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . for further continuous development , there is an eye sensor unit or vision sensor unit 5080 v attachable to the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . ideally , the eye sensor unit 5080 v is close to the user &# 39 ; s eye area to obtain the eye movement electronic wave data or eyeball and iris and pupil movement data . the eye sensor unit 5080 v may contain several eye / eyeball / iris / pupil spot sensors to obtain more eye / eyeball / iris / pupil movement electronic data for eye or vision movements or for eye id , etc . the intelligent unit 5080 and sensor units 5080 a / b / c / v and 3d vision unit 7000 configure automatically together to achieve intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by following and reflecting a user &# 39 ; s eye or eyeball or iris or pupil movements . for example , when a user moves his eyes or eyeballs or iris or pupils from his or her left side to right side in a real world or in vr / ar / mr / ai world , he or she can naturally hear the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs from the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 from the same movement and direction from the left to right , at the same speed , synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally . the vision unit 7000 , 3d earphone 5000 , and the earphone player 8000 can work together for real world or virtual visions as vr / ar / mr / ai , for intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , and for all intelligent cellular phone multiple functions in parallel synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . the vision unit 7000 and brain unit 5080 m and eye unit 5080 v can be any kind of design , shape , method , structure , system , format , material , function , etc . fig2 a shows that the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 has the display unit 5098 with a detachable function . in this detachable function , the display unit 5098 can wirelessly become a mini remote or mobile controller , or communication and play tool , such as a wireless mini multiple player , portable device , cell phone , electrical watch , hand band , head band , walkie - talkie , medical device , etc . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 contains a detachable frame system 5098 aa so that the screen unit 5098 containing intelligent unit and sensor units 5080 / 5080 a / b / c is attachable or detachable . thus , the screen unit 5098 can be used for a mini mobile controller / input / output or a mini multiple player ( mp ) or a mini operation center if needed . the screen or display unit 5098 displays multiple function icons 5088 in graphic format , or list format , or number format , or letter format , or symbol format , touch panel format , key board format , etc . the multiple function icons 5088 are to display and carry out many functions , such as display modes 5088 a , 3d sense modes 5088 b , 3d intelligence modes 5088 c , 3d sound configuration modes 5088 d , sport modes 5088 e , safety modes 5088 f , communication modes 5088 g , 3d vision / sound modes 5088 h , a drive mode 5088 i , 3d vr / ar / mr modes 5088 vam , a music / visual play mode 5088 t , an input mode 5098 mt , etc . the communication modes 5088 g are for all kind of communications , e . g . cell phone , internet , wireless , email , im , wechat ®, app , etc . the display unit 5098 can have many display formats or systems if needed , such as multiple graphic icons , graphic interfaces , lined icons or lists , a button system , a touch system , a wheel system , an air wave system , an audio / voice control system , an eye / vision control system , a multiple screen - screen system , a vr / ar / mr system , etc . the display unit 5098 has the 3d sound movement digits , such as , n2 w1 z0 to indicate a user &# 39 ; s movement and followed up intelligent 3d stereo sound movement north 2 , west 1 , z point 0 , in 2d format or 3d format , or 3d graphic format . those digits can be auto configured or controlled or performed automatically or by manual input and can be changeable , adjustable , or editable based on a user &# 39 ; s needs . there are a switch unit 5062 and light indicator unit 5064 and input unit 5098 mt on the display unit 5098 . the light indicator unit 5064 is to indicate battery level and wireless signal level together or separately . fig2 b shows one embodiment of that app design 8006 of the earphone player 8000 for the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . the app 8006 of the earphone player 8000 , the 3d earphone 5000 , and the vision unit 7000 work together to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs in parallel synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally , in one way , two ways , or multiple ways , with one direction , two directions , or multiple directions if needed . the earphone player 8000 contains an app unit 8006 , a shell unit 8060 , a switch unit 8022 , a wireless or cable unit 8068 , a screen unit 8018 with input and microphone and speaker functions , and a display area 8012 , or additional parts , etc . the app design 8006 contains the intelligent 3d earphone main menu 8082 , play mode 8084 for music / visual play or game play or any play , function mode 8066 , setting 8088 , sound effect mode 8092 s , vision mode 8092 v , communication 8020 , and edit bar 8024 , etc . the design of app 8006 displays multiple function icons in graphic format , or list format , or number format , or letter format , or symbol format , touch panel format , key board format , etc ., for many formats and icons and modes and functions as shown in fig2 b and as described in the related explanations . also , the app 8006 can have many display formats or systems if needed , such as multiple graphic icons , graphic interfaces , lined icons or lists , a button system , a touch system , a wheel system , an air wave system , an audio / voice control system , a voice recognition / identification system , an eye / vision control system , a multiple screen - screen system , a vr / ar / mr system , etc . the sound effect mode 8092 s is to operate the motors 5018 am / bm / cm and track units 5018 at / bt / ct inside the ear cup 5006 with auto set function or manual operation selection . the vision mode 8092 v is to work with the vision devices , such as vr / ar / mr devices . therefore , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 can co - work with any kind of app 8006 of the earphone player 8000 and vision device 7000 together in both ways or multiple ways at the same time . the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and any kind of app 8006 and any kind of vision device 7000 can exchange or co - work or co - do self - configuration of all kind of data or files anytime and anywhere , by wireless communication or by cable line . in other words , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 can operate the app 8006 and vision unit 7000 together . at the same time , the app 8006 can operate the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and vision unit 7000 together too . at the same time , the vision device 7000 can operate the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and app 8006 all together also , in one way , or two ways , or multiple ways , synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally the earphone player 8000 and the app 8006 and all menus and ail units inside the app 8006 can be any kind of design , format , shape , function , structure , system , method , material etc . fig3 shows further details of the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs 5290 configured and directed by the intelligent unit 5080 and its sensor and processor units 50580 a / b / c . sound is with a source property and a direction property . a human being has a hearing sense of sound sources , sound directions , and sound movements . when the sensor units 5080 a / b / c sense a user &# 39 ; s movement with the sound source / direction fixed , his or her head turns to north 2 and east 1 , and his body position z does not move , the output band indicator 5290 shows channel 1 ( x axis ) up 2 levels , channel 2 ( z point ) 0 still , channel 3 ( y axis ) up 1 in three dimensional directions : vertical ( north or south ), horizontal ( east or west ), and deep ( z axis direction ). the old level 5292 a / b / c is changed to the new level 5294 a / b / c . under the new level 5294 a / 8 / c , a user can hear the intelligent 3d stereo sound changed to be stronger at north 2 and east 1 direction . just like in the real world , when a user turns his or her head to left side , the sound effects he or she hears with the earphone is changed north - east side stronger accordingly . the sound channel levels can be replaced with any kind of sound frequency levels or indicators . the sound source / direction may be fixed , or not fixed , or movable , or changeable , outside from the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 or inside the earphone 5000 . in details of fig2 a , 2b , and fig3 a , and 3b , at the beginning when a user sits on a chair facing north , the intelligent 3d earphone and its intelligent unit 5080 sense no change and cause the indicator 5084 to show “ n0e0z0 ”. then the user turns his or her face toward north and east . at that time , the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 / 5080 a / b / c sense this movement and cause the sense indicator 5084 to show “ n2e1z0 ”. when the indicator 5084 shows “ n0e0z0 ”, the intelligent unit 5080 will not add , reduce , or change in any channel , level or band 290 of the original sound play output . when the indicator 5084 shows “ n2e1z0 ”, the intelligent unit 5080 will automatically follow the mode selected by the user to add , reduce or balance all channels or levels 5290 to create new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs from the original stereo sound play output . as further explained with reference to fig3 , under the intelligent 3d stereo sound system , the channel 1 ( y axis ) has an original sound stereo output level 5292 a , the channel 2 ( z point / axis ) has an original sound stereo output level 5292 b , and the channel 3 ( x axis ) has an original sound stereo output level 5292 c . usually the channel 1 is set up in the north / south direction as y axis , the channel 2 set up in the z point / axis or sound depth direction , and the channel 3 set up in the east / west direction as x axis . when the indicator 5084 shows “ n2w1z0 ”, the channel 1 as vertical effect ( north or south — y axis ) has two steps 5294 a to add on the original sound stereo play output , the channel 2 as sound depth point ( z points a / b / c ) has zero step 5294 b to add on the original sound stereo play output , and the channel 3 as horizontal effect ( east or west — x axis ) has one step 5294 c to add on the original sound stereo play output . thus , at that time , under the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects end outputs generated and configured by the intelligent unit 5080 , the user can hear a strong 3d stereo sound from the 3d stereo sound play output with the north side strongest , the east side a little stronger , and with no change for a z point dimension , just as in a real sound situation and with sound direction or level stereo change effects . of course , the channels or levels 1 , 2 , 3 of band 5290 may be used , replaced , combined , or improved in whole or in part with any kind of function , system and method of any 3d sound stereo / wave / level / frequency controller , 3d sound stereo wave / level / frequency amplifier , or 3d sound stereo wave / level frequency equalizer . if a user starts to turn his or her head wearing the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 one step to the north , the intelligent unit 5080 can sense this movement and automatically configure new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . at the same time , the z point / axis ( z points a / b / c ) will be changed accordingly . the indicator 5084 and 5290 will show “ n2e1z1 ”. the user can hear new 3d stereo sound developments with his body movements at the same speed automatically and accordingly . the channels or levels 1 , 2 , 3 of band 5290 , the display 5098 , and indicator 5084 may vary in size , design , location , shape , style , material or method and system of operation with more channels or levels . the indicator 5084 may be in digitalized 2d or 3d graphic format , or virtual 3d display format , or any kind of display format , etc . the channels or levels 1 , 2 , 3 of band 5290 , the display 5098 , and indicator 5084 may be visible or not depending on the user &# 39 ; s needs . the display 5098 may have multiple display functions , such as 3d or 2d direction indication , sound stereo output screen , radio screen , or multimedia player screen , etc . a user can select those functions through a mode selection . the computerized intelligent sound wave / level / frequency controller unit 5080 can be used or applied on any kind of digitalized audio or audio / video device or system in a 3d method or even in a 2d method . for example , the intelligent controller unit 5080 can be used in a wireless or cabled earphone , a regular or traditional earphone system , a regular headset / headphone system , an audio device , an audio / video system , a telephone system , a pc system , a notebook computer , an internet communication system , a cellular / satellite communication system , a home theater system , a car / ship / airplane audio / video system , a game system , vr / ar / mr / 3d holography systems , in hearing assistance equipment or other suitable system . in fig3 a , when a user faces up north , the left ear cup 5006 l is at the loft side axis x , and a right ear cup 5006 r is at the left side of axis x . at this position , with the sound source / direction fixed from the north down as indicated , the position indicator 5064 shows “ l : x − 1 y0 z0 ” and “ r : x1 y0 z0 ” with z points a / b / c . when the user moves his or her head to the right side 90 degrees and faces the east side as indicated with the arrow , the position indicator 5064 shows “ l : x0 y1 z0 ” and “ r : x0 y − 1 z0 ”. those changes are immediately sensed and processed by the intelligent unit 5080 and sensor units 5080 a / b / c to generate new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs with the left side speaker ( s ) sound turned stronger to the north because the left side speaker ( s ) sound at axis y was added 1 point stronger , and with the right side speaker ( s ) sound turned weaker to the south because the right side speaker ( s ) sound at axis y was reduced 1 point weaker , sound is with a source property and a direction property . a human being has a hearing sense of sound sources sound directions , and sound movements . therefore , a user can hear new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs to follow his or her movements and needs through the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . the sound source / direction may be fixed , or not fixed , or changeable , or movable , or adjustable , outside or inside the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . fig3 b shows the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 with outside sound source / direction movement . sound is with a source property and a direction property . a human being has a hearing sense of sound sources , sound directions , and sound movements . when the outside sound source / direction ( environment or situation ) is moved from move a to move b , the intelligent unit 5030 and sensor units 5080 a / b / c sense and process that movement and automatically generate new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by following and reflecting that sound movement . move a is with l : x − 2 y2 z0 . move b is with r : x2 y2 z0 . obviously , the sound movement will be left side weaker ( x − 2 ) and right side stronger ( x + 2 ) as the user &# 39 ; s standing point does not change ( z points a / b / c ). the intelligent unit 5080 will process those data changes sensed by the sensor units 5080 a / b / c , process them into new sound configurations , and send those new sound configurations into the speakers 5018 a / b / c to achieve intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by following and reflecting the outside sound source / direction movement . preferably , the intelligent unit 5080 sends one new sound configuration to the left earcup speakers with the sound becoming weaker and weaker ( x − 2 ), and sends another new sound configuration to the right earcup speakers with the sound becoming stronger and stronger ( x + 2 ). for example , a user wears the intelligent 3d earphone with a connection to virtual world vision and sound . as he or she sees a car moving from front left to front right in a virtual world , similar to move a to move b , he or she can hear that car - movement sound moving from his front left to front right in the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 simultaneously and synchronously , just like happens in the real world . the outside sound source / direction movement can be in the real world , or in any vr / ar / mr / 3d holography world , or in a mixed real world and virtual world . all units may vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed . fig4 a , and 4b show how the intelligent unit 5080 senses , detects , analyzes , processes , and configures a user &# 39 ; s motions or vr / ar / mr requirements into 3d stereo sound effects and outputs automatically . fig4 shows a pair of earphone sound curves , namely a left sound curve of a left earphone piece , and a right sound curve of a right earphone piece . the vertical line is the y axis . the horizontal line is the x axis . the z point is at the 90 degree cross point 0 of x axis and y axis as x - y - z 3 dimension stereo sound space , especially in vr / ar / mr / ai worlds . there are movement section lines for the x axis and the y axis . those section lines may be adjustable with the same space , or different spaces according to different modes configured by the intelligent unit 5080 for different functions . the left and right curve charts can be the same or different based on needs . fig4 a explains how the intelligent 3d stereo sound system 5080 a / b / c and z points a / b / c work and how the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs are created from the automatic configuration of the intelligent unit 5080 following a user &# 39 ; s movements or vr / ar / mr requirements . there is a pair of earphone sound curves , namely the left sound curve and the right sound curve . the left sound curve ( curve 1 ) line of left earphone piece with y1 axis , x1 axis , and z1 point / axis ( with z point a or b or c ) has 5294 zp as the original situation . the right bound curve ( curve 1 ) line of right earphone piece is also with y1 axis , x1 axis , and z1 point / axis ( with z point a or b or c ) 5294 zp as the original situation . a user turns his head to the right at north 2 , east 1 , and z point 0 , with the sound source / direction fixed . the intelligent unit 5080 senses and processes this movement and configures it into new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . because of the user &# 39 ; s turn to right , it is better and easier to use the right sound curve line to show new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs to work under the intelligent unit 5080 &# 39 ; s controls and configurations . the curve 1 is the original sound line . the curve 2 is the new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs controlled and configured by the intelligent unit 5080 following the user &# 39 ; s movements . the curve 2 is moved up to y2 and x1 and z2 point with the new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs so that the right side is stronger to reflect the user &# 39 ; s head turn to the right to match that the right side sound would be stronger and closer in the real world . if a user continues to turn his or her head with the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 , curve 3 is created with other new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs controlled and configured by the intelligent unit 5080 according to the user &# 39 ; s continued movements . the curve 3 is further continuously moved up to y3 and x2 and z3 point with the newer 3d stereo sound effects and outputs becoming right side stronger and stronger to reflect that the user &# 39 ; s head continues to turn to the right side , which matches that the right side sound would be stronger and closer in the real world . the z point / axis ( zp ) 5294 zp ( z point a or b or c ) can get the best value calculation from the z area stereo data for best new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , especially for the sound depth , z axis sound space . the z point / axis 5294 zp can be any or a mixture of z point a or b or c and can be pre - set or automatically self - adjusted for sense point stereo measurements . there are beginning time differences set up in advance or automatically set or reset up for reactions or configurations , for example with around 2 - 3 seconds to start the reaction function of the intelligent unit 5090 and its sensor units 5080 a / b / c . there are time differences for returning back , to the original state , with those time differences being pre - set up or automatically set up or reset up for returning back to the original condition if a user stops turning his or her head and sits back straight forward , for example with around 2 - 5 seconds to let the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 change back to the original condition naturally and smoothly . the left and right curve charts can be the same or different based on needs . fig4 b is another explanation how the intelligent 3d stereo sound system 5080 a / b / c and z points a / b / c work and shows how the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs are created from the automatic best configuration of the intelligent unit 5080 following a user &# 39 ; s movements or vr / ar / mr requirements at the z area / axis ( zr ) sense motion 5294 zr . there is a pair of earphone sound curves , namely the left sound curve and the right sound curve . the left sound curve ( curve 1 ) of the left earphone piece is with y1 axis , x1 axis , and z1 area / axis ( with z point a or b or c ) as the original situation . the right sound curve ( curve 1 ) of the right earphone piece is also with y1 axis , x1 axis , and z1 area / axis ( with z point a or b or c ) as the original situation . the left and right curve charts can be the same or different based on needs . there are two types of sense motions : the first one is the accurate sense point . we call that the z point / axis ( zp ) 5294 zp at mm or cm measurement as shown in fig4 a . second one is the sense stereo area ( zr ) 5294 zr . we call that the z area / axis ( zr ) 5294 zr . the z point / axis ( zp ) 5294 zp is very good for accurate sense functions such as a pin point sense , a space center sense , an accurate distance sense , a radiation sense , etc . the z area / axis 5294 zr is very good for stereo format sense functions , such as the angle sense , the space area movement sense , the environment sense , the fast moving sense , the stereo space sense , etc . the z area / axis ( zr ) 5294 zr can obtain the best value calculation from the z area stereo data for the best new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , especially for the sound depth , z axis sound space . this is one of the benefits for the z area / axis system 5294 zr by using fuzzy mathematics and stereo space format or other best value calculation methods , which is very good for vr / ar / mr requirements . with fig4 b &# 39 ; s z area / axis sense motion ( zr ) 5294 zr , a user turns his or her head to the right at north 2 , east 1 , and z area 0 , with the sound source / direction fixed . sound is with a source property and a direction property . a human being has a hearing sense of sound sources , sound directions , and sound movements . the intelligent unit 5080 senses and processes this movement and configures it into new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . because of the user &# 39 ; s turn to right , it is better and easier to use the right sound curve line to show new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs to work under the intelligent unit 5080 &# 39 ; s controls and configurations . the curve 1 a is the original sound line . the curve 2 a is the new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs controlled and configured by the intelligent unit 5080 following the user &# 39 ; s movements . the curve 2 a is moved up to y2 and x1 and z2 area with the new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs becoming right side stronger to reflect the user &# 39 ; s head turn to the right which matches that the right side sound would become stronger and closer in a the real world with such a movement . if a user continues to turn his or her head with the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 , curve 3 is created with new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs controlled and configured by the intelligent unit 50 so following the user &# 39 ; s continued movements . the curve 3 is further continuously moved up to y3 and x2 and z3 area with the newer 3d stereo sound effects and outputs becoming even stronger for the right side to reflect that the right side sound would become stronger and closer in the real world based on the user &# 39 ; s head continually turning to the right side . the z area / axis 5294 zr can be any of z point a or b or c or a combination of these and can be pre - set or automatically self - adjusted for sense area stereo measurement a . there are beginning time differences set up in advance or automatically set or reset up for reactions or configurations , for example with around 2 - 3 seconds to start the reaction function of the intelligent unit 5080 and its sense units 5080 a / b / c . there are time differences for returning back to the original state , with those time differences being pre - set up or automatically set up or reset up for returning back to the original condition if a user stops turning his or her head and sits back straight forward , for example with around 2 - 5 seconds to let the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 change back to the original condition naturally and smoothly . the left and right curve charts can be the same or different based on needs . all functions or methods or systems of fig4 - 4b can be used in a vr / ar / mr / ai virtual world or real world or a mixture of both worlds . for example , the functions or methods or systems of the z area / axis ( zr ) 5094 zr and z point / axis ( zp ) 5094 zp can be used for all movements ox situations or changes or developments in a vr / ar / mr / ai virtual world or virtual space or virtual time to generate new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the sound source / direction may be fixed , or not fixed , or movable , or changeable , or adjustable , outside or inside the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . all units may vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed . fig5 and 5a show another embodiment of the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 with a wearable system or structure for sports , health , training , entertainments , works , studies , medical issues , robot or artificial intelligent ( ai ) wear , ai tool , ai equipment , 3d holography , ate . a user wears the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 containing the inside intelligent unit / sensor and processor units 5080 / 5080 a / b / c and with 3d vision tool 7000 detachable . there are more outside sensor and processor units 5080 d / e / f / g / h to put on the user &# 39 ; s body to sense the user &# 39 ; s body movements . the sensor unit 5080 d is placed at the chest area of the user . the sensor unit 5080 e is on the right hand . the sensor 5080 f is on the left hand . the sensor 5080 g is on the right foot . the sensor 5080 h is on the left foot . more outside sensor units can he applied if needed . for example , one or more sensor units can be installed within the head band 5002 of the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 or on the backside of a user &# 39 ; s body , etc . therefore , a user &# 39 ; s whole body movements are sensed by the intelligent unit 5080 . the intelligent unit 5080 configures those sensed movements into new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs with the 3d vision tool 7000 together . the sensor units 5080 a to h can be located inside or outside the earphone 5000 . in any embodiment of this invention , any sensor unit 5090 a to c or to h can be independent or separate from the intelligent unit 5080 if needed . there are many sense or play modes on those sensors 5080 a to h . for example , the center sensor unit 5080 d is to sense the user &# 39 ; s chest movements or temperatures . the hand sensor units 5080 e / f are to sense the user &# 39 ; s hand movements or assigned audio or music instruments or game tools , such as different violins , speakers , drums , letter writing and graphic drawing or painting on air or on paper , or game wireless controller like wii u remote controller , etc . the foot sensor units 5080 g / h are to sense the user &# 39 ; s foot movements or assigned audio or music instruments or game tools , such as drums , running , walking , jumping , etc . the intelligent unit 5080 can sense and process those movements and configure them into new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by generating electronic signals into the intelligent 3d earphone speakers 5018 a / b / c and 3d stereo sound effect 5032 and sound resonance unit 5036 as shown in fig1 to 7 . there is a communication tool and / or earphone player 8000 to work with the intelligent earphone 5000 and its intelligent unit 5080 together . the communication tool or earphone player 8000 can be any kind of cellular phone , multiple player , smart phone , electronic portable device , music electronic instruments , electronic watch , laptop , notebook , pc , vr / ar / mr / ai or 3d holography devices , app , etc . the earphone player 8000 may contain its own intelligent unit 8080 and sensor / processor units 8080 a / b / c , very similar to the intelligent 3d earphone &# 39 ; s intelligent unit 5080 and sensor / processor units 5030 a / b / c . those 2 sets of the intelligent units or the earphone player 8000 and 3d earphone 5000 are to work together to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs in parallel synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally . the 3d vision unit 7000 can be any kind of 2d or 3d vision device , such as for one eye like google glass , or for both eyes like virtual glass , gear vr , daydream , psvr , or any kind of vr / ar / mr / ai device , etc . the 3d vision unit 7000 , 3d earphone 5000 and its sensor units 5080 a to h , and the earphone player 8000 can work together for vr / ar / mr / ai virtual visions ( virtual reality functions ), 3d holography , intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , and all intelligent cellular phone multiple functions in parallel synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . fig5 a and 5aa show those intelligent and sensor units 5080 a - h containing each screen or display unit 5098 a - h to display multiple function icons 5088 a in graphic format or list / letter format or icon format or symbol format . the multiple function icons 5088 a are to display and carry out many functions , such as display modes 5088 aa , 3d sense modes 5088 ab , 3d intelligence modes 5088 ac , 3d sound configuration modes 5088 ad , sport modes 5068 ae , safety modes 5088 af , communication modes 5088 ag , 3d vision / sound modes 5088 ah , drive mode 5088 ai , music / visual play mode 5088 at , 3d vr / ar / mr modes 5088 vam , input mode 5098 mt , etc . the communication modes 5088 ag are for all kind of communications , e . g . cellular phone , internet , wireless , email , im , wechat ®, camera / video , app , etc . the display units 5098 a - h can have multiple screens or icons if needed . the display units 5098 a - h have the 3d sound movement digits , such as , n2 w1 z0 to indicate a user &# 39 ; s movement and corresponding new intelligent 3d sound stereo movement north 2 , west 1 , z point 0 . those digits can be auto configured or controlled or performed automatically or by manual input , and can be changeable , adjustable , and editable , based on a user &# 39 ; s needs . there are a switch unit 5062 a , a light indicator unit 5064 a , and an input unit 5096 mt on the display units 5098 a - h . the light indicator unit 5064 a is to indicate battery level and wireless signal level together or separately . the intelligent sensor and processor units 5030 a - h can have the same mode or function selected or multiple modes and function selected or different modes or functions selected for each unit 5080 a to 5080 h . for example , the center unit 5080 d has the communication mode selected to work with the communication tool and earphone player 8000 . the hand units 5080 e - f have writing or drawing or painting modes selected to write letters or numbers or to draw sketches or to paint pictures on air or on paper to configure them into sound playing or letter writing / drawing / painting display , to record them , and edit them in the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . the foot units 5080 g - h have a walking or running mode selected to the intelligent 3d earphone 5000 . all those modes above can be selected or played at : the same time , same place , same pace , or at a different time , different place , different pace , or to be inner changeable or self adjustable , synchronously or separately , if needed . the intelligent sensor units 5080 a - h and display unite 5098 a - h can be with sensor functions only , or sensor functions with multiple player ( mp ) functions and / or mobile controller / input functions together at the same time , and modified into one unit or several units if needed . the earphone player 8000 may contain its own intelligent unit 8080 and sensor / processor units 8080 a / b / c , very similar to the intelligent 3d earphone &# 39 ; s intelligent unit 5080 and sensor / processor units 5080 a / b / c . those 2 sets of the intelligent units of the earphone player 8000 and 3d earphone 5000 work together to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs in parallel synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally . at the same time , the vision unit 7000 , 3d earphone 5000 , and the earphone player 8000 can work together for vr / ar / mr virtual visions ( virtual reality ), intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , and all intelligent cellular phone multiple functions in parallel synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . there is a detachable belt or band 5038 working with the sensor 5080 a - h for a user to wear the sensor on hands or feet . the belt or band can be replaced with any kind of fastener . the design , function , method , shape , type , and material of the belt ; or band 5038 may vary . all units nay vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed . fig6 a , and 6b show another embodiment of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 containing intelligent unit 6080 and motion and environment sensor / processor units 6080 a , 6080 b , 6080 c inside the earphone 6000 . another set of an intelligent unit 6080 and sensor units 6080 a / b / c are inside the multiple player unit 6098 with a cable or a wireless / battery level unit 6064 and a graphic interface unit 6088 , a mother board 6070 and cpu unit 6072 with several micro chips , a battery unit 6076 , a wireless / cable unit 6078 , a microphone unit 6068 , a switch unit 6062 , a light indicator unit 6064 , an integrated micro sound amplifier unit 6082 , and a sound purifier unit 6086 , etc . at the same time , the computerized intelligent sound controller unit 6080 which can also be an intelligent wave / level / frequency reaction and controller unit is inside the ear speaker cup unit 6006 containing the multiple speaker units 6018 a and 6010 b working with the sound effect structure unit 6032 and sound resonance unit 6036 together to create intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent unit 6080 contains motion sensor / processor units 6080 a , 6080 b , and 6060 c to detect a user &# 39 ; s body movements and a user &# 39 ; s needs for vr / ar / mr / ai to generate automatically a set of self - configured 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . also , the intelligent unit 6080 contains motion sensor units 6080 a , 6080 b , and 6080 c to detect a user &# 39 ; s environment or surrounding or vr / ar / mr / ai requirements to generate automatically a set of self - configured new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent unit 6080 and computerized motion sensor units 6080 a / b / c detect , process , and control the natural motions or vr / ar / mr motions or environment movements and 3d sound frequency configuration system of multiple speaker units that includes 3d stereo sound speaker units 6018 a and 6018 b . the intelligent unit 6080 automatically detects , analyzes , processes , records , follows , and directs the result and self auto configuration of those activities or situations or special virtual reality requirements to generate 3d stereo high sound frequency into the first speaker unit 6018 a and generate the bass / middle frequencies of 3d stereo sounds into the second speaker unit 6018 b , working with the sound effect structure unit 6032 and sound resonance unit 6036 together in order to achieve intelligent 3d stereo sound effects for a very 3 strong and powerful bass and resonance / harmony performance stereo in x - y - z three dimensional ( 3d ) sound effects under the multiple drivers arrayed in multiple ways . the ear cup 6006 and speaker units 6018 a / b and sound effect unit 6032 and sound resonance / harmony unit 6036 all work together to generate 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , with all their functions , structures , systems , methods , materials , designs , and formats as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and no . 8 , 515 , 103 . the intelligent , unit 6080 and sensor units 6080 a / b / c can be in one unit , or two units , or multiple units , together or separate or independent . any senor unit 6080 a to c can be independent or separate from the intelligent unit 6080 if needed . there can be designed to put 2 sensors 6080 r and 6080 l into inside or outside the right ear cup 6006 r and left ear cup 6006 l of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 separately and independently with any location and any design to detect or sense a user &# 39 ; s right side movements / situations and left side movements / situations and then send those sensed data into the intelligent unit 6080 for creation of new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , as is shown for example in fig6 a . the intelligent 3d stereo earphone 6000 can be used for or worked with any kind of vr / ar / mr or any kind of artificial intelligence ( ai ) or any kind of robot system , ai wear , ai tool , ai equipment , and wearable system , etc . the design , function , material , shape , size , type , and location of the intelligent unit 6080 and its sensor and processor units 6080 a / 8 / c with mini circuit board and micro chips inside may vary . the wireless / cable unit 6078 may include a receiver / sender unit 6078 a allowing the wireless / cable unit 6078 to deliver or receive from a circumaural wireless stereo radio frequency ( rf ) system , or an internet server system , or blue tooth , or wi - fi system , an app , home and work connection , icloud system , etc . the cpu / mcp unit 6072 may contain a digital signal processor providing a full range of digital audio output of earphone 6000 . therefore , intelligent 3d stereo earphone 6000 may be used wirelessly or through a cable in a regular earphone system , a regular headset / headphone system , a cell phone , a smart phone , a multiple player , a radio system , a telephone system , a personal computer ( pc ) system , a notebook computer , an internet communication system , a cellular / satellite communication system , a home theater system , a car / ship / airplane audio system , a game , vr / ar / mr devices , ear hearing assistance equipment , an app , or medical equipment , etc . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 contains the sound delivery unit 6020 with several shapes and functions , such as in - ear , on - ear , around - ear , over - ear , etc . the intelligent unit 6080 and motion sensors 6080 a / 8 / c are to sense or detect a user &# 39 ; s body movements . according to a mode pre - selected by the user , the intelligent unit 6080 receives , processes , and analyzes those sensed movements to generate automatically new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . thus , a user can hear a new 3d stereo sound to follow and / or reflect his or her movements and his or her desires for vr / ar / mr / ai visual and stereo sound combinations and effects and outputs . traditionally , an earphone is only configured to deliver or play sound or audio recorded in certain electronic formats , such as in a cd , an electronic file , or from a hard drive , from the internet , etc . a user is not able to change or update this kind of sound outputs or sound effects when using a traditional earphone . a user &# 39 ; s needs or body movements or environments , or surroundings , or virtual reality situations , or natural situations are not related absolutely to any sound output or effect playing in a traditional earphone , in other words , a traditional earphone is only a negative electronic player , is not intelligent , and has nothing to do with and does not react to a user &# 39 ; s movements or situations . there is not any connection between the earphone and its user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations and they are totally separate . the intelligent unit 6080 and its sensors 6080 a / b / c are intelligently and positively to connect or follow a user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations and vr / ar / mr / ai requirements with the earphone sound system automatically at the same time , same pace , and same space , through the self - motivated configuration system generated by cpu unit 6072 , memory unit 6074 , sound amplifier unit 6082 , and ail other units inside the intelligent unit 6080 to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . in that case , the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 is to become a user &# 39 ; s electronic ears to react and hear real world stereo sound effects and outputs , virtual world stereo sound effects and outputs , or a mixture of both . a user &# 39 ; s movements can be body movements or mind movements , visual movements , or sound movements , and can run separately or combined together in multiple ways . the user &# 39 ; s mind movements or visual movements can be sensed by the brain sensor unit 6080 m or eye / eyeball / iris / pupil / visual sensor unit 6080 v with any electronic sensor devices to obtain the user &# 39 ; s mind or visual electronic or nervous flows for mind work or eye / vision work or health work . for example , the electronic sensor devices could perform an electroencephalogram for brain cell or nervous electronic movements , could perform an electrocardiogram for heart beats , could be a blood pressure machine or temperature instruments , could perform visual or eye or eyeball or iris or pupil tracking , or could include sound or mouth tracking systems for vr / ar / mr effects and outputs , etc . a user &# 39 ; s surrounding environment or situation can be any kind of real world surround condition or situation around the user . the intelligent unit 6080 can sense a user &# 39 ; s surrounding situation , such as light level , temperature , rain , wind , sky , sun , moon , stars , fog , physical things , human beings , animals , etc . thus , the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 can give environment signals to the user . for example , if the intelligent unit 6080 senses a stranger approaching , the intelligent unit 6080 immediately sends the warning signal to the earphone speakers 6018 a / b / c for the user &# 39 ; s safety check . if the intelligent unit 6080 senses a car trailing behind too closely , then the intelligent unit 6080 immediately sends the traffic warning signal to the earphone speakers 6018 a / b / c for the user &# 39 ; s alarm . it is very important that the earphone has a safety alarm function to sense the user &# 39 ; s situation safety , because all current earphones are with an “ isolated function ” for pure sound effects and outputs . earphone noise isolation becomes a basic function for all earphones on the current market . a user wearing an “ isolated ” earphone has difficulty hearing outside sound , such as a traffic warning sound , etc . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 can overcome that problem with its intelligent unit 6080 and its sensor / processor units 6080 a / b / c to detect , process , analyze , and configure new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs to generate a safety warning function , such as for detecting and warning of a traffic red light , or sensing and warning an approaching car , etc . at the same time , if needed , the intelligent unit 6080 can have a self - adjustable function according to a user &# 39 ; s surrounding situation if needed . for example , if the intelligent unit 6080 and its sensor units 6080 a / b / c sense that the environment becomes too noisy , the intelligent unit immediately self - adjusts the sound output volume level upwards based on the mode preset or preselected . if the intelligent unit 6080 senses the environment becoming quiet , the intelligent unit 6080 will auto - adjust back to the original 3 sound output volume . the intelligent unit 6080 can sense and control and auto adjust all noises from outside the earphone 6000 and all noises from inside the earphone 6000 such as electrical flow noise , etc ., based on a user &# 39 ; s needs , at the same time . also at the same time , the intelligent unit 6080 can have a coordination system to work with vr / ar / mr / ai visual and audio effects and outputs accordingly . the intelligent 3d earphone 6080 contains the intelligent unit / sensor and processor units 6080 / 6080 a / b / c inside and works with a detachable 3d vision tool 7000 together or individually or separately . therefore , a user &# 39 ; s whole body movements are sensed by the intelligent unit 6080 . the intelligent unit 6080 configures those sensed movements into new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs with the 3d vision tool 7000 together . the 3d vision unit 7000 can be any kind of 2d or 3d vision device , such as for one eye like google glass , or for both eyes like virtual glass , or any vr / ar / mr devices , etc . the 3d vision unit 7000 , 3d earphone 6000 , and the earphone player 8000 can work together for virtual visions ( virtual reality functions ), intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs , and all intelligent cellular phone multiple functions in parallel synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . furthermore , the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and intelligent unit 6080 and its sensors 6080 a / b / c can work with any kind of earphone player 8000 . for example , earphone player 8000 can be any kind of electronic device , such as , a cellular phone , a multiple player , a portable player , a computer , a notebook , a tv set , the internet , an app , an electronic portable device , a vr / ar / mr device , etc . the intelligent unit 6080 can send or command its electronic signals to any kind of earphone player 8000 by wireless or cable communication . at the same time , any kind of earphone player 8000 can send or command its electronic signals to the intelligent unit 6080 synchronously , by wireless or cable communication . the earphone player 8000 can be any kind of multiple players , cellular phones , smart phones , electronic portable devices , laptops , notebooks , pc , app , vr / ar / mr / ai devices , etc ., in various designs , materials , methods , functions , systems , materials , and formats , etc . the earphone player 8000 may contain its own intelligent unit 8080 and sensor / processor units 8080 a / b / c , very similar to the intelligent 3d earphone &# 39 ; s intelligent unit 6080 and sensor / processor units 6080 a / b / c . those 2 sets of the intelligent units of the earphone player 8000 and 3d earphone 6000 work together to create new 3d stereo sound effects and outputs in parallel synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally , in one way , two ways , or multiple ways , with one direction , two directions , or multiple directions if needed . the earphone player 8000 can send or receive the electronic signals to or from the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and save those signals into electronic files or data . for replay , editing , saving , or delivery of intelligent 3d stereo sound usages anytime or anywhere , by wireless or cable communication . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 can send or receive the electronics signals to or from the earphone player 8000 and save those signals into electronic files or data , for replay , editing , saving , or delivery of intelligent 3d stereo sound usages anytime or anywhere , by wireless or cable communication . therefore , the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 can co - work with any kind of earphone player 8000 together at the same time . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and any kind of earphone player 8000 can exchange or co - work or co - do self - configuration of all kinds of data or files anytime or anywhere , by wireless or cable line communication . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and its intelligent unit 6080 have to set up a beginning point first . the beginning point is called the z point mode . there are an x axis and a y axis for a traditional sound curve development . there is a z axis for 3d stereo sound space development for x - y - z 3d stereo sound space . the z axis is a key to create x - y - z 3 dimensional ( 3d ) stereo sound . the beginning z point is a key to create the intelligent 3d stereo sound system . there are 3 kinds of z points of the intelligent 3d stereo sound system in the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and its intelligent unit 6080 and sensor units 6080 a / b / c . first , is a user &# 39 ; s self - standing point as the z point a . this z - self point mode is to use a user &# 39 ; s position and self - movement for creation of the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . second , is a user &# 39 ; s environment or surrounding as the z point b . this z - surrounding point is to use a user &# 39 ; s surrounding and related environment for creation of the intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . third , is a sound z axis position and direction as the z point c . this z - axis sound point is to use 3d stereo sound depth ( z - axis ) for creation of the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . preferably , the z - axis sound point is for the intelligent unit 6080 to control and manage and configure the speaker 6018 b or any bass sound speaker to have the sound depth at a z - axis sound space to achieve the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . of course , the z - axis sound point function can be used for any speaker 6018 a or 6018 d or for more speakers , or for any combination of those speakers 6018 a / b , such as one , two , or three , or more , for the sound depth at a z - axis sound space . in general , the intelligent 3d stereo sound system containing those z points a / b / c works with the intelligent unit 6080 together to control and manage and automatically configure the intelligent sensor units 6080 a / b / c and speakers 6018 a / s and sound effect unit 6032 and sound resonance unit 6036 to have the sound x - y axis width and sound z axis depth at a stereo sound space to achieve the intelligent x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs by following and reflecting a user &# 39 ; s movements , environments , situations , and needs , synchronously , simultaneously and collaterally , as is more detailed in fig3 to 4b . there are many sense modes of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and its intelligent unit 6080 and intelligent sensor units 6080 a / b / c , such as for an accelerometer sensor , a magnetic field sensor , an orientation sensor , a gyroscope sensor , a light sensor , a pressure sensor , a temperature sensor , a proximity sensor , a gravity sensor , a linear acceleration sensor , a rotation sensor , a car sensor , an outside noise sensor , an inside noise sensor , a direction sensor , a navigation sensor , an orientation sensor , a balance sensor , a distance sensor , a visual / eye tracking or control sensor , a sound / mouth tracking or control sensor , for working in an android system or an apple system , or a window system , or other systems , etc ., for real world or virtual world 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . there are many function modes of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 , such as an intelligent 3d stereo sound mode , a mimic mode , a safety mode , a drive mode , an electronic control mode , a voice control mode , a display mode , a sport mode , a work node , a health mode , an intelligent 3d stereo sound and virtual mode , a vr / ar / mr mode , a drive mode , a game mode , etc . there are many play modes of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 , such as a multiple player mode , a game mode , a sport mode , an education mode , a health mode , a security entertainment mode , a vr / ar / mr play mode , etc . of course , fig6 also shows that the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 contains the intelligent unit 6080 and multiple speakers 6018 a / b to deliver intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and its intelligent unit 6080 detect , analyze , process , and configure a user &# 39 ; s motion movements and environments or vr / ar / mr requirements into 3d stereo sound frequencies and effects and outputs of the speakers 6018 a / b at the best intelligent calculation and direction . preferably , one speaker 6018 a is a sound driver handling high frequency mostly . another speaker 6018 b handles bass and middle frequency range of sound mostly . the speaker units 6108 a / b can be one speakers , two speakers , three speakers , or multiple speakers , with any kind of design , position , location , structure , system , method , function , etc ., such as positioned se in the same direction , opposite direction , to face each other , to be off - centered , to have a front - and - back arrangement at the same axis or a different axis , an up - down arrangement , a circle arrangement , a parallel arrangement , at the same angles , at different angles , inside or outside the earphone 6000 , etc . the intelligent 3d unit 6080 containing sensor units 6080 a / b / c receives all of a user &# 39 ; s movements and sound signals from the original sound tracks , or vr / ar / mr requirements , and additionally or mixed therewith the sensed user &# 39 ; s movements or needs , and then analyzes , processes , and directs those original sound tracks or frequencies alone or mixed with the sensed and configured user &# 39 ; s movements and vr / ar / mr needs into different sound channels and frequencies for those three speakers 6018 a and 6018 b working with the sound affect structure unit 6032 and sound resonance unit 6036 to create new intelligent 3d stereo sound effects and outputs following and / or reflecting the user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding environment situations and vr / ar / mr needs . inside the speaker cup unit 6006 there is a sound effect / check member or piece 6032 and other sound check members or pieces to create a 3d stereo sound resonance area 6036 within the ear cup unit 6006 . the cup unit 6006 , speakers 6018 a / b , sound effect unit 6032 , and sound resonance unit 6036 can be any kind of shape or design with any kind of material , structure , function , method , system , and format , if needed . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 and its intelligent unit 6080 intelligently configure high frequency into the front speaker 6018 a and bass / middle frequencies into the back speaker 6018 b synchronously . of course , there are many possible ways of 3d stereo sound configuration for achieving better sound stereo effects and outputs with minimized digital sound loss or distortion . for example , the intelligent unit 6080 may configure bass frequency into the front speaker 601 ba and high / middle frequencies into the back speaker 6018 b synchronously . in this embodiment , there are two speakers ( sound drivers ) 6018 a and 6018 b inside the ear cup 6006 . in order to arrange these two speakers ( double sound drivers ) in a front - and - back straight array or in an angled structure , one speaker 6018 a is located at the front of the ear cup 6006 to handle high frequency . the second speaker 6018 b is located at the back of the ear cup 6006 to handle bass / middle frequency of 3d stereo sound generated or configured from the intelligent unit 6080 with sensing and reacting to a user &# 39 ; s movements and surrounding situations and vr / ar / mr / ai requirements . therefore , the two speakers 6018 a and 6018 b in a straight arrangement create a stage - like real sound delivery system in x - y - z three - dimensional ( 3d ) sound stereo space because the two speakers 6018 a and 6018 b explore stereo sounds in two dimensions ( x - y axes senses ) in a wide horizontal way . plus , at the same time , the large speaker 6018 b delivers very strong sounds , preferably in the bass frequency , from the back to have a z - axis stereo sound in a deep vertical way for x - y - z 3d stereo surrounding sound effects with bass / mid / high sound frequencies . generally speaking , the intelligent unit 6080 and its sensor units 6080 a / b / c and speaker units 6016 a / b have the following functions and work flows and systems of sensing , analyzing , and configuring at best value , synchronously and collaterally , as follows : first , sensing or detecting a user &# 39 ; s movements or surrounding environments or situations or needs with certain sense mode selected by the user , such as a vr / ar / mr / ai mode , etc . ; second , receiving or performing original sound tracks and frequencies of x - y - z 3d stereo sound working in the sound effect structure 6032 and sound resonant unit 6036 ; third , analyzing , processing , and configuring the first point and second point together with a computerized best value calculation system and program to generate new x - x - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs for teal , world or virtual world of vr / ar / mr / ai , or a mixture of both ; fourth , intelligently directing the new x - y - z 3d stereo sound channels and frequencies into different speakers 6018 a / b / c working with the sound effect structure 6032 and sound resonant unit 6036 ; fifth , delivering the new x - y - z 3d stereo sound effects and outputs into a user &# 39 ; s ears to satisfy the user &# 39 ; s needs for x - y - z 3d stereo sound real - situation or real - stage enjoyments , or vr / ar / mr / ai , or a mixture of some of them or all of them , or all other needs if possible . of course , those steps can be adjustable or rotatable or interchangeable any time and anywhere it needed . for example , the second one can become the first one and first one can become the second one , etc . there are many possible sound frequency and driver position combinations for those two speakers 6018 a / b having a straight arrangement at the front and the back or at a parallel side structure , or mixed positions , or angled positions , in the same direction or in a different direction or in an opposite direction , to face each other , inside of the ear cup 6006 or earphone 6000 , as detailed in u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and no . 6 , 515 , 103 . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 may contain 2 speakers 6018 a and 6018 b , or 3 speakers or 4 speakers or more speakers with different positions and structures , designs , methods , systems , materials , formats , and sizes if needed . there can be just one speaker 6018 a designed and arranged inside the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 as shown for example in the embodiment of fig6 b . all units may vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed . fig6 c shows one embodiment of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 to have an on - ear cup design with a flat sound output unit 6020 . the flat sound output unit 6020 is preferably to use soft sponge material inside and soft smooth surface material outside to obtain a comfortable ear touch feeling and to be tight enough for sound delivery into a user &# 39 ; s ear . the design , material , format , structure , system , and method of the sound output unit 6020 may vary if needed . fig6 c and 7 show another embodiment in which the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 works with a detachable ear band 6038 through the unit 6016 c and unit 6012 working together , in a cable or wireless manner . because the present improvement was simultaneously researched and developed together with the inventions of the sound direction / stereo 3d adjustable earphone of u . s . pat . no . 7 , 697 , 709 and 3d stereo earphone with multiple speakers of u . s . pat . no . 8 , 515 , 103 under 3d earphone whole concept , the unit 6016 c of the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 may work with the detachable speaker cup holding unit 6008 through the ball / male unit 6012 for attachment or detachment functions and structures . the unit 6008 works with the ear band unit 6038 through the attachment and detachment unit 6014 . with the attachable / detachable unit 6016 c , the speaker cup unit 6006 may work with the sound 3d adjustable direction speaker cup holding unit and ear band unit 6008 / 6038 to independently achieve holding and adjusting functions for hearing comfort , hearing safety , wearing comfort , and wearing stability , for example so that the earphone 6000 may be worn for sports . the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 may have a cable or wireless function unit 6078 and a microphone unit 6068 . the wireless unit 6078 can wirelessly connect the intelligent 3d earphone 6000 , the earphone player 8000 , and the 3d vision unit 7000 all together at the same time . the wireless unit 6078 and microphone unit 6068 may have different designs , structures , systems , methods , formats , functions , etc . the attachment / detachment socket / female joint unit 6016 c and the ball / male unit 6012 may be reversed so that the ball / male unit is on the back side of the cup unit 6006 and the socket / female joint unit is with the holding unit 6008 . the design , function , size , shape , location , method , and material of the units 6016 c and 6012 and joint unit 6014 may vary . for example , the units 6016 c and 6012 may work together through a c clip structure or with a method for attachable and detachable functions . all joint units 6016 c and 6012 and 6014 may be designed to be attachable and detachable as a big c structure , or clip structure , or as a plug in - and - out structure , or as a ball structure , or a stick structure , or a bar structure , or any kind of attachable and detachable fastener structure . another joint part 6054 on the ear band 6038 adds joint movement function and structure . the ear band 6038 can be adjusted or bended at the joint part 6054 to follow a user &# 39 ; s ear shape for wearing comfort and stability . joint part / unit 6054 can be any kind of joint part , structure , method or material and can be any size . the earband 6038 can be unbendable or bendable with kind of material , structure , method , design , function , system , etc . all intelligent units and sensor / processor units in fig1 to 7 can be designed or structured or systemized or organized with any location or position or arrangement inside or outside the intelligent 3d earphones 5000 and 6000 , and earphone player unit 8000 and vision player vision 7000 , with one unit or with multiple units together , separate , or independent , or mixed , with a cable connection or a wireless connection . the intelligent units and sensor / processor units can be designed , structured , systemized , or organized with any location or position or arrangement inside or outside the intelligent 3d earphones 5000 and 6000 , and earphone player unit 8000 and vision player vision 7000 , to work together synchronously , simultaneously , and collaterally . all units may vary in design , shape , structure , system , method , function , and material if needed to apply into the various embodiments of earphones shown in fig1 to 7 . all units and functions and structures explained above and shown in fig1 to 7 may be used , applied , or inter - exchanged in any figure of this application for all types of earphones and headphones if needed .	7
fig1 is a somewhat diagrammatic sectional view of an isolation trench formed in accordance with a prior technique . the trench structure in fig1 is formed in a semiconductor body in order to isolate a p - type well region 10 and an n - type well region 12 . the p and n regions are formed over a p - layer 14 and a p + layer 16 as illustrated . the trench structure includes a relatively deep and narrow trench 18 formed by etching or other techniques . by utilization of conventional selective oxidation , a sidewall oxide 20 is formed only on the sidewalls of trench 18 , along with a bottom layer 21 . the trench is then refilled with conformal undoped polysilicon 22 . the polysilicon is planarized at 24 to leave polysilicon only inside the trench . a layer of field oxide 26 is then grown over the top of the trench 18 and the polysilicon 22 . as may be seen by fig1 the prior technique has often produced defects from several mechanisms . for example , the oxide layers 20 and 21 are often formed with a thickness of from 1500 å to 2000 å . this thickness of oxide has been found to create stress at the corners 28a and 28b of trench 18 , thereby creating defects or dislocations , generally identified by the numerals 30 , which extend in the p - and p + regions 14 and 16 outwardly from the trench corners . the stress at corners 28a - b is caused by volume expansion during oxidation of the trench corners which tends to squeeze or press against the adjacent substrate 16 . the defects 30 may cause excessive current leakage which substantially deteriorates the operational characteristics of the semiconductor device . additional defects may be created upon the formation of the field oxide layer 26 over the trench . nonuniformity of the oxidizing surface , combined with the lack of stress relief of the field oxide grown at 900 ° c ., has been determined to be a source of defects or dislocations in the semiconductor body generally identified by numerals 32 . the defects 32 emanate from the upper portion of the trench 18 in contact with field oxide layer 26 . yet another source of dislocations which occur with prior techniques is the excessive encroachment of oxide on the exposed silicon surfaces on both the p - region 10 and n - region 12 , as well as the upper surfaces of the polysilicon 22 . this oxidation , in essence , creates a vertical bird &# 39 ; s beak identified generally by 34a and 34b . the confinement of the volume expansion associated with the bird &# 39 ; s beak oxidation also tends to create the dislocation and defects 32 . fig2 illustrates a trench construction which substantially eliminates the formation of defects or dislocations 30 and 32 , as well as reducing the formation of the vertical bird &# 39 ; s beak structure into the trench . the trench shown in fig2 is initially constructed by forming a trench 36 by etching or other conventional techniques . for example , the etch mask pattern for the trench 36 may be defined in an oxide layer ( for example , thermal or cvd oxide ) formed on the substrate surface , which is used as a hard mask for an etch and a chlorine - based reactive - ion - etching process with a silicon - to - oxide etch ratio of about 15 : 1 . trench 36 has dimensions similar to previously developed trenches and may be provided with a depth of from about 3 to 10 microns , depending on epilayer thickness . the width of the trench may range from 0 . 5 micron to 2 . 5 microns , depending upon its intended use . after removal of the hard mask , a relatively thin layer of oxide 38 is formed on the inside sidewalls and bottom of the trench 36 , as well as over the upper face of regions 10 and 12 . the thickness of the oxide layer 38 may range , for example , from 200 å to 450 å . it has been found that by forming such a thin layer of oxide , the stresses which heretofore created the defects 30 tend to be eliminated . a thin oxidation masking layer 40 of nitride is then formed over the entire oxide layer 38 by conventional lpcvd techniques . oxidation masking layer 40 may have , for example , a thickness of from 300 å to 600 å . the nitride layer protects the substrate and the subsequent polysilicon refill from oxidation which is the cause of the vertical bird &# 39 ; s beak 34a - b . the nitride layer 40 also tends to reduce electrical cross talk between the p well 10 and n well 12 because of its insulating properties . the trench 36 is then refilled with thick oxide or undoped polysilicon 42 . if refilled with oxide , the upper portion of the oxide 42 is planarized to the silicon surface , the previously applied nitride on the surface of the substrate is stripped , and a thick field oxide layer 44 is grown . if refilled with polysilicon , then a cap oxide 43 may be grown either before field oxide layer 44 , or simultanecusly with the thick field oxide . it has been found advantageous to grow the field oxide at temperatures above 1000 ° c ., and preferably at 1050 ° c ., the allow viscous flow of oxide , which tends to provide stress relief and prevents the formation of defects . moreover , the thin oxide layer 38 and nitride layer 40 eliminate stress at the bottom corners of the trench during the sidewall oxide formation by minimizing confined volume expansion at the trench corners . stress occurring from vertical bird &# 39 ; s beaking at the top corners of the trench is reduced during the field oxidation and cap oxidation with the use of the oxidation masking layers . the present invention has thus been found to form trench isolation structures which are essentially defect - free . when the trench is refilled with polysilicon , fig3 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention which prevents vertical bird &# 39 ; s beaking and also reduces defects , and further reduces electrical cross talk . in this embodiment , wherein like numbers will be utilized for like and corresponding parts of previous figures , the trench 36 is formed in the manner previously described and is coated with a thin layer of thermal oxide 38 which has a thickness of from 200 å to 450 å . a thin layer of nitride 40 is then deposited as previously disclosed and may be provided with a thickness of from 300 å to 600 å . a layer 46 of oxide is then formed over the nitride layer and may be provided for example with a thickness of 1000 å . the oxide layer 46 may be deposited by conventional lpcvd techniques . due to the nitride layer 40 , the oxide layer 46 cannot be grown but must be deposited . oxide layer 46 serves to increase the dielectric thickness to insulate the polysilicon layer . a second layer of nitride 48 is then formed on top of the oxide layer 46 and may be provided with a thickness of approximately 300 å . the remaining portion of the trench is then refilled with polysilicon 50 . the polysilicon is planarized even with the semiconductor surface , the nitride , oxide , nitride stack is removed from the substrate surface not inside the trench , and a cap oxide 52 and a thick field oxide 54 is grown , preferably at temperatures above 1000 ° c . the structure shown in fig3 provides improved cross talk elimination due to the increase of insulator thickness by the addition of oxide 46 and nitride 48 . the structure shown in fig3 also provides essentially a defect free trench construction . it will thus be seen that the present invention discloses a method and device formed thereby wherein defects and resulting current leakage is substantially eliminated . in addition , the present device substantially reduces cross talk . the present techniques also tend to eliminate vertical bird &# 39 ; s beak structures which tend to create stress and dislocations . although the preferred embodiments have been described in detail , it should be understood that various changes , substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims .	8
in view of the foregoing , a system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention enables both a subjective and an objective evaluation of supplier performance so to assess the supplier for supplier qualification and improvement purposes with evaluation criteria that represents subjective and objective measures . to this end , the system polls historical data to provide sufficient evidence for reliable supplier performance evaluation . the system allows for multi - level aggregation of scoring capability based on an organization and / or stakeholders &# 39 ; needs . a score card records the scoring and provides for a flexibility of defining and using weighted criteria to define relationships as well as allowing for a user defined associated scoring function . an associated scoring function takes one or more data points as an input , and computes a score as an output . these data points could be raw data like a number of defects and average delivery times , or they could be aggregated data . for instance , the data points could be a score for a supplier &# 39 ; s delivery performance , a score for a supplier &# 39 ; s part quality , etc . here , the scoring function could be linear , non - linear or step - wise , etc . the system enables a real - time supplier performance evaluation with real - time availability of information across groups , functions and it systems boundaries being critical . the system includes a supplier evaluation system which raises the real - time awareness of non - conformance to the performance criteria . the system automatically generates alerts and communicates rules and evidence . it also provides for flexibility of creating , editing and deleting the alert generation rules . thus , it may be seen that the system provides for an evaluation of supplier performance to qualify a supplier as a vendor , to monitor and audit supplier performance , and to enable supplier improvement . the system can be used by various stakeholders in the supplier chain such as a commercial / procurement team and an engineering group . in each case , the stakeholder can leverage existing evaluation criteria in the system or define their own criteria with each criterion having an assigned weight and / or scoring function . with reference to fig1 , the system includes a commodity / supplier search system 10 . the commodity / part / supplier search system 10 provides for an interface to allow stakeholders to search for commodities , parts and / or suppliers . in particular , the stakeholder may employ the commodity / supplier search system 10 to search for a particular commodity or part , all parts under a particular commodity , a particular supplier , suppliers associated with a particular commodity or part , or all commodities or parts supplied by a particular supplier . the traceability system 20 allows for a tracing of the commodities and / or the parts , as well as their associated processes / operations , suppliers , changes , and final products . that is , the traceability system 20 allows for an examination of dependencies between parts , associated processes / operations , suppliers , changes , and final products . this may include examinations of part lifecycles and accounts for the changes in part numbers that may occur over time , identification of parts and their owners , such as designers and suppliers , parts and their suppliers by product lot numbers , revisions to be identified to confirm effectiveness of supplier changes , parts and associated products ( for instance , vehicle identification numbers , vins , on a car ), and the parts and the suppliers in a given product the aggregation and pre - population system 30 allows for an aggregation and pre - population of information relating to parts from multiple sources , such as various projects , and various product models and geographic locations . for instance , one metric which is crucial to supplier quality and which is related to a particular part is the number of defects associated with the part measured in parts per million ( ppm ). here , while the traceability system 20 traces the parts supplied by a particular supplier for all possible product models , the aggregation and pre - population system 30 aggregates the number of parts supplied and the numbers of defects that occur . the survey system 40 gathers input from stakeholders on supplier performance , supplied service and / or the quality of goods supplied and is , generally , the mechanism by which the subjective metrics ( e . g ., those metrics that measure intangibles like trust , confidence , attitudes and satisfaction ) are gathered . example stakeholders are clients or users who consume the supplied services or goods , procurement personnel , heavy users and / or global clients . in an embodiment of the survey system 40 , survey questions , criteria , business rules , weights and scoring functions can be flexibility defined . once stakeholders are identified , and appropriate questionnaires are finalized , a survey distribution system 45 , which is coupled to the survey system 40 , automatically communicates the surveys to the stakeholders . the survey distribution system 45 is also responsible for collecting inputs from responses . the evaluation system 50 is used to prepare inputs for the scoring system 60 after all the necessary information is gathered from the various systems . the input includes objective and subjective information from supply chain processes , manufacturing processes , and warranty and service processes . this set of information represents current and past facts . the scoring system 60 is a core component and allows for an identification of the best suppliers for specific parts and / or commodities to allow for supplier selection processes to occur . the scoring system 60 also allows for an identification of under performing suppliers on an overall , part , or commodity level to allow for supplier improvement processes to be initiated . the above - noted identifications are based on the scores computed from multi - level criteria , weights , and scoring functions . according to various embodiments of the invention , a score card ( not shown ) is designed for use with the scoring system 60 . the score card may be customized so as to be relatively easily implemented and to allow users the freedom to create , edit and delete the score card &# 39 ; s criteria , weights , and scoring functions . the alert system 70 monitors business events and warns of abnormal behavior . using rules for business events ( e . g ., a threshold number of failures for a specific part during a particular duration ) the alert system 70 alerts users when the rules have been violated based on the metrics calculated for the rules . a data warehouse 80 consolidates supplier performance data sources throughout the product lifecycle . example data sources shown in fig1 come from systems measuring conformance , issue management , containment , purchase orders , and warranty spanning supply chain processes , manufacturing processes and service and warranty processes 85 . the data warehouse 80 , therefore , contains specialized summary tables ( not shown ) to limit the need for repetitive calculations and contains dimensions to allow for processing based on any combination of parts , suppliers , plants , and programs , etc . the supplier view system 90 provides for visibility of the information related to the performance evaluation . in that way , the supplier view system may be embodied as a user interface to be presented in a computing environment . with reference to fig2 , a flow diagram illustrates an example process implementation of the system discussed above . as shown , a user initially logs into a supplier quality portal by which the user accesses the system . the user then lists all commodities that he is interested in and selects at least one commodity to research . the system then displays all of the suppliers that supply and / or make the selected commodity and the user selects at least one of the suppliers ( operation 100 ). at this point , a search of the selected supplier is begun , with the search taking as its inputs data from the data warehouse 80 ( operation 110 ). as part of the search , the supplier performance history , the supplied product history , the past supplier evaluations and the past supplier questionnaires are extracted ( operation 120 ). results of the search are then analyzed in a supplier traceability and analytics stage ( operation 130 ) during which examinations of any dependencies between the selected supplier ( s ) and the selected part ( s ) are conducted . at this point , evaluation criteria and survey questionnaires are aggregated to form a new scorecard based on current available data ( operation 140 ). this scorecard may be selectively amended , however , in accordance with newly submitted survey responses received via the survey system ( operation 150 ). once the scorecard is accepted , scores for the supplier are computed and it is determined whether an alert needs to be sent to the interested parties ( e . g . supplier owners , suppliers ) for supplier underperformance ( operation 160 ). in accordance with another aspect of the invention , the methods described above may be embodied in a machine implemented computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon to execute the methods . while the disclosure has been described with reference to exemplary embodiments , it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the disclosure . in addition , many modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof . therefore , it is intended that the disclosure not be limited to the particular exemplary embodiment disclosed as the best mode contemplated for carrying out this disclosure , but that the disclosure will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims .	6
referring now to fig2 there is shown a data - flow diagram of a rtl optimization system 200 for optimizing an electronic design in accordance with the present invention . the rtl optimization system 200 is designed to converge automatically on the best solution for an electronic design that satisfies the design goals . at the end of the automatic processes provided by the system 200 , manual intervention for the purpose of design refinement is allowed . the following steps are employed in the rtl optimization system 200 : synthesize 202 the rtl model to a lbb network enter chip - level design goals 219 functional partitioning 206 feasible block - level implementation 209 & amp ; 211 chip optimization 213 structural partitioning 215 chip re - optimization 213 ( 2 nd pass ) the system 200 operates on a conventional computer system , such as an intel based personal computer using the microsoft corp .&# 39 ; s windows nt operating system . the system 200 may be implemented by software product executing in the computer &# 39 ; s memory . the system 200 includes an lbb synthesis module , a functional partitioner module , a structural partitioner module , a datapath builder module , a non - datapath structure estimator module , a chip optimization module , and a library calibrator module . the system 200 interfaces with conventional back - end tools including a memory compiler 230 , a datapath place - and - route tool 227 , a logic synthesis tool 228 , a floorplanner 229 , a full - chip place - and - route tool 231 , and timing and parasitic extraction engine 232 . the following sections describe the rtl optimization system 200 in detail . the preferred entry point into the design flow is a rtl model 201 of an electronic design or system . the physical implementation of the electronic design can be an integrated circuit ( ic ), part of an ic , or multiple ics on a circuit board . the rtl model 201 describes the function of the electronic system using a hardware description language ( hdl ) such as verilog or vhdl . the rtl model 201 may be either directly written by a system designer , or generated from a behavioral model using behavioral synthesis . in addition , the rtl model 201 may be extracted directly from internal data structures of a behavioral model without undergoing rtl model construction . the rtl model 201 is synthesized 202 into a network of logic building blocks ( lbbs ) 203 . a lbb is a technology independent description of a logic structure that has performance data fully characterizing its performance envelope over a range of different physical implementations . preferably the performance data quantifies the relationship between circuit delay and output load , for both random logic and datapath implementations of the lbb . this performance data defines the relationships for each of a plurality of bit widths , and for each of a plurality of driver sizes for various typical loading conditions , and for each of a plurality of feasible logic implementations . lbbs range from simple gates ( inverter , nand , latch , flip - flop ) to complex logic structures such as adder , finite state machine , memory , and encoder . storing this data in the lbb fully characterizes the performance envelope of the lbb over its range of feasible physical implementations and variations in area , aspect ratio , and implementation architecture . fig3 shows the synthesis steps that transform an rtl model 201 into a lbb network 203 . the parser 301 converts hdl statements in the rtl model 201 into a language - neutral hdl object database 302 . hdl objects are mapped into generic lbbs to create a technology - independent lbb network by processing latch inference , ‘ case ’ constructs , ‘ if ’ constructs , assignments , and expressions . in this pass , the smallest lbb implementation is chosen as the initial candidate . in this case , only the area data in the performance tables 501 of the lbb library 220 is used . 1 . all explicit bus - oriented structures , expressed in explicit bus declaration in the rtl model , are preserved and represented as bus entities . 2 . all implicit bus - oriented structures , such as those expressed as repeated rtl constructs and vectorized instantiation across multiple bits , are recognized and preserved as bus entities . 3 . all lbb types , except finite state machines and hard macros , can be used in random logic or in multi - bit datapath with corresponding characterization data supporting either usage . when a lbb is connected to a bus entity , it becomes a data operator . data operators are multi - bit lbbs that can store , steer , or transform data . for example , a register stores data ; a multiplexer and a shifter steer data ; an adder transforms input data to different output data ; and a decoder data operator transforms input data to control signals . hdl objects are mapped using the highest logic structure available in the lbb library 220 to reduce complexity . for example , a multi - bit adder is represented as an integral adder lbb . in contrast , conventional logic synthesis reduces the adder down to potentially hundreds of individual gates . another example , a ‘ case ’ construct , is mapped to a multiplexer and a decoder . only boolean expressions not mappable into complex lbbs are mapped into networks of simple gate - level lbbs . the block diagram window 1404 in fig1 shows a graphical representation of an example of a lbb network 203 . the logic of the technology - independent lbb network is optimized 304 . lbbs in the optimized network are mapped 305 into technology - specific lbbs derived from the calibrated lbb library 220 to produce the final lbb network 203 . lbbs are supported by a characterized lbb library 220 that represents the performance envelop of a large number of lbbs . lbb characterization is performed once , and off - line , by the library calibrator 204 when an ic fabrication process and a library is incorporated into the system 200 of the present invention . inputs 221 to the library calibrator 204 consist of standard logic synthesis cell library , complex libraries for datapath , process technology data , implementation styles information , and implementation tool information . in the characterization process , logical and physical implementations of each lbb are built and characterized by varying some or all , individually or in combination , of the following input parameters that affect the area and speed of a lbb physical implementation . variable layout style such as regular datapath topology and random logic place & amp ; route topology . variable architecture for lbb that can be implemented using alternative logic implementations ( e . g ., ripple adder , carry - look - ahead adder , carry - save adder ) variable bit width for lbb that supports multi - bit data operator configurations . output driver size . output loading . process parameters ( best , typical , worst case , and the like ). temperature and power supply voltage . lbb area and performance data are stored in two forms in the calibrated lbb library 220 for access by the system 200 during performance optimization : data tables and circuit generators . the number of possible implementation variations of a lbb depends on the richness of the library source 221 . fig5 illustrates the format of the lbb in the calibrated library 220 using data tables . in this format , each lbb is characterized by variations in implementation topology 502 , architecture 503 , bit width 504 , and driver size 505 . for each of these variations , a performance table 501 quantifies the relationship between area , delay , and output load . an adder , shown in fig5 , is one example of a lbb with a rich set of implementation possibilities . a hard macro block represents less variation in implementation . it has only one fixed physical implementation and a pre - characterized timing model . fig4 shows a flowchart for the lbb library calibrator 204 used to generate the data tables , with the complete characterization flow for a lbb with a full range of variations . generally , for each library entry , it is determined 401 , 402 whether random logic and / or datapath implementations are available . for each implementation , variations of logic architecture 403 , 404 , bit width 405 , 406 , and driver size 407 , 408 are processed to generate 409 , 410 a placed and routed implementation . for this implementation , timing , area , and input capacitance are measured 411 , 412 . this capacitance information is used during timing analysis to compute the total load presented to the previous logic stage . this data is stored in the performance table for the appropriate implementation , architecture , bit width , and driver size . pre - characterized scaling factors are used to scale the data in these tables to compensate for variation in process , temperature , and voltage . in an alternate embodiment , circuit generators or estimators fast enough to generate performance data based on input parameters at run - time are used . this approach eliminates the need for pre - characterization and storage of characterization data . circuit generator results are cached so that circuits with the same configuration are generated only once . a single lbb may contain the equivalent of several hundred gates found in a typical synthesis library . fig6 shows an example of a set of built - in lbb types sufficient for efficient representation of a typical digital system . all lbb types accept bus signals are represented as a single entity . all lbb types , except finite state machines and hard macros , are parameterized ( n - bit width ) to support bus operations . the higher level abstraction of the lbb representation offers the following advantages : reduces the sizes of design databases by orders of magnitude vs . gate - level tools . this translates into smaller memory requirements for complex designs and faster analysis run - times . reduces the complexity of the logic network and allows high speed full - chip analysis . makes rtl visualization more efficient . it overcomes the unstructured nature of hdl and elevates the users from the tedious complexity of viewing a gate - level schematic . postpones running gate - level synthesis and the burden of synthesis details until later in the design cycle . leverages complex and pre - characterized library from multiple sources . preserves bus structures in analysis and visualization . chip - level design goals 219 include operating frequency , area , aspect ratio , chip io timing , and io pad locations . timing convergence at minimum area is achieved through an alternating series of chip - level and block - level optimization . functional partitioning is the first step in a chip - level timing convergence process by creating a first set of top - down constraints in terms of a network of physical partitions . it breaks the “ chicken and egg ” inter - dependency cycle between creating optimal block - level implementations before chip - level constraints are known and creating optimal chip - level constraints before block - level implementations are known . the cycle is broken by performing a first partitioning 206 of the lbb network 203 into physical partitions 207 , 208 . since the chip - level constraints are not known at the functional partitioning 206 step , the process is designed to be self - correcting during structural partitioning 215 . accordingly , the boundary between physical partitions are not required to be optimal at the functional partitioning stage . functional partitioning is a structural recognition process . the functional partitioner 206 separates logic into well - understood silicon structures that have proven optimal logical and physical implementation techniques . the implementation of these silicon structures are supported by specialized implementation tools and libraries available commercially , such as cadence design systems , inc .&# 39 ; s smartpath product . the well - understood physical structure and timing behavior of these silicon structures enable accurate ‘ bottom - up ’ estimations . present well - understood silicon structures include datapath ( dp ), finite state machine ( fsm ), memories ( mem ), and random logic ( rl ). even though these structures are commonly used in digital designs , their precise boundaries in the rtl model 201 are not always obvious to the designer . as a result , the logical hierarchy in the rtl functional description usually does not reflect optimal physical partitioning for the implementation of these silicon structures . for example , data operators belonging to a single datapath partition may be scattered in many rtl modules in different logical hierarchies . the functional partitioner 206 identifies such related structures and creates a single physical hierarchy from them . data signal traversal , followed by control signal traversal , accomplishes partitioning and structural recognition in parallel . the result is the separation of datapath partitions 207 from other logic classified as non - datapath partitions 208 . a partition contains one or more lbb . datapath ( dp ) partitions contain data operators . non - datapath partitions contain either fsms , mems , hard macro block ( hmac ), or rl . the functional partitioning 206 process creates a fsm partition and data - flow - logic partitions : dp , hmac , and mem partitions . data - flow analysis is a depth - first traversal of bus signals across all hierarchy levels in the lbb network 203 . data - flow analysis separates data operators , fsm , hmac , and mem from the lbb network by tracing bus connections . it further groups inter - connected data operators into a dp partition . data operators in a dp partition can vary in bit - width . independent bus systems in the design result in multiple independent dp partitions . fsms conform to rtl modeling style well understood in present top - down design methodology . fsm is a basic lbb recognized at the synthesis step . each fsm forms its own partition . memories are regular blocks such as ram , rom , cache , etc . when the functional partitioner 206 encounters a memory block in the data signal traversal process , it creates a memory partition . memory blocks are special data operators with data bus and control connections . hard macro blocks are recognized from explicit instantiation in the rtl model . each hard macro block forms an independent partition . referring now to fig7 there is shown the data - flow analysis of the functional partitioner 206 . traversal begins with identifying 701 an initial list of i / o busses at the top - level hierarchy of the design under analysis . beginning with a current bus , the bus is traced 702 to find a next lbb that is connected to the bus . a check 703 determines if the lbb has been visited before . if not , then the lbb is checked 704 to determine if it is a data operator for a datapath . if so , the lbb is checked 705 to determine if it connects with an existing dp partition . if so , the lbb is added 706 to the existing dp partition . otherwise , a new dp partition is created 708 , and the lbb is added to it . in either case , any new untraversed busses connected to the lbb are added 710 to the bus list . traversal of the bus list continues 714 until completed . if the lbb was not a datapath operator , it is checked 707 to determine if it is a memory or a hard macro . for these lbbs , a new partition is created 711 , and again untraversed busses are added to the bus list 712 . finally , if the lbb is not a memory or hard macro , it is checked 709 to determine if it is a finite state machine . here , a fsm partition is created 713 . if an lbb is not a datapath operator , mem , hmac , or fsm then it is passed to control - flow analysis . at the end of the data - flow analysis process , a control analysis process ( fig8 ) is used to form control logic partitions associated with partitions created in the data - flow analysis process . the control - flow analysis process of functional partitioning 206 creates random logic partitions using the data - flow - logic partitions ( dp , mem , hmac ) created in the data - flow analysis process as anchor points . control - flow analysis performs depth - first forward traversal from the output control signals and backward traversal from the input control signals of all data - flow - logic to form closely associated control partitions . the close association between these control logic partitions and the data - flow logic they control form natural clusters in the chip - level floorplanning process . control - flow analysis results in the non - datapath partitions 208 . fig8 shows the application of a series of backward and forward traversals on dp , mem , and hmac physical partitions . the control logic of a dp partition 207 is formed by the combined effect of forward traversals 807 , 801 , and backward traversals 810 , 804 . the control logic of a mem partition is formed by the combined effect of forward traversals 808 , 802 , and backward traversals 811 , 805 . forward traversals 809 , 803 , and backward traversals 812 , 806 form the control logic of a hmac partition . depth - first forward traversals 801 , 802 , 803 are applied to input signals not driven by the logic output of a latch or flip - flop . if the traversal reaches a physical partition boundary , the chip boundary , a latch , or a flip - flop , the traversal on the current path stops . any lbb encountered will be added to the current control partition if it has not previously been partitioned into a physical partition . depth - first backward traversals 804 , 805 , 806 are applied to output signals . if the traversal reaches a physical partition boundary , the chip boundary , a latch , or a flip - flop , the traversal on the current path stops . any lbb encountered will be added to the current control partition if it has not previously been partitioned into a physical partition . a random logic partition 813 is formed by the remaining lbbs not included in any control logic partitions . this random logic partition will be further divided into multiple random logic partitions if clusters of lbbs are unrelated . the effect of the control - flow analysis process is to maximize the likelihood that single - cycle logic stays in the same partition and a partition &# 39 ; s input / output signals are latched . the combined effect of data - flow and control - flow analysis by the functional partitioner 206 is the transformation of the logical hierarchy inherent to the rtl model 201 into a physical hierarchy optimized for chip - level physical implementation . the physical hierarchy is defined by the connectivity and hierarchical relationship of physical partitions created in the data - flow and control - flow analysis processes , which may be different from the logical hierarchy of the rtl model 201 . for each physical partition ( stored in dp and non - dp partitions 207 , 208 ) created by the functional partitioner 206 , a range of feasible block - level physical implementation estimation models 210 , 212 are generated automatically . feasible implementation models 210 can vary in area , aspect ratio , power consumption , or timing , provided that all critical paths within a block must at least meet the minimum operating frequency requirement of the chip . each block - level estimation model 210 , 212 consists of : a pin - to - pin timing model suitable for chip - level analysis . a placement - based wire load model internal to the partition . a block - level floorplan with pin assignment . a structural netlist a datapath macro ( dpm ) consists of a semi - regular portion of data operators ( dp partition ) and a random section of datapath control ( dpc ) logic as shown in fig1 . data operators are arranged in rows and columns so that control signals and busses achieve maximum alignment for optimal density and speed . fig9 depicts the detailed datapath building process performed by the datapath builder 209 . inputs to the datapath building process include the lbb network of the dp partition 207 created by the functional partitioner 206 , operation frequency timing constraints 216 for critical paths internal to the dp partition , and timing constraints 216 for logic paths that end outside the dp partition . when the dp builder 209 is run for the first time in the rtl optimization process , only the minimum operating frequency is known , as specified in the design goals 219 . in this case , only the timing of internal paths of the datapath partition is optimized . both internal and external paths are optimized together when external timing constraints 216 become known in subsequent executions of the datapath builder 209 . the smallest lbb implementation is selected in the initial selection 904 of the individual lbb implementations in the calibrated lbb library 220 . alternate dp physical implementation models 210 are created by varying 906 the bit - width of the datapath . varying bit - width creates a number of feasible dp implementation models 210 with different aspect - ratios . the feasible bit - width range of the dp partition is determined 905 by x / 4 ≦ bit - width ≦ 2x , at 1 - bit increments 906 , where x is the bit - width of the widest data operator in the dp partition . the order of data operators in the bus direction 1001 is first optimized 907 to minimize bus length and meet timing constraints . data operator order optimization is performed at the lbb level to speed up processing time . data operators along a critical timing path within the dp are clustered in close proximity . a ‘ snaking ’ path is formed when a critical path extends beyond the dp into dpc and then sometimes re - enters the dp . a snaking path may contain multiple sections of data operators . these sections are clustered together even though they are connected indirectly through random logic in dpc . after bus optimization , data operator placement is optimized in the control direction 1002 aligning 908 busses at the bit level so that busses run straight across the dp . bit alignment 908 , performed mostly at the lbb level , employs the following techniques : fold bits in data operators wider than the dp bit - width . spread apart bits in data operators narrower than the dp bit - width . shift the entire data operator along the control direction to minimize bus wire bending . a compaction 909 step is used to pack data operators to minimize area while meeting timing . compaction employs the following techniques : merge data operators that don &# 39 ; t occupy every bit position . stack multiple narrower data operators end - to - end to fill the entire bit - width . move data operators to fill any space as long as timing constraints are met . fig1 shows an example of floorplanning and compacting six data operators of varying bit - width ( 4 , 8 , 16 ) into a datapath with a bit - width of 8 . data operator a is folded from 16 - bit into 8 - bit . data operators c and d are stacked end - to - end . data operators e and f are spread apart and then merged . the compacted dp is globally routed 910 and timing analyzed 911 to obtain the first floorplan . an iteration loop 912 is set up to refine the initial result through an alternate series of placement and logic optimization . the following steps are employed in the logic optimization process : 1 . refine lbb selection 913 — select faster lbb ( better architecture and higher drive ) in the lbb library to meet timing at the expense of area or select smaller lbb to reduce area as long as timing is met . the selection of a lbb is a table look - up process in which the performance tables 501 for lbbs with various driver sizes 505 and alternative architectures 503 are searched . a lbb implementation will be chosen if it is the smallest lbb satisfying the timing constraint . 2 . buffer insertion 914 for signals with heavy load . datapath implementation models are varied by altering ( 906 ) the bit width of the datapath . as long as the block satisfies 915 the minimum chip operating frequency according to the result of timing analysis 911 , it is considered a viable candidate , and added to the block estimation models 210 . the smallest area implementation ( in the block estimation models 210 ) is not necessarily the best choice because blocks with a different aspect ratio may actually produce a better overall chip design even though the block itself may be larger . non - datapath structures include control logic ( for dp , mem , hmac ), random logic , finite state machines , memories , and hard macro blocks . control logic and fsm are special forms of random logic with additional constraints . the non - dp estimator 211 generates a feasible implementation estimation model , 212 for non - datapath structures . the non - dp structure estimator 211 generates block estimation models 212 for random logic , finite state machines , memories , and hard macro blocks . random logic estimation is based on standard cell physical implementation techniques . fig1 shows the random logic estimation process of the non - dp structure estimator 211 . a random logic block is partitioned 1201 into small clusters of highly connected lbbs . cluster - level placement 1202 is performed by a min - cut algorithm . an annealing algorithm 1203 refines the lbb placement for a global routing 1204 . the global routing forms the basis for a placement - based wire - load model 212 for wires both within and between lbb clusters . the final timing analysis 1205 creates a pin - to - pin timing model for chip - level optimization 213 . the flexible nature of the standard cell place - and - route topology can potentially create an infinite combination of aspect ratio variations and i / o pin assignments . the non - dp structure estimator 211 responds to requests from the functional partitioner 206 , the structural partitioner 215 , and the chip optimizer 213 to create random logic estimations 211 under different constraints 217 during various steps in the rtl optimization process . the functional partitioner 206 initiates the first rough estimation with no constraints , and a default random logic block aspect ratio of 1 : 1 is used . the chip optimizer 213 and the structural partitioner 215 request random logic area and speed estimation by providing pin assignment and aspect ratio constraints . even though dpc logic is created using standard - cell place and route , the block topology is highly constrained by the regular nature of the dp block it controls . the present invention allows additional constraints to be imposed on dpc logic according to the datapath it controls . as illustrated in fig1 , in a dpc 1102 block , one dimension 1103 is required to be equal to the length of the dp side where control 10 signals exit the dp 1101 . the number of random logic lbbs and the amount of wiring overhead in the dpc block dictate its other dimension 1104 . furthermore , the terminal location 1105 on the dp side is completely constrained and defined by the optimal placement of data operators in the dp . other i / o signals naturally exit the dpc block from the opposite side 1106 . occasionally , i / o terminals also exit from the remaining two sides of the dpc block . dp and its associated dpc form a natural cluster ; as a result , these partitions always stay together , and need not be later re - analyzed to consider whether they should be reclustered . the abutment between dp and dpc is not always regular . the placement of the flexible dpc logic can match the irregular contour 1107 of the dp so that the combined dpm block achieves maximum packing density . once the pin assignment and aspect ratio of a dpc block are determined , the area / speed estimation process is identical to that of an ordinary random logic block . from the physical implementation perspective , a finite state machine is also a special form of random logic . a finite state machine has a well - defined logic architecture which divides the logic into multiple sections : input latches , output latches , state - bit logic , and and - or logic for control outputs . the natural logic separation forms the basis for clustering of lbb within the finite state machine . the estimation process for finite state machines is similar to that of random logic . aspect ratio , area , io pin assignment , and timing information are derived from pre - characterized memory libraries . alternate feasible implementations will be presented for chip - level optimization if the library is capable of generating them . a hard macro has a pre - defined implementation supplied by the user . area and performance are pre - characterized and no estimation is needed . hmac control logic is estimated similar to dp control logic . the chip optimizer 213 performs chip - level optimization and produces structural partitioner constraints 214 to refine the block level implementation models 210 , 212 . fig1 depicts the creation of a floorplan in the chip optimization process 213 . inputs to this process include chip - level constraints 222 and a collection of feasible physical implementation models 212 , 210 . chip - level optimization 213 outputs structural partitioner constraints which include : chip - level floorplan physical partition implementation model selection for each partition placement based global wire load model pin assignment block level timing budget . the pattern of data - flow and control - flow resulted from the partitioning steps forms the initial clustering of physical blocks . data - flow - logic and its associated control logic form natural clusters in the initial floorplan . the placement of the clusters is initially computed by a force - directed method and then iteratively improved by packing the clusters along the x direction and y direction . for each partition 207 , 208 , an initial block - level implementation model 1301 is selected from its accompanying block implementation models 210 , 212 . the initial selection for each partition is the smallest block in the set of feasible implementations 210 , 212 . an initial floorplan using all of the selected implementations is created 1302 based on minimum wire length along the critical paths . the initial floorplan may contain overlap and unused space , which is removed in the compaction step 1303 . compaction involves local movement of blocks and refinement of the block - level implementation model selection . the floorplan compactor 1303 has multiple options in refining the block - level implementation selection . it may pick alternate blocks in the set of feasibility dp blocks 210 or non - dp blocks 212 . it may make continuous adjustment to the size and aspect ratio of random logic partitions 208 by modifying constraints 217 and invoking the non - dp structure estimator 211 to produce refined block estimation models 212 for the modified partitions . it may also generate structural re - partition constraints 205 and invoke the structural partitioner 215 to split and merge partitions in order to precisely control the size and shape of blocks for better timing and area efficiency . changes by the structural partitioner 215 induce revisions of the block estimation models 210 , 212 by either the dp builder 209 for the modified dp partitions or the non - dp structure estimator 211 for non - dp partitions 208 . automatic pin assignment 1304 optimizes overall wire length to derive a first - pass chip floorplan . the first - pass chip floorplan is then globally routed 1305 to produce more accurate parasitics and timing 1306 for a second - pass refinement in physical implementation selection and pin assignment . the two - pass approach 1307 is completely automatic . a final global re - route 1305 and full chip timing analysis 1306 are used to determine slack and redistribute timing budget among blocks and generate new structural partitioner constraints 214 . structural partitioning 215 refines the partitioning created by the functional partitioner 206 based on structural partitioning constraints 214 resulting from the chip - level optimization process 213 . the structural partitioner 215 creates new block - level constraints 216 , 217 for datapath partitions 207 and non - datapath partitions 208 to improve timing and floorplan packing density . new block constraints 216 , 217 trigger the re - estimation of feasible physical implementations by the dp builder 209 and non - dp structure estimator 211 . as noted above , the chip optimizer 213 may invoke the structural partitioner 215 multiple times in the chip optimization process improve chip floorplanning packing density using steps 205 , 217 . for timing closure , the structural partitioner 215 analyzes failing timing paths based on the wire - load and timing information 214 . if these paths “ snake ” through different partitions , the structural partitioner 215 is used to move the lbbs in the “ snaking - path ” between partitions to achieve timing convergence . an example is a failing timing path that traverses from a dp block to its associated control ( dpc ) in the datapath macro . in this case the structural partitioner 215 can analyze this path and bring the lbbs in the path in the control ( source ) partition to the datapath ( destination ) partition and utilize the empty spaces in the datapath for their placement . conversely paths that are not timing critical can be made longer by the structural partitioner 215 if it reduces the path delay of other timing critical paths . lbbs moved from the source partition take on the same physical implementation style as the destination partition . if all lbbs in the source partition are moved then the source partition is in effect merged with the destination partition . therefore , shifting lbbs between dp partitions 207 and non - dp partitions 208 has the effect of changing the physical implementation style of the affected lbbs from datapath style to random logic style or vice versa . final chip optimization is the 2 nd pass through the chip optimizer 213 with new block estimation models 210 , 212 based on the refined constraints 216 , 217 from the structural partitioner 215 , in addition to chip constraints 222 . the initial floorplan is refined for timing and density . structural partitioner constraints 214 are converted to data and control files 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 ( see below ) suitable for driving back - end tools 227 , 228 , 229 , 230 , 231 , and 232 . the data and control files 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 constitute a rigorous set of instructions , not a questionable prediction , for implementing a known timing and area convergence solution because accurate placement - based wire - load data have been used throughout the optimization process and the implementation of individual blocks has been proven feasible . multiple rapid internal iterations between chip - level and block - level optimization ensure that constraints for driving the back - end implementation are well - balanced and optimal . these block - level constraints represent instructions to meet area and performance goals in a single pass through the back - end process , and therefore serve as an effective interface between front - end and back - end implementation in a rtl hand - off design flow . the system 200 of the present invention does not directly generate final physical implementation of the chip . it generates detailed implementation constraints for back - end physical implementation tools based on an optimal floorplan and placement - based wire load models at chip and block level . the result of the final chip optimization is expressed in a set of data and control files 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 used to drive the back - end tools . back - end tools are not required to follow all detailed guidance produced by the system 200 provided that the final physical implementation meets area and timing requirements . the follow information is sent to the back - end tools for detailed physical implementation : block - level structural netlist . lbb - level floorplan routing path of global wires aspect ratio and area constraints pin assignment output load block input arrival time block output timing constraints internal timing constraints placement - based wire - load for wires between lbbs command scripts block - level structural netlist lbb - level cluster floorplan routing path of global wires aspect ratio and area constraints pin assignment output load block input arrival time block output timing constraints internal timing constraints . placement - based wire - load for wires between lbbs command scripts chip - level structural netlist of physical partitions chip - level floorplan of physical partitions routing path of global wires aspect ratio and area constraints pin assignment output load chip input arrival time chip output timing constraints internal timing constraints placement - based wire - load for wires between physical partitions command scripts aspect ratio and area constraints output load block input arrival time block output timing constraints operating frequency command scripts for calling memory generators or instantiating hard macro the overall strategy in the rtl optimization process is to meet chip - level timing constraints with minimum area in a single pass through the design flow . since the design flow is completely performance driven , altering the high level constraints ( area , timing , power ) will result in vastly different chip implementation . the above design flow represents a built - in preprogrammed sequence designed to reach timing convergence in a single pass automatically for a majority of ic designs . the system 200 provides facilities for manual interventions to refine the automatic result . the built - in optimization sequence can also be modified by the user to adapt the system 200 to unique chip requirements . when a user selects a module in the logical hierarchy tree , the rtl optimization system 200 automatically flattens the selected module for partitioning , if the user selects the top module , the whole chip will be flattened and the physical hierarchy for the entire chip will be created automatically . the user can therefore control the creation of the physical hierarchy by selecting manually modules in the logical hierarchy to be implemented hierarchically . manual entry points are inserted into an otherwise automated process for users to refine the automatically generated result and to : control the mapping of logic into lbb library element . control the partitioning interactively or by embedding directives in the rtl model . user intervention for partitioning includes : moving lbb between partitions . splitting and merging blocks . changing block structure ( e . g ., change dp to random logic ). making an instance unique . grouping and clustering . hierarchy flattening . control the creation and selection of block level implementation . change pin assignment . change block - level floorplans . change chip - level floorplan . use in - place - optimization for local refinement with minimum disturbance to unaffected logic . fine tune chip optimization by back - annotating blocks with macro models 218 derived from actual block level implementation . all software modules of the system 200 used in the built - in sequence and an underlying design database storing the rtl models and generated models and data are available to users through a procedural interface . a user may customize the design flow sequence using a programming language and the procedural interface . design visualization is key to maintaining links between all transformations performed by the system 200 on the original rtl model hierarchy . the user interface is designed to support the use of the original user - defined rtl model as a functional interface to the analysis of the electronic design throughout the rtl design process . a user can open one or more of the following windows to examine various views of the design . cross - probing between all windows allows a user to select an object in any window and the same object , represented in different views in other windows , will be highlighted . fig1 shows the following display windows : 1 . logical hierarchy window 1401 — reflects the original rtl model instance hierarchy tree . 2 . physical hierarchy window 1402 — reflects the physical hierarchy tree after partitioning . 3 . rtl model source window 1403 — displays the content ( hdl statements ) of selected rtl model files . 4 . block diagram window 1404 — displays the lbb network of selected logical or physical partitions graphically as schematics . 5 . floorplan window 1405 — displays the physical floorplan and wiring of selected physical partitions . 6 . net window 1406 — displays all signal and instance names in the design for searching . 7 . timing analysis window 1407 — displays timing delay on logic paths . block diagram window 1404 represents the lbb network that is extracted from the rtl model 201 . conventional design tools today enable the user to begin with graphical inputs and develop a rtl model therefrom , or to view gate - level schematics after logic synthesis . in contrast , the rtl optimization system 200 of the present invention provides the ability to begin with an rtl model and extract a higher level model in the form of the lbb network , which is then visualized in block diagram window 1404 . this enables the viewer to visualize and manipulate the electronic design at a higher level than gate - level schematics . thus , this window represents visually the automatically partitioned electronic design , and enables the system designer to manually interact with the design , including changing partitioning , pin assignments , and the like as described above . 1 . select modules in the logical hierarchy and display schematics at block , lbb , or mixed level . in the lbb schematic mode , each lbb is color coded to indicate the physical partition it belongs to . 2 . select modules in the physical hierarchy and display schematics at block , lbb , or mixed level . in the lbb schematic mode , each lbb is color coded to indicate which logical block it belongs to . 3 . in the rtl source window , use different background color to highlight the rtl statements corresponding to various physical partitions .	6
an embodiment of the present invention provides a system , method and computer program product for identifying unknown parameter name value pairs . in an embodiment , text is received that includes a number of web components with unknown name / value pair , and parameter separators . the web components are compared to one another using a text comparison algorithm , and a set of potential name / value pair separators is identified based on a series of rules . once the set of potential name / value pair separators is identified , they are used to identify parameter separators using the text comparison algorithm , and another set of rules . potential name / value separators that are not consistent with the rules are eliminated , and one or more sets of name / value and parameter tuples are selected as potential separators . the variety of parameter formats introduced by ajax introduces a challenge for web application security testing , and complicates testing and web application development . a web security scanner may be implemented to test vulnerabilities in web applications . a web security scanner has a predefined list of known parameter formats sometimes identified by name value and parameter separator pairs . if a web scanner encounters an ajax request that uses an unknown parameter format it will be unable to correctly test that request for security issues . an example of security test that needs to be executed is authentication bypass using sql injection . sql injection is an attempt by someone trying to access secure data on in a web application by shaping parameters such that they include sql query components that fool the web application into returning data that is not intended to be returned on a particular page . for a web security scanner to properly test for sql injection vulnerabilities it must know the format for name / value pairs including the name / value pair separator and the parameter separator . missing such vulnerabilities may be extremely costly for a company , and therefore a solution to automatically identify the parameter format is beneficial in modern complex web applications . although the aspects of the invention have been described as implemented in a web security scanner , it will be understood that aspects of the invention may be implemented in any situation in which the identification of separators in data is required , including implementations beyond web based data transmissions . turning now to fig1 , a system 100 for identifying unknown parameter and name value pairs will now be described . in an embodiment , the system 100 includes a host system computer 102 executing computer instructions for identifying unknown parameter and name value pairs . host system computer 102 may operate in any type of environment that is capable of executing a software application . host system computer 102 may comprise a high - speed computer processing device , such as a mainframe computer , to manage the volume of operations governed by an entity for which the unknown parameter and name value pairs identification is executing . in an embodiment , the host system computer 102 is part of an enterprise ( e . g ., a commercial business ) that implements a identifying unknown parameter and name value pairs system . in an embodiment , the system 100 depicted in fig1 includes one or more client systems 104 through which users at one or more geographic locations may contact the host system computer 102 . the client systems 104 are coupled to the host system computer 102 via one or more networks 106 . each client system 104 may be implemented using a general - purpose computer executing a computer program for carrying out the processes described herein . the client systems 104 may be personal computers ( e . g ., a lap top , a personal digital assistant , a mobile device ) or host attached terminals . if the client systems 104 are personal computers , the processing described herein may be shared by a client system 104 and the host system computer 102 ( e . g ., by providing an applet to the client system 104 ). client systems 104 may be operated by authorized users ( e . g ., programmers ) of the unknown parameter and name value pairs identification system described herein . the networks 106 may be any type of known network including , but not limited to , a wide area network ( wan ), a local area network ( lan ), a global network ( e . g ., internet ), a virtual private network ( vpn ), and an intranet . the networks 106 may be implemented using a wireless network or any kind of physical network implementation known in the art . a client system 104 may be coupled to the host system computer 102 through multiple networks ( e . g ., intranet and internet ) so that not all client systems 104 are coupled to the host system computer 102 through the same network . one or more of the client systems 104 and the host system computer 102 may be connected to the networks 106 in a wireless fashion . in one embodiment , the networks 106 include an intranet and one or more client systems 104 executing a user interface application ( e . g ., a web browser ) to contact the host system computer 102 through the networks 106 . in another embodiment , the client system 104 is connected directly ( i . e ., not through the networks 106 ) to the host system computer 102 and the host system computer 102 contains memory for storing data in support of identifying unknown parameter and name value pairs . alternatively , a separate storage device ( e . g ., storage device 112 ) may be implemented for this purpose . in an embodiment , the storage device 112 includes a data repository with data relating to the identification of unknown parameter and name value pairs by the system 100 , as well as other data / information desired by the entity representing the host system computer 102 of fig1 . the storage device 112 is logically addressable as a consolidated data source across a distributed environment that includes networks 106 . information stored in the storage device 112 may be retrieved and manipulated via the host system computer 102 and / or the client systems 104 . in an embodiment , the storage device 112 includes one or more databases containing , e . g ., and corresponding configuration parameters , values , methods , and properties , as well as other related information as will be discussed more fully below . it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that the storage device 112 may also comprise other structures , such as an xml file on the file system or distributed over a network ( e . g ., one of networks 106 ), or from a data stream from another server located on a network 106 . in addition , all or a portion of the storage device 112 may alternatively be located on a client system 104 . the host system computer 102 depicted in the system of fig1 may be implemented using one or more servers operating in response to a computer program stored in a storage medium accessible by the server . the host system computer 102 may operate as a network server ( e . g ., a web server ) to communicate with the client systems 104 . the host system computer 102 handles sending and receiving information to and from the client systems 104 and can perform associated tasks . the host system computer 102 may also include a firewall to prevent unauthorized access to the host system computer 102 and enforce any limitations on authorized access . for instance , an administrator may have access to the entire system and have authority to modify portions of the system . a firewall may be implemented using conventional hardware and / or software as is known in the art . the host system computer 102 may also operate as an application server . the host system computer 102 executes one or more computer programs to provide the identification of unknown parameter and name value pairs . the host system computer 102 includes a separator identification module 108 for identifying unknown parameter and name value pairs . as indicated above , processing may be shared by the client systems 104 and the host system computer 102 by providing an application ( e . g ., java applet ) to the client systems 104 . alternatively , the client system 104 can include a stand - alone software application for performing a portion or all of the processing described herein . as previously described , it is understood that separate servers may be utilized to implement the network server functions and the application server functions . alternatively , the network server , the firewall , and the application server may be implemented by a single server executing computer programs to perform the requisite functions . it will be understood that the system for identifying of unknown parameter and name value pairs described in fig1 may be implemented in hardware , software executing on a general purpose computer , or a combination thereof . fig2 depicts a process flow for determining the name / value pair separator candidates for a set of text strings in an embodiment . the process flow of fig2 may be implemented in , for example , the separator identification module 108 of fig1 . at block 202 , two or more decoded web components are received . in an embodiment , the decoded web components are strings of characters that have been stripped of any control information and that contain at least one name / value pair and a separator . in an embodiment , the web components are query strings stripped from a web query , or post data strings as is known in the art . at block 204 , a set c of decoded web components are selected . the set of c components may be all or a subset of the received decoded web components . at block 204 , the first two of the web components from set c are selected and are compared using a text difference algorithm . in an embodiment , a largest common sequence difference algorithm is used , however any algorithm suitable for identifying sets of characters common to two strings may be used . at block 208 , common elements identified in the two compared web components are added to a common element set ( ce ). at block 210 , it is determined if all of the web components from the set c have been processed . if not all of the web components from the set c have been processed , then processing continues at block 224 , where the elements in the ce set are compared against the next uncompared element in c . processing then continues at block 208 . otherwise , if all of the web components in c have been processed processing continues at block 212 . at block 212 , an empty list of name / value separators is created . at block 214 , it is determined if all of the elements in the ce set have been processed . if there are additional elements in the ce set , then processing continues at block 216 . at block 216 , the next element in the ce set is selected for processing at block 218 . at block 218 , it is determined if the selected element includes letters within it . separators generally do not contain letters and numbers because it would require that the separators be further delimited or escaped in order for them to be distinguished from the names and values that they delimit . if the selected element does not contain letters or numbers , then processing continues at block 220 . at block 220 , it is determined if the element is at the beginning of the string of data in the web component . a name / value pair delimiter is unlikely to occur at the beginning of the string of name / value pairs . if the element does not occur at the beginning of the web component then processing continues at block 222 . at block 222 , the element is added to the name / value separator set created at block 212 and processing continues at block 214 . returning to block 220 , if the element is at the beginning of the web component , then the element is discarded and processing continues at block 214 . returning to block 218 , if the element includes letters or numbers , then the element is discarded and processing continues at block 214 . returning to block 214 , if all of the ce elements have been processed , then at block 224 the name / value set for the web components is returned as candidate name / value pair separators . fig3 a - 3b depict a process flow for determining the name / value pair separator , and parameter separator set candidates for a set of text strings in an embodiment . the process flow of fig3 a - 3b may be implemented in , for example , the separator identification module 108 of fig1 . at block 302 , a name / value pair separator candidate is selected from the candidate name / value pair separator set created in fig2 above . at block 304 , a new set c nv is created from the set of web components that include the name / value pair separator at least twice . at block 306 , it is determined if the set c nv includes at least two components . if there are at least two components in the set c nv then processing continues at block 308 . at block 308 , the first two components in the set c nv are compared using a difference algorithm as described above with regard to fig2 . at block 310 , common elements identified in the two compared components are added to a common element set ce and processing continues at block 312 . at block 312 , it is determined if all of the components in the set c nv have been processed . if not all of the components in the set c nv have been processed , then processing continues at block 310 . otherwise processing continues at block 316 of fig3 b . at block 316 , it is determined if all of the elements in the set c nv have been processed . if not all of the elements in the set c nv have been processed , then processing continues at block 318 . at block 318 , an element p is selected from the set c nv . at block 320 , it is determined if the element p is equal to any of the name / value separator candidates identified previously . it is unlikely that a parameter separator would be the same as the name / value pair separator . therefore , if there is a match , then p is discarded and processing continues at block 316 . otherwise processing continues at block 322 . at block 322 it is determined if the element p includes letters or numbers . as stated above , it is unlikely that a separator would include letters or numbers , therefore , if the element p includes letters or numbers , then it is discarded and processing continues at block 316 . otherwise processing continues at block 324 . at block 324 , it is determined if p is at the beginning of any of the web components . as stated above , it is unlikely that a separator will appear at the beginning of a web component , therefore , if the element p is found at the beginning of any of the web components , then the element p is discarded and processing continues at block 316 . otherwise processing continues at block 326 . at block 326 , it is determined if any of the potential name / value pair candidates occur more often than the element p occurs in the web component + 1 . typically , since each name value pair is separated from each other name value pairs by at least one parameter separator , if the name / value pair separator occurs n times , then p should occur at least n - 1 times . therefore of the name / value pair separator candidate occurs more often then the p separator occurs + 1 then the p element is discarded , and processing continues at block 316 . otherwise , processing continues at block 328 . at block 328 , it is determined if two name / value pair separator candidates appear consecutively without the element p between them . if two name / value pairs appear together without the element p between them , then p is not likely to be a parameter separator , because parameter separators , by definition , separate each of the name / value pairs from one another . therefore , if there are two name / value pair candidates that are not separated by the element p , then processing continues at block 316 . otherwise processing continues at block 330 . at block 330 , the name / value separator candidate , and the selected p are added as a tuple to a possible separator pair set and processing continues at block 316 . returning to block 316 , if all of the elements ce nv have been processed , then processing continues at block 332 of fig3 a . at block 332 , the set of possible separator pairs is reviewed , and any pairs that are contained in other pairs are excluded from the list . at block 334 , the remaining possible separator pair tuples are saved and processing continues at block 338 . at block 338 , it is determined if all of the name / value pair separator candidates have been processed . if not all of the name / value pair candidates have been processed , then processing continues at block 302 , where the next name value pair is selected . otherwise , if all of the name / value pair candidates have been processed , then the name / value pair and separator tuples are returned as separator candidates at block 340 . returning to block 306 , if the set c nv includes at less than two components , then processing continues at block 338 . at block 338 , the parameter separator p is set to empty . at block 336 , the name / value pair candidate and the empty parameter separator tuple is saved as a potential candidate and processing continues at block 332 . in an embodiment , the separator candidates are used to by a web security scanner to test a web application . technical effects and benefits include determining name / value pair and parameter separators using an automated method without requiring knowledge of what the separator values are . an additional benefit includes the generation of a set of name / value and parameter separator tuples that may be used to verify and test data in a web application . the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention . as used herein , the singular forms “ a ”, “ an ” and “ the ” are intended to include the plural forms as well , unless the context clearly indicates otherwise . it will be further understood that the terms “ comprises ” and / or “ comprising ,” when used in this specification , specify the presence of stated features , integers , steps , operations , elements , and / or components , but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features , integers , steps , operations , elements , components , and / or groups thereof . the corresponding structures , materials , acts , and equivalents of all means or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended to include any structure , material , or act for performing the function in combination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed . the description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description , but is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed . many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention . the embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention and the practical application , and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated . as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art , aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system , method or computer program product . accordingly , aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment , an entirely software embodiment ( including firmware , resident software , micro - code , etc .) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a “ circuit ,” “ module ” or “ system .” furthermore , aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium ( s ) having computer readable program code embodied thereon . any combination of one or more computer readable medium ( s ) may be utilized . the computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium . a computer readable storage medium may be , for example , but not limited to , an electronic , magnetic , optical , electromagnetic , infrared , or semiconductor system , apparatus , or device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . more specific examples ( a non - exhaustive list ) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following : an electrical connection having one or more wires , a portable computer diskette , a hard disk , a random access memory ( ram ), a read - only memory ( rom ), an erasable programmable read - only memory ( eprom or flash memory ), an optical fiber , a portable compact disc read - only memory ( cd - rom ), an optical storage device , a magnetic storage device , or any suitable combination of the foregoing . in the context of this document , a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain , or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . a computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein , for example , in baseband or as part of a carrier wave . such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms , including , but not limited to , electro - magnetic , optical , or any suitable combination thereof . a computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate , propagate , or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system , apparatus , or device . program code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium , including but not limited to wireless , wireline , optical fiber cable , rf , etc ., or any suitable combination of the foregoing . computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages , including an object oriented programming language such as java , smalltalk , c ++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages , such as the “ c ” programming language or similar programming languages . the program code may execute entirely on the user &# 39 ; s computer , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer , as a stand - alone software package , partly on the user &# 39 ; s computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server . in the latter scenario , the remote computer may be connected to the user &# 39 ; s computer through any type of network , including a local area network ( lan ) or a wide area network ( wan ), or the connection may be made to an external computer ( for example , through the internet using an internet service provider ). aspects of the present invention are described above with reference to flowchart illustrations and / or schematic diagrams of methods , apparatus ( systems ) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention . it will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and / or block diagrams , can be implemented by computer program instructions . these computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer , special purpose computer , or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine , such that the instructions , which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus , create means for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . these computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to function in a particular manner , such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function / act specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . the computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer , other programmable data processing apparatus , or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer , other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions / acts specified in the flowchart and / or block diagram block or blocks . as described above , embodiments can be embodied in the form of computer - implemented processes and apparatuses for practicing those processes . in embodiments , the invention is embodied in computer program code executed by one or more network elements . embodiments include a computer program product on a computer usable medium with computer program code logic containing instructions embodied in tangible media as an article of manufacture . exemplary articles of manufacture for computer usable medium may include floppy diskettes , cd - roms , hard drives , universal serial bus ( usb ) flash drives , or any other computer - readable storage medium , wherein , when the computer program code logic is loaded into and executed by a computer , the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention . embodiments include computer program code logic , for example , whether stored in a storage medium , loaded into and / or executed by a computer , or transmitted over some transmission medium , such as over electrical wiring or cabling , through fiber optics , or via electromagnetic radiation , wherein , when the computer program code logic is loaded into and executed by a computer , the computer becomes an apparatus for practicing the invention . when implemented on a general - purpose microprocessor , the computer program code logic segments configure the microprocessor to create specific logic circuits . the flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture , functionality , and operation of possible implementations of systems , methods , and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention . in this regard , each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module , segment , or portion of code , which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function ( s ). it should also be noted that , in some alternative implementations , the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures . for example , two blocks shown in succession may , in fact , be executed substantially concurrently , or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order , depending upon the functionality involved . it will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and / or flowchart illustration , can be implemented by special purpose hardware - based systems that perform the specified functions or acts , or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions .	6
referring now in more detail to the drawings , in which like numerals indicate like parts throughout the several views , fig1 illustrates an advertising mat 10 that is to be applied to the floor surface of a retail establishment in an anticipated pedestrian path . the pedestrian path is indicated by the footprints 11 extending toward and away from the mat and possibly through doors 12 . the mat is formed of a rubberized material having a substantially flat bottom surface ( not shown ) that can be textured for avoiding slipping or skidding on the surface of the floor of the establishment . the mat material can be rubber , vinyl , or a combination of materials such as rubber and vinyl , for presenting a friendly , safe pedestrian surface and providing durability for the user . while other dimensions can be used , a typical floor mat can be 6 feet long and 3 feet wide , and have a central section 14 and opposed side sections 15 and 16 that straddle the central section 14 . typically the central section 14 will be approximately 3 feet in length and 3 feet in width , whereas the opposed side sections each will be 1 - ½ feet in length and 3 feet in width . also , the mat will be placed with its length extending transverse to the anticipated pedestrian path 11 , so that only the central section 14 is expected to be heavily traveled by the pedestrian traffic . the opposed side sections 15 and 16 will be placed adjacent , in straddling relationship , with respect to both the central section 14 and the anticipated pedestrian path 11 . the central section can be made of a permanent material , usually of the same material of the entire floor mat . as illustrated in fig2 the mat 10 has a raised border 18 , including a shallow ledge 19 that projects vertically upwardly from the central portion 20 of each side section 15 and 16 , and also upwardly from the central portion 21 of the central section 14 . as shown , the central section 14 can include vertically raised designs 23 arranged in closely spaced relationship so as to form a walking surface for pedestrians and to also form lowered spaces or relief between the designs for the accumulation of dirt , etc . the central section 14 can also include track control media , such as tufted nylon , polypropylene , rayon , etc ., that functions to remove dirt and debris from the feet of pedestrians . embodiments are also envisioned wherein the central section 14 is removable from the mat 10 so as to facilitate cleaning the mat 10 . graphics sheets 25 are removably placed in the recessed central portion 20 of the side sections 15 and 16 . the graphics sheets are of a length and width that correspond to the length and width of the recessed portions 20 , so as to substantially fill the recessed portions at opposed ends of the mat , outside of the anticipated pedestrian path 11 . as shown in fig3 each of the graphics sheets 25 may be polystyrene sheet 26 or vinyl sheet or a sheet of other material that is durable and user safe and friendly , typically of white or off - white color or of other color that forms a proper background for the graphics to be applied thereto . the graphics sheets have a releasable adhesive 28 applied thereto on the bottom surface and a peel off cover sheet 29 is temporarily applied to the releasable adhesive so as to protect the adhesive prior to the time when the graphics sheets will be applied to the mat . the upper surface of the graphics sheet has printed thereon the graphics 30 desired by the producer , usually the name and image of the product or service to be sold at the site of the retail establishment . typically , the graphics have been applied to the graphics sheet and a laminate 31 of clear vinyl is applied to the graphics sheet , over the graphics , so as to protect the graphics from wear and discoloration , and to form a non - skid and scuff resistant surface . when the advertising floor mat 10 is to be placed in a retail store , etc ., the graphics sheets 25 will be applied to the opposed side sections 15 and 16 of the mat by peeling away the protective peel off cover sheet 29 from the bottom surface of the graphics sheet , and then accurately placing the graphics sheet in the recessed central portion 20 of the opposed side sections of the mat . the borders 18 of the mat protects the edges of the graphics sheets 25 from inadvertent detachment from the mat . in that the graphics sheets 25 are releaseably adhesively attached to the advertising mat 10 , the graphics sheets 25 can be removed from the advertising floor mat and replaced so as to change the ad carried by the mat and / or refresh the ads with a replacement ad from time to time so as to avoid extended use of advertisements that have become worn , discolored , obsolete or otherwise undesirable . [ 0034 ] fig4 discloses another preferred embodiment of the advertising mat 10 . in the preferred embodiment shown in fig4 the graphics sheets 25 that are to be placed in the opposed recessed side sections 15 and 16 are first adhesively attached to panels 27 ( fig5 ) that have substantially the same length and width as the opposed recessed side sections 15 and 16 . once the graphics sheets 25 have been adhesively connected to their respective panels 27 , the panels 27 are inserted into their respective opposed recessed side section 15 and 16 . although the panels 27 can be simply placed in their respective opposed recessed side sections 15 and 16 , it is desirable to utilize some positive means of retaining the panels 27 within the side sections 15 and 16 . adhesive can be used . as shown in fig5 another method of retaining the panels 27 within the opposed recessed side sections 15 and 16 is the utilization of hold down tabs 22 disposed in the corners of each of the opposed side sections 15 and 16 . preferably , each opposed recessed side section 15 and 16 will have a hold down tab 22 at each of its corners for its respective panel 27 . as shown , each hold down tab 22 extends over a corner of a side section and defines an approximately triangular slot or recess 23 between the hold down tab 22 and the corner of the associated recessed side sections 15 and 16 , the recess being disposed in the shallow ledge 19 formed by the raised border 18 . preferably , the combined thickness of the panel 27 and its associated graphics sheets 25 is less than the height of the shallow ledge 19 , thereby permitting the raised border 18 to afford protection to the panel 27 and graphics sheets 25 . mounting the graphics sheets 25 to a panel 27 rather than directly to the mat 10 permits the graphics sheets 25 to be used with multiple mats 10 . therefore , if it is desirable to clean the advertising mat 10 yet continue to use the same graphics sheets 25 , the panels 27 are simply removed from the opposed side sections 15 and 16 of the mat 10 to be removed for cleaning and placed in the opposed side sections 15 and 16 of the replacement advertising mat 10 . the panels 27 extend the service life of the graphics sheets 25 , thereby reducing the cost of utilizing the advertising mat 10 . note , although not shown , embodiments are envisioned wherein the central section 14 of the advertising mat 10 also can bear advertising indicia . the ad in the central portion of the advertising floor mat can be permanent as by molding or tufting the information into the mat . however , a generic central portion 14 increases flexibility of use of the mats in that a stock pile of mats 10 with advertising specific to a given location does not need to be maintained . as shown in fig4 and 5 , the central section 14 of the advertising mat 10 includes a track control media such as nylon , polypropylene , rayon , etc ., which can be tufted . typically , the central section 14 of the advertising mat 10 is non - releasably attached to the advertising mat 10 . however , embodiments are envisioned wherein the track control media is secured to a substrate ( not shown ) which is in turn placed within a recessed portion of the mat 10 . the substrate is releasably connected to the mat 10 by mechanical means , such as the previously discussed hold down tabs 22 . this allows the central section 14 of the mat 10 to be periodically cleaned without having to lift and remove the entire advertising mat 10 from the premises on which it is being used . [ 0038 ] fig6 is a flow diagram illustrating the process of fabricating a preferred embodiment of the advertising mat 10 . first , as shown in block 40 , a rubberized mat 10 having a bottom surface and an upper surface 12 is provided . next , as shown in block 42 , a plate 33 is disposed on the upper surface 12 of the mat . typically , the plate 27 will have the dimensions and shape of the desired recess to be formed in the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 . preferably , the plate 33 is formed from a metal , such as aluminum . next , the temperature to which the mat 10 and plate 33 are exposed is elevated , as shown in block 44 , resulting in the plate and mat becoming heated . by elevating the temperature , the rubber of the mat 10 will flow more readily , thereby allowing the hot plate 33 to be received within the mat 10 . as shown in block 46 , force is exerted on the plate 33 , with the plate being urged into the mat , thereby forcing the plate 33 into the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 . as the plate 33 moves into the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 , the surrounding rubber is urged upwardly about the edges of the plate 33 , thereby forming the shallow ledge 19 of the opposed side sections 15 and 16 . next , the mat 10 and embedded plate 33 are cooled such that the plate 33 can eventually be removed from the mat 10 , thereby leaving a recess in the mat 10 , as shown in block 48 . once the mat 10 has adequately cooled , a graphics sheet 25 , either alone or adhesively attached to a panel 27 , can be placed in the recess , as shown in block 50 . referring now to fig7 additional steps are required to form the hold down tabs 22 disclosed by the preferred embodiment of the advertising mat 10 , shown in fig4 and 5 . in the preferred embodiment shown , the corners 34 of the plate 33 used to form the opposed side sections 15 and 16 are thinned to approximately half the thickness of the plate 33 . typically , a plate 33 will be approximately 60 mils thick , meaning the corners 34 will be thinned to approximately 30 mils . after the plate 33 has been disposed on the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 , a piece of reinforcing fabric 38 is disposed to cross the thinned corner 34 of the plate 33 such that it extends beyond the edges of the plate 33 . next , a rubber piece 36 is disposed on top of the reinforcing fabric 38 , and similarly extends beyond the edges of the plate 33 . the reinforcing fabric 38 and rubber piece 36 ideally extend beyond the edges of the plate 33 so that they will make sufficient contact with the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 . therefore , as the rubber piece 36 is exposed to elevated temperatures and pressure , the rubber piece 36 will flow through the reinforcing fabric 38 and adequately bond with the rubber of the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 . also , thinning the corners 34 of the plate 33 helps ensure that the hold down tabs 22 will be formed substantially within the plane of the upper surface 12 of the mat 10 . therefore , the hold down tabs 22 will remain substantially flat rather than “ bulging ” upward . however , it is not necessary to thin the corners 34 of the plates 33 when forming all embodiments . it should be emphasized that the above - described embodiments of the present advertising mat 10 , in particular , any “ preferred ” embodiments , are merely possible examples of implementations that set forth a clear understanding of the principles of the advertising mat 10 . variations and modifications may be made to the above - described embodiments of the advertising mat 10 without departing substantially from the spirit and principles of the advertising mat 10 . all such modifications and variations are intended to be included herein within the scope of this disclosure of the advertising mat 10 and protected by the following claims .	8
hereinafter , detailed descriptions on certain embodiments of the present invention will be provided with reference to the accompanying drawings . fig2 a to 2 c are cross - sectional views illustrating a method for fabricating a semiconductor device in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in fig2 a , a plurality of device isolation layers 22 are formed in certain portions of a substrate 21 through a shallow trench isolation ( sti ) process . then , a plurality of recesses 23 are formed in predetermined portions of the substrate 21 . a gate insulation layer 24 is formed over the above resulting structure and afterwards , a plurality of recess gate lines g are formed over the gate insulation layer 24 being partially filled into the recesses 23 . each of the recess gate lines g is formed by sequentially stacking the gate insulation layer 24 , a polysilicon layer 25 , a tungsten silicide layer 26 , a gate hard mask 27 , and an anti - reflective coating layer 28 . when a photoresist layer ( not shown ) is formed over the hard mask 27 , and a photolithograph process is performed on the hard mask 27 thereafter . the photolithography process can be easily performed due to the anti - reflective coating layer 27 . the anti - reflective coating layer 27 is formed of silicon oxynitride ( sion ). a capping layer 29 is formed over a profile of the substrate 21 and the recess gate lines g . the capping layer 29 is formed to a thickness ranging from approximately 30 åto approximately 80 å . the capping layer 29 has the same thickness as an oxide layer formed through a light oxidation process of the typical method . the capping layer 29 includes a nitride - based material such as si x n y , wherein x and y are natural numbers greater than approximately 1 . for instance , the capping layer 29 is formed by using a mixture gas including silane ( sih 4 ), ammonia ( nh 3 ), and nitrogen ( n 2 ) at a temperature ranging from approximately 400 ° c . to approximately 600 ° c . compared to the typical method , according to this embodiment of the present invention , the capping layer 29 is formed through a nitride layer deposition process and thus , silicon of the tungsten silicide layer 26 does not react with oxygen ( o 2 ) as a result , the capping layer 29 can be stably formed over sidewalls of the tungsten silicide layer 26 . as shown in fig2 b , a radical oxidation process is performed on the above resulting substrate structure 21 to oxidize the capping layer 29 . as a result , an oxide layer 29 a is formed . the nitride - based layer ( i . e ., the capping layer 29 ) is transformed to the oxide layer 29 a using o 2 ions and hydrogen ( h 2 ) ions at a low pressure . in more detail , h 2 or h 2 o is mixed with o 2 ( i . e ., o 2 / h 2 or o 2 / h 2 o ) at a pressure ranging from approximately 0 . 3 torr to approximately 1 . 5 torr and a temperature ranging from approximately 400 ° c . to approximately 700 ° c . thus , the o 2 ions react with silicon included in a nitride layer to form a silicon oxide ( sio 2 ) layer . as a result , only the capping layer 29 is transformed to the oxide layer 29 a . the tungsten silicide layer 26 is capped by the nitride - based capping layer 29 during the radical oxidation process . thus , the tungsten silicide layer 26 is not exposed to an oxidation reaction . accordingly , an abnormal oxidation of a tungsten silicon layer often occurring in the typical method can be reduced . specifically , the abnormal oxidation of a silicide layer can be reduced by performing an oxidation process at a low temperature not at a high temperature of approximately 700 ° c . or higher . as shown in fig2 c , a spacer layer 30 is formed over a surface of the oxide layer 29 a . the spacer layer 30 includes a nitride - based material . although not shown , an inter - layer oxide layer is formed over the substrate 21 and the recess gate lines g and then , a landing plug contact ( lpc ) process is performed to form a landing plug contact ( lpc ). as described above , after forming the recess gate lines g , a capping layer is formed and then , a radical oxidation process is performed at a low temperature ranging from approximately 400 ° c . to approximately 700 ° c . to oxidize the capping layer . as a result , an abnormal oxidation of a tungsten silicide layer can be reduced , and an oxide layer reducing stress on a substrate during a lpc process and damage caused during an ion - implantation process can be stably formed . accordingly , a property of devices can be improved and a sac fail of the lpc can be reduced . according to this embodiment of the present invention , a capping layer is formed over recess gate lines before performing a radical oxidation process . then , an oxide layer is formed by using a radical oxidation process at a temperature ranging from approximately 400 ° c . to approximately 700 ° c . as a result , silicon atoms existing in a silicide layer of the typical method do not react with o 2 to reduce an oxidation . an abnormal oxidation of a tungsten silicide layer and a stress generated between a device isolation layer and a tungsten silicide layer can be reduced . the present application contains subject matter related to the korean patent application no . kr 2005 - 0121689 , filed in the korean patent office on dec . 12 , 2005 , the entire contents of which being incorporated herein by reference . while the present invention has been described with respect to certain preferred embodiments , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the following claims .	7
the sewing - machine is made of pedestal plate 1 , pillar 2 and overhang beam 3 . the basic form of the whole body is derived from a four - side truncated pyramid . the pedestal plate 1 has a rectangular shape , its side planes being convex so that the cross - section of the convexity is shaped as an isosceles triangle with a square cutout in the top , which appears in the plate 1 as a channel 4 running around the plate . the pillar 2 descends from the pedestal plate 1 as a truncated four - side pyramid which on the front side has a prismatic hollow 5 in which is embodied a carrier 6 for a thread reel , not shown in the drawing . the carrier 6 is shaped as a lying letter t . under the hollow 5 there is embodied a smaller prismatically shaped button 7 . in the line of the channel 4 , there is embodied a button 8 shaped as an oblong rectangular plate with a convexity formed in the middle of the front side , the convexity having a shape of a prism in which is embodied a hollow with an outline of an equilateral triangle turned downwards . the upper part of the pillar 2 extends to the overhang beam 3 , which extends over the pedestal plate 1 . the overhang beam 3 is shaped as an oblong truncated four - side pyramid with a smaller downwards directed truncated four - side pyramid formed on the free end on a lower side . on the front side near the free end there is embodied a shallow hollow 9 , its outline having the form of a trapezoid with rounded off angles at its lower base - line . in the hollow 9 there is arranged a button 10 , which has a shape of a cylinder with several coaxially running channels on the surface . the side planes and the upper plane of the overhang beam 3 are concave , being inset from the surface , but of a generally flat configuration . on the side plane of the overhang beam 3 there is at the pillar 2 arranged a button 11 , which has the same shape as the button 10 , however , it is slightly larger . all edges and corners are rounded off .	3
fig1 shows an electromagnetic actuator generally designated at a for operating a cylinder valve 1 . the actuator a is essentially composed of a magnet block 2 formed of an upper electromagnet 3 , a lower electromagnet 4 and a spacer 5 disposed therebetween . the two electromagnets 3 and 4 have a respective magnet coil 3 . 1 and 4 . 1 connected with a non - illustrated current supply . an armature 8 is disposed in the intermediate space 6 maintained free by the spacer 5 and is affixed to a guide rod 7 . at its upper end the guide rod 7 is supported on the inside of a housing part 18 with the intermediary of a resetting spring 9 functioning as an opening spring and at the lower end the guide rod 7 abuts the terminus of the stem 10 of the cylinder valve 1 . the valve stem 10 carries a support disk 10 &# 39 ; which is engaged by a valve closing spring 11 which simultaneously serves as the lower resetting spring . in case of an alternating energization of the electromagnets 3 and 4 , the armature 8 is reciprocated between the two electromagnets and , in accordance with a predetermined control of the energization of the two electromagnets 3 and 4 , the cylinder valve 1 is opened and closed . fig1 shows the actuator in a deenergized state . according to the embodiment illustrated in fig1 the magnet block 2 is mounted upright on an upwardly oriented surface 15 of a cylinder head 12 of an internal - combustion engine . the securement is effected by means of a clamping yoke 13 and at least two tightening bolts 14 which are screwed into corresponding threaded bores provided in the cylinder head 12 . since during operation , in response to an energization of the electromagnets 3 and 4 the armature 8 alternatingly abuts the pole faces 3 . 2 and 4 . 2 of the respective electromagnets 3 and 4 with an impact speed which results in a sound generation , according to the invention a sound insulation is provided . to effect a sound insulation between the clamping yoke 13 and the engagement face 15 of the cylinder head 12 , sound muffling means 16 formed of a rubber - elastic intermediate layer is provided . by such a sound muffling arrangement a transmission of the impact sound generated upon the collision of the armature with the respective pole face is reduced and , as a result , sound transmission to the internal - combustion engine and components connected therewith also diminishes . to prevent the sound muffling means 16 from being excessively compressed upon tightening of the bolts 14 and thus risking a loss of the sound muffling properties , between the clamping yoke 13 and the engagement face 15 of the cylinder head 2 spacer tubes 17 are provided so that regardless of the magnitude of the tightening torque applied to the bolts 14 , the rubber - elastic sound muffling means 16 will not be excessively compressed . as seen in fig1 the support 18 for the resetting spring 9 is also sound - insulated from the clamping yoke 13 so that the armature 8 and the resetting spring 9 too , can practically not transmit any sound by body vibration . in addition to the two sound muffling means 16 which are directly associated with the securing means for the actuator , it is feasible to provide , as also shown in fig1 sound muffling means 16 . 1 and 16 . 2 between the two electromagnets 3 and 4 and the associated spacer 5 so that the sound insulating effect is further increased . the embodiment illustrated in fig2 is in principle of the same construction as the arrangement shown in fig1 . the difference resides in that the actuator as a whole is suspended , that is , the magnet block is , with the clamping yoke 13 , clamped together as a structural element with the interposition of a sound muffling means 16 and is ready to be installed . the actuator is , by means of lateral extensions 19 , attached by bolts at the clamping yoke 13 to the cylinder head 12 from which the entire unit is suspended and is received in a cylinder head well . between the individual elements again , rubber - elastic intermediate layers ( sound muffling means ) 16 are provided . the structure according to fig1 may be configured in the same manner as the structure of fig2 in which the individual elements , that is , the clamping yoke 13 , the upper electromagnet 3 , the spacer 5 , the lower electromagnet 4 and a base plate 21 are clamped together by means of at least two throughgoing connecting bolts 20 . in the embodiment illustrated in fig3 the throughgoing series of aligned bores 22 provided in the individual elements accommodates a spacer tube 23 which serves for receiving a connecting bolt 20 and which has a length that is slightly less than the overall height of the loosely superposed magnet block . the inner diameter of the bores 22 is slightly greater than the outer diameter of the spacer tube 23 so that the spacer tube 23 is , over its entire length , out of immediate contact with the individual elements . if , as shown in fig4 the individual elements are clamped to one another by means of the connecting bolts 20 , the stack composed of the individual elements and the sound muffling means 16 positioned therebetween may be compressed only to the extent that equals the predetermined difference between the lesser length of the spacer tube 23 and the structural height of the unclamped stack . to ensure that the armature 8 is guided satisfactorily in its reciprocating motion on the guide rod 7 , expediently means for centering the individual elements of the magnet block are provided . the centering means , while allowing the necessary , although slight relative motions in the direction of armature displacement , reliably prevent any transverse motion of the individual elements of the magnet blocks . as shown in fig5 such a centering may be effected by projections 24 which are formed on the sound muffling means 16 and which extend into corresponding grooves of the associated individual magnet block element . instead of the above - noted projections or in addition to such projections , it is further feasible , as shown in fig6 to provide the individual magnet block elements with interlocking projections 25 at their outer periphery . even if practically no transverse clearance is present between the projection 25 and the associated counterface 26 at the circumference of the adjoining individual element , such a connection nevertheless is sufficient as an isolation to reliably prevent or at least significantly reduce sound transmission by body vibration . sound muffling means 16 may be provided in a similar manner in an electromagnetic actuator which has only a single electromagnet . when using such an actuator for operating a cylinder valve , the armature is moved into one position , for example , the &# 34 ; valve closed &# 34 ; position by a resetting spring , and is moved into the &# 34 ; valve open &# 34 ; position by energizing the electromagnet and causing displacement of the armature against the force of the resetting spring . such an actuator in principle corresponds to the earlier - described embodiments from which one of the two magnets is omitted . for the earlier - described operational mode this would mean that in the described embodiments the upper magnet may be omitted so that the clamping yoke 13 holds directly the lower magnet 4 with the intermediary of a spacer 5 . it will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications , changes and adaptations , and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims .	5
the compounds include solvates and hydrates and pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the above formula . the term pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt is intended to mean a relatively non - toxic acid addition salt , either from inorganic or organic acids such as , for example , hydrochloric , sulfuric , phosphoric , acetic , citric , oxalic , malonic , salicylic , malic , gluconic , fumaric , succinic , ascorbic , maleic , methanesulfonic , and the like . the salts are prepared by contacting the free base form with a sufficient amount of the desired acid to product a salt in the conventional manner . the free base forms , may be regenerated by treating the salt form with a base . the alkyl and alkenyl groups of the present invention comprise both straight and branched carbon chains of from one to eight carbon atoms . representatives of such groups are methyl , ethyl , propyl , isopropyl , butyl , 3 - methylbutyl , pentyl , and the like . the aralkyl groups of the present invention comprise alkyl groups which are both straight and branched carbon chains of from one to four carbon atoms and aryls such as phenyl or phenyl substituted by lower alkyl , lower alkoxy , lower thioalkoxy , halogen , or trifluoromethyl ; aryl can also be a heterocycle such as 2 -, 3 -, or 4 - pyridinyl ; 2 -, 4 -, or 5 - pyrimidinyl , or 2 - pyrazinyl . the present invention also includes each individual stereoisomer of the compounds depicted by formula iii , when represents a single bond . the preferred compounds are those of formula iii where r is hydrogen or an alkyl of from one to four carbon atoms , where r &# 39 ; is hydrogen or co -- r ,&# 39 ;&# 34 ; where r &# 34 ; is an alkyl of from one to eight carbon atoms , an alkenyl group of from two to eight carbon atoms , an aralkyl group or a group of the formula --( ch 2 ) n -- o --( ch 2 ) m -- ch 3 wherein n and m are each independently zero to four and where r &# 39 ;&# 34 ; is an alkyl of from one to four carbon atoms . the more preferred compounds for the treatment of hypertension , inhibition of prolactin secretion , parkinson &# 39 ; s disease and depression are those of formula iii where r is hydrogen , r &# 39 ; is hydrogen or co -- r ,&# 39 ;&# 34 ; r &# 34 ; is an alkyl group from one to three carbon atoms or an alkenyl group from two to three carbon atoms and r &# 39 ;&# 34 ; is an alkyl group from one to three carbon atoms . the more preferred compounds for the treatment of psychosis , i . e ., schizophrenia , are those of formula iii where r is hydrogen , r &# 39 ; is hydrogen or co -- r ,&# 39 ;&# 34 ; r &# 34 ; is an alkyl or alkenyl group from four to six carbon atoms and r &# 39 ;&# 34 ; is an alkyl group from one to three carbon atoms . particularly valuable compounds falling within the scope of the present invention include the following compounds : the above compounds may be prepared by treating a pyridinyl - thiazolamine with an organic halide to form the corresponding 1 - substituted pyridinium salt ; the reaction is carried out in ethyl alcohol or acetonitrile and is heated at reflux for 18 to 30 hours . then the pyridinium salt is selectively reduced to form the corresponding tetrahydropyridinylthiazolamine . this step takes place in an alcohol - water mixture at - 10 ° to + 10 ° c . with a reducing agent . if desired , one can treat this thiazolamine with an acid anhydride to form an n - substituted acid amide and then convert the product , if desired , to a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt . in the preferred reaction conditions , the thiazolamine and the organic halide are refluxed in absolute ethanol or acetonitrile for 24 hours . the preferred halides are 1 - bromopropane , ethyl iodide , allyl bromide , 1 - bromobutane , 1 - bromopentane , 1 - bromohexane 1 - bromoheptane , 1 - bromo - 3 - methylbutane , ( 2 - bromoethyl ) benzene , or 2 - bromoethyl ethyl ether . one may also use an organic p - toluenesulfonate in place of the organic halide to form the intermediate pyridinium salt . the resulting 1 - substituted pyridinium salt may be selectively reduced in a 1 : 1 water : methanol solution by a slow addition of excess sodium borohydride over a period of thirty minutes . the preferred method of preparing the amide is by dissolving the substituted thiazolamine in an acid anhydride containing anhydrous sodium acetate . heat this under reflux in nitrogen for three hours . the hexahydro - compounds of the instant invention may be prepared by treating 3 - acetyl - n - alkylpyridines with a thiourea , in the presence of a halogenating agent such as bromine or iodine , to form the corresponding thiazolamines . the reaction is carried out at 90 °- 110 ° c . for 18 - 30 hours . preferably the reactions at 100 ° c . for 24 hours . the substituted thiazolamine may be converted , if desired , to an n - substituted acide amide by reaction of the thiazolamine with an acid anhydride . preferably one uses refluxing acetic anhydride for two hours to produce the acetamide . the following schematic procedure describes these reactions . ## str4 ## for preparing pharmaceutical compositions from the compounds described by this invention , inert , pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid . solid form preparations include powders , tablets , dispersible granules , capsules , cachets , and suppositories . a solid carrier can be one or more substances which may also act as diluents , flavoring agents , solubilizers , lubricants , suspending agents , binders or tablet disintegrating agents ; it can also be encapsulating material . in powders , the carrier is a finely divided solid which is in admixture with the finely divided active compound . in the tablet the active compound is mixed with carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired . the powders and tablets preferably contain from 5 to 10 to about 70 percent of the active ingredient . suitable solid carriers are magnesium carbonate , magnesium stearate , talc , sugar , lactose , pectin , dextrin , starch , gelatin , tragacanth , methylcellulose , a low melting wax , cocoa butter , and the like . the term &# 34 ; preparation &# 34 ; is intended to include the formulation of the active compound with encapsulating material as carrier providing a capsule in which the active component ( with or without other carriers ) is surrounded by carrier , which is thus in association with it . similarly , cachets are included . tablets , powders , cachets , and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitabe for oral administration . for preparing suppositories , a low melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides or cocoa butter is first melted , and the active ingredient is dispersed homogenously therein by stirring . the molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized molds , allowed to cool , and thereby solidify . liquid form preparations include solutions , suspensions , and emulsions . as an example may be mentioned water or water propylene glycol solutions for parenteral injection . liquid preparations can also be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethyleneglycol solution . aqueous solutions suitable for oral use can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants , flavors , stabilizing , and thickening agents as desired . aqueous suspensions suitable for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water with viscous material , i . e ., natural or synthetic gums , resins , methylcellulose , sodium carboxymethylcellulose , and other well - known suspending agents . also included are solid form preparations which are intended to be converted , shortly before use , to liquid form preparations for either oral or parenteral administration . such liquid forms include solutions , suspensions , and emulsions . these particular solid form preparations are most conveniently provided in unit dose form and as such as used to provide a single liquid dosage unit . alternatively , sufficient solid may be provided so that after conversion to liquid form , multiple individual liquid doses may be obtained by measuring predetermined volumes of the liquid form preparation as with a syringe , teaspoon , or other volumetric container . when multiple liquid doses are so prepared , it is preferred to maintain the unused portion of said liquid doses at low temperature ( i . e .. under refrigeration ) in order to retard possible decomposition . the solid form preparations intended to be converted to liquid form may contain , in addition to the active material , flavorants , colorants , stabilizers , buffers , artificial and natural sweeteners , dispersants , thickeners , solubilizing agents , and the like . the liquid utilized for preparing the liquid form preparation may be water , isotonic water , ethanol , glycerine , propylene glycol , and the like , as well as mixtures thereof . naturally , the liquid utilized will be chosen with regard to the route of administration , for example , liquid preparations containing large amounts of ethanol are not suitable for parenteral use . preferably , the pharmaceutical preparation is in unit dosage form . in such form , the preparation is subdivided into unit doses containing appropriate quantities of the active component . the unit dosage form can be a packaged preparation , the package containing discrete quantities of preparation , for example , packeted tablets , capsules , and powders in vials or ampoules . the unit dosage form can also be a capsule , cachet , or tablet itself , or it can be the appropriate number of any of these in packaged form . the quantity of active compound in a unit dose of preparation may be varied or adjusted from 1 mg to 500 mg , preferably 5 to 100 mg according to the particular application and the potency of the active ingredient . the compositions can , if desired , also contain other compatible therapeutic agents . in therapeutic use , the mammalian dosage range for a subject of 70 kg body weight is from 1 to 1500 mg per day or preferably 25 to 750 mg per day optionally in divided portions . the dosages , however , may be varied depending upon the requirements of the patient , the severity of the condition being treated , and the compound being employed . determination of the proper dosage for a particular situation is within the skill of the art . generally , treatment is initiated with smaller dosages which are less than the optimum dose of the compound . thereafter the dosage is increased by small increments until the optimum effect under the circumstances is reached . for convenience , the total daily dosage may be divided and administered in portions during the day if desired . the compounds of the present invention act on the dopamine systems of the mammalian body . some are dopamine agonists , effective against , for example , hyperprolactinoemia , parkinson &# 39 ; s disease , hypertension , sexual disorders , and acromegaly . others are dopamine antagonists , effective as antipsychotic agents . the method for determining the effectiveness of the compounds of the instant invention as dopaminergic agents is explained in mol . pharmacol ., 1976 ( 12 ) 800 herein incorporated by reference . table 1 below sets forth the results . table 1______________________________________haloperidol receptor binding (% inhibition at 10 . sup .- 6 m ) compound % inhibition______________________________________iii ( where is double bond ) r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 3 50r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 49r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 66r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 57r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 26r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 88r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 2 ch ═ ch . sub . 2 40r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 35r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ph 16r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 65r = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 not availabler = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 not availabler = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 not availabler = h ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 0r = h ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 0r = me ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 not availabler = me ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 not availableiii ( where is single bond ) r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 15r = h ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 9______________________________________ the effects of representative compounds of the present invention as antipsychotic agents was established by the mouse activity and screen test procedure described in pharmacol . biochem . behav . 1978 ( 8 ) 97 , herein incorporated by reference . the results are shown in table 2 . table 2______________________________________inhibition of locomotor activity in mouse ( ed . sub . 50 , mg / kg ) compound ed . sub . 50______________________________________iii ( where is double bond ) r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 3 30r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 & gt ; 30r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 2 . 9r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 7 . 3r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 & lt ; 10r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 5 ch . sub . 3 & gt ; 30r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 6 ch . sub . 3 10 . 4r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ch . sub . 2 ch ═ ch . sub . 2 3r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 och . sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 30r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ph 18 . 1r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch ( ch . sub . 3 ). sub . 2 8 . 7r = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 10r = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 3 ch . sub . 3 not availabler = me ; r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 & lt ; 10r = h ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 30r = h : r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 10r = me ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 39r = me ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 4 ch . sub . 3 6 . 4iii ( where is single bond ) r = r &# 39 ; = h ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 10r = h ; r &# 39 ; = coch . sub . 3 ; r &# 34 ; = ( ch . sub . 2 ). sub . 2 ch . sub . 3 30______________________________________ the methodology for testing the antihypertensive action of the compounds of the invention is described in am . j . med . sci ., 1970 ( 259 ) 257 , herein incorporated by reference . these experiments are considered standard tests in mammals and are indicative of utility for treatment of similar diseases in humans . table 3______________________________________spontaneous hypertensive rat ( 30 mg / kg , po ) decrease incompound blood pressure duration______________________________________ ## str5 ## 20 % 10 - 15 % 1 hour up to 6 hours ## str6 ## 12 - 20 % up to 10 hours______________________________________ the following examples are provided to enable one skilled in the art to practice the present invention . these examples are not intended in any way to limit the scope of the invention , but are illustrative thereof . a solution of 14 . 16 g of 4 -( 3 - pyridinyl )- 2 - thiazolamine ( a . taurins and a . blaga , j . heterocyclic chemistry , 1970 ( 7 ) 1137 ) and 50 g of 1 - bromopropane in 500 ml absolute ethanol was heated at reflux for 24 hours . by this time , small amounts of a salt had begun to crystallize on the walls of the flask . the solution was concentrated to dryness on a rotary evaporator , leaving 30 g of a yellow solid , mp 259 °- 261 ° c ., identified as 3 -( 2 - amino - 4 - thiazolyl )- 1 - propylpyridinium bromide , hydrobromide . a solution of 26 g of this salt in 300 ml water : methanol ( 1 : 1 ) was cooled in an ice bath and treated with 25 g of sodium borohydride , in small portions , over a period of 30 minutes . the cold bath was then removed and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight . the mixture was concentrated to about one half of the original volume and carefully acidified by dropwise addition of concentrated hcl . the resulting solution was made basic with concentrated ammonium hydroxide and extracted with ethyl acetate ( 3 × 75 ml ). the organic layer was dried and concentrated , leaving a yellow oil which was chromatographed on silica gel ( 2 % nh 4 oh in ethyl acetate ) to produce 4 . 4 g of the title compound , mp 121 °- 123 ° c . ( dec ). by using the method of example 1 , but replacing the 1 - bromopropane with methyl p - toluenesulfonate , the title compound was obtained as an oil which was dissolved in ether and treated with the appropriate amount of a saturated solution of hydrogen chloride in isopropanol to produce an overall 50 % yield of its dihydrochloride , mp 272 ° c . by following the method of example 1 , using ethyl iodide as the alkylating agent , the title compound was produced , in 50 % yield , as a tan solid , mp 116 °- 120 ° c . when allyl bromide is used instead of the 1 - bromopropane of example 1 , the title compound can be prepared . following flash chromatography of the crude reaction mixture , one recrystallization from ethyl acetate was necessary to obtain a 30 % overall yield of the compound as a light tan solid , mp 129 °- 132 ° c . by replacing the 1 - bromopropane of example 1 with 1 - bromobutane , the title compound was prepared as a tan solid ( mp 220 °- 2 ° c .) which was converted to its dihydrochloride ( mp 239 °- 240 ° c .) by the method described in example 2 . the title compound was obtained in 56 % overall yield by using 1 - bromopentane in the method described in example 1 . the free base was a reddish oil which crystallized when triturated with a small amount of isopropanol ( mp 85 °- 87 ° c .). the dihydrobromide ( mp 246 °- 247 ° c .) was prepared by a method similar to the one described in example 2 , using a saturated solution of hydrogen bromide in isopropanol . when using 1 - bromohexane in the procedure of example 1 , instead of 1 - bromopropane , the title compound is obtained as a red oil after chromatography . the method of example 2 allows the formation of the dihydrochloride monohydrate , mp 200 °- 202 ° c . repeating the method of example 1 with 1 - bromoheptane as the alkylating agent , followed by salt formation as described in example 2 , the dihydrochloride monohydrate of the title compound was obtained , mp 191 °- 193 ° c . the method of examples 1 and 2 was repeated , using 1 - bromo - 3 - methylbutane as the alkylating agent to produce the dihydrochloride monohydrate of the title compound , mp 204 ° c . by using ( 2 - bromoethyl ) benzene as the alkylating agent , and employing the methods of examples 1 and 2 , the title compound was obtained as its dihydrochloride monohydrate , mp 209 °- 211 ° c . the use of 2 - bromoethyl ethyl ether , instead of 1 - bromopropane , in the procedure described by example 1 allowed the preparation of the title compound as an oil , which was converted into its dihydrochloride ( mp 225 °- 230 ° c .) by the procedure described in example 2 . seven grams of the 4 -( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydro - 1 - pentyl - 3 - pyridinyl )- 2 - thiazolamine obtained in example 6 was dissolved in 100 ml of acetic anhydride with 10 g of anhydrous sodium acetate . the solution was heated at reflux under a nitrogen atmosphere for three hours . the solvent was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue was partitioned between 150 ml dichloromethane and 150 ml 10 % sodium bicarbonate solution . the organic layer was concentrated in vacuo and the residue was chromatographed on silica gel using 2 % ammonium hydroxide in ethyl acetate as the eluent . the title compound was obtained as 4 . 10 g of a beige solid , mp 117 °- 120 ° c . using the procedure described in example 12 on the 4 -( 1 , 2 , 5 , 6 - tetrahydro - 1 - propyl - 3 - pyridinyl ) 2 - thiazolamine prepared in example 1 , the title compound was obtained as a beige solid , mp 109 °- 112 ° c . 3 - bromoacetylpyridine hydrobromide was prepared as described by a . dornow , h . machens , and k . bruncken ( chem . ber . 1951 ( 84 ), 147 ), from 3 - acetylpyridine , and heated in water with 1 . 05 equivalents of n - methylthiourea for 30 minutes . after cooling , the solution was made basic by addition of ammonium hydroxide and n - methyl - 4 -( 3 - pyridinyl )- 2 - thiazolamine was obtained as an orange solid ( mp 114 °- 116 ° c .) in 70 % overall yield . the procedure described in example 1 was repeated , using the n - methyl - 4 -( 3 - pyridinyl )- 2 - thiazolamine prepared in example 14 and an excess of 1 - bromopropane as the reactants . the title compound was purified by column chromatography ( 65 % yield ) and converted to its hcl salt by the procedure of example 2 . the resulting salt ( mp 138 ° c .) contained 1 . 25 molecules of hcl and one molecule of water . the procedure of example 1 was repeated , using the n - methyl - 4 -( 3 - pyridinyl )- 2 - thiazolamine prepared in example 14 and an excess of 1 - bromopentane as the reactants . the title compound was purified by column chromatography ( 53 % yield ) and converted to its hcl salt by the procedure of example 2 . the salt obtained ( mp 168 °- 172 ° c .) contained 1 . 5 molecules of hcl and one molecule of water . by applying the method of example 12 to the compound obtained in example 16 , the title compound was prepared as a tan solid , mp 78 °- 81 ° c . ethyl n - propylnipecotate ( 73 . 86 g ) was dissolved in 500 ml ethanol , treated with lithium hydroxide monohydrate ( 15 . 57 g ) at reflux for 24 hours . upon evaporation and drying in vacuo ( 100 ° c ., eight hours ), lithium n - propylnipecotate was obtained ( white powder ; 60 g ). a solution of 17 . 7 g of this salt in 200 ml thf was treated dropwise with one equivalent of methyl - lithium , at 0 ° c . after stirring at room temperature overnight , an aqueous work - up yielded 3 - acetyl - n - propylpiperidine ( mp of hcl salt 108 °- 111 ° c .). when 2 . 5 of this compound were intimately mixed with 2 . 28 g of thiourea and 3 . 81 g of iodine and heated on a steam bath for 24 hours , followed by a column chromatography ( silica ; acetone ) and salt formation by the procedure of example 2 , 1 . 75 g of 4 -( 1 - propyl - 3 - piperidyl )- 2 - thiazolamine hydrochloride ( mp 243 °- 248 ° c .) were obtained . 4 -( 1 - propyl - 3 - piperidyl )- 2 - thiazolamine ( 1 . 8 g ), prepared as described in example 18 , was refluxed in 8 ml acetic anhydride for two hours . an aqueous work - up was followed by a column chromatography ( silica ; methanol ) and salt formation by the procedure of example 2 . n -[ 4 -( 1 - propyl - 3 - piperidyl )- 2 - thiazolyl ] acetamide hydrochloride ( 1 . 3 g , mp 250 °- 5 ° c .) was obtained ; this salt contained 1 / 4 molecule of water .	2
with reference to the accompanying drawings , the present invention will become clear from the following description of embodiments of the present invention . an encoding method according to a first embodiment of the present invention will now be described . p generator polynomials having elements of gf ( q ) as coefficients are represented by g 0 ( x ), . . . , g p − 1 ( x ), and the degrees of the polynomials are represented by m 0 , . . . , m p − 1 . the degrees of these polynomials are such that m i mod p = i ( wherein a mod b indicates the remainder of a divided by b ), and these polynomials are monic . when a polynomial is monic , in terms of a corresponding information bit vector or code vector , a symbol corresponding to a coefficient of higher order is “ 0 ”. a polynomial a ( x ) having information bits as coefficients is defined as : a ( x )= a n − 1 x n − 1 + . . . a 1 x + a 0 ( a i ∈ gf ( q )) ( 3 ) an arbitrary a ( x ) can be represented as a sum using the generator polynomials g 0 ( x ), . . . , g p − 1 ( x ): a ⁡ ( x ) = w ⁡ ( x ) + r ⁡ ( x ) w ⁡ ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 p - 1 ⁢ q i ⁡ ( x p ) ⁢ g i ⁡ ( x ) r ⁡ ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 p - 1 ⁢ r i ⁡ ( x p ) ⁢ x i ( 4 ) where q i ( x p ) and r i ( x p ) are polynomials of x p having elements of gf ( q ) as coefficients , w ( x ) is a polynomial of degree n − 1 or less , and r ( x ) satisfies the condition deg [ r i ( x p ) x i ]& lt ; m i ( deg [ f ( x )] indicates the degree of a polynomial f ( x )). referring to fig6 , the parity polynomial r ( x ) can be computed by the following procedure : 1 . r ( x )← a ( x ) and s ← n − 1 ( step s 1 ) 2 . if s ≧ m s mod p ( step s 2 ), then a coefficient of x s in r ( x ) is r s , r ( x )← r ( x )− r s x s − m s mod p g s mod p ( x ) ( step s 3 ) if s ≧ min m i ( 0 ≦ i & lt ; p ), go to 2 . if s & lt ; min m i , go to 4 ( step s 5 ). in the above procedure , s is a target order in the arithmetic operation . if a ( x ) has some of its coefficients corresponding to information bits while the other coefficients corresponding to parity bits , a ( x ) is a code polynomial w ( x ). a linear code having w ( x ) as a code polynomial is encoded as a systematic code in which information bits appear as a part of the code . in order to encode the linear code by the above procedure , no generator matrix or parity generator matrix is necessary . the linear code can be encoded by using p polynomials . for example , when gf ( 2 ), p = 3 , g 0 ( x )= x 9 + x 3 + x 2 + x , g 1 ( x )= x 4 + x 3 + x , and g 2 ( x )= x 8 + x 6 + 1 , a binary code with a code length n = 21 is encoded . when information bits are ( a 20 , a 19 , a 18 , a 17 , a 16 , a 15 , a 14 , a 13 , a 12 , a 11 , a 10 , a 9 , a 8 , a 7 , a 4 ), we have a ( x )= a 20 x 20 + a 19 x 19 + a 18 x 18 + a 17 x 17 + a 16 x 16 + a 15 x 15 + a 14 x 14 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 + a 4 x 4 . with the above procedure , we have r ( x )= r 6 x 6 + r 5 x 5 + r 3 x 3 + r 2 x 2 + r 1 x + r 0 . thus , w ( x ) can be encoded as w ( x )= a 20 x 20 + a 19 x 19 + a 18 x 18 + a 17 x 17 + a 16 x 16 + a 15 x 15 + a 14 x 14 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 − r 6 x 6 − r 5 x 5 + a 4 x 4 − r 3 x 3 − r 2 x 2 − r 1 x − r 0 . a code having w ( x ) as a code polynomial is a systematic code , namely , a qc code when p = 3 . in order to encode information bits ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ), processing steps for computing r ( x ) are described below in which coefficients are arranged in descending order of orders of x : finally , we have r ( x )= x 6 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 and the coded w ( x )= x 20 + x 19 + x 18 + x 17 + x 16 + x 15 + x 14 + x 13 + x 12 + x 11 + x 10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 . x n - 1 = ∑ i = 0 p - 1 ⁢ q 1 ⁡ ( x p ) ⁢ g i ⁡ ( x ) ( 5 ) then , codes obtainable by the above polynomials are qc codes . in the foregoing example , a qc code can be encoded by an arithmetic operation of a polynomial having information bits as coefficients and p polynomials . table 1 shows examples of parameters of a binary qc code : fig1 shows the configuration of an encoder for a systematic code . as shown in fig1 , the encoder has a parity generator 1 for receiving information bits and outputting parity bits . parity bits generated by the parity generator 1 are concatenated with the information bits , and hence the result is output as a code . fig2 shows an example of the configuration of the parity generator 1 . parity bits can be computed by computing − r ( x ). the parity generator 1 shown in fig2 computes r ( x ) by receiving information bits one at a time and sequentially performing calculations . the parity generator 1 in this example has a shift register 11 , a multiplier circuit 13 , a selector circuit 15 , and a counter 17 . information bits are sequentially input to the shift register 11 in descending order of orders of coefficients of a ( x ). the multiplier circuit 13 multiplies a polynomial selected by the selector circuit 15 by a value at a specific position in the shift register 11 . the product is subtracted from the value of the shift register 11 , thus shifting the value . by repeating the above operation , the coefficients of r ( x ) are output one after another from the shift register 11 . the selector circuit 15 selects , in every time period , a value corresponding to the p polynomials or 0 in accordance with a value of the counter 17 indicating the number of bits input to the shift register 11 . for a binary code , the multiplier circuit 13 can be implemented by an and gate , and a subtracter circuit ( not shown ) can be implemented by an xor gate . fig3 shows a specific example of an encoder to which the parity generator 1 shown in fig2 is applied . the encoder encodes a binary qc code ( 21 , 15 ) when p = 3 , g 0 ( x )= x 9 + x 3 + x 2 + x , g 1 ( x )= x 4 + x 3 + x , and g 2 ( x )= x 8 + x 6 + 1 . in this encoder , when coefficients of a ( x ) are sequentially input to the right side of a shift register in descending order of orders , coefficients of the encoded code polynomial w ( x ) are sequentially output from the left side of the shift register in descending order of orders . the shift register includes two stages , namely , upper and lower stages . the upper stage of the shift register delays information bits of a ( x ), whereas the lower stage computes parity bits . the flow of signals will now be described step by step . prior to performing encoding , the contents of the shift register are initialized to zero ; the value of a counter is set to s ← 20 ; and coefficients of a ( x ) are input to the shift register sequentially . when values ( a 20 , a 19 , a 18 , a 17 , a 16 , a 15 , a 14 , a 13 ) are stored in the upper stage of the shift register , the same values are also stored in the lower stage of the shift register . these values can be regarded as coefficients r 20 to r 13 of r ( x ) when s = 20 in the above - described procedure . the value ( 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) that is selected by a selector circuit when s = 20 corresponds to x 12 g 2 ( x ). this value ( 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 ) is multiplied by the value r 20 by an and circuit , and the product is subtracted from r 20 x 20 + r 19 x 19 + r 18 x 18 + r 17 x 17 + r 16 x 16 + r 15 x 15 + r 14 x 14 + r 13 x 13 + r 12 x 12 by an xor circuit . as a result , the left end of the lower stage of the shift register outputs r 20 + r 20 = 0 , and the circuit outputs a 20 + 0 = a 20 . in a subsequent time period , coefficients r 19 to r 12 of r ( x )← r ( x )− r 20 x 12 g 2 ( x ), which is updated by the second step of the above - described procedure , are input to the lower stage of the shift register , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 19 . the value ( 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) that is selected by the selector circuit when s = 19 corresponds to x 15 g 1 ( x ). this value ( 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) is multiplied by the value r 19 by the and circuit , and the product is subtracted from r 19 x 19 + r 18 x 18 + r 17 x 17 + r 16 x 16 + r 15 x 15 + r 14 x 14 + r 13 x 13 + r 12 x 12 + r 11 x 11 by the xor circuit . as a result , the left end of the lower stage of the shift register outputs r 19 + r 19 = 0 , and the circuit outputs a 19 + 0 = a 19 . in a subsequent time period , coefficients r 18 to r 11 of r ( x )← r ( x )− r 19 x 15 g 1 ( x ), which is updated by the second step of the above - described procedure , are input to the lower stage of the shift register , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 18 . the value ( 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) that is selected by the selector circuit when s = 18 corresponds to x 9 g 0 ( x ). this value ( 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 1 , 1 , 1 ) is multiplied by the value r 18 by the and circuit , and the product is subtracted from r 18 x 18 + r 17 x 17 + r 16 x 16 + r 15 x 15 + r 14 x 14 + r 13 x 13 + r 12 x 12 + r 11 x 11 + r 10 x 10 by the xor circuit . as a result , the left end of the lower stage of the shift register outputs r 18 + r 18 = 0 , and the circuit outputs a 18 + 0 = a 18 . in a subsequent time period , coefficients r 17 to r 10 of r ( x )← r ( x )− r 18 x 9 g 1 ( x ), which is updated by the second step of the above - described procedure , are input to the lower stage of the shift register , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 17 . similar operations are continuously performed , and all terms of zero degree in a ( x ) are input to the shift register before s = 7 . subsequently , zeroes are continuously input . when s = 6 , the lower stage of the shift register stores r 6 to r 0 of r ( x ) as the first seven digits from the left . since a coefficient of the sixth order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 6 = r 6 . the lower stage of the shift register does not perform subtraction . in a subsequent time period , the values r 5 to r 0 are input to the first six digits from the left , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 5 . since a coefficient of the fifth order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 5 = r 5 . the lower stage of the shift register does not perform subtraction . in a subsequent time period , the values r 4 to r 0 are input to the first five digits from the left , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 4 . the value ( 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) that is selected by the selector circuit when s = 4 corresponds to g 1 ( x ). this value ( 1 , 1 , 0 , 1 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ) is multiplied by the value r 4 by the and circuit , and the product is subtracted from r 4 x 4 + r 3 x 3 + r 2 x 2 + r 1 x 1 + r 0 by the xor circuit . as a result , the left end of the lower stage of the shift register outputs r 4 + r 4 = 0 , and the circuit outputs a 4 + 0 = a 4 . in a subsequent time period , coefficients r 3 to r 0 of r ( x )← r ( x )− r 4 g 1 ( x ), which is updated by the second step of the above - described procedure , are input to the first four digits from the left of the lower stage of the shift register , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 3 . since a coefficient of the third order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 3 = r 3 . the lower stage of the shift register does not perform subtraction . in a subsequent time period , the values r 2 to r 0 are input to the first three digits from the left , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 2 . since a coefficient of the second order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 2 = r 2 . the lower stage of the shift register does not perform subtraction . in a subsequent time period , the values r 1 and r 0 are input to the first two digits from the left , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 1 . since a coefficient of the first order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 1 = r 1 . the lower stage of the shift register does not perform subtraction . in a subsequent time period , the value r 0 is input to the first digit from the left , and the value of the counter is updated to s ← 0 . since a coefficient of the zeroth order of a ( x ) is zero , the circuit outputs parity , i . e ., 0 + r 0 = r 0 . the encoding is performed in accordance with the foregoing flow of signals . fig4 shows an example of a device for simultaneously receiving p information bits or a multiple of p information bits , where p is the number of polynomials , and for computing r ( x ). in this case , the device does not have a counter indicating the number of input bits , and a selector circuit and a multiplier circuit can be implemented by a combinational circuit 21 . in order to compute parity bits using the configuration shown in fig2 , coefficients of a polynomial a ( x ) are input one at a time ( one in each time period ). with the foregoing procedure , a cycle of the second and third steps corresponds to the operation performed in each time period . thus , the value s is incremented by one every time period . in the second step , the generator polynomial g s mod p ( x ) multiplied by r s x s − m s mod p is switched every time period in accordance with the value s . thus , a counter for managing time periods and a selector circuit for selecting a polynomial are necessary . in contrast , with the configuration shown in fig4 , an arithmetic operation corresponding to p cycles of the foregoing procedure or a multiple of p cycles is simultaneously performed in each time period . in particular , when a code has a codeword whose first portion corresponds to information bits and latter portion corresponds to parity bits , and when the number of information bits k or the number of parity bits ( n − k ) is a multiple of p , batch processing makes it possible not to switch form one generator polynomial to another . as a result , the device can be simplified , and the time required to perform encoding can be reduced . fig5 shows a specific example of the parity generator 1 shown in fig4 . the parity generator 1 computes parity bits of a binary qc code ( 21 , 15 ) when p = 3 , g 0 ( x )= x 6 + x 4 + x 2 , g 1 ( x )= x 7 + x 5 + x 3 + x 2 + x , and g 2 ( x )= x 8 + x 5 + x 4 + 1 . when an information bit string a ( x )= a 20 x 20 + a 19 x 19 + a 18 x 18 + a 17 x 17 + a 16 x 16 + a 15 x 15 + a 14 x 14 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 + a 6 x 6 is input , we have a code polynomial w ( x )= a 20 x 20 + a 19 x 19 + a 18 x 18 + a 17 x 17 + a 16 x 16 + a 15 x 15 + a 14 x 14 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 + a 6 x 6 − r 5 x 5 + r 4 x 4 − r 3 x 3 − r 2 x 2 − r 1 x − r 0 . when information bits are input to the shift register in descending order of orders of coefficients of a ( x ) in units of three , after all bits of a ( x ) are processed , the shift register can compute r ( x ). hereinafter the flow of signals will now be described step by step . prior to performing encoding , the contents of the shift register are initialized to zero . the coefficients of a ( x ) are input to a lower stage , a middle stage , and an upper stage in units of three in descending order of orders of coefficients of a ( x ). after two time periods have passed since the start of inputting , the shift register stores values ( a 20 , a 19 , a 18 , a 17 , a 16 , a 15 ). these values ( a 20 , a 19 , a 18 , a 17 , a 16 , a 15 ) can be regarded as coefficients r 20 to r 15 of r ( x ) when s = 20 in the above - described procedure . since coefficients of the sixth and seventh order of g 2 ( x ) and a coefficient of the sixth order of g 1 ( x ) are zeroes , after three cycles , we have r ( x ) as follows : r ( x )← r ( x )− r 20 x 12 g 2 ( x )− r 19 x 12 g 1 ( x )− r 18 x 12 g 0 x )= r ( x )− r 20 ( x 20 + x 17 + x 16 + x 12 )− r 19 ( x 19 + x 17 + x 15 + x 14 + x 13 )− r 18 ( x 18 + x 16 + x 14 )= r x 18 −( r 20 + r 19 ) x 17 − ( r 20 + r 18 ) x 16 − r 19 x 15 − ( r 19 + r 18 ) x 14 − r 19 x 13 − r 20 x 12 . ( 6 ) the arithmetic operation can be performed by an xor combinational circuit for the leftmost bits r 20 to r 18 at each stage of the shift register and an xor circuit corresponding to subtraction . as a result of the arithmetic operation , values stored in the shift register can be regarded as coefficients r 17 to r 12 of r ( x ) when s = 17 . similar operations are continuously performed for four time periods , and finally the shift register computes values r 5 to r 0 . an encoding method according to a second embodiment of the present invention will now be described . p generator polynomials having elements of gf ( q ) as coefficients are represented by g 0 ( x ), . . . , g p − 1 ( x ). for r i , these polynomials g i ( x ) are divisible by x r i , but not by x r i + 1 . in these polynomials g i ( x ), r i mod p = i , and a coefficient of x r i is 1 . a polynomial a ( x ) having information bits as coefficients may be defined as : a ( x )= a n − 1 x n − 1 + . . . a 1 x + a 0 ( a i ∈ gf ( q )) ( 7 ) g 0 ⁡ ( x ) , … ⁢ , g p - 1 ⁡ ( x ) ⁢ : a ⁡ ( x ) = w ⁡ ( x ) + u ⁡ ( x ) w ⁡ ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 p - 1 ⁢ q i ⁡ ( x - p ) ⁢ g i ⁡ ( x ) u ⁡ ( x ) = ∑ i = 0 p - 1 ⁢ u i ⁡ ( x - p ) ⁢ x n - p + i ( 8 ) where q i ( x − p ) and u i ( x − p ) are polynomials of x − p having elements of gf ( q ) as coefficients , w ( x ) is a polynomial of n − 1 degree or less , and , in u ( x ), each u i ( x − p ) x n − p + i is divisible by x r i + p . referring to fig7 , the polynomial u ( x ) can be computed as follows : 1 . u ( x )← a ( x ) and s ← 0 ( step s 11 ) 2 . if s ≦ r s mod p ( step s 12 ), then a coefficient of x s in u ( x ) is u s , and u ( x )← u ( x )− u s x −( r s mod p − s ) g s mod p ( x ) ( step s 13 ) if s ≦ max r i ( 0 ≦ i & lt ; p ) ( step s 15 ), go to 2 . if s & gt ; max r i , go to 4 . a linear code having w ( x ) as a code polynomial is encoded as a systematic code in which information bits appear as a part of the code . when encoding is performed by the above - described procedure , no generator matrix or parity generator matrix is necessary . encoding can be performed by only p polynomials . for example , when gf ( 2 ), p = 3 , g 0 ( x )= x 20 + x 18 + x 12 , g 1 ( x )= x 19 + x 18 + x 16 , and g 2 ( x )= x 19 + x 15 + x 11 , a binary code with a code length n = 21 is encoded . when information bits are ( a 16 , a 13 , a 12 , a 11 , a 10 , a 9 , a 8 , a 7 , a 6 , a 5 , a 4 , a 3 , a 2 , a 1 , a 0 ), we have a ( x )= a 16 x 16 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 + a 6 x 6 + a 5 x 5 + a 4 x 4 + a 3 x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x 1 + a 0 . in accordance with the above procedure , u ( x )= u 20 x 20 + u 19 x 19 + u 18 x 18 + u 17 x 17 + u 15 x 15 + u 14 x 14 is calculated . w ( x ) can be encoded as : w ( x )=− u 20 x 20 − u 19 x 19 − u 18 x 18 − u 17 x 17 + a 16 x 16 − u 15 x 15 − u 14 x 14 + a 13 x 13 + a 12 x 12 + a 11 x 11 + a 10 x 10 + a 9 x 9 + a 8 x 8 + a 7 x 7 + a 6 x 6 + a 5 x 5 + a 4 x 4 + a 3 x 3 + a 2 x 2 + a 1 x 1 + a 0 . a code having w ( x ) as a code polynomial is a systematic code , namely , a qc code when p = 3 . in order to encode information bits ( 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1 ), processing steps for computing u ( x ) are described below in which coefficients are arranged in descending order of orders of x : finally , we have u ( x )= x 20 + x 19 + x 18 + x 17 + x 15 + x 14 , and the coded w ( x )= x 20 + x 19 + x 18 + x 17 + x 16 + x 15 + x 14 + x 13 + x 12 + x 11 + x 10 + x 9 + x 8 + x 7 + x 6 + x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 . the entire disclosure of japanese patent application no . 2001 - 218111 filed on jul . 18 , 2001 , japanese patent application no . 2002 - 174922 filed on jun . 14 , 2001 , or japanese patent application no . 2002 - 184868 filed on jun . 25 , 2001 including specification , claims , drawings , and summary is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety .	7
a detailed description of illustrative embodiments of the present invention is provided in conjunction with the attached drawings . in the descriptions of the various embodiments and the corresponding drawings , like reference numerals refer to like elements . a method and apparatus for resectioning anastomized lumenal tissue is disclosed in u . s . pat . no . 5 , 868 , 760 to mcguckin et al ., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety . the disclosed apparatus includes a flexible tubular body and a distal operating capsule that may be inserted through either a naturally occurring body orifice or a surgical incision and guided to an operative site endoscopically or using radiologic imaging guidance . in use the target tissue is stapled , cut and captured within the operating capsule for removal from the body . the healthy tissue is thereby anastomized by surgical staples . fig1 shows a system for resecting esophageal tissue according to an illustrative embodiment of the present invention . a surgical stapling apparatus , designated generally by the reference numeral 10 , is utilized in conjunction with an endoscope 20 for providing remote vision of an operative area and to assist in guiding the stapling apparatus 10 to the operative area . an endoscopic grasping device 30 extends through a lumen in the endoscope 20 for use at the surgical site as would be understood by those of skill in the art . those skilled in the art will further understand that , while the illustrative embodiments are described in conjunction with visual observation of the operative site via the endoscope 20 , these procedures may also be visualized through the use of magnetic resonance imaging ( mri ). in this case , components of the system and the instruments utilized therewith , such as the grasping device 30 , would be constructed from non - ferrous material such as titanium , as would be understood by those of skill in the art . as shown in fig1 , the stapling apparatus 10 includes a proximal handle portion 12 , an elongated flexible body portion 14 extending from the handle portion 12 and a generally c - shaped stapling assembly 16 operatively associated with a distal end of the flexible body portion 14 . the flexible body portion 14 and the stapling assembly 16 are preferably dimensioned and configured to traverse the natural curvature of the esophagus . as shown in fig2 b and 2 c and described in detail below , the stapling assembly 16 includes a pair of opposable jaws 17 defined by a staple carrying portion 40 and a staple forming portion 50 . those skilled in the art will understand that , although the jaws 17 are described herein as rotating relative to one another between the open and closed positions , that these jaws 17 may be coupled by a mechanism which allows them to move linearly with respect to one another or in any other manner so long as they move between a first position in which the jaws 17 are separated from one another to receive tissue and a second position in which the jaws 17 are clamped together to hold tissue tightly therebetween for stapling . furthermore , those skilled in the art will understand that the system may operate with any of a variety of commercially available medical endoscopes which may include , for example , a proximal handle portion 22 , an elongated flexible body portion 24 through which one or more interior lumena extend for accommodating , for example , a fiber optic bundle or other image transmission structure , a working channel for the grasping device 30 , etc . those skilled in the art will understand that the fiber optic bundle ( or other image transmitting structure ) allows a user to remotely visually monitor a field of view at the distal end of the endoscope ( e . g ., an operative site s within the esophagus e ). as would be further understood by those of skill in the art , the tissue grasping device 30 may include a handle portion 32 , an elongated flexible body portion 34 and a pair of opposable jaws 36 a and 36 b . in use as shown in fig2 a - 2 c , the surgical stapling apparatus 10 and the flexible endoscope 20 are introduced into a patient &# 39 ; s mouth and advanced into the esophagus to the operative site s under visual guidance from the endoscope 20 . once at the site s , the operator maneuvers the stapling assembly 16 into a desired position relative to the tissue to be resected . those skilled in the art will understand that the stapling assembly 16 may be coupled to the handle portion 22 by a cable steering system ( not shown ) substantially as included in commercially available endoscopes to allow the remote maneuvering and positioning of the stapling assembly 16 . the jaws 17 of the stapling assembly 16 are then opened to a tissue receiving position as shown in fig3 and the grasping device 30 is advanced from the distal end of the endoscope 20 . the jaws 36 a and 36 b are rotated away from one another by manipulation of the grasper handle portion 32 and the tissue t to be resected is grasped by closing the jaws 36 a , 36 b . the grasping device 30 is then withdrawn into the working channel of the endoscope 20 to pull the tissue t into position between the jaws 17 of the stapling assembly 16 and the jaws 17 are closed to clamp the tissue t in place between the staple carrying portion 40 and the staple forming portion 50 . those skilled in the art will understand that the tissue t is preferably drawn between the jaws 17 so that a margin of healthy tissue is positioned between the staple carrying portion 40 and the staple forming portion 50 to ensure that all of the diseased or damaged tissue t is removed . those skilled in the art will understand that this may be visually confirmed through the use of the vision system of the endoscope as shown in fig2 b . as shown in fig2 c , once the tissue t has been properly positioned between the jaws 17 , the jaws 17 are grossly approximated and are then finely approximated using a translating clamping member 60 , illustrated in detail in fig1 - 18 . as shown in fig3 and 12 , an illustrative embodiment of the system according to the present invention includes an actuation cable 44 to facilitate gross approximation of the jaws 17 via actuation of an actuator knob 38 . the actuation cable 44 may be secured to the one of the jaws 17 including , for example , the staple carrying portion 40 and is operatively coupled to the other jaw 17 including the staple forming portion 50 by a member 85 which may , for example , be a spindle , capstan or other member around which the cable 44 passes to change direction to generate the clamping force to draw the jaws 17 together . furthermore , an overhanging flange 98 at a proximal end of the staple carrying portion 40 acts as a tissue shield preventing the target tissue t from entering into the joint between the jaws 17 . as shown in fig3 - 7 , to actuate the clamping member 60 to finely approximate the jaws 17 , the lower clamping handle 12 a is actuated in the direction of the arrow in fig5 to cause the integral gear rack 62 a to turn pinion gear 62 b which rotates elongated drive cable 64 . as shown in fig7 , the drive cable 64 is coupled to a drive screw 63 so that rotation of the drive cable 64 rotates the drive screw 63 moving the clamping member 60 distally as shown in fig1 . this finely approximates the jaws 17 of the stapling assembly 16 whereby a tissue contacting surface of the staple carrying portion 40 and a tissue contacting surface of the staple forming portion 50 are brought into cooperative alignment , tightly clamping the tissue therebetween . those skilled in the art will understand that alternative sources of power ( e . g ., electrical , hydraulic , pneumatic , etc .) may be applied to drive the jaws 17 and to drive all other mechanisms of the stapling assembly 16 . as shown in fig8 , once the jaws 17 have been brought into cooperative alignment with one another , the stapling assembly 16 may be actuated to fire staples through the , clamped tissue while simultaneously cutting away the tissue t from the stapled and anastamized tissue . the user actuates the stapling assembly 16 to drive staples through the margin of healthy tissue in one or more arcuate bands located radially outward of a line of tissue cutting . alternatively , those skilled in the art will understand that the stapling operation may be separated from the tissue cutting operation so that no tissue is cut until the entire stapling operation has been successfully concluded . specifically , as shown in fig8 - 10 , the operator drives an i - beam member 70 through the stapling assembly 16 by operating the clamping handle 12 b in the direction of the arrow in fig8 , causing gear rack 72 a to rotate pinion gear 72 b which rotates a staple driving drive cable 74 as shown in fig9 . the drive cable extends through the flexible body portion 14 to a linear drive screw 76 which drives a flexible pusher 80 coupled to the i - beam member 70 as shown in fig1 . as shown in fig1 , 13 , 14 and 15 , the i - beam member 70 includes upper and lower beam portions 82 a , 82 b , respectively , connected by a central web portion 84 . a leading edge 84 a of the central web portion 84 may preferably define a cutting blade for incising tissue as the i - beam member 70 is moved distally as described below . as shown in fig1 , an arcuate channel 90 within which the central web portion 84 travels , is defined in the opposing jaws 17 radially inward of the arcuate lines of staple carrying slots ( not shown ). those skilled in the art will understand that the staple slots may be arranged in any number of rows , for example , from one to five such rows may be included and the slots of these rows may be staggered so that to ensure that the opening created by the resection is completely sealed . as described above , actuation of the lower handle 12 a causes the c - shaped clamp member 60 to move along an arc the length of the curved stapling assembly 16 to finely approximate the jaws 17 toward one another . as shown in fig1 , 14 and 15 , the clamp member 60 includes a body portion 112 from which depend upper and lower clamping beams 114 a and 114 b , respectively , for urging the jaws 17 toward one another . in addition , as shown in fig1 and 17 , in one embodiment of the invention , the body 112 includes a radially depending driving stem 115 having a sloped leading edge configured to extend through an arcuate slot 116 formed in the staple carrying portion 40 for sequentially contacting each of a plurality of staple pushers 118 . the staple pushers 118 are positioned so that , when contacted by the driving stem 115 , each staple pusher 118 is driven through a corresponding one of the staple slots to drive a staple housed therein from the slot out of the staple carrying portion 40 , through both thicknesses of the folded portion of tissue clamped between the jaws 17 and against the staple forming surface 50 a of the staple forming portion 50 to couple the two thicknesses of tissue to one another . in this embodiment , the clamping member 60 further includes an integral cutting blade 130 for forming an arcuate incision substantially concentric with and radially within an inner one of the arcs of staple slots . furthermore , the cutting blade 130 is preferably positioned so that it trails the leading edge 115 so that tissue is stapled before it is cut . as shown in fig1 , according to a further embodiment of the invention , actuation of the upper actuation handle 12 b causes the i - beam member 70 to move through the stapling assembly 16 to sequentially fire arcuate rows of staples while simultaneously cutting tissue away from the esophagus radially within the rows of staples . when the i - beam member 70 is driven by the pusher 80 , the sloped leading edge of the upper beam portion 82 a contacts sequentially each of a plurality of staple pushers 118 to drive them through their respective staple slots to drive the staples housed therein from each slot out of the staple carrying portion 40 , through both thicknesses of the folded portion of tissue clamped between the jaws 17 and into the staple forming pockets 122 formed in the staple forming surface 50 a of the staple forming portion 50 to couple the two thicknesses of tissue to one another . as the leading edge 84 a of the central web portion 84 is proximal to the sloped leading edge , the incision trails the stapling action so that only tissue within the arc that has previously been stapled is severed . as shown in fig1 and 20 , according to a further embodiment of the invention , a stapling assembly 16 ′ according to the present invention may include an endoscope receiving lumen 140 through which the endoscope 20 may be slidably inserted . this allows an operator to use to steering and vision capability of the endoscope 20 to locate the operative site s . once the distal end of the endoscope 20 is positioned adjacent to the site s , the stapling assembly 16 ′ may be slid along the endoscope 20 to the operative site s and the steering capability of the distal end of the endoscope 20 may be employed to achieve a desired position and orientation of the stapling assembly 16 ′ relative to the tissue t . other than the endoscope receiving lumen 140 , the construction of the rest of the system of fig1 and 20 may be substantially in accord with that of any of the previously described embodiments . furthermore , as shown in fig2 and 22 , the system according to the present invention may also be used to perform resections within the stomach . for example , the stapling apparatus 10 may be used to correct gastro - esophageal reflux (“ gerd ”) or to perform a stomach reduction procedure . specifically , as shown in fig2 , a system according to the invention may be inserted through the esophagus into a patient &# 39 ; s stomach and the operator may position the jaws 17 under visual control via the endoscope 20 adjacent to a junction between the esophagus and the stomach . the operator then uses the steering capability of the endoscope 20 , received within the endoscope lumen 140 to direct the jaws 17 toward a portion of stomach tissue to be fastened to the esophagus . specifically , the operator grasps a portion of the stomach using the grasping device 30 and urges the tissue t toward the esophagus to create a fold of tissue with an outside surface of the stomach tissue adjacent to or in contact with an outer surface of the esophagus . this fold is then clamped by the jaws 17 and stapled together to reduce the diameter of the opening from the esophagus to the stomach . the tissue radially within the stapled tissue is then resected . similarly as shown in fig2 , to perform a stomach reduction , an operator inserts a system according to the present invention into the stomach via the esophagus as described above in regard to fig2 and locates a portion of tissue to be folded over on itself to reduce the size of the stomach . this tissue t is grasped by the grasping device 30 and drawn between the jaws 17 which clamp the tissue t together folded onto itself and staples the fold together . those skilled in the art will understand that , for a stomach reduction procedure , the folded tissue radially within the staples may , if desired , be left in place without resection so that the operation may be reversed at a later date . thus , for such a stomach reduction procedure where the folded , stapled tissue will be left in place within the stomach , the stapling apparatus 10 need not include a tissue cutting mechanism . rather , the stapling apparatus 10 need only include structure for approximating the jaws 17 and for driving staples through the gripped fold of tissue . in this case , the c - shaped clamp member 60 would be constructed without the cutting blade 130 . the above described embodiments are for purposes of illustration only and the various modifications of these embodiments which will be apparent are considered to be within the scope of the teachings of this invention which is to be limited only by the claims appended hereto .	0
[ 0017 ] fig1 shows the layer structure of an arched roof according to the invention . the supporting arch is formed by a layer 1 of refractory bricks , which comprises four sub - layers 1 a - d . above a first sub - layer 1 a of refractory bricks 8 there is a second sub - layer 1 b of light refractory bricks 9 . this is adjoined by two further sub - layers 1 c , 1 d of light refractory plates 10 , which have a particularly good heat - insulating action . the sealing 2 which seals the furnace interior 11 in a gastight manner is arranged on the top sub - layer 1 d . on the sealing layer 2 is the insulation layer 3 , which has a thermally insulating action and ensures that the sealing layer 2 does not cool below a defined minimum temperature . the insulation layer 3 is adjoined by the cooling layer 4 , which comprises a covering layer 5 which in this case is formed from two layers of foil 5 a , 5 b . the covering layer 5 is thermally conductive . pipes 7 for the cooling fluid are connected to contact elements 6 which are in plate form and ensure heat transfer between the covering layer 5 and the pipes 7 or the cooling fluid . the shape of the contact elements 6 is matched to the shape of the arched roof , so that large - area contact is produced . the pipes 7 which , like the contact elements 6 , consist of a metal with a high thermal conductivity , are preferably welded to the contact elements 6 . the contact element 6 and the pipe 7 may also be formed integrally . the cooling fluid used is preferably water . it is also possible to use air , but this has the drawback of a lower heat capacity . the first sub - layer 1 a has a thickness , for example , of 200 to 400 mm , preferably about 300 mm . the refractory bricks 8 consist , for example , of approx . 60 % of al 2 o 3 , 3 % of sio 2 , 0 . 3 % of fe 2 o 3 and 30 % symbol of cr 2 o 3 . the thermal conductivity is preferably between 1 and 5 w / mk and is , for example , approx . 3 w / mk ( at 700 ° c .) or 2 . 8 w / mk ( at 1000 ° c .). by way of example , at temperatures in the furnace interior 11 the first sub - layer has a mean temperature of 1400 to 1500 ° c . the second sub - layer 1 b has a thickness , for example , of 40 to 90 mm , preferably 65 mm . the refractory bricks 9 consist , for example , of approx . 68 % of al 2 o 3 , 30 % of sio 2 , 0 . 4 % of fe 2 o 3 and 0 . 4 % symbol of cao . the thermal conductivity is preferably between 0 . 2 and 1 . 0 w / mk . it is , for example , about 0 . 32 w / mk ( at 400 ° c .) and 0 . 41 w / mk ( at 1200 ° c .). therefore , the second sub - layer 1 b already has a reduced thermal conductivity . its mean temperature is approximately 950 to 1050 ° c . the third and fourth sub - layers 1 c , 1 d each have a thickness of , for example , 20 to 60 mm , preferably 40 mm . the light refractory plates 10 consist , for example , of approx . 43 % of al 2 o 3 , 51 % of sio 2 , 1 . 3 % of fe 2 o 3 and 0 . 3 % symbol of cao . the thermal conductivity is between approximately 0 . 29 w / mk ( at 400 ° c .) and 0 . 37 w / mk ( at 1000 ° c . ), i . e . this sub - layer has a further reduced thermal conductivity . in general , the thermal conductivity is preferably between 0 . 2 and 1 . 0 w / mk . the mean temperature of this third sub - layer is approximately 600 to 700 ° c ., and the mean temperature of the fourth sub - layer is approximately 250 to 450 ° c . the sealing layer 2 comprises a steel foil with a thickness of between 50 and 300 μm , preferably 250 μm . the steel foil is reinforced by a 0 . 5 to 1 mm thick glass fiber fabric . when the temperature in the furnace interior is from 1500 to 1700 ° c ., the temperature at the top sub - layer 1 d or at the sealing layer 2 is preferably 100 to 300 ° c . the insulation layer 3 , which has a thickness of 50 to 200 mm , preferably approximately 100 mm , comprises an insulating material which is able to maintain a heat difference of approx . 200 ° c . between the sealing layer 2 and the cooling layer 4 . the thermal conductivity of the insulation layer is preferably between 0 . 05 and 0 . 2 w / mk . the material is , for example , insulating fabric or felt based on rock wool . by way of example , the covering layer 5 used is two layers of an aluminum foil which are in each case 50 to 300 μm , preferably 50 μm , thick and may likewise be glass - fiber reinforced . the temperature of the covering layer 5 is between 20 and 200 ° c . the pipes 7 are to be arranged and dimensioned in such a way , and the cooling fluid and its flow velocity are to be selected in such a way , that a heat flux of approximately 3000 w / m 2 is dissipated . [ 0027 ] fig2 shows a section through an arched roof according to the invention for a reduction melting furnace . unlike in fig1 there is no separate insulation layer next to the layer 1 of refractory bricks . rather , the insulation layer 3 is produced by the top sub - layer 1 d of light refractory plates 10 . as described above , the latter already have a thermally insulating function . accordingly , the sealing layer 2 is arranged between the third sub - layer 1 c and the top sub - layer 1 d . the cooling layer 4 is located directly on the insulation layer 3 ( top sub - layer 1 d ). the arched roof is self - supporting and at the sides is supported on the side walls 14 of the arch . an external structure 15 is used to hold a melting electrode 12 . the electrode 12 is guided from above through an opening 13 in the arched roof into the furnace interior 11 and is in contact with the melt , which is not shown in this figure . the opening 13 is closed off in a gastight manner which is not illustrated in the present figure . by way of example , a water lute , which simultaneously serves as a pressure relief valve , is suitable . to increase the gastightness of the arched roof , the sealing layer 2 or the foil used for this layer projects with respect to the refractory layer 1 and the insulation layer 3 and is externally anchored to the arch by means of the projecting edge region 2 a . [ 0029 ] fig3 shows a plan view of the arched roof or the cooling layer 4 . the cooling layer 4 comprises pipes 7 which are in the form of a multiplicity of separate pipe loops 16 . each pipe loop 16 is connected both to a coolant feed line and to a coolant discharge line . this results in effective dissipation of heat , the heating of the coolant within each pipe loop 16 being kept at a low level . the pipes are connected to contact elements 6 in the form of plates which rest on the insulation layer 3 . the openings 13 for the electrodes 12 are cut out . a further insulation layer ( not shown here ) may be arranged on the cooling layer 4 . thus , while there have been shown and described and pointed out fundamental novel features of the present invention as applied to a preferred embodiment thereof , it will be understood that various omissions and substitutions and changes in the form and details of the devices illustrated , and in their operation , may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit of the present invention . for example , it is expressly intended that all combinations of those elements and / or method steps which perform substantially the same function in substantially the same way to achieve the same results are within the scope of the invention . substitutions of elements from one described embodiment to another are also fully intended and contemplated . it is also to be understood that the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale but that they are merely conceptual in nature . it is the intention , therefore , to be limited only as indicated by the scope of the claims appended hereto .	5
fig1 shows an extended 2 - fiber ring network structure . a ring network formed with two fibers f 1 and f 2 features the network elements ne 1 to ne 6 . for a connection ( channel ) between the network element ne 1 and the network element ne 3 a wavelength λ 1 is used , with a working signal λ 1 e being transmitted in an easterly direction over the first fiber f 1 and a working signal λ 1 w with the same wavelength being transmitted in the opposite direction . the same wavelength can also be used for transmission for example between the network elements in ne 4 and ne 6 . the corresponding signals are labeled λ 1 s and λ 1 n . naturally there will generally be more channels with other wavelengths present for connecting the other network elements , but these can be left out of our considerations for the purposes of explaining the invention . fig2 shows a fiber break at an interruption point between the network elements . the connection path ne 1 - ne 2 - ne 3 is interrupted . in the known way the send signals must now be “ iooped back ” by the network elements ne 2 and ne 3 adjacent to the interruption point through switchover devices u 1 and u 2 ( possibly there is also already a loopback in the network elements ne 2 and ne 3 ) and is transmitted in the opposite direction via the undisturbed part of the ring network , the second connection path ne 1 - ne 6 - ne 5 - ne 4 - ne 3 . the signal λ 1 e is consequently transmitted over the other fiber f 2 as protection signal λ 1 ep and the signal λ 1 w is transmitted over fiber f 1 as protection signal λ 1 wp . so that a signal of this wavelength does not collide with other signals of the same wavelength , in a conventional system either this wavelength would have to be kept free on the remaining part of the ring , which results in the coloured section ring described at the start , or the wavelength must be converted into another wavelength used for protection data connections only . in the case shown in fig2 signals with the same wavelength λ 1 are transmitted between the network elements ne 1 and ne 3 and also the network elements ne 4 and ne 6 . the working signals transmitted between the network elements ne 4 and ne 6 are labeled λ 1 s and λ 1 n in order to distinguish between them . before the merging of the signals λ 1 s and λ 1 ep or λ 1 n and λ 1 wp the signals transmitted over a common fiber in each case must be ( at least approximately ) aligned orthogonally polarized to each other . this is undertaken for the signals λ 1 s and λ 1 ep expediently in the network element ne 6 by changing the polarization of the protection signal λ 1 ep . the main parts of the network element ne 6 are shown in fig3 . the demultiplexer dmux splits a received wdm ( wavelength division multiplex ) signal up into individual signals λ 1 to λn . the signal λn is ( together with other signals ) “ looped through ” and merged in the multiplexer mux again with possibly newly added signals into a wdm signal . the protection signal λ 1 s fed via the series circuit of a polarization setter pols 1 , a polarization divider pold and a polarization multiplexer pmux . the polarization divider pold is not required here for the circuit to function but must be present in each network element in order to separate a working signal from the protection signal and enable one of the signals to be dropped . in this example the protection signal λ 1 ep is however looped through the network element . in the polarization multiplexer pmux the protection signal λ 1 ep is merged with the working signal λ 1 s of the same wavelength . if the polarization of the signal λ 1 s is also not known , the two polarization setters pols 1 and pols 2 are required . the same applies to the protection signal λ 1 wp , for which the polarization is set in the network element ne 4 orthogonally to the polarization of the signal λ 1 n . in the network element ne 4 the signal λ 1 s is dropped and the protection signal λ 1 ep looped through . in fig4 only the parts of the network element ne 4 significant for the splitting of the working and protection signal are shown . these are the polarization setter pols 4 and the polarization divider pold 4 , which may have a polarization multiplexer pmux 4 connected downstream if necessary . the working signal λ 1 s and the protection signal λ 1 ep are fed to the polarization setter pols 4 which matches the polarizations of these signals to the orientation of the polarization divider pold 4 . this splits the signal mixture into the working signal λ 1 s which is dropped here and the protection signal λ 1 ep which is forwarded to the network element ne 3 . the signal λ 1 n sent in the opposite direction is merged in accordance with fig3 with the protection signal λ 1 wp . the network element ne 3 , like all network elements , has the same circuit arrangement . the protection signal λ 1 ep is received after being fed back to the same port and is dropped there . the mutual influence of working signal and orthogonally polarized protection signal is slight in transmission links with polarization mode dispersion ( pmd ) whenever the transmitted data signals exhibit the same data rates and ( their bits or modulation section ) have a specific phase angle to each other ( with nrz 0 °). therefore a synchronization of the protection signal can be worthwhile . instead of the 1 : 1 protection described , a 1 + 1 protection can be used , in which the protection signal is transmitted continuously and therefore a faster switchover is made possible . a ring network with 1 + 1 protection is shown in fig5 . the signal λ 1 e — shown by a dashed line — is transmitted from the network element ne 1 via the network element ne 2 to the network element ne 3 in the opposite direction — shown by dashed and dotted line — the signal λ 1 w . simultaneously the protection signal λ 1 ep , also shown by a dashed line , is transmitted via the network element neg , ne 5 and ne 4 , and in the opposite direction the protection signal λ 1 wp , also shown as a dashed and dotted line is transmitted . in the event of a fault no loop is created through the network elements ne 2 and ne 3 , since the protection signals , also shown dashed or dashed and dotted , can already be sent and received via the intact loop section . in the network element there only needs to be a switchover between the working signal and the associated orthogonally polarized protection signal . this is shown simplified in fig6 . the working signal is fed from a first access port via a polarization setter pols 3 with downstream polarization divider pold 4 while the protection signal is fed via a second input port and a polarization setter pols 4 with downstream polarization divider polds . in the protection case there only needs to be a switchover between these two receiver signals λ 1 e and λ 1 ep by a switchover device ue . fig7 shows a 4 - fiber ring network . two fiber pairs f 1 , f 2 and f 3 , 4 are laid spatially separated . in the case of a fault or interruption of one of the fiber pairs f 1 , f 2 the signals λ 1 e and λ 1 w transmitted between the network elements ne 1 and ne 3 on the fibers f 1 and f 2 are diverted in the network elements ne 2 and ne 3 ( ne 1 and ne 3 is also possible ) via the fibers f 3 and f 4 , in which case they are polarized orthogonally to the further working signals λ 1 s and λ 1 n exhibiting the same working signals . thus the disturbed fiber section ( span ) ne 2 - ne 3 is bridged without adversely affecting the further working signals . it should also be added that both with 2 - fiber ring networks and also with 4 - fiber ring networks all the wavelengths of the orthogonal protection “ channels ” can be used for low - priority traffic , which is then interrupted however in the event of a fault , in order to transmit protection signals with higher priority .	7
an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to drawings . a clip main body 10 can be attached to a clip seat 22 of an attachment member 20 shown in fig1 . in this state , the clip main body 10 is inserted into a fixing hole 26 of a corresponding panel 24 , and accordingly the clip main body 10 can fix the attachment member 20 to the corresponding panel 24 . the clip main body 10 is an integrated molded product made of a resin . as shown in fig4 , the clip main body 10 has a closed tip end portion 10 a and an open base end portion 10 b . the clip main body 10 is provided with a pair of engagement arms 12 which are positioned on the right and left outer sides , and a pair of holding members 14 which are positioned on the inner sides of the engagement arms 12 . both of the engagement arms 12 function in holding the corresponding panel 24 through engagement of the clip main body 10 and the corresponding panel 24 . both of the holding members 14 function in holding the clip seat 22 by attaching of the clip main body 10 to the clip seat 22 . as shown in fig4 , both of the engagement arms 12 extend from the right and left end portions of the tip end portion 10 a of the clip main body 10 toward the base end portion 10 b as seen from a front view . both of the engagement arms 12 are inclined and separate outwardly towards projecting portions 12 a . both of the engagement arms 12 approach each other after the projecting portions 12 a and form inclined engagement faces 12 b . both of the engagement arms 12 extend substantially straight from the inclined engagement faces 12 b to the base end portion 10 b . terminal portions 12 c of both of the engagement arms 12 are curved outwardly at the base end portion 10 b and extend outwardly . as shown in fig7 , both of the engagement arms 12 can be elastically deformed respectively to the inner side having virtual points p 1 as supporting points at the tip end portion 1 oa of the clip main body 1 . the virtual points p 1 are also supporting points when the holding members 14 are pressed so as to bend . as shown in fig4 and 7 , the holding members 14 have clamping portions 14 a and extending portions 14 c . the clamping portions 14 a are coupled to the tip end portions 10 a of the clip main body 10 . the extending portions 14 c extend from the lower ends of the clamping portions 14 a and are coupled to the base end portion 10 b . both end portions of each of the holding members 14 are coupled to the engagement arms 12 . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are connected to each other forming substantially a square - loop shape such as a rhombic - shape , or the like , as seen from a front view . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are coupled to each other at the virtual points p 1 and p 2 . the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the engagement arms 12 is substantially equal to the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the holding members 14 . as shown in fig7 , the thickness of the clamping portions 14 a are thicker than those of the extending portions 14 c . the clamping portions 14 a have rigidity necessary for holding the attachment member 20 in the state in which clip main body 10 is attached to the clip seat 22 of the attachment member 20 . both of the clamping portions 14 a have inner faces opposing each other . both of the inner faces are inclined , and the gap between both of the inner faces becomes narrower toward the base end portion 10 b from the tip end portion 10 a . as shown in fig4 and 5 , both of the holding members 14 have latching lugs 14 b at the lower part of the clamping portions 14 a . the latching lugs 14 b have a wider width than the clamping portions 14 a , and project from the clamping portions 14 a toward both sides . as shown in fig5 , slits 16 are formed in the clip main body 10 . the slits 16 divide the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 . the holding members 14 are positioned in the center portion of the clip main body 10 , and the engagement arms 12 are positioned on both sides thereof . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are positioned at different locations as seen from a side view . thus , as seen from a front view , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 may overlap each other when they are inwardly elastically deformed having the virtual point p 1 shown in fig7 as a supporting point . the attachment member 20 is made of a resin , and is an interior part of an automobile such as a center cluster , or the like . as shown in fig1 , the attachment member 20 has the clip seat 22 integrally formed on a back side of a designed surface . the clip seat 22 has a thickness whereby it can be inserted into a space between the opposing inner faces of the clamping portions 14 a of the holding members 14 . a coupling hole 22 a penetrates the clip seat 22 in the thickness direction . reinforcing ribs 22 b are provided on both sides of the clip seat 22 . as shown in fig1 , the corresponding panel 24 is a plate member such as an instrument panel , or the like . the fixing hole 26 penetrates the corresponding panel 24 in the thickness direction thereof . hereinafter , one example of a procedure in which the attachment member 20 may be fixed to the corresponding panel 24 using the clip main body 10 will be described . first , the clip seat 22 of the attachment member 20 is relatively inserted into the space between both of the holding members 14 from the side of the open base end portion 10 b of the clip main body 10 . the clip seat 22 advances to the space between the opposing inner faces of the clamping portions 14 a of both of the holding members 14 . as shown in fig8 , the latching lugs 14 b of both of the holding members 14 are engaged with the coupling hole 22 a of the clip seat 22 on both sides . accordingly , the clip main body 10 is attached to the clip seat 22 of the attachment member 20 . the opposing inner faces of the clamping portions 14 a have a tapered shape . thus , even though the thicknesses of the clip seats 22 are not the same , the clip main body 10 can prevent shakiness thereof in the clip seat 22 . the latching lugs 14 b of the holding members 14 project on both sides of the clamping portions 14 a . thus , even when the width of the holding members 14 is relatively narrow as seen from a side view , the latching lugs 14 b can be caught in the coupling hole 22 a of the clip seat 22 in a sufficiently large area . the clip main body 10 attached to the clip seat 22 is moved from the position shown in fig8 to the position shown in fig9 so as to be inserted into the fixing hole 26 of the corresponding panel 24 . both of the engagement arms 12 of the clip main body 10 are pressed by the edge of the fixing hole 26 so as to bend inwardly . both of the engagement arms 12 are elastically deformed having the virtual point p 1 shown in fig7 as a supporting point . as shown in fig9 , both of the engagement arms 12 bend to the maximum extent when the projecting portions 12 a penetrate through the fixing hole 26 . as shown in fig9 , when both of the engagement arms 12 are elastically deformed , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 overlap each other as seen from a side view . the width of the clip main body 10 is reduced in the right - left direction when the clip main body 10 penetrates through the fixing hole 26 . thus , the opening dimension of the fixing hole 26 in the right - left direction can be reduced . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are divided by the slits 16 . thus , both of the engagement arms 12 can bend without considerable force being applied thereon so as to penetrate through the fixing hole 26 . accordingly , an insertion load on the clip main body 10 can be lowered . as shown in fig1 and 11 , after the projecting portions 12 a of both of the engagement arms 12 penetrate through the fixing hole 26 , the insertion of the clip main body 10 is completed . accordingly , the inclined engagement faces 12 b of both of the engagement arms 12 are engaged with the end of the fixing hole 26 . in this manner , the attachment member 20 is fixed to the corresponding panel 24 using the clip man body . as shown in fig4 , each engagement arm 12 is substantially connected to each holding member 14 in a square - loop shape such as a rhombic shape . thus , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 easily generate the required elastic force . accordingly , the clip main body 10 may be held securely to the corresponding panel 24 in the state as shown in fig1 . when the attachment member 20 is taken out from the corresponding panel 24 , a load is exerted on the direction in which the clip main body 10 is pulled . as shown in fig9 and 10 , both of the engagement arms 12 receive force from the edge of the fixing hole 26 so as to bend inwardly . the force is directly transmitted to the clamping portions 14 a through the virtual point p 2 and the extending portions 14 c of the holding members 14 shown in fig7 . accordingly , the clamping portions 14 a bend inwardly having the virtual point p 1 as a supporting point , and engagement force of the clamping portions 14 a with the clip seat 22 increases . as a result , the clip main body 10 can be pulled out from the fixing hole 26 in the state in which the clip main body is attached securely to the clip seat 22 . as described above , as shown in fig1 and 2 , the clip main body 10 is made of resin and has a shape having one closed end portion 10 a and an open end portion 10 b as viewed from the front . the clip main body 10 has engagement arms 12 and holding members 14 positioned on the inner side of the engagement arms 12 . the engagement arms 12 are configured to be pressed so as to be elastically deformed when the clip main body 10 penetrates through the fixing hole 26 of the corresponding panel 24 . the engagement arms 12 are configured to engage with the edge of the fixing hole 26 when the engagement arms 12 are inserted into the fixing hole 26 . the holding members 14 are configured to hold the state in which the clip main body 10 is attached to the clip seat 22 of the attachment member 20 . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are configured to be connected to each other substantially in a rhombic - loop shape as seen from a front view , to be positioned differently from a side view , and to overlap each other as seen from a front view during elastic deformation . thus , when the clip main body 10 penetrates through the fixing hole 26 of the corresponding panel 24 , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 overlap each other as seen from the front view . accordingly , the width of the clip main body 10 as seen from the front view is reduced . thus , the opening dimension of the fixing hole 26 can be further reduced without thinning the engagement arms 12 or the holding members 14 . the engagement arms 12 bend while overlapping with the holding members 14 as seen from the front view . thus , the engagement arms 12 are elastically deformed while being hardly affected by the holding members 14 when the clip main body 10 is inserted into the fixing hole 26 . accordingly , the insertion load is relatively lowered . due to the fact that the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 may be connected to each other substantially in a rhombic - loop shape , elastic force necessary for the engagement arms 12 can be secured . thus , the force generated when the engagement arms 12 are elastically deformed is directly transmitted to the holding members 14 . in this way , the holding members 14 can strongly engage with the clip seat 22 . accordingly , when the attachment member 20 is taken out from the corresponding panel 24 , the clip main body 10 can be pulled out from the fixing hole 26 of the corresponding panel 24 in the state in which the clip main body is securely attached to the clip seat 22 . as shown in fig7 , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are connected to each other in locations near the one closed end portion 10 a and locations near the open end portion 10 b of the clip main body 10 . thus , the distance between both supporting points ( p 1 and p 2 ) of the engagement arms 12 increases during deformation of the engagement arms 12 . accordingly , even when the clip main body 10 is short , a load generated when the clip main body 10 is inserted into the fixing hole 26 can be lowered . while the embodiments of invention have been described with reference to specific configurations , it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many alternatives , modifications and variations may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention . accordingly , embodiments of the present invention are intended to embrace all such alternatives , modifications and variations that may fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims . for example , embodiments of the present invention should not be limited to the representative configurations , but may be modified , for example , as described below . the clip main body 10 may have the structure shown in fig1 to 16 instead of the structure shown in fig2 and the like . the clip main body 10 shown in fig1 to 16 has the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 connected to each other substantially in a square - loop shape such as a rhombic - shape , or the like . the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 can be positioned differently from a side view , and overlap each other as seen from a front view . the engagement arms 12 shown in fig1 to 16 have substantially straight terminal portions 12 c . as shown in fig1 , the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are coupled to each other at the virtual points p 1 and p 2 . the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the engagement arms 12 is longer than the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the holding members 14 . instead of the structure shown in fig1 , the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the engagement arms 12 may be shorter than the distance between the virtual points p 1 and p 2 of the holding members 14 . the clip main body may also have a supporting member , one engagement arm 12 , and one holding member 14 , instead of the structure of fig4 . the supporting member is positioned at the center thereof in the right - left direction in a front view having a plate shape . the engagement arm 12 and the holding member 14 can be formed only on one side of the supporting member . even in this structure , the same function as that of the clip main body described above can be exhibited . rather than having the structure of fig5 , the clip main body 10 , may also have a structure in which the positions of the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 are formed opposite each other . that is , the engagement arms 12 may be positioned at the center and the holding members 14 may be positioned on body sides thereof . instead of the structure shown in fig5 , the clip main body 10 may have each one engagement arm 12 and holding member 14 , and only one slit 16 may be formed on each side face of the clip main body 10 . instead of the structure of fig5 , each side face of the clip main body 10 may have two engagement arms 12 and two holding members 14 , and three slits 16 may be formed on each side face of the clip main body 10 . in this structure , the arrangement of the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 may be arbitrary . for example , the two engagement arms 12 may be positioned on the inner side or the outer side , the two holding members 14 may be positioned on the inner side or the outer side , and the engagement arms 12 and the holding members 14 may be alternately positioned . the various clip main bodies 10 described above can be appropriately selected according to the location of use , and the like .	5
fig1 a - c illustrate the principle according to which the re - forming of a parison 10 into an article 11 takes place . fig1 a shows the parison 10 which in fig1 b has been partly re - formed into the parison 10 &# 39 ; and which in fig1 c has taken on its final shape and as such constitutes the article 11 . a mould 34 is to be found in the figures which is particularly suitable for the re - forming of a tube - shaped parison 10 . the mould comprises a number of component parts which may be moved relative to each other , and forming moulding elements 21 , 22 and 25 which make contact with an initial number of areas of the material 12 , 13 and 20 in the parison 10 . there is also a number of depressions or recesses 26 , 27 in the wall of the mould which face a number of other areas of the material 16 , 17 in the parison 10 . the element 21 is also supported by and movable relative to the elements 22 , 25 so that the elements may be moved relative to each other in the direction of the axis of the tube - shaped parison . the elements are held apart from each other when at rest by means of spring - loaded elements 43 , 44 so designed that the spring tension in the spring - loaded element 44 is greater than that in the spring - loaded element 43 . a further depression 35 in the wall of the mould is also shown in the figures . finally , the figures also show a retaining element 40 in which cooling ducts 42 are incorporated . when reforming the parison 10 into the article 11 , the inside of the parison is put under pressure whereby the parison is dilated to a certain smaller extent ( fig1 b ) to ensure contact between the elements 21 , 22 and 25 and the initial areas of the material 12 , 13 and 20 and to ensure that the parison 10 is secured by the retaining element 40 . the large depression 35 in the wall of the mould is of such proportions that the excess pressure inside the parison 10 is able to dilate the parison into contact with the wall of the mould in the depression 35 . however the pressure is insufficient to move the two other areas of the material 16 , 17 into contact with the wall of the mould in the depressions 26 , 27 . the next stage in the re - forming of the parison 10 &# 39 ; involves the downward movement of the element 22 as shown in fig1 b , whereby the element 21 follows the movement of the element 22 . friction between the parison and the elements 21 , 22 causes the areas of the material 12 , 13 to be drawn along with the area of the material 17 as the element is moved downwards at the same time as the pressure inside the parison forces the area of the material 16 into contact with the wall of the mould in the depression 26 , of which the axial length is reduced during the moulding process . an annular protuberance 30 is formed in the article 11 in this way ( fig1 c ). a further downward movement of the element 22 then takes place , as shown in the figure , when the area of the material 13 follows the element in its downward movement and the internal pressure inside the parison 10 &# 39 ; forces the area of the material 17 into contact with the wall of the mould in the depression 27 , of which the axial length is reduced simultaneously in a similar fashion to that which has already been described for the depression 26 . an annular protuberance 31 formed in the depression 27 in this way ( fig1 c ). the movement of the initial areas of the material 12 , 13 means that the annular protuberances 30 , 31 may be moulded without stretching the material and without the reduction in wall thickness associated with stretching and hence without axial strain . the principle in accordance with which a parison is re - formed into an article by virtue of this invention has been described above in relation to a tube - shaped parison . the idea of invention as such is , of course , applicable to parisons of other shapes . in the case of a flat parison , for example , the elements 40 , 25 , 21 , 22 are supplemented by means of restraints arranged on the opposite side to the flat parison . the moulding elements , for example machanical ones , move areas of the material into the depressions 35 , 26 , 27 as the parison is being reformed and into contact with the wall of the mould in the respective depression . thus in this latter embodiment of the invention , too , the movements of the initial areas of the material 12 and 13 enable protuberances to be formed which correspond with the annular protuberances 30 , 31 . when re - forming the parison to obtain contact with the wall of the mould in the large depression 35 re - forming only occurs by stretching the material , which results in a reduction in the wall thickness . of course the idea of invention also includes the possibility of taking advantage of the movement of the material even in this latter re - forming process in order to reduce the attenuation of the material which would otherwise occur . in fig2 a - c , which represent in outline the function of a device in accordance with this invention for moulding a tube - shaped parison , an upper half of the mould 65 may be moved to an open position ( fig2 a ) by means of brackets 74 , 75 . the surfaces of the upper half of the mould which make contact with those of the lower half of the mould ( not shown in the figures ) are hatched for the sake of clarity . it may be seen from the figures ( cf . in particular fig2 a ) that the article formed in the device consists of two opposing necks in preforms for use in the manufacture of bottles . reference numerals are shown for certain of the elements which have already been described in connection with fig1 a - c . the designations a and b are used in respect of the symmetrically arranged elements so as to indicate the symmetry of the device . the figures also show the retaining element 40a to be attached to the carriage component 73 with no possibility of being moved in an axial sense relative to the carriage component . although this arrangement simplifies the construction of the device , the invention offers the possibility of using other combinations of stationary and moving elements in order to achieve the required relative movements between the elements . in addition to the elements already described , fig2 a - c show a supporting framework 60 with a sliding bearing . the framework supports a carriage component 73 in which the lower half of the mould rests . a mandrel 50 , which is shown in its extended position in fig2 a , has a central section 51 with end sections 52 , 53 . the central section and the end sections are separated by spring - loaded elements 55 , 56 . a hydraulic union 57 is also provided for connection to the drive unit of the carriage component , as well as a hydraulic union 67 for connection to the drive unit of the mandrel and a compressed fluid union 61 for setting the internal pressure of the parison . the reference number 59 is used for the electrical connection for the heating device inside the mandrel . the inter - connected components of the mould in the upper half of the mould are held together by the linking elements 62 , 63 . in the position shown in fig2 a , a tube - shaped parison is placed in the lower half of the mould and the upper half of the mould is moved to its closed position by a drive unit . from their positions of greatest disengagement , which are necesssary in order to permit the upper half of the mould to move past the end surfaces of the tube in conjunction with the movement of the upper half of the mould to its closed position , the retaining elements 40a , b are moved towards each other over the distance 2e so as to seal the mould against the end surfaces of the tube . the mandrel is then moved by means of its drive unit into a position inside the parison and the inside of the parison is put under pressure . at the point in time at which the pressure is set , the material in the parison is at a temperature in excess of the glass - transition temperature ( tg ). heating takes place either before the parison is brought to the mould or after the parison has been placed in the mould . alternatively , heating of the parison before it is placed in the mould may be combined with a certain amount of post - heating inside the mould . as pressure is applied , the parison takes on a shape which corresponds with the parison 10 &# 39 ; in fig1 b . the components of the mould are then moved so that the shapes which correspond with the protuberance 30 in fig1 c are produced , followed finally by the shapes corresponding with the protuberance 31 in fig1 c . the letter f is used in the figures to indicate the movement required in order to produce the shapes corresponding with the two protuberances 30 and 31 . since two opposing preforms are produce sumultaneously , the length of the mould is reduced by the distance 2e + 2f in conjunction with the moulding of the article . fig3 and 4 show a longitudinal section through a device for moulding two opposing preforms suitable for subsequent re - forming into bottles in which the references characters in respect of the parison 10 and the mould 34 correspond with those used previously when describing fig1 and 2 . fig3 corresponds with fig1 a and fig4 corresponds with fig1 c and 2c . the fig5 a - c show , in detail , the construction of the mandrel 50 . the reference characters used in respect of the mandrel 50 correspond with the reference characters previously used in the descriptions of fig2 - 4 . in addition reference numeral 47 is used to indicate a heating device arranged in the central section 51 of the mandrel . the heating device is shown in the figure as an electric heating device which is joined to the electrical connection 59 ( fig2 b ) by means of sliding contacts 58 . the central section 51 of the mandrel is delineated by the insulating layer 48 which prevents heat from the central section of the mandrel from being transmitted to the end sections 52 , 53 of the mandrel and thus to the parison in areas where no re - forming of the parison is to take place . fig6 shows the section c -- c in fig3 and fig7 shows the section a -- a in fig3 and 4 . fig6 also incorporates the section b -- b which corresponds with the longitudinal section shown in fig3 . fig6 also shows the division of the mould into an upper half of the mould 65 and a lower half of the mould 66 already referred to above . the reference numerals 70 , 71 are used to indicate sliding bearings for the component parts of the mould in the upper half of the mould and in the lower half of the mould respectively . also shown in the area of the material 16b in the parison which has not yet been put under pressure . fig7 illustrates the manner in which a carriage component 73 in which the mould rests is supported in the framework 60 . in the carriage component is a hydraulic cylinder 68 which drives the mandrel together with another hydraulic cylinder 69 . the latter hydraulic cylinder is the drive unit which moves the component parts of the mould in the direction of the axis of the mould . an additional drive unit 72 is to be found which links the carriage component 73 to the bracket 74 for the purpose of moving the upper half of the mould between the open and closed position of the mould 34 . a similar drive unit is connected to the other end of the mould . the principle of the invention has been described in relation to fig1 a - c , whereas the function of a device in accordance with the invention has been described in relation to fig2 a - c . the detailed fig3 - 7 represent only a clarification of fig2 a - b . thus the description of the function given in relation to fig2 is also applicable to the following fig3 - 7 , for which reason no new description of the function is provided . the concept of the invention will , of course , accommodate a good many devices which operate in accordance with it . the device which is described in detail shall therefore only be regarded as a typical device in accordance with the invention .	1
a slatwall panel 2 embodying the present invention is disclosed in fig1 . the panel includes a plurality of longitudinal horizontal slots 4 . although shown with the slots 4 as being evenly spaced from one another , it should be understood that the slots 4 could be spaced at any desired distance , evenly or unevenly , from one another , depending on the application . it should also be understood that a slatwall 2 with one single slot 4 is also within the scope of the present invention . the slots 4 are used to hold standard hanging brackets 6 and a shelf 8 . a number of the shelf 8 may be used , although only one shelf is shown . the shelf 8 is preferably made of light - transmitting glass , plastic , or other suitable materials , opaque or light transmitting , designed to support a load . the slatwall panel 4 comprises a backboard 10 and a plurality of bodies made of extruded slatwall channels 12 that provide the slots 4 . the backboard 10 may be part of an existing wall structure , or may be separate therefrom . substrates 14 are attached to the slatwall channels 12 and the backboard 10 . a finish layer 16 is attached to the respective outer front surfaces of the substrates 14 . the slatwall channels 12 are preferably made of aluminum , but other suitable materials , such as plastic , may also be used . referring to fig2 , a slatwall channel 12 is shown in detail . the slatwall channel 12 includes the slot 4 with an outside opening 17 and opposing longitudinal horizontal upper groove 18 and lower groove 20 . edge portions of the respective substrates 14 are received in the respective grooves 18 and 20 . the upper groove 18 includes a back wall 22 and a front wall 24 . similarly , the lower groove 20 includes a back wall 26 and a front wall 28 . the back walls 22 and 26 are attached to the backboard 10 by standard means , such as screws , nails , adhesives , etc . the substrates 14 are attached to the backboard 10 by standard means , such as screws , nails , adhesives , etc . the finish layer 16 is attached to the outer front surfaces of the respective substrates 14 by standard means , such as adhesives . preferably , an edge portion 30 of the layer 16 overlaps the respective front walls 24 and 28 of the slatwall channel 12 . the finish layer 16 may be made of wood veneer , bamboo veneer , laminate , plastic , paint or some other suitable finish coverings . referring back to fig2 , the slot 4 includes a rear wall 32 , a bottom wall 34 and a top wall 36 , forming a u - shaped groove . the bottom wall 34 is slanted downwardly to the rear wall 32 to facilitate insertion of the shelf 8 into the slot 4 . the bottom wall 34 joins the back wall 26 and the front wall 28 of the lower groove 20 . the rear wall 32 has an inside height dimension larger than the thickness of the shelf 8 to provide space 37 ( see fig4 ) to facilitate insertion of the shelf 8 . similarly , the height of the opening 17 of the slot 4 is higher than the thickness of the shelf 8 , providing a gap or space 39 ( see fig4 ). referring to fig3 and 5 , a branch groove 38 is disposed above the slot 4 and communicates therewith . the groove 38 has a slanted portion 41 and a vertical portion 43 , providing a configuration to receive a hanging bracket 6 . the slanted portion 41 includes opposed inclined surfaces 40 and 42 . the vertical portion 43 includes opposed vertical surfaces 48 and 45 . the front wall 24 and the back wall 22 are joined by a horizontal top wall 44 . the front wall 24 includes a projection 46 disposed inside the branch groove 38 . the projection 46 includes the inclined surface 40 and the vertical surface 48 for engaging an end portion 50 of a z - shaped member 52 of the bracket 6 . referring to fig4 and 5 , a front corner portion 54 of the bottom wall 34 and the front wall 28 provides support to a bottom rear portion 56 of the shelf 8 . the top wall 36 provides support to a top rear portion 58 of the shelf 8 . the shelf 8 is thus supported in a cantilever fashion without any visible supporting structure underneath , providing a clean uncluttered look . a light strip 60 may be attached to the top wall 44 . with the shelf 8 made of glass , light from the light strip 60 is directed by the inclined surfaces 40 and 42 to the glass , where it is absorbed and makes the entire shelf 8 luminous . the top wall 36 and the inclined surface 42 define a triangular body 61 attached to a vertical wall 62 , which is attached to the top wall 44 . the triangular body 61 is offset inwardly into the slot 4 with the vertical wall 62 substantially centered over the top wall 36 , thereby distributing the load from the top rear portion of the shelf 8 to each side of the vertical wall 62 . this arrangement advantageously provides a stable structure for supporting the torque imposed by shelf 8 on the top wall 36 . the wall 62 is offset from the back walls 22 and 26 and the backboard 10 . referring to fig4 and 5 , the shelf 8 is inserted into the slot 8 by tilting the shelf 8 slightly upward to follow the incline of the bottom wall 34 . the bottom edge 64 of the front wall 24 is spaced apart from the top surface of the shelf 8 , as shown in fig4 , that makes the height of the opening 17 slightly larger than the thickness of the shelf 8 to allow convenient insertion of the shelf 8 while being slightly tilted upward . at the same time , the gap 37 provides space at the rear wall 32 . it is preferable to recess the thickness of the front walls 24 and 28 into the substrates 14 to make the front exterior surfaces of the substrates 14 flush with the adjacent front surfaces of the front walls 24 and 28 , as shown in fig2 - 5 , to allow the finish layer 16 to lie flat as it overlies the substrates 14 and the front walls 24 and 28 . referring to fig6 , the slatwall panel 2 may be combined with other slatwall panels 2 to provide the desired height and width . the panels are arranged on a side - to - side manner to form one continuous wall . the outer surface of each panel is flush with the outer surface of the adjacent panel to form one continuous flat surface , as shown in fig7 . similarly , the slots 4 may be configured on each slatwall panel 4 separately of the other slots 4 in the other slatwall panels 4 as desired . the slot in one panel may or may not line up with a slot in the adjacent panel , as desired . for example , the slots from one panel may line up with the slots in the other panels to form one continuous slot that extends across several panels , such as that shown generally at 66 , or they may be staggered from one panel to the next panel . further , the slots in one panel may grouped into several groups where in each group the vertical spacing of the slots are the same , but different from the other groups , such as that shown in each panel in fig6 . a group may include one or more slots . while this invention has been described as having preferred design , it is understood that it is capable of further modification , uses and / or adaptations following in general the principle of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice in the art to which the invention pertains , and as may be applied to the essential features set forth , and fall within the scope of the invention or the limits of the appended claims .	0
the detailed description of the accompanying drawings is intended to serve as the description of the current preferred embodiment of the present invention , but is not intended to represent the only form for implementing the present invention . it should be understood that identical or equivalent functions can be implemented by different embodiments included in the spirit and scope of the present invention . a person skilled in the art can understand that , the means and functions described herein can be implemented by software functions that combine a program control microprocessor and a general computer and / or implemented by using an application specific integrated circuit ( asic ). it should be further understood that , although the present invention is described in the form of methods and apparatuses , the present invention can also be embodied as a computer program product and a system that includes a computer processor and a memory connected to the processor . the memory is encoded by using one or more programs that can implement the functions disclosed herein . a person skilled in the art should understand that , the base station or base station device herein is , for example , a node b or an evolved node n ( enb ) in an lte system or an ltb - a system , but is not limited thereto . the technical solution of the present invention is not limited to applications in the lie system or the lte - a system . a base station is configured with a linear antenna array of n transmit antennas , and uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ( ofdm ) system with the number of subcarriers being n fft . a radio multipath channel is formed by k propagation paths , and for each propagation path , time to arrive ( toa ) is τ k , an arrival direction is θ k , and a complex amplitude is β k ( k = 1 to k ). a frequency domain of the channel response thus can be represented as follows : where h is an n × n fft dimension matrix , the ( n , j ) th element represents an attenuation coefficient of the n th transmit antenna on the j th subcarrier , and h j =[ h ( 1 , j ) λh ( n , j )] t is the j th column of h . in formula ( 1 ), a ( θ k )=[ 1 , exp ( l 2πθ k ), λ , exp ( l ( n − 1 ) 2πθ k )] t ( 2 ), f ( τ k )=[ 1 , exp ( l 2π wτ k / n fft ), λ , exp ( l 2π ( n fft − 1 ) wτ k / n fft )] t ( 3 ), where τ =√{ square root over (− 1 )}, w represents the system bandwidth , θ k = d sin ( φ k )/ λ = α sin ( φ k ), φ k represents a physical arrival angle of the k th path , d represents a distance between antennas , λ represents the subcarrier wavelength for transmission , and α = d / λ . due the sparsity of the radio channel of the large scale antenna system , only a limited number of domain propagation paths or strong propagation paths make contribution to the communication capacity . fig1 shows a flowchart of a method 10 used in a ue of a large scale antenna system according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig2 shows a flowchart of a method 20 used in a base station device in a large scale antenna system according to an embodiment of the present invention . as shown in the figures , the method 10 includes steps 11 , 12 , and 13 , and the method 20 includes steps 21 and 22 . in step 12 , the ue determines , according to a multipath propagation model from the detected downlink channel ( matrix ), a channel response of a first number of strong propagation paths , where the channel response of each propagation path is determined as a matrix related to the following time - varying parameters : an arrival direction , time to arrive , and a path amplitude . the channel response of each propagation path is , for example , the expression form at the right side of the equation in formula ( 1 ), but is not limited thereto . a first number of strong propagation paths are usually selected by using the following manners . in the first manner , the “ first number ” is not predetermined . first , a propagation path with a maximum amplitude , that is , a propagation path whose corresponding β k has a maximum module , is determined . then , all propagation paths , ratios of amplitudes of which to the maximum propagation path amplitude are not less than ( or greater than ) a predetermined value , are determined , where the predetermined value is , for example , any value between 0 . 1 and 0 . 2 , but is not limited thereto . the propagation paths , the ratios of the amplitudes of which to the maximum propagation path amplitude are not less than the predetermined value ( including the propagation path with the maximum amplitude value ), are the first number of strong propagation paths . in an extreme case , the “ first number ” may be 1 , that is , there is only one strong propagation path , namely , the propagation path with the maximum amplitude value . in the second manner , the “ first number ” is determined in advance . the “ first number ” of propagation paths with the maximum amplitude are strong propagation paths . this manner can control the operation volume and the feedback information volume in advance . in step 13 , the ue feeds back the first number and indication information of the time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths . generally , the “ first number ” ( the number of strong propagation paths ) is represented as k d , and all the propagation paths are sequenced in descending order of amplitudes , that is , \| β 1 \|≧\| β 2 \|≧ λ ≧\| β k \|. the ue feeds back the indication information of the time - varying parameters of k d strong propagation paths . the number k d of the strong propagation paths is less than the total number k of propagation paths of the multipath channel , and therefore the feedback payload can be reduced . in an embodiment , the ue feeds back { τ k , θ k , β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }. the change of the path amplitude with time is faster than the change of the arrival direction and time to arrive with time , and therefore , the ue feeds back { τ k , θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a first average period which is longer , and feeds back { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a second average period which is shorter . in this way , feedback modes of different periods are applicable to the time - varying feature of the channel parameters , thereby further saving the feedback payload . in another embodiment , the ue feeds back { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in the first average period which is longer , and feeds back { τ k , β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in the second average period which is shorter . in still another embodiment , the ue feeds back { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, { τ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, and { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in three different average periods . in step 21 , the base station device receives the first number and the indication information of the time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths , where the first number and the indication information are fed back by the ue , and the time - varying parameters include : an arrival direction , time to arrive , and a path amplitude . for example , the arrival direction , time to arrive , and path amplitude are { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, { τ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, and { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } that are fed back by the ue , but are not limited thereto . in step 22 , the base station device determines a downlink channel response according to the received indication information of the time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths . the reconstruction of the downlink channel may be represented by the following formula ( 4 ), but is not limited thereto . in some cases , several or only one sub - band is allocated to the ue . the channel response on one sub - band may be regarded as flat ; only the channel coefficient allocated to the ue needs to be fed back and reported , and it is unnecessary to report channel coefficients of the entire bandwidth . the foregoing formula ( 1 ) can be re - written as : where ={ b k , j }≡ β k f h ( τ k ) is a 1 × n fft two - dimensional vector . a channel vector of the j th subcarrier can be represented as the whole bandwidth is divided into multiple sub - bands , and the channel response in each sub - band can be regarded as flat . an average channel vector of the s th sub - band is represented as { tilde over ( h )} s , and { tilde over ( h )} s is calculated according to the following formula : j s represents the number of subcarriers in one sub - band , j ( s ) represents a set of subcarriers in the s th sub - band , and represents a joint mean value of the time to arrive and path amplitude in the sub - band . if only the s th sub - band is allocated to the ue , the ue only feeds back and reports { tilde over ( h )} s to the base station device , and it is unnecessary to report the complete channel matrix h . similarly , a first number of strong propagation paths are determined as k d propagation paths with a maximum module of the joint mean value { tilde over ( b )} k , s or a maximum norm . generally , all propagation paths are sequenced in descending order of modules of the joint mean values of time to arrive and path amplitudes , that is , \|{ tilde over ( b )} 1 , s \|≧\|{ tilde over ( b )} 2 , s \|≧ λ ≧\|{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \|, and the ue only needs to feed back indication information of the time - varying parameters of k d strong propagation paths . the number k d of the strong propagation paths is less than the total number k of propagation paths of the multipath channel , and therefore the feedback payload can be reduced . in an embodiment , the ue feeds back { θ k ,{ tilde over ( b )} k , s ≦ k = 1 ˜ k d }. the change of the joint mean value of the path amplitude with time is faster than the change of the arrival direction with time , and therefore , the ue feeds back { θ k ≦ k = 1 ˜ k d } in a first average period which is longer , and feeds back {{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a second average period which is shorter . in this way , feedback modes of different periods are applicable to the time - varying feature of the channel parameters , thereby further saving the feedback payload . correspondingly , the base station device receives { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } and {{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \| k = 1 ˜ k d } that are fed back by the ue . in step 22 , the base station device reconstructs the downlink channel by using , for example , the formula ( 8 ) below , but is not limited thereto : fig3 shows a structural diagram of an apparatus 30 used in a ue of a large scale antenna system according to an embodiment of the present invention . fig4 shows a structural diagram of an apparatus 40 used in a base station device of a large scale antenna system according to an embodiment of the present invention . the apparatus 30 is usually configured in a ue . as shown in fig3 , the apparatus 30 includes a detection module 31 , a calculation module 32 , and a feedback module 33 . the apparatus 40 is usually configured in a base station device . as shown in fig4 , the apparatus 40 includes a receiving module 41 and a calculation module 42 . the detection module 31 is configured to detect a downlink channel . the calculation module 32 is configured to determine , according to a multipath propagation model from the detected downlink channel ( matrix ), a channel response of a first number of strong propagation paths , where the channel response of each strong propagation path is determined as a matrix related to the following time - varying parameters : an arrival direction , time to arrive , and a path amplitude . the channel response of each strong propagation path is , for example , the expression form at the right side of the equation in formula ( 1 ), but is not limited thereto . two manners for determining the first number of strong propagation paths are described in the foregoing , and are not repeated herein . the feedback module 33 is configured to feed back the first number and indication information of the time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths . generally , the “ first number ” ( the number of strong propagation paths ) is represented as k d , and all the propagation paths are sequenced in descending order of amplitudes , that is , \| β 1 \|≧\| β 2 \|≧ λ ≧\| β k \|. the ue feeds back the indication information of the time - varying parameters of k d strong propagation paths . the number k d of the strong propagation paths is less than the total number k of propagation paths of the multipath channel , and therefore the feedback payload can be reduced . in an embodiment , the feedback module 33 feeds back { τ k , θ k , β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }. the change of the path amplitude with time is faster than the change of the arrival direction and time to arrive with time , and therefore , the feedback module 33 feeds back { τ k , θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a first average period which is longer , and feeds back { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a second average period which is shorter . in this way , feedback modes of different periods are applicable to the time - varying feature of the channel parameters , thereby further saving the feedback payload . in another embodiment , the feedback module 33 feeds back { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in the first average period which is longer , and feeds back { τ k , δ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in the second average period which is shorter . in still another embodiment , the feedback module 33 feeds back { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, { τ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, and { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in three different average periods . the receiving module 41 is configured to receive a first number and indication information of time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths , where the first number and the indication information are fed back by a ue , and the time - varying parameters include : an arrival direction , time to arrive , and a path amplitude . for example , the receiving module 41 receives { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, { τ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d }, and { β k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } that are fed back by the ue , but is not limited thereto . the calculation module 42 is configured to determine a downlink channel response according to the received indication information of the time - varying parameters of the first number of strong propagation paths . the reconstruction of the downlink channel may be represented by the foregoing formula ( 4 ), but is not limited thereto . in some cases , several or only one sub - band is allocated to the ue . the channel response on one sub - band may be regarded as flat ; only the channel coefficient allocated to the ue needs to be fed back and reported , and it is unnecessary to report channel coefficients of the entire bandwidth . the foregoing formula ( 1 ) may be re - written as the foregoing formula ( 5 ). a channel vector of the j th subcarrier can be represented as the foregoing formula ( 6 ). the whole bandwidth is divided into multiple sub - bands , and the channel response in each sub - band can be regarded as flat . the average channel vector of the s th sub - band is represented as { tilde over ( h )} s , and { tilde over ( h )} s can be calculated by using the foregoing formula ( 7 ), where j s represents the number of subcarriers in one sub - band , j ( s ) represents a set of subcarriers in the s th sub - band , and { tilde over ( b )} k , s , represents the joint mean value of the time to arrive and path amplitude in the sub - band . if only the s th sub - band is allocated to the ue , the ue only feeds back and reports { tilde over ( h )} s to the base station device , and it is unnecessary to report the complete channel matrix h . similarly , a first number of strong propagation paths are determined as k d propagation paths with a maximum module of the joint mean value { tilde over ( b )} k , s or a maximum norm . generally , all the propagation paths are sequenced in descending order of modules of joint mean values of time to arrive and path amplitudes , that is , \|{ tilde over ( b )} 1 , s \|≧\|{ tilde over ( b )} 2 , s \|≧ λ ≧\|{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \|. the ue only needs to feed back the indication information of the time - varying parameters of k d strong propagation paths . the number k d of the strong propagation paths is less than the total number k of propagation paths of the multipath channel , and therefore the feedback payload can be reduced . in an embodiment , the feedback module 33 feeds back { θ k ,{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \| k = 1 ˜ k d }. the change of the joint mean value of the path amplitude with time is faster than the change of the arrival direction with time , and therefore , the feedback module 33 feeds back { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a first average period which is longer , and feeds back {{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \| k = 1 ˜ k d } in a second average period which is shorter . in this way , feedback modes of different periods are applicable to the time - varying feature of the channel parameters , thereby further saving the feedback payload . correspondingly , the receiving module 41 receives { θ k \| k = 1 ˜ k d } and {{ tilde over ( b )} k , s \| k = 1 ˜ k d } that are fed back by the ue . the reconstruction of the downlink channel by the calculation module 42 may be represented by the foregoing formula ( 8 ), but is not limited thereto . a person skilled in the art should understand that , the function of any one of the modules above can be implemented by multiple entity modules or functional modules , and the functions of multiple modules above can also be integrated on one entity module or implemented by a functional module . although different embodiments of the present invention are described above , the present invention is not limited to these embodiments . the ordinal numbers such as “ first ” and “ second ” in the claims are merely provided for the purpose of distinguishing , and does not mean that corresponding components have any specific sequence or connection relationship . the technical feature only appearing in some claims or embodiments does not mean that the technical feature cannot be combined with other features in other claims or embodiments to implement a new beneficial technical solution . modifications , alterations , transformations , replacements , and equivalences within the spirit and scope of the present invention described in the claims are obvious to a person skilled in the art .	7
it will now be described how to estimate the ceo from the sole knowledge of any predetermined pilot sequence , for instance the so - called primary synchronization signal ( pss ). however , it should be clear that the pss is only indicated as an example and that other pilot sequences may be considered by the skilled man . in the following , boldface lower - case symbols represent vectors , capital boldface characters denote matrices ( i n is the n × n identity matrix ). the hermitian transpose is denoted (.) h . the set of n × m matrices over the algebra a is denoted m ( a , n , m ). the operators det ( x ) and tr ( x ) represent the determinant and the trace of matrix x , respectively . the symbol e [.] denotes expectation . consider a pair of transmitter and receiver communicating through a noisy channel . the transmitter sends a data sequence x which the receiver captures as a sequence y . the transmission vector channel is denoted h . the noise is modeled as an additive white gaussian ( awgn ) sequence w . the extent of knowledge of the receiver , prior to data transmission , is denoted i . in particular , the receiver frequency reference is not perfectly aligned to that of the transmitter : this introduces a frequency offset θ whose knowledge to the receiver is summarized into the density function p ( θ \| i ). by inductive reasoning , we provide in the following an expression of the optimal inference the receiver can make on ( θ \| y , i ) which we apply to the example of data - aided cfo estimation in ofdm . consider an ofdm system of n subcarriers . the transmitter sends a time - domain pilot sequence x =( x 0 , . . . , x n − 1 ) t ( cyclic prefix excluded ), received as a sequence y =( y 0 , . . . , y n − 1 ) t ( cyclic prefix discarded ). the transmission channel is discretized in l taps h =( h 0 , . . . , h l − 1 ) t and the awgn noise w =( w 0 , . . . , w n − 1 ) t has entries of variance e [\| w k \| 2 ]= σ 2 . for the sake of simplicity , it will not be considered below the information contained in the cyclic prefixes . let θ represent the cfo to be estimated at the receiver normalized to the subcarrier spacing , i . e . θ = 1 is a frequency mismatch of one subcarrier spacing . a cfo produces in ofdm a simple phase rotation of all transmitted time - domain symbols x k of an angle 2πkθ / n . while it seems feasible to track the cfo in the time domain when the transmitted pilot sequence x — for instance the pss — is assumed to be known , it should be noticed that channel estimation is not accessible to the ue during the initial synchronization step , thus preventing direct deciphering of the impact of the channel on the time - domain symbols . it is proposed to consider the maximum a posteriori value for θ given the received signal y defined as where h is the circulant matrix of the time - domain ofdm channel ( its first row is h ) and n the white gaussian noise process . where h is composed of the l time - domain taps of the channel response and x is the pseudo - circulant matrix defined as it is assumed that the cfo is known to be comprised in the set θε [− ½ , ½ ], where θ is normalized to the subcarrier spacing . we want to maximize the probability p ( θ \| y ). one may assume uniform prior distribution of p ( θ ) in the set θε [− ½ , ½ ], then the maximization problem is concave in the variable θ and therefore can be solved by steepest descent algorithms . after computation , it has been observed that maximizing p ( θ \| y ) is equivalent to maximize the function c ( θ ) defined as where x is the pseudo - circulant matrix defined above , with a first column comprising the any pilot synchronization sequence x =( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 . . . , x n − 1 ) t ( for instance the pss ), and the next column comprising the circular permutation of the elements of vector x , ie vector ( x n − 1 , x 0 , x 1 , . . . x n − 2 ) t , and the next one comprising the next consecutive circular permutation ( x n − 2 , x n − 1 , x 0 , . . . , x n − 3 ) t and so on . . . . the matrix q is the channel time covariance matrix which is assumed to be known . in one particular embodiment , one sets q = 1 / l i l , with i l being the l × l identity matrix and l corresponding to the presumed length of the channel . it should be noticed that , generally speaking , l is not known a priori , but it has been advantageously observed that , to some extent , any non - trivial predetermined choice for l ( and quite possibly wrong ) does not alter much the results and the efficiency of the cfo estimation process . therefore , the optimal maximum a priori solution simply consists in finding the value θ that maximizes c ( θ ). with respect to fig1 , there is now described the basic steps which are involved in the cfo estimation process in accordance with the present invention . the process is executed in any receiver of a ofdm communication system , receiving an input signal y =( y 0 , . . . , y n − 1 ) t in a step 11 . then , the process proceeds with a step 12 consisting in the detection of the pss pilot signal . in a step 13 , the process computes an estimation of the signal to noise ratio ( snr ) and therefore an evaluation of variance of the noise σ 2 . such evaluation is achieved by techniques and algorithms which are well known to a skilled man and which will not be developed with more details . for instance , the pilot sequence may be used for performing such evaluation . in a step 14 , the process proceeds with the computation of σ 2 is the noise power and q = 1 / l i l . in one particular embodiment , a processing loop is initiated for the purpose of testing different values of θ and thus identifying the particular value which maximizes c ( θ ). alternatively , it has been observed that c ( θ ) is concave and therefore a dichotomy algorithm can be advantageously used for achieving a fast computation of the cfo estimation . once determined , the process returns in a step 15 the particular value identified in step 14 as being the estimated cfo . as it will be apparent to the skilled man , the process which was described above can be embodied by means of different and numerous algorithms . in addition , it will be clear to the skilled man that the formula above may take various formal presentations showing equivalent computations . with respect to fig2 , there will now be described a second embodiment of the invention which requires limited digital processing resources . the second embodiment includes steps 21 - 23 which are identical to steps 11 - 13 of fig1 . therefore , after the computation of the value of σ 2 , the process proceeds with a step 24 where the value of channel time covariance matrix q is being set . in one embodiment , the q matrix is predetermined . clearly , the same assumption made in fig1 may be applicable , for instance q = 1 / l i l . with the assumption made on matrix q , the process then proceeds to a step 25 where the following matrix a ( comprising elements a n , m ) is computed : in the case of pss for lte , the size of the a matrix is 64 × 64 . in one particular embodiment , the process only computes half of matrix a since only the upper right coefficients a n , m with n & gt ; m , need to be known for the remaining part of matrix a as it will be apparent below . in a step 26 , the process then proceeds with the computation of the n − 1 values of â k given by the following formula : then , in a step 27 , the process proceeds with the computation of the two following vectors : { tilde over ( b )} t = [ ã 1 , 2 ã 2 , . . . ,( n − 1 ) ã n − 1 ] { tilde over ( b )} ℑ t = ℑ [ ã 1 , 2 ã 2 , . . . ,( n − 1 ) ã n − 1 ] then , in a step 28 , the process enters into a loop and , in a step 29 , initializes the following two variables : the process then proceeds with a step 30 where the value of d ( the derivative of c ( θ ) in point θ ) is computed : c θ t =[ cos ( 2 πθ / n ), . . . , cos ( 2π ( n − 1 ) θ / n )] s θ t =[ sin ( 2 πθ / n ), . . . , sin ( 2π ( n − 1 ) θ / n )] then , in a step 31 , a simple test is performed in order to determine whether d is positive or negative . indeed , it has been observed that function c ( θ ) is concave between (− ½ , ½ ), what opens the opportunity of a simple test on the sign of d for determining the maximum value of c ( θ ). if d is found to be positive , then the process proceeds with a step 32 where the value of θ min is updated as follows : conversely , if d is negative , then the process proceeds to a step 33 where the value of θ is updated as follows : the process then proceeds to a step 34 which is a new test on the end of the loop . if the loop is not terminated , then the process proceeds again to step 30 . if the loop is terminated , then the process proceeds with a step 35 where the estimated value of the cfo is computed as follows : in the following , one may consider following we consider an ofdm transmission with n = 128 subcarriers . we assume perfect timing offset alignment between the base station and the receiving terminal . a cfo mismatch θ is introduced . the receiver only knows that θε [− ½ , ½ ]. fig3 shows a comparison of the cfo estimates resulting from the traditional moose technique and the proposed invention , with n = 128 , l = 3 and l assumed ε [ 3 , 9 ]. one considers a double - half sequence suggested by moose and the proposed method is compared against the moose &# 39 ; s correlation algorithm on 20 , 000 channels and cfo realizations ( θ is uniformly distributed in [− ½ , ½ ]). the channel length is set to l = 3 , while the a priori on the channel length is either considered known , i . e . l assumed = 3 , or wrongly estimated , here l assumed = 9 . the respective performances are analyzed in terms of average quadratic error e [({ circumflex over ( θ )} − − θ ) 2 ] there is observed a significant performance gain provided by the proposed invention , especially in low snr regime . it can be seen that the invention is indeed more able to cope with the noise impairment which is more thoroughly modelled than in moose &# 39 ; s algorithm . note also that a wrongly assigned prior p ( θ \| i ) on the channel realization does not lead to critical performance decay ; in the high snr region , it is almost unimportant . fig4 - 6 show the performance of the steepest descent algorithm which was described above . the system parameters are the same as in the previous simulation , with a correct prior l assumed = 3 on the channel length at the receiver . the termination constraint is simply the number of iterations k of the inner loop , which we limit to k = 3 , k = 5 , k = 10 and k = 50 . it is observed that saturations appear for k & lt ;+∞, which are explained by the systematic error introduced by the minimal step size 2 − k in the iteration loop . for k & gt ; 10 , the performance plots ( which we did not provide for clarity ) fit the plot k = 50 in the − 15 db to 10 db snr range . note also that the saturated standard deviation ( defined as e [({ circumflex over ( θ )}− θ ) 2 ] 1 / 2 ) for k = 5 is around 1 % of the subcarrier spacing , which corresponds to the maximum allowable cfo mismatch in most ofdm systems . therefore , 5 iterations might be sufficient to ensure a reliable estimation of the cfo . fig7 illustrates the impact of the choice of the particular pilot sequence for executing the process of the invention . moose &# 39 ; s randomly generated double - half pilot sequences as well as qpsk random sequences are compared against the primary and secondary synchronization sequences ( pss , sss ) from the 3gpplong term evolution standard . there is observed a large performance difference between those two types of pilots . this is simply due to the fact that both pss and sss are not of constant modulus over time ; this makes part of the signal more sensible to noise and part of the signal less sensible to noise , but in average , this leads to less efficient pilots in terms of cfo estimation . it should be noticed that also moose &# 39 ; s sequence is in no way better than any randomly generated sequence , which demystifies the original insightful idea from moose . this invention fits typically the needs of the 3gpp - lte standard for which no sequence dedicated to cfo estimation is provided . due to its generality , this method can be applied in many ofdm systems which seek for cfo estimation while not having access to the channel information . since this scheme has a complexity which scales with the number of iterations of the algorithm , it can be adapted to rough low consumption estimates at the receiver as well as thin higher consumption estimates at the base station . the invention is particularly adapted to the long term evolution standard , during the pss to sss synchronization phases . the invention provides cfo estimation process prior to channel estimation in ofdm for any available pilot sequence . this is a very advantageous effect which was not known with prior art techniques : usual cfo techniques come along with a dedicated sequence . with the new technique which is proposed , there is no need of any specific sequence . furthermore , it has been observed that the process is particularly effective when the sequence is composed of symbols having constant amplitude . it is then more advantageous to run this method on the most appropriate pilots . this invention eliminates the problem of initial synchronization prior to channel estimation . it can also help estimating the cfo from signals coming from interfering base stations whose channels have not been estimated . it is believed that no such general pilot - independent scheme has ever been proposed in the ofdm contest . furthermore , it has been observed that the technique described above shows better performance than the classical ad - hoc techniques based on the first derivations of moose . in the maximum a posteriori performance viewpoint , it has even been proved that that technique is optimal .	7
the invention relates to a photovoltaic system wherein a cd ( se , te ) alloy is used in the junction forming material . a preferred embodiment is a semiconductor photoelectrode for a photoelectrochemical cell , whose semiconductor portion comprises a cd ( se , te ) alloy . preferably , at least 90 mole -% of this layer is in the form of the cd ( se , te ) alloy . the invention furthermore relates to a process for the production of such photovoltaic systems , and to such photovoltaic systems . photoelectrochemical cells containing semiconductor photoelectrodes according to the invention advantageously comprise polychalcogenide ( s , se , te )- containing electrolytes . the photoelectrodes described here provide for an improved utilization of the solar spectrum for direct conversion of solar energy to electrical energy by an improved match of the semiconductor light absorption characteristics to the solar spectrum . because of the nature of this conversion process there exists an optimal bandgap region , which depends somewhat on the air - mass through which the solar energy reaches the device , and this optimum lies around 1 . 4 ev . cdte , which has an optical bandgap in this optimum region , cannot be used in a pec unless highly colored , very oxygen sensitive and poisonous te / te = or se / se = redox couples are added to the electrolyte to form a stable system . in s / s = -- containing electrolytes the semi - conductor rapidly deactivates , i . e ., is unstable . on the other hand cdse -- based pec &# 39 ; s are stable in the less colored , less poisonous , less oxygen sensitive and cheaper s / s = -- containing electrolytes , but cdse has a 1 . 7 ev bandgap , resulting in less than optimal use of solar energy . surprisingly , the use of cd ( se , te ) alloys , especially those containing between 30 and 90 mole -% cdse , and preferably between 40 and 75 mole -% cdse in photovoltaic devices , especially pec &# 39 ; s have proven very advantageous . such alloys have bandgaps lower than cdse , and at certain compositions even lower than cdte . these alloys can be used in s / s = containing electrolytes and such systems are surprisingly stable , in contrast to pure cdte - based pec &# 39 ; s in this electrolyte , over a wide composition range . pec &# 39 ; s based on cd ( se , te ) alloys have a performance superior to those based on pure cdse as they give higher photocurrents , because of their lower bandgap , without seriously affecting their photovoltage . this is illustrated in table i . table i______________________________________performance of polycrystalline thin filmphotoelectrodes in pec &# 39 ; s . ( 4 ) light ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) intensityphotoelectrode electrolyte voc isc η (%) ( xam1 ) ______________________________________cdse s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 630 11 . 0 3 . 5 1 . 0cdte ( p - type ) te . sub . n . sup . 2 - 30 0 . 7 0 . 01 0 . 9cdse . sub . 0 . 74 te . sub . 0 . 26 s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 645 11 . 0 4 . 1 0 . 84cdse . sub . 0 . 65 te . sub . 0 . 35 s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 625 14 . 2 5 . 1 0 . 85cdse . sub . 0 . 5 te . sub . 0 . 5 s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 642 13 . 3 5 . 0 0 . 79cdse . sub . 0 . 25 te . sub . 0 . 75 s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 407 15 . 0 3 . 5 0 . 82cdte ( n - type ) s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 570 10 . 2 3 . 3 0 . 83cdse . sub . 0 . 65 te . sub . 0 . 25 s . sub . 0 . 1 s . sub . n . sup . 2 - 585 10 . 2 3 . 3 0 . 85______________________________________ ( 1 ) opencircuit voltage in mv ( 2 ) shortcircuit current in ma / cm . sup . 2 ( 3 ) solar energy conversion efficiency , in % ( 4 ) illumination intensity ( xam1 ) the active part of the photoelectrode may be in the form of a single crystal , pressed pellet or thin film , epitaxially grown or polycrystalline cd ( se , te ) on a suitable electrically conducting substrate such as ti , cr - plated steel , graphite , electrically conducting transparent glass etc . a thin cd ( se , te ) film may be prepared by vapor deposition techniques such as spray pyrolysis , vacuum evaporation , sputtering and the like . it may be formed electrochemically by electro - deposition of cdse and cdte and subsequent heat treatment for annealing or by painting a thin layer of slurry onto the conducting substrate . this slurry contains the parent materials in the desired proportions , mixed with suitable liquid carrier which efficiently wets the solid particles , so that the resulting slurry has a suitable viscosity for application to the substrate . the solid particles may be prepared by high temperature reaction of the elements , electrochemically or by any other suitable method as is clear to those skilled in the art . a powder of nominal composition cdse 0 . 65 te 0 . 35 is prepared as follows : 99 . 999 % cdse ( 3μ grain size ) and cdte ( 99 . 99 % ˜ 10μ grain size ) are mixed in 13 : 7 molar ratio with 25 % w / w cdcl 2 . 2 . 5h 2 o . this mixture is ground with 2 drops of ethanol per 100 mg mixture and is allowed to dry at room temperature . the dried powder is fired at 660 ° c . for 40 min . in an atmosphere containing 10 ppm o 2 in ar , and cooled subsequently in the same atmosphere . this material is used as the starting powder , after light grinding , to prepare a 0 . 22 cm 2 photoelectrode by painting on a titanium substrate preoxidized by being preheated for 40 secs in an atmosphere of 20 ppm o 2 , in ar , at 650 ° c . the paint comprises a mixture of the alloy and cdcl 2 . 2 . 5h 2 o acting as a fluxing agent in a ratio of 50 : 3 w / w , ground together with a mixture of 5 % ( v / v ) nonionic detergent in water to give a smooth slurry . for each 50 mg of powder , 0 . 05 ml of the detergent in water is used . the covered substrate is dried at room temperature and heated under the same conditions as used for the ti substrate , but for 12 mins . it then is cooled slowly ( over a 5 minute period ) to room temperature in the same atmosphere . the thus annealed , cooled substrate is used in a pec , further comprising a sulfided brass gauze counterelectrode ( israeli patent application no . 56621 ) and an aqueous 1 molar solution each in koh , na 2 s . 9h 2 o and s . under 0 . 85 am1 illumination , and after etching for 5 seconds in 3 % hno 3 in conc . hcl ( v / v ) followed by dipping in 0 . 1 m k 2 cro 4 in water this pec gave a 3 . 15 ma short - circuit current , 440 mv at 2 . 19 ma over optimal load , 625 mv open - circuit potential ( 5 . 1 % conversion efficiency ). under ˜ 3 × am1 conditions , this pec showed no deactivation after 50 hrs of continuous operation at short circuit current . the semi - conductor layer had a hexagonal ( wurtzite - like ) structure , as verified by x - ray diffraction . an electrode was prepared as in example 1 , using a 65 : 35 molar ratio mixture of cdse and cdte , on cr - plated steel as a substrate ( prepared by plating mechanically cleaned steel in a solution of 3 m cro 3 and 0 . 026 m h 2 so 4 in h 2 o , using a pt anode and a current density of 200 ma / cm 2 , for 10 mins , at room temperature ; subsequently heated as the ti substrate in example 1 , but for 3 minutes ). the resulting 1 cm 2 electrode , when used in a pec as in example 1 , gave a short circuit current of 8 . 5 ma , an open circuit voltage of 570 mv and 385 mv over 70 ω optimal photopotential , yielding 2 . 1 mw under 0 . 82 am1 simulated conditions (˜ 2 . 6 % conversion efficiency ). under 3 . 5 × am1 conditions this electrode was stable for a period corresponding to more than one month under am1 illumination . a piece of titanium metal , 3 × 1 cm , was preoxidized as in example 1 . an area of 1 × 1 cm of this ti was immersed in a 2 n aqueous solution of h 2 so 4 containing 0 . 5 m cdso 4 and saturated with teo 2 at room temperature with stirring . when the ti was connected through an ammeter to a cd rod immersed in the same solution , a current of 4 ma was registered . small quantities of seo 2 were added ( on the order of millimolar concentrations ) until the current reached 16 ma . electrolysis was continued for 10 minutes . the resulting electrode of composition cdse 0 . 75 te 0 . 25 ( calculated from the relative current contributions of the teo 2 , and seo 2 ) was annealed under the same conditions as for example 1 , but at 625 ° c . the electrode was etched for 10 sec . in a 50 -- 50 ( v / v ) solution of hcl in water , and then blanked off by a lacquer of tar in toluene to 0 . 65 cm 2 . under simulated am1 conditions , this electrode gave in 1 m each of koh , na 2 s . 9h 2 o and s , a short circuit current of 7 . 5 ma , an open circuit voltage of 530 mv and a fill factor of 39 % yielding a conversion efficiency of 2 . 4 %. although the invention has been described with respect to particular voltaic systems , counterelectrodes , electrolytes and the like , it is to be understood that the invention extends beyond those the particular voltaic systems , materials and processes specifically disclosed to cover all inventions falling within the scope of the claims .	8
firstly , referring to fig1 which is a right rear perspective view of an enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ) having a pair of aerator drums rotationally fastened to a frame exhibiting the following features : enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ), frame ( 12 ), frame longitudinal member ( 12a ), frame hitch pin ( 12a3 ) ( not shown ), frame hitch pin hole ( 12a1 ), frame left transverse member ( 12al ), frame left longitudinal member ( 12al1 ), frame left pivot joint ( 12al2 ), frame right transverse member ( 12ar ), frame right longitudinal member ( 12ar1 ), frame right pivot joint ( 12ar2 ), right aerator ( 14a ), right aerator right end ( 14ab ), right aerator fall ( 14ab1 ), right aerator left end ( 14ac ), right aerator drum surface ( 14ad ), right aerator axle ( 14ae ), right aerator axle right bearing ( 14af1 ), right aerator axle left bearing ( 14af2 ), left aerator ( 14b ), left aerator left end ( 14bb ), left aerator fill ( 14bb1 ), left aerator left end ( 14bc ), left aerator drum surface ( 14bd ), left aerator axle ( 14be ), left aerator axle right bearing ( 14bf1 ), left aerator axle left bearing ( 14bf2 ), rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ), rake adjusting handle ( 16b ), rake adjusting screw ( 16c ), and aerator first spike ( 18a ). the enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ) is removably attached to a farm or residential tractor ( 24 ) by a frame hitch pin ( 12a3 ) ( not shown ) which goes through a frame hitch pin hole ( 12a1 ) in a frame longitudinal member ( 12a ). the frame longitudinal member ( 12a ) is securely attached to a frame left transverse member ( 12al ) on one side and a frame right longitudinal member ( 12ar1 ) on the opposite side . the frame left transverse member ( 12al ) and the frame right transverse member ( 12ar ) in conjunction with a frame longitudinal member extension ( 12a2 ) provide a towing means when attached to a right aerator ( 14a ) and a left aerator ( 14b ) at their respective distal ends . the frame left transverse member ( 12al ) is securely attached to a frame left pivot joint ( 12al2 ). the frame left pivot joint ( 12al2 ) is pivotally attached to a frame left rear member ( 12al3 ) and permits the left aerator left end ( 14bb ) to move through a frame left rear member motion ( 12al4 ) upwardly and downwardly when it transverses a bump in the ground . the frame right transverse member ( 12ar ) is securely attached to a frame right pivot joint ( 12ar2 ). the frame right pivot joint ( 12ar2 ) is pivotally attached to a frame right rear member ( 12ar3 ) and permits a right aerator right end ( 14ab ) to move through a frame right rear member motion ( 12ar4 ) upwardly and downwardly when the left aerator ( 14b ) transverses a bump in the ground . the frame left rear member ( 12al3 ) is rotationally attached to the right distal end of a left aerator axle ( 14be ) by a frame left connecting pin ( 12al1 ). the left aerator axle ( 14be ) is rotationally attached to a left aerator axle left bearing ( 14bf2 ) which is further rotationally attached to a left aerator left end ( 14bb ). the left aerator left end ( 14bb ) is securely attached about its circumference to a left aerator drum surface ( 14bd ). the left aerator drum surface ( 14bd ) is securely attached to a left aerator right end ( 14bc ). the left aerator right end ( 14bc ) having a left aerator fill ( 14bb1 ) which is used to add mass to the left aerator ( 14b ), the additional mass increases the penetration of an aerator first spike ( 18a ) into the soil . the left aerator right end ( 14bc ) is rotationally attached to a left aerator axle right bearing ( 14bf1 ) which further is attached to the left distal end of a left aerator axle ( 14be ). the frame right rear member ( 12ar3 ) is rotationally attached to the right distal end of a right aerator axle ( 14ae ) by a frame right connecting pin ( 12ar1 ). the right aerator axle ( 14ae ) is rotationally attached to a right aerator - axle right bearing ( 14af1 ) which is further attached to a right aerator right end ( 14ab ). the right aerator right end ( 14ab ) further comprises a right aerator fill ( 14ab1 ) which is used to add mass to the right aerator ( 14a ). the additional mass increases the penetration of the aerator first spike ( 18a ) into the soil . the right aerator right end ( 14ab ) is securely attached about its circumference to a right aerator drum surface ( 14ad ) on the right distal circumference . the right aerator drum surface ( 14ad ) is securely attached to a right aerator left end ( 14ac ) on the left circumference . the right aerator left end ( 14ac ) is securely attached to a right aerator axle left bearing ( 14af2 ) which is rotationally attached to the left distal end of the right aerator axle ( 14ae ). the left distal end of the right aerator axle ( 14ae ) is securely attached to one distal end of a rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ). the left aerator axle ( 14be ) is securely attached to one distal end of a rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ). the opposite distal end of the rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ) is securely attached to the right aerator axle ( 14ae ). the rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ) is rotationally attached at a midpoint to a rake adjusting screw ( 16c ). the rake adjusting screw ( 16c ) is securely attached to a rake adjusting handle ( 16b ) which when turned in either direction causes the rake adjusting bracket ( 16a ) to move forward or aft . this motion adjusts the rake angle of the right aerator ( 14a ) and the left aerator ( 14b ) relative to the direction of travel of the enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ). the rake angle has a significant impact on the degree of soil disturbance produced . the larger the angle the further the away from an aerator first spike ( 18a ) the soil is disturbed resulting in more aeration . this rake adjustment in conjunction with the mass adjustment allows the user to select the proper aeration for the soil condition . secondly , referring to fig2 which is a rear view of an enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ) being pulled by a farm tractor showing the right aerator ( 14a ) and left aerator ( 14b ) in several roll positions , exhibiting the following features : a right aerator drum roll position motion ( 22a ), right aerator drum roll position 1 ( 22a1 ), right aerator drum roll position 2 ( 22a2 ), right aerator drum roll position 3 ( 22a3 ), left aerator drum roll position motion ( 22b ), left aerator drum roll position 1 ( 22b1 ), left aerator drum roll position 2 ( 22b2 ), left aerator drum roll position 3 ( 22b3 ), rake adjusting bracket ( 16b ), rake adjusting screw ( 16a ), rake adjusting handle ( 16c ), and farm tractor ( 24 ). the enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ) is removably attached to a farm tractor ( 24 ). as the farm tractor ( 24 ) tows the enhanced agricultural aerator ( 10 ) over uneven ground the left aerator ( 14b ) moves through a left aerator drum roll position motion ( 22b ). the motion from a left aerator drum roll position 1 ( 22b1 ) to a left aerator drum roll position 2 ( 22b2 ) and finally to a left aerator drum roll position 3 , caused by the terrain , results in the left aerator ( 14b ) flattening the soil . as the right aerator ( 14a ) moves through a right aerator drum roll position motion ( 22a ) the motion from a right aerator drum roll position 1 ( 22a1 ) to a right aerator drum roll position 2 ( 22a2 ) and finally to a right aerator drum roll position 3 ( 22a3 ), caused by the terrain , results in the right aerator ( 14a ) flattening the soil . the left aerator drum roll position motion ( 22b ) and right aerator drum roll position motion ( 22a ) repeatedly applied over the extent of an entire field results in the field terrain becoming more smooth . the rake adjusting handle ( 16c ) is securely attached to the rake adjusting screw ( 16a ) which is rotatably attached to the rake adjusting bracket ( 16b ). turning the rake adjusting handle ( 16c ) rotates the rake adjusting screw ( 16a ) which causes the rake adjusting bracket ( 16b ) to move which changes the rake angle of the right aerator ( 14a ) and the left aerator ( 14b ). referring to fig3 a which is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a spike welded to an aerator drum surface exhibiting the following features : aerator first spike ( 18a ), aerator first spike center crease ( 18a1 ), aerator first spike side ( 18a2 ), aerator first spike forward side ( 18a3 ), aerator first spike weld joint ( 18a4 ), and aerator first spike section line ( 18a5 ). the first embodiment of the aerator first spike ( 18a ) is securely attached to the aerator first drum surface ( 18a6 ) in a plane parallel to a aerator end ( 18a7 ) by an aerator first spike weld joint ( 18a4 ). the aerator first spike ( 18a ) further comprising an aerator first spike side ( 18a2 ) securely attached to an aerator first spike forward side ( 18a3 ) at an aerator first spike center crease ( 18a1 ). the shape of the aerator first spike ( 18a ) at an aerator first spike section line ( 18a5 ) is shown in fig3 b . the shape of the aerator first spike ( 18a ) at an aerator first spike section line ( 18a5 ) simplifies fabrication to using a break to form the angle resulting in the necessary ridged being added . now referring to fig3 b which is a cross section view of a first embodiment of a spike exhibiting the following features : aerator first spike angle ( 18a8 ), aerator first spike center crease ( 18a1 ), aerator first spike side ( 18a2 ), aerator first spike forward side ( 18a3 ), aerator first spike angle ( 18a8 ), and aerator first spike load direction ( 18a9 ). the aerator first spike ( 18a ) having an aerator first spike center crease ( 18a1 ) which securely attaches the aerator first spike side ( 18a2 ) to the aerator first spike forward side ( 18a3 ) at an aerator first spike angle ( 18a8 ). the aerator first spike angle ( 18a8 ) between the aerator first spike side ( 18a2 ) to the aerator first spike forward side ( 18a3 ) provides ridged the aerator first spike ( 18a ) so that it will not bend when subjected to side loads along an aerator first spike load direction ( 18a9 ). now referring to fig4 a which is a perspective view of a second embodiment of a spike welded to an aerator drum surface exhibiting the following features : aerator second spike ( 18b ), aerator second spike radius ( 18b1 ), aerator second spike side ( 18b2 ), aerator second spike rear side ( 18b3 ), aerator second spike weld joint ( 18b4 ), and aerator second spike section line ( 18b5 ). the second embodiment of the aerator second spike ( 18b ) is securely attached to the aerator second drum surface ( 18b6 ) in a plane parallel to the aerator drum surface ( 18b7 ) by an aerator second spike weld joint ( 18b4 ). the aerator second spike ( 18b ) further comprising an aerator second spike side ( 18b2 ) securely attached to an aerator second spike rear side ( 18b3 ) at an aerator second spike center crease ( 18b1 ). the shape of the aerator second spike ( 18b ) at an aerator second spike section line ( 18b5 ) is shown in fig4 b . lastly referring to fig4 b which is a cross section view of a second embodiment of a spike exhibiting the following features : aerator second spike ( 18b ), aerator second spike radius ( 18b1 ), aerator second spike section line ( 18b5 ) and aerator second spike radius ( 18b1 ). the shape of the aerator second spike ( 18b ) at an aerator second spike section line ( 18b5 ) simplifies fabrication to cutting the aerator second spike ( 18b ) from a tube section of aerator second spike radius ( 18b1 ) to obtain an arc resulting in the necessary ridged being added to the aerator second spike ( 18b ). it will be understood that each of the elements described above , or two or more together , may also find a useful application in other types of constructions differing from the type described above is a perspective view of a first embodiment of a spike welded to an aerator drum surface . while the invention has been illustrated and described as embodied in a enhanced agricultural aerator , it is not intended to be limited to the details shown , since it will be understood that various omissions , modifications , substitutions and changes in the forms and details of the device illustrated and in its operation can be made by those skilled in the art without departing in any way from the spirit of the present invention . without further analysis , the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can , by applying current knowledge , readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features that , from the standpoint of prior art , fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic or specific aspects of this invention . what is claimed as new and desired to be protected by letters patent is set forth in the appended claims .	0
this invention now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings , in which exemplary embodiments are shown . this invention may , however , be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein ; rather , these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete , and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those of ordinary skill in the art . moreover , all statements herein reciting embodiments of the invention , as well as specific examples thereof , are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof . additionally , it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents as well as equivalents developed in the future ( i . e ., any elements developed that perform the same function , regardless of structure ). thus , for example , it will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill in the art that the diagrams , schematics , flowcharts , and the like represent conceptual views or processes illustrating systems and methods embodying this invention . the functions of the various elements shown in the figures may be provided through the use of dedicated hardware as well as hardware capable of executing associated software . similarly , any switches shown in the figures are conceptual only . their function may be carried out through the operation of program logic , through dedicated logic , through the interaction of program control and dedicated logic , or even manually , the particular technique being selectable by the entity implementing this invention . those of ordinary skill in the art further understand that the exemplary hardware , software , processes , methods , and / or operating systems described herein are for illustrative purposes and , thus , are not intended to be limited to any particular named manufacturer . as used herein , the term “ communications device ” includes wired and wireless communications devices , such as a pots phone , a mobile phone , a wireless phone , a wap phone , a satellite phone , a computer , a modem , a pager , a digital music device , a digital recording device , a personal digital assistant , an interactive television , a digital signal processor , and a global positioning system device . further , as used herein , the term “ data ” includes electronic information , such as , for example facsimile , electronic mail ( e - mail ), text , video , audio , and / or voice in a variety of formats , such as dual tone multi - frequency , digital , analog , and / or others . additionally , the data may include : ( 1 ) executable programs , such as a software application , ( 2 ) an address , location , and / or other identifier of the storage location for the data , ( 3 ) integrated or otherwise combined files , such as a grouping of destination communications addresses associated with a receiving party , and / or ( 4 ) one or more emergency alert profiles associated with the emergency alert control signal . in various embodiments , the data may be stored by one or more communications network , a peripheral storage device connected to the communications network , other connected networks , and / or one or more communications devices . the systems and methods of this invention operate with different communications devices , different users , and different communications networks to generate , enable , and / or transmit an emergency alert control signal via the communications network to an emergency alert communications address . typically , a calling party uses a communications device to communicate an emergency message ( also referred to herein as “ an incoming communications signal ”) over a communications network to an emergency response call center ( e . g ., a 911 call for help to a centralized emergency response dispatch center ). the communications network detects , decodes , and connects the communications signal to the emergency response call center . at the same time , or nearly the same time , the detected communications address of the emergency response center triggers the communications network to associate the incoming communications signal with an emergency alert profile that includes an emergency alert communications address and information about the type of emergency locating alert associated with the emergency alert communications address . an emergency alert control application uses the profile to generate and / or communicate an emergency alert control signal over the communications network to the emergency alert communications address . the emergency alert control signal may activate , deactivate , and / or monitor the emergency alert at a geographic location of the emergency alert communications address . when activated , the alert allows emergency personnel to more quickly locate the exact street address of the emergency . for example , the alert may be visual , such as a flashing light or other eye - catching visual indicator on an exterior of the home or on an outbuilding of the home , to allow emergency response personnel to notice the visual indicator and more quickly locate the emergency site . still another example , is an audible alert , such as a siren , that allows emergency response personnel to hear the alert as they approach the emergency site . and , yet another example is activation of position locating transmission signal ( e . g ., a homing signal , global positioning system , and the like ) for emergency response personnel to receive signals from and track their approach while in route to the emergency site . referring now to the figures , fig1 illustrate a communications system 100 including a calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 sharing a communications address with an emergency alert 140 , at least one communications network 120 , and an emergency response call center 130 . typically , the calling party ( e . g ., a customer and / or a user ) subscribes to a network - enabled emergency alert control service . when the calling party uses his / her communications device 110 to communicate an emergency message ( also referred to herein as “ an incoming communications signal ”) over the communications network 120 to the emergency response call center 130 ( e . g ., a 911 call for help to a centralized emergency response dispatch center ), the communications 120 network detects , decodes , and connects the incoming communications signal to the emergency response call center 130 . at the same time , or nearly the same time , the detected communications address ( e . g ., 911 , a phone number and / or an ip address associated with the emergency response call center 130 , and other communications address of emergency response providers ) of the emergency response call center 130 triggers the communications network 120 to associate the incoming communications signal with an emergency alert profile that includes an emergency alert communications address and information about the emergency alert 140 associated with the emergency alert communications address . an emergency alert control application uses the emergency alert profile to generate and / or communicate an emergency alert control signal over the communications network 120 to the emergency alert 140 coupled with the emergency alert communications address . the emergency alert control signal may activate , deactivate , and / or monitor the emergency alert 140 at a geographic location of the emergency alert communications address . when activated , the emergency alert 140 allows emergency personnel to more quickly locate the exact street address of the emergency . for example , the emergency alert 140 may be visual , such as a flashing light or other eye - catching visual indicator on an exterior of the home or on an outbuilding of the home , to allow emergency response personnel to notice the visual indicator and more quickly locate the emergency site . still another example , is an audible alert , such as a siren , that allows emergency response personnel to hear the siren as they approach the emergency site . and , yet another example is activation of position locating transmission signal ( e . g ., a homing signal , global positioning system , and the like ) for emergency response personnel to receive signals from and track their approach while in route to the emergency site . according to an embodiment shown in fig1 , the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 and the emergency alert 140 share the same communications address for transceiving ( e . g ., transmitting and / or receiving ) communications signals with the communications network 120 . that is , the communications address of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 ( e . g ., the phone number of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 ) is the same as the emergency alert communications address that receives the emergency alert control signal from the communications network 120 . in such a case , the communications network 120 may transmit a databurst ( and / or make use of other medium for transmitting communications signals over the network ) to the emergency alert 140 while the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 is in an off - hook state ( e . g ., when the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 is engaged in a voice connection / communication with the emergency response call center 130 and / or alternate third party ( not shown )). the communications network 120 may use any means and / or medium for transmitting the emergency alert control signal to the emergency alert 140 and may transmit the emergency alert control signal to an emergency alert communications address having an on - hook state or an off - hook state . fig2 is a schematic of a communications system 200 similar to the communications system 100 disclosed in fig1 . however , the communications system 200 illustrates the emergency alert 140 having a different communication address than the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 . that is , the emergency alert communications address is different from the communications address of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device . consequently , the calling party may use his / her communications device 110 anywhere ( e . g ., at the site of the emergency or at a remote site ) to call the emergency response call center 130 and initiate network - based control of the emergency alert 140 . for example , the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 may be a cellular phone , and the calling party could use the cellular phone from anywhere in a connected cellular network to call the emergency response call center 130 and to initiate network - based control of the emergency alert 140 . fig3 is a block diagram showing an emergency alert activation module 314 that operates within a system memory device 312 of a computer 300 . the call ticker module 314 , however , could also reside in flash memory , a peripheral storage device 316 , and / or a communications device ( such as , for example , the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 of fig1 ). the computer 300 also has one or more central processors 320 executing an operating system . the operating system , as is well known , has a set of instructions that control the internal functions of the computer 300 . a system bus 322 communicates signals , such as data signals , control signals , and address signals , between the central processor ( s ) 320 and a system controller 310 . the system controller 310 provides a bridging function between the memory subsystem 312 , the one or more central processors 320 , a graphics subsystem 330 , a keyboard subsystem 332 , an audio subsystem 334 , a pci ( peripheral controller interface ) bus 324 , and a communications (“ comm ”) device interface 350 . the pci bus 324 is controlled by a peripheral bus controller 340 . the peripheral bus controller 340 is an integrated circuit that serves as an input / output hub for various peripheral ports and / or transceivers . these peripheral ports allow the computer 300 to communicate with a variety of communications devices through networking ports ( such as scsi or ethernet ) that include wireless communications (“ comm ”) device transceiver 342 ( such as wireless 802 . 11 and infrared ) and wired communications (“ comm ”) device port / connection 344 ( such as modem v90 + and compact flash slots ). these peripheral ports could also include other networking ports , such as , a serial port ( not shown ) and / or a parallel port ( not shown ). the comm device interface 350 allows the computer 300 to monitor , detect , receive , and decode incoming communications signals to the communications device ( s ) connected to the wireless comm device transceiver 342 and / or the wired comm device port / connection 344 . further , the comm device interface 350 may communicate the emergency alert control signal to the wireless comm device transceiver 342 and / or the wired comm device port / connection 344 which may thereafter communicate the emergency alert control signal via the communications network 120 to the emergency alert 140 . according to alternate embodiments , the wireless comm device transceiver 342 and / or the wired comm device port / connection 344 may communicate the emergency alert control signal directly to the emergency alert 140 . returning back to fig3 , the computer 300 may include a power source 360 , such as a rechargeable battery to provide power and allow the computer 300 to be portable . in alternate embodiments , the computer 300 could include its own telephone line ( or other communications connection and / or communications address ) to the communications network 120 ( not shown ). another alternative may include the computer 300 incorporated into a component of the communications network 120 ( such as integrated componentry with an emergency alert activation dataserver 419 of fig4 ) or a specially designed communications device ( not shown ). those of ordinary skill in the art also understand the central processor 320 is typically a microprocessor . advanced micro devices , inc ., for example , manufactures a full line of athlon ™ microprocessors ( athlon ™ is a trademark of advanced micro devices , inc ., one amd place , p . o . box 3453 , sunnyvale , calif . 94088 - 3453 , 408 . 732 . 2400 , 800 . 538 . 8450 , www . amd . com ). the intel corporation also manufactures a family of x86 and p86 microprocessors ( intel corporation , 2200 mission college blvd ., santa clara , calif . 95052 - 8119 , 408 . 765 . 8080 , www . intel . com ). other manufacturers also offer microprocessors . such other manufacturers include motorola , inc . ( 1303 east algonquin road , p . o . box a3309 schaumburg , ill . 60196 , www . motorola . com ), international business machines corp . ( new orchard road , armonk , n . y . 10504 , ( 914 ) 499 - 1900 , www . ibm . com ), and transmeta corp . ( 3940 freedom circle , santa clara , calif . 95054 , www . transmeta . com ). those skilled in the art further understand that the program , processes , methods , and systems described in this patent are not limited to any particular manufacturer &# 39 ; s central processor . the preferred operating system is the unix ® operating system ( unix ® is a registered trademark of the open source group , www . opensource . org ). other unix - based operating systems , however , are also suitable , such as linux ® or a red hat ® linux - based system ( linux ® is a registered trademark of linus torvalds , and red hat ® is a registered trademark of red hat , inc ., research triangle park , north carolina , 1 - 888 - 733 - 4281 , www . redhat . com ). other operating systems , however , are also suitable . such other operating systems would include a windows - based operating system ( windows ® is a registered trademark of microsoft corporation , one microsoft way , redmond wash . 98052 - 6399 , 425 . 882 . 8080 , www . microsoft . com ). and mac ® os ( mac ® is a registered trademark of apple computer , inc ., 1 infinite loop , cupertino , calif . 95014 , 408 . 996 . 1010 , www . apple . com ). those of ordinary skill in the art again understand that the program , processes , methods , and systems described in this patent are not limited to any particular operating system . the system memory device ( shown as memory subsystem 312 or peripheral storage device 316 ) may also contain one or more application programs . for example , an application program may cooperate with the operating system and with a video display unit ( via graphics subsystem 330 ) to provide a gui for the emergency alert activation module 314 . the gui typically includes a combination of signals communicating with the graphics subsystem 330 and / or the keyboard subsystem 332 . the gui provides a convenient visual and / or audible interface with the user of the computer 300 . as is apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art , the user ( e . g ., receiving party , calling party , and / or administrator ) interacts with the emergency alert activation module 314 over a variety of mediums , such as , for example , a stylus , keyboard , and punch buttons of the keyboard subsystem 332 , a display screen of the graphics subsystem 330 , and / or a voice - activated menu prompt of the audio subsystem 334 . wireless comm device transceiver 342 and / or the wired comm device port / connection 344 which may thereafter communicate the emergency alert control signal via the communications network 120 to the emergency alert 140 wireless comm device transceiver 342 and / or the wired comm device port / connection 344 which may thereafter communicate the emergency alert control signal via the communications network 120 to the emergency alert 140 . fig4 is a schematic of a communications system 400 illustrating communications connections of different communications networks , different communications devices , and different users that operate to activate , deactivate , and / or otherwise control the emergency alert 140 . the communications system includes a home 401 having the emergency alert 140 ( shown at a location exterior to or on the outside surface of the home 401 ), at least one electronic device 402 , a home network and / or gateway 404 , a communications device 406 , at least one user 407 , 408 , a telecommunication network 410 having a service switching point ( ssp ) 412 , a service control point ( scp ) 414 , an intranet ( for the telecommunications provider to administer and program the telecommunications network 410 components and / or for the subscriber / user to access , program , and / or otherwise manage a emergency alert profile ), an emergency alert activation dataserver 418 , and a database of emergency alert profiles 419 , an internet service provider ( isp ) 430 ( e . g ., america on - line ), a data network 440 having a communications server 444 , an emergency alert activation dataserver 448 , and a database of emergency alert profiles 449 , and an emergency response call center . the telecommunications network 410 communicates with a variety of communications devices , such as , a modem 420 coupled with a personal computer 422 a having the emergency alert activation module 314 , a pots phone 424 , and a cellular phone 426 ( via a wireless connection ). similarly , the data network 440 communicates with a variety of communications devices , such as a personal computer 422 b having the emergency alert activation module 314 and the personal digital assistant 428 . according to embodiments of this invention , the communications network 120 detects and decodes an incoming line identification signal ( iclid ) of an incoming communications signal ( or alternate network identification signal ) to the emergency response call center 130 and connects the call . the incoming communications signal may originate from any of the communications devices ( e . g ., reference numerals 406 , 420 , 422 a , 422 b , 424 , 426 , and 428 , and other communications devices described herein ) in any of the communications networks ( e . g ., reference numerals 404 , 410 , 440 , and others communications networks described herein ). in an embodiment , the telecommunications network 410 compares the incoming communications signal with an emergency alert profile stored in one or more databases 419 to determine one or more emergency alert control communications addresses , the type of emergency alert , caller control parameters , notification parameters , and / or other emergency alert control , deactivation and control information . as shown in fig4 , the incoming communications signal arrives at ssp 412 that analyzes the signal ( s ) and routes the incoming communications signal to the scp 414 . if the scp 414 detects a communications address of the incoming communications signal ( e . g ., the phone number of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device ) and a communications address of the emergency response call center 130 , then the scp 414 attempts to match the communications address of the incoming communications signal with the emergency alert profile . that is , the scp 414 communicates with the intranet 416 and with the emergency alert activation dataserver 418 ( or alternatively , directly with the emergency alert activation dataserver 418 ) to accesses the database 419 of emergency alert profiles to determine emergency alert control services associated with the communications address of the incoming communications signal . the matched emergency alert profile contains parameters that establish the available emergency alert control services for the associated communications address . thereafter , an emergency alert control application uses the emergency alert profile to generate the emergency alert control signal , and the telecommunications network 410 transmits the emergency alert control signal to the emergency alert communications address to activate , deactivate , and / or monitor the emergency alert 140 . to create , modify , and / or access an emergency alert profile , any of the communications devices ( e . g ., reference numerals 406 , 420 , 422 a , 422 b , 424 , 426 , and 428 , and other communications devices described herein ) accesses a locally stored and / or remotely stored emergency alert activation module 314 that interfaces with one or more of the communications networks ( e . g ., reference numerals 404 , 410 , 440 , and others communications networks described herein ). for example , the telecommunications network 410 may present an interactive interface to the user of the communications device 406 that may be programmed over a variety of mediums , such as , for example , a voice - activated and / or dual tone multi - frequency ( dtmf ) menu prompt . the user , for example , might select to access stored emergency alert profiles by entering a “ 1 ” on a touch - tone keypad or by speaking into a receiving audio subsystem and stating the word “ one .” after making a selection , the telecommunications network 410 retrieves the stored emergency alert control signal from a database and presents it to the user for additional instructions . similarly , the user might select “ 2 ” to create and / or otherwise establish a new emergency alert profile . in addition , the user might enter a code ( e . g ., “* 99 ”) in order to automatically block any communication of emergency alert control signals to a communications address . according to other embodiment , the user may alternatively contact ( e . g ., via a voice communication , via a web - based interface , and the like ) a telecommunications service provider ( or alternate communications provider ) to have an administrator , other personnel , and / or componentry of the telecommunications service provider establish the emergency alert profile . for example , the user may use the computer 422 a and the emergency alert activation module 314 to establish an emergency alert profile that is communicated to telecommunications network 410 . alternatively , the user could use computer 422 b and a web - based interface of the data network 440 to establish the emergency alert profile . regardless of how the emergency alert profile is established , the emergency alert profile is used to generate and / or otherwise manage the emergency alert control signal that is communicated to the emergency alert 140 . according to embodiments of this invention , the database 519 of emergency alert profiles and the emergency alert activation dataserver 518 control access , creation , notification , routing , security , transactions , troubleshooting , management , sharing , and / or additional processing of emergency alert control signals exchanged to / from the telecommunications network 410 with the emergency alert 140 , other communications devices , and other communication networks . more specifically , the emergency alert profiles contains files and / or fields that contain : ( 1 ) the emergency alert communications address ( e . g ., the phone number , ip address , and / or other access address connected to the emergency alert 140 ), ( 2 ) a communications device associated with the emergency alert communications address ( e . g ., the communications device 406 of home 401 , the cellular phone 426 communicating with telecommunications network 410 , and so on ), ( 3 ) an identifier of the emergency alert , such as , for example , identification of the type of alert — visual signaling means ( e . g ., strobe light ), audio signaling means ( e . g ., siren ), and / or position locating transmission means ( e . g ., gps ), ( 4 ) an originating communications address associated with a calling party &# 39 ; s communications device ( e . g ., the phone number , ip address , and / or other access address to the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device ), ( 5 ) a parameter for controlling the emergency alert , such as , for example , a parameter interacting with an emergency alert device driver to control on / off switches , a timing parameter to automatically turn on the emergency alert 140 and then automatically turn off the emergency alert 140 after a selected amount of time has lapsed , a parameter that enables the emergency response call center 130 ( and / or other third parties ) to control the emergency alert 140 , and so on , ( 6 ) a parameter for monitoring the emergency alert , ( 7 ) a communications parameter for establishing a communications link between at least two of the communications devices , communications networks , and / or users , and ( 8 ) a calling party control parameter that allows the calling party to control activation , deactivation , and monitoring of the emergency alert 140 . still further , the emergency alert profile may include parameters for ( 1 ) archiving the emergency alert profile to a storage device associated with the telecommunications service provider and / or archiving to alternate storage devices , ( 2 ) encrypting the emergency alert control signal ( or a portion of the emergency alert control signal ) so that only the emergency alert communications address and / or emergency alert 140 can decipher the emergency alert control signal , ( 3 ) copying the emergency alert profile , and ( 4 ) associating the emergency alert profile with a variety of fields , files , and / or other data for emergency alert control services , such as , for example login information associated with the customer , user , and / or administrator , password , telephone number ( s ) or service node ( s ) of the customer ( this may include a plurality of addresses that are associated with a service node or other communications switch serving the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device ), tcp / ip address of the customer , email address of the customer , a time or date identifier ( e . g ., day of week or calendar date ), other information associated with the incoming line identification ( iclid ) communications signal , size and content of emergency alert control signal , reply ( s ), delivery failure notification ( s ), display and / or presentation data associated with a gui ( e . g ., color , font , placement of the emergency alert activation module ), and / or telecommunications network 410 defaults . accordingly , the emergency alert activation dataserver 418 operating with the database 419 of profiles and with the emergency alert control application functions as a computer server , database , and / or processor that is dedicated to managing emergency alert control services including communications of emergency alert control signals over the telecommunications network 410 to other connected networks , communications devices , and / or the emergency alert 140 . communications (“ comm ”) server 444 of data network 440 operates similar to scp 414 of telecommunications network ; emergency alert activation dataserver 448 and database 449 of data network 440 operate similar to emergency alert activation dataserver 418 and database 419 of telecommunications network 410 . fig5 is a schematic of a communications system 500 similar to the communications system 400 disclosed in fig4 . however , the communications system 500 illustrates alternate communications links and a variety of communications devices that may be used by the calling party ( i . e ., calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 of fig1 ) including a personal digital assistant ( pda ) 511 , an ip phone 512 , a modem 513 , an interactive pager 514 , a global positioning system ( gps ) 515 , an mp3 player 516 , a digital signal processor ( dsp ) 517 , and an interactive television 518 , a pots phone 519 , and a personal computer 520 . communications system 500 also illustrates a communications connection of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 via switch 510 to the telecommunications network and to a gateway 560 communicating with data network 440 and with a switch 540 coupled and / or otherwise communicating with an emergency alert driver 541 controlling at least one of a switch 543 to light source 542 , a switch 545 to siren 544 , and a switch 546 to position location transmission means 546 . still further , communications system 500 includes a switch 530 coupling the telecommunications network 410 with the emergency response call center 130 . regardless of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device ( reference numerals 511 - 520 ) that places the call to the emergency response call center 130 , the data network 440 and / or the telecommunications network 410 is able to communicate ( including audio , text ( e . g ., ascii ), video , other digital formats , and combination thereof ) with the communications device to receive the incoming communications signal and to transmit response , notification , and / or alternate communications signals . accordingly , the emergency alert activation dataservers 418 , 448 and / or the gateway 560 of the data network 440 has the intelligence for appropriate formatting of communication signals to / from the communications device . for example , if the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device uses the wireless application protocol ( wap ) technique , then a notification message ( e . g ., a communications signal that includes a message that the emergency alert has been activated , what type of alert it is , and so on ) is formatted using the wireless mark - up language ( wml ) and configured according to standards known in the art . the wireless mark - up language ( wml ) and the wap technique are known and will not be further described . this is a description of a solution for a specific wireless protocol , such as wap . this solution may be clearly extended to other wireless protocol , such as i - mode , voicexml ( voice extensible markup language ), dual tone multi - frequency ( dtmf ), and other signaling means . alternatively , the communications signals ( incoming communications signals , notification communications signals , response communications signals , control communications signals , and so on ) may be formatted and / or otherwise configured for presentation by an application and / or componentry of the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 510 . as shown in fig5 , the telecommunications network 410 may alternatively transmit the emergency alert control signal via isp 430 ( or other connection ) of the data network 440 . the data network 440 communicates the emergency alert control signal via the gateway 560 to the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 560 via switch 510 and / or to a third party &# 39 ; s communications device ( not shown ). similarly , the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 may generate and / or otherwise establish the emergency alert control signal and communicate the emergency alert control signal via the gateway 560 to data network 440 and / or to telecommunications network 410 . another embodiment discloses the telecommunications network 410 communicating the emergency alert control signal directly to the gateway 560 ( such as when a emergency alert profile associates a static ip address of the emergency alert ) to communicate with the switch 540 coupled with emergency alert driver 541 . in addition to transmitting the emergency alert control signal , the telecommunications network 410 may also connect the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 with a third party &# 39 ; s communications device ( not shown ) to establish an immediate voice connection ( e . g ., establish a telephone call ) with both the emergency response call center 130 and with the third party . that is , for example , the emergency alert profile may provide that emergency alert control signal include both a data burst to the emergency alert communications address as well as a voice signal ( that allows for a voice conversation ) to communications address of a third party &# 39 ; s communications device . the communications switches ( e . g ., 510 , 530 , and 530 ) allows the connected communications devices to transceive electronic communication signals via the telecommunications network 410 ( e . g ., a central office ( co ), a mobile telephone switching office ( mtso ), and / or a combination co / mtso ). the telecommunications network 410 may use any means of coupling the switches to the telecommunications network 410 , but the coupling means is preferably high - capacity , high - bandwidth optical transport services , gigabit ethernet services , and / or the like . as those of ordinary skill in the art of telecommunications understand , the telecommunications network 410 could also link the switches via other appropriate means , such as , for example a synchronous optical network ( sonet ) structure with redundant , multiple rings . the telecommunications network 410 may include wired , optical , and / or wireless elements and may further include private network elements , such as private branch exchanges ( pbxs ), and / or other elements ( not shown ). the telecommunications network 410 includes advanced intelligent network ( ain ) componentry controlling many features of the network . the telecommunications network 410 and / or each of the switches could also include a packet - based “ soft switch ” that uses software control to provide voice , video , and / or data services by dynamically changing its connection data rates and protocols types . if the telecommunications network 410 and / or one of the switches should include a softswitch , the ain componentry is replaced by an application server that interfaces with the softswitch via a packet protocol , such as session initiation protocol ( sip ). the means of communicating between or among the calling party &# 39 ; s communications device 110 , the emergency response call center 130 , the emergency alert communications address of the emergency alert driver 541 , the switches 510 , 530 , 540 , the telecommunications network 410 including ain componentry , and / or the data network 440 including the gateway 560 include a variety of means , including optical transmission of data ( e . g ., any medium capable of optically transmitting the data ), wireless transmission of data ( e . g ., wireless communications of the data using any portion of the electromagnetic spectrum ), and / or fixed - wire transmission of data ( e . g ., any medium capable of transmitting electrons along a conductor ). fiber optic technologies , spectrum multiplexing ( such as dense wave division multiplexing ), ethernet and gigabit ethernet services , infrared , the family of ieee 602 standards , and digital subscriber lines ( dsl ) are just some examples of the transmission means . the signaling between these devices and / or networks , however , is well understood in by those of ordinary skill the art and will not be further described . further , those of ordinary skill in the art will be able to apply the principles of this invention to their own network configurations which may differ substantially from the communications system ( s ) shown in the figures . fig6 - 8 are flowcharts showing processes of providing the emergency alert control services according to embodiments of this invention . while the processes in fig6 - 8 are shown in series , these processes may occur in different orders and / or at simultaneous times as one of ordinary skill in the art will understand . a user uses a calling party &# 39 ; s communications device to place an incoming communication to an emergency response call center and a communications (“ comm ”) network detects [ block 610 ] and decodes the incoming communications signal and associated incoming line identification information and / or other network - based identification information [ block 620 ]. thereafter , the communications network connects the incoming communications signal to the emergency response call center and a voice connection or alternate communications link is established with the call center along with the incoming communications signal and associated incoming line identification information [ block 630 ]. at the same time , or near the same time , the communications network matches an emergency alert profile as described in the above embodiments [ block 640 ] and determines if the profile enable automatic control of the emergency alert [ block 650 ]. if no , then the communications network determines if the calling party has authorization to enable control of the emergency alert [ block 710 ]. if yes , then the communications network activates , deactivates , monitors , and / or ignores the emergency alert according to the calling party &# 39 ; s instructions [ 720 ]. thereafter , the communications network determines if the profile enables other call handling options , such as , sending a notification of emergency alert control to a third party [ block 730 ]. if yes , then the communications network processes the incoming communications signal according and / or the alternate communications signal associated with emergence alert activation profile according to parameters set forth in the profile [ block 740 ]. if the profile does not enable other call handling options , then the communications method ends . referring back to “ block 710 ,” if the calling party is not authorized to enable network - automated emergency alert control , then the communications network determines if the profile enables other call handling options , such as , sending a notification of emergency alert control to a third party [ block 730 ]. if yes , then the communications network processes the incoming communications signal according and / or the alternate communications signal associated with emergence alert activation profile according to parameters set forth in the profile [ block 740 ]. if the profile does not enable other call handling options , then the communications method ends . referring back to “ block 650 ”, if the emergency alert profile does enable automatic control , then the emergency alert control application generates the emergency alert control signal [ block 810 ] and transmits the emergency alert control signal to an emergency alert communications address [ block 820 ]. thereafter , the transmitted emergency alert control signal activates , deactivates , and / or monitors an emergency alert [ block 830 ]. next , the communications network determines if the profile enables other call handling options , such as , sending a notification of emergency alert control to a third party [ block 840 ]. if yes , then the communications network processes the incoming communications signal according and / or the alternate communications signal associated with emergence alert activation profile according to parameters set forth in the profile [ block 850 ]. if the profile does not enable other call handling options , then the communications method ends . as is apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art , the emergency alert activation module 314 may be physically embodied on or in a computer - readable medium . this computer - readable medium may include cd - rom , dvd , tape , cassette , floppy disk , memory card , and large - capacity disk ( such as iomega ®, zip ®, jazz ®, and other large - capacity memory products ( iomega ®, zip ®, and jazz ® are registered trademarks of iomega corporation , 1821w . iomega way , roy , utah 84067 , 801 . 332 . 1000 , www . iomega . com ). this computer - readable medium , or media , could be distributed to end - users , licensees , and assignees . these types of computer - readable media , and other types not mention here but considered within the scope of the present invention , allow the emergency alert activation module 314 to be easily disseminated . a computer program product for expanding bandwidth includes the emergency alert activation module 314 stored on the computer - readable medium . the emergency alert activation module 314 may also be physically embodied on or in any addressable ( e . g ., http , i . e . e . e . 802 . 11 , wireless application protocol ( wap )) wireless device capable of presenting an ip address . examples could include a computer , a wireless personal digital assistant ( pda ), an internet protocol mobile phone , or a wireless pager . while several exemplary implementations of embodiments of this invention are described herein , various modifications and alternate embodiments will occur to those of ordinary skill in the art . for example , the next generation “ softswitch ” simply replaces the scp with an “ application server .” this application server is a conventional computer server that also includes triggers for telecommunications services so that “ new entrants ” into telecommunications services ( e . g ., new telecommunications service providers ) don &# 39 ; t have to purchase an expensive ssp and / or scp to process telephone calls . this next - generation packet network represents an alternative operating environment for the systems , methods , programs , and apparatuses of this invention . here the telecommunications switch includes a packet - based “ softswitch .” this “ softswitch ” uses software control to provide voice , data , and video services by dynamically changing its connection data rates and protocols types . an application server interfaces with the “ softswitch ” via a packet protocol , such as session initiation protocol ( sip ). this application server includes voice service protocols , triggers , and operations that allow the pstn and the data network ( e . g ., the world wide electronic communications network ) to interoperate . accordingly , this invention is intended to include those other variations , modifications , and alternate embodiments that adhere to the spirit and scope of this invention .	7
while the specification describes particular embodiments of the present invention , those of ordinary skill can devise variations of the present invention without departing from the inventive concept . the present detailed description will be divided into two parts , ( 1 ) a general description of the embodiments of the invention , and ( 2 ) a mathematical analysis . before going into the system in detail , however , some background information may usefully be provided . first , the dimensions of components of the invention may be relatively small , and may be referenced in terms of microns , sometimes using the symbol “ μm ” and being equal to 10 6 meters . where a centimeter is equal to about 0 . 39 inches , and a micron is 104 centimeters , each micron is 1 / 10 , 000 of a centimeter . reference is also made to nanometers , which may be abbreviated to nm , and which are equal to 10 − 9 meters . a nanometer is equal to one thousandth of a micron . regarding semiconductor materials , the principal semiconductors are germanium and silicon , with silicon being widely used . in its atomic structure , silicon has four electrons in its outer ring . as is well known , the elements arsenic and phosphorous are near silicon in the periodic table of elements , but have 5 electrons in their outer ring . when silicon is doped with these elements , four electrons are shared with adjacent silicon atoms , leaving the fifth electron for electrical conduction , forming an “ n - type ” semiconductor . similarly , boron has only three electrons in its outer shall and the resultant missing electron is known as a “ hole ”, forming “ p - type ” semi - conductive material in which electrical conduction is accomplished by mobile “ holes ” acting much like positive electrons . the conductivity of silicon can be varied , by varying the concentration of the doping material or dopant , such as the arsenic or boron . as it happens , silicon has concentration of about 10 23 or 10 24 atoms per cubic centimeter . for strong doping or implantation ( of boron or arsenic for examples ) the concentration of the dopant would be about 10 21 or 10 22 atoms per cubic centimeter , giving a concentration of about 10 % of the dopant . this strong or heavy doping by a p - type element such as boron may be referenced as p ++ doping . weaker doping levels , such as 10 16 or 10 17 atoms per cubic centimeter will be represented “ p −” for example for p - type doping . now , referring back to fig1 and 2 of the drawings , fig1 is a perspective view and fig2 is a top plan view of the pressure sensor system , with the ceramic chip 12 forming the substrate , and the tube 14 constituting an inlet for the pressure to be measured . printed output circuitry is formed on the upper surface of chip 12 . a silicon die 16 is visible in the plan view of fig2 , and an enlarged plan view of this silicon chip or die is presented in fig3 . incidentally , concerning dimensions , the ceramic chip 12 is about 1 . 1 cm by 1 . 6 cm ; and the cylindrical pressure inlet 14 has a diameter of about 0 . 5 cm or 0 . 6 cm . the silicon chip or die is about two millimeters long and about 1 . 5 mm wide . now , referring back to fig3 of the drawings , the silicon die includes the diaphragm 18 and the reference capacitor 20 which has an arcuate configuration and is in close proximity to the diaphragm 18 . in addition , the reference capacitor and the variable capacitor at maximum deflection have approximately the same capacitance . in the areas 22 and 24 of the silicon chip or die 16 , integrated circuits are formed . these circuits convert the varying capacitance of diaphragm 18 into usable electrical signals indicating the applied pressure . also shown in fig3 are the output pad 26 and the output adjustment pads 28 . fig4 is a diagrammatic cross - sectional view of the circular diaphragm 32 mounted at its edges 34 to the surrounding silicon chip or die , and secured at its center to the central post 36 . a ring shaped electrode 38 extends around the post 36 . note that this drawing is not to scale , and with the radius of the diaphragm being about 120 μm ( microns or 10 − 6 meters ) and the depth being only 1100 nm ( nanometers or 10 − 9 meters ), or 1 . 1 microns . accordingly , the cavity is quite shallow , with the maximum depth being only 1 . 1 microns , as compared with a radius of 120 microns . fig5 is a plot of the gap between the diaphragm and the cavity bottom plotted against the radius of the cavity , at maximum diaphragm deflection . note that fig5 shows the plot against the radius , while fig4 is a schematic showing of the full diameter of the diaphragm and associated cavity . in fig5 , note that the gap in area 42 , in the vicinity of the ring shaped electrode 38 , is relatively small , while the gap 44 near the center of the diaphragm is quite large , as is the gap 46 between the ring electrode 36 and the periphery 34 of the diaphragm . accordingly , with capacitance being inversely proportional to the space between electrodes , the raised ring shaped electrode contributes in a major way to the sensor capacitance . fig6 a shows the preferred doping of the ring electrode and the adjacent cavity , with fig6 a again being a radial showing , with the center of the diaphragm to the left of fig6 a . note that the upper surface of the ring electrode 36 is heavily doped with boron , forming a p ++ zone , and the lower portion 54 of the ring electrode 36 is only weakly doped , as indicated by the “ p −” designation . the remainder of the cavity , including the inner area 58 and the outer area 60 , are doped strongly with an n - type dopant such as arsenic or phosphorous , from column v - a of the periodic table . these areas are labeled “ n ++” to indicate heavy doping . note that there are p - n junctions 62 and 64 at the base of the ring shaped electrode 36 . fig6 b indicates the contributions to total capacitance from the areas within the cavity . reference numeral 72 designates the principal contribution to capacitance from the p ++ area on the facing surface of ring electrode 36 ; reference numerals 74 and 76 designate the capacitance contributions from areas on the sides of the ring electrode ; and reference numerals 78 and 80 refer to capacitance contributions from areas of the cavity immediately adjacent the ring electrode 36 . the arrows from fig6 b to fig6 a indicate the designated areas contributing to the total capacitance . in fig6 b the capacitance is indicated in terms of “ ff ” or “ fremto - farads ” or 10 − 15 farads , with a farad being the basic unit for the measurement of capacitance . fig7 is a schematic showing of the dopant implant distribution on the bottom electrode surface of both the electrode and cavity facing the diaphragm , and the reference electrode , which is formed concurrently . the p ++ area 86 on the upper surface of the ring electrode is particularly to be noted , along with the comparable p ++ area 88 on the reference electrode . the heavily doped n ++ areas 90 and 92 on the ring electrode and the reference capacitor electrode , are also to be noted . fig8 is a diagrammatic showing of the doping of the diaphragm of the variable capacitor , and of the upper electrode of the reference capacitor . in fig8 , the p ++ area 94 overlies the ring electrode area 86 of fig7 , and the p ++ area 96 of the upper electrode of the reference capacitor overlies the similarly doped area 88 of the lower electrode of the reference capacitor . as noted elsewhere in this specification , the capacitance of the reference electrode is preferably about the same as the maximum capacitance of the sensor capacitor . the upper and lower electrode of the reference capacitor may be spaced apart by dielectric material , or may be configured as a diaphragm but limited in deflection so that the reference capacitance is not substantially changed with varying pressure . in fig8 the metallic electrical connections are shown schematically for connecting the variable and reference capacitors to the associated circuitry . with regard to the shape of the reference capacitor as shown in fig3 , 7 and 8 , it is preferably arcuate and extends around the diaphragm for less than 270 ° and preferably less than 180 °; and is preferably immediately adjacent the diaphragm . space on the silicon chip , as shown in fig3 , is at a premium , and this configuration minimizes the space occupied by the reference capacitor consistent with the size of the reference capacitor being of the same order of magnitude and preferably about equal to that of the diaphragm capacitor . fig9 is a function of sensor “ gain ” 102 and linearity error 104 , plotted against effective width of the ring electrode . it may be noted that , with a predetermined effective width of the ring electrode , the linearity error reaches a minimum 106 where the departure from linearity is about 0 . 42 %, or less than one - half of one percent . fig1 shows one typical circuit for converting the capacitance variations of the diaphragm capacitor to electrical signals representing the input pressure . in fig1 current from the source 112 is routed by the switching circuit 114 to either the reference capacitor 116 or to the variable capacitor 118 . during one part of the cycle , a charging current is applied to reference capacitor 116 . when the voltage on reference capacitor 116 reaches a predetermined reference voltage level , see 121 , the comparator circuit 119 provides an output signal to bistable circuit 120 which provides both an output signal , and also switches the input charging source 112 to apply current to the variable capacitor 118 . when variable capacitor 118 is charged to a reference level determined by an input reference signal at 122 , the comparator 124 provides an output signal to bitable circuit 120 . circuit 120 provides an output signal and also actuates switching circuit 114 to direct the charging current to reference capacitor 116 . accordingly , the output from bistable circuit 120 is a function of the capacitance of the variable capacitor 118 , and thus is an indication of the pressure applied to the diaphragm . it is noted that the circuit of fig1 is well known , and is one of many circuits which can be employed . further , circuitry such as that shown in fig1 may be implemented by the integrated circuits on areas 22 or 24 of fig3 . in the foregoing initial section of the specification , the drawings and preferred embodiments have been described . in the following section , the associated mathematical analysis will be presented . this mathematical analysis is against the background of the sensor as described hereinabove with the capacitance of the reference capacitor being c r and the variable capacitance of the sensing diaphragm capacitor being designated c s . initially , the transfer function of the pressure sensor is a several variable function , v out = f ( ξ , α , β , γ ), where ξ = c r / c s , is the capacitance ratio of reference capacitor , c r , to variable sensor capacitor , c s . we assume that the value of sensor capacitor , c s , capacitor changes due to applied pressure , p while variation of the reference capacitor is small . the other variables are on - chip parameters : the parameter used for offset adjustment is denoted by α , the gain adjustment parameter is denoted by β , and the linearity adjustment parameter is denoted below either by lin or by λ . the sensor transfer function is approximated by the equation v out = v dd · ( 1 - α · ξ ) β · ( 1 - λ · ξ ) eq . ⁢ ( 1 ) consider sensor parameters that directly effect linearity of a rationmetric sensor output . by definition , sensor output shows zero nonlinearity error if the sensor transfer function can be approximated by a linear function of pressure . however , in the reality , sensor transfer function ( eq . ( 1 )) always deviates from the ideal output . difference between linear output and sensor transfer function is called approximation error . the integrated level of approximation error is conventionally estimated by l2 - norm value ( see “ mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers ” by g . a . korn , t . m . korn ). by definition , the norm is calculated as a dot product of approximation error n l2 ≡∥ δv out ∥\| l2 =( δv out ′ δv out ) 1 / 2 , where δv out denotes sensor output approximation error over full pressure range , and ( . . . , . . . ) is function dot product ( δ ⁢ ⁢ v out , δ ⁢ ⁢ v out ) = ( p max - p min ) - 1 · ∫ p min p max ⁢ δ ⁢ ⁢ v out ⁡ ( ζ ) · δ ⁢ ⁢ v out ⁡ ( ζ ) ⁢ ⅆ ζ . we define approximation error of a sensor transfer function ( eq . 1 ) as deviation of sensor output from ideal linear output signal δ v out = v out \| p min · b 0 ( p )+ v out \| p max · b 1 ( p )− v out ( p ) eq . ( 2 ) where v out ( p ) is sensor output transfer function and b 0 , b 1 are first order b - splines in order to generalize analysis results we exclude β parameter from the analysis . hence , sensor output ( eq . 1 ) is written in dimensionless form in addition , in order to simplify calculations , parameter α also can be eliminated from the analysis . in order to do so we use constrain { overscore ( v )} out \| p min = 0 , which yields α = 1 / ξ \| p min . here and below we consider a case in which ∂ c r ∂ p ⪡ ∂ c s ∂ p ⁢ ⁢ and ⁢ ⁢ ξ ⁢  p min ⁢ & gt ; ξ  p max . v _ out ≡ v out · β v dd = ( ξ ⁢  p min ⁢ - ξ  p ) ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢  p ) · ξ  p min eq . ⁢ ( 4 ) where ξ \| p = c r / c s is a function of pressure . capacitance ratio ξ can be approximated by a second order polynomial function of pressure ξ \| p = ξ \| p min · b 0 ( p )+ ξ \| p max · b 1 ( p )+[ 4 · ξ \| p x − 2 ·( ξ \| p min + ξ \| p max )]· b 0 ( p )· b 1 ( p ) eq . 5 where p x = 0 . 5 ·( p max + p min ) is median of full pressure range . it is known from mathematics that any second order polynomial approximation can be entirely characterized by a set of three independent parameters . hence , we use below a parameter set which includes three independent paramenters . the first parameter is the value of ξ \| p max . the second parameter is capacitance ratio gain , g , and the third parameter is capacitance ratio nonlinearity error , n ξ . the other variables needed for the analysis can be calculated by using above parameter set . for example , by the definition , capacitance ratio gain is calculated by the equation g =( ξ \| p min − ξ \| p max )/ ξ \| p max , which yields by the definition , capacitance ratio nonlinearity error , n ξ , is calculated by the equation n ξ = ( ξ ⁢  p max ⁢ + ξ  p min ) - 2 · ξ ⁢  p x 2 · ( ξ ⁢  p max ⁢ - ξ  p min ) , eq . ⁢ ( 7 ) which yields , ξ \| p x = ξ \| p max ·( 0 . 5 − n ξ )+ ξ \| p min ( 0 . 5 + n ξ ). as a result , the value of ξ \| p x is calculated by equation ξ \| p x =( 1 + g ·( 0 . 5 + n ξ ))· ξ \| p max eq . ( 8 ) ξ \| p =[( 1 + g )· b 0 ( p )+ b 1 ( p )+ 4 · g · n ξ · b 0 ( p )· b 1 ( p )]· ξ \| p max eq . ( 9 ) if we substitute the eq . ( 9 ) into the eq . ( 2 , 4 ) we can calculate the value of norm - l 2 , n l2 ∥ δ { overscore ( v )} out ∥\| l2 =( δ { overscore ( v )} out , δ { overscore ( v )} out ) 1 / 2 , as a function of nonlinearity error and capacitance ratio gain . by definition , full span nonlinearity error of sensor output , n out , is calculated by the equation n out = 0 . 5 · ( v out ⁢  p max ⁢ + v out  p min ) - v out ⁢  p x v out ⁢  p min ⁢ - v out  p min eq . ⁢ ( 10 ) where p x = 0 . 5 ·( p max + p min ) is the median of full pressure range . upon substitution of the eq . ( 1 ) into the eq . ( 10 ) yields n out = 0 . 5 · [ ξ ⁢ ❘ p max ⁢ · ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢ ❘ p max ) - 1 + ξ ⁢ ❘ p min · ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢ ❘ p min ) - 1 ] - ξ ⁢ ❘ p x ⁢ · ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢ ❘ p x ) - 1 ξ ⁢ ❘ p max ⁢ · ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢ ❘ p max ) - 1 - ( ξ ⁢ ❘ p min ⁢ · ( 1 - λ · ξ ⁢ ❘ p min ) - 1 ) eq . ( 11 ) where ξ \| p x = ξ \| p max ·( 0 . 5 − n ξ )+ ξ \| p min ·( 0 . 5 + n ξ ). the value of linearity adjustment parameter , λ 0 is solution of the equation n out ( λ 0 )= 0 , which yields constrain λ 0 · ξ \| p max & lt ;( 1 + g ) − 1 yields a few additional limits to the above parameters — eq . ( 12 ) can be used for λ 0 calculations only if g & gt ; 0 and − g /( 4 + 2 · g )& lt ; n ξ & lt ; 0 . 5 . another important restriction of the design parameters is a requirement of small value for parameter λ & lt ;& lt ; 1 . indeed , in order to show good performance sensor we must have relatively large output signal gain . however , if λ increases sensor output gain must decrease . we can prove the foregoing by considering the equation for die output gain : g v = [ λ · ξ ( 1 - λ · ξ ) - α · ξ ( 1 - α · ξ ) ] · g ξ eq . ( 14 ) g ξ = d ⁢ ⁢ ξ ξ = d ⁢ ⁢ c r c r - d ⁢ ⁢ c s c s . g v ( g s - g r ) = ( α - λ ) ( 1 - λ · ξ ) · ( 1 - α · ξ ) eq . ( 15 ) are respectively sensor and reference capacitor gain , and g r & lt ;& lt ; g s . if α & gt ; λ ≧ 0 , maximal value of g v /( g s − g r ) ratio corresponds to λ = 0 and the value of sensor output gain g v always decreases if the value of the parameter λ increases . we will now consider a minimization procedure of capacitance ratio nonlinearity error , n ξ for a mems capacitor design consists of flexible diaphragm covering sensor cavity with a doped pattern located on the cavity bottom . if the flexible diaphragm deflects down due to external pressure , the gap between the diaphragm surface and the cavity bottom decreases proportionally to diaphragm deflection . for such a case , capacitance is calculated by the equation . c ζ ⁡ ( p ) = ∫ a ζ ⁢ θ ⁡ ( x , y ) · ( c p + - 1 + c n + - 1 + d ⁡ ( x , y ) - w ζ ⁡ ( p , x , y ) ɛ o ) - 1 ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y ⁢ ⁢ ζ = { s , r } eq . ( 16 ) where a ζεr 2 is mems capacitor area , d ( x , y ) is a function describing cavity depth variation , c p + and c n + is respectively surface capacitances of diaphragm surface and boron doped pattern , ε o is dielectric permittivity of free space , and θ ⁡ ( x , y ) = { 1 ( x , y ) ∈ ω p ++ 0 ( x , y ) ∉ ω p ++ ⁢ ω p ++ ⋐ r 2 eq . ( 17 ) is step function that defines boron doped region , ω p ++ , on the bottom of mems cavity . diaphragm deflection w = w ( p , x , y ) is a function of pressure , p , and coordinates x and y . according to the theory of elasticity the function w = w ( p , x , y ) must be a linear function of pressure . to simplify notation the eq . ( 17 ) is written in the form c ζ ⁡ ( p ) = ɛ o d * ⁢ ∫ a ζ ⁢ θ ⁡ ( x , y ) · ( 1 - ψ ⁡ ( p , x , y ) ) - 1 ⁢ ⅆ x ⁢ ⅆ y ; ζ = { s , r } eq . ( 18 ) d * = ( c p + - 1 + c n + - 1 ) ⁢ ɛ o + d o , d o ψ ζ ⁡ ( p , x , y ) ≡ w ζ ⁡ ( p , x , y ) + d 0 - d ⁡ ( x , y ) d * is a linear function of pressure . in the polar coordinate system the eq . ( 18 ) becomes c ζ ⁡ ( p ) = ( ɛ 0 d * ) · ∫ a ζ ⋂ ω p ++ ⁢ ( 1 - ψ ζ ⁡ ( p , r ) ) - 1 ⁢ r ⁢ ⅆ r ⁢ ⅆ φ ; ζ = { s , r } a ζ ⋂ ω p ++ = { ( r , φ ) ∈ r 2 ; r ∈ [ r min ( ζ ) , r max ( ζ ) ] ; φ ∈ [ 0 , 2 ⁢ ⁢ π ] } and r =(( x − x 0 ) 2 +( y − y 0 ) 2 ) 1 / 2 is radial coordinate of a polar coordinate system with origin in the point ( x 0 , y 0 ). the result of this analysis is shown graphically in fig9 of the drawings . in the foregoing detailed description and mathematical analysis , one specific preferred embodiment has been disclosed and analyzed . various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention . thus , by way of example and not of limitation , the arcuate reference capacitor configuration , located adjacent the diaphragm may be used with diaphragms not having a central fixed post , or having other shapes . also , the n - type and p - type semi - conductive areas may be interchanged . the second electrode is preferably raised , but could be in the form of a heavily doped area on a flat cavity bottom . the second ring electrode is also preferably located along the line of maximum deflection of the diaphragm . the minimization of non - linearity may be implemented with other diaphragm geometries . novelty is present in some cases relative to individual features of the invention , and is not limited to the complete combination as referenced in the illustrative embodiment of the invention included in the summary of the invention . in some cases , for example , the center of the diaphragm may not be secured to a raised mesa from the cavity . accordingly , the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiment shown in the drawings and mathematically analyzed .	6

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